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who played the bank robber in dirty harry

Dirty Harry ( 1971 ) - Bank Robber ( uncredited )

Albert Popwell

albert popwell

Albert Popwell ( July 15 , 1926 -- April 9 , 1999 ) was an African American stage , television and film actor with a career spanning six decades .

Born in New York City , Popwell started as a professional dancer before taking up a career in acting . Popwell made his professional debut on Broadway at age 16 in The Pirate . Contents 1 Career 2 Selected filmography 2.1 With Clint Eastwood 2.2 Other appearances 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Popwell was featured on many television series , but is perhaps best known for his appearances in films opposite Clint Eastwood , whom he acted with in five films , starting with Coogan 's Bluff and in the first four films of the Dirty Harry series . Popwell was a wounded bank robber at the receiving end of Eastwood 's `` Do you feel lucky ? '' monologue from Dirty Harry . Popwell was a murderous pimp in Magnum Force , appeared as Big Ed Mustapha in The Enforcer and as Harry 's detective colleague Horace King in Sudden Impact . He did not appear in the last film in the series , The Dead Pool , due to a scheduling conflict . His final film role was opposite Sharon Stone in Scissors . He died eight years later , at age 72 , from complications following open heart surgery . Selected filmography ( edit ) With Clint Eastwood ( edit ) Coogan 's Bluff ( 1968 ) - Wonderful Digby Dirty Harry ( 1971 ) - Bank Robber ( uncredited ) Magnum Force ( 1973 ) - Pimp , J.J. Wilson The Enforcer ( 1976 ) - Big Ed Mustapha Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) - Horace King Other appearances ( edit ) Journey to Shiloh ( 1968 ) - Samuel The Peace Killers ( 1971 ) - Blackjack Search ( 1972 ) - Griffin Glass Houses ( 1972 ) Fuzz ( 1972 ) - Lewis Blume in Love ( 1973 ) - Party Guest ( uncredited ) Cleopatra Jones ( 1973 ) - Matthew Johnson Charley Varrick ( 1973 ) - Percy Randolph Sleeper ( 1973 ) - Reprogramming Scientist ( uncredited ) The Single Girls ( 1974 ) - Morris Lost in the Stars ( 1974 ) Emergency ! ( episode : `` 905 - Wild '' , failed pilot for spin - off , 1975 ) - Ofcr. II Les Taylor Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold ( 1975 ) - Matthew Johnson The Streets of San Francisco ( episode : `` Poisoned Snow '' , 1975 ) - Nappy Sanford and Son ( episode : `` Sanford and Gong '' , 1976 ) - Doctor Davis The Buddy Holly Story ( 1978 ) - Eddie Butterflies in Heat ( 1979 ) - Ned Wonder Woman ( episode : `` The Deadly Dolphin '' , 1978 ) - Gaffer Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( episode : `` Cosmic Whiz Kid '' , 1979 ) - Koren The A-Team ( episode : `` The Out - Of Towners '' , 1983 ) - Digger Magnum , P.I. ( episode : `` Missing Melody '' , 1986 ) - David Crawford Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) - Parole Chairman The Siege of Firebase Gloria ( 1989 ) - Jones Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) - Barkeeper at Zanzibar ( scenes deleted ) Scissors ( 1991 ) - Officer ( uncredited ) A Last Goodbye ( 1995 ) - O.C. Lee ( final film role ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Popwell , Dancer and Actor , 72 '' . The New York Times . April 26 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Popwell Filmography '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Harry '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ `` Scissors Cast '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Albert Popwell on IMDb Albert Popwell at AllMovie Albert Popwell at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 4510 0858 LCCN : n97869468 VIAF : 1773828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Popwell&oldid=847897996 '' Categories : 1926 births 1999 deaths American male film actors American male stage actors Male actors from New York City African - American male actors American male television actors 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 14 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the worth of the catholic church

Organization Worth Country Notes Catholic Church $140 billion + Vatican The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints $67 billion + United States Church of England $7.8 billion United Kingdom Opus Dei ( part of the Catholic Church ) $2.8 billion Italy Church of Scientology $2.0 billion United States

$140 billion +

List of wealthiest organizations

list of wealthiest organizations

The following is a list of the world 's wealthiest organizations .

Contents 1 Charitable foundations 2 Religious organizations 3 Educational institutions 4 Companies 5 See also 5.1 Individuals 5.2 Businesses 6 References Charitable foundations ( edit ) Main article : List of wealthiest charitable foundations Organization Worth Country Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation $42.3 billion United States Stichting INGKA Foundation $36.0 billion Netherlands Wellcome Trust $25.9 billion United Kingdom Howard Hughes Medical Institute $16.9 billion United States Kamehameha Schools $11.1 billion ( 2016 ) United States Ford Foundation $11.2 billion United States J. Paul Getty Trust $10.5 billion United States Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation $10.0 billion United Arab Emirates Azim Premji Foundation $9.8 billion India Religious organizations ( edit ) Organization Worth Country Notes Catholic Church $140 billion + Vatican The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints $67 billion + United States Church of England $7.8 billion United Kingdom Opus Dei ( part of the Catholic Church ) $2.8 billion Italy Church of Scientology $2.0 billion United States Educational institutions ( edit ) See also : List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment Organization Worth Country Notes Harvard University $37.6 billion United States See Harvard University endowment Yale University $25.6 billion United States University of Texas System $24.1 billion United States Princeton University $22.7 billion United States Stanford University $22.2 billion United States Companies ( edit ) Organization Assets Country Notes HSBC $2.57 trillion United Kingdom JPMorgan Chase $2.5 trillion United States Bank of China $2.4 trillion China Bank of America $2.1 trillion United States Deutsche Bank $1.8 trillion Germany Saudi Aramco $1.3 trillion Saudi Arabia Royal Bank of Canada $1.1 trillion Canada Toronto - Dominion Bank $944.7 billion Canada Apple Inc . $910 billion United States Credit Suisse $820.8 billion Switzerland China National Petroleum Corporation $634.8 billion China Berkshire Hathaway $552.3 billion United States State Bank of India $530.0 billion India Samsung $529.5 billion South Korea General Electric $493.1 billion United States Microsoft $410.0 billion United States Life Insurance Corporation $380.0 billion India State Grid Corporation of China $351.4 billion China ExxonMobil $349.5 billion United States Royal Dutch Shell $340.25 billion United Kingdom / Netherlands Chevron Corporation $266.0 billion United States BP $261.8 billion United Kingdom Total S.A. $224.5 billion France Sinopec $220.0 billion China Walmart $199.6 billion United States Eni $163.5 billion Italy Johnson & Johnson $133.4 billion United States HDFC Bank $130.0 billion India Tata Group $126.0 billion India Reliance Industries $120.0 billion India ConocoPhillips $117.1 billion United States See also ( edit ) Individuals ( edit ) List of wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest animals Businesses ( edit ) List of largest companies by revenue List of largest employers List of companies by profit and loss List of public corporations by market capitalization List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue List of largest financial services companies by revenue List of largest European companies by revenue List of top earning travel companies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2016/01/05/kamehameha-schools-endowment-reaches-11-1b-annual.html Jump up ^ http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,833509,00.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Millar , Royce ; Schneiders , Ben ; Vedelago , Chris ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Catholic Church 's massive wealth revealed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://fox13now.com/2018/05/30/mormonleaks-lds-church-controls-billions-of-dollars-in-investment-funds/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Henderson , Peter . `` Insight : Mormon church made wealthy by donations '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England doubles hedge fund investments '' . Financial Times . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Opus Dei sitting on fortune - Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Tom Gjelten ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Church Of Scientology Calls New HBO Documentary ' Bigoted ' '' . NPR.org . Jump up ^ Eric Thurm ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned From Scientology Doc ' Going Clear ' '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change * in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015 '' ( PDF ) . nacubo.org . National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute . p. 2 . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Fourth Quarter Financial Supplement '' ( PDF ) . JPMorgan Chase & Co . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . bankofchina.com . Bank Of China ( BOC ) . Jump up ^ `` Financial Statements for Bank of America Corp '' . Google Finance . Google . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Bank Annual Report 2015 - Facts and Figures '' . db.com . Deutsche Bank AG . Jump up ^ `` Could Saudi Aramco Be Worth 20 Times Exxon ? '' . WSJ.com . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Jump up ^ `` ROYAL BANK OF CANADA ANNUAL REPORT 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Financial Statements and Notes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . credit-suisse.com . Credit Suisse Group . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Surpasses Exxon as 2nd Most Valuable Co '' . nytimes.com . Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_organizations&oldid=865819845 '' Categories : Lists of companies Economy - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages containing links to subscription - only content Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 11 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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how many classes do u have to fail to get held back

Grade retention

grade retention

Grade retention or grade repetition is the process of having a particular student to repeat a grade , because during the previous year , the student failed the grade . Students who repeat a grade are referred as `` repeaters '' . Repeaters can be referred to as having been `` held back '' . Students do not necessarily repeat the grade in the same classroom , but it will be the same grade .

The alternative to grade retention ( for those who have failed ) is a policy of social promotion , under the ideological principle that staying with their same - age peers is important . Social promotion is the obligatory promotion of all students , regardless of achievement and absences . Social promotion is somewhat more accepted in countries which use tracking to group students according to academic ability . Regardless of whether a failing student is retained or promoted , academic scholars believe that underperformance must be addressed with intensive remedial help , such as summer school programs . In most countries , grade retention has been banned or strongly discouraged . In the United States , grade retention can be used in kindergarten through twelfth grade . However , with older students , retention is usually restricted to the specific classes that the student failed , so that a student can be , for example , promoted in a math class but retained in a language class . Where it is permitted , grade retention is most common among students in early elementary school . Students with intellectual disabilities are only retained when parents and school officials agree to do so . Children who are relatively young in their age cohort are four times more likely to be retained . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Research 3 International 3.1 Australia and New Zealand 3.2 Argentina 3.3 Asia 3.4 Europe 3.5 North America 4 Common arguments 4.1 Arguments against 4.2 Arguments for 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Different schools have used different approaches throughout history . Grade retention or repetition was essentially meaningless in the one - room schoolhouses of more than a century ago , because access to outside standards were very limited , and the small scale of the school , with perhaps only a few students of each age , was conducive to individualized instruction . With the proliferation of larger , graded schools in the middle of the 19th century , retention became a common practice . In fact , a century ago , approximately half of all American students were retained at least once before the age of 13 . Social promotion began to spread in the 1930s with concerns about the psychosocial effects of retention . Social promotion is the promoting of underperforming students under the ideological principle that staying with their same - age peers is important to success . This trend reversed in the 1980s , as concern about slipping academic standards rose. The practice of grade retention in the U.S. has been climbing steadily since the 1980s . The practice of making retention decisions on the basis of the results of a single test -- called high - stakes testing -- is widely condemned by professional educators . Test authors generally advise that their tests are not adequate for high - stakes decisions , and that decisions should be made based on all the facts and circumstances . Research ( edit ) There is conclusive evidence that grade retention is significantly helpful , and much of the existing research has been methodologically invalid . Three different kinds of studies exist or have been proposed , and each has its inherent pitfalls : Studies that compare students who were retained against students who were considered for retention but were eventually promoted : Although these studies conclude that social promotion is beneficial , they are methodologically unsound due to selection bias in the group - allocation phase , in which the students selected for promotion were better ( or less weak ) and were indeed selected for promotion because the schools believed them to be stronger or more personally mature students whereas the students selected for promotion were weaker and selected because they were weaker . Studies which compare retained students to their own prior performance . These studies favor grade retention . However , these studies are biased because they do not adequately control for personal growth or changes in environmental factors ( such as poverty ) . Studies which randomly assign a large pool of borderline students to promotion or retention . This style of research is methodologically sound and , if performed on a sufficiently large scale and with sufficiently detailed information collected , would provide valuable or even definitive information . However , schools and parents are unwilling to have a child 's future affected by a random assignment , and so both due to institutional opposition and for ethical reasons these studies are simply not done . Non-academic outcomes : Retention is associated with poor `` social adjustment , attitudes toward school , behavioral outcomes , and attendance . '' Retention is a `` stronger predictor of delinquency than socioeconomic status , race , or ethnicity , '' and is also a strong predictor of drug and alcohol use and teenage pregnancy . ( Study style # 1 favors social promotion . ) International ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Australia uses grade retention , although in 2010 , the New South Wales Department of Education and Training made a new policy of no student repeating at any school for various reasons . For example , as of 2010 , students are not repeating Year 11 or Year 12 because of all the post-school services after they complete Year 12 such as TAFEs or universities . In New Zealand , secondary schools commonly use a system of internal academic streaming in which children of the same age are subdivided on the basis of ability , and lower achieving students ( those who would be retained under the North American system ) are taught in different classes , and at a different rate , from higher achieving students , but are kept within their own age group . This system has largely rendered grade retention unnecessary in all but the most exceptional circumstances . In most cases where streaming alone is insufficient , additional special needs provision is usually seen as being preferable to grade retention , particularly when behavioral difficulties are involved . Argentina ( edit ) Argentina contemplates grade retention in all grades except 1st grade and the last course of high school . In Elementary school students are retained when they fail one of the basic areas : math , language and social sciences . In secondary school , students are allowed a maximum of two courses failed in order to be promoted . If they fail three or more , they should repeat . Asia ( edit ) Japan and Korea do not allow grade retention . North Korea does not have school retention . Malaysia also does not practice grade retention . Singapore practices grade retention in Secondary Schools if a student is unsuccessful in achieving a satisfactory accumulated percentage grade . The school authorities may also decide that it would be more appropriate for the student to advance to a higher level in a lower stream such as in the cases of Express and Normal ( Academic ) students . Grade retention is most common in Junior Colleges where a promotional criteria is set in place . Hong Kong practices grade retention in elementary and secondary school if the student obtains a failing grade even after taking a re-test , though grade retention is very rare . Europe ( edit ) Norway , Denmark and Sweden do not allow grade retention during elementary school and junior high school ( 1 - 10th grade ) In the United Kingdom , a similar streaming system to New Zealand 's is used ( see above ) . Germany , Italy , Austria , Netherlands , France , Finland and Switzerland use grade retention . Greece allows grade retention if a student fails more than 5 final exams , or 5 or less both in May examinations and in September examination . A student who has missed more than 114 periods of class can also repeat a grade . North america ( edit ) The United States and Canada both use grade retention . In the U.S. , six - year - old students are most likely to be retained , with another spike around the age of 12 . In particular , some large schools have a transitional classroom , sometimes called `` Kindergarten 2 '' , for six - year - olds who are not reading - ready . School officials in some US states have the authority to allow students to be held back if they do not attend summer school . Common arguments ( edit ) The following are common arguments regarding this practice . Arguments against ( edit ) Opponents of `` no social promotion '' policies do not defend social promotion so much as say that retention is even worse . They argue that retention is not a cost - effective response to poor performance when compared to cheaper or more effective interventions , such as additional tutoring and summer school . They point to a wide range of research findings that show no advantage to , or even harm from , retention , and the tendency for gains from retention to wash out . Harm from retention cited by these critics include : May lower the self esteem of the student and make them feel as if they were mentally inferior and in turn cause them to give up on their academics . It may also cause them to be the subject of ridicule and bullying by other students . Increased drop - out rates of retained students over time . No evidence of long - term academic benefit for retained students . Increased rates of dangerous behaviors such as drinking , drug abuse , crime , sexual promiscuity , teenage pregnancy , depression , and suicide among retained students as compared with similarly performing promoted students . Danger to normally - progressing younger students in the class which the older student is required to repeat , when the intellectually - challenged older student is likely to possess a great level of physical development . Critics of retention also note that retention is expensive for school systems : requiring a student to repeat a grade is essentially to add one student for a year to the school system , assuming that the student does not drop out . The possibility of grade retention has been shown to be a significant source of stress for students . In one study of childhood fears performed in the 1980s , the top three fears for US sixth graders were a parent 's death , going blind , and being retained . After two decades of increasing retention practices , a repeat of the study in 2001 found that grade retention was the single greatest fear , higher than loss of a parent or going blind . This change likely reflects the students ' correct perception that they were statistically far more likely to repeat the sixth grade than to suffer the death of a parent or the loss of their vision . Arguments for ( edit ) Opponents of social promotion argue that passing a child who did not learn the necessary material cheats the child of an education . As a result , when the child gets older , the student will likely fail classes or be forced to attend summer school . Opponents of social promotion argue that some children would benefit from an additional year , especially in Kindergarten , to mature and develop social and emotional skills . This additional time will assist students with improved academic performance . Opponents of social promotion argue that it has the following negative impacts : Students who are promoted can not do the work in the next grade , and so are being set up for further failure . Students will have many failures in the high school years , which will most likely lead to dropping out . It sends the message to all students that they can get by without working hard . It forces teachers to deal with under - prepared students while trying to teach the prepared . It gives parents a false sense of their children 's progress . It will not get them the help they need . Florida , the first state to end social promotion in third grade , now has the highest reading scores in the nation for disadvantaged fourth - grade students according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Definition of repeater , accessed January 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ social promotion definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta , accessed June 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ McKee Agostin , Tracy ( July 1997 ) . `` Predicting early school success with developmental and social skills screeners '' . Psychology in the Schools . 34 : 219 -- 228 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6807 ( 199707 ) 34 : 3 3.0.CO ; 2 - J . Jump up ^ Jeronimus B.F. ; Stavrakakis , N. ; Veenstra , R. ; Oldehinkel , A.J. ( 2015 ) . `` Relative Age Effects in Dutch Adolescents : Concurrent and Prospective Analyses '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 6 ) : e0128856 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0128856 . PMC 4468064 . PMID 26076384 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Janet S. ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` A Fresh Look at the Retention - Promotion Controversy '' . Journal of School Psychology . 21 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 211 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 4405 ( 83 ) 90015 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Leckrone , M.J. ; Griffith , B.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Retention Realities and Educational Standards '' . Children & Schools . 28 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 58 . doi : 10.1093 / cs / 28.1. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Losing Students to High - Stakes Testing '' . Education Digest . 70 ( 7 ) : 10 -- 19 . ISSN 0013 - 127X . Jump up ^ `` Large scale assessments and high stakes decisions : Facts , cautions , and guidelines '' . National Association of School Psychologists. 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grade Retention and Promotion. , Steiner , Karen '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mims , K. , R. Stock , & C. Phinizy ( 2001 ) `` Beyond grade retention . '' In eJournal of education policy . At http://jep.csus.edu/journal2001/journals.aspx?id=101 ¶ 2 Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` More New York City Students to Face Summer School - NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bridgeland , J. , DiIulio , Jr. , J.J. , & Balfanz , R. ( 2009 ) . Perspectives of teachers and principals on the high school dropout problem . Washington , DC : Civic Enterprises , LLC . Jump up ^ Shane R. Jimerson ; Sarah M. Woehr ; Amber M. Kaufman ( 2002 ) . `` Grade retention : Achievement and mental health outcomes '' ( PDF ) . National Association of School Psychologists . Further reading ( edit ) `` Taking Responsibility for Ending Social Promotion : A Guide for Educators and State and Local Leaders '' . U.S. Department of Education . May 1999 . `` Retention and Social Promotion : Research and Implications for Policy '' . ERIC Digest ( 161 ) . December 2000 . Potter , Les . `` Examining the Negative Effects of Retention in Our Schools '' . Questia. 117 ( 2 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grade_retention&oldid=849079860 '' Categories : Education issues Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Esperanto Français Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the best farming soil in the us and where did all the dirt come from

The Black Dirt Region takes its name from the dark , extremely fertile soil left over from an ancient glacial lake bottom augmented by decades of past flooding of the Wallkill River . The 26,000 acres ( 10,400 ha ) of muck left over is the largest concentration of such soil in the United States outside the Florida Everglades .

The Black Dirt Region|from an ancient glacial lake bottom augmented by decades of past flooding of the Wallkill River

Black Dirt region

black dirt region

The Black Dirt Region is located in southern Orange County , New York , United States and northern Sussex County , New Jersey . It is mostly located in the western section of the Town of Warwick , centered on the hamlet of Pine Island . Some sections spill over into adjacent portions of the towns of Chester , Goshen and Wawayanda in New York and parts of Wantage and Vernon , New Jersey . Before the region was drained in the early nineteenth century through drainage culverts and the construction of the Delaware and Hudson Canal , it was a densely - vegetated marsh known as the `` Drowned Lands of the Wallkill ''

The Black Dirt Region takes its name from the dark , extremely fertile soil left over from an ancient glacial lake bottom augmented by decades of past flooding of the Wallkill River . The 26,000 acres ( 10,400 ha ) of muck left over is the largest concentration of such soil in the United States outside the Florida Everglades . The Black Dirt Region , viewed looking south from a hill in the Town of Goshen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The area mostly consists of flat flood plain . The few areas that rise above the valley floor are known as `` islands '' , since they often were in times of heavy flooding . New Jersey 's Pochuck Mountain looms just to the south of the region , and the ridge continues into the region as a small upland area called Pochuck Neck ; there are two smaller hills within it known as Mounts Adam and Eve , rising to 900 and 1,060 feet ( 274 and 323 m ) respectively . The area is also very noticeable on satellite imagery by the color differential from its surroundings . History ( edit ) Farmers generally avoided the area in the early years of settlement , because the soil , although rich , was frequently flooded and poorly drained . Instead , the land was used for pasturage , though sudden storms would often drown the stock . Starting in 1804 , talks began about the best way to drain the swampland . First , an attempt was made to clear the natural obstacles , but that proved too expensive . Instead , a drainage canal was constructed by General George D. Wickham through his property in 1835 . ( The former course is now a creek meandering parallel ) . Immigrants from Eastern Europe , particularly Poles and Volga Germans , had worked similar soils , known as `` chernozem '' , in their native countries and began farming the former swampland . In the mid-19th century they won a series of conflicts with downstream millers later dubbed `` the Muskrat and Beaver Wars '' , giving them the right to prevent a dam from being built on the drainage channel They eventually began growing the pungent , highly prized black - dirt onion on the land , taking advantage of the relative proximity of New York City as a market . By the late 20th century the region was producing an average of 30,000 pounds of onion per acre . Today , due to changing popular tastes in onions and different economic realities , that staple is not as profitable as it was , and farmers in the region have been diversifying their crops to include lettuce , radish , potatoes , tomatoes , carrots , and , increasingly , sod . Development of the farmland is considered unlikely since the soil is very poor for building . See also ( edit ) Hudson Valley portal Terra preta Vincent Kosuga References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John Steele ( December 1990 ) . `` Sowing the American Dream '' . American Heritage . 41 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Orange County , with a total of twenty - six thousand acres , had more of it in one spot than any place else in the United States except the Florida Everglades . Jump up ^ http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.340828&lon=-74.4273769&z=12&l=0&m=b Jump up ^ Snell , James ( 1881 ) . History of Sussex and Warren County , New Jersey . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 ... Further reading ( edit ) Pride and Produce . Cheetah Haysom 2015 . Drowned Lands Press , New York , NY . 978 - 0 - 692 - 59127 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Drowned Lands Historical society Annual Black Dirt Feast Year 2 Video Annual Black Dirt Feast Year 3 Video ( hide ) Goshen , New York Municipalities Village of Florida Town of Goshen Village of Goshen Education Goshen Central School District Goshen Central High School Goshen Intermediate School Scotchtown Avenue Elementary School Private John S. Burke Catholic High School Historic buildings and sites 1841 Goshen Courthouse Church Park Historic District District School No. 9 Dutchess Quarry Cave Site Everett - Bradner House George T. Wisner House Good Time Park Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame Historic Track Sawyer Farmhouse U.S. Post Office Other Black Dirt Region Orange County Government Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Dirt_Region&oldid=793364067 '' Categories : Agriculture in the United States Geography of Orange County , New York Economy of Orange County , New York History of Orange County , New York Goshen , New York Geography of Sussex County , New Jersey Warwick , New York Agriculture in New York ( state ) Agriculture in New Jersey Soil in the United States Chernozemye Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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the pair of hand drums used in indian classical music is called

The tabla consists of two single headed , barrel shaped small drums of slightly different size and shapes : daya also called dahina meaning right ( also called `` tabla '' ) , and baya also called bahina meaning left ( also called `` dagga '' ) . The daya tabla is played by the musician 's right hand ( dominant hand ) , and is about 15 centimetres ( ~ 6 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) high . The baya tabla is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped , about 20 centimetres ( ~ 8 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) in height . Each is made of hollowed out wood or clay or brass , the daya drum laced with hoops , thongs and wooden dowels on its sides . The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membrane . The daya is tuned to the ground note of the raga called Sa ( tonic in India music ) . The baya construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the daya drum . The musician uses his hand 's heel pressure to change the pitch and tone colour of each drum during a performance .

tabla

Tabla

tabla

Indian percussion instrument , goatskin heads with syahi Playing range Bolt tuned or rope tuned with dowels and hammer Related instruments Pakhavaj , mridangam , khol , dholak , nagara , madal , tbilat The tabla is a membranophone percussion instrument originating from the Indian subcontinent , consisting of a pair of drums , used in traditional , classical , popular and folk music . It has been a particularly important instrument in Hindustani classical music since the 18th century , and remains in use in India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , Nepal , Bangladesh , and Sri Lanka . The name tabla likely comes from tabl , the Persian and Arabic word for drum . However , the ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars , some tracing it to West Asia , others tracing it to the evolution of indigenous musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent . The tabla consists of two single headed , barrel shaped small drums of slightly different size and shapes : daya also called dahina meaning right ( also called `` tabla '' ) , and baya also called bahina meaning left ( also called `` dagga '' ) . The daya tabla is played by the musician 's right hand ( dominant hand ) , and is about 15 centimetres ( ~ 6 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) high . The baya tabla is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped , about 20 centimetres ( ~ 8 in ) in diameter and 25 centimetres ( ~ 10 in ) in height . Each is made of hollowed out wood or clay or brass , the daya drum laced with hoops , thongs and wooden dowels on its sides . The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membrane . The daya is tuned to the ground note of the raga called Sa ( tonic in India music ) . The baya construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the daya drum . The musician uses his hand 's heel pressure to change the pitch and tone colour of each drum during a performance . Play media Tabla playing , a demo . The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms , reflected in mnemonic syllables ( bol ) . In the Hindustani style tabla is played in two ways : band bol and khula bol . In the sense of classical music it is termed `` tali '' and `` khali '' . It is one of the main qawali instrument used by Sufi musicians of Bangladesh , Pakistan and India . The tabla is also an important instrument in the bhakti devotional traditions of Hinduism and Sikhism , such as during bhajan and kirtan singing . Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Turk - Arab origins 1.2 Indian origins 2 History 3 Construction and features 4 Musical notation 5 Basic strokes 5.1 Tabla Taals 5.2 Rare Hindustani taals 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origins ( edit ) An old tabla . The history of tabla is unclear , and there are multiple theories regarding its origins . There are two groups of theories , one that traces its origins to Muslim and Moghul invaders of the Indian subcontinent , the other traces it to indigenous origins . However carvings in Bhaje caves provide a concrete evidence of Indian origins of Tabla . Turk - Arab origins ( edit ) The first theory , very common during the colonial period scholarship , is based on the etymological links of the word tabla to Arabic word tabl which means `` drum '' . Beyond the root of the word , this proposal points to the abundant documentary evidence that the Muslim armies , as they invaded the Indian subcontinent , had hundreds of soldiers on camels and horses carrying paired drums . They would beat these drums to scare the residents , the non-Muslim armies , their elephants and chariots , that they intended to attack . Babur , the Turk founder of the Mughal Empire , is known to have used these paired drums carrying battalions in their military campaigns . However , this theory has had the flaw that the war drums did not look or sound anything like tabla , they were large paired drums and were called naqqara ( noise , chaos makers ) . The second version of the Arab theory is that Amir Khusraw , a musician patronized by Sultan Alauddin Khalji invented the tabla when he cut an Awaj drum , which used to be hourglass shaped . This is , however , unlikely , as no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with evidence . If tabla had arrived , or had been invented under Arabic influence from the root word tabl , it would be in the list of musical instruments that were written down by Muslim historians , but such evidence is also absent . For example , Abul Fazi included a long list of musical instruments in his Ain - i - akbari written in the time of the 16th century Mughal Emperor Akbar , the generous patron of music . Abul Fazi 's list makes no mention of tabla . The third version of the Arab theory credits the invention of tabla to the 18th century musician , with a similar sounding name Amir Khusru , where he is suggested to have cut a Pakhawaj into two to create tabla . This is not an entirely unreasonable theory , and miniature paintings of this era show instruments that sort of look like tabla , but this would mean that tabla emerged from within the Muslim community of Indian subcontinent and were not an Arabian import . However , scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a pakhawaj drum into two to make tabla drums `` can not be given any credence '' . Indian origins ( edit ) Five Gandharvas ( celestial musicians ) from 4th - 5th century CE . Two of them are playing drums , but these do n't look like tabla . Other temple carvings do . The Indian theory traces the origin of tabla to indigenous ancient civilization . This version states that this musical instrument acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule , but it is an evolution of the ancient Indian puskara drums . The evidence of the hand held puskara is founded in many temple carvings , such as at the 6th and 7th century Muktesvara and Bhuvaneswara temples in India . These arts show drummers who are sitting , with two or three separate small drums , with their palm and fingers in a position as if they are playing those drums . However , it is not apparent in these carvings that those drums were made of the same material and skin , or played the same music , as the modern tabla . The textual evidence for similar material and methods of construction as tabla comes from Sanskrit texts . The earliest discussion of tabla - like musical instrument building methods , including paste - patches , are found in the Hindu text Natyashastra . The Natyashastra also discusses how to play these drums . The South Indian text Silappatikaram , likely composed in the early centuries of 1st millennium CE , describes thirty types of drums along with many stringed and other instruments . These are named as Pushkara - name Tabla comes in later periods History ( edit ) 200 BCE carvings at Buddhist Bhaja Caves , Maharashtra , India showing a woman playing a pair of drums and another dancer performing . Drums and Talas are mentioned in the Vedic era texts . A percussion musical instrument with two or three small drums , held with strings , called Pushkara ( also spelled Pushkala ) were in existence in pre-5th century Indian subcontinent along with other drums such as the Mridang , but these are not called tabla then . The pre-5th century paintings in the Ajanta Caves , for example , show a group of musicians playing small tabla - like upright seated drums , a kettle - shaped mridang drum and cymbals . Similar artwork with seated musicians playing drums , but carved in stone , are found in the Ellora Caves , and others . A type of small Indian drums , along with many other musical instruments , are also mentioned in Tibetan and Chinese memoirs written by Buddhist monks who visited the Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE . The pushkala are called rdzogs pa ( pronounced dzokpa ) in Tibetan literature . The pushkara drums are also mentioned in many ancient Jainism and Buddhism texts , such as Samavayasutra , Lalitavistara and Sutralamkara . Some drums of central India that look like tabla , but are a different since they do not have Syahi which creates notation . Various Hindu and Jain temples , such as the Eklingaji in Jaipur , Rajasthan show stone carvings of a person playing tabla - like small pair of drums . Small drums were popular during the Yadava rule ( 1210 to 1247 ) in the south , at the time when Sangita Ratnakara was written by Sarangadeva . There is recent iconography of the tabla dating back to 1799 . This theory is now obsolete with iconography carvings found in Bhaje caves providing solid proof that the tabla was used in ancient India . There are Hindu temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BCE . The tabla was spread widely across ancient India . A Hoysaleshwara temple in Karnataka shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance . The tabla uses a `` complex finger tip and hand percussive '' technique played from the top unlike the Pakhawaj and mridangam which mainly use the full palm , and are sideways in motion and are more limited in terms of sound complexity . The origins of tabla repertoire and technique may be found in all three , and in physical structure there are also similar elements : the smaller pakhawaj head for the dayan , the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan , and the flexible use of the bass of the dholak . Construction and features ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The smaller drum , played with the dominant hand , is sometimes called dayan ( literally `` right '' side ) , dāhina , siddha or chattū , but is correctly called the `` tabla . '' It is made from a conical piece of mostly teak and rosewood hollowed out to approximately half of its total depth . The drum is tuned to a specific note , usually either the tonic , dominant or subdominant of the soloist 's key and thus complements the melody . The tuning range is limited although different dāyāñs are produced in different sizes , each with a different range . Cylindrical wood blocks , known as gatta , are inserted between the strap and the shell allowing tension to be adjusted by their vertical positioning . Fine tuning is achieved while striking vertically on the braided portion of the head using a small , heavy hammer . The larger drum , played with the other hand , is called bāyāñ ( literally `` left '' ) duggī or dhāmā ( correctly called `` dagga '' ) , has a much deeper bass tone , much like its distant cousin , the kettle drum . The bāyāñ may be made of any of a number of materials . Brass is the most common , copper is more expensive , but generally held to be the best , while aluminum and steel are often found in inexpensive models . Sometimes wood is used , especially in old bāyāñs from the Punjab . Clay is also used , although not favored for durability ; these are generally found in the North - East region of Bengal . The name of the head areas are : chat , chanti , kinar , kinar , sur , maidan , lao , luv , medan center : syahi , siaahi , gab The head of each drum has a central area of `` tuning paste '' called the syahi ( lit . `` ink '' ; a.k.a. shāī or gāb ) . This is constructed using multiple layers of a paste made from starch ( rice or wheat ) mixed with a black powder of various origins . The precise construction and shaping of this area is responsible for modification of the drum 's natural overtones , resulting in the clarity of pitch ( see inharmonicity ) and variety of tonal possibilities unique to this instrument which has a bell - like sound . The skill required for the proper construction of this area is highly refined and is the main differentiating factor in the quality of a particular instrument . For stability while playing , each drum is positioned on a toroidal bundle called chutta or guddi , consisting of plant fiber or another malleable material wrapped in cloth . Musical notation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indian music is traditionally practice - oriented and until the 20th century did not employ written notations as the primary media of instruction , understanding , or transmission . The rules of Indian music and compositions themselves are taught from a guru to a shishya , in person . Thus oral notation , such as the tabla stroke names , is very developed and exact . However , written notation is regarded as a matter of taste and is not standardized . Thus there is no universal system of written notation for the rest of the world to study Indian music . Maula Bakhsh ( born as Chole Khan in 1833 ) was an Indian musician , singer and poet . His grandfather was Inayat Khan , founder of Universal Sufism . He developed the `` first system of notation for Indian music '' . He also founded the `` first Academy of Music in India '' in 1886 , based in Baroda that encompassed both Eastern and Western musical cultural traditions . Basic strokes ( edit ) Ustad Zakir Hussain performing at Konark , Odisha Some basic strokes with the dayan on the right side and the bayan on the left side are : Ta : ( on dayan ) striking sharply with the index finger against the rim while simultaneously applying gentle pressure to the edge of the syahi with the ring finger to suppress the fundamental vibration mode Ghe or ga : ( on bayan ) holding wrist down and arching the fingers over the syahi ; the middle and ring - fingers then strike the maidan ( resonant ) gha ( on bayan ) striking the index finger Thin : ( on dayan ) placing the last two fingers of the right hand lightly against the syahi and striking on the border between the syahi and the maidan ( resonant ) Dha : combination of Na and ( Ga or Gha ) Dhin : combination of Tin and ( Ga or Gha ) Ka or kath : ( on bayan ) striking with the flat palm and fingers ( non resonant ) Na : ( on dayan ) striking the edge of the syahi with the last two fingers of the right hand Te : ( on dayan ) striking the center of the syahi with the middle finger ( non resonant ) Tu Tun : ( on dayan ) striking the center of the syahi with the index finger to excite the fundamental vibration mode ( resonant ) Dhere dhere ( on dayan ) striking of syahi with palm * Trak : it 's basicaly sound speed tirakit , strinking first and middle finger simultaneosuly then remeaning two fingers Newly made tabla with hammer . Tabla taals ( edit ) Some taals , for example Dhamaar , Ek , Jhoomra and Chau tals , lend themselves better to slow and medium tempos . Others flourish at faster speeds , pratham bhagati like Jhap or Rupak talas . Trital or Teental is one of the most popular , since it is as aesthetic at slower tempos as it is at faster speeds . There are many taals in Hindustani music . Some of the more popular ones are : hide Name Beats Division Vibhag X : sam on first beat 2 , 3 , ... : talis or claps 0 : kal or khalis Tintal ( or Trital or Teental ) 16 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 X 2 0 3 Jhoomra 14 3 + 4 + 3 + 4 X 2 0 3 Tilwada 16 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 x 2 0 3 Dhamar 14 5 + 2 + 3 + 4 X 2 0 3 Ektal and Chautal 12 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 X 0 2 0 3 4 Jhaptal 10 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 X 2 0 3 Keherwa 8 4 + 4 X 0 Rupak ( Mughlai / Roopak ) 7 3 + 2 + 2 0 X 2 Dadra 6 3 + 3 X 0 Rare Hindustani taals ( edit ) Name Beats Division Vibhaga X : sam on first beat 2 , 3 , ... : talis or claps 0 : kal or khalis Adachoutal 14 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 X 2 0 3 0 4 0 Brahmtal 28 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 X 0 2 3 0 4 5 6 0 7 8 9 10 0 Dipchandi 14 3 + 4 + 3 + 4 X 2 0 3 Shikar 17 6 + 6 + 2 + 3 X 0 3 4 Sultal 10 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 x 0 2 3 0 teevra 7 3 + 2 + 2 x 2 3 Ussole e Fakhta 5 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 x 3 Farodast 14 3 + 4 + 3 + 4 X 2 0 3 Pancham Savari 15 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 x 2 0 3 Gaj jhampa 15 5 + 5 + 5 x 2 0 3 See also ( edit ) Indian classical music portal Bongos Damaru Dangdut Doumbek -- Arabian drum also known in Egypt as `` tabla '' , `` Egyptian tabla '' , or `` Alexandrian tabla '' . Madal Mridanga Tbilat Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In other languages : Bengali : তবলা , Dari : طبلا ‎ , Gujarati : તબલા , Hindi : तबला , Kannada : ತಬಲಾ , Malayalam : തബല , Marathi : तबला , Nepali : तबला , Odia : ତବଲା , Pashto : طبله ‎ , Punjabi : ਤਬਲਾ , Tamil : தபலா , Telugu : తబలా , Urdu : طبلہ ‬ ‎ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel ( 2003 ) . The Harvard Dictionary of Music . Harvard University Press . pp. 820 , 864 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01163 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tabla Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Richard Emmert ; Yuki Minegishi ( 1980 ) . Musical voices of Asia : report of ( Asian Traditional Performing Arts 1978 ) . Heibonsha . p. 266 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert S. Gottlieb ( 1993 ) . Solo Tabla Drumming of North India . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1093 - 8 . Jump up ^ William Alves ( 2013 ) . Music of the Peoples of the World . Cengage Learning . p. 252 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 30794 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Sorrell ; Ram Narayan ( 1980 ) . Indian Music in Performance : A Practical Introduction . Manchester University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0756 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kamal Salhi ( 2013 ) . Music , Culture and Identity in the Muslim World : Performance , Politics and Piety . Routledge . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 96310 - 3 . Jump up ^ Denise Cush ; Catherine Robinson ; Michael York ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Routledge . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 18978 - 5 . Jump up ^ Derek B. Scott ( 2009 ) . The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology . Ashgate Publishing . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6476 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Dean ( 2012 ) . The Drum : A History . Scarecrow . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8170 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.yogems.com/yopedia/a-complete-guide-to-tabla/ Jump up ^ http://www.indiamike.com/india/maharashtra-f37/bhaja-caves-and-the-tabla-connection-t227647/ Jump up ^ Peter Lavezzoli ( 2006 ) . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West . Bloomsbury Academic . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1815 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Robert S. Gottlieb ( 1993 ) . Solo Tabla Drumming of North India . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1093 - 8 . Jump up ^ S Prajnanananda ( 1981 ) . A historical study of Indian music . Munshiram Manoharlal . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh ( 2000 ) . The Guru Granth Sahib : Canon , Meaning and Authority . Oxford University Press . pp. 135 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564894 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl ; Ruth M. Stone ; James Porter ; et al. ( 1998 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music . Taylor & Francis . p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4946 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ P.S. Meshram ( 1981 ) . Indica , Volume 18 . Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture . pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ The theory and practice of Tabla , Sadanand Naimpalli , Popular Prakashan Jump up ^ Rowell , Lewis ( 2015 ) . Music and Musical Thought in Early India . University of Chicago Press . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73034 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sir Monier Monier - Williams ; Ernst Leumann ; Carl Cappeller ( 2002 ) . A Sanskrit - English Dictionary : Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo - European Languages . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 638 -- 639 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 3105 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anil de Silva - Vigier ; Otto Georg von Simson ( 1964 ) . Music . Volume 2 of Man through his art . New York Graphic Society . p. 22 . OCLC 71767819 . , Quote : `` To her left are two girls standing with cymbals in their hands , and two seated playing drums , one with a pair of upright drums like the modern Indian dhol , and the other , sitting cross-legged , with a drum held horizontally , like the modern mirdang . '' Jump up ^ Lisa Owen ( 2012 ) . Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora . BRILL Academic . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 20629 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pia Brancaccio ( 2010 ) . The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad : Transformations in Art and Religion . BRILL Academic . p. 21 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 18525 - 9 . Jump up ^ རྫོགས ་ པ ་ , Tibetan English Dictionary ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji ( 1989 ) . Ancient Indian Education : Brahmanical and Buddhist . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 354 -- 355 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0423 - 4 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Frans Balthazar Solvyns , A Collection of Two Hundred and Fifty Coloured Etchings ( 1799 ) Jump up ^ web.mit.edu/chintanv/www/tabla/class_material/Introduction % 20to % 20Tabla. ppt Jump up ^ `` Persée '' . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` tabla ( musical instrument ) -- '' . September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart R. Unpublished thesis , UCLA , 1974 Jump up ^ Two Men and Music : Nationalism in the Making of an Indian Classical ... -- Janaki Bakhle Assistant Professor of History Columbia University -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2005 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://chandrakantha.com/tablasite/bsicbols.htm#Tu Further reading ( edit ) The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming : A Survey Presentation Based on Performances by India 's Leading Artists , by Robert S. Gottlieb . Pub . Musikverlag E. Katzbichler , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87397 - 300 - 8 . The tabla of Lucknow : a cultural analysis of a musical tradition , by James Kippen . Cambridge University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33528 - 0 . Solo Tabla Drumming of North India : Text & commentary , by Robert S. Gottlieb , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , 1993 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1093 - 7 . Fundamentals of Tabla , ( Volume 1 ) by David R. Courtney . Pub . Sur Sangeet Services , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 9634447 - 6 - X . Advanced Theory of Tabla , ( Volume 2 ) by David R. Courtney . Pub . Sur Sangeet Services , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 9634447 - 9 - 4 . Manufacture and Repair of Tabla , ( Volume 3 ) by David R. Courtney . Pub . Sur Sangeet Services , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 893644 - 02 - 2 . Focus on the Kaidas of Tabla , ( Volume 4 ) by David R. Courtney . Pub . Sur Sangeet Services , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 893644 - 03 - 0 . Theory and practice of tabla , by Sadanand Naimpalli . Popular Prakashan , 2005 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 149 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tabla . On Covered Instruments ( puṣkara , ' drums ' ) , Chapter XXXII of the Nāṭyaśāstra hide Indian musical instruments Wind ( Sushir ) Bansuri Harmonium Kombu Nadaswaram Pungi Shankha Shehnai Shruti box Venu Plucked Stringed ( Tat ) Dotara Ektara Gottuvadhyam Pena Rudra veena Santoor Saraswati veena Sarod Seni Rebab Sitar Surbahar Swarmandal Tanpura Veena Vichitra veena Yazh Bowed Stringed ( Vitat ) Dilruba Esraj Sarangi Sarinda Taus Violin Membranous Percussion ( Avanaddh ) Chande Chenda Damaru Dhaak Duggi Dhol Dholak Dholki Edakka Kanjira Khamak Khol Madal Mizhav Mridangam Nagada Pakhawaj Parai Sambal Tabla Tavil Non-Membranous Percussion ( Ghan ) Chimta Ghatam Ghungroo Jal tarang Kartal Khanjani Khartal Manjira Morsing Other Bharatiya Sangeet Vadya Indian classical music Jivari Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabla&oldid=857033146 '' Categories : Battle drums Directly struck membranophones Hand drums Pitched percussion Hindustani musical instruments Afghan musical instruments Indian musical instruments Pakistani musical instruments Bangladeshi musical instruments Nepalese musical instruments Tabla players Hidden categories : Articles with missing files Articles containing Bengali - language text Articles containing Dari - language text Articles containing Gujarati - language text Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Kannada - language text Articles containing Malayalam - language text Articles containing Marathi - language text Articles containing Nepali - language text Articles containing Odia - language text Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing Telugu - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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where does the term petty officer come from

The modern petty officer dates back to the Age of Sail . Petty officers rank between naval officers ( both commissioned and warrant ) and most enlisted sailors . These were men with some claim to officer rank , sufficient to distinguish them from ordinary ratings , without raising them so high as the sea officers . Several were warrant officers , in the literal sense of being appointed by warrant , and like the warrant sea officers , their superiors , they were usually among the specialists of the ship 's company . The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the title derives from the Anglo - Norman and Middle French `` petit '' , meaning `` of small size , small , little '' .

Age of Sail

Petty officer

petty officer

A petty officer ( PO ) is a non-commissioned officer in many navies and is given the NATO rank denotion OR - 6 . In many nations , they are typically equal to a corporal or sergeant in comparison to other military branches . Often they may be superior to a seaman , generally the ( or one of the ) lowest ranks in a navy , and subordinate to a more senior non-commissioned officer , such as a chief petty officer .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Usage in Navies 2.1 Canada 2.2 India 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 United States 2.5 Non English - speaking countries 3 See also 4 References Origin ( edit ) The modern petty officer dates back to the Age of Sail . Petty officers rank between naval officers ( both commissioned and warrant ) and most enlisted sailors . These were men with some claim to officer rank , sufficient to distinguish them from ordinary ratings , without raising them so high as the sea officers . Several were warrant officers , in the literal sense of being appointed by warrant , and like the warrant sea officers , their superiors , they were usually among the specialists of the ship 's company . The Oxford English Dictionary suggests that the title derives from the Anglo - Norman and Middle French `` petit '' , meaning `` of small size , small , little '' . Two of the petty officer 's rates , midshipman and master 's mate , were a superior petty officer with a more general authority , but they remained no more than ratings . However , it was quite possible for a warrant officer ( such as the armourer ) , in his role as a superior officer , to be court - martialed for striking a midshipman . This is because both were regarded as future sea officers , with the all - important social distinction of having the right to walk the quarterdeck . Midshipmen wore distinctive uniforms , master 's mates dressed respectably , and both behaved like officers . The master 's mate rating evolved into the rank of sub-lieutenant , and midshipman evolved into naval cadet . Usage in navies ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) There are two petty officer ranks in the Royal Canadian Navy . Petty officer , 2nd class ( PO2 ) ( maître de deuxième classe or m2 in French ) is equivalent to a sergeant and petty officer , 1st class ( PO1 ) ( maître de première classe or m1 ) is equivalent to a warrant officer . Petty officers are normally addressed as `` Petty Officer Bloggins '' or `` PO Bloggins '' , thereafter as `` PO '' . The `` 1st class '' and `` 2nd class '' designations are normally only used when such a distinction needs to be made , such as on a promotion parade or to distinguish two petty officers with similar names but different ranks . The NATO rank denotion for `` petty officer , 2nd class '' is OR - 6 ( petty officers , 2nd class with less than 3 years seniority are considered OR - 5 ) . The NATO rank denotion for `` petty officer , 1st class '' is OR - 7 . India ( edit ) A petty officer is a non-commissioned officer in the Indian Navy , equivalent to the NATO rank enlisted grade of OR - 5 . They are equal in rank to a sub inspector of police in the Indian Police Services , or sergeant in the Indian Army and Indian Air Force . A petty officer is superior in rank to a leading rate and subordinate to a chief petty officer , as is the case in the majority of Commonwealth navies . A petty officer has the ability to work as a leader , capable of taking charge of a group of personnel , and taking roles in the training and recruitment of new members of the Indian Navy . A petty officer of the Royal Navy on parade in London in 2015 . The chevrons represent good conduct . United kingdom ( edit ) In the Royal Navy , the rate of petty officer comes above that of leading rating and below that of chief petty officer . It is the equivalent of sergeant in the Royal Marines , British Army and Royal Air Force . Petty officer is the lowest of the senior rating grades . Petty officers , like all senior rates , wear `` fore and aft '' rig . Relative Ranks in the Royal Navy , c1810 Ratings and other ranks of the British Armed Forces Service Royal Navy Royal Marines Army Royal Air Force OR - 1 Pte AC OR - 2 AB Mne Pte LAC OR - 3 Not Applicable LCpl LCpl SAC / SAC ( T ) / LCpl ( RAF Regt only ) OR - 4 LH Cpl Cpl Cpl OR - 5 / OR - 6 PO Sgt Sgt Sgt OR - 7 CPO CSgt SSgt / CSgt Chf Tech - Flt Sgt OR - 8 WO2 WO2 OR - 9 WO1 WO1 WO1 WO / MAcr United States ( edit ) Five United States Navy Reserve petty officers in uniform . The title of petty officer in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard has three separate `` classes '' ( 3rd class through 1st class ) and three senior grades ( chief petty officer , senior chief petty officer , master chief petty officer ) . Petty officer , first class is equivalent in paygrade to staff sergeant in the United States Army and Marine Corps , and technical sergeant in the United States Air Force . Petty officer , second class is equivalent in paygrade to sergeant in the United States Army and Marine Corps , and staff sergeant in the United States Air Force . Petty officer , third class is equivalent in paygrade to corporal in the United States Army ( or specialist ) , corporal in the United States Marine Corps , and senior airman in the United States Air Force . Enlisted rank has two components : rate ( pay grade ) and rating ( job specialty ) . Both components are reflected in the title . A sailor in the rate of petty officer first class with a rating of yeoman , would be a Yeoman 1st Class ( abbreviated `` YN1 '' ) . In the Navy , it is acceptable to refer to Petty Officer as such , while in the Coast Guard , rating is always used . United States enlisted ranks Pay grade → Branch of service ↓ E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 Army PVT PV2 PFC SPC -- CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG -- 1SG SGM -- CSM -- SMA Marine Corps Pvt PFC LCpl Cpl Sgt SSgt GySgt MSgt -- 1stSgt MGySgt -- SgtMaj -- SgtMajMarCor Navy SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO -- CMDCS MCPO -- CMDCM -- FORCM , FLTCM -- MCPON Air Force AB Amn A1C SrA SSgt TSgt MSgt -- 1st Sgt SMSgt -- 1st Sgt CMSgt -- 1st Sgt -- CCM -- CMSAF Coast Guard SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO -- CMC -- Area CMC , CGRF - MC -- MCPOCG Non English - speaking countries ( edit ) In some countries the same term is used as for a non-commissioned officer ( NCO ) in land forces , e.g. `` suboficial '' in some Spanish - speaking countries . The Russian equivalent is Glavny Starshina . See also ( edit ) Boatswain List of United States Navy ratings Royal Navy ratings rank insignia United States Navy enlisted rates References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rodger , N.A.M. ( 1986 ) . The Wooden World : An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 987 - 1 . Jump up ^ Petty Officer , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Lavery , Brian ( 1989 ) . Nelson 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization . Annapolis , Md : Naval Institute Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 258 - 3 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petty_officer&oldid=807097820 '' Categories : Military ranks of the Commonwealth Military ranks of Australia Military ranks of Canada Military ranks of the Royal Navy Military ranks of the United States Navy Naval ranks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the name of god the father

God the Father

god the father

God the Father is a title given to God in various religions , most prominently in Christianity . In mainstream trinitarian Christianity , God the Father is regarded as the first person of the Trinity , followed by the second person God the Son ( Jesus Christ ) and the third person God the Holy Spirit . Since the second century , Christian creeds included affirmation of belief in `` God the Father ( Almighty ) '' , primarily as his capacity as `` Father and creator of the universe '' . Yet , in Christianity the concept of God as the father of Jesus Christ goes metaphysically further than the concept of God as the Creator and father of all people , as indicated in the Apostle 's Creed where the expression of belief in the `` Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth '' is immediately , but separately followed by in `` Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord '' , thus expressing both senses of fatherhood .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Christianity 1.1 Overview 1.2 Old Testament 1.3 New Testament 1.4 History 1.5 Trinitarianism 1.6 Nontrinitarianism 2 Other religions 2.1 Bahá'í 2.2 Hinduism 2.3 Islam 2.4 Judaism 2.5 Sikhism 3 In Western art 4 See also 5 References Christianity ( edit ) A figurative drawing of God , in the old German prayer books ( Waldburg - Gebetbuch ) , about 1486 Main article : God in Christianity See also : Patriology ( Christianity ) and Name of God in Christianity Overview ( edit ) An image of God the Father by Julius Schnorr , 1860 In Christianity , God is addressed as the Father , in part because of his active interest in human affairs , in the way that a father would take an interest in his children who are dependent on him and as a father , he will respond to humanity , his children , acting in their best interests . Many believe they can communicate with God and come closer to him through prayer -- a key element of achieving communion with God . In general , the title Father ( capitalized ) signifies God 's role as the life - giver , the authority , and powerful protector , often viewed as immense , omnipotent , omniscient , omnipresent with infinite power and charity that goes beyond human understanding . For instance , after completing his monumental work Summa Theologica , Catholic St. Thomas Aquinas concluded that he had not yet begun to understand ' God the Father ' . Although the term `` Father '' implies masculine characteristics , God is usually defined as having the form of a spirit without any human biological gender , e.g. the Catechism of the Catholic Church # 239 specifically states that `` God is neither man nor woman : he is God '' . Although God is never directly addressed as `` Mother '' , at times motherly attributes may be interpreted in Old Testament references such as Isa 42 : 14 , Isa 49 : 14 -- 15 or Isa 66 : 12 -- 13 . In the New Testament , the Christian concept of God the Father may be seen as a continuation of the Jewish concept , but with specific additions and changes , which over time made the Christian concept become even more distinct by the start of the Middle Ages . The conformity to the Old Testament concepts is shown in Matthew 4 : 10 and Luke 4 : 8 where in response to temptation Jesus quotes Deuteronomy 6 : 13 and states : `` It is written , you shall worship the Lord your God , and him only shall you serve . '' 1 Corinthians 8 : 6 shows the distinct Christian teaching about the agency of Christ by first stating : `` there is one God , the Father , of whom are all things , and we unto him '' and immediately continuing with `` and one Lord , Jesus Christ , through whom are all things , and we through him . '' This passage clearly acknowledges the Jewish teachings on the uniqueness of God , yet also states the role of Jesus as an agent in creation . Over time , the Christian doctrine began to fully diverge from Judaism through the teachings of the Church Fathers in the second century and by the fourth century belief in the Trinity was formalized . According to Mary Rose D'Angelo and James Barr , the Aramaic term Abba was in the early times of the New Testament neither markedly a term of endearment , nor a formal word ; but the word normally used by sons and daughters , throughout their lives , in the family context . Old Testament ( edit ) According to Marianne Thompson , in the Old Testament , God is called `` Father '' with a unique sense of familiarity . In addition to the sense in which God is `` Father '' to all men because he created the world ( and in that sense `` fathered '' the world ) , the same God is also uniquely the law - giver to his chosen people . He maintains a special , covenantal father - child relationship with the people , giving them the Shabbat , stewardship of his prophecies , and a unique heritage in the things of God , calling Israel `` my son '' because he delivered the descendants of Jacob out of slavery in Egypt according to his covenants and oaths to their fathers , Avraham , Isaac and Yaacov . In the Hebrew Bible , in Isaiah 63 : 16 ( JP ) it reads : `` For You are our father , for Abraham did not know us , neither did Israel recognize us ; You , O Lord , are our father ; our redeemer of old is your name . '' To God , according to Judaism , is attributed the fatherly role of protector . He is titled the Father of the poor , of the orphan and the widow , their guarantor of justice . He is also titled the Father of the king , as the teacher and helper over the judge of Israel . According to Alon Goshen - Gottstein , in the Old Testament `` Father '' is generally a metaphor ; it is not a proper name for God but rather one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God . In Christianity fatherhood is taken in a more literal and substantive sense , and is explicit about the need for the Son as a means of accessing the Father , making for a more metaphysical rather than metaphorical interpretation . New Testament ( edit ) There is a deep sense in which Christians believe that they are made participants in the eternal relationship of Father and Son , through Jesus Christ . Christians call themselves adopted children of God : But when the fullness of time had come , God sent forth his Son , born of woman , born under the law , to redeem those who were under the law , so that we might receive adoption as sons . And because you are sons , God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts , crying , `` Abba ! Father ! '' So you are no longer a slave , but a son , and if a son , then an heir through God . -- Galatians 4 : 4 -- 7 In Christianity the concept of God as the Father of Jesus is distinct from the concept of God as the Creator and Father of all people , as indicated in the Apostle 's Creed . The profession in the creed begins with expressing belief in the `` Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth '' and then immediately , but separately , in `` Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord '' , thus expressing both senses of fatherhood within the creed . History ( edit ) Since the second century , creeds in the Western Church have included affirmation of belief in `` God the Father ( Almighty ) '' , the primary reference being to `` God in his capacity as Father and creator of the universe '' . This did not exclude either the fact the `` eternal father of the universe was also the Father of Jesus the Christ '' or that he had even `` vouchsafed to adopt ( the believer ) as his son by grace '' . Creeds in the Eastern Church ( known to have come from a later date ) began with an affirmation of faith in `` one God '' and almost always expanded this by adding `` the Father Almighty , Maker of all things visible and invisible '' or words to that effect . By the end of the first century , Clement of Rome had repeatedly referred to the Father , Son and Holy Spirit , and linked the Father to creation , 1 Clement 19.2 stating : `` let us look steadfastly to the Father and Creator of the universe '' . Around AD 213 in Adversus Praxeas ( chapter 3 ) Tertullian is believed to have provided a formal representation of the concept of the Trinity , i.e. that God exists as one `` substance '' but three `` Persons '' : The Father , the Son and the Holy Spirit , and with God the Father being the Head . Tertullian also discussed how the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son . While the expression `` from the Father through the Son '' is also found among them . The Nicene Creed , which dates to 325 , states that the Son ( Jesus Christ ) is `` eternally begotten of the Father '' , indicating that their divine Father - Son relationship is seen as not tied to an event within time or human history . Trinitarianism ( edit ) A depiction of the Trinity consisting of God the Father along with God the Son ( Jesus ) and God the Holy Spirit To Trinitarian Christians ( which include Roman Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and most but not all Protestant denominations ) , God the Father is not a separate God from God the Son ( of whom Jesus is the incarnation ) and the Holy Spirit , the other hypostases of the Christian Godhead . In Eastern Orthodox theology , God the Father is the arche or principium ( `` beginning '' ) , the `` source '' or `` origin '' of both the Son and the Holy Spirit , and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead . The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son , and the Father eternally breathes the Holy Spirit . As a member of the Trinity , God the Father is one with , co-equal to , co-eternal , and consubstantial with the Son and the Holy Spirit , each Person being the one eternal God and in no way separated : all alike are uncreated and omnipotent . Because of this , the Trinity is beyond reason and can only be known by revelation . The Trinitarian concept of God the Father is not pantheistic in that he is not viewed as identical to the universe or a vague notion that persists in it , but exists fully outside of creation , as its Creator . He is viewed as a loving and caring God , a Heavenly Father who is active both in the world and in people 's lives . He created all things visible and invisible in love and wisdom , and created man for his own sake . The emergence of Trinitarian theology of God the Father in early Christianity was based on two key ideas : first the shared identity of the Yahweh of the Old Testament and the God of Jesus in the New Testament , and then the self - distinction and yet the unity between Jesus and his Father . An example of the unity of Son and Father is Matthew 11 : 27 : `` No one knows the Son except the Father and no one knows the Father except the Son '' , asserting the mutual knowledge of Father and Son . The concept of fatherhood of God does appear in the Old Testament , but is not a major theme . While the view of God as the Father is used in the Old Testament , it only became a focus in the New Testament , as Jesus frequently referred to it . This is manifested in the Lord 's prayer which combines the earthly needs of daily bread with the reciprocal concept of forgiveness . And Jesus ' emphasis on his special relationship with the Father highlights the importance of the distinct yet unified natures of Jesus and the Father , building to the unity of Father and Son in the Trinity . The paternal view of God as the Father extends beyond Jesus to his disciples , and the entire Church , as reflected in the petitions Jesus submitted to the Father for his followers at the end of the Farewell Discourse , the night before his crucifixion . Instances of this in the Farewell Discourse are John 14 : 20 as Jesus addresses the disciples : `` I am in my Father , and you in me , and I in you '' and in John 17 : 22 as he prays to the Father : `` I have given them the glory that you gave me , that they may be one as we are one . '' Nontrinitarianism ( edit ) Main article : Nontrinitarianism Mormon depiction of God the Father and the Son Jesus A number of Christian groups reject the doctrine of the Trinity , but differ from one another in their views regarding God the Father . In Mormon theology , the most prominent conception of God is as a divine council of three distinct beings : Elohim ( the Father ) , Jehovah ( the Son , or Jesus ) , and the Holy Spirit . The Father and Son are considered to have perfected , physical bodies , while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit . Mormons believe that God the Father presides over both the Son and Holy Spirit , where God the Father is greater than both , but they are one in the sense that they have a unity of purpose . Mormons do not distinguish God as a separate ontological species from humans , a concept they believe was originated by post-apostolic theologians who incorporated elements of Greek philosophy into Christian doctrine . Mormons teach that the title of Father is not figurative , because humans are literally the spirit offspring of God ( Acts 17 : 28 - 29 , Hebrews 12 : 9 ) . In this sense , they consider Jesus Christ their older brother ( John 20 : 17 ) , as He is the first born , or first begotten of God 's children ( Colossians 1 : 15 , Hebrews 1 : 26 ; 12 : 23 ) . Biblical references to Christ as the `` only begotten '' , in contrast , refer to God being the Father of Christ 's mortal body , born of the virgin Mary . The terms `` Father '' and `` Son '' imply a lineage of beings in Mormonism and in all non-symbolic usage of these words . In the Mormon hymn , `` If You Could Hie to Kolob '' , there is no beginning to the lineage of exalted , resurrected personages that are in perfect unity . In Jehovah 's Witness theology , only God the Father ( Jehovah ) is the one true almighty God , even over his Son Jesus Christ . They teach that the pre-existent Christ is God 's First - begotten Son , and that the Holy Spirit is God 's active force ( projected energy ) . They believe these three are united in purpose , but are not one being and are not equal in power . While the Witnesses acknowledge Christ 's pre-existence , perfection , and unique `` Sonship '' from God the Father , and believe that Christ had an essential role in creation and redemption , and is the Messiah , they believe that only the Father is without beginning . They say that the Son was the Father 's only direct creation , before all ages . God the Father is emphasized in Jehovah 's Witness meetings and services more than Christ the Son , as they teach that the Father is greater than the Son . Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that God is a singular spirit who is one person , not three divine persons , individuals or minds . God the Father is the title of the Supreme Creator . The titles of the Son and Holy Spirit are merely titles reflecting the different personal manifestations of the One True God the Father in the universe . Other religions ( edit ) Although similarities exist among religions , the common language and the shared concepts about God and his title Father among the Abrahamic religions is quite limited , and each religion has very specific belief structures and religious nomenclature with respect to the subject . While a religious teacher in one faith may be able to explain the concepts to his own audience with ease , significant barriers remain in communicating those concepts across religious boundaries . Bahá'í ( edit ) See also : God in the Bahá'í Faith In the Bahá'í faith God is also addressed as father . The Bahá'í view of God is essentially monotheistic . God is the imperishable , uncreated being who is the source of all existence . Hinduism ( edit ) Main article : God in Hinduism In Hinduism , Bhagavan Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita , chapter 9 , verse 17 , stated : `` I am the Father of this world , the Mother , the Dispenser and the Grandfather '' , one commentator adding : `` God being the source of the universe and the beings in it , He is held as the Father , the Mother and the Grandfather '' . A genderless Brahman is also considered the Creator and Life - giver , and the Shakta Goddess is viewed as the divine mother and life - bearer . Islam ( edit ) Main article : God in Islam The Islamic concept of God differs from the Christian and Jewish views , the term `` father '' is not formally applied to God by Muslims , and the Christian notion of the Trinity is rejected in Islam . Muslims also believe God is Wali . Wali means `` custodian '' , `` protector '' and `` helper '' . Allah is also called Rahim , meaning `` Merciful , Compassionate '' . In Islamic theology , God is the all - powerful and all - knowing creator , sustainer , ordainer , and judge of the universe . Even though traditional Islamic teaching does not formally prohibit using the term `` Father '' in reference to God , it does not propagate or encourage it . There are some narratives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in which he compares the mercy of God toward his worshipers to that of a mother to her infant child . Islamic teaching rejects the Christian Father - Son relationship of God and Jesus , and states that Jesus is a prophet of God , not the Son of God . Islamic theology strictly reiterates the Absolute Oneness of God , and totally separates him from other beings ( whether humans , angel or any other holy figure ) , and rejects any form of dualism or Trinitarianism . Chapter 112 of the Qur'an states : Say : He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him . ( Sura 112 : 1 -- 4 , Yusuf Ali ) Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : God in Judaism and Names of God in Judaism See also : Av In Judaism , God is described as `` Father '' as he is seen as the absolute one , indivisible and incomparable , transcendent , immanent , and non-corporeal God of creation and history . The God in Judaism is the giver of the sabbath and the two torahs -- written , oral , mystical tradition -- to his chosen people . In Judaism , the use of the `` Father '' title is generally a metaphor , referring to the role as Life - giver and Law - giver , and is one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God . The Jewish concept of God is similar to the Christian view , being that Christianity has Jewish roots , though there are some differences , regarding things like the role of a Mediator . And also the concept of `` God the Father '' in Biblical Judaism is generally more metaphorical . ( Numbers 23 : 19 ) . The Jewish concept of God is that God is non-corporeal , transcendent and immanent , the ultimate source of love , and a metaphorical `` Father '' . The Torah declares : `` God is not a man ( איש : ( ' iysh ) ) that He should lie , nor is He a mortal ( בן -- אדם : ( ben - ' adam ) ) that He should relent '' . ( Book of Numbers 23 : 19 Hebrew : לא אישׁ אל ויכזב ובן ־ אדם ויתנחם ההוא אמר ולא יעשׂה ודבר ולא יקימנה ‎ ) The Aramaic term for father ( Hebrew : אבא ‎ , abba ) appears in traditional Jewish liturgy and Jewish prayers to God ( e.g. in the Kaddish ) . According to Ariela Pelaia , in a prayer of Rosh Hashanah , Areshet Sfateinu , an ambivalent attitude toward God is demonstrated , due to His role as a Father and as a King . Free translation of the relevant sentence may be : `` today every creature is judged , either as sons or as slaves . If as sons , forgive us like a father forgives his son . If as slaves , we wait , hoping for good , until the verdict , your holy majesty . '' Another famous prayer emphasizing this dichotomy is called Avinu Malkeinu , which means `` Our Father Our King '' in Hebrew . Usually the entire congregation will sing the last verse of this prayer in unison , which says : `` Our Father , our King , answer us as though we have no deed to plead our cause , save us with mercy and loving - kindness . '' Sikhism ( edit ) Main article : God in Sikhism In Sikhism , God is considered uncompromisingly monotheistic , as symbolized by Ik Onkar ( one Creator ) , a central tenet of Sikh philosophy . The Guru Granth consistently refers to the creator as `` He '' and `` Father '' . This is because the Granth is written in north Indian Indo - Aryan languages ( mixture of Punjabi and dialects of Hindi ) which have no neutral gender . Since the Granth says that the God is indescribable , the God has no gender according to Sikhism . God in the Sikh scriptures has been referred to by several names , picked from Indian and Semitic traditions . He is called in terms of human relations as father , mother , brother , relation , friend , lover , beloved , husband . Other names , expressive of his supremacy , are thakur , prabhu , svami , sah , patsah , sahib , sain ( Lord , Master ) . In Western art ( edit ) Main article : God the Father in Western art Depiction of God the Father ( detail ) , Pieter de Grebber , 1654 For about a thousand years , no attempt was made to portray God the Father in human form , because early Christians believed that the words of Exodus 33 : 20 `` Thou canst not see my face : for there shall no man see Me and live '' and of the Gospel of John 1 : 18 : `` No man hath seen God at any time '' were meant to apply not only to the Father , but to all attempts at the depiction of the Father . Typically only a small part of the body of Father would be represented , usually the hand , or sometimes the face , but rarely the whole person , and in many images , the figure of the Son supplants the Father , so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted . In the early medieval period God was often represented by Christ as the Logos , which continued to be very common even after the separate figure of God the Father appeared . Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father , so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for the depiction of the Father in human form gradually emerged around the tenth century AD . By the twelfth century depictions of a figure of God the Father , essentially based on the Ancient of Days in the Book of Daniel had started to appear in French manuscripts and in stained glass church windows in England . In the 14th century the illustrated Naples Bible had a depiction of God the Father in the Burning bush . By the 15th century , the Rohan Book of Hours included depictions of God the Father in human form or anthropomorphic imagery . The depiction remains rare and often controversial in Eastern Orthodox art , and by the time of the Renaissance artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to God the Father . Divine filiation God Alone Eugenia Elisabetta Ravasio Sabellianism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kelly , J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans : 1960 , p. 136 ; p. 139 ; p. 195 respectively ^ Jump up to : `` God the Father in Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity : Transformed Background or Common Ground ? , Alon Goshen - Gottstein . The Elijah Interfaith Institute , first published in Journal of Ecumenical Studies , 38 : 4 , Spring 2001 '' ( PDF ) . elijah-interfaith.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Symbols of Jesus : a Christology of symbolic engagement by Robert C. Neville 2002 ISBN 0 - 521 - 00353 - 9 page 26 Jump up ^ Bartolo - Abela , M. ( 2012 ) . The Divine Heart of God the Father ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9837152 - 9 - 0 . Jump up ^ Calling God `` Father '' by John W. Miller ( Nov 1999 ) ISBN 0809138972 pages x -- xii Jump up ^ Diana L. Eck ( 2003 ) Encountering God : A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras ISBN 0807073024 p. 98 Jump up ^ Church Dogmatics , Vol . 2.1 , Section 31 : The Doctrine of God by Karl Barth ( Sep 23 , 2010 ) ISBN 0567012859 pages 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Devotion to the Divine Heart of God the Father ( 3rd ed . ) . 2012 . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9837152 - 8 - 3 . Jump up ^ Floyd H. Barackman , 2002 Practical Christian Theology ISBN 0 - 8254 - 2380 - 5 page 117 Jump up ^ Calling God `` Father '' by John W. Miller ( Nov 1999 ) ISBN 0809138972 page 51 Jump up ^ Church Dogmatics , Vol . 2.1 , Section 31 : The Doctrine of God by Karl Barth ( Sep 23 , 2010 ) ISBN 0567012859 pages 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Lawrence Kimbrough , 2006 Contemplating God the Father B&H Publishing ISBN 0 - 8054 - 4083 - 6 page 3 Jump up ^ Thomas W. Petrisko , 2001 The Kingdom of Our Father St. Andrew 's Press ISBN 1 - 891903 - 18 - 7 page 8 Jump up ^ David Bordwell , 2002 , Catechism of the Catholic Church , Continuum International Publishing ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 324 - 8 page 84 Jump up ^ Catechism at the Vatican website Archived 3 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Calling God `` Father '' : Essays on the Bible , Fatherhood and Culture by John W. Miller ( Nov 1999 ) ISBN 0809138972 pages 50 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Early Jewish and Christian Monotheism by Wendy North and Loren T. Stuckenbruck ( May 27 , 2004 ) ISBN 0567082938 pages 111 -- 112 ^ Jump up to : One God , One Lord : Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism by Larry W. Hurtado ( Oct 25 , 2003 ) ISBN pages 96 - 100 ^ Jump up to : A History of the Christian Tradition , Vol . I by Thomas D. McGonigle and James F. Quigley ( Sep 1988 ) ISBN 0809129647 pages 72 -- 75 and 90 Jump up ^ James Barr , `` Abba is n't ' daddy ' '' , Journal of Theological Studies , 39 : 28 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` The Aramaic Blog : Abba Is n't Daddy -- The Traditional Aramaic Father 's Day Discussion '' . aramaicdesigns.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ Mary Rose D'Angelo , `` Abba and ' Father ' : Imperial Theology and the Jesus Traditions '' , Journal of Biblical Literature , Vol. 111 , No. 4 ( Winter , 1992 ) , pp. 615 - 616 Jump up ^ Bauckham , Richard ( 2011 ) . Jesus . Oxford University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957527 - 5 . Jump up ^ Marianne Meye Thompson The promise of the Father : Jesus and God in the New Testament ch. 2 God as Father in the Old Testament and Second Temple Judaism p35 2000 `` Christian theologians have often accentuated the distinctiveness of the portrait of God as Father in the New Testament on the basis of an alleged discontinuity '' Jump up ^ Paul 's Way of Knowing by Ian W. Scott ( Dec 1 , 2008 ) ISBN 0801036097 pages 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Pillars of Paul 's Gospel : Galatians and Romans by John F. O ? Grady ( May 1992 ) ISBN 080913327X page 162 ^ Jump up to : The Doctrine of God : A Global Introduction by Veli - Matti Kärkkäinen 2004 ISBN 0801027527 pages 70 -- 74 ^ Jump up to : The Trinity by Roger E. Olson , Christopher Alan Hall 2002 ISBN 0802848273 pages 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Tertullian , First Theologian of the West by Eric Osborn ( 4 Dec 2003 ) ISBN 0521524954 pages 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Tertullian Adversus Praxeas 4 ( ANF 3 : 599 -- 600 ) : `` I believe the Spirit to proceed from no other source than from the Father through the Son '' Jump up ^ Tertullian Adversus Praxeas 5 ( ANF 3 : 600 -- 601 ) . Jump up ^ O'Collins & Farrugia 2015 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( Mar 1982 ) ISBN 0802837824 pages 515 -- 516 ^ Jump up to : The Oxford Handbook of the Trinity by Gilles Emery O.P. and Matthew Levering ( 27 Oct 2011 ) ISBN 0199557810 page 263 Jump up ^ Critical Terms for Religious Studies . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press , 1998 . Credo Reference. 27 July 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology by Alan Richardson and John Bowden ( Jan 1 , 1983 ) ISBN 0664227481 page 36 Jump up ^ Catholic catechism at the Vatican web site , items : 242 245 237 ^ Jump up to : God Our Father by John Koessler ( Sep 13 , 1999 ) ISBN 0802440681 page 68 Jump up ^ Catholic Catechism items : 356 and 295 at the Vatican web site ^ Jump up to : The Trinity : Global Perspectives by Veli - Matti Kärkkäinen ( Jan 17 , 2007 ) ISBN 0664228909 pages 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ Global Dictionary of Theology by William A. Dyrness , Veli - Matti Kärkkäinen , Juan F. Martinez and Simon Chan ( Oct 10 , 2008 ) ISBN 0830824545 pages 169 -- 171 Jump up ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3785 - 9 page 571 - 572 ^ Jump up to : The Doctrine of God : A Global Introduction by Veli - Matti Kärkkäinen 2004 ISBN 0801027527 pages 37 -- 41 Jump up ^ Symbols of Jesus by Robert C. Neville ( Feb 4 , 2002 ) ISBN 0521003539 pages 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Jesus and His Own : A Commentary on John 13 -- 17 by Daniel B. Stevick ( Apr 29 , 2011 ) Eeardmans ISBN 0802848656 page 46 Jump up ^ Trinitarian Soundings in Systematic Theology by Paul Louis Metzger 2006 ISBN 0567084108 pages 36 and 43 Jump up ^ `` Godhead '' , True to the Faith , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , 2004 . See also : `` God the Father '' , True to the Faith , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ONE . See God , Godhead ; Unity '' , Guide to the Scriptures , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The only true God and Jesus Christ whom He hath sent '' , Jeffrey R Holland , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Saints , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day . `` God the Father '' . www.lds.org . Jump up ^ Anderson , Elder Joseph . `` A Testimony of Christ -- Elder Joseph Anderson '' . lds.org . Jump up ^ Insight on the Scriptures. 2 . 1988 . p. 1019 . Jump up ^ James Roberts -- Oneness vs. Trinitarian Theology -- Westland United Pentecostal Church . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ See also David Bernard , A Handbook of Basic Doctrines , Word Aflame Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 932581 - 37 - 4 needs page num ^ Jump up to : The Names of God in Judaism , Christianity , and Islam : A Basis for Interfaith Dialogue : by Máire Byrne ( Sep 8 , 2011 ) ISBN 144115356X pages 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` The Bhagavad Gita '' by Srimath Swami Chidbhavananda 2009 ISBN 81 - 8085 - 147 - 8 page 501 Jump up ^ Gods , Goddesses , and Mythology Set by C. Scott Littleton 2005 ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7559 - 1 page 908 Jump up ^ Fundamentals of the Faith by Peter Kreeft 1988 ISBN 0 - 89870 - 202 - X page 93 ^ Jump up to : The Concept of Monotheism in Islam and Christianity by Hans Köchler 1982 ISBN 3 - 7003 - 0339 - 4 page 38 Jump up ^ Christian Theology : An Introduction by Alister E. McGrath ( Oct 12 , 2010 ) ISBN 1444335146 pages 237 -- 238 Jump up ^ Gerhard Böwering , God and his Attributes , Encyclopedia of the Quran Jump up ^ John L. Esposito , Islam : The Straight Path , Oxford University Press , 1998 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Hadith -- Book of Good Manners and Form ( Al - Adab ) -- Sahih al - Bukhari - Sunnah.com -- Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) '' . sunnah.com . ^ Jump up to : Berger , David ; Wyschogrod , Michael ( 1978 ) . Jews and `` Jewish Christianity '' . ( New York ) : KTAV Publ . House . ISBN 0 - 87068 - 675 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Tovia ( 2010 ) . Let 's Get Biblical . RNBN Publishers ; 2nd edition ( 2010 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 34839 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Tovia ( 2010 ) . Let 's Get Biblical -- In depth Study Guide . Outreach Judaism ( 1998 ) . ASIN B0006RBS3K . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Aryeh ( 1985 ) . The real Messiah ? a Jewish response to missionaries ( New ed . ) . New York : National Conference of Synagogue Youth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 879016 - 11 - 8 . The real Messiah ( pdf ) Jump up ^ Gerald J. Blidstein , 2006 Honor thy father and mother : filial responsibility in Jewish law and ethics ISBN 0 - 88125 - 862 - 8 page 1 Jump up ^ Rashi : `` God is not a man that He should lie '' : He has already promised them to bring them to and give them possession of the land of the seven nations , and you expect to kill them in the desert ? ( See Mid . Tanchuma Mass'ei 7 , Num . Rabbah 23 : 8 ) `` Would He say ... '' : Heb . הַהוּא . This is in the form of a question . And the Targum ( Onkelos ) renders `` who later relent '' . They reconsider and change their minds . Jump up ^ Singer , Tovia . `` Monotheism '' . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Ken ( Rabbi , Masters Degree in History ) . `` JEWISH FOLLOWERS OF JESUS '' . Seeds of Christianity . Simpletoremember.com . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ariela Pelaia -- What Is Rosh HaShanah ? -- The Jewish New Year of Rosh HaShanah -- Rosh HaShanah Liturgy -- About.com -- Judaism . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Real Sikhism -- God -- Who is God ? What does God look like ? -- Real Sikhism -- Exploring the Sikh Religion . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James Cornwell , 2009 Saints , Signs , and Symbols : The Symbolic Language of Christian Art ISBN 0 - 8192 - 2345 - X page 2 Jump up ^ Adolphe Napoléon Didron , 2003 Christian iconography : or The history of Christian art in the middle ages ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4075 - X pages 169 Jump up ^ George Ferguson , 1996 Signs & symbols in Christian art ISBN 0 - 19 - 501432 - 4 page 92 ( hide ) Christian theology Systematic Scripture Inspiration Preservation Canonics Biblical studies Exegesis Law and Gospel Hermeneutics God Attributes Patriology Christology Pneumatology Theocentricism Theology proper Immutability Impassibility Trinity Father Son ( Hypostatic union Incarnation Jesus Logos Christocentric ) Holy Spirit Cosmology Creation Angels Angelic hierarchy Humanity Fallen angels Satan Theodicy Soteriology Absolution Adoption Assurance Atonement Baptism Calling Conversion Election Eternal life Faith Forgiveness Glorification Grace Irresistible grace Imputation Justification Lapsarianism Means of grace Monergism Mortification Ordo salutis Perseverance Predestination Recapitulation Reconciliation Redemption Regeneration Repentance Resurrection Salvation Sanctification Synergism Theosis Union with Christ Hamartiology Adam Anthropology The Fall Incurvatus in se Original sin Sin Theodicy Total depravity Ecclesiology Sacrament Eucharist Missiology Polity ( Congregational Episcopal Presbyterian ) Synod Conciliarity Eschatology Summary of differences Historicism Idealism Dispensationalism Futurism Preterism Millenarianism ( Pre - / Post - / A-millennialism ) Adventism Antichrist Apocalypse Apocalypticism Covenant / New Covenant theology End times Heaven Hell Last Judgment Millennialism New Jerusalem Rapture Second Coming Soul sleep Tribulation War in Heaven Historical History of Christian theology Calvinist -- Arminian debate Apostolic Age Canon Patristics Caesaropapism Semipelagianism Iconoclasm Scholasticism Thomism Conciliarism Renaissance Reformation Counter-Reformation Pietism Great Awakenings Practical Apologetics Biblical law Education Ethics Homiletics Liturgics Missiology Moral Pastoral Polemics Political Public By tradition Eastern Orthodox Apophatic theology Cataphatic theology Economy Essence -- energies Filioque Gnomic will Metousiosis Phronema Phyletism Proskynesis Sobornost Symphonia Tabor Light Theoria Theosis Theotokos Roman Catholic Absolution Apostolic succession Assumption of Mary Traditionalism Ecumenical Councils Immaculate Conception Indulgences Infant baptism Josephology Liturgy Mariology Mass Modernism Natural law Papal infallibility Priesthood Purgatory Quartodecimanism Real presence Sacerdotalism Sacrament Sainthood Thomism Transubstantiation Ultramontanism Veneration Protestant General Adiaphora Assurance Believer 's baptism Protestant ecclesiology ( Branch theory ) Priesthood of all believers Anglican Anglo - Catholicism Evangelical Catholic High church Latitudinarian Low church Arminian / Wesleyan Christian perfection Conditional preservation of the saints Imparted righteousness Lordship salvation Prevenient grace Lutheran Two kingdoms Loci Theologici Theology of the Cross Confessional Lutheranism Haugean Lutheran orthodoxy Lutheran scholasticism Neo-Lutheranism Reformed ( Calvinist ) Christian Reconstructionism Covenant theology Free Grace Monergism Predestination Five solae ( Sola fide Sola gratia Sola scriptura Soli Deo gloria Solus Christus ) Supersessionism Total depravity TULIP Pentecostalist Baptism with the Holy Spirit Faith healing Fivefold ministry Glossolalia Other Adventism Anabaptism Dispensationalism Evangelicalism Fundamentalism Messianic Judaism Pietism Prosperity theology Restorationism Outline of Christian theology Christianity portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_the_Father&oldid=818097644 '' Categories : Biblical phrases Creator gods Conceptions of God Names of God Patriology Trinitarianism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Pages with Bible version errors Articles containing Hebrew - language text Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 15 : 12 . 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game of thrones season 1 white hair girl

Daenerys Targaryen

daenerys targaryen

Daenerys Targaryen is a fictional character in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels , as well as the television adaptation , Game of Thrones , where she is portrayed by Emilia Clarke . In the novels , she is a prominent point of view character . She is one of the most popular characters in the series , and The New York Times cites her as one of the author 's finest creations .

Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Daenerys is one of the last two surviving members ( along with her older brother , Viserys ) of House Targaryen , who , until fourteen years before the events of the first novel , had ruled Westeros from the Iron Throne for nearly three hundred years . She subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . Daenerys was one of a few prominent characters not included in 2005 's A Feast for Crows , but returned in the next novel A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . Overall , she has the 4th most number of point - of - view chapters in the currently published books of the series . In the story , Daenerys is a young woman in her early teens living in Essos across the Narrow Sea . Knowing no other life than one of exile , she remains dependent on her abusive older brother , Viserys . The timid and meek girl finds herself married to Dothraki horselord Khal Drogo , in exchange for an army for Viserys which is to return to Westeros and recapture the Iron Throne . Despite this , her brother loses the ability to control her as Daenerys finds herself adapting to life with the khalasar and emerges as a strong , confident and courageous woman . She becomes the heir of the Targaryen dynasty after her brother 's death and plans to reclaim the Iron Throne herself , seeing it as her birthright . A pregnant Daenerys loses her husband and child , but soon helps hatch three dragons from their eggs , which regard her as their mother , providing her with a tactical advantage and prestige . Over time , she struggles to maintain control of her dragons , which grow dangerous . She also acquires an army with which she conquers the cities of Yunkai , Astapor and Meereen , determined to end slavery and injustice there . Despite her strong moral compass , she is capable of dealing ruthlessly with her enemies , particularly the slave masters . After establishing herself as a powerful and relentless ruler , she sails for her homeland of Westeros , bent on reclaiming the Seven Kingdoms . Well received by critics and fans alike , Clarke received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance as Daenerys in the HBO series in 2013 , 2015 , and 2016 . She has also earned numerous other nominations and accolades for her portrayal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Storylines 2.1 A Game of Thrones 2.2 A Clash of Kings 2.3 A Storm of Swords 2.4 A Dance with Dragons 2.5 Family tree of House Targaryen 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Casting and development 3.2 Storylines 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 4 Reception 4.1 General 4.2 Recognition and awards 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Character description ( edit ) Daenerys Targaryen is the daughter of King Aerys II Targaryen ( also referred to as `` The Mad King '' ) and his sister - wife Queen Rhaella , and is one of the last survivors of House Targaryen . She serves as the third - person narrator of thirty - one chapters throughout A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , A Storm of Swords , and A Dance with Dragons . She is the only monarch or claimant to a throne given point of view chapters in the novels . Thirteen years before the events of the series ( sixteen in the television series ) , after her father and eldest brother Rhaegar were killed during Robert 's Rebellion , Daenerys was born in the midst of a great storm , earning her the nickname `` Stormborn '' . Rhaella died in childbirth and Daenerys was whisked away to Braavos with her older brother Viserys by the Master of Arms of the Red Keep , Ser Willem Darry . Darry died when Daenerys was five and she and Viserys spent the following years wandering the Free Cities . By the beginning of A Game of Thrones , Daenerys has been a guest of Illyrio Mopatis in Pentos for half a year . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Targaryen A Game of Thrones ( edit ) In A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) , Daenerys is sold off by her brother Viserys and Illyrio Mopatis to marry Khal Drogo , a Dothraki warlord , in exchange for an army for Viserys . At that time , Daenerys befriends Jorah Mormont , an exiled Westerosi knight , and is given three petrified dragon eggs as a wedding gift . Though initially terrified of Drogo , the marriage turns out to be a happy one , and Daenerys grew to love him and began to take to Dothraki customs , finding strength and determination for the first time . This leads her to stand up to Viserys 's attempts to bully her into coercing Drogo . After Drogo kills Viserys by pouring molten gold atop his head for threatening his wife , Daenerys sees herself as the heir to the Targaryen dynasty , and responsible for reclaiming the throne for her family . Shortly thereafter , Drogo is wounded in a fight , and the cut festers . With Drogo ill , his warriors mutiny and abandon him . In desperation , Daenerys recruits an enslaved Lhazareen priestess , Mirri Maz Duur , to save Drogo with blood magic . However , despite being saved by Daenerys from being raped by the tribe 's warriors , the priestess betrays her trust , and the magic ritual leads to the stillbirth of Daenerys 's unborn child and leaves Drogo in a catatonic state . Daenerys does not want her husband to suffer any longer , and euthanizes him with a pillow . She burns the priestess in Drogo 's funeral pyre and climbs into the flame with her three dragon eggs . When the pyre dies out the following morning , Daenerys emerges alive and unburnt from the ashes with three hatched dragons . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Leading the remnants of Drogo 's khalasar through the Red Waste , Daenerys arrives in the city of Qarth . There she begins appealing to the rulers of the city for aid in reclaiming the Iron Throne , and meets little success . She eventually accepts an invitation from a group of warlocks to discover her future . At the warlocks temple , the House of the Undying , Daenerys drinks a magical potion , and enters the temple . Inside , she sees several visions and manages to resist the temptations . When she enters the final hall and meets the really Undyings , she is told prophecies about her destiny as the `` child of three '' who will experience `` three fires must you light '' , `` three mounts must you ride '' and `` three treasons will you know '' , as well as being the `` daughter of death '' , the `` slayer of lies '' and the `` bride of fire '' . When the Undyings attack her and intend to hold her prisoner , her dragon Drogon kills the Undying Ones and burns down the whole temple , allowing Daenerys to escape . Before departing Qarth , Daenerys is nearly assassinated with a venomous manticore but is saved by Arstan Whitebeard , who is sent by Illyrio Morpatis along with the eunuch ex-gladiator called Strong Belwas and three ships as a gift to take Daenerys back to Pentos . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) Seeking an army , Daenerys sails to Astapor in Slaver 's Bay to purchase an army of ' Unsullied ' slave soldiers , in exchange for a dragon ; but she betrays the slavers and uses the Unsullied to sack the city . She later conquers the city of Yunkai and gains the service of Daario Naharis , who commands a large mercenary company . As she marches on Meereen , she learns that one of her companions is actually Barristan Selmy , a knight of Robert the Usurper 's Kingsguard , and that Jorah had spied on her earlier . Disgusted , she sends the pair on a suicide mission to capture Meereen . When the mission is successful , Barristan asks to be forgiven for his deception ; but Jorah refuses to ask forgiveness , so Daenerys banishes him . Unwilling to abandon the slaves she freed , fearing they would return to bondage , Dany decides to stay in Meereen . A Dance with dragons ( edit ) Throughout A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) , Daenerys struggles to maintain order in the city in the face of growing unrest as well as the chaos she left behind in the other cities she conquered . Furthermore , Yunkai has rebelled and is gathering forces to besiege Meereen . When Drogon kills a child , Daenerys feels compelled to chain her dragons Rhaegal and Viserion , but Drogon escapes . Her advisers suggest she marry Hizdahr zo Loraq to bring peace and she agrees , but also takes Daario as a lover . Hizdahr successfully negotiates an end to the violence , so she marries him . At her wedding feast , the blood and noise of the fighting pits attract Drogon , who is immediately attacked ; Daenerys 's attempt to control her dragon fails initially but she eventually flies off with him . After several days in Drogon 's lair , she falls ill after eating some berries and begins to hallucinate . She is later found by Khal Jhaqo , formerly a captain of her Khalasar who betrayed her late husband . Family tree of House Targaryen ( edit ) Descendants of Maekar Targaryen Maekar 221 -- 233 Dyanna Dayne Daenora Aerion `` Brightflame '' Daeron `` The Drunken '' Kierra of Tyrosh Aemon Aegon V `` The Unlikely '' 233 -- 259 Betha `` Black Betha '' Blackwood Rhae Daella Maegor Vaella `` The Simple '' Duncan Jenny of Oldstones Jaehaerys II 259 -- 262 Shaera Daeron Rhaelle Ormund Baratheon Aerys II `` The Mad King '' 262 -- 283 Rhaella Steffon Baratheon Cassana Estermont Rhaegar Elia Martell Shaena ( stillborn ) Daeron stillborn child Aegon Jaehaerys Viserys Drogo Daenerys Hizdahr zo Loraq Rhaenys Aegon Rhaego ( stillborn ) Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Appendix : The Old Dynasty : House Targaryen '' . A Game of Thrones . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Targaryen Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1998 ) . `` The Hedge Knight '' . Legends . p. 500 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 429 - 96657 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin . `` The Hedge Knight '' . Legends . p. 504 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` The Targaryen Kings : Aerys II '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Chapter 11 : Daenerys '' . A Game of Thrones . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 43 : Daenerys '' . A Dance with Dragons . p. 633 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Chapter 46 : Daenerys '' . A Game of Thrones . Jump up ^ Martin . `` Chapter 68 : Daenerys '' . A Game of Thrones . TV adaptation ( edit ) Casting and development ( edit ) Martin said that the character was aged in the television series because of child pornography regulations . The role of Daenerys was originally played by Tamzin Merchant in the pilot , but the first episode was re-shot with Emilia Clarke . Clarke , in reflection of the character 's evolution in the television series , stated : `` Throughout the season she 's had an insane transformation from someone who barely even spoke and timidly did everything her brother said into a mother of dragons and a queen of armies and a killer of slave masters . She 's a very Joan of Arc - style character . '' Clarke said she accepts acting nude if `` a nude scene forwards a story or is shot in a way that adds insight into characters '' . She added that `` sometimes explicit scenes are required and make sense for the characters / story , as they do in Westeros '' and that she can discuss with a director how to make a gratuitously nude scene more subtle . Clarke , however , has used a body double in past cameo appearances , particularly Rosie Mac in season 5 . In October 2014 , Clarke and several other key cast members , all contracted for six seasons of the series , renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons five , six , and seven . The Hollywood Reporter called the raises `` huge '' , noting that the deal would make the performers `` among the highest - paid actors on cable TV '' . Deadline Hollywood put the number for season five at `` close to $300,000 an episode '' for each actor , and The Hollywood Reporter wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid `` upward of $500,000 per episode '' for seasons seven and the potential eight . In 2017 , Clarke became one of the highest paid actors on television and earned £ 2 million per episode for the show . Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For most of her life , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . Viserys marries Daenerys to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo in exchange for his military support in an invasion of Westeros , making Daenerys a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . During the wedding , exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont pledges his loyalty to Daenerys , and her benefactor Ilyrio Mopatis gifts her three petrified dragon eggs . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband , but after learning the Dothraki language , she begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is a smart leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son , who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . Viserys grows jealous of Daenerys 's popularity and becomes infuriated with Drogo 's lack of urgency in launching an invasion , prompting him to threaten to cut Daenerys 's unborn son from her womb . Drogo responds by killing Viserys with molten gold , to which Daenerys declares that he was no dragon , because fire can not kill a dragon . After an unsuccessful assassination attempt on behalf of Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo becomes comatose due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with one of his men . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo but leave him in a permanent catatonic state , forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her tied to Drogo 's funeral pyre . She also lays the three dragon eggs onto Drogo 's body and steps into the fire herself . At daybreak , after the fire is burned down , Daenerys emerges with three baby dragons , whom she names Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion . Season 2 ( edit ) A blue , scale - covered dress worn by Daenerys in the TV series Game of Thrones Daenerys and the remnants of Drogo 's khalasar wander the Red Waste before being accepted into the city of Qarth . She is hosted by merchant Xaro Xhoan Daxos , a member of Qarth 's ruling council the Thirteen . Daenerys tries to appeal to the Thirteen to support her invasion of Westeros , without success . She returns to Xaro 's manse to find half of her men and servants killed and her dragons gone . Meeting with the Thirteen again to ask for their help in retrieving her dragons , the warlock Pyat Pree claims responsibility and declares that her dragons are being kept in his temple , the House of the Undying . Daenerys travels to the temple , but Pree 's magic separates her from Jorah and leaves her chained with her dragon . Daenerys orders her dragons to immolate Pree . Daenerys then confronts Xaro , who had conspired with Pree and Daenerys 's servant Doreah to seize control of Qarth . Daenerys has Xaro and Doreah sealed in Xaro 's vault , and has her remaining loyalists raid his manse , using the funds to buy a ship . Season 3 ( edit ) Daenerys travels to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay . As she arrives , the warlocks of Qarth attempt to assassinate her , but are thwarted by Ser Barristan Selmy , who was Kingsguard to Aerys Targaryen ; Daenerys accepts him into her service . Daenerys negotiates with Astapori slaver Kraznys mo Nakloz to purchase an army of Unsullied , elite eunuch soldiers , in exchange for Drogon , also obtaining the services of Kraznys 's translator Missandei . Upon the completion of the transaction , she has Drogon burn Kraznys alive and orders the Unsullied to sack the city , kill Astapor 's masters and free its slaves . Daenerys and her army then march on the neighbouring slave city of Yunkai , who hire the sellsword company the Second Sons to defend the city . The commanders of the Second Sons order their lieutenant , Daario Naharis , to kill Daenerys ; however , he is smitten by her beauty and instead brings her the heads of his superiors , pledging the Second Sons ' allegiance . Daario , Jorah , and the Unsullied commander Grey Worm infiltrate Yunkai , opening the gates for the Targaryen army to conquer the city . Daenerys is received by Yunkai 's freed slaves , who hail her as their `` mhysa '' ( mother ) . Season 4 ( edit ) Daenerys marches on the last city in Slaver 's Bay , Meereen , and seizes control of the city by instigating a slave revolt . She decides to execute 163 Meereenese masters as `` justice '' for 163 slave children crucified on the road to Meereen . After becoming aware that her council in Astapor has been overthrown and that Yunkai has reverted to slavery , Daenerys decides to stay in Meereen to practice ruling . She also begins a sexual relationship with Daario . After discovering that Jorah was previously spying on her on House Baratheon 's behalf , she is enraged and orders him exiled from the city . Daenerys is later horrified to discover that Drogon has killed a farmer 's child ; although Drogon is unable to be captured , she has Rhaegal and Viserion locked up in Meereen 's catacombs . Season 5 ( edit ) Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement made of agitated former masters . Her popularity with the freedmen also begins to wane after she publicly executes one of her councillors , Mossador , for killing a captive Son . After the Sons kill Ser Barristan , Daenerys decides that she will attempt to restore peace by reopening Meereen 's fighting pits and taking the Meereenese noble Hizdhar zo Loraq as her husband . While attending a gladiator demonstration , she is confronted by Jorah , who has brought her the fugitive Tyrion Lannister to appease her . Daenerys accepts Tyrion onto her council , but orders Jorah exiled again . At the reopening of the fighting pits , Jorah saves Daenerys 's life by killing a Son of the Harpy trying to assassinate her . The Sons then launch a massive attack , killing Hizdhar and many other Meereenese noblemen and freedmen . As the Sons corner Daenerys and her councillors , Drogon appears and kills or scares off most of the Sons . As the Unsullied begin to overwhelm the Sons , some begin throwing spears at Drogon , prompting Daenerys to climb onto his back and order him to fly away . Drogon eventually leaves her in the Dothraki Sea , where she is captured by a khalasar . Season 6 ( edit ) Daenerys is taken to Khal Moro , the leader of the Dothraki horde . Learning that she is the widow of Khal Drogo , Moro tells her she must live out her days among the widows of the Dosh Khaleen in Vaes Dothrak . Once there , Daenerys is told that she is to be judged by the khals for defying tradition and going out into the world following Drogo 's death . During the meeting with the khals , Daenerys declares that only she has enough ambition to lead the Dothraki ; when the outraged khals threaten to gang - rape her , Daenerys sets fire to the temple , killing everyone inside but emerging unscathed . Awed , the Dothraki accept her as their Khaleesi . After discovering that Jorah , who had followed her to Vaes Dothrak with Daario , is infected with the terminal disease greyscale , Daenerys orders him to find a cure and return to her services , before marching on Meereen with Drogon , Daario and the Dothraki . Daenerys returns to Meereen to find it under siege by the joint fleets of Yunkai , Astapor , and Volantis , who have reneged on an agreement with Tyrion to free their slaves and are trying to reclaim the city . Daenerys deploys all three of her dragons , burning most of the slaver fleet and seizing the ships that survive . The slavers agree to surrender . Soon after , Theon and Yara Greyjoy arrive to offer the Iron Fleet in exchange for Daenerys giving the Iron Islands their independence and installing Yara as queen of the Iron Islands over their uncle Euron , who had been planning to marry Daenerys ( and likely kill her as soon as possible ) . Daenerys agrees to Theon and Yara 's alliance . Varys , meanwhile , secures the support of Ellaria Sand and Olenna Tyrell , who have lost family members to the Lannisters and want vengeance . Daenerys leaves Daario and the Second Sons in Meereen to keep the peace , and sets sail for Westeros at last . Season 7 ( edit ) Daenerys arrives at the island fortress of Dragonstone , the ancient Targaryen stronghold once held by the late Stannis Baratheon , and finds it abandoned . She sends the Unsullied to take Casterly Rock , and her Greyjoy fleet , along with ships from Dorne , to blockade King 's Landing . The Lannister forces , however , have left Casterly Rock and seized Highgarden and its wealth , and Euron Greyjoy overcomes Yara Greyjoy 's ships . In an effort to gain allies , Daenerys summons the newly named King in the North , Jon Snow , to pledge his fealty to her . Jon refuses , insisting that the White Walkers and their wight army present a more immediate threat than the Lannisters . Receiving word of Highgarden 's fall , Daenerys leads Drogon and the Dothraki to decimate the Lannister caravan . Drogon is injured by a ballista designed specifically to wound dragons , but Daenerys is victorious . The remaining forces submit to her after she commands the dragon to roast a resistant Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive . Jon and a cured Jorah lead an expedition beyond the Wall to capture a wight , which they will use to convince Cersei Lannister , the self - declared Queen of Westeros , that the threat is real . They are saved from the army of the dead by Daenerys and her dragons , but the Night King kills Viserion with an ice spear . A distraught Daenerys vows to Jon that she will help fight the White Walkers , and Jon accepts her as his queen . The pair and their retainers bring a wight to King 's Landing to convince Cersei of the threat beyond the Wall . Cersei ultimately agrees to a truce , and to aid in the fight against the undead army , while secretly plotting to betray them . Jon and Daenerys finally succumb to their growing attraction and fall into bed together , neither aware that Jon is her nephew , a fact recently uncovered by Jon 's friend Sam and brother Bran . Neither of them are aware that the Night King has revived Viserion as wight , and breaches the Wall with dragonfire . Reception ( edit ) General ( edit ) Emilia Clarke was relatively unknown before her role as Daenerys in Game of Thrones . Daenerys is one of the most popular characters of the book series . The New York Times called Daenerys , together with Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow , one of Martin 's `` finest creations '' . Rolling Stone ranked Daenerys Targaryen at No. 1 on a list of `` Top 40 Game of Thrones Characters '' , calling her story a `` non-stop confrontation with complex ideas about sex , war , gender , race , politics and morality '' . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe called her scenes `` mesmerizing '' . Salon 's Andrew Leonard , in his review of A Dance with Dragons , called Daenerys one of the series ' three strongest characters , and bemoaned her lack of inclusion in A Feast for Crows . The website Mashable recognized her as one of the five most popular characters on the series , while The Daily Beast referred to her as the `` closest thing the series has to a protagonist '' . Emilia Clarke 's performance has garnered critical acclaim . Her acting , as she closed Daenerys 's arc initiated in the first episode from a frightened girl to an empowered woman , was praised . Gilbert said that `` Clarke does n't have a lot of emotional variety to work with as Daenerys , aside from fierce determination , and yet she is riveting . '' In his review for `` A Golden Crown , '' Todd VanDerWerff for The A.V. Club commented on the difficulty of adapting such an evolution from page to screen , but concluded that `` Clarke ( ... ) more than seal ( s ) the deal here . IGN 's Matt Fowler also praised Clarke and noted that Daenerys 's choice to watch Viserys die was `` powerful '' and an important shift in her character . Time 's reviewer James Poniewozik complimented Daenerys 's storyline , while other reviewers complimented Clarke 's acting . Clarke 's performance , and the character 's final scene , in `` Baelor '' was praised , and the final scene of the season received widespread acclaim . Kate Arthur of the website BuzzFeed criticized the character 's story line in the television show 's second season , stating that she was too `` weak - seeming '' . However , Arthur praised the character 's `` purpose coupled with humanity and even some humor '' during the third season , opining that Clarke was `` eating the screen alive as a result '' . Nate Hopper of Esquire magazine , when speaking of the television series , argued that the character did not face enough conflict , characterizing her conquering of cities as `` cut and dry '' , stating that `` She needs to be emancipated from her own easy , comfortable , mundane victory . '' Recognition and Awards ( edit ) From the beginning , Clarke 's performance has been praised by critics . She received an EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama in 2011 , as well as a Scream Award for Breakout Performance by a Female . She also earned a Gracie Allen Award for Outstanding Female Rising Star in a Drama Series or Special in 2012 , and a SFX Award for Best Actress in 2013 . Clarke received Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 , 2015 , and 2016 . She was also nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for the role in 2013 and 2016 . Other nominations include the Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2013 , the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress in 2014 , 2016 and 2017 , the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2015 , the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2013 and 2014 , and the MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Actor In A Show in 2017 . IGN also nominated Clarke for Best TV Actress in 2011 . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` See the Connections Behind Ned 's Promise With This Infographic '' . MakingGameofThrones.com ( HBO ) . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , David ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Dragons Ascendant : George R.R. Martin and the Rise of Fantasy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Dana ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` A Dance with Dragons Review : In a Fantasyland of Liars , Trust No One , and Keep Your Dragon Close '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Andrew ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Return of the new fantasy king : A Dance With Dragons '' . salon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : A Game of Thrones , Chapter 3 : Daenerys I . Jump up ^ A Game of Thrones , Appendix . Jump up ^ `` Caught in a Robb Romance '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` A Dance With Dragons Interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin talks Game of Thrones as the HBO show 's ' Daenerys ' departs '' . Chicago Tribune . April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2013 : Thrones star Emilia Clarke reacts -- in Dothraki ? '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Amy Blumsom ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke confirms her nude scene does not feature a body double in latest Game of Thrones '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Belloni , Matthew ; Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Cast Signs for Season 7 with Big Raises '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Stars Score Big Raises '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Mike ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game Of Thrones season 7 : Stars set to earn £ 2 Million per episode '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Actors ' set to earn £ 2million per episode ' , making them highest - paid ever '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` The Winds of Winter '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 ' Game of Thrones ' Characters , Ranked '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Matthew ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Fantasy gets real on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Boston Globe . John W. Henry . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Christine ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Ranking the Most Popular Characters in ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Mashable . Mashable.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Andrew ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Will Season 4 Make ' Game of Thrones ' the Best Fantasy Show Ever ? '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` A Golden Crown '' ( for experts ) `` . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt . `` Game of Thrones : `` A Golden Crown '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 30 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones Watch : Boared to Death '' . Time . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AOL . `` WHAT TO WATCH '' . AOL.com . Jump up ^ `` You Win Or You Die '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ AOL . `` WHAT TO WATCH '' . AOL.com . Jump up ^ Arthur , Kate ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` 9 Ways `` Game Of Thrones '' Is Actually Feminist `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Nate ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Queen of Drag - Ons '' . Esquire . Hearst Magazines . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Darq ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` The 2011 EWwy Award Winners Announced ( EW.com Awards ) '' . spoilertv.com . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Gracie Awards Winners '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Caroline van Oosten de Boer , Milo Vermeulen . `` Vote in The SFX Awards 2013 - Fandom&Fun - Whedonesque.com '' . Whedonesque . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominees Full List : Breaking Bad , Homeland , Downton Abbey Dominate 2013 Awards '' . The Huffington Post . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Award Nominations : Full List of 2015 Emmy Nominees '' . Variety . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy nominations 2016 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . May 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees of the 52nd Festival de Television de Monte - Carlo '' . Jump up ^ `` NOMINEES & WINNERS 2016 '' . People 's Choice Awards . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . EOnline . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Parks and Rec ' win big at Gold Derby TV Awards ! '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black , ' ' Breaking Bad ' sweep Gold Derby TV Awards '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' . IGN . External links ( edit ) Daenerys Targaryen on IMDb `` Daenerys Targaryen : Bio '' . HBO . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daenerys_Targaryen&oldid=843603990 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Female characters in literature Female characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional mass murderers Fictional mariticides Fictional offspring of incestuous relationships Fictional offspring of rape Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional revolutionaries Fictional victims of child abuse Fictional women soldiers and warriors Emilia Clarke Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Македонски Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 51 . 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what does the name erica mean in hebrew

Erika ( given name )

erika ( given name )

The given name Erika , Erica , or Ericka is a feminine form of Eric , deriving from the Old Norse name Eiríkr ( or Eríkr in Eastern Scandinavia due to monophthongization ) . The first element , ei - is derived either from the older Proto - Norse * aina ( z ) , meaning `` one , alone , unique '' , as in the form Æinrikr explicitly , or from * aiwa ( z ) `` long time , eternity '' . The second element - ríkr stems either from * ríks `` king , ruler '' ( cf . Gothic reiks ) or from the therefrom derived * ríkijaz `` kingly , powerful , rich '' . The name is thus usually taken to mean `` sole ruler , autocrat '' or `` eternal ruler , ever powerful '' .

It is a common name in many Western societies . It is also a popular given name for women in Japan ( even though its origin has nothing in common with the Nordic roots of the Western version ) . Erica is also the name of a genus of approximately 860 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae , commonly known as `` heaths '' or `` heathers '' in English , and is the Latin word for `` heather '' . Contents 1 People 2 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 References People ( edit ) Érika Alcocer Luna ( born 1974 ) , Mexican singer , winner of the second generation of La Academia Erika Alexander ( born 1969 ) , American actress Erica Alfridi ( born 1968 ) , Italian race walker Erika Araki ( born 1984 ) , Japanese national volleyball team captain Erica Bartolina ( born 1980 ) , American pole vaulter Erica Bougard ( born 1993 ) , American heptathlete Erika von Brockdorff ( 1911 -- 1943 ) , German resistance fighter during the Second World War Erica Atkins - Campbell , ( born 1972 ) , American singer most famous from Mary Mary Erika Christensen ( born 1982 ) , American actress Erika Coimbra ( born 1980 ) , Brazilian volleyball player Erika Cosby , American painter and daughter of Bill Cosby Erika Costell ( born 1993 ) , American YouTuber , model , and singer Erika Cremer ( 1900 -- 1996 ) , German physicist Erica Durance ( born 1978 ) , Canadian actress best known for her role as Lois Lane on Smallville Erika Eleniak ( born 1969 ) , American actress and Playboy Playmate Erika Ender ( born 1974 ) , Panamanian singer , songwriter and actress Erika Fisch ( born 1934 ) , German athlete Erika Fuchs ( 1906 -- 2005 ) , German translator Erica Garner ( 1990 - 2017 ) , American activist Erika González ( born 1972 ) , Mexican freestyle swimmer Erika Hansen ( born 1970 ) , American swimmer Erika Heynatz ( 1975 - ) , Australian model , actress , singer and television personality Erica Hill ( born 1976 ) , American journalist Erica Jarder ( born 1986 ) , Swedish long jumper Erika Jayne , dance / electronica artist Erica Johansson ( born 1974 ) , Swedish long jumper Erica Jong ( born 1942 ) , American author Erika Kinsey ( born 1988 ) , Swedish high jumper Erika Kirpu ( born 1992 ) , Estonian épée fencer Erika Landin , actress and Big Brother contestant Erika Liebman ( 1738 -- 1803 ) , Swedish poet Erika deLone , ( born 1972 ) , retired American professional tennis player Erica Luttrell ( born 1982 ) , Canadian actress Erika Mann ( 1905 -- 1969 ) , German writer , the daughter of Thomas Mann Erika Mann ( politician ) ( born 1950 ) , German politician Erika Mitchell is the real name of author E.L. James ( born 1963 ) Erika Nara , Japanese Paralympic swimmer Érika Olivera ( born 1976 ) , Chilean marathon runner Erica Packer ( born 1975 ) , Australian singer and model Erica Parsons ( 1998 - 2011 ) , American child abuse and murder victim Erika Pluhar ( born 1939 ) , Austrian actress , singer and author Erica Rose ( born 1982 ) , American long - distance swimmer Erika Rudolf ( born 1954 ) , Hungarian high jumper Erica Sakurazawa ( born 1963 ) , Japanese manga author Érika or Érika Cristiano dos Santos ( born 1988 ) , Brazilian football defender Erika Sawajiri ( 沢尻 エリカ , born 1986 ) , Japanese gravure model , singer and actress Erika Slezak ( born 1946 ) , American actress best known for her long - running role as Viki Davidson on One Life to Live Érika de Souza ( born 1982 ) , Brazilian basketball player Erika Steinbach ( born 1943 ) , German politician Erika Toda ( 戸田 恵梨香 , born 1988 ) , Japanese actress Erika Umeda ( born 1991 ) , Japanese singer and model , former member of Cute Erika Wendt ( 1917 -- 2003 ) , German WWII spy Erika Yazawa ( born 1990 ) , Japanese gravure model , actress and member of Idoling ! ! ! Erykah Badu ( born 1971 ) , American singer - songwriter , record producer , activist , and actress Fictional characters ( edit ) The eponymous character of the German marching song , Erika . Erica Reyes , a now - deceased werewolf in MTV 's television series Teen Wolf Erika Berger , a character in the novels comprising the `` Millennium series '' by Stieg Larsson Erica Farrell , a former character from the original Degrassi series Erica Fontaine , a character from the Sakura Taisen franchise Erica Goldberg , a character from The Goldbergs Erica Hahn , a character from the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy Erica Hartmann , a character from the Strike Witches anime Hayasaka Erika , a major character in the webcomic Megatokyo Erika Ford , a character from the American television sitcom Friends Erika Furudo , a character in Umineko no Naku Koro ni Erica Kane , a long - running character on the American soap opera All My Children Erika Kohut , the main character in the novel The Piano Teacher of the Austrian nobel prize winner Elfriede Jelinek Erica Strange , the main character of Being Erica , a Canadian comedy - drama series on CBC Television Erica Yurken , the protagonist of the novel Hating Alison Ashley and its film adaptation Erika Kurumi , a character from the anime series HeartCatch PreCure ! Princess Eirika , one of two main characters in the video game Fire Emblem : The Sacred Stones Erika or Arika Amazake , a character from the role - playing video game franchise Medabots Erika or Eriko , a character from the anime series Idol Densetsu Eriko Erika , a character from the anime series Daimos Erika ( Pokémon ) , a character who operates the Celadon City Gym in Pokémon media Erika ( Underworld ) , a character from the 2003 Underworld film Erika Itsumi , the vice-commandant of Kuromorimine Girls High School from the Anime series Girls und Panzer Erika , Yuuki Asuna 's avatar in Alfheim Online from the Light Novel `` Sword Art Online '' Erika Shinohara , the heroine of the Anime series `` Ōkami Shōjo to Kuro Ōji '' Erika , the name of all angels in the serial podcast `` Welcome to Nightvale '' Erica Davidson - first governor of Wentworth Detention Centre in the original Prisoner series Erika Kurumi , a character from the magical girl anime `` HeartCatch PreCure ! '' See also ( edit ) Erica ( disambiguation ) Erika ( disambiguation ) Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Entries `` Æiríkʀ '' , `` Æi - '' , in : Nordiskt runnamnslexikon ( 2002 ) by Lena Peterson at the Swedish Institute for Linguistics and Heritage ( Institutet för språk och folkminnen ) . Entry `` EIN '' at Nordic Names . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Entry `` Erik '' at Nordic Names Wiki . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Entries `` Æiríkʀ '' , `` Ríkʀ '' and `` - ríkʀ '' in Nordiskt runnamnslexikon ( 2002 ) by Lena Peterson at the Swedish Institute for Linguistics and Heritage ( Institutet för språk och folkminnen ) . Jump up ^ Frank Nuessel ( 1992 ) . The Study of Names : A Guide to the Principles and Topics . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 11 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Manning , John ; Paterson - Jones , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Fynbos . Struik Publishers , Cape Town . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 265 - 7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_(given_name)&oldid=854137985 '' Categories : Given names Japanese feminine given names English - language feminine given names Swedish feminine given names German feminine given names Swiss feminine given names English feminine given names Finnish feminine given names Danish feminine given names Norwegian feminine given names Icelandic feminine given names Scandinavian feminine given names Spanish feminine given names Portuguese feminine given names Italian feminine given names Estonian feminine given names Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Íslenska Magyar Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 06 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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what do the colors of the olympic rings mean

The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique :

Olympic symbols

olympic symbols

The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Different Types Of Flags 3.1 Specific flags used 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio de Janeiro flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 3.1. 6 Innsbruck flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals and diplomas 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colours ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolour flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour . Different types of flags ( edit ) The Olympic flag The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags used ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway , during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio de Janeiro flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics , Tokyo . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Innsbruck flag ( edit ) For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck , Austria , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals and diplomas ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver , or bronze , and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The `` Olympic Hymn '' , officially known as the `` Olympic Anthem '' , is played when the Olympic flag is raised . It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . `` Olympische Hymne '' : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The `` Olympic Fanfare '' for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost for over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use it in 1952 . It was recorded in 1953 . `` Bugler 's Dream '' : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The `` Olympic March '' : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . `` Olympic Fanfare 1972 '' : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic flame and when the Olympic flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . `` The Olympic Spirit '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . `` Summon the Heroes '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . `` Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . '' : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics . `` Call of the Champions '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition , respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark as to why victorious athletes are crowned with a wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honoured , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand stretched and pointing upward , the palm outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder . The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' . The rings are not eligible for copyright protection , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted . The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . In 1938 , the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings . In 1952 , when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country . Today , the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer . In addition , a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as the Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Symbols and Traditions '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games in the Seoul Summer Olympics , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY/%7Ctitle= Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film ; see 13 : 15 to 13 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . PBS The Real Olympics , 2004 . the Raising of the Olympic flag in London , 26 September 2008 Olympic Files - Mascots ( in Russian ) Bear Cub Misha Lover 's Association , 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha 's fan page ( in Japanese ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath International Olympic Committee Associations Association of National Olympic Committees List of international sports federations National Olympic Committee Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games Main topics Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols IOC sessions 117th 121st 123rd 125th 127th 128th 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 1944 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 1944 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=856535142 '' Categories : Olympic symbols Sports symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски مازِرونی नेपाली 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 22 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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where is israel located on the world map

Israel ( / ˈɪzreɪəl / ; Hebrew : יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ , Arabic : إِسْرَائِيل ‎ ‎ ) , officially the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ , Arabic : دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ‎ ‎ ) , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally .

the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea

Israel

israel

Coordinates : 31 ° N 35 ° E  /  31 ° N 35 ° E  / 31 ; 35

State of Israel מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ( Hebrew ) دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ( Arabic ) Flag Emblem Anthem : `` Hatikvah '' ( Hebrew for `` The Hope '' ) Capital and largest city Jerusalem ( internationally unrecognized ) 31 ° 47 ′ N 35 ° 13 ′ E  /  31.783 ° N 35.217 ° E  / 31.783 ; 35.217 Official languages Hebrew Arabic Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 74.8 % Jewish 20.8 % Arab 4.4 % other Religion 74.8 % Jewish 17.6 % Muslim 2 % Christian 1.6 % Druze 4 % other Demonym Israeli Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Reuven Rivlin Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Legislature Knesset Independence Declared 14 May 1948 Admission to UNO 11 May 1949 Area Total 20,770 -- 22,072 km ( 8,019 -- 8,522 sq mi ) ( 150th ) Water 440 km ( 170 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 2.1 Population 2017 estimate 8,753,100 ( 97th ) 2008 census 7,412,200 Density 395 / km ( 1,023.0 / sq mi ) ( 34th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $316.120 billion ( 54th ) Per capita $36,379 ( 34th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $339.990 billion ( 34th ) Per capita $39,126 ( 24th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 42.8 medium 47th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.899 very high 19th Currency New shekel ( ₪ ‎ ) ( ILS ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) IDT ( UTC + 3 ) Date format אא - בב - גגגג ( AM ) ‎ dd - mm - yyyy ( CE ) Drives on the right Calling code + 972 ISO 3166 code IL Internet TLD . il Website www.israel.org ^ 20,770 is Israel within the Green Line . 22,072 includes the annexed Golan Heights and East Jerusalem . This article contains Hebrew and Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Israel ( / ˈɪzreɪəl / ; Hebrew : יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ , Arabic : إِسْرَائِيل ‎ ‎ ) , officially the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ , Arabic : دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ‎ ‎ ) , is a country in the Middle East , on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally . The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . The Jewish -- Babylonian war resulted in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in 586 BCE and the formation of the province of Yehud . During the Persian rule , the Jewish autonomous province , Yehud Medinata , had existed for two centuries until the conquest of Alexander the Great . The successful Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire led to an independent Jewish kingdom in 110 BCE , which came to an end in 63 BCE when Judea became a client state of the Roman Republic under the Herodian dynasty . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the subsequent failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the sack of Jerusalem , expulsion of Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the Land of Israel has persisted over the centuries . During the 19th century , national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement followed by waves of immigration to Ottoman and later British Palestine . In 1947 , the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem . The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine , and rejected by Arab leaders . Next year , the Jewish Agency declared `` the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . '' Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states , in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank , Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip ( still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement ) . It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem , but not the West Bank . Israel 's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world 's longest military occupation in modern times . Efforts to resolve the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace . However , peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been implemented . The population of Israel , as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , was estimated in 2017 to be 8,753,100 people . It is the world 's only Jewish - majority state , with 74.8 % being designated as Jewish . The country 's second largest population group are Arabs , at 20.8 % ( including most East Jerusalem Arabs ) . The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims , including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins ; the rest are Christians and Druze . Other minorities include Arameans , Armenians , Assyrians , Black Hebrew Israelites , Circassians , Maronites and Samaritans . Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia , including illegal migrants from Sudan , Eritrea and other Sub-Saharan Africans . In its Basic Laws , Israel defines itself as a Jewish and democratic state . Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system , proportional representation and universal suffrage . The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature . Israel is a developed country and an OECD member , with the 34th - largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016 . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Israel has the highest standard of living in the Middle East , and has one of the highest life expectancies in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Antiquity 2.3 Classical period 2.4 Middle Ages and modern history 2.5 Zionism and British mandate 2.6 After World War II 2.7 Early years of the State of Israel 2.8 Further conflict and peace process 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Tectonics and seismicity 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Major urban areas 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Education 5 Government and politics 5.1 Legal system 5.2 Administrative divisions 5.3 Israeli - occupied territories 5.4 Foreign relations 5.5 International humanitarian efforts 5.6 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Science and technology 6.2 Transportation 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Energy 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Music and dance 7.3 Cinema and theatre 7.4 Media 7.5 Museums 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Sports 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology The Merneptah Stele ( 13th century BCE ) . The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs as `` Israel , '' the first instance of the name in the record . Upon independence in 1948 , the country formally adopted the name `` State of Israel '' ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ‎ Medīnat Yisrā'el ( mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel ) ; Arabic : دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ‎ ‎ Dawlat Isrāʼīl ( dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl ) ) after other proposed historical and religious names including Eretz Israel ( `` the Land of Israel '' ) , Zion , and Judea , were considered but rejected . In the early weeks of independence , the government chose the term `` Israeli '' to denote a citizen of Israel , with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett . The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively . The name `` Israel '' ( Standard Yisraʾel , Isrāʾīl ; Septuagint Greek : Ἰσραήλ Israēl ; ' El ( God ) persists / rules ' , though after Hosea 12 : 4 often interpreted as `` struggle with God '' ) in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who , according to the Hebrew Bible , was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord . Jacob 's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites , also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel . Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations , lasting 430 years , until Moses , a great - great grandson of Jacob , led the Israelites back into Canaan during the `` Exodus '' . The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word `` Israel '' as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt ( dated to the late 13th century BCE ) . The area is also known as the Holy Land , being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism , Christianity , Islam and the Bahá'í Faith . From 1920 , the whole region was known as Palestine ( under British Mandate ) until the Israeli Declaration of Independence of 1948 . Through the centuries , the territory was known by a variety of other names , including Canaan , Djahy , Samaria , Judea , Yehud , Iudaea , Coele - Syria , Syria Palaestina and Southern Syria . History Main article : History of Israel Prehistory Further information : Prehistory of the Levant The oldest evidence of early humans in the territory of modern Israel , dating to 1.5 million years ago , was found in Ubeidiya near the Sea of Galilee . Other notable Paleolithic sites include caves Tabun , Qesem and Manot . The oldest fossils of anatomically modern humans found outside Africa are the Skhul and Qafzeh hominins , who lived in the area that is now northern Israel 120,000 years ago . Around 10th millennium BCE , the Natufian culture existed in the area . Antiquity Main article : History of ancient Israel and Judah Further information : Israelites , Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) , and Kingdom of Judah The Large Stone Structure , archaeological site of ancient Jerusalem The early history of the territory is unclear . Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the narrative in the Torah concerning the patriarchs , The Exodus , and the conquest described in the Book of Joshua , and instead views the narrative as constituting the Israelites ' inspiring national myth . Ancestors of the Israelites may have included ancient Semitic - speaking peoples native to Canaan . The Israelites and their culture , according to the modern archaeological account , did not overtake the region by force , but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic -- and later monotheistic -- religion centered on Yahweh . The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village - like centres , but with more limited resources and a small population . Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400 , which lived by farming and herding , and were largely self - sufficient ; economic interchange was prevalent . Writing was known and available for recording , even in small sites . Map of Israel and Judah in the 9th century BCE While it is unclear if there was ever a United Monarchy , there is well accepted archeological evidence referring to `` Israel '' in the Merneptah Stele which dates to about 1200 BCE ; and the Canaanites are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age . There is debate about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power , but historians agree that a Kingdom of Israel existed by ca . 900 BCE and that a Kingdom of Judah existed by ca . 700 BCE . The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE , when it was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire . In 586 BCE , King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah . According to the Hebrew Bible , he destroyed Solomon 's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon . The defeat was also recorded in the Babylonian Chronicles . The Babylonian exile ended around 538 BCE under the rule of the Persian Cyrus the Great after he captured Babylon . The Second Temple was constructed around 520 BCE . As part of the Persian Empire , the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah ( Yehud Medinata ) with different borders , covering a smaller territory . The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom , archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE . Classical period Main article : Second Temple period Further information : Hasmonean dynasty , Herodian dynasty , and Jewish -- Roman wars Portion of the Temple Scroll , one of the Dead Sea Scrolls written during the Second Temple period With successive Persian rule , the autonomous province Yehud Medinata was gradually developing back into urban society , largely dominated by Judeans . The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest . Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid empires , the southern Levant was heavily hellenized , building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks . The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt , which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah , which later expanded over much of modern Israel , as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region . Masada fortress , location of the final battle in the First Jewish -- Roman War The Roman Empire invaded the region in 63 BCE , first taking control of Syria , and then intervening in the Hasmonean Civil War . The struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian factions in Judea eventually led to the installation of Herod the Great and consolidation of the Herodian kingdom as a vassal Judean state of Rome . With the decline of the Herodian dynasty , Judea , transformed into a Roman province , became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco - Romans , culminating in the Jewish -- Roman wars , ending in wide - scale destruction , expulsions , and genocide . Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE . Nevertheless , there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center . The Mishnah and part of the Talmud , central Jewish texts , were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem . The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco - Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill - country . Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism , when the area stood under Byzantine rule . Through the 5th and 6th centuries , the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land , with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population . After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short - lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE , the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628 . Middle ages and modern History Further information : History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages , Islamization of Palestine , and Old Yishuv Kfar Bar'am , an ancient Jewish village , abandoned some time between the 7th -- 13th centuries AD . In 634 -- 641 CE , the region , including Jerusalem , was conquered by the Arabs who had just recently adopted Islam . Control of the region transferred between the Rashidun Caliphs , Umayyads , Abbasids , Fatimids , Seljuks , Crusaders , and Ayyubids throughout the next three centuries . During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099 , the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders . When the city fell , about 60,000 people were massacred , including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue . At this time , a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state , there were Jewish communities all over the country . Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem , Tiberias , Ramleh , Ashkelon , Caesarea , and Gaza . According to Albert of Aachen , the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city , and `` mixed with Saracen ( Fatimid ) troops '' , they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army . However , Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story , noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source . In 1165 , Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount , in the `` great , holy house . '' In 1141 the Spanish - Jewish poet Yehuda Halevi issued a call for Jews to migrate to the Land of Israel , a journey he undertook himself . In 1187 Sultan Saladin , founder of the Ayyubid dynasty , defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine . In time , Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem , and according to Judah al - Harizi , they did : `` From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem , the Israelites inhabited it . '' Al - Harizi compared Saladin 's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier . The 13th - century Ramban Synagogue in Jerusalem In 1211 , the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England , among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides ( Ramban ) , the 13th - century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews . He wrote `` If the gentiles wish to make peace , we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms ; but as for the land , we shall not leave it in their hands , nor in the hands of any nation , not in any generation . '' In 1260 , control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt . The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power , Cairo and Damascus , and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities . Jerusalem , although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219 , also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al - Aqsa Mosque compound on the Temple Mount . In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering , which previously would be able to enter it for a fee . The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967 . Jews at the Western Wall , 1870s In 1470 , Isaac b . Meir Latif arrived from Italy and counted 150 Jewish families in Jerusalem . Thanks to Joseph Saragossi who had arrived in the closing years of the 15th century , Safed and its environs had developed into the largest concentration of Jews in Palestine . With the help of the Sephardic immigration from Spain , the Jewish population had increased to 10,000 by the early 16th century . In 1516 , the region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire ; it remained under Turkish rule until the end of the First World War , when Britain defeated the Ottoman forces and set up a military administration across the former Ottoman Syria . In 1920 the territory was divided between Britain and France under the mandate system , and the British - administered area which included modern day Israel was named Mandatory Palestine . Zionism and British Mandate Further information : Zionism , Yishuv , Mandatory Palestine , and Balfour Declaration Theodor Herzl , visionary of the Jewish state Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora , many Jews have aspired to return to `` Zion '' and the `` Land of Israel '' , though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute . The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system . After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492 , some communities settled in Palestine . During the 16th century , Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities -- Jerusalem , Tiberias , Hebron , and Safed -- and in 1697 , Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem . In the second half of the 18th century , Eastern European opponents of Hasidism , known as the Perushim , settled in Palestine . `` Therefore I believe that a wonderous generation of Jews will spring into existence . The Maccabaeans will rise again . Let me repeat once more my opening words : The Jews wish to have a State , and they shall have one . We shall live at last as free men on our own soil , and die peacefully in our own home . The world will be freed by our liberty , enriched by our wealth , magnified by our greatness . And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare will react with beneficent force for the good of humanity . '' Theodor Herzl ( 1896 ) . A Jewish State . Wikisource . ( scan ) The first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman - ruled Palestine , known as the First Aliyah , began in 1881 , as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe . Although the Zionist movement already existed in practice , Austro - Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism , a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel , thus offering a solution to the so - called Jewish question of the European states , in conformity with the goals and achievements of other national projects of the time . In 1896 , Herzl published Der Judenstaat ( The Jewish State ) , offering his vision of a future Jewish state ; the following year he presided over the First Zionist Congress . The Second Aliyah ( 1904 -- 14 ) , began after the Kishinev pogrom ; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine , although nearly half of them left eventually . Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews , although the Second Aliyah included socialist groups who established the kibbutz movement . During World War I , British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration of 1917 to Baron Rothschild ( Walter Rothschild , 2nd Baron Rothschild ) , a leader of the British Jewish community , that stated that Britain intended for the creation of a Jewish `` national home '' within the Palestinian Mandate . In 1918 , the Jewish Legion , a group primarily of Zionist volunteers , assisted in the British conquest of Palestine . Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah ( meaning `` The Defense '' in Hebrew ) , from which the Irgun and Lehi , or the Stern Gang , paramilitary groups later split off . In 1922 , the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews , and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians . The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim , with Jews accounting for about 11 % , and Arab Christians at about 9.5 % of the population . The Third ( 1919 -- 23 ) and Fourth Aliyahs ( 1924 -- 29 ) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine . The rise of Nazism and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the Fifth Aliyah , with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews . This was a major cause of the Arab revolt of 1936 -- 39 during which the British Mandate authorities alongside the Zionist militias of Haganah and Irgun killed 5,032 Arabs and wounded 14,760 , resulting in over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population killed , wounded , imprisoned or exiled . The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939 . With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust , a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine . By the end of World War II , the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33 % of the total population . After world War II Further information : Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine , United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine , and Israeli Declaration of Independence After World War II , Britain found itself in intense conflict with the Jewish community over Jewish immigration limits , as well as continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels . The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule . At the same time , hundreds of thousands of Jewish Holocaust survivors and refugees sought a new life far from their destroyed communities in Europe . The Yishuv attempted to bring these refugees to Palestine but many were turned away or rounded up and placed in detention camps in Atlit and Cyprus by the British . UN Map , `` Palestine plan of partition with economic union '' On 22 July 1946 , Irgun attacked the British administrative headquarters for Palestine , which was housed in the southern wing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem . A total of 91 people of various nationalities were killed and 46 were injured . The hotel was the site of the Secretariat of the Government of Palestine and the Headquarters of the British Armed Forces in Palestine and Transjordan . The attack initially had the approval of the Haganah . It was conceived as a response to Operation Agatha ( a series of widespread raids , including one on the Jewish Agency , conducted by the British authorities ) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era . It was characterized as one of the `` most lethal terrorist incidents of the twentieth century . '' In 1947 , the British government announced it would withdraw from Palestine , stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews . On 15 May 1947 , the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations resolved that the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine be created `` to prepare for consideration at the next regular session of the Assembly a report on the question of Palestine . '' In the Report of the Committee dated 3 September 1947 to the General Assembly , the majority of the Committee in Chapter VI proposed a plan to replace the British Mandate with `` an independent Arab State , an independent Jewish State , and the City of Jerusalem ... the last to be under an International Trusteeship System . '' On 29 November 1947 , the General Assembly adopted Resolution 181 ( II ) recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union . The plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed by the majority of the Committee in the report of 3 September . The Jewish Agency , which was the recognized representative of the Jewish community , accepted the plan . The Arab League and Arab Higher Committee of Palestine rejected it , and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition . On the following day , 1 December 1947 , the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three - day strike , and Arab gangs began attacking Jewish targets . The Jews were initially on the defensive as civil war broke out , but in early April 1948 moved onto the offensive . The Arab Palestinian economy collapsed and 250,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948 On 14 May 1948 , the day before the expiration of the British Mandate , David Ben - Gurion , the head of the Jewish Agency , declared `` the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz - Israel , to be known as the State of Israel . '' The only reference in the text of the Declaration to the borders of the new state is the use of the term Eretz - Israel ( `` Land of Israel '' ) . The following day , the armies of four Arab countries -- Egypt , Syria , Transjordan and Iraq -- entered what had been British Mandatory Palestine , launching the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War ; contingents from Yemen , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Sudan joined the war . The apparent purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state at inception , and some Arab leaders talked about driving the Jews into the sea . According to Benny Morris , Jews felt that the invading Arab armies aimed to slaughter the Jews . The Arab league stated that the invasion was to restore law and order and to prevent further bloodshed . Raising of the Ink Flag , marking the end of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War After a year of fighting , a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders , known as the Green Line , were established . Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip . The United Nations estimated that more than 700,000 Palestinians were expelled by or fled from advancing Israeli forces during the conflict -- what would become known in Arabic as the Nakba ( `` catastrophe '' ) . Early years of the state of Israel Further information : Arab -- Israeli conflict Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations by majority vote on 11 May 1949 . Both Israel and Jordan were genuinely interested in a peace agreement but the British acted as a brake on the Jordanian effort in order to avoid damaging British interests in Egypt . In the early years of the state , the Labor Zionist movement led by Prime Minister David Ben - Gurion dominated Israeli politics . The Kibbutzim , or collective farming communities , played a pivotal role in establishing the new state . Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ( `` Institution for Illegal Immigration '' ) . Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation , but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries , particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe , where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult . Mossad LeAliyah Bet was disbanded in 1953 . The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan . The immigrants came for differing reasons . Some believed in a Zionist ideology or did it for the promise of a better life in Israel , while others moved to escape persecution or were expelled . An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel during the first three years increased the number of Jews from 700,000 to 1,400,000 . By 1958 , the population of Israel rose to two million . Between 1948 and 1970 , approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel . Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot ; by 1952 , over 200,000 people were living in these tent cities . Jews of European background were often treated more favorably than Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries -- housing units reserved for the latter were often re-designated for the former , with the result that Jews newly arrived from Arab lands generally ended up staying in transit camps for longer . Tensions that developed between the two groups over such discrimination persist to the present day . During this period , food , clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the austerity period . The need to solve the crisis led Ben - Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust . Play media U.S. newsreel on the trial of Adolf Eichmann During the 1950s , Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen , nearly always against civilians , mainly from the Egyptian - occupied Gaza Strip , leading to several Israeli counter-raids . In 1956 , Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal , which the Egyptians had nationalized . The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel 's southern population , and recent Arab grave and threatening statements , prompted Israel to attack Egypt . Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal . The war , known as the Suez Crisis , resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration . In the early 1960s , Israel captured Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel for trial . The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust . Eichmann remains the only person executed in Israel by conviction in an Israeli civilian court . Territory held by Israel : before the Six - Day War after the war The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in 1982 . Since 1964 , Arab countries , concerned over Israeli plans to divert waters of the Jordan River into the coastal plain , had been trying to divert the headwaters to deprive Israel of water resources , provoking tensions between Israel on the one hand , and Syria and Lebanon on the other . Arab nationalists led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser refused to recognize Israel , and called for its destruction . By 1966 , Israeli - Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of actual battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces . In May 1967 , Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel , expelled UN peacekeepers , stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957 , and blocked Israel 's access to the Red Sea . Other Arab states mobilized their forces . Israel reiterated that these actions were a casus belli and , on 5 June , launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt . Jordan , Syria and Iraq responded and attacked Israel . In a Six - Day War , Israel defeated Jordan and captured the West Bank , defeated Egypt and captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula , and defeated Syria and captured the Golan Heights . Jerusalem 's boundaries were enlarged , incorporating East Jerusalem , and the 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the occupied territories . Following the 1967 war and the `` three nos '' resolution of the Arab League , during the 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai , and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories , in Israel proper , and around the world . Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , established in 1964 , which initially committed itself to `` armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland '' . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world , including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre , a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon . On 6 October 1973 , as Jews were observing Yom Kippur , the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched a surprise attack against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights , that opened the Yom Kippur War . The war ended on 25 October with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but having suffered over 2,500 soldiers killed in a war which collectively took 10 -- 35,000 lives in about 20 days . An internal inquiry exonerated the government of responsibility for failures before and during the war , but public anger forced Prime Minister Golda Meir to resign . In July 1976 an airliner was hijacked during its flight from Israel to France by Palestinian guerrillas and landed at Entebbe , Uganda . Israeli commandos carried out an operation in which 102 out of 106 Israeli hostages were successfully rescued . Further conflict and peace process Further information : Israeli -- Palestinian peace process See also : One - state solution , Two - state solution , Three - state solution , and Lieberman Plan The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin 's Likud party took control from the Labor Party . Later that year , Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state . In the two years that followed , Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords ( 1978 ) and the Israel -- Egypt Peace Treaty ( 1979 ) . In return , Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and agreed to enter negotiations over an autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . On 11 March 1978 , a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the Coastal Road massacre . Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases south of the Litani River . Most PLO fighters withdrew , but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a UN force and the Lebanese army could take over . The PLO soon resumed its policy of attacks against Israel . In the next few years , the PLO infiltrated the south and kept up a sporadic shelling across the border . Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks by air and on the ground . Israel 's 1980 law declared that `` Jerusalem , complete and united , is the capital of Israel . '' Meanwhile , Begin 's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank , increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area . The Basic Law : Jerusalem , Capital of Israel , passed in 1980 , was believed by some to reaffirm Israel 's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree , and reignited international controversy over the status of the city . No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein . The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank , and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem , are illegal and have no validity . In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights , although annexation was not recognized internationally . Israel 's population diversity expanded in the 1980s and 1990s . Several waves of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel since the 1980s , while between 1990 and 1994 , immigration from the post-Soviet states increased Israel 's population by twelve percent . On 7 June 1981 , the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq 's sole nuclear reactor under construction just outside Baghdad , in order to impede Iraq 's nuclear weapons program . Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982 , Israel invaded Lebanon that year to destroy the bases from which the PLO launched attacks and missiles into northern Israel . In the first six days of fighting , the Israelis destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians . An Israeli government inquiry -- the Kahan Commission -- would later hold Begin , Sharon and several Israeli generals as indirectly responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre . In 1985 , Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunisia . Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986 , but maintained a borderland buffer zone in southern Lebanon until 2000 , from where Israeli forces engaged in conflict with Hezbollah . The First Intifada , a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule , broke out in 1987 , with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza . Over the following six years , the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation . More than a thousand people were killed in the violence . During the 1991 Gulf War , the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel . Despite public outrage , Israel heeded American calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war . Shimon Peres ( left ) with Yitzhak Rabin ( center ) and King Hussein of Jordan ( right ) , prior to signing the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty in 1994 . In 1992 , Yitzhak Rabin became Prime Minister following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel 's neighbors . The following year , Shimon Peres on behalf of Israel , and Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO , signed the Oslo Accords , which gave the Palestinian National Authority the right to govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . The PLO also recognized Israel 's right to exist and pledged an end to terrorism . In 1994 , the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty was signed , making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel . Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements and checkpoints , and the deterioration of economic conditions . Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by Palestinian suicide attacks . In November 1995 , while leaving a peace rally , Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir , a far - right - wing Jew who opposed the Accords . The site of the 2001 Tel Aviv Dolphinarium discotheque massacre , in which 21 Israelis were killed . Under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu at the end of the 1990s , Israel withdrew from Hebron , and signed the Wye River Memorandum , giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority . Ehud Barak , elected Prime Minister in 1999 , began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit . During the summit , Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state . The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90 % of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital . Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks . After a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount , the Second Intifada began . Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks . Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election . During his tenure , Sharon carried out his plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier , ending the Intifada . By this time 1,100 Israelis had been killed , mostly in suicide bombings . The Palestinian fatalities , from 2000 to 2008 , reached 4,791 killed by Israeli security forces , 44 killed by Israeli civilians , and 609 killed by Palestinians . In July 2006 , a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel 's northern border communities and a cross-border abduction of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month - long Second Lebanon War . On 6 September 2007 , the Israeli Air Force destroyed a nuclear reactor in Syria . At the end of 2008 , Israel entered another conflict as a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel collapsed . The 2008 -- 09 Gaza War lasted three weeks and ended after Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire . Hamas announced its own ceasefire , with its own conditions of complete withdrawal and opening of border crossings . Despite neither the rocket launchings nor Israeli retaliatory strikes having completely stopped , the fragile ceasefire remained in order . In what Israel described as a response to more than a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities , Israel began an operation in Gaza on 14 November 2012 , lasting eight days . Israel started another operation in Gaza following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014 . Geography and environment Main articles : Geography of Israel and Wildlife of Israel Geography of Israel Golan Heights Galilee Coastal plain Judaean Mountains Jordan Valley Negev Levantine Sea ( Mediterranean ) Kinneret Dead Sea Gulf of Eilat West Bank Gaza Strip Lebanon Syria Jordan Egypt Satellite images of Israel and neighboring territories during the day ( left ) and night ( right ) Israel is located in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent region . The country is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea , bounded by Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan and the West Bank to the east , and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest . It lies between latitudes 29 ° and 34 ° N , and longitudes 34 ° and 36 ° E . The sovereign territory of Israel ( according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six - Day War ) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers ( 8,019 sq mi ) in area , of which two percent is water . However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country . The total area under Israeli law , including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights , is 22,072 square kilometers ( 8,522 sq mi ) , and the total area under Israeli control , including the military - controlled and partially Palestinian - governed territory of the West Bank , is 27,799 square kilometers ( 10,733 sq mi ) . Despite its small size , Israel is home to a variety of geographic features , from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley , mountain ranges of the Galilee , Carmel and toward the Golan in the north . The Israeli coastal plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to most of the nation 's population . East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley , which forms a small part of the 6,500 - kilometer ( 4,039 mi ) Great Rift Valley . The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley , from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea , the lowest point on the surface of the Earth . Further south is the Arabah , ending with the Gulf of Eilat , part of the Red Sea . Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim , or erosion cirques . The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev , which measures 40 by 8 kilometers ( 25 by 5 mi ) . A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean Basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin . Tectonics and seismicity Further information : List of earthquakes in the Levant The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform ( DSF ) fault system . The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east . The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate , while the Galilee , West Bank , Coastal Plain , and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate . This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region . The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly , for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033 . The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of M ~ 7.4 . The most catastrophic known earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE , 363 , 749 , and 1033 CE , that is every ca . 400 years on average . Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years . While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake - safe , as of 2007 the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were `` expected to collapse '' if exposed to a strong quake . Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites , a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace . Climate Köppen climate classification map of Israel Temperatures in Israel vary widely , especially during the winter . Coastal areas , such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa , have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool , rainy winters and long , hot summers . The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev have a semi-arid climate with hot summers , cool winters , and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate . The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have a desert climate with very hot , dry summers , and mild winters with few days of rain . The highest temperature in the continent of Asia ( 54.0 ° C or 129.2 ° F ) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan River valley . At the other extreme , mountainous regions can be windy and cold , and areas at elevation of 750 meters or more ( same elevation as Jerusalem ) will usually receive at least one snowfall each year . From May to September , rain in Israel is rare . With scarce water resources , Israel has developed various water - saving technologies , including drip irrigation . Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy , making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita ( practically every house uses solar panels for water heating ) . Four different phytogeographic regions exist in Israel , due to the country 's location between the temperate and tropical zones , bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the desert in the east . For this reason , the flora and fauna of Israel are extremely diverse . There are 2,867 known species of plants found in Israel . Of these , at least 253 species are introduced and nonnative . There are 380 Israeli nature reserves . Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee Field of Anemone coronaria , national flower of Israel Makhtesh Ramon , a type of crater unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula Snow in Galilee Flowers of Israel Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Israel and Israelis In 2017 , Israel 's population was an estimated 8,680,600 people , of whom 6,484,000 ( 74.7 % ) were recorded by the civil government as Jews . 1,808,000 Arabs comprised 20.8 % of the population , while non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed in the civil registry made up 4.4 % . Over the last decade , large numbers of migrant workers from Romania , Thailand , China , Africa , and South America have settled in Israel . Exact figures are unknown , as many of them are living in the country illegally , but estimates run in the region of 203,000 . By June 2012 , approximately 60,000 African migrants had entered Israel . About 92 % of Israelis live in urban areas . Immigration to Israel in the years 1948 -- 2015 . The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990 . Israel was established as a homeland for the Jewish people and is often referred to as a Jewish state . The country 's Law of Return grants all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry the right to Israeli citizenship . Retention of Israel 's population since 1948 is about even or greater , when compared to other countries with mass immigration . Jewish emigration from Israel ( called yerida in Hebrew ) , primarily to the United States and Canada , is described by demographers as modest , but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel 's future . Three quarters of the population are Jews from a diversity of Jewish backgrounds . Approximately 77 % of Israeli Jews are born in Israel , 16 % are immigrants from Europe and the Americas , and 7 % are immigrants from Asia and Africa ( including the Arab world ) . Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel , including Ashkenazi Jews , constitute approximately 50 % of Jewish Israelis . Jews who left or fled Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants , including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews , form most of the rest of the Jewish population . Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35 % and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent every year , with over 25 % of school children now originating from both communities . Around 4 % of Israelis ( 300,000 ) , ethnically defined as `` others '' , are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law , but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return . The total number of Israeli settlers beyond the Green Line is over 600,000 ( ≈ 10 % of the Jewish Israeli population ) . In 2016 , 399,300 Israelis lived in West Bank settlements , including those that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six - Day War , in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion bloc . In addition to the West Bank settlements , there were more than 200,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem , and 20,000 in the Golan Heights . Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip , known as Gush Katif , until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan . Major urban areas For a more comprehensive list , see List of cities in Israel . Park Tzameret residential neighborhood in Tel Aviv . There are four major metropolitan areas : Gush Dan ( Tel Aviv metropolitan area ; population 3,854,000 ) , Jerusalem metropolitan area ( population 1,253,900 ) , Haifa metropolitan area ( population 924,400 ) , and Beersheba metropolitan area ( population 377,100 ) . Israel 's largest municipality , in population and area , is Jerusalem with 882,652 residents in an area of 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ) . Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem , which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation . Tel Aviv and Haifa rank as Israel 's next most populous cities , with populations of 438,818 and 279,591 , respectively . Israel has 15 cities with populations over 100,000 . In all , there are 77 municipalities granted `` city '' status by the Ministry of Interior . Two more cities are planned : Kasif , a planned city to be built in the Negev , and Harish , originally a small town currently being built into a large city . Largest cities in Israel Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Rank Name District Pop . Rank Name District Pop . Jerusalem Tel Aviv Jerusalem Jerusalem 882,652 11 Ramat Gan Tel Aviv 153,674 Haifa Rishon LeZion Tel Aviv Tel Aviv 438,818 12 Rehovot Central 135,726 Haifa Haifa 279,591 13 Ashkelon Southern 134,454 Rishon LeZion Central 247,323 14 Bat Yam Tel Aviv 128,904 5 Petah Tikva Central 236,169 15 Beit Shemesh Jerusalem 109,762 6 Ashdod Southern 221,591 16 Kfar Saba Central 98,981 7 Netanya Central 210,834 17 Herzliya Tel Aviv 93,116 8 Beersheba Southern 205,810 18 Hadera Haifa 91,707 9 Holon Tel Aviv 190,838 19 Modi'in - Maccabim - Re'ut Central 90,013 10 Bnei Brak Tel Aviv 188,964 20 Nazareth Northern 75,922 ^ a This number includes East Jerusalem and West Bank areas . Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized . Language Main article : Languages of Israel Road sign in Hebrew , Arabic , and English Israel has two official languages , Hebrew and Arabic . Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken every day by the majority of the population . Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority , with Hebrew taught in Arab schools . As a country of immigrants , many languages can be heard on the streets . Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia ( some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in Israel ) , Russian and Amharic are widely spoken . More than one million Russian - speaking immigrants arrived in Israel from the post-Soviet states between 1990 and 2004 . French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis , mostly originating from France and North Africa ( see Maghrebi Jews ) . English was an official language during the Mandate period ; it lost this status after the establishment of Israel , but retains a role comparable to that of an official language , as may be seen in road signs and official documents . Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English , as many television programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school . In addition , Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects . Religion Main articles : Religion in Israel and Abrahamic religions Religion in Israel Jewish Muslim Christian Druze Other . Until 1995 , figures for Christians also included Others . Israel comprises a major part of the Holy Land , a region of significant importance to all Abrahamic religions -- Judaism , Christianity , Islam , Druze and Bahá'í Faith . The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely : a social survey indicates that 49 % self - identify as Hiloni ( secular ) , 29 % as Masorti ( traditional ) , 13 % as Dati ( religious ) and 9 % as Haredi ( ultra-Orthodox ) . Haredi Jews are expected to represent more than 20 % of Israel 's Jewish population by 2028 . Making up 17.6 % of the population , Muslims constitute Israel 's largest religious minority . About 2 % of the population is Christian and 1.6 % is Druze . The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians , but also includes post-Soviet immigrants , the foreign laborers of multinational origins , and followers of Messianic Judaism , considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity . Members of many other religious groups , including Buddhists and Hindus , maintain a presence in Israel , albeit in small numbers . Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union , about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel . The Dome of the Rock and the Western Wall , Jerusalem . The city of Jerusalem is of special importance to Jews , Muslims and Christians as it is the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs , such as the Old City that incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount , the Al - Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Other locations of religious importance in Israel are Nazareth ( holy in Christianity as the site of the Annunciation of Mary ) , Tiberias and Safed ( two of the Four Holy Cities in Judaism ) , the White Mosque in Ramla ( holy in Islam as the shrine of the prophet Saleh ) , and the Church of Saint George in Lod ( holy in Christianity and Islam as the tomb of Saint George or Al Khidr ) . A number of other religious landmarks are located in the West Bank , among them Joseph 's Tomb in Nablus , the birthplace of Jesus and Rachel 's Tomb in Bethlehem , and the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron . The administrative center of the Bahá'í Faith and the Shrine of the Báb are located at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa ; the leader of the faith is buried in Acre . Apart from maintenance staff , there is no Bahá'í community in Israel , although it is a destination for pilgrimages . Bahá'í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy . A few miles south of the Bahá'í World Centre is Mahmood Mosque affiliated with the reformist Ahmadiyya movement . Kababir , Haifa 's mixed neighbourhood of Jews and Ahmadi Arabs is the only one of its kind in the country . Education Main article : Education in Israel Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar - Ilan University Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a fundamental block of ancient Israelites . Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community , not less than the parents was responsible . Many international business leaders such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel 's economic development and technological boom . In 2015 , the country ranked third among OECD members ( after Canada and Japan ) for the percentage of 25 -- 64 year - olds that have attained tertiary education with 49 % compared with the OECD average of 35 % . In 2012 , the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita ( 20 percent of the population ) . Israel has a school life expectancy of 16 years and a literacy rate of 97.8 % . The State Education Law , passed in 1953 , established five types of schools : state secular , state religious , ultra orthodox , communal settlement schools , and Arab schools . The public secular is the largest school group , and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel . Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction . Education is compulsory in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen . Schooling is divided into three tiers -- primary school ( grades 1 -- 6 ) , middle school ( grades 7 -- 9 ) , and high school ( grades 10 -- 12 ) -- culminating with Bagrut matriculation exams . Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics , the Hebrew language , Hebrew and general literature , the English language , history , Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate . Israel 's Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews ( 46 % ) hold post-secondary degrees . This figure has remained stable in their already high levels of educational attainment over recent generations . Israeli Jews ( among those ages 25 and older ) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world . In Arab , Christian and Druze schools , the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim , Christian or Druze heritage . Maariv described the Christian Arabs sectors as `` the most successful in education system '' , since Christians fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other religion in Israel . Israeli children from Russian - speaking families have a higher bagrut pass rate at high - school level . Although amongst immigrant children born in the Former Soviet Union , the bagrut pass rate is highest amongst those families from European FSU states at 62.6 % , and lower amongst those from Central Asian and Caucasian FSU states . In 2014 , 61.5 % of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate . Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel has a tradition of higher education where its quality university education has been largely responsible in spurring the nations modern economic development . Israel has nine public universities that are subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Israel 's second - oldest university after the Technion , houses the National Library of Israel , the world 's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica . The Technion and the Hebrew University consistently ranked among world 's 100 top universities by the prestigious ARWU academic ranking . Other major universities in the country include the Weizmann Institute of Science , Tel Aviv University , Ben - Gurion University of the Negev , Bar - Ilan University , the University of Haifa and the Open University of Israel . Ariel University , in the West Bank , is the newest university institution , upgraded from college status , and the first in over thirty years . Government and politics Main articles : Politics of Israel and Israeli system of government See also : Criticism of the Israeli government President Reuven Rivlin Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu The Knesset chamber , home to the Israeli parliament Israel is a parliamentary democracy with universal suffrage . A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the prime minister -- usually this is the chair of the largest party . The prime minister is the head of government and head of the cabinet . Israel is governed by a 120 - member parliament , known as the Knesset . Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of political parties , with a 3.25 % electoral threshold , which in practice has resulted in coalition governments . Parliamentary elections are scheduled every four years , but unstable coalitions or a no - confidence vote by the Knesset can dissolve a government earlier . The Basic Laws of Israel function as an uncodified constitution . In 2003 , the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on these laws . The president of Israel is head of state , with limited and largely ceremonial duties . Israel has no official religion , but the definition of the state as `` Jewish and democratic '' creates a strong connection with Judaism , as well as a conflict between state law and religious law . Interaction between the political parties keeps the balance between state and religion largely as it existed during the British Mandate . Legal system Main articles : Judiciary of Israel and Israeli law Supreme Court of Israel , Givat Ram , Jerusalem Israel has a three - tier court system . At the lowest level are magistrate courts , situated in most cities across the country . Above them are district courts , serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance ; they are situated in five of Israel 's six districts . The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court , located in Jerusalem ; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice . In the latter role , the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance , allowing individuals , both citizens and non-citizens , to petition against the decisions of state authorities . Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court , it has not ratified the Rome Statute , citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality . Israel 's legal system combines three legal traditions : English common law , civil law , and Jewish law . It is based on the principle of stare decisis ( precedent ) and is an adversarial system , where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court . Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries . Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts : Jewish , Muslim , Druze , and Christian . The election of judges is carried out by a committee of two Knesset members , three Supreme Court justices , two Israeli Bar members and two ministers ( one of which , Israel 's justice minister , is the committee 's chairman ) . The committee 's members of the Knesset are secretly elected by the Knesset , and one of them is traditionally a member of the opposition , the committee 's Supreme Court justices are chosen by tradition from all Supreme Court justices by seniority , the Israeli Bar members are elected by the bar , and the second minister is appointed by the Israeli cabinet . The current justice minister and committee 's chairwoman is Ayelet Shaked . Administration of Israel 's courts ( both the `` General '' courts and the Labor Courts ) is carried by the Administration of Courts , situated in Jerusalem . Both General and Labor courts are paperless courts : the storage of court files , as well as court decisions , are conducted electronically . Israel 's Basic Law : Human Dignity and Liberty seeks to defend human rights and liberties in Israel . Administrative divisions Main article : Districts of Israel Districts of Israel North Haifa Center Tel Aviv Judea and Samaria Jerusalem South The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts , known as mehozot ( מחוזות ; singular : mahoz ) -- Center , Haifa , Jerusalem , North , South , and Tel Aviv districts , as well as the Judea and Samaria Area in the West Bank . All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and Northern districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel . Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as nafot ( נפות ; singular : nafa ) , which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions . District Capital Largest city Population Jews Arabs Total note Jerusalem Jerusalem 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 % 1083300 ! 1,083,300 North Nazareth Illit Nazareth 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 % 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 % 1401300 ! 1,401,300 Haifa Haifa 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 % 0996300 ! 996,300 Center Ramla Rishon LeZion 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 % 2115800 ! 2,115,800 Tel Aviv Tel Aviv 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 1388400 ! 1,388,400 South Beersheba Ashdod 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 % 1244200 ! 1,244,200 Judea and Samaria Ariel Modi'in Illit 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 % 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 % 0399300 ! 399,300 ^ a Including over 200,000 Jews and 300,000 Arabs in East Jerusalem . ^ b Israeli citizens only . Israeli - occupied territories Main article : Israeli - occupied territories Map of Israel showing the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , and the Golan Heights In 1967 , as a result of the Six - Day War , Israel captured and occupied the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights . Israel also captured the Sinai Peninsula , but returned it to Egypt as part of the 1979 Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty . Between 1982 and 2000 , Israel occupied part of southern Lebanon , in what was known as the Security Belt . Since Israel 's capture of these territories , Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them , except Lebanon . Israel has applied civilian law to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship . The West Bank , outside of the Israeli settlements within the territory , has remained under direct military rule , and Palestinians in this area can not become Israeli citizens . Israel withdrew its military forces and dismantled the Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip as part of its disengagement from Gaza though it continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters . The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be `` null and void '' and continues to view the territories as occupied . The International Court of Justice , principal judicial organ of the United Nations , asserted , in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier , that the lands captured by Israel in the Six - Day War , including East Jerusalem , are occupied territory . The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians , as Israel views it as its sovereign territory , as well as part of its capital . Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 , which emphasises `` the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war '' , and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states , a principle known as `` Land for peace '' . According to some observers , Israel has engaged in systematic and widespread violations of human rights in the occupied territories , including the occupation itself and war crimes against civilians . The allegations include violations of international humanitarian law by the United Nations Human Rights Council , with local residents having `` limited ability to hold governing authorities accountable for such abuses '' by the U.S. State Department , mass arbitrary arrests , torture , unlawful killings , systemic abuses and impunity by Amnesty International and others and a denial of the right to Palestinian self - determination . In response to such allegations , Prime Minister Netanyahu has defended the country 's security forces for protecting the innocent from terrorists and expressed contempt for what he describes as a lack of concern about the human rights violations committed by `` criminal killers '' . Some observers , such as Israeli officials , scholars , United States Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley and UN secretary - generals Ban Ki - moon and Kofi Annan , also assert that the UN is disproportionately concerned with Israeli misconduct . Israeli West Bank barrier separating Israel and the West Bank The West Bank was occupied and annexed by Jordan in 1950 , following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine . Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO . The population are mainly Palestinians , including refugees of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . From their occupation in 1967 until 1993 , the Palestinians living in these territories were under Israeli military administration . Since the Israel -- PLO letters of recognition , most of the Palestinian population and cities have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority , and only partial Israeli military control , although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest . In response to increasing attacks during the Second Intifada , the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier . When completed , approximately 13 % of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line or in Israel with 87 % inside the West Bank . The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967 . In 2005 , as part of Israel 's unilateral disengagement plan , Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory . Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a `` foreign territory '' . That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations . Following the 2007 Battle of Gaza , when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip , Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border , as well as by sea and air , and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian . Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel , the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place ( it was monitored by European observers ) . Foreign relations Main articles : Foreign relations of Israel and International recognition of Israel Diplomatic relations Diplomatic relations suspended Former diplomatic relations No diplomatic relations , but former trade relations No diplomatic relations Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world ; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries . Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel : Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994 , respectively , and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999 . Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt , Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians . Under Israeli law , Lebanon , Syria , Saudi Arabia , Iraq , Iran , Sudan , and Yemen are enemy countries , and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior . Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution . As a result of the 2008 -- 09 Gaza War , Mauritania , Qatar , Bolivia , and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel . The United States and the Soviet Union were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel , having declared recognition roughly simultaneously . The United States regards Israel as its `` most reliable partner in the Middle East , '' based on `` common democratic values , religious affinities , and security interests '' . The United States has provided $68 billion in military assistance and $32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967 , under the Foreign Assistance Act ( period beginning 1962 ) , more than any other country for that period until 2003 . The United Kingdom is seen as having a `` natural '' relationship with Israel on account of the British Mandate for Palestine . Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair 's efforts for a two state resolution . By 2007 , Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors . Israel is included in the European Union 's European Neighbourhood Policy ( ENP ) , which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer . Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991 , Turkey has cooperated with the Jewish state since its recognition of Israel in 1949 . Turkey 's ties to the other Muslim - majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel . Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008 -- 09 Gaza War and Israel 's raid of the Gaza flotilla . Relations between Greece and Israel have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli - Turkish relations . The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010 , the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece 's Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base . The joint Cyprus - Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece , given its strong links with Cyprus . Cooperation in the world 's longest sub-sea electric power cable , the EuroAsia Interconnector , has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel . Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel . Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs , and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan . India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military , technological and cultural partnership with the country since then . According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , India is the most pro-Israel country in the world . India is the largest customer of the Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second - largest military partner of India after Russia . Ethiopia is Israel 's main ally in Africa due to common political , religious and security interests . Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews live in Israel . International humanitarian efforts Israeli foreign aid ranks low among OECD nations , spending less than 0.1 % of its GNI on development assistance , as opposed to the recommended 0.7 % . The country also ranked 43rd in the 2016 World Giving Index . However , Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world . Israel 's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1957 , with the establishment of Mashav , the Israel 's Agency for International Development Cooperation . There are additional Israeli humanitarian and emergency response groups that work with the Israel government , including IsraAid , a joint programme run by 14 Israeli organizations and North American Jewish groups , ZAKA , The Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team ( FIRST ) , Israeli Flying Aid ( IFA ) , Save a Child 's Heart ( SACH ) and Latet . Between 1985 and 2015 , Israel sent 24 delegations of IDF search and rescue unit , the Home Front Command , to 22 countries . In Haiti , immediately following the 2010 earthquake , Israel was the first country to set up a field hospital capable of performing surgical operations . Israel sent over 200 medical doctors and personnel to start treating injured Haitians at the scene . At the conclusion of its humanitarian mission 11 days later , the Israeli delegation had treated more than 1,110 patients , conducted 319 successful surgeries , delivered 16 births and rescued or assisted in the rescue of four individuals . Despite radiation concerns , Israel was one of the first countries to send a medical delegation to Japan following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster . Israel dispatched a medical team to the tsunami - stricken city of Kurihara in 2011 . A medical clinic run by an IDF team of some 50 members featured pediatric , surgical , maternity and gynecological , and otolaryngology wards , together with an optometry department , a laboratory , a pharmacy and an intensive care unit . After treating 200 patients in two weeks , the departing emergency team donated its equipment to the Japanese . Military Main articles : Israel Defense Forces and Israeli security forces Further information : List of wars involving Israel , List of the Israel Defense Forces operations , and Israel and weapons of mass destruction The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces , and is headed by its Chief of General Staff , the Ramatkal , subordinate to the Cabinet . The IDF consist of the army , air force and navy . It was founded during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations -- chiefly the Haganah -- that preceded the establishment of the state . The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate ( Aman ) , which works with Mossad and Shabak . The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history , making it one of the most battle - trained armed forces in the world . Israeli soldiers armed with Tavor X95s . Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18 . Men serve two years and eight months and women two years . Following mandatory service , Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties . Most women are exempt from reserve duty . Arab citizens of Israel ( except the Druze ) and those engaged in full - time religious studies are exempt from military service , although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years . An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is Sherut Leumi , or national service , which involves a program of service in hospitals , schools and other social welfare frameworks . As a result of its conscription program , the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists . Iron Dome is the world 's first operational anti-artillery rocket defense system . The nation 's military relies heavily on high - tech weapons systems designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports . The Arrow missile is one of the world 's few operational anti-ballistic missile systems . The Python air - to - air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history . Israel 's Spike missile is one of the most widely exported ATGMs in the world . Israel 's Iron Dome anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of Qassam , 122 mm Grad and Fajr - 5 artillery rockets fire by Palestinian militants from the Gaza Strip . Since the Yom Kippur War , Israel has developed a network of reconnaissance satellites . The success of the Ofeq program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites . Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction . Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities . The Israeli Navy 's Dolphin submarines are believed to be armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles , offering second - strike capability . Since the Gulf War in 1991 , when Israel was attacked by Iraqi Scud missiles , all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room , Merkhav Mugan , impermeable to chemical and biological substances . Since Israel 's establishment , military expenditure constituted a significant portion of the country 's gross domestic product , with peak of 30.3 % of GDP spent on defense in 1975 . In 2016 , Israel ranked 5th in the world by defense spending as a percentage of GDP , with 5.6 % , and 15th by total military expenditure . Since 1974 , the United States has been a particularly notable contributor of military aid to Israel . Under a memorandum of understanding signed in 2016 , the U.S. is expected to provide the country with $3.8 billion per year , or around 20 % of Israel 's defense budget , from 2018 to 2028 . Israel ranked 7th globally for arms exports in 2016 . The majority of Israel 's arms exports are unreported for security reasons . Israel is consistently rated low in the Global Peace Index , ranking 144th out of 163 nations for peacefulness in 2017 . Economy Main article : Economy of Israel The Diamond Exchange District in Ramat Gan Israel is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia and the Middle East in economic and industrial development . Israel 's quality university education and the establishment of a highly motivated and educated populace is largely responsible for spurring the country 's high technology boom and rapid economic development . In 2010 , it joined the OECD . The country is ranked 24th in the World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Report and 52nd on the World Bank 's Doing Business index . It has the second - largest number of startup companies in the world after the United States , and the third - largest number of NASDAQ - listed companies after the U.S. and China . In 2016 , Israel ranked 21st among the world 's most competitive nations , according to the IMD 's World Competitiveness Yearbook . Israel was also ranked 4th in the world by share of people in high - skilled employment . Tel Aviv Stock Exchange . Its building is optimized for computer trading , with systems located in an underground bunker to keep the exchange active during emergencies . Despite limited natural resources , intensive development of the agricultural and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self - sufficient in food production , apart from grains and beef . Imports to Israel , totaling $57.9 billion in 2016 , include raw materials , military equipment , investment goods , rough diamonds , fuels , grain , and consumer goods . Leading exports include machinery and equipment , software , cut diamonds , agricultural products , chemicals , and textiles and apparel ; in 2016 , Israeli exports reached $51.61 billion . The Bank of Israel holds $97.22 billion of foreign - exchange reserves . Since the 1970s , Israel has received military aid from the United States , as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees , which now account for roughly half of Israel 's external debt . Israel has one of the lowest external debts in the developed world , and is a lender in terms of net external debt ( assets vs. liabilities abroad ) , which in 2015 stood at a surplus of $69 billion . Israel has an impressive record for creating profit driven technologies making the country a top choice for many business leaders and high technology industry giants . Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development facilities in Israel , and other high - tech multi-national corporations , such as IBM , Google , Apple , HP , Cisco Systems , Facebook and Motorola have opened R&D centres in the country . In 2007 , American investor Warren Buffett 's holding company Berkshire Hathaway bought an Israeli company , Iscar , its first acquisition outside the United States , for $4 billion . Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday ( for a five - day workweek ) , or Friday ( for a six - day workweek ) . In observance of Shabbat , in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish , Friday is a `` short day '' , usually lasting till 14 : 00 in the winter , or 16 : 00 in the summer . Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world , and make Sunday a non-working day , while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in Israel and List of Israeli inventions and discoveries Matam high - tech park in Haifa Israel 's development of cutting - edge technologies in software , communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley . Israel ranks 10th in the Bloomberg Innovation Index , and is 2nd in the world in expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP . Israel boasts 140 scientists , technicians , and engineers per 10,000 employees , the highest number in the world ( in comparison , the same is 85 for the U.S. ) . Israel has produced six Nobel Prize - winning scientists since 2004 and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of scientific papers per capita in the world . Israel has led the world in stem - cell research papers per capita since 2000 . Israeli universities are ranked among the top 50 world universities in computer science ( Technion and Tel Aviv University ) , mathematics ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) and chemistry ( Weizmann Institute of Science ) . In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron 's Space Competitiveness Index . The Israel Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals , and have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial , research and spy satellites . Some of Israel 's satellites are ranked among the world 's most advanced space systems . Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit . It was first launched in 1988 , making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability . In 2003 , Ilan Ramon became Israel 's first astronaut , serving as payload specialist of STS - 107 , the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia . The ongoing shortage of water in the country has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques , and a substantial agricultural modernization , drip irrigation , was invented in Israel . Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling . The Sorek desalination plant is the largest seawater reverse osmosis ( SWRO ) desalination facility in the world . By 2014 , Israel 's desalination programs provided roughly 35 % of Israel 's drinking water and it is expected to supply 40 % by 2015 and 70 % by 2050 . As of 2015 , more than 50 percent of the water for Israeli households , agriculture and industry is artificially produced . The country hosts an annual Water Technology and Environmental Control Exhibition & Conference ( WATEC ) that attracts thousands of people from across the world . In 2011 , Israel 's water technology industry was worth around $2 billion a year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars . As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology , Israel is set to become a net exporter of water in the coming years . The world 's largest solar parabolic dish at the Ben - Gurion National Solar Energy Center . Israel has embraced solar energy ; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world . Over 90 % of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water , the highest per capita in the world . According to government figures , the country saves 8 % of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating . The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert . Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of charging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries . It was thought that this would have lowered Israel 's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel 's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries . The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia . However , Israel 's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013 . Transportation Main article : Transport in Israel Reception hall at Ben Gurion Airport Israel has 19,224 kilometres ( 11,945 mi ) of paved roads , and 3 million motor vehicles . The number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons is 365 , relatively low with respect to developed countries . Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes , operated by several carriers , the largest of which is Egged , serving most of the country . Railways stretch across 1,277 kilometres ( 793 mi ) and are operated solely by government - owned Israel Railways . Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s , the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990 , to 53 million in 2015 ; railways are also transporting 7.5 million tons of cargo , per year . Israel is served by two international airports , Ben Gurion Airport , the country 's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv , and Ovda Airport , which serves the southernmost port city of Eilat . There are several small domestic airports as well . Ben Gurion , Israel 's largest airport , handled over 15 million passengers in 2015 . On the Mediterranean coast , the Port of Haifa is the country 's oldest and largest port , while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea . In addition to these , the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea , and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Israel Mount Hermon ski resort , which in peak season can attract more than 12,000 visitors each day . Tourism , especially religious tourism , is an important industry in Israel , with the country 's temperate climate , beaches , archaeological , other historical and biblical sites , and unique geography also drawing tourists . Israel 's security problems have taken their toll on the industry , but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound . In 2013 , a record of 3.54 million tourists visited Israel with the most popular site of attraction being the Western Wall with 68 % of tourists visiting there . Energy Main article : Energy in Israel In 2009 , a natural gas reserve , Tamar was found near the coast of Israel . A second natural gas reserve , Leviathan , was discovered in 2010 . Ketura Sun is Israel 's first commercial solar field . Built in early 2011 by the Arava Power Company on Kibbutz Ketura , Ketura Sun covers twenty acres and is expected to produce green energy amounting to 4.95 megawatts . The field consists of 18,500 photovoltaic panels made by Suntech , which will produce about 9 gigawatt - hours of electricity per year . In the next twenty years , the field will spare the production of some 125,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide . The field was inaugurated on June 15 , 2011 . On May 22 , 2012 Arava Power Company announced that it had reached financial close on an additional 58.5 MW for 8 projects to be built in the Arava and the Negev valued at 780 million NIS or approximately $204 million . Culture Main article : Culture of Israel Israel 's diverse culture stems from the diversity of its population : Jews from diaspora communities around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions back with them , creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs . Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the Hebrew calendar . Work and school holidays are determined by the Jewish holidays , and the official day of rest is Saturday , the Jewish Sabbath . Israel 's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture , music , and cuisine . Literature Main article : Israeli literature Shmuel Yosef Agnon , laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew , as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century , although a small body of literature is published in other languages , such as English . By law , two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . In 2001 , the law was amended to include audio and video recordings , and other non-print media . In 2015 , 85 percent of the 7,843 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew . The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs , public readings , and appearances by Israeli authors around the country . During the week , Israel 's top literary award , the Sapir Prize , is presented . In 1966 , Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize in Literature with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs . Leading Israeli poets have been Yehuda Amichai , Nathan Alterman , Leah Goldberg , and Rachel Bluwstein . Internationally famous contemporary Israeli novelists include Amos Oz , Etgar Keret and David Grossman . The Israeli - Arab satirist Sayed Kashua ( who writes in Hebrew ) is also internationally known . Israel has also been the home of two leading Palestinian poets and writers : Emile Habibi , whose novel The Secret Life of Saeed : The Pessoptimist , and other writings , won him the Israel prize for Arabic literature ; and Mahmoud Darwish , considered by many to be `` the Palestinian national poet . '' Darwish was born and raised in northern Israel , but lived his adult life abroad after joining the Palestine Liberation Organization . Music and Dance Main articles : Music of Israel and Dance in Israel Israel Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Zubin Mehta Israeli music contains musical influences from all over the world ; Mizrahi and Sephardic music , Hasidic melodies , Greek music , jazz , and pop rock are all part of the music scene . Among Israel 's world - renowned orchestras is the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra , which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year . Itzhak Perlman , Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel . Israel has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest nearly every year since 1973 , winning the competition three times and hosting it twice . Eilat has hosted its own international music festival , the Red Sea Jazz Festival , every summer since 1987 . Israel is home to many Palestinian musicians , including an oud group Le Trio Joubran and singer Amal Murkus . The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance has an advanced degree program in Arabic music , headed by oud virtuoso Taiseer Elias . Celebrated Israeli ballet dancers Valery and Galina Panov , who founded the Ballet Panov , in Ashdod The nation 's canonical folk songs , known as `` Songs of the Land of Israel , '' deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland . The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the kibbutzim and outlying communities . It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction and of the ability to experience joy amidst austerity . It now plays a significant role in modern Israeli folk dancing and is regularly performed at weddings and other celebrations , and in group dances throughout Israel . Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field , and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin and Barak Marshall and many others , are considered to be among the most versatile and original international creators working today . Famous Israeli companies include the Batsheva Dance Company and the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company . Cinema and theatre Main article : Cinema of Israel Ten Israeli films have been final nominees for Best Foreign Language Film at the Academy Awards since the establishment of Israel . The 2009 movie Ajami was the third consecutive nomination of an Israeli film . Palestinian Israeli filmmakers have made a number of films dealing with the Arab - Israel conflict and the status of Palestinians within Israel , such as Mohammed Bakri 's 2002 film Jenin , Jenin and The Syrian Bride . Continuing the strong theatrical traditions of the Yiddish theatre in Eastern Europe , Israel maintains a vibrant theatre scene . Founded in 1918 , Habima Theatre in Tel Aviv is Israel 's oldest repertory theater company and national theater . Media Main article : Media of Israel The 2017 Freedom of the Press annual report by Freedom House ranked Israel as the Middle East and North Africa 's most free country , and 64th globally . In the 2017 Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders , Israel ( including `` Israel extraterritorial '' since 2013 ranking ) was placed 91st of 180 countries , first in the Middle East and North Africa region . Museums For a more comprehensive list , see List of Israeli museums . Shrine of the Book , repository of the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jerusalem The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel 's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea Scrolls , along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art . Israel 's national Holocaust museum , Yad Vashem , is the world central archive of Holocaust - related information . Beit Hatfutsot ( `` The Diaspora House '' ) , on the campus of Tel Aviv University , is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world . Apart from the major museums in large cities , there are high - quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim . Mishkan LeOmanut in kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country . Israel has the highest number of museums per capita in the world . Several Israeli museums are devoted to Islamic culture , including the Rockefeller Museum and the L.A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art , both in Jerusalem . The Rockefeller specializes in archaeological remains from the Ottoman and other periods of Middle East history . It is also the home of the first hominid fossil skull found in Western Asia called Galilee Man . A cast of the skull is on display at the Israel Museum . Cuisine Main article : Israeli cuisine A meal including falafel , hummus , French fries and Israeli salad Israeli cuisine includes local dishes as well as Jewish cuisine brought to the country by immigrants from the diaspora . Since the establishment of the state in 1948 , and particularly since the late 1970s , an Israeli fusion cuisine has developed . Israeli cuisine has adopted , and continues to adapt , elements of the Mizrahi , Sephardi , and Ashkenazi styles of cooking . It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the Levantine , Arab , Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines , such as falafel , hummus , shakshouka , couscous , and za'atar . Schnitzel , pizza , hamburgers , French fries , rice and salad are also common in Israel . Roughly half of the Israeli - Jewish population attests to keeping kosher at home . Kosher restaurants , though rare in the 1960s , make up around 25 % of the total as of 2015 , perhaps reflecting the largely secular values of those who dine out . Hotel restaurants are much more likely to serve kosher food . The non-kosher retail market was traditionally sparse , but grew rapidly and considerably following the influx of immigrants from the post-Soviet states during the 1990s . Together with non-kosher fish , rabbits and ostriches , pork -- often called `` white meat '' in Israel -- is produced and consumed , though it is forbidden by both Judaism and Islam . Sports Main article : Sport in Israel Teddy Stadium of Jerusalem The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball . The Israeli Premier League is the country 's premier football league , and the Israeli Basketball Premier League is the premier basketball league . Maccabi Haifa , Maccabi Tel Aviv , Hapoel Tel Aviv and Beitar Jerusalem are the largest football clubs . Maccabi Tel Aviv , Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Tel Aviv have competed in the UEFA Champions League and Hapoel Tel Aviv reached the UEFA Cup quarter - finals . Israel hosted and won the 1964 AFC Asian Cup ; in 1970 the Israel national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup , the only time it participated in the World Cup . The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran , were the last Asian Games in which Israel participated , and was plagued by the Arab countries which refused to compete with Israel . Israel was excluded from the 1978 Asian Games and since then has not competed in Asian sport events . In 1994 , UEFA agreed to admit Israel and its soccer teams now compete in Europe . Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. has won the European championship in basketball six times . In 2016 , the country was chosen as a host for the EuroBasket 2017 . Boris Gelfand , chess Grandmaster Chess is a leading sport in Israel and is enjoyed by people of all ages . There are many Israeli grandmasters and Israeli chess players have won a number of youth world championships . Israel stages an annual international championship and hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005 . The Ministry of Education and the World Chess Federation agreed upon a project of teaching chess within Israeli schools , and it has been introduced into the curriculum of some schools . The city of Beersheba has become a national chess center , with the game being taught in the city 's kindergartens . Owing partly to Soviet immigration , it is home to the largest number of chess grandmasters of any city in the world . The Israeli chess team won the silver medal at the 2008 Chess Olympiad and the bronze , coming in third among 148 teams , at the 2010 Olympiad . Israeli grandmaster Boris Gelfand won the Chess World Cup 2009 and the 2011 Candidates Tournament for the right to challenge the world champion . He only lost the World Chess Championship 2012 to reigning world champion Anand after a speed - chess tie breaker . Israel has won nine Olympic medals since its first win in 1992 , including a gold medal in windsurfing at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Israel has won over 100 gold medals in the Paralympic Games and is ranked 20th in the all - time medal count . The 1968 Summer Paralympics were hosted by Israel . The Maccabiah Games , an Olympic - style event for Jewish and Israeli athletes , was inaugurated in the 1930s , and has been held every four years since then . Israeli tennis champion Shahar Pe'er ranked 11th in the world on 31 January 2011 . Krav Maga , a martial art developed by Jewish ghetto defenders during the struggle against fascism in Europe , is used by the Israeli security forces and police . Its effectiveness and practical approach to self - defense , have won it widespread admiration and adherence around the world . See also Israel portal Index of Israel - related articles Outline of Israel Israel -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ The Jerusalem Law states that `` Jerusalem , complete and united , is the capital of Israel '' and the city serves as the seat of the government , home to the President 's residence , government offices , supreme court , and parliament . United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 ( 20 August 1980 ; 14 -- 0 , U.S. abstaining ) declared the Jerusalem Law `` null and void '' and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem . The United Nations and all member nations refuse to accept the Jerusalem Law ( see Kellerman 1993 , p. 140 ) and maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv , Ramat Gan , and Herzliya ( see the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel ) . The U.S. Congress subsequently adopted the Jerusalem Embassy Act , which said that the U.S. embassy should be relocated to Jerusalem and that it should be recognized as the capital of Israel . However , the US Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel concluded that the provisions of the act `` invade exclusive presidential authorities in the field of foreign affairs and are unconstitutional '' . Since passage of the act , all presidents serving in office have determined that moving forward with the relocation would be detrimental to U.S. national security concerns and opted to issue waivers suspending any action on this front . The Palestinian Authority sees East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state . The city 's final status awaits future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority ( see `` Negotiating Jerusalem , '' Palestine -- Israel Journal ) . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . ^ Jump up to : The majority of the international community ( including the UN General Assembly , the United Nations Security Council , the European Union , the International Criminal Court , and the vast majority of human rights organizations ) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza , the West Bank and East Jerusalem . Gaza is still considered to be `` occupied '' by the United Nations , international human rights organisations , and the majority of governments and legal commentators , despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza , due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control . The government of Israel and some supporters have , at times , disputed this position of the international community . For more details of this terminology dispute , including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip , see International views on the Israeli - occupied territories and Status of territories captured by Israel . For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory ( e.g. , Tibet ) and a militarily occupied territory , please see the article Military occupation . Jump up ^ ( פלשתינה ( א ״ י in Hebrew ( translation : Palestine ( Eretz Israel ) ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Latest Population Statistics for Israel '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American -- Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . January 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home page '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Population Census 2008 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 2008 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . International Monetary Fund . April 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of family income -- Gini index '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Human Development Index and its components ( Report ) . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Territories '' . State.gov. 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Skolnik 2007 , pp. 132 -- 232 Jump up ^ `` GaWC -- The World According to GaWC 2008 '' . Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations News Centre ( 28 October 2009 ) . `` Jerusalem must be capital of both Israel and Palestine , Ban says '' . UN News Centre . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic Law : Jerusalem , Capital of Israel '' . Knesset . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible unearthed : archaeology 's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories ( 1st Touchstone ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Pitcher Is Broken : Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom , Steven W. Holloway , Lowell K. Handy , Continuum , 1 May 1995 Quote : `` For Israel , the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III ( mid-ninth century ) and for Judah , a Tiglath - pileser III text mentioning ( Jeho - ) Ahaz of Judah ( IIR67 = K. 3751 ) , dated 734 - 733 , are the earliest published to date . '' ^ Jump up to : Broshi , Maguen ( 2001 ) . Bread , Wine , Walls and Scrolls . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 1 - 84127 - 201 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Museum -- Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle ( 605 -- 594 BCE ) '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon L. Berquist ( 2007 ) . Approaching Yehud : New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period . Society of Biblical Lit . pp. 195 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 145 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Fibiger Bang ; Walter Scheidel ( 31 January 2013 ) . The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean . OUP USA . pp. 184 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518831 - 8 . Jump up ^ Abraham Malamat ( 1976 ) . A History of the Jewish People . Harvard University Press . pp. 223 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39731 - 6 . Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch ; Geoffrey William Bromiley ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resolution 181 ( II ) . Future government of Palestine '' . United Nations . 29 November 1947 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morris 2008 , p. 66 : at 1946 `` The League demanded independence for Palestine as a `` unitary '' state , with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews. `` , p. 67 : at 1947 `` The League 's Political Committee met in Sofar , Lebanon , on 16 -- 19 September , and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition , which it called `` aggression , '' `` without mercy . '' The League promised them , in line with Bludan , assistance `` in manpower , money and equipment '' should the United Nations endorse partition. `` , p. 72 : at December 1947 `` The League vowed , in very general language , `` to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine . '' '' ^ Jump up to : Morris 2008 , p. 75 : `` The night of 29 -- 30 November passed in the Yishuv 's settlements in noisy public rejoicing . Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow . A collective cry of joy went up when the two - thirds mark was achieved : a state had been sanctioned by the international community . '' ^ Jump up to : Morris 2008 , p. 396 : `` The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution . The Zionist movement , except for its fringes , accepted the proposal . '' , `` The Arab war aim , in both stages of the hostilities , was , at a minimum , to abort the emergence of a Jewish state or to destroy it at inception . The Arab states hoped to accomplish this by conquering all or large parts of the territory allotted to the Jews by the United Nations . And some Arab leaders spoke of driving the Jews into the sea and ridding Palestine `` of the Zionist plague . '' The struggle , as the Arabs saw it , was about the fate of Palestine / the Land of Israel , all of it , not over this or that part of the country . But , in public , official Arab spokesmen often said that the aim of the May 1948 invasion was to `` save '' Palestine or `` save the Palestinians , '' definitions more agreeable to Western ears . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 14 May 1948 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 2005 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` The status of Jerusalem '' ( PDF ) . The Question of Palestine & the United Nations . United Nations Department of Public Information . East Jerusalem has been considered , by both the General Assembly and the Security Council , as part of the occupied Palestinian territory . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Kadima 's big plans '' . BBC News . 29 March 2006 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Kessner , BC ( 2 April 2006 ) . `` Israel 's Hard - Learned Lessons '' . Homeland Security Today . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , P.R. ( 5 June 2002 ) . `` The Legacy of Undefined Borders '' . Tel Aviv Notes . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Andrew ( 2011 ) . M.N. Schmitt ; Louise Arimatsu ; Tim McCormack , eds . `` The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla '' . Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2010 . Springer Science & Business Media . 13 : 429 . ISBN 9789067048118 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 6704 - 811 - 8_14 . Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip , maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel , but rather it has ' sui generis ' status . Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan , Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory . However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip , will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space , and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian - Gaza border . and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will . Israel continues to control six of Gaza 's seven land crossings , its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory . Egypt controls one of Gaza 's land crossings . Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and / or deploy missile attacks , drones and sonic bombs into Gaza . Israel has declared a no - go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza : if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight . Gaza is also dependent on israel for inter alia electricity , currency , telephone networks , issuing IDs , and permits to enter and leave the territory . Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker . Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry . It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations , the UN General Assembly , the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza , International human rights organisations , US Government websites , the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators , to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied . Scobbie , Iain ( 2012 ) . Elizabeth Wilmshurst , ed . International Law and the Classification of Conflicts . Oxford University Press . p. 295 . ISBN 9780199657759 . Even after the accession to power of Hamas , Israel 's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies , most States , nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011 , its control of Gaza 's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the ' security envelope ' around Gaza , as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza . Gawerc , Michelle ( 2012 ) . Prefiguring Peace : Israeli - Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships . Lexington Books . p. 44 . ISBN 9780739166109 . While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory , Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings , as well as through the coastline and the airspace . ln addition , Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade ( Gisha 2007 . Dowty 2008 ) . ln other words , while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians -- as well as many human right organizations and international bodies -- argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied . Jump up ^ See for example : * Hajjar , Lisa ( 2005 ) . Courting Conflict : The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza . University of California Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0520241940 . The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times . * Anderson , Perry ( July -- August 2001 ) . `` Editorial : Scurrying Towards Bethlehem '' . New Left Review . 10 ... longest official military occupation of modern history -- currently entering its thirty - fifth year * Makdisi , Saree ( 2010 ) . Palestine Inside Out : An Everyday Occupation . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393338447 ... longest - lasting military occupation of the modern age * Kretzmer , David ( Spring 2012 ) . `` The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel '' ( PDF ) . International Review of the Red Cross . 94 ( 885 ) : 207 -- 236 . doi : 10.1017 / S1816383112000446 . This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations , and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s * Alexandrowicz , Ra'anan ( 24 January 2012 ) , The Justice of Occupation , The New York Times , Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades * Weill , Sharon ( 2014 ) . The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law . Oxford University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9780199685424 . Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco . The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories , which is the longest in all occupation 's history has already entered its fifth decade . ^ Jump up to : Adriana Kemp , `` Labour migration and racialisation : labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel '' , Social Identities 10 : 2 , 267 -- 292 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Freedom in the World . Freedom House . 2008 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Augustus Richard Norton ( 2001 ) . Civil society in the Middle East . 2 ( 2001 ) . BRILL . p. 193 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10469 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 , p. 257 . `` A current list of liberal democracies includes : Andorra , Argentina , ... , Cyprus , ... , Israel , ... '' Jump up ^ `` Global Survey 2006 : Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom '' . Freedom House . 19 December 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's accession to the OECD '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Education at a Glance : Israel ( Report ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHO : Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world '' . Haaretz. 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Opinion '' . The Palestine Post . Jerusalem . 7 December 1947 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On the Move '' . Time . New York . 31 May 1948 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Levine , Robert A. ( 7 November 2000 ) . `` See Israel as a Jewish Nation - State , More or Less Democratic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ William G. Dever , Did God Have a Wife ? : Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 p. 186 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley , ' Israel , ' in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : E-J , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 1995 p. 907 . Jump up ^ R.L. Ottley , The Religion of Israel : A Historical Sketch , Cambridge University Press , 2013 pp. 31 -- 2 note 5 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 381 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05383 - 8 . entry `` Jacob '' . Jump up ^ `` And he said , Thy name shall be called no more Jacob , but Israel : for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men , and hast prevailed . '' ( Genesis , 32 : 28 , 35 : 10 ) . See also Hosea 12 : 5 . Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Exodus 6 : 16 -- 20 Jump up ^ Barton & Bowden 2004 , p. 126 . `` The Merneptah Stele ... is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the 13th century BCE . '' Jump up ^ Noah Rayman ( 29 September 2014 ) . `` Mandatory Palestine : What It Was and Why It Matters '' . TIME . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tchernov , Eitan ( 1988 ) . `` The Age of ' Ubeidiya Formation ( Jordan Valley , Israel ) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant '' . Paléorient. 14 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 65 . doi : 10.3406 / paleo. 1988.4455 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 14 October 2015 ) . `` Fossil teeth place humans in Asia ' 20,000 years early ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bar - Yosef , Ofer ( 7 December 1998 ) . `` The Natufian Culture in the Levant , Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Evolutionary Anthropology. 6 ( 5 ) : 159 -- 177 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6505 ( 1998 ) 6 : 5 3.0.CO ; 2 - 7 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dever , William ( 2001 ) . What Did the Biblical Writers Know , and When Did They Know It ? . Eerdmans . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 3 - 927120 - 37 - 5 . After a century of exhaustive investigation , all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham , Isaac , or Jacob credible `` historical figures '' ( ... ) archaeological investigation of Moses and the Exodus has similarly been discarded as a fruitless pursuit . Jump up ^ Miller , James Maxwell ; Hayes , John Haralson ( 1986 ) . A History of Ancient Israel and Judah . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 21262 - X . Jump up ^ Tubb , 1998 . pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Mark Smith in `` The Early History of God : Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel '' states `` Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture , archaeological data now casts doubt on this view . The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period ( c. 1200 -- 1000 BCE ) . The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture ... In short , Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature . Given the information available , one can not maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period . '' ( pp. 6 -- 7 ) . Smith , Mark ( 2002 ) `` The Early History of God : Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel '' ( Eerdman 's ) Jump up ^ Rendsberg , Gary ( 2008 ) . `` Israel without the Bible '' . In Frederick E. Greenspahn . The Hebrew Bible : New Insights and Scholarship . NYU Press , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Gnuse 1997 , pp. 28 , 31 Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Bloch - Smith , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . `` Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I : Archaeology Preserves What Is Remembered and What Is Forgotten in Israel 's History '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 122 ( 3 ) : 401 -- 425 . ISSN 0021 - 9231 . JSTOR 3268384 . doi : 10.2307 / 3268384 . Jump up ^ Lehman in Vaughn 1992 , pp. 156 -- 62 . Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Miller 2012 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ McNutt 1999 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Miller 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Miller 2012 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lipschits , Oded ( 2014 ) . `` The History of Israel in the Biblical Period '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi . The Jewish Study Bible ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199978465 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt , Amiele ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East . Routledge . p. 438 . ISBN 978 - 0415167628 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jacob L. ( July 2014 ) . `` David , King of Judah ( Not Israel ) '' . The Bible and Interpretation . Jump up ^ K.L. Noll , Canaan and Israel in Antiquity : A Textbook on History and Religion , A&C Black , 2012 , rev. ed . pp. 137ff . Jump up ^ Thomas L. Thompson , Early History of the Israelite People : From the Written & Archaeological Sources , BRILL , 2000 pp. 275 -- 76 : ' They are rather a very specific group among the population of Palestine which bears a name that occurs here for the first time that at a much later stage in Palestine 's history bears a substantially different signification . ' Jump up ^ The personal name `` Israel '' appears much earlier , in material from Ebla . Hasel , Michael G. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Israel in the Merneptah Stela '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 296 ) : 45 -- 61 . JSTOR 1357179 . doi : 10.2307 / 1357179 . ; Bertman , Stephen ( 2005 - 07 - 14 ) . Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . OUP USA . ISBN 9780195183641 . and Meindert Dijkstra ( 2010 ) . `` Origins of Israel between history and ideology '' . In Becking , Bob ; Grabbe , Lester . Between Evidence and Ideology Essays on the History of Ancient Israel read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap Lincoln , July 2009 . Brill . p. 47 . ISBN 9789004187375 . As a West Semitic personal name it existed long before it became a tribal or a geographical name . This is not without significance , though is it rarely mentioned . We learn of a maryanu named ysr `` il ( * Yi ¡ sr -- a '' ilu ) from Ugarit living in the same period , but the name was already used a thousand years before in Ebla . The word Israel originated as a West Semitic personal name . One of the many names that developed into the name of the ancestor of a clan , of a tribe and finally of a people and a nation . Jump up ^ Jonathan M Golden , Ancient Canaan and Israel : An Introduction , OUP USA , 2009 pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Lemche , Niels Peter ( 1998 ) . The Israelites in History and Tradition . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9780664227272 . Jump up ^ See http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html reverse side , line 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Temple Period ( 538 BCE. to 70 CE ) Persian Rule '' . Biu.ac.il . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Harper 's Bible Dictionary , ed. by Achtemeier , etc. , Harper & Row , San Francisco , 1985 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period : Yehud -- A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1 . T & T Clark . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0567089984 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , A'haron and Oppenheimer , Nili . Between Rome and Babylon : Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society . Mohr Siebeck , 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , Dan ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Jewish History . Routledge . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08800 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Clayton Miles ( 18 January 2007 ) . `` Palestine '' . Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . University of South Dakota . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Morçöl 2006 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Judaism in late antiquity , Jacob Neusner , Bertold Spuler , Hady R Idris , BRILL , 2001 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Allan D. Cooper ( 2009 ) . The geography of genocide . University Press of America . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 4097 - 8 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Carmel , Alex . The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule . Haifa : Pardes , 2002 ( ISBN 965 - 7171 - 05 - 9 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Moshe Gil ( 1992 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . p. 829 . ISBN 9780521404372 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Haifa was taken ( ... ) in August 1100 or June 1101 , according to Muslim sources which contradict one another . Albert of Aachen does not mention the date in a clear manner either . From what he says , it appears that it was mainly the Jewish inhabitants of the city who defended the fortress of Haifa . In his rather strange Latin style , he mentions that there was a Jewish population in Haifa , and that they fought bravely within the walls of the city . He explains that the Jews there were protected people of the Muslims ( the Fatimids ) . They fought side by side with units of the Fatimid army , striking back at Tancred 's army from above the walls of the citadel ( ... Judaei civis comixtis Sarracenorum turmis ) until the Crusaders overcame them and they were forced to abandon the walls . The Muslims and the Jews then managed to escape from the fortress with their lives , while the rest of the population fled the city en masse . Whoever remained was slaughtered , and huge quantities of spoils were taken . ( ... ) ( Note # 3 : Albert of Aachen ( Albericus , Albertus Aquensis ) , Historia Hierosolymitanae Expeditionis , in : RHC ( Occ . ) , IV . p. 523 ; etc . ) Jump up ^ Irven M. Resnick ( 1 June 2012 ) . Marks of Distinctions : Christian Perceptions of Jews in the High Middle Ages . CUA Press . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 1969 - 1 . citizens of the Jewish race , who lived in the city by the favour and consent of the king of Egypt in return for payment of tribute , got on the walls bearing arms and put up a very stubborn defence , until the Christians , weighed down by various blows over the period of two weeks , absolutely despaired and held back their hands from any attack . ( ... ) the Jewish citizens , mixed with Saracen troops , at once fought back manfully , ... and counter-attacked . ( Albert of Aachen , Historia Ierosolimitana 7.23 , ed. and transl . Susan B. Edgington ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 2007 ) , 516 and 521 . ) Jump up ^ Joshua Prawer . The Jews of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem . pp. 34 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Sefer HaCharedim Mitzvat Tshuva Chapter 3 . Maimonides established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons , 6 Cheshvan , commemorating the day he went up to pray on the Temple Mount , and another , 9 Cheshvan , commemorating the day he merited to pray at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron . Jump up ^ Abraham P. Bloch ( 1987 ) . `` Sultan Saladin Opens Jerusalem to Jews '' . One a day : an anthology of Jewish historical anniversaries for every day of the year . KTAV Publishing House , Inc. p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 108 - 1 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Benzion Dinur ( 1974 ) . `` From Bar Kochba 's Revolt to the Turkish Conquest '' . In David Ben - Gurion . The Jews in their Land . Aldus Books . p. 217 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hindley ( 28 February 2007 ) . Saladin : hero of Islam . Pen & Sword Military . p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 499 - 9 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alex Carmel ; Peter Schäfer ; Yossi Ben - Artzi ( 1990 ) . The Jewish settlement in Palestine , 634 -- 1881 . L. Reichert . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 88226 - 479 - 1 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Samson ben Abraham of Sens , Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Moshe Lichtman ( September 2006 ) . Eretz Yisrael in the Parshah : The Centrality of the Land of Israel in the Torah . Devora Publishing . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932687 - 70 - 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Gudrun ( 2008 ) . A History of Palestine : From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel . Princeton University Press . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11897 - 0 . Jump up ^ M. Sharon ( 2010 ) . `` Al Khalil '' . Encyclopedia of Islam , Second Edition . Koninklijke Brill NV . Jump up ^ International Dictionary of Historic Places : Middle East and Africa by Trudy Ring , Robert M. Salkin , Sharon La Boda , pp. 336 -- 339 Jump up ^ Dan Bahat ( 1976 ) . Twenty centuries of Jewish life in the Holy Land : the forgotten generations . Israel Economist . p. 48 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fannie Fern Andrews ( February 1976 ) . The Holy Land under mandate . Hyperion Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88355 - 304 - 6 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Covenant of the League of Nations '' . Article 22 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mandate for Palestine , '' Encyclopaedia Judaica , Vol. 11 , p. 862 , Keter Publishing House , Jerusalem , 1972 Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1997 , p. 1 `` Zionism , the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine , is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself . Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later , the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century ... '' ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Wigoder , G.G. ( ed . ) . `` Return to Zion '' . The New Encyclopedia of Judaism ( via Answers.Com ) . The Jerusalem Publishing House . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` An invention called ' the Jewish people ' '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 2005 , p. 2 . `` Jews sought a new homeland here after their expulsions from Spain ( 1492 ) ... '' Jump up ^ Eisen , Yosef ( 2004 ) . Miraculous journey : a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present . Targum Press . p. 700 . ISBN 1 - 56871 - 323 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Arie ( 2006 ) . Hastening redemption : Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel . USA : Oxford University Press . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530578 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish and Non-Jewish Population of Palestine - Israel ( 1517 -- 2004 ) '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnai , Jacob ( 1992 ) . The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century : Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine . University Alabama Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 0572 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Immigration to Israel '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . The source provides information on the First , Second , Third , Fourth and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles . The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed `` Aliyah During World War II and its Aftermath '' . Jump up ^ Kornberg 1993 `` How did Theodor Herzl , an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s , suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism ? '' Jump up ^ Herzl 1946 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Chapter One '' . The Jewish Agency for Israel1 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stein 2003 , p. 88 . `` As with the First Aliyah , most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews ... '' Jump up ^ Romano 2003 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Macintyre , Donald ( 26 May 2005 ) . `` The birth of modern Israel : A scrap of paper that changed history '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Yapp , M.E. ( 1987 ) . The Making of the Modern Near East 1792 -- 1923 . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49380 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schechtman , Joseph B. ( 2007 ) . `` Jewish Legion '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA . p. 304 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scharfstein 1996 , p. 269 . `` During the First and Second Aliyot , there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements ... In 1920 , Hashomer was disbanded and Haganah ( '' The Defense `` ) was established . '' Jump up ^ `` League of Nations : The Mandate for Palestine , July 24 , 1922 '' . Modern History Sourcebook . Fordham University . 24 July 1922 . Retrieved 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Shaw , J.V.W. ( January 1991 ) ( 1946 ) . `` Chapter VI : Population '' . A Survey of Palestine . Volume I : Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo - American Committee of Inquiry ( Reprint ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Institute for Palestine Studies . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88728 - 213 - 3 . OCLC 22345421 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ `` Report to the League of Nations on Palestine and Transjordan , 1937 '' . British Government . 1937 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Zionism : From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 9780307530851 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hughes , M ( 2009 ) . `` The banality of brutality : British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine , 1936 -- 39 '' ( PDF ) . English Historical Review . CXXIV ( 507 ) : 314 -- 354 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / cep002 . Jump up ^ Khalidi , Walid ( 1987 ) . From Haven to Conquest : Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948 . Institute for Palestine Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88728 - 155 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 '' . MidEastWeb . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fraser 2004 , p. 27 Jump up ^ The Terrorism Ahead : Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty - First By Paul J. Smith M.E. Sharpe , 10 Sep 2007 pg 27 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Terrorism , Harvey W. Kushner , Sage , 2003 p. 181 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica article on the Irgun Zvai Leumi Jump up ^ The British Empire in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1951 : Arab Nationalism , the United States , and Postwar Imperialism . William Roger Louis , Oxford University Press , 1986 , p. 430 ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Thurston . By Blood and Fire , G.P. Puttnam 's Sons , New York , 1981 ^ Jump up to : Bethell , Nicholas ( 1979 ) . The Palestine Triangle . Andre Deutsch . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Bruce ( 1999 ) . Inside Terrorism . Columbia University Press . pp. 48 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 106 ( S - 1 ) '' . General Assembly resolution . United Nations . 15 May 1947 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A / 364 '' . Special Committee on Palestine . United Nations . 3 September 1947 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Background Paper No. 47 ( ST / DPI / SER. A / 47 ) '' . United Nations . 20 April 1949 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Gelber , Yoav ( 2006 ) . Palestine 1948 . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902210 - 67 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Tal , David ( 2003 ) . War in Palestine , 1948 : Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy . Routledge . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5275 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morris 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Clark , `` Counsel to the President : A Memoir '' , 1991 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Frank ( 7 August 2012 ) . `` The Elephant in the Map Room '' . Borderlines . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Efraim ( 2002 ) . The Arab -- Israeli conflict : The Palestine War 1948 . Osprey Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 372 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson 1985 , p. 1058 Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Rabinovich , Itamar ; Reinharz , Jehuda ( 2007 ) . Israel in the Middle East : Documents and Readings on Society , Politics , and Foreign Relations , Pre-1948 to the Present . Brandeis . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87451 - 962 - 4 . Jump up ^ David Tal ( 24 June 2004 ) . War in Palestine , 1948 : Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy . Routledge . p. 469 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 77513 - 1 . some of the Arab armies invaded Palestine in order to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state , Transjordan ... Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 187 : `` A week before the armies marched , Azzam told Kirkbride : `` It does not matter how many ( Jews ) there are . We will sweep them into the sea . '' ... Ahmed Shukeiry , one of Haj Amin al - Husseini 's aides ( and , later , the founding chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization ) , simply described the aim as `` the elimination of the Jewish state . '' ... al - Quwwatli told his people : `` Our army has entered ... we shall win and we shall eradicate Zionism '' '' Jump up ^ Morris 2008 , p. 198 : `` the Jews felt that the Arabs aimed to reenact the Holocaust and that they faced certain personal and collective slaughter should they lose '' Jump up ^ `` PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary - General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary - General of the United Nations : S / 745 : 15 May 1948 '' . Un.org. 9 September 2002 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Efraim ( 2002 ) . The Arab -- Israeli conflict : The Palestine War 1948 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 372 - 9 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny . The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited . Cambridge University Press . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00967 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting '' . The United Nations . 11 May 1949 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2007 . Jump up ^ William Roger Louis ( 1984 ) . The British Empire in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1951 : Arab Nationalism , the United States , and Postwar Imperialism . Clarendon Press . p. 579 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822960 - 5 . The transcript makes it clear that British policy acted as a brake on Jordan . '' `` King Abdullah was personally anxious to come to agreement with Israel '' , Kirkbride stated , and in fact it was our restraining influence which had so far prevented him from doing so . '' Knox Helm confirmed that the Israelis hoped to have a settlement with Jordan , and that they now genuinely wished to live peacefully within their frontiers , if only for economic reasons Jump up ^ Lustick 1988 , pp. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Israel ( Labor Zionism ) '' . Country Studies . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Kibbutz & Moshav : History & Overview '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Anita Shapira ( 1992 ) . Land and Power . Stanford University Press . pp. 416 , 419 . Jump up ^ Segev , Tom . 1949 : The First Israelis . `` The First Million '' . Trans . Arlen N. Weinstein . New York : The Free Press , 1986 . Print . p 105 - 107 Jump up ^ Shulewitz , Malka Hillel ( 2001 ) . The Forgotten Millions : The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 4764 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pages 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 page 579 . Jump up ^ `` Population , by Religion '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 2016 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bard , Mitchell ( 2003 ) . The Founding of the State of Israel . Greenhaven Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hakohen , Devorah ( 2003 ) . Immigrants in Turmoil : Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 2969 - 6 . ; for ma'abarot population , see p. 269 . Jump up ^ Clive Jones , Emma Murphy , Israel : Challenges to Identity , Democracy , and the State , Routledge 2002 p. 37 : `` Housing units earmarked for the Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants ; Consigning Oriental Jews to the privations of ma'aborot ( transit camps ) for longer periods . '' Jump up ^ Segev 2007 , pp. 155 -- 157 Jump up ^ Shindler 2002 , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Kameel B. Nasr ( 1 December 1996 ) . Arab and Israeli Terrorism : The Causes and Effects of Political Violence , 1936 -- 1993 . McFarland . pp. 40 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3105 - 2 . Fedayeen to attack ... almost always against civilians Jump up ^ Gilbert 2005 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 . University Press of Florida . pp. 192 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 6 . the removal of the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba . The blockade closed Israel 's sea lane to East Africa and the Far East , hindering the development of Israel 's southern port of Eilat and its hinterland , the Nege . Another important objective of the Israeli war plan was the elimination of the terrorist bases in the Gaza Strip , from which daily fedayeen incursions into Israel made life unbearable for its southern population . And last but not least , the concentration of the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula , armed with the newly acquired weapons from the Soviet bloc , prepared for an attack on Israel . Here , Ben - Gurion believed , was a time bomb that had to be defused before it was too late . Reaching the Suez Canal did not figure at all in Israel 's war objectives . Jump up ^ Dominic Joseph Caraccilo ( January 2011 ) . Beyond Guns and Steel : A War Termination Strategy . ABC - CLIO . pp. 113 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39149 - 1 . The escalation continued with the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran , and Nasser 's nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956 . On October 14 , Nasser made clear his intent : `` I am not solely fighting against Israel itself . My task is to deliver the Arab world from destruction through Israel 's intrigue , which has its roots abroad . Our hatred is very strong . There is no sense in talking about peace with Israel . There is not even the smallest place for negotiations . '' Less than two weeks later , on October 25 , Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan placing Nasser in command of all three armies . The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , combined with the increased fedayeen attacks and the bellicosity of recent Arab statements , prompted Israel , with the backing of Britain and France , to attack Egypt on October 29 , 1956 . Jump up ^ Alan Dowty ( 20 June 2005 ) . Israel / Palestine . Polity . pp. 102 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3202 - 5 . Gamal Abdel Nasser , who declared in one speech that `` Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes , the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine ... There will be no peace on Israel 's border because we demand vengeance , and vengeance is Israel 's death . '' ... The level of violence against Israelis , soldiers and civilians alike , seemed to be rising inexorably . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Virtual Library , The Sinai - Suez Campaign : Background & Overview '' . In 1955 , Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser began to import arms from the Soviet Bloc to build his arsenal for the confrontation with Israel . In the short - term , however , he employed a new tactic to prosecute Egypt 's war with Israel . He announced it on August 31 , 1955 : Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes , the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine ... There will be no peace on Israel 's border because we demand vengeance , and vengeance is Israel 's death . These `` heroes '' were Arab terrorists , or fedayeen , trained and equipped by Egyptian Intelligence to engage in hostile action on the border and infiltrate Israel to commit acts of sabotage and murder . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` The Suez Crisis '' . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorst , Anthony ; Johnman , Lewis ( 1997 ) . The Suez Crisis . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11449 - 3 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris ( 25 May 2011 ) . Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist - Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 1998 . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 300 , 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78805 - 4 . ( p. 300 ) In exchange ( for Israeli withdrawal ) the United states had indirectly promised to guarantee Israel 's right of passage through the straits ( to the Red sea ) and its right to self defense if the Egyptian closed them ... ( p 301 ) The 1956 war resulted in a significant reduction of ... Israeli border tension . Egypt refrained from reactivating the Fedaeen , and ... Egypt and Jordan made great effort to curb infiltration Jump up ^ `` National insurance institute of Israel , Hostile Action Casualties '' ( in Hebrew ) . list of people who were kiled in hostile action : 53 In 1956 , 19 in 1957 , 15 in 1958 Jump up ^ `` jewish virtual library , Terrorism Against Israel : Number of Fatalities '' . 53 at 1956 , 19 at 1957 , 15 at 1958 Jump up ^ `` Jewish virtual library , MYTH `` Israel 's military strike in 1956 was unprovoked . '' `` . Israeli Ambassador to the UN Abba Eban explained ... As a result of these actions of Egyptian hostility within Israel , 364 Israelis were wounded and 101 killed . In 1956 alone , as a result of this aspect of Egyptian aggression , 28 Israelis were killed and 127 wounded . Jump up ^ `` Adolf Eichmann '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 18 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cole 2003 , p. 27 . `` ... the Eichmann trial , which did so much to raise public awareness of the Holocaust ... '' Jump up ^ Shlomo Shpiro ( 2006 ) . `` No place to hide : Intelligence and civil liberties in Israel '' . Cambridge Review of International Affairs . 19 ( 44 ) : 629 -- 648 . doi : 10.1080 / 09557570601003361 . Jump up ^ `` The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East '' , by Richard B. Parker ( 1993 Indiana University Press ) pp. 38 Jump up ^ Maoz , Moshe ( 1995 ) . Syria and Israel : From War to Peacemaking . USA : Oxford University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828018 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day 5 Jun '' . BBC . 5 June 1967 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Segev 2007 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 202 . ISBN 0275975142 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War , Cambridge University Press , 2013 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Samir A. Mutawi ( 18 July 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52858 - 0 . Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians , his response to this development was a model of moderation . His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping . The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were , indeed , closed to all Israeli ships Jump up ^ Segev 2007 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Smith 2006 , p. 126 . `` Nasser , the Egyptian president , decided to mass troops in the Sinai ... casus belli by Israel . '' Jump up ^ Bennet , James ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` The Interregnum '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- The Palestinian National Covenant - July 1968 '' . Mfa.gov.il . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Silke , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Research on Terrorism : Trends , Achievements and Failures . Routledge . p. 149 ( 256 pages ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8273 - 0 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( 2002 ) . The Routledge Atlas of the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It . Routledge . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28116 - 4 . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund ; Kifner , John ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` George Habash , Palestinian Terrorism Tactician , Dies at 82 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 : Arab states attack Israeli forces '' . On This Day . The BBC . 6 October 1973 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Agranat Commission '' . Knesset. 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 169 -- 170 `` In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ... '' Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 171 -- 174 Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 186 Jump up ^ Cleveland , William L. ( 1999 ) . A history of the modern Middle East . Westview Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3489 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lustick , Ian ( 1997 ) . `` Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem ? '' ( PDF ) . Middle East Policy . Washington , D.C. : Wiley - Blackwell . V ( 1 ) : 34 -- 45 . ISSN 1061 - 1924 . OCLC 4651987544 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4967.1997. tb00247. x . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ See for example UN General Assembly resolution 63 / 30 , passed 163 for , 6 against `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly '' . 23 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golan Heights profile '' . BBC News . 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedberg , Rachel M. ( November 2001 ) . `` The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 116 ( 4 ) : 1373 -- 1408 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355301753265606 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Tessler , Mark A. ( 1994 ) . A History of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict . Indiana University Press . p. 677 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20873 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stone & Zenner 1994 , p. 246 . `` Toward the end of 1991 ... were the result of internal Palestinian terror . '' Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( 9 December 1991 ) . `` After 4 Years , Intifada Still Smolders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Mowlana , Gerbner & Schiller 1992 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , p. 236 Jump up ^ `` From the End of the Cold War to 2001 '' . Boston College . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Oslo Accords , 1993 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel - PLO Recognition -- Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat -- Sept 9 - 1993 '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Harkavy & Neuman 2001 , p. 270 . `` Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country , after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel ... '' Jump up ^ `` Sources of Population Growth : Total Israeli Population and Settler Population , 1991 -- 2003 '' . Settlements information . Foundation for Middle East Peace . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurtzer , Daniel ; Lasensky , Scott ( 2008 ) . Negotiating Arab - Israeli peace : American leadership in the Middle East . United States Institute of Peace Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60127 - 030 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , William L. ( 1999 ) . A history of the modern Middle East . Westview Press . p. 494 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3489 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Israel marks Rabin assassination '' . BBC News . 12 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , p. 257 Jump up ^ `` The Wye River Memorandum '' . U.S. Department of State . 23 October 1998 . Archived from the original on 24 December 1999 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gelvin 2005 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Gross , Tom ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The big myth : that he caused the Second Intifada '' . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Hong , Nicole ( 23 February 2015 ) . `` Jury Finds Palestinian Authority , PLO Liable for Terrorist Attacks in Israel a Decade Ago '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ain , Stewart ( 20 December 2000 ) . `` PA : Intifada Was Planned '' . The Jewish Week . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Samuels , David ( 1 September 2005 ) . `` In a Ruined Country '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Bank barrier route disputed , Israeli missile kills 2 '' . USA Today . 29 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Harel , Amos ; Issacharoff , Avi ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Years of rage '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ( 28 September 2004 ) . `` Losing Faith in the Intifada '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Diehl , Jackson ( 27 September 2004 ) . `` From Jenin To Fallujah ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Amidror , Yaakov . `` Winning Counterinsurgency War : The Israeli Experience '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Perspectives . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Pipes , Daniel ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Must Counterinsurgency Wars Fail ? '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Frisch , Hillel ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` The Need for a Decisive Israeli Victory Over Hamas '' . Perspectives Papers on Current Affairs . Begin - Sadat Center for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Buchris , Ofek ( 9 March 2006 ) . `` The `` Defensive Shield '' Operation as a Turning Point in Israel 's National Security Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Strategy Research Project . United States Army War College . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Krauthammer , Charles ( 18 June 2004 ) . `` Israel 's Intifada Victory '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Plocker , Sever ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` 2nd Intifada forgotten '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Ya'alon , Moshe ( January 2007 ) . `` Lessons from the Palestinian ' War ' against Israel '' ( PDF ) . Policy Focus . Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Hendel , Yoaz ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Letting the IDF win '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . ; Zvi Shtauber ; Yiftah Shapir ( 2006 ) . The Middle East strategic balance , 2004 -- 2005 . Sussex Academic Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84519 - 108 - 5 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/victims.html#2000 ; The Psychology of Strategic Terrorism : Public and Government Responses to Attack , Shepherd , Ben , p. 172 Jump up ^ `` Fatalities before Operation `` Cast Lead '' `` . B'Tselem . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Calls for End to Hostilities between Hizbollah , Israel , Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1701 ( 2006 ) '' . United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 . 11 August 2006 . Escalation of hostilities in Lebanon and in Israel since Hizbollah 's attack on Israel on 12 July 2006 Jump up ^ Harel , Amos ( 13 July 2006 ) . `` Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers , kidnaps two in offensive on northern border '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Koutsoukis , Jason ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Battleground Gaza : Israeli ground forces invade the strip '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 18 January 2009 ) . `` IDF begins Gaza troop withdrawal , hours after ending 3 - week offensive '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Yuval ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` Two IDF soldiers , civilian lightly hurt as Gaza mortars hit Negev '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lappin , Yaakov ; Lazaroff , Tovah ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Nebehay ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` UN rights boss , Red Cross urge Israel , Hamas to spare civilians '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . ; al - Mughrabi , Nidal ( 24 November 2012 ) . `` Hamas leader defiant as Israel eases Gaza curbs '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ; `` Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises '' . The New York Times . 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Gili ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Israel Navy to devote majority of missile boats to secure offshore drilling rafts '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Area of Districts , Sub-Districts , Natural Regions and Lakes '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel ( Geography ) '' . Country Studies . Library of Congress . 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Coastal Plain '' . Israel Ministry of Tourism . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Living Dead Sea '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 1 April 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 0406 - 5 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Makhteshim Country . UNESCO . ISBN 954 - 642 - 135 - 9 . Retrieved 19 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Jacobs 1998 , p. 284 . `` The extraordinary Makhtesh Ramon -- the largest natural crater in the world ... '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Makhtesh Ramon '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Rinat , Zafrir ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` More endangered than rain forests ? '' . Haaretz . Tel Aviv . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferry M. ; Meghraoui M. ; Karaki A.A. ; Al - Taj M. ; Amoush H. ; Al - Dhaisat S. ; Barjous M. ( 2008 ) . `` A 48 - kyr - long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 394 -- 406 . Bibcode : 2007E&PSL. 260 ... 394F . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.05. 049 . ^ Jump up to : American Friends of the Tel Aviv University , Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance ( October 4 , 2007 ) . Quote : The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E. , 363 C.E. , 749 C.E. , and 1033 C.E. `` So roughly , we are talking about an interval of every 400 years . If we follow the patterns of nature , a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033 . '' ( Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel ( Shmulik ) Marco ) . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Zafrir Renat , Israel Is Due , and Ill Prepared , for Major Earthquake , Haaretz , 15 January 2010 . `` On average , a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years , causing serious casualties and damage . '' ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Watzman , Haim ( 8 February 1997 ) . `` Left for dead '' . New Scientist . London . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Region 6 : Highest Temperature '' . World Meteorological Organization . Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldreich 2003 , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Tel Aviv - Yafo '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Jerusalem '' . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sitton , Dov ( 20 September 2003 ) . `` Development of Limited Water Resources - Historical and Technological Aspects '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Gershon ; Ayalon , Ofira ; Baron , Yifaat ; Kauffman , Debby . `` Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI '' . Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flora of Israel Online '' . Flora.huji.ac.il . Archived from the original on 30 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks and Nature Reserves , Israel '' . Israel Ministry of Tourism . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Israel 's 69th birthday , population reaches 8.68 million '' . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Bulletin of Statistics '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ISRAEL : Crackdown on illegal migrants and visa violators '' . IRIN. 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel rounds up African migrants for deportation '' . Reuters. 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAND : Urban Life '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Law of Return '' . Knesset . Archived from the original on 27 November 2005 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ DellaPergola , Sergio ( 2000 ) ( 2000 ) . Still Moving : Recent Jewish Migration in Comparative Perspective , Daniel J. Elazar and Morton Weinfeld eds. , ed . ' The Global Context of Migration to Israel ' . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . pp. 13 -- 60 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 428 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Herman , Pini ( 1 September 1983 ) . `` The Myth of the Israeli Expatriate '' . Moment Magazine . 8 ( 8 ) : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Gould , Eric D. ; Moav , Omer ( 2007 ) . `` Israel 's Brain Drain '' . Israel Economic Review . Bank of Israel . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . SSRN 2180400 . Jump up ^ Rettig Gur , Haviv ( 6 April 2008 ) . `` Officials to US to bring Israelis home '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jews , by Continent of Origin , Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Sephardi to Mizrahi and Back Again : Changing Meanings of `` Sephardi '' in Its Social Environments `` . Jump up ^ `` The myth of the Mizrahim '' . The Guardian . London . 3 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Shields , Jacqueline . `` Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Mizrahim '' . Jump up ^ Okun , Barbara S. ; Khait - Marelly , Orna ( 2006 ) . `` Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Behavior of Adult Multiethnics : Jews in Israel '' ( PDF ) . Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ DellaPergola , Sergio ( 2011 ) . `` Jewish Demographic Policies '' ( PDF ) . The Jewish People Policy Institute . Jump up ^ `` Israel ( people ) '' . Encyclopedia.com. 2007 . Jump up ^ Yoram Ettinger ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Defying demographic projections '' . Israel Hayom . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorenberg , Gershom ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Settlements : The Real Story '' . The American Prospect . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Localities and Population , by Population Group , District , Sub-District and Natural Region '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population of Jerusalem , by Age , Religion and Geographical Spreading , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Settlements in the Gaza Strip '' . Settlement Information . Foundation for Middle East Peace . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Localities , Population and Density per Sq . Km. , by Metropolitan Area and Selected Localities '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of localities , in Alphabetical order '' ( PDF ) . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1990 , p. 60 Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law , by acts that amount to annexation , both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied , and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza . Jump up ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics : The Ethiopian Community in Israel Jump up ^ `` Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews '' . Reuters. 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( 17 August 2008 ) . `` Israel 's welcome for Ethiopian Jews wears thin '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students '' . Haaretz. 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` French radio station RFI makes aliyah '' . Ynetnews. 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Spolsky , Bernard ( 1999 ) . Round Table on Language and Linguistics . Washington , D.C. : Georgetown University Press . pp. 169 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 87840 - 132 - 6 . In 1948 , the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English , Arabic , and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but , as mentioned , dropped English from the list . In spite of this , official language use has maintained a de facto role for English , after Hebrew but before Arabic . Jump up ^ Bat - Zeev Shyldkrot , Hava ( 2004 ) . `` Part I : Language and Discourse '' . In Diskin Ravid , Dorit ; Bat - Zeev Shyldkrot , Hava . Perspectives on Language and Development : Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman . Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 90 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 7911 - 7 . English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society ... It is the language most widely used in commerce , business , formal papers , academia , and public interactions , public signs , road directions , names of buildings , etc . English behaves ' as if ' it were the second and official language in Israel . Jump up ^ Shohamy , Elana ( 2006 ) . Language Policy : Hidden Agendas and New Approaches . Routledge . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32864 - 0 . In terms of English , there is no connection between the declared policies and statements and de facto practices . While English is not declared anywhere as an official language , the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel . It is the main language of the academy , commerce , business , and the public space . Jump up ^ `` English programs at Israeli universities and colleges '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Jump up ^ `` Population , by Religion '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kelsey Jo ; Masci , David ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` In Israel , Jews are united by homeland but divided into very different groups '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the edge of the abyss '' . Haaretz. 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Bassok , Moti ( 25 December 2006 ) . `` Israel 's Christian population numbers 148,000 as of Christmas Eve '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Population Estimates '' ( PDF ) . Central Bureau of Statistics : 27 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's disputatious Avigdor Lieberman : Can the coalition hold together ? '' . The Economist. 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Lee I. ( 1999 ) . Jerusalem : its sanctity and centrality to Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1024 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Phrasebook . Lonely Planet Publications . 1 November 1999 . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 86442 - 528 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Bahá'í World Centre : Focal Point for a Global Community '' . The Bahá'í International Community . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching the Faith in Israel '' . Bahá'í Library Online . 23 June 1995 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kababir and Central Carmel -- Multiculturalism on the Carmel '' . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visit Haifa '' . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Ancient Israel '' . American Bible Society . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Moaz , Asher ( July 2007 ) . `` Religious Education in Israel '' . Tel Aviv University Law Faculty Papers . ^ Jump up to : David Adler ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Ambitious Israeli students look to top institutions abroad '' . ICEF . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Karin Kloosterman ( 30 October 2005 ) . `` Bill Gates -- Israel is a high tech superpower '' . Israel21 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Shapiro ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` What Are The Secrets Behind Israel 's Growing Innovative Edge ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel : IT Workforce '' . Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World . American University . Archived from the original on 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli Schools : Religious and Secular Problems '' . Education Resources Information Center . 10 October 1984 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kashti , Or ; Ilan , Shahar ( 18 July 2007 ) . `` Knesset raises school dropout age to 18 '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 26 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Shetreet , Ida Ben ; Woolf , Laura L. ( 2010 ) . `` Education '' ( PDF ) . Publications Department . Ministry of Immigrant Absorption . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and Education Around the World '' . 13 December 2016 . 1615 L. Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` 6 . Jewish educational attainment '' . 13 December 2016 . 1615 L. Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` How Religious Groups Differ in Educational Attainment '' . 13 December 2016 . 1615 L. Street NW , Suite 800 , Washington DC 20036 USA ( 202 ) 419 - 4300 Main ( 202 ) 419 - 4349 Fax ( 202 ) 419 - 4372 Media Inquiries Jump up ^ `` Jews at top of class in first - ever global study of religion and education '' . 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Israeli Matriculation Certificate '' . United States - Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library . January 1996 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת החינוך ) '' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christians in Israel : Strong in education '' . ynet . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Konstantinov , Viacheslav ( 2015 ) . `` Patterns of Integration into Israeli Society among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union over the Past Two Decades '' . Myers - JDC - Brookdale Institute . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` עולים מחבר העמים מצליחים יותר בבגרויות '' . וואלה ! חדשות . Jump up ^ `` Students in Grade 12 -- Matriculation Examinees and Those Entitled to a Certificate '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stefan ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Israel 's educational tradition drives economic growth '' . Kehlia News Israel . Jump up ^ `` Higher Education in Israel '' . Embassy of Israel In India . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Paraszczuk , Joanna ( 17 July 2012 ) . `` Ariel gets university status , despite opposition '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Technion '' . Technion . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Monash University . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Library '' . National Library of Israel . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel '' . Academic Ranking of World Universities. 2016 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing -- Executive Branch '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ In 1996 , direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated , but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated . See `` Israel 's election process explained '' . BBC News . 23 January 2003 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral System in Israel '' . The Knesset . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Mazie 2006 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Charbit , Denis ( 2014 ) . `` Israel 's Self - Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present '' . In Berlinerblau , Jacques ; Fainberg , Sarah ; Nou , Aurora . Secularism on the Edge : Rethinking Church - State Relations in the United States , France , and Israel . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 167 -- 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 38115 - 6 . The compromise , therefore , was to choose constructive ambiguity : as surprising as it may seem , there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel . However , there is no other law that declares Israel 's neutrality toward all confessions . Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state , and even though the Jewish , Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state , this fact does not make Israel a neutral state . This apparent pluralism can not dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view , this self - restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community . As surprising as it seems , if not paradoxical for a state in war , Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status . Jump up ^ Sharot , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Judaism in Israel : Public Religion , Neo-Traditionalism , Messianism , and Ethno - Religious Conflict '' . In Beckford , James A. ; Demerath , Jay . The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion . London and Thousand Oaks , California : Sage Publications . pp. 671 -- 672 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 1195 - 5 . It is true that Jewish Israelis , and secular Israelis in particular , conceive of religion as shaped by a state - sponsored religious establishment . There is no formal state religion in Israel , but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities , Jewish , Islamic and Christian , whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law , such as marriage , divorce , and alimony , that are binding on all members of the communities . Jump up ^ Jacoby , Tami Amanda ( 2005 ) . Women in Zones of Conflict : Power and Resistance in Israel . Montreal , Quebec and Kingston , Ontario : McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 9780773529939 . Although there is no official religion in Israel , there is also no clear separation between religion and state . In Israeli public life , tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism : Ultra-Orthodox , National - Religious , Mesorati ( Conservative ) , Reconstructionist Progressive ( Reform ) , and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance . Despite this variety in religious observances in society , Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams . This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building ... Since the founding period , in order to defuse religious tensions , the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the ' status quo , ' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion , and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially . The ' status quo ' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel . This situation was designed to appease the religious sector , and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments ... On one hand , the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion . On the other , it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel . Jump up ^ Englard , Izhak ( Winter 1987 ) . `` Law and Religion in Israel '' . The American Journal of Comparative Law . American Society of Comparative Law . 35 ( 1 ) : 185 -- 208 . JSTOR 840166 . doi : 10.2307 / 840166 . The great political and ideological importance of religion in the state of Israel manifests itself in the manifold legal provisions concerned with religions phenomenon ... It is not a system of separation between state and religion as practiced in the U.S.A and several other countries of the world . In Israel a number of religious bodies exercise official functions ; the religious law is applied in limited areas ^ Jump up to : `` The Judiciary : The Court System '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 1 August 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's high court unique in region '' . Boston Herald . 9 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel and the International Criminal Court '' . Office of the Legal Adviser to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 30 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The State -- Judiciary -- The Court System '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` הליך מינוי השופטים בישראל : עובד - אל תיגעו ! '' . Israel Democracy Institute . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Suzi Navot ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Law of Israel . Kluwer Law International . p. 146 . ISBN 9789041126511 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Tables : Geophysical Characteristics '' ( doc ) . Central Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bard , Mitchell . `` Israel Makes Peace With Egypt '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 497 ( 1981 ) '' . United Nations . 1981 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` East Jerusalem : UNSC Res. 478 '' . UN. 1980 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall '' . NBCNews.com. 9 July 2004 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert : Willing to trade land for peace '' . Ynetnews. 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Syria ready to discuss land for peace '' . The Jerusalem Post . 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt : Israel must accept the land - for - peace formula '' . The Jerusalem Post . 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 36 / 147 . Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Avalon Project : United Nations Security Council Resolution 605 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN condemns Israel 's West Bank settlement plans '' . BBC News . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudoren , Jodi ; Sengupta , Somini ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` U.N. Report on Gaza Finds Evidence of War Crimes by Israel and by Palestinian Militants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Council establishes Independent , International Commission of Inquiry for the Occupied Palestinian Territory '' . www.ohchr.org . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faced with Israeli denial of access to Occupied Palestinian Territory , UN expert resigns '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Council adopts six resolutions and closes its thirty - first regular session '' . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel and The Occupied Territories -- The Occupied Territories '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Heyer , Julia Amalia . `` Kids Behind Bars : Israel 's Arbitrary Arrests of Palestinian Minors '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories 2016 / 2017 '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight hundred dead Palestinians . But Israel has impunity '' . The Independent . 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Isfahan , About the Author Ali OmidiDr Ali Omidi is Assistant Professor of International Relations in the University of ( 11 August 2014 ) . `` Why Israel 's Impunity Goes Unpunished by International Authorities '' . Foreign Policy Journal . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How impunity defines Israel and victimises Palestinians '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Barghouti , Marwan ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel 's Prisons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dorfman , Zach . `` George Mitchell wrote ' A Path to Peace ' about Israel and Palestine . Is there one ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outrage over Maimane 's visit to Israel '' . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The subordination of Palestinian rights must stop '' . The National . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine - Israel Journal : Settlements and the Palestinian Right to Self - Determination '' . www.pij.org . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Jeremy R . `` The Rejection of Palestinian Self Determination '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top US senator clashes with Netanyahu over Israeli rights record '' . POLITICO. 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allegations of Israeli Human Rights Violations Closely Scrutinized , Says U.S. State Department '' . Haaretz. 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilboa , Eytan ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Public Diplomacy : The Missing Component in Israel 's Foreign Policy '' . Israel Affairs . 12 ( 4 ) : 715 -- 747 . ISSN 1353 - 7121 . doi : 10.1080 / 13533310600890067 . Jump up ^ Nikki Haley urges UN to shift its criticism from Israel to Iran , 20th April 2017 , Times of Israel Jump up ^ U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley : ' The Days of Israel - Bashing Are Over ' , 28th March 2017 , National Review Jump up ^ `` Ban Ki - moon recognizes bias against Israel in last Security Council speech '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annan : Solution for refugees in Palestinian state '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` UNRWA in Figures : Figures as of 30 June 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . June 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers '' . Israel 's Security Fence . The State of Israel . 22 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld West Bank Barrier Route Projections , July 2008 '' . Unhcr.org . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Guise of Security : Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank '' . Publications . B'Tselem . December 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip '' . Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 23 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The occupied Palestinian territories : Dignity Denied '' . International Committee of the Red Cross . 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel / Palestine '' . Human Rights Watch . 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories : Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Human Rights Council . 15 September 2009 . p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Israel / Occupied Territories : Road to nowhere '' . Amnesty International . 1 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip '' . B'Tselem . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's Diplomatic Missions Abroad : Status of relations '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Mostafa Kamal ( 21 July 2012 ) . `` Why Does n't the Muslim World Recognize Israel ? '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Massive Israel protests hit universities '' ( Egyptian Mail , 16 March 2010 ) `` According to most Egyptians , almost 31 years after a peace treaty was signed between Egypt and Israel , having normal ties between the two countries is still a potent accusation and Israel is largely considered to be an enemy country '' Jump up ^ `` Initial Periodic Report of the State of Israel Concerning the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) '' ( PDF ) . Israel Ministry of Justice . February 2001 : 147 ( 173 using pdf numbering ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ הוראות הדין הישראלי ( in Hebrew ) . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2004 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Abadi 2004 , pp. 37 -- 39 , 47 Jump up ^ Abadi 2004 , pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ `` Qatar , Mauritania cut Israel ties '' . Al Jazeera English . 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Abn , Abi ( 14 January 2009 ) . `` Bolivia rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Israel y anuncia demanda por genocidio en Gaza '' ( in Spanish ) . YVKE Mundial Radio . Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Recognition of Israel '' . JSTOR 2193961 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Relations With Israel Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Fact Sheet March 10 , 2014 '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Israel : Background and Relations with the United States Updated '' ( PDF ) . Defense Technical Information Center . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Foreign Grants and Credits by Type and Country : 2000 to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Aid '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The bilateral relationship '' . UK in Israel . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Research Service : Germany 's Relations with Israel : Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy , Jan 19 , 2007 . ( page CRS - 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Maurice ( 5 March 2015 ) . `` EU to Revise Relations with Turbulent Neighbourhood '' . EUobserver . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Abadi 2004 , p. 3 . `` However , it was not until 1991 that the two countries established full diplomatic relations . '' Jump up ^ Abadi 2004 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Uzer , Umut ( 26 March 2013 ) . `` Turkish - Israeli Relations : Their Rise and Fall '' . Middle East Policy . XX ( 1 ) : 97 -- 110 . doi : 10.1111 / mepo. 12007 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel woos Greece after rift with Turkey '' . BBC News . 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey , Greece discuss exploration off Cyprus '' . Haaretz . Associated Press . 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Benari , Elad ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Israel , Cyprus Sign Deal for Underwater Electricity Cable '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Dinesh . `` India and Israel : Dawn of a New Era '' ( PDF ) . Jerusalem Institute for Western Defense . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Eichner , Itamar ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` From India with love '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nitin Gadkari to visit Israel tomorrow '' . World Snap. 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India to hold wide - ranging strategic talks with US , Israel '' . The Times of India . 19 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iran and Israel in Africa : A search for allies in a hostile world '' . The Economist. 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ World Giving Index ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Charities Aid Foundation . October 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , Anshel ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Downsides of Israel 's Missions of Mercy Abroad '' . Haaretz . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . And even when no Israelis are involved , few countries are as fast as Israel in mobilizing entire delegations to rush to the other side of the world . It has been proved time and again in recent years , after the earthquake in Haiti , the typhoon in the Philippines and the quake / tsunami / nuclear disaster in Japan . For a country of Israel 's size and resources , without conveniently located aircraft carriers and overseas bases , it is quite an impressive achievement . Jump up ^ `` About MASHAV '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Haim Yacobi , Israel and Africa : A Genealogy of Moral Geography , Routledge , 2015 p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ki - moon , Ban ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Secretary - General 's remarks at reception in honour of ZAKA International Rescue Unit ( as prepared for delivery ) '' . United Nations . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ueriel Hellman , `` Israeli aid effort helps Haitians -- and Israel 's image '' , Jewish Telegraphic Agency 19 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Israel 's ' superwoman ' takes flight to help others -- ISRAEL21c '' . Israel21c . Jump up ^ `` Wolfson cardiac surgeons save lives of more Gazan children '' . The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake in Haiti -- Latet Organization deploys for immediate relief to victims '' . ReliefWeb . Jump up ^ `` When catastrophe strikes the IDF is there to help '' . Israel Today . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benhorin , Yitzhak ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Praise for Israeli mission in Haiti : ' Only ones operating ' '' . Ynet . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Aid to Haiti : Who 's Giving '' . Cbsnews.com. 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Marcy Oster , Israeli delegation leaves Haiti Jewish Telegraphic Agency January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heart surgery for Haitian child '' . Israel21c. 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IDF team returns from Haiti '' . The canadian Jewish news . 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli aid delegation leaves for Japan '' . Ynetnews. 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinue Tokudome , ' Promise fulfilled Israelìs Medical Team in Japan , ' The Jerusalem Post 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History : 1948 '' . Israel Defense Forces . 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Henderson 2003 , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` The State : Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Defense Forces '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Israel Defense Forces '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 21 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Stendel 1997 , pp. 191 -- 192 Jump up ^ Shtrasler , Nehemia ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` Cool law , for wrong population '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherut Leumi ( National Service ) '' . Nefesh B'Nefesh . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Military Balance : Israel ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Institute for National Security Studies . 26 November 2014 . p. 10 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , Yaakov ( 30 March 2007 ) . `` ' Arrow can fully protect against Iran ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Israeli Mirage III and Nesher Aces , By Shlomo Aloni , ( Osprey 2004 ) , page 60 Jump up ^ Spike Anti-Tank Missile , Israel army-technology.com Jump up ^ Robert Johnson ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` How Israel Developed Such A Shockingly Effective Rocket Defense System '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Tory ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` A Missile - Defense System That Actually Works ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Zorn , E.L. ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` Israel 's Quest for Satellite Intelligence '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Yaakov ( 11 June 2007 ) . `` Analysis : Eyes in the sky '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ ElBaradei , Mohamed ( 27 July 2004 ) . `` Transcript of the Director General 's Interview with Al - Ahram News '' . International Atomic Energy Agency . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction : Assessing the Risks '' ( PDF ) . Office of Technology Assessment . August 1993 . pp. 65 , 84 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Background Information '' . 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) . United Nations . 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ziv , Guy , `` To Disclose or Not to Disclose : The Impact of Nuclear Ambiguity on Israeli Security , '' Israel Studies Forum , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( Winter 2007 ) : 76 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` Popeye Turbo '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Israel Homeowner . Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Defence Expenditure in Israel , 1950 -- 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Military expenditure ( % of GDP ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Trends in world military expenditure , 2016 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Jeremy M. ( 22 December 2016 ) . U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lake , Eli ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` The U.S. - Israel Memorandum of Misunderstanding '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP LIST TIV TABLES '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Israel reveals more than $7 billion in arms sales , but few names By Gili Cohen 9 January 2014 , Haaretz Jump up ^ `` Global Peace Index 2017 '' . Institute for Economics and Peace . 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chua , Amy ( 2003 ) . World On Fire . Knopf Doubleday Publishing . pp. 219 -- 220 . ISBN 978 - 0385721868 . Jump up ^ `` Northern and Western Asia '' . Jump up ^ `` List of OECD Member countries -- Ratification of the Convention on the OECD '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2016 ) . The Global Competitiveness Report 2016 -- 2017 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in Israel '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bounfour , Ahmed ; Edvinsson , Leif ( 2005 ) . Intellectual Capital for Communities : Nations , Regions , and Cities . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 47 ( 368 pages ) . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Behar ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Inside Israel 's Secret Startup Machine '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard '' ( PDF ) . International Institute for Management Development . 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Human Capital Report . World Economic Forum. 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tel Aviv Stock Exchange inaugurates trading in new building , By GLOBES , NIV ELIS , 09 / 08 / 2014 Jump up ^ `` Israel 's International Investment Position ( IIP ) , June 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Bank of Israel . 20 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Krawitz , Avi ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Israel R&D center : Leadership '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Avi returned to Israel in 1991 , and established the first Microsoft R&D Center outside the US ... Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Announces Acquisition '' . New York Times . 6 May 2006 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Koren , Orah ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Instead of 4 work days : 6 optional days to be considered half day - outs '' . The Marker . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ( in Hebrew ) Jump up ^ `` Israel keen on IT tie - ups '' . Business Line . Chennai , India . 10 January 2001 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's technology industry : Punching above its weight '' . The Economist. 10 November 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamrisko , Michelle ; Lu , Wei ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` These Are the World 's Most Innovative Economies '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Research and development expenditure ( % of GDP ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Shteinbuk , Eduard ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` R&D and Innovation as a Growth Engine '' ( PDF ) . National Research University -- Higher School of Economics . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` InvestinIsrael '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Investing in Israel Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Haviv Rettig Gur ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Tiny Israel a Nobel heavyweight , especially in chemistry '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Michael ( 27 November 2006 ) . `` Globalization of Science Rolls On '' ( PDF ) . Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society : 29 -- 31 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Evelyn ( 24 August 2006 ) . `` Kicking the global oil habit '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Yarden Skop . `` Israel 's scientific fall from grace : Study shows drastic decline in publications per capita '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ Stafford , Ned ( 21 March 2006 ) . `` Stem cell density highest in Israel '' . The Scientist . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Futron Releases 2012 Space Competitiveness Index '' . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arieh ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Israel 's domestic satellite industry saved '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . The Amos 6 will be IAI 's 14th satellite Jump up ^ Tran , Mark ( 21 January 2008 ) . `` Israel launches new satellite to spy on Iran '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space launch systems -- Shavit '' . Deagel . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ e-Teacher ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Learning Hebrew Online -- Colonel Ilan Ramon '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Talbot , David ( 2015 ) . `` Megascale Desalination '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Federman , Josef ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` Israel solves water woes with desalination '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2 June 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Aided by the Sea , Israel Overcomes an Old Foe : Drought '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What You Israelis Have Done With Water Tech is Simply Amazing '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ashkelon , Israel '' . water-technology.net . Jump up ^ Rabinovitch , Ari ( 6 December 2011 ) . `` Desalination plant could make Israel water exporter '' . Reuters . Jerusalem . Jump up ^ Lettice , John ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Giant solar plants in Negev could power Israel 's future '' . The Register . ^ Jump up to : Gradstein , Linda ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology '' . NPR . ^ Jump up to : Parry , Tom ( 15 August 2007 ) . `` Looking to the sun '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Neal ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` At the Zenith of Solar Energy '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Del Chiaro , Bernadette ; Telleen - Lawton , Timothy . `` Solar Water Heating : How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas '' ( PDF ) . Environment California . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Berner , Joachim ( January 2008 ) . `` Solar , what else ? ! '' ( PDF ) . Sun & Wind Energy . Israel Special . p. 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will Israel 's Electric Cars Change the World ? '' . Time . 26 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Electric cars are all the rage in Israel '' . FT . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel to keep electric car recharging fees low '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baby you can drive my electric car '' . Jpost . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Car Company Folds After Taking $850 Million From GE And Others '' . Business Insider. 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roads , by Length and Area '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.09 Million Motor Vehicles in Israel in 2015 '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bus Services on Scheduled Routes '' ( PDF ) . Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics . 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Railway Services '' . Israel Central Bureau of Statistics . 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transportation in Israel '' . Jewish Virtual Library . 1 November 2001 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 043448 - 7 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Israel Airports Authority . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Burstein , Nathan ( 14 August 2007 ) . `` Tourist visits above pre-war level '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Yifa Yaakov ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` 2013 ' record year ' for tourism , government says '' . Times of Israel . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziv Reinstein ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` 2013 : Record year for incoming tourism '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wainer , David ; Ben - David , Calev ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` Israel Billionaire Tshuva Strikes Gas , Fueling Expansion in Energy , Hotels '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ketura Sun Technical Figures '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 27772 - 6 . Jump up ^ Davis , Barry ( 5 February 2007 ) . `` Israel Philharmonic Orchestra celebrates 70th anniversary '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( from Israel21c ) . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . Eurovision Song Contest . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Eurovision Song Contest . European Broadcasting Union . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Red Sea Jazz Festival '' . Red Sea Jazz Festival . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture , ( Cambridge University Press 2011 ) , edited by Judith R. Baskin , Judith Reesa Baskin , page 125 Jump up ^ `` Israeli Folk Music '' . World Music . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Hannah ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` ' Ajami ' nominated for Oscar '' . Jerusalem Post . Jump up ^ התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה ( in Hebrew ) . Habima National Theatre . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Freedom of the Press 2017 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Freedom House . April 2017 . p. 26 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Diab , Khaled ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Preaching -- and Practicing -- Media Freedom in the Middle East '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Press Freedom Index '' . Reporters Without Borders. 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Museum '' . The Israel Museum , Jerusalem . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shrine of the Book '' . The Israel Museum , Jerusalem . Archived from the original on 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Yad Vashem '' . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Information '' . Beth Hatefutsoth . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ TravelNet in cooperation with Israel museums . `` Mishkan LeOmanut , Ein Harod '' . Ilmuseums.com . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ahituv , Netta ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` 10 of Israel 's best museums '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rast , Walter E. ( 1992 ) . Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology : An Introductory Handbook . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 9781563380556 . `` Galilee man '' ( lowercase `` m '' ) in this source is a typo -- ref . Solo Man , Peking Man and so forth . Jump up ^ `` The Israel Museum Permanent Exhibitions : Archaeology Wing -- The Dawn of Civilization '' . New York : The Ridgefield Foundation . 1995 . Skull ( cast ) Zuttiyeh Cave Lower Palaeolithic . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yael Raviv , Falafel Nation , University of Nebraska Press , 2015 Jump up ^ Uzi Rebhun , Lilakh Lev Ari , American Israelis : Migration , Transnationalism , and Diasporic Identity , BRILL , 2010 pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Julia Bernstein , Food for Thought : Transnational Contested Identities and Food Practices of Russian - Speaking Jewish Migrants in Israel and Germany , Campus Verlag , 2010 pp. 227,233 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , pp. 231 -- 233 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's Pork Problem '' . Slate . New York . 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Torstrick 2004 , p. 141 Jump up ^ `` Basketball Super League Profile '' . Winner Basketball Super League . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Barred from Asian Games '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 26 July 1976 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv -- Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn stars shine in new ' national sport ' '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chess in Schools in Israel : Progress report '' . FIDE. 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekerman , Eitan ( 4 September 2006 ) . `` Chess masters set to blitz Rishon Letzion '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` World Team Championship in Beer Sheva , Israel '' . World Chess Federation . 1 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Tzahor , Uri ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Israel takes silver medal in Chess Olympiad '' . Ynetnews . Jump up ^ Shvidler , Eli ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Israeli grand master Boris Gelfand wins Chess World Cup '' . Haaretz . Jump up ^ `` Israel '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tel Aviv 1968 '' . International Paralympic Committee . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shahar PEER '' . International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Judy ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` Choke ! Gouge ! Smash ! '' . TIME . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Bibliography Abadi , Jacob ( 2004 ) . Israel 's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia : Garrison State Diplomacy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5576 - 7 . Barton , John ; Bowden , Julie ( 2004 ) . The Original Story : God , Israel and the World . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2900 - 7 . Ben - Sasson , Hayim ( 1985 ) . A History of the Jewish People . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 39731 - 6 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . A History of Israel . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 67631 - 9 . Broughton , Simon ; Ellingham , Mark ; Trillo , Richard ( 1999 ) . World Music : The Rough Guide . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 635 - 2 . Cole , Tim ( 2003 ) . Holocaust City : The Making of a Jewish Ghetto . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92968 - 7 . Fraser , T.G. ( 2004 ) . The Arab - Israeli Conflict . Palgrave Macmillan Limited . ISBN 9781403913388 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Gelvin , James L. ( 2005 ) . The Israel - Palestine Conflict : One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85289 - 7 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab -- Israeli conflict ( 8th ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35900 - 7 . Goldreich , Yair ( 2003 ) . The Climate of Israel : Observation , Research and Application . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 47445 - X . Harkavy , Robert E. ; Neuman , Stephanie G. ( 2001 ) . Warfare and the Third World . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24012 - 0 . Henderson , Robert D'A. ( 2003 ) . Brassey 's International Intelligence Yearbook ( 2003 ed . ) . Brassey 's Inc . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 550 - 2 . Herzl , Theodor ( 1946 ) . The Jewish State . American Zionist Emergency Council . ISBN 0 - 486 - 25849 - 1 . Jacobs , Daniel ( 1998 ) . Israel and the Palestinian Territories : The Rough Guide ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 248 - 9 . Kellerman , Aharon ( 1993 ) . Society and Settlement : Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1295 - 4 . Kornberg , Jacques ( 1993 ) . Theodor Herzl : From Assimilation to Zionism . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33203 - 6 . Lustick , Ian ( 1988 ) . For the Land and the Lord : Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel . Council on Foreign Relations Press . ISBN 0 - 87609 - 036 - 6 . Mazie , Steven ( 2006 ) . Israel 's Higher Law : Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State . Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 1485 - 9 . McNutt , Paula M. ( 1999 ) . Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 978 - 0664222659 . Miller , Robert D. ( 2012 ) ( First published 2005 ) . Chieftains of the Highland Clans . ISBN 978 - 1620322086 . Morçöl , Göktuğ ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Decision Making . CRC Press . ISBN 1 - 57444 - 548 - 0 . Morris , Benny ( 2008 ) . 1948 : A History of the First Arab -- Israeli War . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300145243 . Mowlana , Hamid ; Gerbner , George ; Schiller , Herbert I. ( 1992 ) . Triumph of the File : The Media 's War in the Persian Gulf -- A Global Perspective . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1610 - 3 . Roberts , Adam ( 1990 ) . `` Prolonged Military Occupation : The Israeli - Occupied Territories Since 1967 '' . The American Journal of International Law . American Society of International Law . 84 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 103 . JSTOR 2203016 . doi : 10.2307 / 2203016 . Romano , Amy ( 2003 ) . A Historical Atlas of Israel . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3978 - 2 . Rosenzweig , Rafael ( 1997 ) . The Economic Consequences of Zionism . T Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09147 - 5 . Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . Power Kills : Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0523 - 5 . Scharfstein , Sol ( 1996 ) . Understanding Jewish History . KTAV Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 88125 - 545 - 9 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 9780805070576 . Shindler , Colin ( 2002 ) . The Land Beyond Promise : Israel , Likud and the Zionist Dream . I.B. Tauris Publishers . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 774 - X . Skolnik , Fred ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia Judaica. 9 ( 2nd ed . ) . Macmillian . ISBN 0 - 02 - 865928 - 7 . Smith , Derek ( 2006 ) . Deterring America : Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 86465 - 8 . Stein , Leslie ( 2003 ) . The Hope Fulfilled : The Rise of Modern Israel . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97141 - 4 . Stendel , Ori ( 1997 ) . The Arabs in Israel . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 898723 - 23 - 0 . Stone , Russell A. ; Zenner , Walter P. ( 1994 ) . Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 1959 - 2 . Torstrick , Rebecca L. ( 2004 ) . Culture and Customs of Israel . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32091 - 8 . External links Find more aboutIsraelat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Government Government services and information website About Israel at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official website of the Israel Prime Minister 's Office Official website of the Israel Ministry of Tourism Official website of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics General information `` Israel '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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who played smiley in tinker tailor soldier spy

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 Cold War espionage film directed by Tomas Alfredson . The screenplay was written by Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan , based on John le Carré 's 1974 novel of the same name . The film , starring Gary Oldman as George Smiley , along with Colin Firth , Tom Hardy , John Hurt , Toby Jones , Mark Strong , Benedict Cumberbatch , and Ciarán Hinds , and featuring David Dencik , is set in London in the early 1970s and follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of the British secret service .

Gary Oldman

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( film )

tinker tailor soldier spy ( film )

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 Cold War espionage film directed by Tomas Alfredson . The screenplay was written by Bridget O'Connor and Peter Straughan , based on John le Carré 's 1974 novel of the same name . The film , starring Gary Oldman as George Smiley , along with Colin Firth , Tom Hardy , John Hurt , Toby Jones , Mark Strong , Benedict Cumberbatch , and Ciarán Hinds , and featuring David Dencik , is set in London in the early 1970s and follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of the British secret service .

The film was produced and financed by France 's StudioCanal . It premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival . It was a critical and commercial success , and was the highest - grossing film at the British box office for three consecutive weeks . It won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film . The film also received three Academy Awards nominations : Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , and for Oldman , Best Actor . The novel had previously been adapted into the award - winning BBC TV miniseries Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 1979 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Accolades 5 Possible sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In October 1973 , `` Control '' , head of British intelligence ( referred to as `` The Circus '' ) , sends agent Jim Prideaux to Budapest to meet a Hungarian general wishing to defect . Prideaux is shot and presumed killed . Amidst the international incident that follows , Control and his right - hand man George Smiley are forced into retirement ; Control dies of illness shortly after . Percy Alleline becomes the new Chief , Bill Haydon his deputy and Roy Bland and Toby Esterhase as lieutenants . Despite Control and Smiley 's misgivings , their successors have already begun a secret operation -- `` Witchcraft '' -- to obtain highly sensitive information from the Soviet Union , which is in turn being traded with the CIA for American intelligence . Smiley is brought out of retirement by Cabinet Office civil servant Oliver Lacon to investigate a claim by Ricki Tarr , a British spy , that for years there has been a mole in a senior role in the Circus , as Control had suspected . Smiley chooses a trustworthy agent , Peter Guillam , and retired Special Branch officer Mendel to help him . He interviews former Circus analyst Connie Sachs , who was sacked by Alleline after deducing that Alexei Polyakov , a Soviet cultural attaché in London , was a spy . Tarr tells Smiley that on a mission to Istanbul , he had an affair with Irina , a Soviet agent . She wanted to reveal the name of a mole in the top ranks of the Circus but when Tarr reported this to London , they ignored him and ordered him straight home , while the Soviets promptly kidnapped Irina . Concluding that the mole had intercepted his message , Tarr went into hiding , suspected of defecting and murdering the British station chief . Smiley sends Guillam to steal the Circus logbook for the night Tarr had called and he finds the pages for that night have been cut out , supporting Tarr 's story . Smiley interviews Prideaux , who reveals that after brutal interrogation , he was exchanged by the Soviets but sacked from the service . Prideaux says the purpose of the mission to Hungary was to get the name of the mole . Control had codenamed the suspects `` Tinker '' ( Alleline ) , `` Tailor '' ( Haydon ) , `` Soldier '' ( Bland ) , `` Poorman '' ( Esterhase ) and `` Beggarman '' ( Smiley ) . Smiley learns that Alleline , Haydon , Bland and Esterhase have been meeting Polyakov -- the `` Witchcraft '' source -- at a safe house somewhere in London , where Polyakov gives them supposedly high - grade Soviet intelligence , in exchange for low - grade British material to help him maintain his cover with the Soviets . However , the mole is passing substantive material , including US intelligence , to Polyakov , his handler , whilst Polyakov 's material has just enough substance to persuade the CIA to share information with the British . Smiley blackmails the location of the safe house out of Esterhase , whose exile status makes him vulnerable to deportation . Smiley then has Tarr appear at the Paris office , implying he knows who the mole is . The mole is revealed to be Haydon when he meets Polyakov at the safe house , where Smiley captures him . The Circus plans to exchange Haydon with the Soviets but he is killed by Prideaux , who felt betrayed by him in the Budapest incident . Smiley returns to the Circus as its new chief . Cast ( edit ) Gary Oldman as George Smiley ( `` Beggarman '' ) Colin Firth as Bill Haydon ( `` Tailor '' ) Tom Hardy as Ricki Tarr Mark Strong as Jim Prideaux Ciarán Hinds as Roy Bland ( `` Soldier '' ) Benedict Cumberbatch as Peter Guillam David Dencik as Toby Esterhase ( `` Poorman '' ) Stephen Graham as Jerry Westerby Simon McBurney as Oliver Lacon Toby Jones as Percy Alleline ( `` Tinker '' ) John Hurt as Control Kathy Burke as Connie Sachs Roger Lloyd - Pack as Mendel Svetlana Khodchenkova as Irina Arthur Nightingale as Bryant John le Carré as Christmas party guest Christian McKay as Mackelvore Konstantin Khabensky as Polyakov Linda Marlowe as Mrs McCraig Michael Sarne as Karla Tomasz Kowalski as Boris Stuart Graham as Minister Zoltán Mucsi as Hungarian agent Laura Carmichael as Sal Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The project was initiated by Peter Morgan when he wrote a draft of the screenplay , which he offered to Working Title Films to produce . Morgan dropped out as the writer for personal reasons but still served as an executive producer . Following Morgan 's departure as writer , Working Title hired Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor to redraft the script . Park Chan - wook considered directing the film , but ultimately turned it down . Tomas Alfredson was confirmed to direct on 9 July 2009 . The production is his first English language film . The film was backed financially by France 's StudioCanal and had a budget corresponding to $21 million . The film is dedicated to O'Connor , who died of cancer during production . Casting ( edit ) The director cast Gary Oldman in the role of George Smiley , and described the actor as having `` a great face '' and `` the quiet intensity and intelligence that 's needed '' . Many actors were connected to the other roles at various points , but only days before filming started , Oldman was still the only lead actor who officially had been contracted . David Thewlis was in talks for a role early on . Michael Fassbender was in talks at one point to star as Ricki Tarr , but the shooting schedule conflicted with his work on X-Men : First Class ; Tom Hardy was cast instead . On 17 September 2010 , Mark Strong was confirmed to have joined the cast . Jared Harris was cast but had to drop out because of scheduling conflicts with Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ; he was replaced by Toby Jones . John le Carré appears in a cameo as a guest in a party scene . Filming ( edit ) Blythe House , the exterior of `` The Circus '' The Párizsi Udvar in Budapest , the setting for the Hungarian café scene . Principal photography took place between 7 October and 22 December 2010 . Studio scenes were shot at a former army barracks in Mill Hill , North London . Blythe House in Kensington Olympia , West London , was used as the exterior for `` The Circus . '' The interior hall of Budapest 's Párizsi Udvar served as the location for the café scene , in which Jim Prideaux is shot . Empress Coach Works in Haggerston was used as the location for the Merlin safe house . Other scenes were filmed on Hampstead Heath and in Hampstead Ponds , where Smiley is shown swimming , and in the physics department of Imperial College London . The exterior shots of the Islay Hotel , a run - down hotel described in the film as being near Liverpool Street station , which Smiley uses as a base , were shot in Wilkin Street , London NW5 . The events which take place in Czechoslovakia in the novel were moved to Hungary , because of the country 's 20 % rebate for film productions . The teams filmed in Budapest for five days . Right before Christmas , the team also filmed in Istanbul for nine days . The production reunited Alfredson with cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema and editor Dino Jonsäter , with whom he had made his previous film Let the Right One In . Post-production ( edit ) The film took six months to edit . The final song in the film , Julio Iglesias ' rendition of the French song `` La Mer '' , set against a visual montage of various characters and subplots being resolved as Smiley strides into Circus headquarters to assume command , was chosen because it was something the team thought George Smiley would listen to when he was alone ; Alfredson described the song as `` everything that the world of MI6 is n't '' . A scene where Smiley listens to the song was filmed , but eventually cut to avoid giving it too much significance . Heard at a Circus office party , sung along to by the guests , is `` The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World '' , composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen , and performed by Sammy Davis , Jr. , from the British spy spoof Licensed to Kill ( 1965 ) . At the same office Christmas function , the Circus staff sing the official `` State Anthem of the USSR '' , conducted by a figure dressed as Father Christmas but wearing a Lenin mask . Release ( edit ) Gary Oldman at the Venice Film Festival for the premiere of the film The film premiered in competition at the 68th Venice International Film Festival on 5 September 2011 . StudioCanal UK distributed the film in the United Kingdom , where it was released on 16 September 2011 . The US rights were acquired by Universal Pictures , which have a permanent first - look deal with Working Title , and they passed the rights to their subsidiary Focus Features . Focus planned to give the film a wide release in the United States on 9 December 2011 but pushed it to January 2012 , when it was given an 800 screen release . Critical response ( edit ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy received generally positive reviews . The film scored 83 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 211 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's summary called the film `` a dense puzzle of anxiety , paranoia , and espionage that director Tomas Alfredson pieces together with utmost skill '' . Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating in the 0 -- 100 range based on reviews from top mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 85 based on 42 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Jonathan Romney of The Independent wrote , `` The script is a brilliant feat of condensation and restructuring : writers Peter Straughan and the late Bridget O'Connor realise the novel is overtly about information and its flow , and reshape its daunting complexity to highlight that '' . David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph declared the film `` a triumph '' and gave it a five star rating , as did his colleague , Sukhdev Sandhu . Stateside , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` As Alfredson directs the expert script by Peter Straughan and Bridget O'Connor , the film emerges as a tale of loneliness and desperation among men who can never disclose their secret hearts , even to themselves . It 's easily one of the year 's best films . '' M. Enois Duarte of High - Def Digest also praised the film as a `` brilliant display of drama , mystery and suspense , one which regards its audience with intelligence '' . Detractors of the film included Peter Hitchens of The Mail on Sunday , who wrote that the plot would be too baffling for viewers who had not read the book , and that the film 's makers had `` needlessly messed it up '' . David Edwards of the Daily Mirror wrote , `` The big question -- and one le Carré himself asked when the film was announced -- is whether such a hefty novel can fit comfortably into a feature - length production . In answering this , the writers have pared things back , meaning it 's far pacier than the seven - part TV show . Unfortunately , the plot is every bit as bewildering with an overload of spy - speak , a few too many characters to keep track of and a final act that ends with a whimper , rather than a bang . '' The Telegraph 's Guy Stagg , meanwhile , thought that the movie needed a car chase in the middle . Writing in The Atlantic , le Carré admirer James Parker favourably contrasted Smiley with the James Bond franchise but found this Tinker Tailor adaptation `` problematic '' compared to the 1979 BBC mini-series . He wrote : `` To strip down or minimalize le Carré , however , is to sacrifice the almost Tolkienesque grain and depth of his created world : the decades - long backstory , the lingo , the arcana , the liturgical repetitions of names and functions '' . Box office ( edit ) The film topped the British box office chart for three consecutive weeks and earned $80,630,608 worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) ( show ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Academy Awards 26 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated Amanda Award 17 August 2012 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Nominated American Society of Cinematographers 12 February 2012 Best Cinematography in a Feature Film Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated Art Directors Guild 4 February 2012 Period Film Maria Djurkovic ( Production Designer ) Nominated British Academy Film Awards 12 February 2012 Best Film Nominated Outstanding British Film Won Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Nominated Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Best Original Music Alberto Iglesias Nominated Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic , Tatiana MacDonald Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Sound Nominated Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema John Hurt Won British Film Bloggers Circle Awards 21 February 2012 Best Film Nominated Best British Film Nominated Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Won British Independent Film Awards 4 December 2011 Best British Independent Film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy Nominated Best Director of a British Independent Film Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Gary Oldman Nominated Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic ( Production Design ) Won Best Supporting Actress Kathy Burke Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated British Film Institute 4 December 2011 Top Ten Films Won Best Film 10th Place Burgundy Film Critics Awards 24 February 2013 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Won Ciak d'oro 6 June 2012 Best Foreign Film Tomas Alfredson Runner - up Chicago Film Critics Association 19 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated Crime Thriller Awards 18 September 2012 Best Film Won Conch Awards 19 September 2012 Best Film Soundtrack Stephen Griffiths Won Best Film Mix Facility Goldcrest Post Production Nominated Best Sound Design & Editorial Team Andy Shelley and Stephen Griffiths Nominated Denver Film Critics Society 11 January 2012 Best Cast Nominated Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards 23 December 2011 Top Ten Films Won Best Film 4th Place Top Ten Directors Tomas Alfredson Won Best Director Tomas Alfredson 4th Place Top Ten Actors Gary Oldman Won Best Actor Gary Oldman 3rd Place Empire Awards 25 March 2012 Best Film Nominated Best British Film Won Best Actor Gary Oldman Won Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Thriller Won European Film Awards 1 December 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Won Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Won People 's Choice Award -- Best European Film Tomas Alfredson Won Evening Standard British Film Awards 7 February 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Nominated Alexander Walker Special Award John Hurt Won Golden Trailer Awards 31 May 2012 Best Drama Trailer Nominated Best Thriller Trailer Nominated Best Independent Poster Won Best Drama Poster Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association 16 January 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated Best Ensemble Cast Won Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Nominated Gotham Independent Film Awards 18 November 2011 Gotham Tribute Award Gary Oldman Won Hollywood Film Festival 24 October 2011 Best Composer Alberto Iglesias Won International Chinephile Society 22 February 2012 Best Cast Runner - up Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Runner - up Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Runner - up International Federation of Film Critics Award 10 September 2012 Grand Prix for the best film Tomas Alfredson 9th Place International Online Film Critics ' Poll 20 December 2012 Best Film -- Motion Picture Won Top Ten Films Won Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won Best Ensemble Cast Won Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Best Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Nominated Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Won Best Editing Dino Jonsäter Nominated Best Original Score Alberto Iglesias Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards 11 February 2012 Best International Film Won Actor in a Lead Role in a Feature Film Ciarán Hinds Nominated International Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Italian Online Film Actors & Dubbers Award 1 September 2012 Best Foreign Actor Gary Oldman Won Best Foreign Supporting Actor Tom Hardy Nominated Best Foreign Cast Won Best Male Dubber Stefano De Sando Won Public Choice Award for Best Performance Gary Oldman Won Italy Screenplay Prize 13 July 2012 Best Film Won Top Ten Films Won Best Adapted Screenplay -- International Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Special Award for Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won Special Award for Best Performance Gary Oldman Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society 13 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Nominated Best Cinematography Nominated Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award 19 January 2012 Top Ten Film Won Best Film 4th Place Best British Film Nominated Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best British Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated Best Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association 11 December 2011 Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Runner - up Metacritic Awards 5 January 2012 Best Reviewed Drama 3rd Place Best Reviewed Thriller Won Movie Farm Awards 12 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won Music & Sound Awards Best Original Composition in a Film Alberto Iglesias Won Online Film Critics Society Awards 2 January 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Won Best Editing Dino Jonsater Nominated Online Film & Television Association 5 February 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Won Best Production Design Maria Djurkovic Nominated Best Cast Won Best Casting Jina Jay Won Palm Springs International Film Festival 15 January 2012 Best International Star Gary Oldman Won Phoenix Film Critics Society 27 December 2011 Best Actor Gary Oldman Nominated Premio Cinema Ludus 19 November 2012 Gran Prix for Best Film Tomas Alfredson Won Prix for Best Actor Gary Oldman Won Best European Film Won Best European Director Tomas Alfredson Won Best European Actor Gary Oldman Won Best European Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Best European Technical Achievement Maria Djurkovic Won Best Producer Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner Won Richard Attenborough Regional Film Awards 2 February 2012 Best British Film of the year Won Best Actor of the year Gary Oldman Nominated Best British Actor of the year Gary Oldman Won Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle 25 March 2012 Best Actor Gary Oldman Won Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Satellite Award 18 December 2011 Best Film -- Motion Picture Nominated Best Director Tomas Alfredson Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Gary Oldman Nominated Spanish Film Music Critics Awards 29 June 2012 Best Spanish Composer Alberto Iglesias Won Stockholm Film Festival 20 November 2011 FIPRESCI Award Won Sydney Film Critics 21 December 2011 Top Twenty Unreleased Films Won Best Unreleased Film 4th Place Total Film Hotlist 3 August 2012 Hottest Film Nominated Hottest Actor Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated Hottest Actor Tom Hardy Nominated Venice Film Festival 10 September 2011 Golden Lion Nominated Virgin Media Movie Awards 1 March 2012 Best Film Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2011 Best Adapted Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Nominated YouMovie Awards 30 June 2012 Best Film Won Best Drama Film Won Best Thriller Won Best Actor in a Leading Role Gary Oldman Won Best Supporting Actor Benedict Cumberbatch Nominated Best Supporting Actor Colin Firth Nominated Best Cast Won Best Villain Colin Firth Nominated Best Director Tomas Alfredson Won Best Trailer Won Best Cinematography Hoyte Van Hoytema Nominated Best Art Direction Maria Djurkovic Nominated Best Screenplay Bridget O'Connor , Peter Straughan Won Best Costume Design Jaqueline Durran Nominated World Soundtrack Academy 20 October 2012 Best Score of the Year Alberto Iglesias Won Best Composer of the Year Alberto Iglesias Won Possible sequel ( edit ) While doing press for Working Title 's Les Misérables film adaptation , producer Eric Fellner stated that fellow producer Tim Bevan was working with writer Straughan and director Alfredson on developing a sequel to Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy . Fellner did not specify whether or not the sequel would be based on The Honourable Schoolboy or Smiley 's People , the two remaining Smiley novels in Le Carré 's Karla trilogy . While doing press for Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 , Oldman stated that talk of a sequel , an adaptation of Smiley 's People , had since disappeared ; while also stressing that he would still like to see the film produced . However , in July 2016 Oldman confirmed that the sequel was in its early stages , stating , `` There is a script , but I do n't know when we will shoot . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ( 2011 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Screenwriter Peter Morgan Exclusive Interview '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Rachel ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Park Chan - wook stalks a thriller with ' Stoker ' '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Tomas Alfredson to Direct Tinker , Tailor '' . Empire . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Alfredson to direct Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy '' . Screen Daily . 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tutt , Louise ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` How to tailor a spy classic '' . Screen International . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Peter ; Mason , Simon ( 23 October 2010 ) . `` Interview -- Tomas Alfredson : outside the frame '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ White , James ( 8 July 2010 ) . `` Cast Confirmed For Tinker , Tailor '' . Empire . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Tom Hardy Replaces Michael Fassbender in Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy '' . Collider . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` Mark Strong Lands a Role in ' Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ' '' . FirstShowing . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Jones Replaces Harris in Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ; Hurt , Graham , Lloyd - Pack , Dencik , and Burke Join Cast '' . Collider . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomons , Jason ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` Trailer Trash : John Le Carré makes a cameo at an MI6 Christmas party '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy '' . Screenbase . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film London -- September 2011 -- Blythe House '' . Film London . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy films Cold War Europe in London , Budapest and Istanbul '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran , Naman ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` Alfredson shoots ' Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ' '' . Cineuropa . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Gradvall , Jan ( 3 December 2011 ) . `` Tomas Alfredson : Jag avskyr intryck just nu '' . di.se ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Julio Iglesisas version av La Mer blir allt som MI6 - världen inte är . Jump up ^ French , Phillip ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venezia 68 : Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy -- Tomas Alfredson '' . labiennale.org . Venice Biennale . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy '' . Screenrush.co.uk . Tiger Global . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Ugh , No ' Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy ' Until December '' . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2011 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy '' . The Independent . London : INM . ISSN 0951 - 9467 . OCLC 185201487 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` Venice Film Festival : Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy -- first review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy -- review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Duarte , M. Enois ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( Blu - ray ) '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Hitchens ( 21 September 2011 ) . `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Travesty '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy movie review : Thriller is impressive -- but not so entertaining '' . Daily Mirror . London . ISSN 9975 - 9950 . OCLC 223228477 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy Staff . `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy would have been so much better with a high speed car chase '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , James ( December 2011 ) . `` The Anti -- James Bond '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker , Tailor , Soldier , Spy '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Eng , David ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` 2012 Amandaprisen , Norwegian Film Awards -- nominations '' . Chino Kino . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The American Society of Cinematographers Nominates '' . The ASC. 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Art Directors Nominate Movies as Different as ' Harry Potter ' and ' The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amour vince il premio della critica di Borgogna '' . Film e dvd . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Online Film Critics Poll unveil nominees '' . Flickering Myth. 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Online Film Critics Poll declares 3rd edition winners '' . Flickering Myth. 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I vincitori del Premio Cinema Ludus 2012 '' . cinemaitaliano.info . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Pietro . Il Cinemaniaco ( 11 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Carla Cicognini , Cineblog.it ( 30 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Producer Eric Fellner Talks ; Says Tomas Alfredson and Screenwriter Peter Straughan are Working on it `` As We Speak '' `` . Collider . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keri Russell and Gary Oldman Talk DAWN OF THE PLANET OF THE APES '' . Collider. 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman to return in ' Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ' sequel '' . NY Daily News . 6 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( film ) Official movie website at the Wayback Machine ( archived 23 September 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy at AllMovie Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy on IMDb Films directed by Tomas Alfredson Screwed in Tallinn ( 1999 ) Four Shades of Brown ( 2004 ) Let the Right One In ( 2008 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) The Snowman ( 2017 ) Works by John le Carré Novels Call for the Dead ( 1961 ) A Murder of Quality ( 1962 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1963 ) The Looking Glass War ( 1965 ) A Small Town in Germany ( 1968 ) The Naïve and Sentimental Lover ( 1971 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 1974 ) The Honourable Schoolboy ( 1977 ) Smiley 's People ( 1979 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1983 ) A Perfect Spy ( 1986 ) The Russia House ( 1989 ) The Secret Pilgrim ( 1990 ) The Night Manager ( 1993 ) Our Game ( 1995 ) The Tailor of Panama ( 1996 ) Single & Single ( 1999 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2001 ) Absolute Friends ( 2003 ) The Mission Song ( 2006 ) A Most Wanted Man ( 2008 ) Our Kind of Traitor ( 2010 ) A Delicate Truth ( 2013 ) Films The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1965 ) The Deadly Affair ( 1966 ) The Looking Glass War ( 1969 ) The Little Drummer Girl ( 1984 ) The Russia House ( 1990 ) The Tailor of Panama ( 2001 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2011 ) A Most Wanted Man ( 2014 ) Our Kind of Traitor ( 2016 ) Television Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 1979 ) Smiley 's People ( 1982 ) A Perfect Spy ( 1987 ) A Murder of Quality ( 1991 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Characters Control Toby Esterhase Peter Guillam Bill Haydon Karla Jim Prideaux Connie Sachs George Smiley Ricki Tarr Gerald Westerby Miscellaneous Moscow Centre Constant Gardener Trust The Incongruous Spy Smiley Versus Karla Book Category BAFTA Award for Best British Film 1947 -- 1967 Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Genevieve ( 1953 ) Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Sapphire ( 1959 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) 1992 -- present The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) Elizabeth ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) The Warrior ( 2002 ) Touching the Void ( 2003 ) My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - 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which of these was not an export of ancient greece

Economy of ancient Greece

economy of ancient greece

The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely by the region 's dependence on imported goods . As a result of the poor quality of Greece 's soil , agricultural trade was of particular importance . The impact of limited crop production was somewhat offset by Greece 's paramount location , as its position in the Mediterranean gave its provinces control over some of Egypt 's most crucial seaports and trade routes . Beginning in the 6th century BC , trade craftsmanship and commerce , principally maritime , became pivotal aspects of Greek economic output .

Greece lacked a consolidated , centralized economy in the modern sense of the word . There was a relative absence of contemporary phrases to describe overarching systems of commerce and trade organization , and economics was primarily understood in terms of the localized management of necessary goods . However , economist Murray Rothbard notes that ancient Greek philosophers were concerned with questions that would today fall under the discipline of economic theory . Contents 1 Agriculture 2 Crafts 2.1 Pottery 2.2 Metalworking 2.3 Maritime commerce 3 Trade 3.1 Retail 4 Taxation 5 Currency 6 Shopping 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources 10 Bibliography Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in ancient Greece Greek soil has been likened to `` stinginess '' or `` tightness '' ( Ancient Greek : stenokhôría , στενοχωρία ) which helps explain Greek colonialism and the importance of the cleruchies of Asia Minor in controlling the supply of wheat . The olive tree and grapevine as well as orchards were complemented by the cultivation of herbs , vegetables , and oil - producing plants . Husbandry was badly developed due to a lack of available land . Sheep and goats were the most common types of livestock . Woods were heavily exploited , first for domestic use and eventually to build triremes . Bees were kept to produce honey , the only source of sugar known to the ancient Greeks . Since it was so labor - intensive , up to 80 % of the Greek population were employed in the agricultural industry . Agricultural work followed the rhythm of the seasons : harvesting olives and trimming grapevines at the beginning of autumn and the end of winter ; setting aside fallow land in the spring ; harvesting cereals in the summer ; cutting wood , sowing seeds , and harvesting grapes in autumn . In the ancient era , most land was held by the aristocracy . During the 7th century BC , demographic expansion and the distribution of successions created tensions between these landowners and the peasants . In Athens , this was changed by Solon 's reforms , which eliminated debt bondage and protected the peasant class . Nonetheless , a Greek aristocrat 's domains remained small compared with the Roman latifundia . The Greeks would also have animals like cows , goats and chickens . Crafts ( edit ) Woman working with wool , 480 - 470 BC , National Archaeological Museum of Athens Much of the craftsmanship of ancient Greece was part of the domestic sphere . However , the situation gradually changed between the 8th and 4th centuries BC , with the increased commercialization of the Greek economy . Thus , weaving and baking , activities so important to the Western late medieval economy , were done only by women before the 6th century BC . After the growth of commerce , slaves started to be used widely in workshops . Only fine dyed tissues , like those made with Tyrian purple , were created in workshops . On the other hand , working with metal , leather , wood , or clay was a specialized activity that was looked down upon by most Greeks . The basic workshop was often family - operated . Lysias 's shield manufacture employed 120 slaves ; Demosthenes ' father , a maker of swords , used 32 . After the death of Pericles in 429 BC , a new class emerged : that of the wealthy owners and managers of workshops . Examples include Cleon and Anytus , noted tannery owners , and Kleophon , whose factory produced lyres . Non-slave workers were paid by assignment , since the workshops could not guarantee regular work . In Athens , those who worked on state projects were paid one drachma per day , no matter what craft they practiced . The workday generally began at sunrise and ended in the afternoon . Pottery ( edit ) Main article : Pottery of ancient Greece The potter 's work consisted of selecting the clay , fashioning the vase , drying and painting and baking it , and applying varnish . Part of the production went to domestic usage ( dishes , containers , oil lamps ) or for commercial purposes , and the rest served religious or artistic functions . Techniques for working with clay have been known since the Bronze Age ; the potter 's wheel is a very ancient invention . The ancient Greeks did not add any innovations to these processes . The creation of artistically decorated vases in Greece had strong foreign influences . For instance , the famed black - figure style of Corinthian potters was most likely derived from the Syrian style of metalworking . The heights to which the Greeks brought the art of ceramics is therefore due entirely to their artistic sensibilities and not to technical ingenuity . Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of slaves . Many of the potters of Athens assembled between the agora and the Dipylon , in the Kerameikon . They most often operated as small workshops , consisting of a master , several paid artisans , and slaves . Metalworking ( edit ) Deposits of metal ore are common in Greece . Of these , the best known are the silver mines of Laurium . These mines contributed to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC , when the Athenians learned to prospect , treat , and refine the ore . Fortuitously , the composition of the earth below the mines rendered drainage unnecessary , an important provision given that ancient mine drainage techniques did not allow for excavation below the level of subsoil waters . The passageways and steps of Greek mines were dug out with the same concern for proportion and harmony found in their temples . The work was extremely difficult , due to the tunnels ' depth -- they were sometimes more than 100 metres ( 110 yd ) deep . The miner , armed with his pick and iron hammer and hunched over in two , labored to extract lead ore . The Laurium mines were worked by a large slave population , originating for the most part from Black Sea regions such as Thrace and Paphlagonia . Weapons , armor tools , and a variety of other goods were created with these metals . Other Greek mines include : Gold : Sifnos , Thasos Silver : Cyprus , Sifnos Iron : Euboea , Rhodes Copper : Chalcis , Euboea , and Cyprus Maritime commerce ( edit ) The main participants in Greek commerce were the class of traders known as emporoi ( ἕμποροι ) . The state collected a duty on their cargo . At Piraeus ( the main port of Athens ) , this tax was set initially at 1 % , then at 2 % . By the end of the 5th century , the tax had been raised to 33 talents ( Andocides , I , 133 - 134 ) . In 413 , Athens ended the collection of tribute from the Delian League and imposed a 5 % duty on all the ports of her empire ( Thucydides , VII , 28 , 4 ) in the hope ( unrealized ) of increasing revenues . These duties were never protectionist , but were merely intended to raise money for the public treasury . The growth of trade in Greece led to the development of financial techniques . Most merchants , lacking sufficient cash assets , resorted to borrowing to finance all or part of their expeditions . A typical loan for a large venture in 4th century BC Athens , was generally a large sum of cash ( usually less than 2,000 drachmas ) , lent for a short time ( the length of the voyage , a matter of several weeks or months ) , at a high rate of interest ( often 12 % but reaching levels as high as 100 % ) . The terms of the contract were always laid out in writing , differing from loans between friends ( eranoi ) . The lender bore all the risks of the journey , in exchange for which the borrower committed his cargo and his entire fleet , which were precautionarily seized upon their arrival at the port of Piraeus . Trade in ancient Greece was free : the state controlled only the supply of grain . In Athens , following the first meeting of the new Prytaneis , trade regulations were reviewed , with a specialized committee overseeing the trade in wheat , flour , and bread . The number of shipwrecks found in the Mediterranean Sea provides valuable evidence of the development of trade in the ancient world . Only two shipwrecks were found that dated from the 8th century BC . However , archeologists have found forty - six shipwrecks dated from the 4th century BC , which would appear to indicate that there occurred a very large increase in the volume of trade between these centuries . Considering that the average ship tonnage also increased in the same period , the total volume of trade increased probably by a factor of 30 . Trade ( edit ) Greece 's main exports were olive oil , wine , pottery , and metalwork . Imports included grains and pork from Sicily , Arabia , Egypt , Ancient Carthage , Bosporan Kingdom . Retail ( edit ) While peasants and artisans often sold their own wares , there were also retail merchants known as kápêloi ( κάπηλοι ) . Grouped into guilds , they sold fish , olive oil , and vegetables . Women sold perfume or ribbons . Merchants were required to pay a fee for their space in the marketplace . They were viewed poorly by the general population , and Aristotle labeled their activities as : `` a kind of exchange which is justly censured , for it is unnatural , and a mode by which men gain from one another . '' Parallel to the `` professional '' merchants were those who sold the surplus of their household production such as vegetables , olive oil , or bread . This was the case for many of the small - scale farmers of Attica . Among townsfolk , this task often fell to the women . for the prfect For instance , Euripides ' mother sold chervil from her garden ( cf . Aristophanes , The Acharnians , v. 477 - 478 ) . Taxation ( edit ) Direct taxation was not well - developed in ancient Greece . The eisphorá ( εἰσφορά ) was a tax on the wealth of the very rich , but it was levied only when needed -- usually in times of war . Large fortunes were also subject to liturgies which was the support of public works . Liturgies could consist of , for instance , the maintenance of a trireme , a chorus during a theatre festival , or a gymnasium . In some cases , the prestige of the undertaking could attract volunteers ( analogous in modern terminology to endowment , sponsorship , or donation ) . Such was the case for the choragus , who organized and financed choruses for a drama festival . In other instances , like the burden of outfitting and commanding a trireme , the liturgy functioned more like a mandatory donation ( what we would today call a one - time tax ) . In some cities , like Miletus and Teos , heavy taxation was imposed on citizens . On the other hand , indirect taxes were quite important . Taxes were levied on houses , slaves , herds and flocks , wines , and hay , among other things . The right to collect many of these taxes was often transferred to publicans , or telônai ( τελῶναι ) . However , this was not true of all cities . Thasos ' gold mines and Athens ' taxes on business allowed them to eliminate these indirect taxes . Dependent groups such as the Penestae of Thessaly and the Helots of Sparta were taxed by the city - states to which they were subject . Currency ( edit ) Athenian coin , Athenian Agora Museum Coinage probably began in Lydia around 600 BC , and circulated in the cities of Asia Minor under its control . Early electrum coins have been found at the Temple of Diana at Ephesus . The technique of minting coins arrived in mainland Greece around 550 BC , beginning with coastal trading cities like Aegina and Athens . Their use spread , and the city - states quickly secured a monopoly on their creation . The very first coins were made from electrum ( an alloy of gold and silver ) , followed by pure silver , the most commonly found valuable metal in the region . The mines of the Pangaeon hills allowed the cities of Thrace and Macedon to mint a large quantity of coins . Laurium 's silver mines provided the raw materials for the `` Athenian owls '' , the most famous coins of the ancient Greek world . Less - valuable bronze coins appeared at the end of the 5th century . Coins played several roles in the Greek world . They provided a medium of exchange , mostly used by city - states to hire mercenaries and compensate citizens . They were also a source of revenue as foreigners had to change their money into the local currency at an exchange rate favorable to the State . They served as a mobile form of metal resources , which explains discoveries of Athenian coins with high levels of silver at great distances from their home city . Finally , the minting of coins lent an air of undeniable prestige to any Greek city or city state . Shopping ( edit ) The shopping centers in Ancient Greece were called agoras . The literal meaning of the word is `` gathering place '' or `` assembly '' . The agora was the center of the athletic , artistic , spiritual and political life of the city . The Ancient Agora of Athens was the best - known example . Early in Greek history ( 18th century -- 8th century BC ) , free - born citizens would gather in the agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council . Every city had its own agora where merchants could sell their products . There was linen from Egypt , Ivory from Africa , Spices from Syria , and more . Prices were rarely fixed , so bargaining was a common practice . See also ( edit ) Agriculture of Ancient Greece Slavery in Ancient Greece Roman economy Economy of Greece Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economy-of-ancient-greece/ Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray ( 2006 ) . `` It all began , as usual , with the Greeks '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ R.W. Dimand . The Origins of International Economics . Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31555 - 7 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Oxford Classical Dictionary , `` Coinage '' Sources ( edit ) Bresson , Alain . The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy : Institutions , Markets , and Growth In the City - States . Expanded and updated English edition . Translated by Steven Rendall . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2015 . Donlan , Walter . `` The Homeric economy . '' In A new companion to Homer , edited by Ian Morris and Barry B. Powell , 649 - 67 . New York : E.J. Brill , 1997 . Finley , Moses I . The ancient economy . 2d ed . Sather Classical Lectures 48 . Berkeley : Univ. of California Press , 1985 . Foraboschi , Daniele . `` The Hellenistic economy : indirect intervention by the state . '' In Production and Public Powers In Classical Antiquity , edited by Elio Lo Cascio and Dominic Rathbone , 37 - 43 . Cambridge : Cambridge Philological Society , 2000 . Meikle , Scott . Aristotle 's economic thought . Oxford : Clarendon , 1995 . Migeotte , Léopold . The economy of the Greek cities : From the Archaic period to the early Roman Empire . Berkeley : Univ. of California Press , 2009 . Morris , Ian . `` The Athenian economy twenty years after The ancient economy . '' Classical Philology 89 , no . 4 ( 1994 ) : 351 -- 66 . Pomeroy , Sarah B. Xenophon 's Oeconomicus : A social and historical commentary . Oxford : Clarendon , 1994 . Scheidel , Walter , Ian Morris , and Richard Saller , eds . The Cambridge economic history of the Greco - Roman world . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge Univ . Press , 2007 . Scheidel , Walter , and Sitta von Reden . The Ancient Economy . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Library resources about Economy of ancient Greece Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Scheidel , Walter , Ian Morris , and Richard P. Saller , eds . The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World ( 2008 ) 958pp `` Sideris , Athanasios , Principles and Practice in Classical World 's Economy '' . Masaryk University . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . 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is the micrometer screw gauge used for measurement of inner diameter of tube

Tube micrometers have a cylindrical anvil positioned perpendicularly to a spindle and is used to measure the thickness of tubes .

Micrometer

micrometer

A micrometer ( / maɪˈkrɒmɪtər / my - KROM - i - tər ) , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge , is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades , along with other metrological instruments such as dial , vernier , and digital calipers . Micrometers are usually , but not always , in the form of calipers ( opposing ends joined by a frame ) , which is why micrometer caliper is another common name . In Newton 's second law of motion , he clearly stated that the solution to appropriating micrometer methods was to assume that the change in momentum is brought about by and external resultant force and this resultant force is proportional to the change in momentum which it constitutes . The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil . The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil .

Micrometers are also used in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies or microscopic objects . The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about 1638 by William Gascoigne , an English astronomer . Colloquially the word micrometer is often shortened to mike or mic ( / ˈmaɪk / MYKE ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the device and its name 2 Types 2.1 Basic types 2.2 Specialized types 3 Operating principles 4 Parts 5 Reading 5.1 Customary / Imperial system 5.2 Metric system 5.3 Vernier 6 Torque repeatability via torque - limiting ratchets or sleeves 7 Calibration : testing and adjusting 7.1 Zeroing 7.2 Testing 7.3 Adjustment 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links History of the device and its name ( edit ) Gascoigne 's Micrometer as drawn by Robert Hooke The word micrometer is a neoclassical coinage from Greek micros , meaning ' small ' , and metron , meaning ' measure ' . The Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary says that English got it from French and that its first known appearance in English writing was in 1670 . Neither the metre nor the micrometre ( μm ) nor the micrometer ( device ) as we know them today existed at that time . However , the people of that time did have much need for , and interest in , the ability to measure small things and small differences . The word was no doubt coined in reference to this endeavor , even if it did not refer specifically to its present - day senses . The first ever micrometric screw was invented by William Gascoigne in the 17th century , as an enhancement of the vernier ; it was used in a telescope to measure angular distances between stars and the relative sizes of celestial objects . Henry Maudslay built a bench micrometer in the early 19th century that was jocularly nicknamed `` the Lord Chancellor '' among his staff because it was the final judge on measurement accuracy and precision in the firm 's work . In 1844 details of Whitworth 's workshop micrometer were published . This was described as having a strong frame of cast iron , the opposite ends of which were two highly finished steel cylinders , which traversed longitudinally by action of screws . The ends of the cylinders where they met was of hemispherical shape . One screw was fitted with a wheel graduated to measure to the ten thousandth of an inch . His object was to furnish ordinary mechanics with an instrument which , while it afforded very accurate indications , was yet not very liable to be deranged by the rough handling of the workshop . The first documented development of handheld micrometer - screw calipers was by Jean Laurent Palmer of Paris in 1848 ; the device is therefore often called palmer in French , tornillo de Palmer ( `` Palmer screw '' ) in Spanish , and calibro Palmer ( `` Palmer caliper '' ) in Italian . ( Those languages also use the micrometer cognates : micromètre , micrómetro , micrometro . ) The micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by Brown & Sharpe in 1867 , allowing the penetration of the instrument 's use into the average machine shop . Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices , one of them being Palmer 's design . In 1888 Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments . The culture of toolroom accuracy and precision , which started with interchangeability pioneers including Gribeauval , Tousard , North , Hall , Whitney , and Colt , and continued through leaders such as Maudslay , Palmer , Whitworth , Brown , Sharpe , Pratt , Whitney , Leland , and others , grew during the Machine Age to become an important part of combining applied science with technology . Beginning in the early 20th century , one could no longer truly master tool and die making , machine tool building , or engineering without some knowledge of the science of metrology , as well as the sciences of chemistry and physics ( for metallurgy , kinematics / dynamics , and quality ) . Types ( edit ) Basic types ( edit ) Large micrometer caliper . Specialized types ( edit ) Another large micrometer in use . Each type of micrometer caliper can be fitted with specialized anvils and spindle tips for particular measuring tasks . For example , the anvil may be shaped in the form of a segment of screw thread , in the form of a v - block , or in the form of a large disc . Universal micrometer sets come with interchangeable anvils , such as flat , spherical , spline , disk , blade , point , and knife - edge . The term universal micrometer may also refer to a type of micrometer whose frame has modular components , allowing one micrometer to function as outside mic , depth mic , step mic , etc. ( often known by the brand names Mul - T - Anvil and Uni-Mike ) . Blade micrometers have a matching set of narrow tips ( blades ) . They allow , for exam ple , the m easuring of a narrow o - ring groove . Pitch - diameter micrometers ( aka thread mics ) have a matching set of thre Limit mics have two anvils and two spindles , and are used like a snap gauge . The part being checked must pass through the first gap and must stop at the second gap in order to be within specification . The two gaps accurately reflect the top and bottom of th e tolerance range . Bore micrometer , typically a three - anvil head on a micrometer base used to accurately measure inside diameters . Tube micrometers have a cylindrical anvil positioned perpendicularly to a spindle and is used to measure the thickness of tubes . Micrometer stops are micrometer heads that are mounted on the table of a manual milling machine , bedways of a lathe , or other machine tool , in place of simple stops . They help the operator to position the table or carriage precisely . Stops can also be used to actuate kickout mechanisms or limit switches to halt an automatic feed system . Ball micrometers have ball - shaped ( spherical ) anvils . They may have one flat and one ball anvil , in which case they are used for measuring tube wall thickness , distance of a hole to an edge , and other distances where one anvil must be placed against a rounded surface . They differ in application from tube micrometers in that they may be used to measure against rounded surfaces which are not tubes , but the ball anvil may also not be able to fit into smaller tubes as easily as a tube micrometer . Ball micrometers with a pair of balls can be used when single - tangential - point contact is desired on both sides . The most common example is in measuring the pitch diameter of screw threads ( which is also done with conical anvils or the 3 - wire method , the latter of which uses similar geometry as the pair - of - balls approach ) . Bench micrometers are tools for inspection use whose accuracy and precision are around half a micrometre ( 20 millionths of an inch , `` a fifth of a tenth '' in machinist jargon ) and whose repeatability is around a quarter micrometre ( `` a tenth of a tenth '' ) . An example is the Pratt & Whitney Supermicrometer brand . Digit mics are the type with mechanical digits that roll over . Digital mics are the type that uses an encoder to detect the distance and displays the result on a digital screen . V mics are outside mics with a small V - block for an anvil . They are useful for measuring the diameter of a circle from three points evenly spaced around it ( versus the two points of a standard outside micrometer ) . An example of when this is necessary is measuring the diameter of 3 - flute endmills and twist drills . Operating principles ( edit ) Animation of a micrometer used to measure an black object . The measurement is 4.140 mm ± 0.005 mm . Micrometers use the principle of a screw to amplify small distances ( that are too small to measure directly ) into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read from a scale . The accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread - forms that are central to the core of its design . In some cases it is a differential screw . The basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows : The amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement ( and vice versa ) , through the constant known as the screw 's lead ( / ˈliːd / ) . A screw 's lead is the distance it moves forward axially with one complete turn ( 360 ° ) . ( In most threads ( that is , in all single - start threads ) , lead and pitch refer to essentially the same concept . ) With an appropriate lead and major diameter of the screw , a given amount of axial movement will be amplified in the resulting circumferential movement . For example , if the lead of a screw is 1 mm , but the major diameter ( here , outer diameter ) is 10 mm , then the circumference of the screw is 10π , or about 31.4 mm . Therefore , an axial movement of 1 mm is amplified ( magnified ) to a circumferential movement of 31.4 mm . This amplification allows a small difference in the sizes of two similar measured objects to correlate to a larger difference in the position of a micrometer 's thimble . In some micrometers , even greater accuracy is obtained by using a differential screw adjuster to move the thimble in much smaller increments than a single thread would allow . In classic - style analog micrometers , the position of the thimble is read directly from scale markings on the thimble and sleeve ( for names of parts see next section ) . A vernier scale is often included , which allows the position to be read to a fraction of the smallest scale mark . In digital micrometers , an electronic readout displays the length digitally on an LCD on the instrument . There also exist mechanical - digit versions , like the style of car odometers where the numbers `` roll over '' . Parts ( edit ) The parts of a micrometer caliper , labeled . ( Notice also that there is a handy decimal - fraction equivalents chart printed right on the frame of this inch - reading micrometer . ) A micrometer is composed of : Frame The C - shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other . It is thick because it needs to minimize flexion , expansion , and contraction , which would distort the measurement . The frame is heavy and consequently has a high thermal mass , to prevent substantial heating up by the holding hand / fingers . It is often covered by insulating plastic plates which further reduce heat transference . Explanation : if one holds the frame long enough so that it heats up by 10 ° C , then the increase in length of any 10 cm linear piece of steel is of magnitude 1 / 100 mm . For micrometers this is their typical accuracy range . Micrometers typically have a specified temperature at which the measurement is correct ( often 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , which is generally considered `` room temperature '' in a room with HVAC ) . Toolrooms are generally kept at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) . Anvil The shiny part that the spindle moves toward , and that the sample rests against . Sleeve / barrel / stock The stationary round component with the linear scale on it , sometimes with vernier markings . In some instruments the scale is marked on a tight - fitting but movable cylindrical sleeve fitting over the internal fixed barrel . This allows zeroing to be done by slightly altering the position of the sleeve . Lock nut / lock - ring / thimble lock The knurled component ( or lever ) that one can tighten to hold the spindle stationary , such as when momentarily holding a measurement . Screw ( not seen ) The heart of the micrometer , as explained under `` Operating principles '' . It is inside the barrel . This references the fact that the usual name for the device in German is Messschraube , literally `` measuring screw '' . Spindle The shiny cylindrical component that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil . Thimble The component that one 's thumb turns . Graduated markings . Ratchet stop ( not shown in illustration ) Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated torque . Reading ( edit ) Customary / Imperial system ( edit ) Micrometer thimble showing a reading of 0.2760 in ± 0.0005 in . The spindle of a micrometer graduated for the Imperial and US customary measurement systems has 40 threads per inch , so that one turn moves the spindle axially 0.025 inch ( 1 ÷ 40 = 0.025 ) , equal to the distance between adjacent graduations on the sleeve . The 25 graduations on the thimble allow the 0.025 inch to be further divided , so that turning the thimble through one division moves the spindle axially 0.001 inch ( 0.025 ÷ 25 = 0.001 ) . Thus , the reading is given by the number of whole divisions that are visible on the scale of the sleeve , multiplied by 25 ( the number of thousandths of an inch that each division represents ) , plus the number of that division on the thimble which coincides with the axial zero line on the sleeve . The result will be the diameter expressed in thousandths of an inch . As the numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , etc. , appear below every fourth sub-division on the sleeve , indicating hundreds of thousandths , the reading can easily be taken . Suppose the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 2 , and three additional sub-divisions , were visible on the sleeve ( as shown in the image ) , and that graduation 1 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve . The reading would then be 0.2000 + 0.075 + 0.001 , or . 276 inch . Metric system ( edit ) Micrometer thimble with a reading of 5.779 mm ± 0.005 mm . The spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimetre , and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter . The longitudinal line on the sleeve is graduated with 1 millimetre divisions and 0.5 millimetre subdivisions . The thimble has 50 graduations , each being 0.01 millimetre ( one - hundredth of a millimetre ) . Thus , the reading is given by the number of millimetre divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve . Suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5 , and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible on the sleeve ( as shown in the image ) , and that graduation 28 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve . The reading then would be 5.00 + 0.5 + 0.28 = 5.78 mm . Vernier ( edit ) Micrometer sleeve with vernier scale reading 5.783 mm ± 0.005 mm . Some micrometers are provided with a vernier scale on the sleeve in addition to the regular graduations . These permit measurements within 0.001 millimetre to be made on metric micrometers , or 0.0001 inches on inch - system micrometers . The additional digit of these micrometers is obtained by finding the line on the sleeve vernier scale which exactly coincides with one on the thimble . The number of this coinciding vernier line represents the additional digit . Thus , the reading for metric micrometers of this type is the number of whole millimeters ( if any ) and the number of hundredths of a millimeter , as with an ordinary micrometer , and the number of thousandths of a millimeter given by the coinciding vernier line on the sleeve vernier scale . For example , a measurement of 5.783 millimetres would be obtained by reading 5.5 millimetres on the sleeve , and then adding 0.28 millimetre as determined by the thimble . The vernier would then be used to read the 0.003 ( as shown in the image ) . Inch micrometers are read in a similar fashion . Note : 0.01 millimetre = 0.000393 inch , and 0.002 millimetre = 0.000078 inch ( 78 millionths ) or alternatively , 0.0001 inch = 0.00254 millimetres . Therefore , metric micrometers provide smaller measuring increments than comparable inch unit micrometers -- the smallest graduation of an ordinary inch reading micrometer is 0.001 inch ; the vernier type has graduations down to 0.0001 inch ( 0.00254 mm ) . When using either a metric or inch micrometer , without a vernier , smaller readings than those graduated may of course be obtained by visual interpolation between graduations . Torque repeatability via torque - limiting ratchets or sleeves ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A micrometer reading is not accurate if the thimble is over - or under - torqued . A useful feature of many micrometers is the inclusion of a torque - limiting device on the thimble -- either a spring - loaded ratchet or a friction sleeve . Without this device , workers may overtighten the micrometer on the work , causing the mechanical advantage of the screw to tighten the screw threads or squeeze the material , giving an inaccurate measurement . However , with a thimble that will ratchet or friction slip at a certain torque , the micrometer will not continue to advance once sufficient resistance is encountered . This results in greater accuracy and repeatability of measurements -- most especially for low - skilled or semi-skilled workers , who may not have developed the light , consistent touch of a skilled user . It might seem that there would be no such thing as too little torque on the thimble , because if zero tightening of the threads is the goal , then the less torque , the better . However , there is a practical limit on this ideal . Some tiny amount of torque , although very slight , is involved in the normal hand movements of well - practiced micrometer use . It is light but not truly zero , because zero is impractical for a skillful feel of how the contact is being made . And the calibration reflects this amount , as tiny as it is . If one then changes to an `` afraid to even touch it '' sort of gingerliness , one is being inconsistent with the norm that the calibration reflects , resulting in a reading that is 1 to 3 tenths too big ( on a typical metal part ) . Related to this torque topic is interuser variation in what is normal . It is important to try not to have an idiosyncratic touch , because although it works perfectly well for intrauser consistency , it interferes with interuser consistency . Some people use a rather heavy touch as a matter of habit , and this is fine in that they can get highly accurate readings as long as they calibrate their micrometer accordingly . The problem arises when they use someone else 's micrometer , or when someone uses theirs . The heavy - touch user gets false - small readings , and the normal - touch user gets false - big readings . This may not arise in one - person shops , but teams of workers sharing company - owned instruments must be capable of interpersonal consistency to do close - tolerance work successfully . There is a good and easy way to synchronize on this topic : it is simply to get used to the `` feel '' of how much torque it takes to slip the typical friction sleeve or click the typical ratchet thimble -- and then incorporate that same feel into every use of a micrometer , even those that have no sleeve or ratchet . This is proper training for the machining trade , although it is not uncommon to encounter coworkers who were not well trained on this point . In many cases it seems that in drilling the `` do n't overtorque '' idea into trainees ' heads , an opposite extreme is mistakenly taught , where the user thinks the goal is to compete with everyone else on who can generate the lightest touch . Individuals naturally differ in their touch , so such a competition is not as effective at generating interuser consistency as is `` imagining that every thimble has a sleeve to slip . '' Bench micrometers of the `` super-mic '' class entirely obviate this interuser variation by having the user dial the handwheel until a needle reads zero on a gauge , producing the same pressure on every reading . Calibration : testing and adjusting ( edit ) Zeroing ( edit ) On most micrometers , a small pin spanner is used to turn the sleeve relative to the barrel , so that its zero line is repositioned relative to the markings on the thimble . There is usually a small hole in the sleeve to accept the spanner 's pin . This calibration procedure will cancel a zero error : the problem that the micrometer reads nonzero when its jaws are closed . Testing ( edit ) A standard one - inch micrometer has readout divisions of . 001 inch and a rated accuracy of + / - . 0001 inch ( `` one tenth '' , in machinist parlance ) . Both the measuring instrument and the object being measured should be at room temperature for an accurate measurement ; dirt , abuse , and low operator skill are the main sources of error . The accuracy of micrometers is checked by using them to measure gauge blocks , rods , or similar standards whose lengths are precisely and accurately known . If the gauge block is known to be 0.7500 '' ± . 00005 '' ( `` seven - fifty plus or minus fifty millionths '' , that is , `` seven hundred fifty thou plus or minus half a tenth '' ) , then the micrometer should measure it as 0.7500 `` . If the micrometer measures 0.7503 '' , then it is out of calibration . Cleanliness and low ( but consistent ) torque are especially important when calibrating -- each tenth ( that is , ten - thousandth of an inch ) , or hundredth of a millimeter , `` counts '' ; each is important . A mere spec of dirt , or a mere bit too much squeeze , obscure the truth of whether the instrument is able to read correctly . The solution is simply conscientiousness -- cleaning , patience , due care and attention , and repeated measurements ( good repeatability assures the calibrator that his / her technique is working correctly ) . Calibration typically checks the error at 3 to 5 points along the range . Only one can be adjusted to zero . If the micrometer is in good condition , then they are all so near to zero that the instrument seems to read essentially `` - on '' all along its range ; no noticeable error is seen at any locale . In contrast , on a worn - out micrometer ( or one that was poorly made to begin with ) , one can `` chase the error up and down the range '' , that is , move it up or down to any of various locales along the range , by adjusting the sleeve , but one can not eliminate it from all locales at once . Calibration can also include the condition of the tips ( flat and parallel ) , any ratchet , and linearity of the scale . Flatness and parallelism are typically measured with a gauge called an optical flat , a disc of glass or plastic ground with extreme accuracy to have flat , parallel faces , which allows light bands to be counted when the micrometer 's anvil and spindle are against it , revealing their amount of geometric inaccuracy . Commercial machine shops , especially those that do certain categories of work ( military or commercial aerospace , nuclear power industry , and others ) , are required by various standards organizations ( such as ISO , ANSI , ASME , ASTM , SAE , AIA , the U.S. military , and others ) to calibrate micrometers and other gauges on a schedule ( often annually ) , to affix a label to each gauge that gives it an ID number and a calibration expiration date , to keep a record of all the gauges by ID number , and to specify in inspection reports which gauge was used for a particular measurement . Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs . A micrometer can be calibrated on - site anytime , at least in the most basic and important way ( if not comprehensively ) , by measuring a high - grade gauge block and adjusting to match . Even gauges that are calibrated annually and within their expiration timeframe should be checked this way every month or two , if they are used daily . They usually will check out OK as needing no adjustment . The accuracy of the gauge blocks themselves is traceable through a chain of comparisons back to a master standard such as the international prototype meter . This bar of metal , like the international prototype kilogram , is maintained under controlled conditions at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures headquarters in France , which is one of the principal measurement standards laboratories of the world . These master standards have extreme - accuracy regional copies ( kept in the national laboratories of various countries , such as NIST ) , and metrological equipment makes the chain of comparisons . Because the definition of the meter is now based on a light wavelength , the international prototype meter is not quite as indispensable as it once was . But such master gauges are still important for calibrating and certifying metrological equipment . Equipment described as `` NIST traceable '' means that its comparison against master gauges , and their comparison against others , can be traced back through a chain of documentation to equipment in the NIST labs . Maintaining this degree of traceability requires some expense , which is why NIST - traceable equipment is more expensive than non-NIST - traceable . But applications needing the highest degree of quality control mandate the cost . Adjustment ( edit ) A micrometer that has been zeroed and tested and found to be off might be restored to accuracy by further adjustment . If the error originates from the parts of the micrometer being worn out of shape and size , then restoration of accuracy by this means is not possible ; rather , repair ( grinding , lapping , or replacing of parts ) is required . For standard kinds of instruments , in practice it is easier and faster , and often no more expensive , to buy a new one rather than pursue refurbishment See also ( edit ) Filar micrometer Vernier scale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Americana ( 1988 ) `` Micrometer '' Encyclopedia Americana 19 : 500 ISBN 0 - 7172 - 0119 - 8 ( set ) Jump up ^ `` micrometer '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Whitworth 's workshop micrometer '' , The Practical Mechanic and Engineer 's magazine , Nov 1844 , pp43 - 44 Jump up ^ Roe 1916 : 212 . Jump up ^ Roe 1916 : 210 - 213 , 215 . Jump up ^ * Loo Kang , Wee ; Hwee Tiang , Ning ( 2014 ) , `` Vernier caliper and micrometer computer models using Easy Java Simulation and its pedagogical design feature - ideas to augment learning with real instruments '' , Physics Education , 49 ( 5 ) , arXiv : 1408.3803 , doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 49 / 5 / 493 Jump up ^ US patent 343478 , McArthur , Duncan , `` Micrometer Calipers '' , issued 1880 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ M.M. Lanz & Betancourt , translated from the original French ( 1817 ) . Analytical essay on the construction of machines . London : R. Ackermann . pp. 14 -- 15 , 181 Plate 1 fig D3 . Jump up ^ `` Micrometer Heads Series 110 - Differential Screw Translator ( extra-Fine Feeding ) Type '' . Product Catalog . Mitutoyo , U.S.A . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waitelet , Ermand L. ( 1964 ) . `` Micrometer with adjustable barrel sleeve . US 3131482 A '' . Google patents . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Precision Measuring and Gaging '' . www.waybuilder.net . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.starrett.com/download/222_p1_5.pdf GENERAL MICROMETER INFORMATION Jump up ^ http://www.mahr.de/index.php?NodeID=13120 MICROMETER ACCURACY : Drunken Threads and Slip - sticks Jump up ^ BS EN ISO 3650 : `` Geometrical product specifications ( GPS ) . Length standards . Gauge blocks '' ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ http://ittc.sname.org/2006_recomm_proc/7.6-02-04.res.pdf ITTC -- Recommended Procedures : Sample Work Instructions Calibration of Micrometers . Jump up ^ ASME B89. 1.13 - 2013 Micrometers . Bibliography ( edit ) Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . ISO 3611 : `` Geometrical product specifications ( GPS ) . Dimensional measuring equipment . Micrometers for external measurements . Design and metrological characteristics '' ( 2010 ) BS 870 : `` Specification for external micrometers '' ( 2008 ) BS 959 : `` Specification for internal micrometers ( including stick micrometers ) '' ( 2008 ) BS 6468 : `` Specification for depth micrometers '' ( 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Micrometer . Print files including lessons and quizzes for teachers and students of the subject matter . 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who opened and closed the 1960 winter olympics

1960 Winter Olympics

1960 winter olympics

The 1960 Winter Olympics , officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games , was a winter multi-sport event held between February 18 -- 28 , 1960 in Squaw Valley , California , United States . Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $ 80,000,000 . It was designed to be intimate , allowing spectators and competitors to walk to nearly all the venues . Squaw Valley hosted athletes from thirty nations who competed in four sports and twenty - seven events . Women 's speed skating and biathlon made their Olympic debuts . The organizers decided the bobsled events did not warrant the cost to build a venue , so for the first and only time bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program .

Cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China , Taiwan , North Korea and East Germany . In 1957 the United States government threatened to deny visas to athletes from Communist countries . The IOC responded with a threat to revoke Squaw Valley 's right to host the 1960 Games . The United States conceded and allowed entry to athletes from Communist countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host city selection 2 Organization 2.1 Television 3 Politics 4 Events 4.1 Opening ceremonies 4.2 Ice hockey 4.3 Cross-country skiing 4.4 Biathlon 4.5 Nordic combined 4.6 Ski jumping 4.7 Figure skating 4.8 Speed skating 4.9 Alpine skiing 4.10 Closing ceremonies 5 Calendar 6 Venues 7 Participating nations 7.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 8 Medal count 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Further reading Host city selection ( edit ) Squaw Valley was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities , which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise . Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing , who were inspired to an Olympic bid by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno , Nevada , and Anchorage , Alaska , had expressed interest in the Games . Poulsen , president of the Squaw Valley Development Company , petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games . Knight 's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1,000,000 to the effort . Based on the financial support received from the State of California , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) approved the bid on January 7 , 1955 . Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower , calling on the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to consider Squaw Valley 's bid for the 1960 Games . Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC , which was considering bids from Innsbruck , Austria , St. Moritz , Switzerland and Chamonix , France . Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games , but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956 , the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck . Another $4,000,000 were committed by the State Legislature , which met Brundage 's requirements . On April 4 , 1956 , the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley . Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection ; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that the altitude would prove too stressful on the athletes . 1960 Winter Olympics bidding results City / Site Country Round 1 Round 2 Squaw Valley United States 30 32 Innsbruck Austria 24 30 Garmisch - Partenkirchen West Germany 5 -- St. Moritz Switzerland -- Organization ( edit ) Sign outside Olympic Village at Squaw Valley Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift , two rope tows , and a fifty - room lodge . Cushing presented the site as a blank canvas of unspoiled environment , where a world - class ski resort could be constructed . The obscurity of the location was underscored at the closing ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics . Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games . Since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government . John Garland , an IOC member from California , was asked to stand in and received the flag from the mayor of Cortina d'Ampezzo . After winning the right to host the Games , the California Olympic Commission was formed . They were given four years to build venues , an Olympic Village , and expand infrastructure . With the expansion of roads , bridges , water and electrical capacity the resort of Squaw Valley became the city of Squaw Valley . Hotels , restaurants , administration buildings , a Sheriff 's office and a sewage pumping and treatment plant were all constructed to support the influx of visitors for the Games . Organizers wanted the Olympics to be intimate with the venues close to one another . The Blyth Memorial Ice Arena was built along with three outdoor skating rinks , a 400 - meter speed skating oval and four dormitories to house athletes . One venue deemed impractical to build was the bobsled run . Organizers felt the lack of possible entrants and the high cost of building the run were sufficient deterrents to leave the bobsled events off the 1960 Olympic program . Several design innovations and new technologies were used for the 1960 Games . The speed skating , figure skating and ice hockey events were held on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history . A refrigeration plant capable of heating 4,800 homes had to be built to generate and maintain the ice . The heat generated from the refrigeration plant was used to warm spectators , provide hot water , and melt the snow off of roofs . New timing equipment provided by Longines was installed that used a quartz clock to measure to the hundredths of a second . IBM provided a computer that was capable of tabulating results and printing them in English and French . Blyth Arena , site of the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the figure skating and ice hockey competitions , was built with a 22 in ( 56 cm ) gap in the roof , which would slide closed as the cables supporting the roof contracted during cold weather . Funding for Cushing 's initial bid to the IOC came from the California Legislature and investors in the `` Squaw Valley Development Company '' , who were owners of the existing resort . To fund the construction , organizers turned to the federal government , which provided about a quarter of the $80 million required to host the Games . The monies were used to build sports arenas and provide military support during the Games . Further funding was secured from private sponsorships and from the State of California . Governor Knight and his successor Edmund `` Pat '' Brown remained behind the project , seeing it as a means to showcase the state of California to the world . Television ( edit ) Television was not new to the Olympic Winter Games ; broadcasts of events to European audiences had begun in 1956 . What was unprecedented was the sale of exclusive United States television rights to broadcast the Games . The Organizing Committee decided to sell the television broadcast rights to CBS for $50,000 . Unknown at the time was how lucrative the sale of broadcast rights would become . For example , CBS purchased the rights to broadcast the 1960 Summer Olympics for $550,000 . During the Games , CBS broadcast 15 and a quarter hours of television focusing on ice hockey , speed skating , figure skating , alpine skiing and ski jumping . The impact of television was felt during the Games ; in the men 's slalom event , officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event . This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay . Politics ( edit ) Brundage ( left ) examines the facilities at Squaw Valley , 1960 Winter Olympics . Athletic competition between the Soviet Union and United States had grown intense during the 1950s . Their opposing ideologies and interests in nations such as East and West Germany , China and North and South Korea created a delicate situation as the 1960 Winter Games approached . Of particular interest was the question of whether China would be allowed to participate . Chinese athletes last competed at the 1952 Summer Games but had since withdrawn from the IOC due to a dispute over Taiwan 's participation as a separate country . The United States supported Taiwan while the Soviet Union stood behind China . Given the fact that the 1960 Games were to be held in America , there was concern among IOC members that the United States would not allow China or any other Communist country to participate . In 1957 IOC president Avery Brundage , himself an American , announced that if the United States refused entry to any country recognized by the IOC , then they would revoke Squaw Valley 's invitation to host the Games and he would resign the presidency . Bowing to international pressure , the United States allowed athletes from Communist countries to participate . China continued to demand that Taiwan be expelled from the IOC , demands that were refused until China broke off relations ending any hope that they would participate in 1960 . Problems similar to the issue with China broke out over North Korea and East Germany . Prior to the Korean War the IOC had recognized the Olympic committee of Korea , which was headquartered in Seoul . North Korea was not recognized as a separate country by the IOC who maintained the existence of one Olympic committee . A unified team compromise was proposed but rejected , which meant only athletes from South Korea participated due to their prior recognition . Pressure for full recognition of East Germany continued despite the fact that both East and West Germany had participated as a unified team in 1956 . One of the conditions for a unified German team was that the athletes be represented by a neutral flag . Initially West German officials refused to agree to this stipulation citing the fact that the West German flag had been used at both the 1956 Winter and Summer Games . Eventually the neutral flag was adopted and a unified German team participated . Events ( edit ) The Games were held from February 18 to 28 . Medals were awarded in 27 events contested in 4 sports ( 8 disciplines ) . The sport of biathlon was added to the program as were speed skating events for women . After a poll was taken indicating that only nine countries would send a bobsled team , the organizers determined that bobsled would be removed from the Olympic program . Despite petitions from the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation to reconsider , the organizers felt they could not justify the costs of constructing a bobsled run for nine competing nations . It would be the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held . Biathlon ( 1 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 1 ) ( details ) Skating Figure skating ( 3 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skiing Alpine skiing ( 6 ) ( details ) Nordic skiing ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 6 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 1 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 1 ) ( details ) Opening ceremonies ( edit ) The chairman of the Pageantry Committee was Walt Disney , who was responsible for producing both the opening and closing ceremonies . He organized an opening that included 5,000 entertainers , the release of 2,000 pigeons , and a military gun salute of eight shots , one for each of the previous Winter Olympic Games . The opening ceremonies were held on February 18 , 1960 , at Blyth Arena in the midst of a blizzard . The heavy snow fall caused traffic problems that delayed the ceremony by an hour . The festivities began with a sustained drum roll as the flags of each participating nation were raised on specially designed flag poles . Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open . The Olympic cauldron was lit by Kenneth Henry , Olympic champion of the 500 meter speed skating race at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . The Olympic oath was taken by Carol Heiss on behalf of all the athletes . As the national delegations left the stadium fireworks concluded the ceremonies . Ice hockey ( edit ) Ice hockey match between the United States and Soviet Union . The United States won the game , 3 -- 2 . Main article : Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics The ice hockey tournament took place at Blyth Arena and the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink . Controversy over the amateur status of some of the players overshadowed the event . Canadian Olympic officials objected to the use of `` professional amateurs '' by Eastern Bloc countries , and especially the Soviet Union . They alleged that the Soviets were giving their elite hockey players phantom jobs in the military that allowed them to play hockey full - time , which gave Soviet teams an advantage that they used to dominate Olympic hockey tournaments for nearly 30 years . This issue started coming to light during the 1960 Games and would culminate in a Canadian boycott of the Olympic hockey tournament at the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics . The team from the United States won an improbable gold medal , defeating the favored Canadian and Soviet teams , who took silver and bronze respectively . This was the first Olympic gold medal in ice hockey for the United States and it would mark the last time a Soviet team did not win the Olympic tournament until the United States victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics . Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main article : Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race There were six cross-country skiing races at the 1960 Olympics , four for men and two for women , all held at the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex . Soviet women swept the 10 kilometer race , which was the first medal sweep for the Soviets at the Winter Olympics . They were however upset by Sweden in the 3 × 5 kilometer relay . Nordic countries dominated the men 's competition . Swedish lumberjack Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won in 1956 . He would add two golds and a bronze in 1964 to finish his Olympic career with nine medals , which made him the most decorated Winter Olympian . Finnish skier Veikko Hakulinen added a gold , silver and bronze to the two golds and two silvers he had won in 1952 and 1956 . Biathlon ( edit ) Main article : Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics Klas Lestander during the 1960 Olympic biathlon competition Biathlon made its Olympic debut in 1960 . The precursor to biathlon , military patrol , was on the Olympic program for the first Olympic Games in 1924 . It was a demonstration sport at the 1928 , 1936 , and 1948 Winter Olympics , though the competition was only open to members of the armed forces . Military patrol fell out of favor in 1948 due to anti-military sentiments in the post World War II era . Biathlon took its place and was instated as a full Olympic sport in 1960 . It encompassed a 20 kilometer cross-country race with four shooting stations at ranges from 100 to 250 m ( 330 to 820 ft ) . Klas Lestander from Sweden became the first Olympic champion , Antti Tyrväinen from Finland and Soviet Aleksandr Privalov placed second and third respectively . Nordic combined ( edit ) Main article : Nordic combined at the 1960 Winter Olympics The Nordic combined competition was held on February 21 at the Squaw Valley normal hill and the McKinney Creek Cross-Country Complex . The athletes had three jumps on February 21 followed by a 15 kilometer cross-country race . German skier Georg Thoma became the first non-Nordic athlete to win the event . He would win bronze medal in the Nordic combined in 1964 . Tormod Knutsen of Norway and Nikolay Gusakov of the Soviet Union placed second and third , respectively . Gusakov 's wife , Maria Gusakova , competed in the cross-country events , winning a gold and silver . Ski Jumping ( edit ) Main article : Ski jumping at the 1960 Winter Olympics Helmut Recknagel at a ski jumping event There was one ski jumping event at the 1960 Games , the men 's normal hill , which was held on February 28 . In 1964 the competition would be expanded to include a men 's large hill event . Helmut Recknagel became the first German to win the event . In 1994 he would be joined by Jens Weißflog as the only German ski jumping Olympic champions . Niilo Halonen from Finland and Austrian Otto Leodolter earned the silver and bronze medals . Figure skating ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics Held at Blyth Memorial Arena , the figure skating competition took place between February 19 and 26 . Though this was not the first time figure skating had been held indoors , it would never be contested outdoors again . There were three events : men 's and women 's singles and the pairs competition . In the men 's event , David Jenkins of the United States , brother of 1956 Winter Olympic figure skating champion Hayes Jenkins , won the gold medal . It was his second Olympic medal , having won the bronze in 1956 . Czechoslovakian Karol Divín took the silver medal , and Canadian Donald Jackson won the bronze . American Carol Heiss , winner of the silver medal in 1956 , became the Olympic champion in 1960 . A year later she married Hayes Jenkins and starred in Snow White and the Three Stooges . Dutch skater Sjoukje Dijkstra took the silver medal ; she would finish her amateur career with an Olympic gold medal in 1964 . Barbara Ann Roles gave the United States its third figure skating medal of the competition when she took the bronze . The Soviet Union made its Olympic figure skating debut by sending two couples to compete in the pairs competition ; the result belied the fact that Soviet skaters would soon come to dominate this event . The competition was won by the Canadian pair of Barbara Wagner and Bob Paul who had won the last three world championships . The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal , and the American husband - and - wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze . Speed skating ( edit ) Main article : Speed skating at the 1960 Winter Olympics Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960 . The Soviet Union had requested the inclusion of women 's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games , but the request was rejected by the IOC . The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games , and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a World Championship for women 's speed skating , the IOC agreed to four events ; 500 , 1,000 , 1,500 , and 3,000 meters . Most of the events were held on the Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink , which was an outdoor skating oval , and featured artificial ice , a first for the Olympic speed skating competition . Given the altitude and the artificial ice , the rink was the fastest in the world , as evidenced by Norwegian Knut Johannesen 's world record in the 10,000 meter event . At 15 : 46.6 he was the first skater ever to break the 16 - minute barrier , and eclipsed the previous world record by 46 seconds . Despite Johannesen 's victory , the Soviets dominated the speed skating events , winning all but two of the races . Yevgeny Grishin won both the 500 and 1,500 meter races , though he shared the 1,500 meter gold medal with Norwegian Roald Aas . Lidiya Skoblikova from the Soviet Union was the other double gold medalist , when she won the 1,500 and 3,000 meter events . Polish skaters Helena Pilejczyk and Elwira Seroczyńska placed second and third in the 1,500 meter event , which were Poland 's only medals of the Games . They were just the second and third Poles ever to win Winter Olympic medals . Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main article : Alpine skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics Despite the lack of facilities at Squaw Valley , the resort did have steep mountain slopes in close proximity , resulting in some of the most difficult alpine skiing courses in Olympic history . Both men and women competed in the downhill , giant slalom and slalom with all 6 events held between February 20 and 26 . The men 's downhill was won by Frenchman Jean Vuarnet who changed the sport by becoming the first Olympic champion to use metal skis . Swiss skier Roger Staub won the giant slalom and Ernst Hinterseer from Austria was the slalom champion . German Heidi Biebl won the women 's downhill , Yvonne Rüegg of Switzerland won the giant slalom and Anne Heggtveit from Canada won the slalom . Penny Pitou of the United States was the only multiple medal winner with two silvers in the downhill and giant slalom . Closing ceremonies ( edit ) The Games were brought to a close on February 28 in Blyth Memorial Arena in front of 20,000 people . Flags of the participating nations were followed by the athletes who marched as a group with no national distinctions , a tradition carried over from the 1956 Summer Olympics . The flag bearers made a semi-circle around the rostrum and the national anthems of Greece ( even though the nation did n't compete ) , United States , and Austria were played as their respective flags were raised . IOC president Avery Brundage declared the Games closed , at which point the Olympic flame was extinguished . The Games concluded with the release of several thousand balloons . Calendar ( edit ) All dates are in Pacific Standard Time ( UTC - 8 ) The opening ceremony was held on February 18 , along with the first games of the Ice hockey tournament . From February 19 to 28 , at least one event final was held each day . OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals CC Closing ceremony February 18 Thu 19 Fri 20 Sat 21 Sun 22 Mon 23 Tue 24 Wed 25 Thu 26 Fri 27 Sat 28 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Ice hockey Figure skating Speed skating 8 Alpine skiing 6 Cross-country skiing 6 Nordic combined Ski jumping Biathlon Daily medal events 27 Cumulative Total 5 8 11 15 17 19 23 25 27 February 18 Thu 19 Fri 20 Sat 21 Sun 22 Mon 23 Tue 24 Wed 25 Thu 26 Fri 27 Sat 28 Sun Total events † The numeral indicates the number of event finals for each sport held that day . Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics The lack of facilities prior to the Olympics gave organizers freedom to tailor the layout of the venues to fit the needs of the athletes . Their vision was for an intimate Games in which athletes and spectators could walk between venues . This was accomplished with the exception of the cross-country events , which were held at McKinney Creek , a 12 mi ( 19 km ) drive from Squaw Valley . In prior Winter Olympics the athletes were housed in hotels or billeted with local families . Since no such facilities existed in Squaw Valley , the organizers decided to build the first Olympic Village at the Winter Games . Competitors slept in one of four dormitories and ate together in a dining room . The complex was located centrally , with access to all the sporting facilities . The peaks surrounding Squaw Valley were used for the alpine skiing events . The ladies ' downhill and men 's slalom and giant slalom were on KT - 22 mountain , while the ladies ' slalom and giant slalom were contested on Little Papoose Peak . Squaw Peak was the site of the men 's downhill competition . Prior to the Games , concerns persisted that the courses would not meet international standards . To address these concerns , a test event was held in 1959 and the attending delegates from the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) left assured that the events would comply with FIS rules and specifications . Bleachers were constructed for officials , coaches and spectators , along with broadcast booths for radio and television . Papoose Peak Jumps was located on Little Papoose Peak directly opposite Blyth Memorial Arena . Designed by Heini Klopfer , the hill was innovative in that it had 40 - , 60 - , and 80 -- meter jumps . Tall trees on both sides protected athletes from the wind , and it was situated so that the sun would be at the jumper 's back during the competition . McKinney Creek Stadium was built to host all of the cross-country races , which included the biathlon and a portion of the Nordic combined competition . It consisted of a timing building , two Quonset huts for competitors and course workers , a scoreboard , and bleachers to accommodate 1,200 people . Shooting ranges were interspersed throughout the biathlon course , and were supervised by non-commissioned officers of the United States military . Blyth Memorial Arena was the centerpiece of the Games . It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies jointly with Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink , and also hosted the figure skating competition , a few of the speed skating events , as well as most of the games in the hockey tournament . All three of the sports were held indoors on artificial ice for the first time in Olympic history . At full capacity , the arena accommodated 11,000 people , 8,500 of whom were seated . One end of the stadium could be opened and closed , depending on the event . During the ceremonies it was open to allow for the entrance of the athletes ; during the competitions it was closed to accommodate more spectators . A special machine was created to resurface the ice for all three competitions . It could lay a new ice surface on the 400 - meter speed skating track in 45 minutes . In addition to resurfacing the ice , the machine created the snow dividers that delineated the racing lanes . The roof was designed on a suspension principle , using cables rather than vertical supports ; this removed any visual impediments for the audience , but it weakened the strength of the roof . Given the amount of annual snowfall designers planned on using heat generated by the refrigeration plant to melt the snow . There were flaws in the design and miscalculations in the load the roof could bear , and during a particularly heavy snowfall in 1983 , a portion of the roof collapsed and the building was subsequently demolished . As of 2016 , only three buildings from the 1960 Winter Olympics remain in Squaw Valley . An expansion of the resort 's village , currently in the planning stages , would see two of these buildings demolished . Participating nations ( edit ) Athletes from 30 nations competed at the 1960 Games . South Africa competed at the Winter Games for the first time ; it would be the last for many years , as apartheid policies prevented South African participation until 1994 . Athletes from West Germany ( FRG ) and East Germany ( GDR ) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964 . The number at the end of each country denotes the number of athletes each country sent . ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Argentina ( 6 ) Australia ( 30 ) Austria ( 26 ) Bulgaria ( 7 ) Canada ( 44 ) Chile ( 5 ) Czechoslovakia ( 21 ) Denmark ( 1 ) Finland ( 48 ) France ( 26 ) United Team of Germany ( 74 ) Great Britain ( 17 ) Hungary ( 3 ) Iceland ( 4 ) Italy ( 28 ) Japan ( 41 ) South Korea ( 7 ) Lebanon ( 2 ) Liechtenstein ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 7 ) New Zealand ( 4 ) Norway ( 29 ) Poland ( 13 ) South Africa ( 4 ) Soviet Union ( 62 ) Spain ( 4 ) Sweden ( 47 ) Switzerland ( 21 ) Turkey ( 2 ) United States ( 79 ) ( host ) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Country Athletes USA United States 79 EUA United Team of Germany 74 URS Soviet Union 62 FIN Finland 48 SWE Sweden 47 CAN Canada 44 JPN Japan 41 AUS Australia 30 NOR Norway 29 ITA Italy 28 AUT Austria 26 FRA France 26 TCH Czechoslovakia 21 SUI Switzerland 21 GBR Great Britain 17 POL Poland 13 BUL Bulgaria 7 KOR South Korea 7 NED Netherlands 7 ARG Argentina 6 CHI Chile 5 LIE Liechtenstein 5 ISL Iceland NZL New Zealand RSA South Africa ESP Spain HUN Hungary LIB Lebanon TUR Turkey DEN Denmark Total 665 Medal count ( edit ) Main article : 1960 Winter Olympics medal table Below is a list of nations that won medals at the Games : Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union 7 5 9 21 United Team of Germany 8 United States 10 Norway 0 6 5 Sweden 7 6 Finland 8 7 Canada 8 Switzerland 0 0 9 Austria 6 10 France 0 11 Netherlands 0 Poland 0 13 Czechoslovakia 0 0 14 Italy 0 0 Total ( 14 NOCs ) 28 ‡ 26 ‡ 27 81 The host nation is highlighted in blue . ‡ Since there was a tie in the men 's 1,500 meter speed skating race ( like in 1956 ) , two gold medals and no silver medals were awarded . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 1960 Summer Olympics List of 1960 Winter Olympics medal winners Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games Other Olympic Games celebrated in the United States 1904 Summer Olympics -- St. Louis 1932 Summer Olympics -- Los Angeles 1932 Winter Olympics -- Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics -- Lake Placid 1984 Summer Olympics -- Los Angeles 1996 Summer Olympics -- Atlanta 2002 Winter Olympics -- Salt Lake City References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The VIII Winter Olympic Games '' . Squaw Valley Ski Corporation . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Findling & Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 338 . ^ Jump up to : `` Squaw Valley 1960 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IOC Vote History ^ Jump up to : Findling & Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything you need to know about bobsled '' . The Washington Post . February 28 , 1999 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shipler , Guy ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science : 137 -- 138 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ungar , Bernard L. ( 2000 ) . Olympic Games : Federal Government Provides Significant Funding and Support . Washington D.C. : United States General Accounting Office . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 7567 - 1501 - 6 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toohey and Veal ( 2008 ) , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Spence , Jim ( November 20 , 1988 ) . `` Are Olympic TV rights worth the price ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics and Television '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Espy ( 1979 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Xiao , Li . `` China and the Olympic Movement '' . China Internet Information Center . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Espy ( 1979 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Blitz , Michael ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . Santa Barbara , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Caraccioli ( 2006 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Caraccioli ( 2006 ) , p. xvii . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Hockey at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey : Ice Hockey Men '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cross Country Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mariya Gusakova '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sixten Jernberg '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sixten Jernberg '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , USA : The Mountaineers Books . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Veikko Hakulinen '' . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crego ( 2003 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Crego ( 2003 ) , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nordic Combined at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Georg Thoma '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolay Gusakov '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ski Jumping at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Ski Jumping Medalists '' . Ski Jumping Committee - USSA Eastern Division . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Czechoslovakia '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Heiss '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sjoukje Dijkstra '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games : Mixed Pairs '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games : Men 's 1,500 metres '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alpine Skiing at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Greek flag honored Greece as the originators of the Olympic Games , the United States flag represented the host nation and the Austrian flag was raised because Innsbruck , Austria had been selected to host the 1964 Winter Games . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 54 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael . `` How the Olympics Got Disneyfied '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) , pp. 109 -- 118 . Jump up ^ The alternate site for ice hockey and speed skating was the Squaw Valley Olympic skating rink , which was an outdoor venue with artificial ice . Jump up ^ Brown , Matthew ( January -- February 2010 ) . `` Then and if '' . Nevada Magazine . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Fimrite ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Big Squaw Valley resort expansion gets the green light '' . SFGATE . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Countries '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1960 Winter Olympics . `` Squaw Valley 1960 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists -- 1960 Winter Olympics '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Bill Briner Photo Collection of the 1960 Games Clip of US vs USSR ice hockey match on YouTube The program of the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics 1960 Winter Olympics Official Report Further reading ( edit ) Caraccioli , Jerry ; Caraccioli , Tom ( 2006 ) . Striking Silver : The Untold Story of America 's Forgotten Hockey Team . Champaign , USA : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 59670 - 078 - 5 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Crego , Robert ( 2003 ) . Sports and games of the 18th and 19th centuries . Westport , USA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31610 - 4 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Espy , Richard ( 1979 ) . The politics of the Olympic Movement . Berkeley , USA : University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03777 - 4 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the modern Olympic movement . Westport , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Squaw Valley Organizing Committee ( 1960 ) . VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley , California 1960 Final Report ( PDF ) . Squaw Valley , USA : California Olympic Commission . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Toohey , Kristine ; Veal , A.J. ( 2008 ) . The Olympic Games : A Social Science Perspective . Cambridge , USA : CAB International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84593 - 346 - 3 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Coordinates : 39 ° 11 ′ 47 '' N 120 ° 14 ′ 01 '' W  /  39.19631 ° N 120.23356 ° W  / 39.19631 ; - 120.23356 Preceded by Cortina D'Ampezzo Winter Olympics Squaw Valley VIII Olympic Winter Games ( 1960 ) Succeeded by Innsbruck Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 1960 Winter Olympics ( Squaw Valley ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Cross ‐ country skiing Figure skating Ice hockey Nordic combined Ski jumping Speed skating Nations at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley , United States Africa South Africa America Argentina Canada Chile United States Asia Japan South Korea Lebanon Europe Austria Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britain Hungary Iceland Italy Liechtenstein Netherlands Norway Poland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Oceania Australia New Zealand Venues of the 1960 Winter Olympics Blyth Arena McKinney Creek Stadium Papoose Peak Jumps Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink Squaw Valley Ski Resort GND : 2146503 - 4 LCCN : n98065848 VIAF : 133873932 1960s portal Olympics portal California portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_Winter_Olympics&oldid=840924217 '' Categories : 1960 Winter Olympics Olympic Games in the United States Winter Olympics by year Olympic Games in California Sports in Squaw Valley , Placer County , California Winter multi-sport events in the United States 1960 in multi-sport events 1960 in American sports 1960 in California History of Placer County , California History of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) February 1960 sports events 1960 in sports in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2013 Good articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 23 : 56 . 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when does brennan get pregnant the first time

Brennan is best friends with her coworker , Angela , saying in the 6th - season premiere she loves Angela `` like a sister '' and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins ' and Angela 's newborn child . It is revealed at the end of the season six finale `` The Change in the Game '' that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth .

season six finale

Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan

temperance ` ` bones'' brennan

Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan , Ph. D. ( born Joy Keenan ) is a fictional character portrayed by Emily Deschanel in the American Fox television series Bones . An anthropologist , forensic anthropologist , and kinesiologist , she is described in the series as a leading authority in the field of forensic anthropology . Brennan first appeared on television , along with other series characters , in the `` Pilot '' episode of Bones on September 13 , 2005 . She is the main protagonist of the series along with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth ( David Boreanaz ) .

Brennan is loosely based on author Kathy Reichs . Her name originates from the heroine in Reichs 's crime novel series , also named Temperance Brennan . The main similarity the two share is their occupation as forensic anthropologists . Brennan appeared in Comcast 's list of TV 's Most Intriguing Characters . She was included in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . Her relationship with Seeley Booth was listed in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . Contents 1 Character history 1.1 Family and early life 2 Characterization 3 Relationships 3.1 Seeley Booth 3.2 Tim `` Sully '' Sullivan 4 References 5 Further reading Character history ( edit ) Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan is a forensic anthropologist who works in the Medico - Legal lab at the Jeffersonian Institute in Washington , D.C. She received her Ph. D. from Northwestern University , as stated in `` The Girl in the Fridge '' . She has three doctorates , as referred to by Dr. Jack Hodgins in the episode `` The Parts of the Sum in the Whole '' , in anthropology , forensic anthropology and kinesiology ; it is implied that most of her work at the lab was related to either long - dead bodies or victims of genocide . Her occasional contract work for the FBI shifted the focus of her work . She was paired with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth , and helped to solve two difficult cases ; since then , they have worked together almost exclusively on modern - day murder cases . Brennan works with a group of other well - qualified colleagues , including the entomologist Jack Hodgins , her boss and forensic pathologist Camille Saroyan , forensic artist Angela Montenegro , and a host of eager graduate students . Booth refers to her crew of colleagues as `` squints '' , because they come to crime scenes and squint at evidence . He is also responsible for her nickname , `` Bones '' , which she initially detested . In the first - season finale ( which aired on May 17 , 2006 ) , Brennan stated that she was born in 1976 , which would have made her either 29 or 30 ( approximately the same age as Deschanel , who was born on October 11 , 1976 ) . In the fifth - season episode `` The Death of the Queen Bee '' ( which aired nearly four years later , on April 15 , 2010 ) , it is implied that her then - current age was 33 years ( based on Brennan 's identification of a former high school classmate as the victim and statement that the classmate was 33 ) . First mentioned in season 1 , Brennan has a love of dolphins , which she shared with her late mother : in the season one finale , `` The Woman in Limbo '' , Brennan examines a custom - made belt with a dolphin on the buckle , which had belonged to her mother , and which she mentions having once borrowed without asking first . Brennan 's love of dolphins is highlighted again in season 2 episodes `` The Titan on the Tracks '' , `` The Killer in the Concrete '' and `` Stargazer in a Puddle '' , when she mentions the constellation Delphinus , ( the Dolphin ) , her and her mother 's favorite . In season 6 , `` The Doctor in the Photo '' , she is shown to wear a dolphin ring . In `` Mummy in the Maze '' , Brennan exhibited ophidiophobia when confronted with snakes , but later only shows a moment of fright when confronted with another snake in `` The Mastodon in the Room '' . She takes note of this , voicing her observation that she only seems to lose her head around snakes when Booth is also `` there to be jumped upon '' , and also she mentions that she once had a pet snake during high school . It should also be noted that , in `` The Man in the Morgue , '' Brennan handled a snake without any trace of fear , even while Booth is in the room . In season one , in `` A Man on Death Row '' , Dr. Brennan expresses her stance on the death penalty ; `` I believe in the death penalty . There are certain people who should n't be in this world . The people who hacked hundreds of innocent children to death in Rwanda ; beheaded them at their desks at school ! The people who did that , they should be executed . '' In `` The Woman at the Airport '' , Dr. Brennan is shown to have a strong dislike for plastic surgeons , believing them to be no more than `` glorified butchers with medical degrees '' , and this dislike is voiced again in season 4 , in `` Cinderella in the Cardboard '' . In `` The Woman in the Car '' , Dr. Brennan reveals that her third doctorate is in kinesiology , a field that would allow her and Angela to unravel how one of the bodies that had been found had been killed . In season two , she expressed the desire to get a pet pig , whom she would have named `` Jasper '' . Brennan 's expertise in kinesiology would again prove its worth in `` The Truth in the Lye '' ( she could tell that one of the murder suspects was pregnant just from having observed her gait ) , in `` The Girl with the Curl '' ( she could tell if one of the young beauty pageant contestants was suffering from scoliosis just by watching them perform on stage ) , and in `` The Woman in the Sand '' ( while undercover with Booth , she was able to tell Booth exactly how to beat his opponent from just having watched his moves ) . In `` Judas on a Pole '' , she and her brother are identified as having the same blood type , blood type O. In `` Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House '' , she is shown to be a good cook : Booth 's comment on her mac and cheese is that he 'd `` like to be alone with it '' . In the season 3 episode , `` Mummy in the Maze '' , it is revealed that Brennan 's favorite superhero is Wonder Woman , and that she always goes as Wonder Woman to the Jeffersonian 's Halloween party . In `` The Baby in the Bough '' , it is revealed that Brennan is a registered foster parent , at her brother 's request , to take in his stepdaughters in case anything should happen to him and his girlfriend . In the season 3 episode , `` Intern in the Incinerator '' , Booth reveals that Brennan 's favorite flower is a Daffodil , her second favorite flower is a Daisy , and her favorite planet is Jupiter . In season 5 , in `` The Death of the Queen Bee '' , when asked if she 'd had a pet rat , Brennan discloses that she , in fact , had a pet mouse , snake and some spiders . During her time at Burtonsville high school , her only friend was the school custodian , Ray Buxley , with whom she would enjoy long , in - depth conversations on life and death , and who would also provide her with dead animals to dissect ( Brennan having set out to become a forensic anthropologist , ) and who would later be one of her books ' biggest fans ( she having named the killer in her first book , Bred in the Bone , after him ) . According to the Burtonsville high school on - line yearbook entry on Brennan , in her senior year , she was a member of the Chemistry club and Math club , her interests were chemistry and mathematics , and she was a National Merit Scholar and an Academic All Star . In the season 6 episode , `` The Blackout in the Blizzard '' , Brennan mentions her pet iguana for the first time . This same episode show that one of the number of scientific publications that Brennan reads is Medicinal Physics Quarterly , with one article on electrostatics and triboluminescence proving useful during the lab 's power outage . Further concerning her pet iguana in `` The Truth in the Myth '' , as a part of his rehab from alcohol abuse , Vincent Nigel - Murry made apologies for , among other things , having borrowed her iguana one night , wearing him as a hat for a party . She comments that he must have taken good care of her iguana as she has observed nothing wrong with him and further expresses some surprise that Vincent Nigel - Murry was able to get her iguana to stay perched atop his head , to which he replies that he was good with ribbons . In season 8 , `` The Tiger in the Tale '' , Booth mentions to Sweets that Dr. Brennan once took Peyote with Native Americans . In season 11 , `` The Senator in the Street Sweeper '' , Dr. Brennan is mentioned to be a member of the Green Party of the United States along with Dr. Hodgins . Family and early life ( edit ) Although Brennan seemed to have a relatively normal childhood , her parents disappeared when she was 15 years old . Her older brother Russ , himself still an adolescent , was unable to care for her and she was put in the foster care system . By the time she started college she had been to twelve different schools and has specifically said that she hated the lack of consistency . There has been contradictory evidence about her time in the system ; in one episode , Brennan stated that her grandfather got her out of the foster system , but in a later episode , she indicates that she never knew her grandparents ( possibly the two references are to two separate sets of grandparents , paternal and maternal ) . However , taking into consideration the fact that Brennan 's parents had assumed new identities when she was 3 - years - old , the grandfather who had taken her in from her time in the foster system may not have been her biological grandfather . Her time in foster care was quite traumatic and abusive ; Brennan indicated that she was once locked in the trunk of a car for two days because she broke a plate , and in the episode `` The Finger in the Nest '' , she reveals to Booth that she walked into her elderly neighbor 's house to find the woman dead . In the same episode , she also mentions to Booth that her parents were very concerned about her afterwards , because she started faking her own death . In Season 2 , she mentions that during her time in the foster care system , she kept a list of foster homes she had been kicked out of on the bottom of her shoe . In the first season she hands Booth the file on her parents ' disappearance and he agrees to look into it as a personal favor . It is later revealed in Season 2 that her parents , who were bank robbers specializing in safety deposit boxes , changed the family 's identity after they stole some damaging FBI documents regarding the murder of an FBI agent and the false imprisonment of civil rights activist Marvin Beckett . Brennan 's birth name was Joy Keenan . Her mother ( real name Ruth Keenan , known under the assumed identity of Christine Brennan ) had hoped to someday return to her children and family , but made a tape for Brennan to watch on her 16th birthday in case that never happened . Brennan later discovered that Ruth / Christine was murdered in 1993 , two years after she and her husband went on the run . Her father Max Keenan re-entered Brennan 's life when she and her brother were being threatened by an old acquaintance , who turned out to be Booth 's boss , Deputy Director Kirby . Max evades capture after killing Kirby , and takes Russ into hiding to protect him . Later , Max allows Booth to arrest him in order to improve his relationship with his daughter . At trial , Max is acquitted of murdering Director Kirby ( due in large part to a defense Booth indirectly came up with , positing an alternate theory of the crime in which Temperance was the killer instead , creating reasonable doubt ) , and he begins to rebuild his life . He temporarily works at the Jeffersonian as a guide for children visiting the place and demonstrates his brilliant talent as a former science teacher . However , Brennan is concerned about a convicted felon having access to a lab that investigates crimes . Max also introduces Brennan to her cousin Margaret Whitesell , portrayed by Deschanel 's real - life sister Zooey Deschanel . Brennan is best friends with her coworker , Angela , saying in the 6th - season premiere she loves Angela `` like a sister '' and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins ' and Angela 's newborn child . It is revealed at the end of the season six finale `` The Change in the Game '' that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth . In Season 7 , episode 2 `` The Hot Dog in the Competition '' , Brennan and Booth found out they were having a baby girl . Their daughter , Christine Angela Booth ( named for Brennan 's mother and her best friend ) , was born in a stable during the episode `` The Prisoner in the Pipe '' . In the Season 7 finale , `` The Past in the Present '' , key evidence in the death of her friend , Ethan Sawyer , is linked to Brennan . Max convinces her to go on the run along with Christine , saying that if she is arrested , even if she is found innocent , she may never see her daughter again . In Season 8 premiere , it is revealed that while on the run , Brennan was communicating with Angela , via flowers , and eventually used this as a way to communicate with Booth . Despite being on the run , Brennan risks her safety and decides to meet directly with Booth in a hotel room after months of being a single mother . Eventually , they arrest Christopher Pelant , who was the real murderer of Ethan Sawyer , and Brennan is allowed to return to her family . Although Pelant blackmails Booth to prevent him from accepting Brennan 's proposal by threatening to kill five innocent people if Booth accepted , also warning Booth not to give a reason for his refusal , this threat is removed when the team manage to kill Pelant , and Booth and Brennan marry in the Season 9 episode ' The Woman in White ' . In the Season 10 episode , `` The Eye in the Sky '' , Brennan learns that she is pregnant with her and Booth 's second child . Characterization ( edit ) Throughout the course of the series , Brennan is portrayed as a straightforward , brilliant anthropologist , who lacks social skills . Her social ineptitude is especially apparent when it comes to sarcasm , metaphors which she often interprets literally , and pop culture jokes and is often the source of comedy in the show . An example of this is when she mistakes Colin Farrell for Will Ferrell . In earlier seasons , she was characterized as straightforward and unable to detect social cues -- she states that Booth once told her that she `` stinks at non-verbal communication '' -- and was well - known within the FBI for being extremely difficult to work with . She began to acknowledge her lack of sensitivity after Booth bluntly told her outright that she was `` bad with people '' in `` A Boy in a Tree '' . Her lack of `` political savvy '' and social skills was also a reason why she was passed over for Dr. Camille Saroyan as head of the Jeffersonian in Season 2 . Other characters have described her as `` no fun '' and `` a rigid traditionalist '' . She had a difficult adolescence , and it is implied , often by Sweets , that her withdrawn social tendencies are a defense mechanism . She also sometimes struggles in identifying and explaining her emotions , and takes comfort in the rationality of her anthropological discipline . Although it has been stated that Brennan was based on a person with Asperger syndrome , this has never been confirmed in the plot of the series . The creator of the series has stated that the character was never labeled as having the syndrome in order to increase the appeal of the show on network television . This influence on her character also helps to explain her extreme rationality in early seasons , as well as some of her social difficulties . Brennan is a self - proclaimed atheist and often points out what she believes to be the irrationality of religious and spiritual beliefs . This has led to more than one argument with Booth , who is a devout Roman Catholic ; he becomes particularly irate when she compares less common religions , such as voodoo , to Christianity . During the Sleepy Hollow crossover episode `` Dead Men Tell No Tales '' , Sleepy Hollow protagonist Ichabod Crane notes that Brennan is so sceptical that she would dismiss the demon Moloch -- the primary antagonist in the first two seasons of Sleepy Hollow -- as nothing more than a tall man with a skin condition , although this does leave him reassured that she will not realise the nature of the secret tomb they have uncovered underneath the White House . Brennan is a bestselling author , who has been on the New York Times Best Seller List for 18 weeks . She is trained in three types of martial arts , has hunting licenses in four states , and has a legally registered gun as well as a diving certificate . She promised to consider becoming a vegetarian after seeing how pigs were slaughtered ( which was also the way her mother had been killed ) . However , in `` The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken '' ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Angela cites health reasons for Brennan 's vegetarian diet . Brennan is also a trained amateur highwire performer , and speaks at least seven other languages , including Spanish , French , Latin , Chinese , Pashto Japanese , Norwegian ( although she says only `` skull '' and avers that , as a forensic anthropologist , this is a word she knows `` in just about every language '' ) , Farsi , and German . She has also admitted to knowing a bit of Russian . She often says she does not `` put much stock in psychology '' and makes a point of noting that Dr. Sweets is not a real scientist as he `` bases his life on the vagary of psychology and emotions '' . Brennan 's personality undergoes significant changes throughout the course of the series . Her thinking becomes less rigid in later seasons , something which is observed by Dr. Gordon Wyatt , who notes that she is now able to distinguish the difference between accuracy and truth . In season 4 , Booth takes her along to his interrogations and helps her learn how to set aside her scientific perspective and relate with the victim 's family and suspects on a more interpersonal level . She is also able to put aside her rationality to support her friends in sometimes irrational pursuits , such as Angela 's quest to raise money to save a pig from slaughter , and to comfort Booth , even using science or quoting directly from the Bible to rationalize his religious beliefs . Her sensitivity and empathy towards others are also much improved , seen quite strongly when she comforts his grandfather , and when she attends a funeral so that the victim 's single mother wo n't be alone . She also displays more `` typical '' human emotions when in extreme stress . One example of this is her fear of snakes in `` The Mummy in the Maze , '' when a girl is in the process of being scared to death in a room , the floor teeming with snakes . This goes against her empirical nature , as , when Booth tells her that the snakes are n't venomous , she states that she is aware , but still refuses to step in the room , causing Booth to carry her on his back . Brennan begins to feel both dissatisfaction and discomfort with her work toward the end of the fifth season . She also sees some futility in her work , stating that no matter how many killers they catch , there will always be more . To help her gain new perspective , she later decides to head up an anthropological expedition to Indonesia for a year to identify some ancient proto - human remains , after mulling it over during the episode . However , 7 months later , she and everyone else return to D.C. in order to save Cam 's job , and they all decide to stay . As season 6 progresses , Brennan must confront her feelings for Booth , whom she rejected in the 100th episode from the previous season . Having returned from 7 months of introspection , she has come to terms with her romantic affection towards him , even admitting that she regretted not having given them a chance together , midway through the season . However , Booth returns from Afghanistan with a new love interest , war correspondent Hannah Burley , whom Brennan befriends . When Hannah rejects Booth 's marriage proposal , Brennan must help him through the emotional fallout . In the second to last episode of season 6 Booth and Brennan had sex , consummating their relationship , and it is revealed in the last few moments of the season finale that as a result , Brennan has become pregnant , with Booth the father . Throughout the episode ( `` The Change in the Game '' ) Brennan has been seen asking Angela questions and making comments that make her seem excited and apprehensive ; when she sees that Booth is happy with the news , she also seems overjoyed . This reflects her earlier desire to become a mother , circa season 4 , as well as her desire that Booth be the father of the baby . In the Season 8 episode `` The Shot in the Dark '' , Brennan is shot while working in the lab late at night . While undergoing emergency surgery , she experiences a vision of meeting with her deceased mother , Christine Brennan . Initially dismissing this as a hallucination , Brennan experiences several more visions throughout the episode . During these discussions , it 's revealed that Brennan 's hyper rationalization originates from the very last piece of advice her mother gave to her ( before going on the run ) which was to use her brain instead of her heart . While that advice enabled Brennan to survive all these years , the vision of her mother explains , it 's now time for Brennan to do more than just survive . Since entering a relationship with and marrying Booth and then having children , the character has undergone development personally and is shown to be a caring wife and protective mother . She would often put aside her own atheistic views and uses her hyper - rationality to justify Booth 's religious beliefs , as shown in season 8 where she references the Bible in order to persuade Booth to forgive his mother and in the season finale where she agrees to a church wedding , rationalizing that she could appreciate the `` beauty '' of the ceremony and its significance to Booth . Relationships ( edit ) Brennan has had a number of relatively short relationships , including an ill - fated date with a man who turned out to be a murderer and the re-kindling of a romance with her former thesis supervisor . She has stated that although she does not always feel the need for a committed emotional relationship , she has engaged in casual relationships to `` satisfy biological urges '' . In one episode , she was spending time with two men , one for his intelligence and the other for his sexual skills . In Season 5 , episode `` The Plain in the Prodigy '' , she tells Booth she lost her virginity at the age of 22 and when asked why she waited so long , she said it was because the decision was `` important to her '' . FBI psychologist Lance Sweets postulates in a number of episodes that Brennan 's apprehension over having relationships is largely due in part to the abandonment and abuse she experienced as a teenager after her parents disappeared . It is said that she `` hides '' herself behind a front of hyper - rationalism and she always keeps people at arms ' length , except for those closest to her ( namely FBI partner Seeley Booth and best friend Angela Montenegro ) . After much character growth , Temperance Brennan is now married to her principal love interest of the series Seeley Booth , and they have a daughter ( Season 7 ) and a son together . Seeley Booth ( edit ) FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth is Brennan 's husband and partner , and the principal liaison between the Jeffersonian and law enforcement agencies . Prior to their marriage , he is also Brennan 's principal love interest throughout the series . Although his working style initially clashed with Brennan 's , they have since become full - fledged partners . Their compatibility has become one of the central points of the show , with many new characters mistaking them for a couple and co-workers , especially Angela , constantly speculating that they were `` more than partners '' . Booth and Brennan have repeatedly risked their safety to save each other , including when Booth took a bullet meant for Brennan . After Booth rescues Brennan from the corrupt Agent Kenton , Booth lifts her off the hook she was hung on by putting her tied hands around his neck even though he himself was severely injured . In `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' , in season 1 , and in `` The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle '' , in season 5 , Brennan and Booth 's mutual love for Foreigner 's Hot Blooded is mentioned ; Booth even refers to it as ' their song ' in `` The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle '' . Brennan once commented to Dr. Gordon Wyatt ( Stephen Fry ) that she `` ( could n't ) think of anything ( she ) would n't do to help Booth . '' Brennan 's novels are also dedicated to him and the character Special Agent Andy Lister is based on him even though she still denies it . Initially Brennan was mostly dismissive of Booth due to their opposing worldviews and work styles -- which is a source of friction and banter between them . Although she refused to admit it at first , Brennan enjoyed working with him from the beginning , even after their falling out when Booth got her drunk and `` fired '' her , and , in Season 1 , she cajoled him into launching an investigation after finding three bone fragments on a golf course so he could work with the Jeffersonian team on the case despite the fact that the FBI technically had no jurisdiction . She often unknowingly offends him on a number of occasions during the first few seasons with her tactlessness , only realizing after being gently admonished by Angela or another member of the team . She comes to admire his ability to connect with people and read behavioral cues when interrogating suspects after coming to terms with her own lack of social skills . After finding out about his abusive childhood and haunted past in the Army , she also begins to respect him as a person . Booth , who is particularly taciturn in revealing emotions or speaking about his past , begins to open up to and confide in her . Since entering a relationship with ( and eventually marrying ) Booth , she is shown to be extremely supportive of him , even at the expense of her friendship with Angela . Additionally , she put aside her own misgivings several times for Booth 's benefit ; for example , she agrees to have Christine christened into the Catholic church and referenced the Bible when trying to talk Booth into forgiving his mother . Brennan acquired the nickname `` Bones '' from Booth . She initially disliked it but comes to regard it with affection . Booth and his son Parker are the only characters in the show she permits to use it and the former rarely addresses her by her first name or `` Tempe '' . In Season 2 Brennan shot and killed a person for the first time while working on a string of murders connected to serial killer Howard Epps . She was forced to pull the trigger after Epps ' accomplice attacked and injured Booth with a pipe . At the end of the episode she confides in Booth of her conflicted feelings and finds comfort in the fact that Booth understood how she felt . The relationship between Brennan and Booth has often become strained when either partner has a significant other . For example , Booth was quite irritable when Brennan dated Agent Sully , and their relationship was also strained when Booth 's brother Jared was showing an interest in Brennan . Brennan constantly needled Booth while he was dating Tessa . When Brennan decided that she wanted to have a baby , she asked Booth if he would be the sperm donor . He agrees to Brennan 's request at first , but subsequently struggles with the thought of not being involved in the life of his prospective child . Eventually he tells Brennan he can not let her have his child if he is not allowed to be a father to it . Soon thereafter , it is discovered that he has a ( benign ) brain tumour . He has to undergo surgery , and though the surgery is successful , a poor reaction to anesthesia left him in a coma for several days . While in his coma , Brennan reads to him from her new novel , and he has an elaborate dream in which Brennan is his wife and that she is pregnant , and that the staff at the Jeffersonian play the characters in the novel . When he awakens , he initially suffers from amnesia , not recognizing Brennan . Although for the majority of the series Booth and Brennan denied that their relationship was anything more than friendly professionalism , they admitted to Dr. Sweets that they kissed and nearly spent the night together after their very first case together . After this discussion , Booth attempted to convince Brennan to give a relationship a try . However , she declined , telling him that she , unlike him , is not a gambler , and is n't able to take that kind of a chance . They have subsequently attempted to date other people , although the fact that Booth once comments that he regards Brennan as his `` standard '' for other women suggests that he , at least , has not completely moved on . Brennan does admit to her best friend Angela Montenegro that as time has gone on , she is unsure if she wants to keep doing consulting work for the FBI , citing that she is tired of murderers and victims , and is constantly worried that something will happen to Booth and she will be unable to save him . In the climax of Season Five , Brennan and Booth part ways for a year -- he goes to Afghanistan while she leaves for the Maluku Islands in Indonesia -- but they promise to meet , one year from that day , at the Lincoln Memorial . In the beginning of season six ( 7 months later ) , they reunite in the stated place . Booth came back from Afghanistan , along with everyone else from various places , to help save Cam 's job . They all decided to stay . Booth has a serious new girlfriend , Hannah , and despite the hints of her colleagues at Brennan 's unconscious jealousy of their relationship , she vehemently denies feeling uncomfortable with the new situation . Through subsequent episodes her jealousy and resentfulness began becoming more apparent as Hannah and Booth started becoming more serious . In the episode `` The Doctor in the Photo '' , Brennan realizes she is in love with Booth and confronts him , but she is let down when Booth says that he loves Hannah and she is not a `` consolation prize '' , prompting Brennan to conclude that she has missed her chance , later reflecting that she should move on . In episode 10 of the sixth season `` The Body in the Bag '' , Booth tells his girlfriend about the incident , stating that it ( his love for Temperance ) was all in the past and whatever he felt , he does not feel it anymore , except for Hannah . However it was clear in the following episode that he still has feelings for Brennan . Despite her apparent resolve to move on , Brennan later showed sorrow when her father noted that he always thought she and Booth would end up together . During a subsequent case involving a polygamist who would spend the night with his first wife on the night he was scheduled to sleep alone , Booth commented that , while you can love several people , there is only ever one person you love the most , prompting Brennan to ask what happens when you push that person away , something Booth answered saying that it never truly leaves , adding further weight to the implication that he still has feelings for Brennan . Following Hannah 's departure , the two have begun to reconnect , to the point that , during a case that saw the two trapped in an elevator during a blackout for several hours , Booth and Brennan admitted that they are each interested in a relationship , but require more time to sort out their own feelings before they make such a commitment . In episode 22 of season 6 , `` The Hole in the Heart '' , which saw the death of Vincent Nigel - Murray ( Brennan 's favorite intern ) at the hands of renegade sniper Jacob Broadsky , Booth has Brennan stay at his apartment for her safety . Later that night , Brennan , still overcome with shock and grief over Vincent 's death , goes into Booth 's bedroom and they talk about the events of that day , and then allows Booth to hold her in bed . It is implied in the following day that they had sex . In the last scene of the season 6 finale , `` The Change in the Game '' , after the birth of Angela and Hodgins ' son , Brennan tells Booth that she is pregnant and that he is the father . At the start of Season 7 , a very pregnant Brennan and Booth are a couple but are going back and forth between apartments . Booth suggests that they should have their own place , whereas Brennan wants Booth to move into her apartment . It causes a minor rift between them , but is resolved when Booth admits why he wants to move into a new house and Brennan having some time to think over it says it 's a good idea because she 'd need him practically , emotionally and sexually . In episode 6 , `` The Crack in the Code , '' they decide to buy a two - story house in the suburbs -- which they jokingly called `` The Mighty Hut '' -- that Booth found at a police auction and renovate it , ( according to a mailed check sent to Brennan in `` The Heiress in the Hill '' , in season 9 , the `` Mighty Hut '' 's address is `` 1297 Janus Street , Washington DC , 20002 '' ) . In episode 7 , `` The Prisoner in the Pipe '' , Brennan goes into labor inside a prison just as she discovers who killed in an inmate there and Booth rushes her out with the intention to take her to the nearest hospital , but they both know she wo n't make it in time . This leads them to driving to an inn close to the prison . At first , they are rejected and are told to leave , but after some desperate pleading from an agonized Brennan , the two of them are led to a stall where she gives birth to their daughter , Christine Angela Booth ( named after Temperance 's mother , Christine Brennan , and Temperance 's best friend Angela Montenegro ) . Some time after the delivery , Temperance and Seeley both go back to their home where they celebrate with their friends from the Jeffersonian , who brought dinners that would last a few nights as well as a few baby supplies . In `` The Past in the Present '' , Brennan becomes the prime suspect in the murder of her schizophrenic friend , Ethan Sawyer , after supposedly threatening to kill Christine . Max advises Brennan to get off the grid and go into hiding , but she and Booth do not follow up at this suggestion . However , at the end of the episode , after Christine is christened in a Catholic church , it is revealed Brennan decided to take her father 's advice and flee with her daughter until her name is cleared . Just before Brennan flees town with Christine , she tells Booth she loves him and not just because of their daughter . After she is cleared of Sawyer 's murder , Brennan , Booth and Christine resume their family life . At the end of Season 8 , Brennan finally decides to marry Booth . However , their plans are ruined when a vengeful Christopher Pelant blackmails Booth , threatening to kill five random people if Booth marries Brennan . Booth calls off the wedding , but does not explain the real reason to Brennan . Brennan is devastated but pretends to be fine with this . In the season 9 premiere , Brennan fears that since Booth turned down her proposal , she fears that the love from their life is fading . After talking with bartender Aldo Clemens , a former priest and Army chaplain Booth confessed to , she realizes that it was uncharacteristic for Booth to suddenly cancel the wedding as he believed in marriage and that he likely had a legitimate reason to do so . Despite her colleagues ' anger at Booth , she decides to stay with him , telling him that she understands that he has his reasons and has faith that he will resolve the issue . In the episode 4 , `` The Sense in the Sacrifice '' , after Booth singlehandedly tracks Pelant down through an abandoned building and kills him with a single gunshot , he reveals to her that Pelant had blackmailed him . Pelant had threatened to kill five innocent people if Booth continued with the wedding or went to the police or FBI . At the end of the episode he proposes and she happily accepts ; unknown to them , Caroline , Angela and Hodgins witnessed it via the security cameras . In `` The Woman in White '' , Booth and Brennan marry at a small garden ceremony outside the Jeffersonian . Their infant son Hank Jr. ( named after Booth 's grandfather ) was born off - screen sometime after season 10 and before the beginning of season 11 . Tim `` Sully '' Sullivan ( edit ) Brennan had a brief relationship with FBI Agent Tim Sullivan ( Eddie McClintock ) , also known as Sully , whom she met while on a case when Booth was in therapy due to his grief - induced rage over his self - perceived role in the death of serial killer Howard Epps . Sully asked Dr. Brennan out on a date after their case was completed , and they began a relationship . Their relationship ended , however , when Sully decided to sail a boat down to the Caribbean , and Brennan declined to leave the Jeffersonian to go with him despite Angela trying to persuade her to follow him ; psychiatrist Doctor Gordon Wyatt ( Stephen Fry ) speculated that this was due to Brennan being unable to live a life without purpose . Despite Dr. Wyatt 's original perception as to why she stayed , there exist strong indications , especially through Angela 's observations of the situation , that the real reason she stayed was because of Booth . Sully returns in Season 12 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric , `` Digging Up Secrets With the Cast of Bones '' , IGN , May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved on June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Most Intriguing Characters '' . Comcast . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 6 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Parts in the Sum of the Whole '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2010 - 04 - 08 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Woman in Limbo '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Geek in the Guck '' . Bones . Season 10 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2014 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` A Boy in a Bush '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 11 - 08 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Stargazer in the Puddle '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 21 . 2007 - 05 - 16 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayhem on the Cross '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 21 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man on the Fairway '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 14 . March 8 , 2006 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Judas on a Pole '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Verdict in the Story '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 3 . Episode 12 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Bones that Blew '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 11 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Goop on the Girl '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Fire in the Ice '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 13 . January 22 , 2009 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mystery in the Meat '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 10 . November 22 , 2013 . Fox . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Boreanaz says ' Bones ' is not procedural '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` How TV shows try ( or choose not ) to depict Asperger 's syndrome '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark , N.J . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the Morgue '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 04 - 16 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wannabe in the Weeds '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 8 . 2008 - 05 - 12 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Aliens in the Spaceship '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Man with the Bone '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 18 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Double Trouble in the Panhandle '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 12 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Woman in the Garden '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` A Boy in a Tree '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boneless Bride in the River '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 16 . 2007 - 03 - 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Source in the Sludge '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Girl in the Mask '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 23 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Blonde in the Game '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 4 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Dwarf in the Dirt '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 7 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Foot in the Foreclosure '' `` . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 8 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Boy with the Answer '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 21 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning in the End '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Party in the Pants '' . Bones . Season 8 . Episode 22 . April 15 , 2013 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Secret in the Siege '' . Bones . Season 8 . Episode 24 . April 29 , 2013 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Headless Witch in the Woods '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 10 . 2006 - 11 - 26 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Girl in the Fridge '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 8 . 2005 - 11 - 29 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Bones : Episode 4.2 `` The Man in the Outhouse '' Recap '' ( web article ) . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 15 . March 15 , 2006 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Dwarf in the Dirt '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 7 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Bear '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 4 . November 1 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 9 . December 13 , 2005 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Proof in the Pudding '' . Bones . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 21 , 2010 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The High in the Low '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 20 . April 7 , 2014 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Male in the Mail '' . Bones . Season 7 . Episode 4 . December 1 , 2011 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Cold in the Case '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 21 . April 14 , 2014 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Blonde in the Game '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 4 . September 20 , 2006 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Girl in the Gator '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 2007 - 02 - 07 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Critic in the Cabernet '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The End in the Beginning '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 26 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Harbingers in the Fountain '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Predator in the Pool '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bones ' season finale shocker : Boss says Booth ' will make this right ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bones ' Finale : Pelant Returns And Leaves A Devastated Brennan In His Wake ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Kirsten . `` Girls Just Wanna Be Smart ? The Depiction of Women Scientists in Contemporary Crime Fiction '' . International Journal of Gender , Science and Technology . Lund University , Sweden : Center for Languages and Literature. 4 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 323 . Bones Characters Temperance Brennan Seeley Booth Angela Montenegro Zack Addy Jack Hodgins Lance Sweets Gormogon Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Man in the S.U.V. '' `` A Boy in a Tree '' `` The Man in the Bear '' `` A Boy in a Bush '' `` The Man in the Wall '' `` A Man on Death Row '' `` The Girl in the Fridge '' `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' `` The Woman at the Airport '' `` The Woman in the Car '' `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' `` The Man in the Morgue '' Season 2 `` The Titan on the Tracks '' Spin - off The Finder Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperance_%22Bones%22_Brennan&oldid=853896998 '' Categories : Bones characters Fictional anthropologists Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional writers Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional women scientists Atheism in television Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Slovenčina Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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a bandage is a sterile covering for a wound

Dressing ( medical )

dressing ( medical )

A dressing is a sterile pad or compress applied to a wound to promote healing and protect the wound from further harm . A dressing is designed to be in direct contact with the wound , as distinguished from a bandage , which is most often used to hold a dressing in place . Many modern dressings are self - adhesive .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Types 2.1 Gauze dressings 2.2 Biologics , skin substitutes , biomembranes and scaffolds 2.3 Self - adaptive dressings 3 Usage of dressings 4 See also 5 References Medical uses ( edit ) A dressing can have a number of purposes , depending on the type , severity and position of the wound , although all purposes are focused towards promoting recovery and protecting from further harm . Key purposes of a dressing are : Stem bleeding -- to help to seal the wound to expedite the clotting process ; Protection from infection -- to defend the wound against germs and mechanical damage ; Absorb exudate -- to soak up blood , plasma , and other fluids exuded from the wound , containing it / them in one place and preventing maceration ; Ease pain -- either by a medicated analgesic effect , compression or simply preventing pain from further trauma ; Debride the wound -- to remove slough and foreign objects from the wound to expedite healing ; Reduce psychological stress -- to obscure a healing wound from the view of others . Ultimately , the aim of a dressing is to promote healing of the wound by providing a sterile , breathable and moist environment that facilitates granulation and epithelialization . This will then reduce the risk of infection , help the wound heal more quickly , and reduce scarring . Types ( edit ) Two packages of gauze . One 10 cm by 4.1 m . The other 5 by 5 cm . Three types of gauze Depiction of a dressing on a face from a painting from 1490 Historically , dressings were made of a piece of material , usually a cloth , but the use of cobwebs , dung , leaves and honey have also been described . However , modern dressings include dry or impregnated gauze , plastic films , gels , foams , hydrocolloids , alginates , hydrogels , and polysaccharide pastes , granules and beads . They all provide different physical environments suited to different wounds : Absorption of exudate , to regulate the moisture level surrounding the wound - for example , dry gauzes absorb exudate strongly , drying the wound , hydrocolloids maintain a moist environment and film dressings do not absorb exudate ; Gas permeability and exchange , especially with regard to oxygen and water vapour ; Maintaining the optimum temperature to encourage healing ; Mechanically debriding a wound to remove slough . Pressure dressings are commonly used to treat burns and after skin grafts . They apply pressure and prevent fluids from collecting in the tissue . Dressings can also regulate the chemical environment of a wound , usually with the aim of preventing infection by the impregnation of topical antiseptic chemicals . Commonly used antiseptics include povidone - iodine , boracic lint dressings or historically castor oil . Antibiotics are also often used with dressings to prevent bacterial infection . Medical grade honey is another antiseptic option , and there is moderate evidence that honey dressings are more effective than common antiseptic and gauze for healing infected post-operative wounds . Bioelectric dressings can be effective in attacking certain antibiotic - resistant bacteria and speeding up the healing process . Dressings are also often impregnated with analgesics to reduce pain . The physical features of a dressing can impact the efficacy of such topical medications . Occlusive dressings , made from substances impervious to moisture such as plastic or latex , can be used to increase their rate of absorption into the skin . Dressings are usually secured with adhesive tape and / or a bandage . Many dressings today are produced as an `` island '' surrounded by an adhesive backing , ready for immediate application -- these are known as island dressings . Gauze dressings ( edit ) Gauze dressings are the most commonly used dressing due to their simplicity and inexpensiveness , with a long history of use . Constructed from an open - weave fabric , usually cotton , traditional gauze dressings function as an absorbent , breathable and protective pad for a wound . Today , gauze dressings often have a layer of non-stick , perforated plastic film over the absorbent gauze to prevent excessive drying of a wound or adhesion to the dressing , but maintaining the gauze 's ability to absorb exudate . Non-stick gauze island dressings are the most common type of dressing today -- an example is the Band - Aid . Biologics , skin substitutes , biomembranes and scaffolds ( edit ) Advancements in understanding of wounds have commanded biomedical innovations in the treatment of acute , chronic , and other types of wounds . Many biologics , skin substitutes , biomembranes and scaffolds have been developed to facilitate wound healing through various mechanisms . Self - adaptive dressings ( edit ) These super-absorbent fiber dressings rely on properties of smart polymers sensitive to humidity levels . The dressing material responds to changes in wound moisture in real time and , when needed , can reverse its function ( switching from absorption to hydration and back ) over each specific area of the wound and periwound . This type of dressing can be used on most open wounds . Usage of dressings ( edit ) Applying a dressing is a first aid skill , although many people undertake the practice with no training -- especially on minor wounds . Modern dressings will almost all come in a prepackaged sterile wrapping , date coded to ensure sterility . Sterility is necessary to prevent infection from pathogens resident within the dressing . Historically , and still the case in many less developed areas and in an emergency , dressings are often improvised as needed . This can consist of anything , including clothing or spare material , which will fulfill some of the basic tenets of a dressing -- usually stemming bleeding and absorbing exudate . Applying and changing dressings is one common task in nursing . See also ( edit ) History of wound care # Wound - site dressing Hydrocolloid dressing Hydrogel dressing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` First Aid Equipment , Supplies , Rescue , and Transportation '' . Hospital Corpsman . Naval Education and Training Command . 2003 . pp. 3 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` www.dressings.org '' . SMTL . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pressure+dressing Jump up ^ Gallant , A.E. ( 1897 ) . `` Report upon the Use of a Mixture of Castor oil and Balsam of Peru as a Surgical Dressing '' . Annals of Surgery . 26 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 339 . PMC 1425429 . PMID 17860484 . Jump up ^ Jull AB , Cullum N , Dumville JC , Westby MJ , Deshpande S , Walker N ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Honey as a topical treatment for wounds '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 3 : CD005083 . PMID 25742878 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005083. pub4 . Jump up ^ Kim , H ; Makin , I ; Skiba , J ; Ho , A ; Housler , G ; Stojadinovic , A ; Izadjoo , M ( 24 Feb 2014 ) . `` Antibacterial efficacy testing of a bioelectric wound dressing against clinical wound pathogens '' . Open Microbiol J. 8 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 21 . PMC 3950956 . PMID 24627730 . doi : 10.2174 / 1874285801408010015 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Jaideep ; Ghatak , Piya Das ; Roy , Sashwati ; Khanna , Savita ; Sequin , Emily K. ; Bellman , Karen ; Dickinson , Bryan C. ; Suri , Prerna ; Subramaniam , Vish V. ; Chang , Christopher J. ; Sen , Chandan K. ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Improvement of Human Keratinocyte Migration by a Redox Active Bioelectric Dressing '' . Plos One . 9 ( 3 ) : e89239 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 989239B . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0089239 . Jump up ^ Vyas KS , Vasconez HC . Wound Healing : Biologics , Skin Substitutes , Biomembranes and Scaffolds . Healthcare . 2014 ; 2 ( 3 ) : 356 - 400 . http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/2/3/356/htm Jump up ^ `` Ostomy Wound Management '' . www.o-wm.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . First aid Techniques Abdominal thrusts Airway management Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Emergency bleeding control Equipment Automated external defibrillator Bag valve mask Bandage Dressing First aid kit Nasopharyngeal airway Oropharyngeal airway Mnemonics ABC DCAP - BTLS DOTS OPQRST RICE SAMPLE SOAP Certifications Certified first responder Emergency medical technician Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician Topics Bleeding Golden hour Good Samaritan law Wilderness medicine Medicated dressings ( D09 ) Ointment dressings with anti-infectives Aluminium chlorohydrate Benzalkonium Benzododecinium Cetylpyridinium Chlorhexidine Clioquinol Framycetin Fusidic acid Iodoform Nitrofural Phenylmercuric nitrate Povidone - iodine Triclosan Other Soft paraffin dressings Zinc bandages Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic - pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 - L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 - L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD Agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia Agents Antidepressants Antimigraine Agents Antiparkinson 's Agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dressing_(medical)&oldid=793726642 '' Categories : Medical dressings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 15 : 21 . 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when did season 2 of handmaid's tale start

Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 )

April 25 , 2018

The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series )

the handmaid's tale ( tv series )

The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Vaughan , Ontario Running time 47 -- 63 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Handmaid 's Tale is an American dystopian drama web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot features a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein a totalitarian society subjects fertile women , called `` Handmaids '' , into child - bearing servitude . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25 , 2018 . The Handmaid 's Tale has received widespread critical acclaim and its first season won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . In May 2018 , Hulu announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along with a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of the Biblical account of Bilhah . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a plain dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks , named after the biblical figure ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue and turquoise . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are a sort of mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book in which Econowives wear clothing striped with the aforementioned colors ) . Women prisoners are called Unwomen and are worked to death clearing toxic waste in the Colonies . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master ( `` Of Fred '' ) like all Handmaids , was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity in the `` time before '' , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Handmaid 's Tale characters Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and cruelly punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . She was temporarily assigned to the Colonies until a bombing at the new Rachel and Leah Center . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their sexual reeducation and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Lucas `` Luke '' Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society . June is considered an adulteress and their daughter , Hannah , is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen No. 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She initially follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Dolores / Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Bahia Watson as Brianna / Oferic , another local Handmaid who is friends with June . Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole , June and Luke 's daughter . She is later renamed Agnes . Erin Way as Erin , a young , apparently mute , woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape to Canada . Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who was Nick 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the founder of the Colonies . Greg Bryk as Commander Ray Cushing ( season 2 ) Rohan Mead as Isaac ( season 2 ) , a Guardian assigned to the Waterford home . Julie Dretzin as Eleanor Lawrence ( season 2 ) , Joseph 's wife . Guest ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Beth ( season 1 ) , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner ( season 2 ) , a Commander 's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man . Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox ( season 2 ) , June 's mother , an outspoken feminist . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Omar ( season 2 ) a man who helps June attempt to escape . John Carroll Lynch as Dan ( season 2 ) , Emily 's boss at the university where she worked . Kelly Jenrette as Annie ( season 2 ) , Luke 's ex-wife . Rebecca Rittenhouse as Odette ( season 2 ) , a Doctor and Moira 's fiancée . Sam Jaeger as Mark Tuello ( season 2 ) , a mysterious stranger who Serena encounters in Canada . Oprah Winfrey ( uncredited ) as Newsreader ( season 2 ) on a car radio . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 10 April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , they pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is kept in the car , and unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen No. 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . One of the guards threatens to kill Offred , but Aunt Lydia saves her , although assuring the handmaids that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them . Offred 's transfer is unusual , as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening . As Offred leaves , she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Offred and other handmaids are taken to a dilapidated Fenway Park , where they are made to believe they will be hanged , but it turns out to be a ruse to frighten them . During another punishment , Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy . When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her , she is shown a pregnant handmaid , Ofwyatt , chained in a prison room due to her attempt to kill herself by drinking drain cleaner . Offred agrees to eat , and during her meal Aunt Lydia , who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience , but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted , brings the other handmaids into the room . One by one they each have a hand burned over an open gas flame . Later , Offred is at a pregnancy check - up , where she is visited by Fred and Serena , but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots , which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital . The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay , where she meets Nick , while Fred authorizes a highly resourced search for her . He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit , and to cut her hair . After stripping off her handmaid 's dress , she burns it before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear . In flashbacks throughout the episode , Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school ; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school 's fever policy , as well as about June and Luke 's fitness as parents . Later , they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked . 12 `` Unwomen '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) June has been transported to the abandoned former headquarters of The Boston Globe , another safe place arranged by Mayday . Emily has been taken to the Colonies , where disobedient and lower - class infertile women ( `` unwomen '' ) are forced to dig on highly toxic land . Many of the unwomen are becoming sick , and Emily is doing what she can to help them . A commander 's wife arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the unwomen : Emily befriends her and finds that she was sent to the colonies for committing a `` sin of the flesh . '' Emily holds her in contempt for `` holding a woman down while her husband rapes her '' . She feigns giving her pills for her ailments that are in truth poison , which leads to her death . The unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for this death . Janine arrives at the Colonies , where she is briefly greeted by Emily . June is visited by Nick at the Globe and gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her . Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay , and they have sex . In a flashback , after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House , Emily is told by her boss , Professor Dan , that she will not be teaching the following semester at the university , giving her a lower profile to avoid attracting criticism for her sexual orientation . Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the university with the word `` faggot '' spray painted underneath him . While Emily , along with her wife Sylvia and son Oliver , attempt to emigrate to Canada , she is unable to leave the country because their same - sex marriage is no longer recognized , and it becomes known that she is the biological mother of Oliver . June makes a news - clipping memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper 's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it . 13 `` Baggage '' Kari Skogland Dorothy Fortenberry May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) Having spent two months at The Boston Globe offices , June has found evidence in their archives of the early emergence of the Gilead movement . Nick visits occasionally . She is abruptly moved to a different place where she meets Omar , who tells her he is bringing her to a safe house near an airstrip in order to fly to Canada . He receives a message that the safe house has been compromised , and tries to leave without her , but she stands in front of his van to make him take her . He takes her to his apartment , where she meets his wife , Heather , and their son , Adam . Left alone when his family goes to church , June finds a hidden Qur'an and prayer rug under the bedsprings ; Omar and his family do not return . She dons Heather 's Econowife outfit and leaves the apartment , blending in with other Econowives . After a train ride , June runs into the woods . She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to the airstrip that Omar had told her of ; however , the plane is intercepted before take - off , the pilot is executed , and June and another fugitive are apprehended by the Guardians . Meanwhile , Moira , now living with Luke and Erin ( who is no longer mute ) in Canada , gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown , traumatized by what he did as a Guardian . In a flashback , June as a child is taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother , Holly . When she grew up , Holly was disappointed at June 's career choices and plan to marry Luke , hoping that she would have been an activist . Moira and June learned during their training at the Red Center that Holly had been declared an Unwoman and was sent to the Colonies to be worked to death . 14 `` Other Women '' Kari Skogland Yahlin Chang May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) June is taken back and chained in a room where Aunt Lydia explains that she must choose between this imprisonment , followed by execution after the birth of her child , or return as a handmaid to the Waterfords . She chooses the latter and is under close supervision from Lydia . The Waterfords , who still employ Nick , publicly treat Offred 's disappearance as a kidnapping , but privately Serena is furious and grabs Offred by the throat . Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved . A baby shower is held for Serena , incorporating prayer and a ritual binding of Offred to Serena . Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen 's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren ( Janine ) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent . Aunt Lydia takes Offred out to show her what is presumed to be Omar 's hanging corpse . She tells June that Omar 's wife , Heather , is now a handmaid and that their child , Adam , was given away to another family . Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault , and Offred accepts the blame . Aunt Lydia encourages June to distinguish between Offred 's identity and June 's , saying June is to blame not Offred . In a flashback , June sees Luke 's first wife Annie , who tells her that they made wedding vows before God , but Luke rejects her attempts to come between him and June . A few years later , Annie sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child , Hannah . Offred has collapsed emotionally under the knowledge of Omar 's family 's fate . June prays that Hannah forget her . Ignoring Nick the following day , Offred appears to be conforming to the expectations of a handmaid . 15 5 `` Seeds '' Mike Barker Kira Snyder May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Offred is very subdued , and starts to burn the letters she had been keeping for Mayday . She notices vaginal bleeding , which continues and gets worse but does not inform anyone , although Rita notices her unsteadiness . Nick notices Offred 's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it . Mrs. Waterford becomes alarmed at Nick 's interest in Offred and informs Commander Waterford , who arranges for him to be married at a Prayvaganza where loyal Guardians are issued a wife as a reward for their work . Nick 's new bride , Eden , moves into his room . Nick later finds Offred unconscious and drenched in the bushes outside the Waterfords ' house and she is taken to the hospital . Offred , still pregnant , promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead . Meanwhile , in the Colonies , Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead , and helps to arrange a small wedding for a dying worker , officiated by another Unwoman who is a rabbi . Emily , who has begun to lose her teeth , argues with her for attempting to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak . When the newlywed Unwoman dies , the rabbi officiates at the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses . 16 6 `` First Blood '' Mike Barker Eric Tuchman May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) Advised by a doctor that a harmonious household would be good for the child , Serena shows increased care for Offred , giving her the sitting room as a bedroom and inviting some handmaids to have brunch with her . When Serena shows Offred the nursery for the baby , Offred asks to see Hannah , upon which Serena moves her back to her previous room , and sets about humiliating her . Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a `` gender traitor '' due to his reluctance to have sex with her , so Offred warns him and he has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion , but only after he tells Offred that he loves her . Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah , and wants to have sex with her , but Offred refuses . At the opening of the Rachel and Leah Center , a construction and ceremony overseen by Waterford , Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned , and that Offred be protected , to which he agrees . Ofglen runs toward the stage , and detonates a bomb : only Handmaids are seen to have escaped . Flashbacks show Serena being verbally attacked while promoting her book A Woman 's Place , and being shot by a protester , and Fred 's punishment of those he believes to have been involved . 17 7 `` After '' Kari Skogland Lynn Renee Maxcy May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 31 handmaids and 26 commanders , and an unspecified number of civilians , have been killed in Ofglen 's attack on the Rachel and Leah Center , including Commander Pryce , while others , such as Commander Waterford , were seriously injured . Following the attack , Commander Cushing takes Commander Pryce 's role , instituting an increased number of checkpoints and having numerous people summarily executed . He questions Offred , asking who aided her when she tried to flee the country . Offred responds that she was kidnapped , an answer that Commander Cushing does not believe . Mrs. Waterford is alarmed at the possibility of her household being targeted , and is angry at his heavy - handed response to the bombing . She forges orders from her husband to have Commander Cushing arrested for treason and apostasy . Because so many handmaids were killed , some fertile women are taken back from the Colonies and are made to serve as handmaids once again , including Janine and Emily . Both reunite with Offred in the grocery store , with Janine happily telling her that it was God 's plan that she be rescued . Offred , who had been sad to discover that none of the handmaids had known Ofglen 's name , tells her real name , June , to Emily and another handmaid and following this , several of the handmaids whisper their real names to one another , which Eden overhears . Later , Mrs. Waterford enlists Offred 's help in illicitly performing the Commander 's work for him while he is in the hospital . At the refugee center , Moira looks through records to try to confirm whether her fiancée , Odette , has died . Through flashbacks Moira is revealed to have been a surrogate for a couple before the war . She met Odette , an obstetrician , during this process . In the present , Moira eventually finds photographs showing Odette was killed . 18 8 `` Women 's Work '' Kari Skogland Nina Fiore & John Herrera June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) June has been helping Serena to complete Fred 's work for some months while he is too ill from his bomb injuries to do so himself , but as soon as he returns home he excludes Serena from his office . Serena tells June that the Putnams ' child , Angela , ( called Charlotte by Janine , who is her biological mother ) is sick . June advocates for Janine to be able to see the baby , and Serena agrees to ask about it for the baby 's sake . Naomi Putnam dislikes the idea , but she is overruled by her husband , Warren . Serena petitions Fred to allow the sick child to be seen by a Martha who , prior to the Sons of Jacob coup , was one of the nation 's top neonatologists . Fred denies the request , saying that whatever happens to the child must now be left to God 's will . A dismayed Serena forges Fred 's signature to a written order that transfers the Martha to the hospital for a day . Aunt Lydia tells June that she will hold her personally responsible if anything goes wrong with Janine 's visit to the hospital . The neonatologist can find no physical explanation for the child 's deterioration and can recommend no further treatment . She advises them to unplug the baby from all of the machines and help her to feel safe and warm . When Fred discovers that Serena forged his signature on an order to temporarily transfer the physician / Martha , he beats Serena with his belt as June is forced to watch . Serena later tearfully rejects June 's offer of sympathy . Meanwhile , Eden is working hard to please Nick , but after she rearranges his garret and uncovers the bundle of handmaids ' letters he recovered from June , he becomes angry , demanding that she never touch his belongings . The episode ends in the hospital with Janine , partly undressed , singing `` I Only Want to Be with You '' to her child and bouncing her as her baby gurgles happily . This is the first episode in this series that does not have scenes from before the formation of Gilead . 19 9 `` Smart Power '' Jeremy Podeswa Dorothy Fortenberry June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) Fred and Serena travel to Canada on a diplomatic mission accompanied by Nick , while a Guardian , Isaac , is to be left responsible for the household . Much to Offred 's distress , Serena tells her that she will be transferred as soon as the baby is born . In Toronto , Serena is reminded of the time before Gilead , and the Waterfords are ambivalently greeted by Canadian officials . Later , Serena is approached by Mark Tuello , who works for the remnant of the US government in Hawaii , and offers to help her defect from Gilead , but Serena declines . At the Waterford 's residence , June tells Rita that when Hannah was baptized , she and Luke chose godparents for her and wishes for Rita to be the godparent of her expected child as soon as it is born . Rita states that she will try her best , though the government of Gilead has prohibited baptisms and severely restricts Marthas . June makes a similar request to Aunt Lydia , prompting her to reveal she was previously godparent to her sister 's baby , who died in infancy . At a protest , Luke confronts Commander Waterford . Afterwards , Nick finds Luke and tells him June is pregnant by Waterford , but safe , and gives him the bundle of letters from women enslaved in Gilead . Luke , Moira , and Erin make the letters public , causing an outcry that prompts the Canadians to cancel the rest of the summit . Moira holds a sign up to the Waterfords ' car that says `` My name is Moira '' and Fred recognises her from Jezebel 's . Serena burns the Hawaiian matches Mark left her . Meanwhile , Nick gives June news of Luke and Moira , and tells her that the letters were instrumental in getting the talks curtailed . June reveals that Moira is Hannah 's godmother and is happy that she escaped to Canada . Nick tells June that he loves her , and tries to kiss her , but she does not allow him to . 20 10 `` The Last Ceremony '' Jeremy Podeswa Yahlin Chang June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) The commander to whom Emily is newly assigned as handmaid collapses and dies during the Ceremony . June suffers contractions while shopping , forcing her home and to endure a `` birthing ceremony '' as everyone awaits the birth of the child . However , it turns out to be a false alarm and everyone is dismissed . Following the false alarm , June pleads to Fred to be positioned closer to her daughter Hannah after the eventual birth . After Fred denies this request , June implies that the child she is carrying is not his and that he will never have a biological child of his own . Later , Fred rapes June with Serena holding her down , under the guise of inducing the labor . Eden finds herself attracted to Isaac , a guard , and meets with him late at night . They kiss , but she breaks off once she sees Nick watching . She begs his forgiveness , which he readily gives with a detachment that infuriates her . She accuses Nick of liking Offred . Fred then arranges Nick to take June to an empty and remote house for a short visit with Hannah , who is now named Agnes . After they are once again separated , Guardians take Nick captive , and June is left behind , having hidden in the house . 21 11 `` Holly '' Daina Reid Bruce Miller & Kira Snyder June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) After Nick is taken away from the house , June finds a car in the garage and car keys and is able to start the car , but she returns to the house and gets a man 's coat . Flashbacks throughout the episode show her first pregnancy , and Hannah 's birth and childhood . Fred and Serena arrive at the house in a panic , looking for Offred . They are arguing with each other , with Serena telling Fred she gave up everything for him and the cause , and only ever wanted a child . June finds a gun , and prepares to shoot them , but desists . They are unable to find Offred and decide to leave , feeling both angry and concerned . After she 's certain they 're gone , June , having contractions , gets back into the car , but can not get it out of the garage , which is frozen shut . June is exhausted and in pain , and lays down in front of the fire , finally going into labor and passing out . When she wakes , she 's covered in blood , but the baby still has n't come . She crawls outside and discharges the gun to attract attention , then she ends up delivering the baby by herself . She whispers that her name is Holly , after her mother . Light comes in through the windows , indicating that a car has arrived at the house . 22 12 `` Postpartum '' Daina Reid Eric Tuchman July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) Some weeks after the birth , the baby , now named Nichole , is cared for by Serena , while Offred is providing milk through a breast pump . She is unable to pump enough milk and is brought to see her baby in order to induce lactation . Offred requests to nurse her herself , but Fred rejects the idea . Given that Offred 's lactation increases during the meeting , Aunt Lydia convinces Fred to allow Offred back in the house for the baby 's health . Serena becomes enraged and demands that Offred stay away from the baby . Nick , who is back in the Waterford household and presented as having been key to the rescue of Offred and the baby , suggests lightheartedly that he , Offred and the baby should flee , and Fred attempts to renew the illicit elements of their relationship . Emily is reassigned to a new household as a handmaid after being rejected by four couples . Commander Lawrence , the `` architect of Gilead 's economy '' , seems suspicious . His wife , Eleanor , reveals to Emily that Lawrence was the creator of the Colonies . Lawrence interrogates Emily , revealing that he knows much about her past . Meanwhile , Eden and Isaac elope but are soon caught . Eden and Nick admit their faults and ask forgiveness of each other . Eden and Isaac are brought to a diving board above a swimming pool with chains and weights attached to each of them . Both refuse to ask for forgiveness , and Eden instead begins to recite a biblical paean to love . Both are pushed off the diving board and die by drowning in front of a crowd . Distraught by the events , Serena and Offred get to an understanding and Serena allows Offred to nurse the baby herself . 23 13 `` The Word '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) It is revealed that Eden 's father was the one who turned Eden and Isaac in , leading to their execution . While searching through Eden 's belongings , June discovers a Bible that Eden read from and annotated , despite it being illegal for women and girls to read in Gilead . June argues with Serena about her daughter 's future in Gilead , stating that baby Nichole ( Holly ) wo n't be able to know God unless she is eventually able to read his word . Serena and a number of wives propose an amendment to the council that girls be taught to read the Bible and Serena reads from the Bible to make her point , resulting in one of her fingers being cut off . Emily reluctantly prepares for her first ceremony with Lawrence , but he dismisses Emily without going through with it . The next day , Emily is visited by Aunt Lydia and , as she is leaving , Emily brutally attacks Lydia by stabbing her in the back with a kitchen knife . Emily continues to kick Aunt Lydia down the stairs , leaving her gasping for breath . Lawrence 's Martha , Cora , finds Aunt Lydia and throws Emily into a room and locks the door . Fred suggests to June that he could arrange for her to remain as his handmaid , and when she rejects the proposal , he suggests that future meetings with Hannah could be arranged . As a fire consumes a house across the street , Rita tells June that she and her daughter , Holly , have this chance to get out and need to leave immediately . Fred tries to arrange their capture , but is prevented by Nick , who threatens him with a gun . Serena catches her mid-escape , but after a tearful goodbye to the baby , allows June to take the baby and flee , assisted by several Marthas . June is reunited with Emily , who is dropped off at the escape van by Lawrence , who says he is getting himself `` in deep shit '' when asked why he 's allowing them to leave . At the last second , June decides to stay behind and gives the baby to Emily . She tells Emily to call her Nichole , and to tell her she loves her . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . RTÉ also became the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada . In the Brazil , the series premiered on March 7 , 2018 , on Paramount Channel . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 95 % ( 107 reviews ) 92 ( 41 reviews ) 92 % ( 73 reviews ) 86 ( 28 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 95 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society during the Presidency of Donald Trump . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 91 % based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 8.31 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . However , the second season of the show received criticism for being excessive in its depictions of violence with critics questioning whether it was merely `` torture porn '' and going too far . The Atlantic 's Sophie Gilbert wrote : `` There came a point during the first episode where , for me , it became too much . '' Lisa Miller of The Cut wrote : `` I have pressed mute and fast forward so often this season , I am forced to wonder : ' Why am I watching this ' ? It all feels so gratuitous , like a beating that never ends . '' And The Daily Telegraph 's Rebecca Reid admitted she had an anxiety attack watching an episode of the show . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Season 1 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Kira Snyder , Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia , and Leila Gerstein Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` Night '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Samira Wiley ( for `` Night '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Late '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Handmaid 's Tale Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won Television Critics Association Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won 2018 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Casting Society of America Television Pilot and First Season -- Drama Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott , Robin D. Cook , and Jonathan Oliveira Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow , and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka and Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski , and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , and Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won BAFTA Television Awards Best International Programme The Handmaid 's Tale Won Season 2 2018 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Elisabeth Moss , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Mike Barker , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Kira Snyder , Yahlin Chang , Frank Siracusa , John Weber , Dorothy Fortenberry , and Joseph Boccia Pending Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` The Last Ceremony '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Joseph Fiennes ( for `` First Blood '' ) Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Ann Dowd ( for `` June '' ) Pending Yvonne Strahovski ( for `` Women 's Work '' ) Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Kari Skogland ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` June '' ) Pending Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Kelly Jenrette ( for `` Other Women '' ) Pending Cherry Jones ( for `` Baggage '' ) Pending Samira Wiley ( for `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas , Russell Scott and Robin D. Cook Pending Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Fantasy / Sci - Fi Costumes Ane Crabtree and Natalie Bronfman ( for `` Seeds '' ) Pending Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Burton LeBlanc , Talia Reingold and Erika Caceres ( for `` Unwomen '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark White , Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Caroline Gee ( for `` June '' ) Pending Elisabeth Williams , Martha Sparrow , and Rob Hepburn ( for `` Seeds '' , `` First Blood '' , `` After '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Joe Morrow , Lou Solakofski , and Sylvain Arseneault ( for `` June '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Stephen Lebed , Brendan Taylor , Kelly Knauff , Kelly Weisz , Kevin McGeagh , Anderson Leo Bovell , Winston Lee , Xi Luo , and Cameron Kerr ( for `` June '' ) Pending See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Why Offred 's Latest Heartbreak Is the Most Devastating Yet '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . In its third installment , however , the drama digs even deeper into the emotional toll Gilead has taken on everyone -- both those left in what was once the United States and those who 've made it out . The lives and dreams that each character lost to this totalitarian regime have been laid out in excruciating detail before -- but this week , the show lays those losses bare with more subtlety than perhaps any other episode ... ( In richer households , handmaids do the childbearing , Wives raise the children , and Marthas do the housework . Econowives , in contrast , `` have to do everything ; if they can . '' ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy for a Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood 's focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest on Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Nabbed Oprah Winfrey '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary -- A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me '' , Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence '' , she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Elena ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Handmaids Tale Season 2 Episode 2 Recap Unwomen '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glynn , Amy ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' Unwomen '' Features The Handmaid 's Tale 's First , Terrifying Glimpse of the Colonies `` . Paste . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . `` Unwomen '' alternates between the Colonies , where `` unwomen '' ( lesbians , defiant Handmaids , the infertile of low economic status , sex workers , collaborators against the republic -- you know , `` undesirables '' ) are sent to perform brutal manual labor ... ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` 9 Major Moments From ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 ' Smart Power ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Offred does n't have many cards left to play , and seems to be drifting toward breaking the vow she made to her child at the end of this season 's fifth episode , accepting that she will inevitably lose this baby . She 's looking for someone to do what she ca n't . In a moment alone with Rita , Offred asks her to act as a godparent , telling her , `` I want my baby to know kindness . I need her to have someone kind in her life . '' Rita says she 'll do what she can , but she 's just plain scared . It is n't enough . Nobody but June is going to put this baby first . Jump up ^ Goodman , Lex ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 9 Recap '' . PureWow . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . This news brings back the fire in Offred 's belly and she muses , `` Moira is Hannah 's godmother . She got out . It was impossible , and she did it . Jump up ^ Berman , Judy ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 , Episode 12 : Ball and Chain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Rena ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Season 2 , Episode 13 Recap : 19 Startling Moments in ' The Word ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ first to air The Handmaid 's Tale series 2 in Europe '' . RTÉ. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premiada no Globo de Ouro , ' Handmaid 's tale ' estreia no Brasil pelo Paramount em março '' . O Globo ( in Portuguese ) . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale -- Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Geraghty , Jim ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' What Fans of The Handmaid 's Tale Prefer To Ignore '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Lowry , Rich ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lunacy '' . National Review . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Wilhelm , Heather ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Making sense of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' hysteria '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Given , Casey ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' is profiting off anti-Trump hysteria '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' and the Suffering of Women '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lisa . `` The Relentless Torture of The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Cut . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reid , Rebecca ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Why I 'm turning off the Handmaid 's Tale and its needless torture porn '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment , Children 's & Youth Winners Named '' . The Peabody Awards . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes at ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : ' Lady Bird , ' ' Three Billboards ' Among Casting Society Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . 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Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama Northern Exposure , season 1 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) The Americans , season 6 ( 2018 ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Handmaid%2527s%20Tale%20%28TV%20series%29

who is the subject of the documentary film that start made

Documentary film

documentary film

A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Such films were originally shot on film stock -- the only medium available -- but now include video and digital productions that can be either direct - to - video , made into a TV show , or released for screening in cinemas . `` Documentary '' has been described as a `` filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception '' that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 Pre -- 1900 2.2 1900 -- 1920 2.3 1920s 2.3. 1 Romanticism 2.3. 2 The city symphony 2.3. 3 Kino - Pravda 2.3. 4 Newsreel tradition 2.4 1920s -- 1940s 2.5 1950s -- 1970s 2.5. 1 Cinéma - vérité 2.5. 2 Political weapons 2.6 Modern documentaries 2.6. 1 Documentaries without words 2.6. 2 Narration styles 3 Other forms 3.1 Docufiction 3.2 Fake - fiction 3.3 DVD documentary 3.4 Compilation films 3.5 Observational 3.6 Types 4 Translation 4.1 Working conditions 4.2 Terminology 5 See also 5.1 Some documentary film awards 6 Notes and references 7 Sources and bibliography 7.1 Ethnographic film 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The cover of Bolesław Matuszewski book Une nouvelle source de l'histoire . ( A New Source of History ) from 1898 the first publication about documentary function of cinematography . Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film . He wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de l'histoire ( eng . A New Source of History ) and La photographie animée ( eng . Animated photography ) . Both were published in 1898 in French and among the early written works to consider the historical and documentary value of the film . Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect and keep safe visual materials . In popular myth , the word documentary was coined by Scottish documentary filmmaker John Grierson in his review of Robert Flaherty 's film Moana ( 1926 ) , published in the New York Sun on 8 February 1926 , written by `` The Moviegoer '' ( a pen name for Grierson ) . Grierson 's principles of documentary were that cinema 's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form ; that the `` original '' actor and `` original '' scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world ; and that materials `` thus taken from the raw '' can be more real than the acted article . In this regard , Grierson 's definition of documentary as `` creative treatment of actuality '' has gained some acceptance , with this position at variance with Soviet film - maker Dziga Vertov 's provocation to present `` life as it is '' ( that is , life filmed surreptitiously ) and `` life caught unawares '' ( life provoked or surprised by the camera ) . The American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as `` a factual film which is dramatic . '' Others further state that a documentary stands out from the other types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion , and a specific message , along with the facts it presents . Documentary practice is the complex process of creating documentary projects . It refers to what people do with media devices , content , form , and production strategies in order to address the creative , ethical , and conceptual problems and choices that arise as they make documentaries . Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism , advocacy , or personal expression . History ( edit ) Pre -- 1900 ( edit ) Early film ( pre-1900 ) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event . They were single - shot moments captured on film : a train entering a station , a boat docking , or factory workers leaving work . These short films were called `` actuality '' films ; the term `` documentary '' was not coined until 1926 . Many of the first films , such as those made by Auguste and Louis Lumière , were a minute or less in length , due to technological limitations . Films showing many people ( for example , leaving a factory ) were often made for commercial reasons : the people being filmed were eager to see , for payment , the film showing them . One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half , The Corbett - Fitzsimmons Fight . Using pioneering film - looping technology , Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize - fight on cinema screens across the United States . In May 1896 , Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals . In 1898 , French surgeon Eugène - Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and proposed them to recorded his surigical operations . They started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898 . Until 1906 , the year of his last film , Doyen recorded more than 60 operations . Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of . For scientific purposes , after 1906 , Doyen combined 15 of his films into three compilations , two of which survive , the six - film series Extirpation des tumeurs encapsulées ( 1906 ) , and the four - film Les Opérations sur la cavité crânienne ( 1911 ) . These and five other of Doyen 's films survive . Frame from one of Marinescu 's science films ( 1899 ) . Between July 1898 and 1901 , the Romanian professor Gheorghe Marinescu made several science films in his neurology clinic in Bucharest : Walking Troubles of Organic Hemiplegy ( 1898 ) , The Walking Troubles of Organic Paraplegies ( 1899 ) , A Case of Hysteric Hemiplegy Healed Through Hypnosis ( 1899 ) , The Walking Troubles of Progressive Locomotion Ataxy ( 1900 ) , and Illnesses of the Muscles ( 1901 ) . All these short films have been preserved . The professor called his works `` studies with the help of the cinematograph , '' and published the results , along with several consecutive frames , in issues of `` La Semaine Médicale '' magazine from Paris , between 1899 and 1902 . In 1924 , Auguste Lumiere recognized the merits of Marinescu 's science films : `` I 've seen your scientific reports about the usage of the cinematograph in studies of nervous illnesses , when I was still receiving `` La Semaine Médicale , '' but back then I had other concerns , which left me no spare time to begin biological studies . I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me . Unfortunately , not many scientists have followed your way . '' 1900 -- 1920 ( edit ) Geoffrey Malins with aeroscope camera durning World War I . Travelogue films were very popular in the early part of the 20th century . They were often referred to by distributors as `` scenics . '' Scenics were among the most popular sort of films at the time . An important early film to move beyond the concept of the scenic was In the Land of the Head Hunters ( 1914 ) , which embraced primitivism and exoticism in a staged story presented as truthful re-enactments of the life of Native Americans . Contemplation is a separate area . Pathé is the best - known global manufacturer of such films of the early 20th century . A vivid example is Moscow clad in snow ( 1909 ) . Biographical documentaries appeared during this time , such as the feature Eminescu - Veronica - Creangă ( 1914 ) on the relationship between the writers Mihai Eminescu , Veronica Micle and Ion Creangă ( all deceased at the time of the production ) released by the Bucharest chapter of Pathé . Early color motion picture processes such as Kinemacolor -- known for the feature With Our King and Queen Through India ( 1912 ) -- and Prizmacolor -- known for Everywhere With Prizma ( 1919 ) and the five - reel feature Bali the Unknown ( 1921 ) -- used travelogues to promote the new color processes . In contrast , Technicolor concentrated primarily on getting their process adopted by Hollywood studios for fictional feature films . Also during this period , Frank Hurley 's feature documentary film , South ( 1919 ) , about the Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition was released . The film documented the failed Antarctic expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1914 . 1920s ( edit ) Romanticism ( edit ) Nanook of the North poster . With Robert J. Flaherty 's Nanook of the North in 1922 , documentary film embraced romanticism ; Flaherty filmed a number of heavily staged romantic films during this time period , often showing how his subjects would have lived 100 years earlier and not how they lived right then . For instance , in Nanook of the North , Flaherty did not allow his subjects to shoot a walrus with a nearby shotgun , but had them use a harpoon instead . Some of Flaherty 's staging , such as building a roofless igloo for interior shots , was done to accommodate the filming technology of the time . Paramount Pictures tried to repeat the success of Flaherty 's Nanook and Moana with two romanticized documentaries , Grass ( 1925 ) and Chang ( 1927 ) , both directed by Merian Cooper and Ernest Schoedsack . The city symphony ( edit ) City Symphony Films were avant - garde films made during the 1920s to 1930s . These films were particularly influenced by modern art : namely Cubism , Constructivism , and Impressionism . ( See A.L Rees , 2011 ) According to Scott Macdonald ( 2010 ) , city symphony film can be located as an intersection between documentary and avant - garde film : `` avant - doc '' . However , A.L. Rees suggest to see them as avant - garde films . ( Rees , 2011 : 35 ) City Symphony films include Manhatta ( dir . Paul Strand , 1921 ) , Paris Nothing but the Hours ( dir . Alberto Cavalcanti , 1926 ) , Twenty Four Dollar Island ( dir . Robert Flaherty , 1927 ) , Études sur Paris ( dir . André Sauvage , 1928 ) , The Bridge ( 1928 ) , and Rain ( 1929 ) , both by Joris Ivens . But the most famous city symphony films are Berlin , Symphony of a Great City ( dir . Walter Ruttman , 1927 ) and The Man with a Movie Camera ( dir . Dziga Vertov , 1929 ) . In this shot from Walter Ruttmann 's Berlin , Symphony of a Great City ( 1927 ) , cyclists race indoors . The film is shot and edited like a visual - poem . A City Symphony Film , as the name suggests , is usually based around a major metropolitan city area and seek to capture the lives , events and activities of the city . It can be abstract and cinematographic ( see Walter Ruttmann 's Berlin ) or utilise Russian Montage theory ( See Dziga Vertov 's Man with a Movie Camera ) . But most importantly , a city symphony film is like a cine - poem and is shot and edited like a `` symphony '' . In this shot from Man with a Movie Camera , Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot The continental , or realist , tradition focused on humans within human - made environments , and included the so - called `` city symphony '' films such as Walter Ruttmann 's Berlin , Symphony of a City ( of which Grierson noted in an article that Berlin represented what a documentary should not be ) , Alberto Cavalcanti 's Rien que les heures , and Dziga Vertov 's Man with a Movie Camera . These films tend to feature people as products of their environment , and lean towards the avant - garde . Kino - Pravda ( edit ) Dziga Vertov was central to the Soviet Kino - Pravda ( literally , `` cinematic truth '' ) newsreel series of the 1920s . Vertov believed the camera -- with its varied lenses , shot - counter shot editing , time - lapse , ability to slow motion , stop motion and fast - motion -- could render reality more accurately than the human eye , and made a film philosophy out of it . Newsreel tradition ( edit ) The newsreel tradition is important in documentary film ; newsreels were also sometimes staged but were usually re-enactments of events that had already happened , not attempts to steer events as they were in the process of happening . For instance , much of the battle footage from the early 20th century was staged ; the cameramen would usually arrive on site after a major battle and re-enact scenes to film them . 1920s -- 1940s ( edit ) The propagandist tradition consists of films made with the explicit purpose of persuading an audience of a point . One of the most celebrated and controversial propaganda films is Leni Riefenstahl 's film Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , which chronicled the 1934 Nazi Party Congress and was commissioned by Adolf Hitler . Leftist filmmakers Joris Ivens and Henri Storck directed Borinage ( 1931 ) about the Belgian coal mining region . Luis Buñuel directed a `` surrealist '' documentary Las Hurdes ( 1933 ) . Pare Lorentz 's The Plow That Broke the Plains ( 1936 ) and The River ( 1938 ) and Willard Van Dyke 's The City ( 1939 ) are notable New Deal productions , each presenting complex combinations of social and ecological awareness , government propaganda , and leftist viewpoints . Frank Capra 's Why We Fight ( 1942 -- 1944 ) series was a newsreel series in the United States , commissioned by the government to convince the U.S. public that it was time to go to war . Constance Bennett and her husband Henri de la Falaise produced two feature - length documentaries , Legong : Dance of the Virgins ( 1935 ) filmed in Bali , and Kilou the Killer Tiger ( 1936 ) filmed in Indochina . In Canada , the Film Board , set up by John Grierson , was created for the same propaganda reasons . It also created newsreels that were seen by their national governments as legitimate counter-propaganda to the psychological warfare of Nazi Germany ( orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels ) . Conference of `` World Union of documentary films '' in 1948 Warsaw featured famous directors of the era : Basil Wright ( on the left ) , Elmar Klos , Joris Ivens ( 2nd from the right ) , and Jerzy Toeplitz . In Britain , a number of different filmmakers came together under John Grierson . They became known as the Documentary Film Movement . Grierson , Alberto Cavalcanti , Harry Watt , Basil Wright , and Humphrey Jennings amongst others succeeded in blending propaganda , information , and education with a more poetic aesthetic approach to documentary . Examples of their work include Drifters ( John Grierson ) , Song of Ceylon ( Basil Wright ) , Fires Were Started , and A Diary for Timothy ( Humphrey Jennings ) . Their work involved poets such as W.H. Auden , composers such as Benjamin Britten , and writers such as J.B. Priestley . Among the best known films of the movement are Night Mail and Coal Face . 1950s -- 1970s ( edit ) Cinema - vérité ( edit ) Cinéma vérité ( or the closely related direct cinema ) was dependent on some technical advances in order to exist : light , quiet and reliable cameras , and portable sync sound . Cinéma vérité and similar documentary traditions can thus be seen , in a broader perspective , as a reaction against studio - based film production constraints . Shooting on location , with smaller crews , would also happen in the French New Wave , the filmmakers taking advantage of advances in technology allowing smaller , handheld cameras and synchronized sound to film events on location as they unfolded . Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably , there are important differences between cinéma vérité ( Jean Rouch ) and the North American `` Direct Cinema '' ( or more accurately `` Cinéma direct '' ) , pioneered by , among others , Canadians Allan King , Michel Brault , and Pierre Perrault , and Americans Robert Drew , Richard Leacock , Frederick Wiseman , and Albert and David Maysles . The directors of the movement take different viewpoints on their degree of involvement with their subjects . Kopple and Pennebaker , for instance , choose non-involvement ( or at least no overt involvement ) , and Perrault , Rouch , Koenig , and Kroitor favor direct involvement or even provocation when they deem it necessary . The films Chronicle of a Summer ( Jean Rouch ) , Dont Look Back ( D.A. Pennebaker ) , Grey Gardens ( Albert and David Maysles ) , Titicut Follies ( Frederick Wiseman ) , Primary and Crisis : Behind a Presidential Commitment ( both produced by Robert Drew ) , Harlan County , USA ( directed by Barbara Kopple ) , Lonely Boy ( Wolf Koenig and Roman Kroitor ) are all frequently deemed cinéma vérité films . The fundamentals of the style include following a person during a crisis with a moving , often handheld , camera to capture more personal reactions . There are no sit - down interviews , and the shooting ratio ( the amount of film shot to the finished product ) is very high , often reaching 80 to one . From there , editors find and sculpt the work into a film . The editors of the movement -- such as Werner Nold , Charlotte Zwerin , Muffie Myers , Susan Froemke , and Ellen Hovde -- are often overlooked , but their input to the films was so vital that they were often given co-director credits . Famous cinéma vérité / direct cinema films include Les Raquetteurs , Showman , Salesman , Near Death , and The Children Were Watching . Political weapons ( edit ) In the 1960s and 1970s , documentary film was often conceived as a political weapon against neocolonialism and capitalism in general , especially in Latin America , but also in a changing Quebec society . La Hora de los hornos ( The Hour of the Furnaces , from 1968 ) , directed by Octavio Getino and Arnold Vincent Kudales Sr. , influenced a whole generation of filmmakers . Among the many political documentaries produced in the early 1970s was `` Chile : A Special Report , '' public television 's first in - depth expository look of the September 1973 overthrow of the Salvador Allende government in Chile by military leaders under Augusto Pinochet , produced by documentarians Ari Martinez and José Garcia . Modern documentaries ( edit ) Box office analysts have noted that this film genre has become increasingly successful in theatrical release with films such as Fahrenheit 9 / 11 , Super Size Me , Food , Inc. , Earth , March of the Penguins , Religulous , and An Inconvenient Truth among the most prominent examples . Compared to dramatic narrative films , documentaries typically have far lower budgets which makes them attractive to film companies because even a limited theatrical release can be highly profitable . The nature of documentary films has expanded in the past 20 years from the cinema verité style introduced in the 1960s in which the use of portable camera and sound equipment allowed an intimate relationship between filmmaker and subject . The line blurs between documentary and narrative and some works are very personal , such as the late Marlon Riggs 's Tongues Untied ( 1989 ) and Black Is ... Black Ai n't ( 1995 ) , which mix expressive , poetic , and rhetorical elements and stresses subjectivities rather than historical materials . Historical documentaries , such as the landmark 14 - hour Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years ( 1986 -- Part 1 and 1989 -- Part 2 ) by Henry Hampton , Four Little Girls ( 1997 ) by Spike Lee , and The Civil War by Ken Burns , UNESCO awarded independent film on slavery 500 Years Later , expressed not only a distinctive voice but also a perspective and point of views . Some films such as The Thin Blue Line by Errol Morris incorporated stylized re-enactments , and Michael Moore 's Roger & Me placed far more interpretive control with the director . The commercial success of these documentaries may derive from this narrative shift in the documentary form , leading some critics to question whether such films can truly be called documentaries ; critics sometimes refer to these works as `` mondo films '' or `` docu - ganda . '' However , directorial manipulation of documentary subjects has been noted since the work of Flaherty , and may be endemic to the form due to problematic ontological foundations . Documentary filmmakers are increasingly utilizing social impact campaigns with their films . Social impact campaigns seek to leverage media projects by converting public awareness of social issues and causes into engagement and action , largely by offering the audience a way to get involved . Examples of such documentaries include Kony 2012 , Salam Neighbor , Gasland , Living on One Dollar , and Girl Rising . Although documentaries are financially more viable with the increasing popularity of the genre and the advent of the DVD , funding for documentary film production remains elusive . Within the past decade , the largest exhibition opportunities have emerged from within the broadcast market , making filmmakers beholden to the tastes and influences of the broadcasters who have become their largest funding source . Modern documentaries have some overlap with television forms , with the development of `` reality television '' that occasionally verges on the documentary but more often veers to the fictional or staged . The making - of documentary shows how a movie or a computer game was produced . Usually made for promotional purposes , it is closer to an advertisement than a classic documentary . Modern lightweight digital video cameras and computer - based editing have greatly aided documentary makers , as has the dramatic drop in equipment prices . The first film to take full advantage of this change was Martin Kunert and Eric Manes ' Voices of Iraq , where 150 DV cameras were sent to Iraq during the war and passed out to Iraqis to record themselves . National Geographic television collaborates local video production agencies to present the best content for viewers , APV delivered modern documentaries programming focussed on Hong Kong Local region with collaborating National Geographic . Documentaries without words ( edit ) Films in the documentary form without words have been made . From 1982 , the Qatsi trilogy and the similar Baraka could be described as visual tone poems , with music related to the images , but no spoken content . Koyaanisqatsi ( part of the Qatsi trilogy ) consists primarily of slow motion and time - lapse photography of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States . Baraka tries to capture the great pulse of humanity as it flocks and swarms in daily activity and religious ceremonies . Bodysong was made in 2003 and won a British Independent Film Award for `` Best British Documentary . '' The 2004 film Genesis shows animal and plant life in states of expansion , decay , sex , and death , with some , but little , narration . Narration styles ( edit ) Voice - over narrator The traditional style for narration is to have a dedicated narrator read a script which is dubbed onto the audio track . The narrator never appears on camera and may not necessarily have knowledge of the subject matter or involvement in the writing of the script . Silent narration This style of narration uses title screens to visually narrate the documentary . The screens are held for about 5 -- 10 seconds to allow adequate time for the viewer to read them . They are similar to the ones shown at the end of movies based on true stories , but they are shown throughout , typically between scenes . Hosted narrator In this style , there is a host who appears on camera , conducts interviews , and who also does voice - overs . Other forms ( edit ) Docufiction ( edit ) Docufiction is a hybrid genre from two basic ones , fiction film and documentary , practiced since the first documentary films were made . Fake - fiction ( edit ) See also : Pseudo-documentary § Film Fake - fiction is a genre which deliberately presents real , unscripted events in the form of a fiction film , making them appear as staged . The concept was introduced by Pierre Bismuth to describe his 2016 film Where is Rocky II ? . DVD documentary ( edit ) A DVD documentary is a documentary film of indeterminate length that has been produced with the sole intent of releasing it for direct sale to the public on DVD ( s ) , as different from a documentary being made and released first on television or on a cinema screen ( a.k.a. theatrical release ) and subsequently on DVD for public consumption . This form of documentary release is becoming more popular and accepted as costs and difficulty with finding TV or theatrical release slots increases . It is also commonly used for more ' specialist ' documentaries , which might not have general interest to a wider TV audience . Examples are military , cultural arts , transport , sports , etc ... Compilation films ( edit ) Compilation films were pioneered in 1927 by Esfir Schub with The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty . More recent examples include Point of Order ( 1964 ) , directed by Emile de Antonio about the McCarthy hearings , and The Atomic Cafe which is made entirely out of found footage that various agencies of the U.S. government made about the safety of nuclear radiation ( for example , telling troops at one point that it is safe to be irradiated as long as they keep their eyes and mouths shut ) . Similarly , The Last Cigarette combines the testimony of various tobacco company executives before the U.S. Congress with archival propaganda extolling the virtues of smoking . Poetic documentaries , which first appeared in the 1920s , were a sort of reaction against both the content and the rapidly crystallizing grammar of the early fiction film . The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns , both in terms of time and space . Well - rounded characters -- `` lifelike people '' -- were absent ; instead , people appeared in these films as entities , just like any other , that are found in the material world . The films were fragmentary , impressionistic , lyrical . Their disruption of the coherence of time and space -- a coherence favored by the fiction films of the day -- can also be seen as an element of the modernist counter-model of cinematic narrative . The `` real world '' -- Nichols calls it the `` historical world '' -- was broken up into fragments and aesthetically reconstituted using film form . Examples of this style include Joris Ivens ' Rain ( 1928 ) , which records a passing summer shower over Amsterdam ; László Moholy - Nagy 's Play of Light : Black , White , Grey ( 1930 ) , in which he films one of his own kinetic sculptures , emphasizing not the sculpture itself but the play of light around it ; Oskar Fischinger 's abstract animated films ; Francis Thompson 's N.Y. , N.Y. ( 1957 ) , a city symphony film ; and Chris Marker 's Sans Soleil ( 1982 ) . Expository documentaries speak directly to the viewer , often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing voiceover or titles , proposing a strong argument and point of view . These films are rhetorical , and try to persuade the viewer . ( They may use a rich and sonorous male voice . ) The ( voice - of - God ) commentary often sounds ' objective ' and omniscient . Images are often not paramount ; they exist to advance the argument . The rhetoric insistently presses upon us to read the images in a certain fashion . Historical documentaries in this mode deliver an unproblematic and ' objective ' account and interpretation of past events . Examples : TV shows and films like Biography , America 's Most Wanted , many science and nature documentaries , Ken Burns ' The Civil War ( 1990 ) , Robert Hughes ' The Shock of the New ( 1980 ) , John Berger 's Ways Of Seeing ( 1974 ) , Frank Capra 's wartime Why We Fight series , and Pare Lorentz 's The Plow That Broke The Plains ( 1936 ) . Observational ( edit ) Observational documentaries attempt to simply and spontaneously observe lived life with a minimum of intervention . Filmmakers who worked in this subgenre often saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic . The first observational docs date back to the 1960s ; the technological developments which made them possible include mobile lighweight cameras and portable sound recording equipment for synchronized sound . Often , this mode of film eschewed voice - over commentary , post-synchronized dialogue and music , or re-enactments . The films aimed for immediacy , intimacy , and revelation of individual human character in ordinary life situations . Types ( edit ) Participatory documentaries believe that it is impossible for the act of filmmaking to not influence or alter the events being filmed . What these films do is emulate the approach of the anthropologist : participant - observation . Not only is the filmmaker part of the film , we also get a sense of how situations in the film are affected or altered by their presence . Nichols : `` The filmmaker steps out from behind the cloak of voice - over commentary , steps away from poetic meditation , steps down from a fly - on - the - wall perch , and becomes a social actor ( almost ) like any other . ( Almost like any other because the filmmaker retains the camera , and with it , a certain degree of potential power and control over events . ) '' The encounter between filmmaker and subject becomes a critical element of the film . Rouch and Morin named the approach cinéma vérité , translating Dziga Vertov 's kinopravda into French ; the `` truth '' refers to the truth of the encounter rather than some absolute truth . Reflexive documentaries do not see themselves as a transparent window on the world ; instead , they draw attention to their own constructedness , and the fact that they are representations . How does the world get represented by documentary films ? This question is central to this subgenre of films . They prompt us to `` question the authenticity of documentary in general . '' It is the most self - conscious of all the modes , and is highly skeptical of ' realism ' . It may use Brechtian alienation strategies to jar us , in order to ' defamiliarize ' what we are seeing and how we are seeing it . Performative documentaries stress subjective experience and emotional response to the world . They are strongly personal , unconventional , perhaps poetic and / or experimental , and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific perspective on the world that is not our own , e.g. that of black , gay men in Marlon Riggs 's Tongues Untied ( 1989 ) or Jenny Livingston 's Paris Is Burning ( 1991 ) . This subgenre might also lend itself to certain groups ( e.g. women , ethnic minorities , gays and lesbians , etc . ) to ' speak about themselves . ' Often , a battery of techniques , many borrowed from fiction or avant - garde films , are used . Performative docs often link up personal accounts or experiences with larger political or historical realities . Translation ( edit ) There are several challenges associated with translation of documentaries . The main two are working conditions and problems with terminology . Working conditions ( edit ) Documentary translators very often have to meet tight deadlines . Normally , the translator has between five and seven days to hand over the translation of a 90 - minute programme . Dubbing studios typically give translators a week to translate a documentary , but in order to earn a good salary , translators have to deliver their translations in a much shorter period , usually when the studio decides to deliver the final programme to the client sooner or when the broadcasting channel sets a tight deadline , e.g. on documentaries discussing the latest news . Another problem is the lack of postproduction script or the poor quality of the transcription . A correct transcription is essential for a translator to do their work properly , however many times the script is not even given to the translator , which is a major impediment since documentaries are characterised by `` the abundance of terminological units and very specific proper names '' . When the script is given to the translator , it is usually poorly transcribed or outright incorrect making the translation unnecessarily difficult and demanding because all of the proper names and specific terminology have to be correct in a documentary programme in order for it to be a reliable source of information , hence the translator has to check every term on their own . Such mistakes in proper names are for instance : `` Jungle Reinhard instead of Django Reinhart , Jorn Asten instead of Jane Austen , and Magnus Axle instead of Aldous Huxley '' . Terminology ( edit ) The process of translation of a documentary programme requires working with very specific , often scientific terminology . Documentary translators usually are not specialist in a given field . Therefore , they are compelled to undertake extensive research whenever asked to make a translation of a specific documentary programme in order to understand it correctly and deliver the final product free of mistakes and inaccuracies . Generally , documentaries contain a large amount of specific terms , with which translators have to familiarise themselves on their own , for example : The documentary Beetles , Record Breakers makes use of 15 different terms to refer to beetles in less than 30 minutes ( longhorn beetle , cellar beetle , stag beetle , burying beetle or gravediggers , sexton beetle , tiger beetle , bloody nose beetle , tortoise beetle , diving beetle , devil 's coach horse , weevil , click beetle , malachite beetle , oil beetle , cockchafer ) , apart from mentioning other animals such as horseshoe bats or meadow brown butterflies . This poses a real challenge for the translators because they have to render the meaning , i.e. find an equivalent , of a very specific , scientific term in the target language and frequently the narrator uses a more general name instead of a specific term and the translator has to rely on the image presented in the programme to understand which term is being discussed in order to transpose it in the target language accordingly . Additionally , translators of minorised languages often have to face another problem : some terms may not even exist in the target language . In such case , they have to create new terminology or consult specialists to find proper solutions . Also , sometimes the official nomenclature differs from the terminology used by actual specialists , which leaves the translator to decide between using the official vocabulary that can be found in the dictionary , or rather opting for spontaneous expressions used by real experts in real life situations . See also ( edit ) Actuality film Animated documentary Citizen media Concert film Dance film Docudrama Documentary mode Ethnofiction Ethnographic film Filmmaking List of documentary films List of documentary film festivals List of directors and producers of documentaries Mockumentary Mondo film Nature documentary Outline of film Participatory video Political cinema Public - access television Reality film Rockumentary Sponsored film Television documentary Travel documentary Visual anthropology Web documentary Women 's cinema Some documentary film awards ( edit ) Grierson Awards Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Joris Ivens Award , International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam ( IDFA ) , ( named after Joris Ivens ) Filmmaker Award , Margaret Mead Film Festival Grand Prize , Visions du Réel Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ oed.com Jump up ^ Nichols , Bill . ' Foreword ' , in Barry Keith Grant and Jeannette Sloniowski ( eds . ) Documenting The Documentary : Close Readings of Documentary Film and Video . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 1997 Jump up ^ Scott MacKenzie , Film Manifestos and Global Cinema Cultures : A Critical Anthology , Univ of California Press 2014 , ISBN 9780520957411 , p. 520 Jump up ^ James Chapman , `` Film and History . Theory and History '' part `` Film as historical source '' p. 73 - 75 , Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 , ISBN 9781137367327 Jump up ^ Ann Curthoys , Marilyn Lake Connected worlds : history in transnational perspective , Volume 2004 p. 151 . Australian National University Press Jump up ^ Re-Thinking Grierson : The Ideology of John Grierson Jump up ^ Pare Lorentz Film Library -- FDR and Film Jump up ^ Larry Ward ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Lecture Notes for the BA in Radio - TV - Film ( RTVF ) . 375 : Documentary Film & Television . California State University , Fullerton ( College of communications ) : 4 , slide 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Charles Ford , Robert Hammond : Polish Film : A Twentieth Century History . McFarland , 2005 . ISBN 9781476608037 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Journal of Film Preservation , nr. 70 , November 2005 . Jump up ^ Mircea Dumitrescu , O privire critică asupra filmului românesc , Brașov , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 973 - 9153 - 93 - 5 Jump up ^ Rîpeanu , Bujor T. Filmul documentar 1897 -- 1948 , Bucharest , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 973 - 7839 - 40 - 4 Jump up ^ Ţuţui , Marian , A short history of the Romanian films at the Romanian National Cinematographic Center . Archived April 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Works of Gheorghe Marinescu , 1967 report . Jump up ^ Excerpts of prof . dr . Marinescu 's science films . Archived February 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miriam Hansen , Babel and Babylon : Spectatorship in American Silent Film , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rees , A.L. ( 2011 ) . A History of Experimental Film and Video ( 2nd Edition ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 436 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grierson , John . ' First Principles of Documentary ' , in Kevin Macdonald & Mark Cousins ( eds . ) Imagining Reality : The Faber Book of Documentary . London : Faber and Faber , 1996 Jump up ^ Les raquetteurs -- NFB -- Collection Jump up ^ Struggles for Representation African American Documentary Film and Video , edited by Phyllis R. Klotman and Janet K. Cutler , Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel B. ( 2 June 2006 ) . `` In ' docu - ganda ' films , balance is not the objective '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) . `` AFI Docs : Filmmakers Get Savvier About Fueling Social Change '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` social impact campaigns '' . www.azuremedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ indiewire.com , `` Festivals : Post-Sundance 2001 ; Docs Still Face Financing and Distribution Challenges . '' February 8 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Campion , Chris ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Where is Rocky II ? The 10 - year desert hunt for Ed Ruscha 's missing boulder '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Matamala , A. ( 2009 ) . Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries . In J. Cintas ( Ed . ) , New Trends in Audiovisual Translation ( pp. 109 - 120 ) . Bristol , UK : Multilingual Matters , p. 110 - 111 . ^ Jump up to : Matamala , A. ( 2009 ) . Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries . In J. Cintas ( Ed . ) , New Trends in Audiovisual Translation ( pp. 109 - 120 ) . Bristol , UK : Multilingual Matters , p. 111 Jump up ^ Matamala , A. ( 2009 ) . Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries . In J. Cintas ( Ed . ) , New Trends in Audiovisual Translation ( pp. 109 - 120 ) . Bristol , UK : Multilingual Matters , p. 113 Jump up ^ Matamala , A. ( 2009 ) . Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries . In J. Cintas ( Ed . ) , New Trends in Audiovisual Translation ( pp. 109 - 120 ) . Bristol , UK : Multilingual Matters , p. 113 - 114 Jump up ^ Matamala , A. ( 2009 ) . Main Challenges in the Translation of Documentaries . In J. Cintas ( Ed . ) , New Trends in Audiovisual Translation ( pp. 109 - 120 ) . Bristol , UK : Multilingual Matters , p. 114 - 115 Sources and bibliography ( edit ) Aitken , Ian ( ed . ) . Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film . New York : Routledge , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 445 - 0 . Barnouw , Erik . Documentary : A History of the Non-Fiction Film , 2nd rev . ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507898 - 5 . Still a useful introduction . Ron Burnett . `` Reflections on the Documentary Cinema '' Burton , Julianne ( ed . ) . The Social Documentary in Latin America . Pittsburgh , Penn. : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 3621 - 3 . Dawson , Jonathan . `` Dziga Vertov '' . Ellis , Jack C. , and Betsy A. McLane . `` A New History of Documentary Film . '' New York : Continuum International , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1750 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1751 - 0 . Goldsmith , David A . The Documentary Makers : Interviews with 15 of the Best in the Business . Hove , East Sussex : RotoVision , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88046 - 730 - 2 . Klotman , Phyllis R. and Culter , Janet K. ( eds . ) . Struggles for Representation : African American Documentary Film and Video Bloomington and Indianapolis , IN : Indiana University Press , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21347 - 1 . Leach , Jim , and Jeannette Sloniowski ( eds . ) . Candid Eyes : Essays on Canadian Documentaries . Toronto ; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 4732 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8299 - 2 . Nichols , Bill . Introduction to Documentary , Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 33954 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21469 - 0 . Nichols , Bill . Representing Reality : Issues and Concepts in Documentary . Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34060 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20681 - 7 . Nornes , Markus . Forest of Pressure : Ogawa Shinsuke and Postwar Japanese Documentary . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4907 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4908 - 2 . Nornes , Markus . Japanese Documentary Film : The Meiji Era through Hiroshima . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4045 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4046 - 1 . Rotha , Paul , Documentary diary ; An Informal History of the British Documentary Film , 1928 -- 1939 . New York : Hill and Wang , 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 3933 - 3 . Saunders , Dave . Direct Cinema : Observational Documentary and the Politics of the Sixties . London : Wallflower Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905674 - 16 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 905674 - 15 - 2 . Saunders , Dave . Documentary : The Routledge Film Guidebook . London : Routledge , 2010 . Tobias , Michael . The Search for Reality : The Art of Documentary Filmmaking . Studio City , CA : Michael Wiese Productions 1997 . ISBN 0 - 941188 - 62 - 0 Walker , Janet , and Diane Waldeman ( eds . ) . Feminism and Documentary . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3006 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3007 - 3 . Wyver , John . The Moving Image : An International History of Film , Television & Radio . Oxford : Basil Blackwell Ltd. in association with the British Film Institute , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15529 - 4 . Murdoch.edu , Documentary -- reading list Ethnographic film ( edit ) Emilie de Brigard , `` The History of Ethnographic Film , '' in Principles of Visual Anthropology , ed . Paul Hockings . Berlin and New York : Mouton de Gruyter , 1995 , pp. 13 -- 43 . Leslie Devereaux , `` Cultures , Disciplines , Cinemas , '' in Fields of Vision . Essays in Film Studies , Visual Anthropology and Photography , ed . Leslie Devereaux & Roger Hillman . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1995 , pp. 329 -- 339 . Faye Ginsburg , Lila Abu - Lughod and Brian Larkin ( eds . ) , Media Worlds : Anthropology on New Terrain . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23231 - 0 . Anna Grimshaw , The Ethnographer 's Eye : Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77310 - 2 . Karl G. Heider , Ethnographic Film . Austin : University of Texas Press , 1994 . Luc de Heusch , Cinéma et Sciences Sociales , Paris : UNESCO , 1962 . Published in English as The Cinema and Social Science . A Survey of Ethnographic and Sociological Films . UNESCO , 1962 . Fredric Jameson , Signatures of the Visible . New York & London : Routledge , 1990 . Pierre - L. Jordan , Premier Contact - Premier Regard , Marseille : Musées de Marseille . Images en Manoeuvres Editions , 1992 . André Leroi - Gourhan , `` Cinéma et Sciences Humaines . Le Film Ethnologique Existe - t - il ? , '' Revue de Géographie Humaine et d'Ethnologie 3 ( 1948 ) , pp. 42 -- 50 . David MacDougall , Transcultural Cinema . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01234 - 6 . David MacDougall , `` Whose Story Is It ? , '' in Ethnographic Film Aesthetics and Narrative Traditions , ed . Peter I. Crawford and Jan K. Simonsen . Aarhus , Intervention Press , 1992 , pp. 25 -- 42 . Fatimah Tobing Rony , The Third Eye : Race , Cinema and Ethnographic Spectacle . Durham , NC : Duke University Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 1840 - 8 . Georges Sadoul , Histoire Générale du Cinéma . Vol. 1 , L'Invention du Cinéma 1832 -- 1897 . Paris : Denöel , 1977 , pp. 73 -- 110 . Pierre Sorlin , Sociologie du Cinéma , Paris : Aubier Montaigne , 1977 , pp. 7 -- 74 . Charles Warren , `` Introduction , with a Brief History of Nonfiction Film , '' in Beyond Document . Essays on Nonfiction Film , ed . Charles Warren . Hanover and London : Wesleyan University Press , 1996 , pp. 1 -- 22 . Ismail Xavier , `` Cinema : Revelação e Engano , '' in O Olhar , ed . Adauto Novaes . São Paulo : Companhia das Letras , 1993 , pp. 367 -- 384 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Documentary films . 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i see the river tiber foaming with much blood

Rivers of Blood speech

rivers of blood speech

On 20 April 1968 , British Member of Parliament Enoch Powell addressed a meeting of the Conservative Political Centre in Birmingham , UK . His speech strongly criticised Commonwealth immigration to the United Kingdom and the then - proposed Race Relations Bill , and became known as the `` Rivers of Blood '' speech , although Powell always referred to it as `` the Birmingham speech '' . The expression `` rivers of blood '' , which did not appear in the original speech , is an allusion to a line from Virgil 's Aeneid quoted by Powell ( `` As I look ahead , I am filled with foreboding ; like the Roman , I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood '' ) .

The speech caused a political storm , making Powell one of the most talked about , and divisive , politicians in the country , and leading to his controversial dismissal from the Shadow Cabinet by Conservative Party leader Edward Heath . According to most accounts , the popularity of Powell 's perspective on immigration may have played a decisive contributory factor in the Conservatives ' surprise victory in the 1970 general election , and he became one of the most persistent rebels opposing the subsequent Heath government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Speech 3 Reaction 3.1 Political 3.2 Powell 's reflection on the speech 3.3 Cultural 4 Identity of the woman mentioned in the speech 5 Support for the speech 6 Acknowledgement from politicians 7 Dramatic portrayals 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Background ( edit ) Powell , the Conservative MP for Wolverhampton South West , was addressing the general meeting of the West Midlands Area Conservative Political Centre . The Labour government 's Race Relations Bill 1968 was to have its second reading three days later , and the Conservative Opposition had tabled an amendment significantly weakening its provisions . The Bill was a successor to the Race Relations Act 1965 . The Birmingham - based television company ATV saw an advance copy of the speech on the Saturday morning , and its news editor ordered a television crew to go to the venue , where they filmed sections of the speech . Earlier in the week , Powell said to his friend Clement ( Clem ) Jones , a journalist and then editor at the Wolverhampton Express & Star , `` I 'm going to make a speech at the weekend and it 's going to go up ' fizz ' like a rocket ; but whereas all rockets fall to the earth , this one is going to stay up . '' In preparing his speech , Powell had applied Clem Jones ' advice that to make hard - hitting political speeches and short - circuit interference from his party organisation , his best timing was on Saturday afternoons , after delivering embargoed copies the previous Thursday or Friday to selected editors and political journalists of Sunday newspapers ; this tactic could ensure coverage of the speech over three days through Saturday evening bulletins then Sunday newspapers , so that the coverage would be picked up in Monday newspapers . Speech ( edit ) Powell recounted a conversation with one of his constituents , a middle - aged working man , a few weeks earlier . Powell said that the man told him : `` If I had the money to go , I would n't stay in this country ... I have three children , all of them been through grammar school and two of them married now , with family . I sha n't be satisfied till I have seen them all settled overseas . '' The man finished by saying to Powell : `` In this country in 15 or 20 years ' time the black man will have the whip hand over the white man . '' Powell went on : `` Here is a decent , ordinary fellow Englishman , who in broad daylight in my own town says to me , his Member of Parliament , that the country will not be worth living in for his children . I simply do not have the right to shrug my shoulders and think about something else . What he is saying , thousands and hundreds of thousands are saying and thinking -- not throughout Great Britain , perhaps , but in the areas that are already undergoing the total transformation to which there is no parallel in a thousand years of English history . We must be mad , literally mad , as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow of some 50,000 dependents , who are for the most part the material of the future growth of the immigrant descended population . It is like watching a nation busily engaged in heaping up its own funeral pyre . So insane are we that we actually permit unmarried persons to immigrate for the purpose of founding a family with spouses and fiancées whom they have never seen . '' Powell quoted a letter he received from a woman in Northumberland , about an elderly woman living on a Wolverhampton street where she was the only white resident . The elderly woman had lost her husband and her two sons in World War II and had rented out the rooms in her house . Once immigrants had moved into the street she was living in , her white lodgers left . Two black men had knocked on her door at 7 : 00 am to use her telephone to call their employers , but she refused , as she would have done to any other stranger knocking at her door at such an hour , and was subsequently verbally abused . The woman had asked her local authority for a rates reduction , but was told by a council officer to let out the rooms of her house . When the woman said the only tenants would be black , the council officer replied : `` Racial prejudice wo n't get you anywhere in this country . '' He advocated voluntary re-emigration by `` generous grants and assistance '' and he mentioned that immigrants had asked him whether it was possible . Powell said that all citizens should be equal before the law , and that : `` This does not mean that the immigrant and his descendants should be elevated into a privileged or special class or that the citizen should be denied his right to discriminate in the management of his own affairs between one fellow - citizen and another or that he should be subjected to an inquisition as to his reasons and motives for behaving in one lawful manner rather than another . '' He argued that journalists who urged the government to pass anti-discrimination laws were `` of the same kidney and sometimes on the same newspapers which year after year in the 1930s tried to blind this country to the rising peril which confronted it '' . Powell said that such legislation would be used to discriminate against the indigenous population and that it would be `` to risk throwing a match on to gunpowder . '' Powell described what he perceived to be the evolving position of the indigenous population : `` For reasons which they could not comprehend , and in pursuance of a decision by default , on which they were never consulted , they found themselves made strangers in their own country . They found their wives unable to obtain hospital beds in childbirth , their children unable to obtain school places , their homes and neighbourhoods changed beyond recognition , their plans and prospects for the future defeated ; at work they found that employers hesitated to apply to the immigrant worker the standards of discipline and competence required of the native - born worker ; they began to hear , as time went by , more and more voices which told them that they were now the unwanted . On top of this , they now learn that a one - way privilege is to be established by Act of Parliament ; a law which can not , and is not intended to , operate to protect them or redress their grievances , is to be enacted to give the stranger , the disgruntled and the agent provocateur the power to pillory them for their private actions . '' Powell warned that if the legislation proposed for the then - Race Relations Bill were to be passed it would bring about discrimination against the native population : `` The discrimination and the deprivation , the sense of alarm and of resentment , lies not with the immigrant population but with those among whom they have come and are still coming . This is why to enact legislation of the kind before parliament at this moment is to risk throwing a match on to gunpowder . '' Powell was concerned about the current level of immigration and argued that it must be controlled : `` In these circumstances nothing will suffice but that the total inflow for settlement should be reduced at once to negligible proportions , and that the necessary legislative and administrative measures be taken without delay . '' '' Powell argued that he felt that although `` many thousands '' of immigrants wanted to integrate , he felt that the majority did not , and that some had vested interests in fostering racial and religious differences `` with a view to the exercise of actual domination , first over fellow - immigrants and then over the rest of the population '' . Powell 's peroration of the speech gave rise to its popular title . He quotes the Sibyl 's prophecy in the epic poem Aeneid , 6 , 86 -- 87 , of `` wars , terrible wars , / and the Tiber foaming with much blood . '' `` As I look ahead , I am filled with foreboding . Like the Roman , I seem to see `` the River Tiber foaming with much blood '' . That tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic but which there is interwoven with the history and existence of the States itself , is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect . Indeed , it has all but come . In numerical terms , it will be of American proportions long before the end of the century . Only resolute and urgent action will avert it even now . Whether there will be the public will to demand and obtain that action , I do not know . All I know is that to see , and not to speak , would be the great betrayal . '' Reaction ( edit ) Political ( edit ) According to C. Howard Wheeldon , who was present at the meeting in which Powell gave the speech , `` it is fascinating to note what little hostility emerged from the audience . To the best of my memory , only one person voiced any sign of annoyance . '' The day after the speech Powell went to Sunday Communion at his local church and when he emerged there was a crowd of journalists and a local plasterer ( Sidney Miller ) said to Powell : `` Well done , sir . It needed to be said . '' Powell asked the assembled journalists : `` Have I really caused such a furore ? '' At midday Powell went on the BBC 's World This Weekend to defend his speech and he appeared later that day on ITN news . Although the majority of the Parliamentary Labour Party did not wish to `` stir up the Powell issue '' , Labour MP Edward Leadbitter said he would refer the speech to the Director of Public Prosecutions . The Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe spoke of a prima facie case against Powell for incitement . Lady Gaitskell called the speech `` cowardly '' and the cricketer Sir Learie Constantine condemned it . Labour MP Tony Benn said : `` The flag of racialism which has been hoisted in Wolverhampton is beginning to look like the one that fluttered 25 years ago over Dachau and Belsen . If we do not speak up now against the filthy and obscene racialist propaganda ... the forces of hatred will mark up their first success and mobilise their first offensive ... Enoch Powell has emerged as the real leader of the Conservative Party . He is a far stronger character than Mr. Heath . He speaks his mind ; Heath does not . The final proof of Powell 's power is that Heath dare not attack him publicly , even when he says things that disgust decent Conservatives . '' The leading Conservatives in the Shadow Cabinet were outraged by the speech . Iain Macleod , Edward Boyle , Quintin Hogg and Robert Carr all threatened to resign from the front bench unless Powell was sacked . Margaret Thatcher thought that some of Powell 's speech was `` strong meat '' , and said to Heath when he telephoned her to inform her Powell was to be sacked : `` I really thought that it was better to let things cool down for the present rather than heighten the crisis '' . The Conservative leader , Edward Heath , sacked Powell from his post as Shadow Defence Secretary , telling him on the telephone that Sunday evening ( it was the last conversation they would have ) . Heath said of the speech in public that it was `` racialist in tone and liable to exacerbate racial tensions '' . Conservative MPs on the right of the party -- Duncan Sandys , Gerald Nabarro , Teddy Taylor -- spoke against Powell 's sacking . On 22 April 1968 , Heath went on Panorama , telling Robin Day : `` I dismissed Mr Powell because I believed his speech was inflammatory and liable to damage race relations . I am determined to do everything I can to prevent racial problems developing into civil strife ... I do n't believe the great majority of the British people share Mr Powell 's way of putting his views in his speech . '' The Times newspaper declared it `` an evil speech '' , stating `` This is the first time that a serious British politician has appealed to racial hatred in this direct way in our postwar history . '' The Times went on to record incidents of racial attacks in the immediate aftermath of Powell 's speech . One such incident , reported under the headline `` Coloured family attacked '' , took place on 30 April 1968 in Wolverhampton itself : it involved a slashing incident with 14 white youths chanting `` Powell '' and `` Why do n't you go back to your own country ? '' at patrons of a West Indian christening party . One of the West Indian victims , Wade Crooks of Lower Villiers Street , was the child 's grandfather . He had to have eight stitches over his left eye . He was reported as saying , `` I have been here since 1955 and nothing like this has happened before . I am shattered . '' An opinion poll commissioned by the BBC television programme Panorama in December 1968 found that eight per cent of immigrants believed that they had been treated worse by white people since Powell 's speech , 38 per cent would like to return to their country of origin if offered financial help , and 47 per cent supported immigration control , with 30 per cent opposed . The speech generated much correspondence to newspapers , most markedly with the Express & Star in Wolverhampton itself , whose local sorting office over the following week received 40,000 postcards and 8,000 letters addressed to its local newspaper . Clem Jones recalled : `` Ted Heath made a martyr out of Enoch , but as far as Express & Star 's circulation area was concerned , virtually the whole area was determined to make a saint out of him . From the Tuesday through to the end of the week , I had ten , fifteen to twenty bags full of readers ' letters : 95 per cent of them were pro-Enoch . '' At the end of that week there were two simultaneous processions in Wolverhampton , one of Powell 's supporters and another of opponents , who each brought petitions to Clem Jones outside his office , the two columns being kept apart by police . On 23 April 1968 , the Race Relations Bill had its second reading in the House of Commons . Many MPs referred or alluded to Powell 's speech . For Labour , Paul Rose , Maurice Orbach , Reginald Paget , Dingle Foot , Ivor Richard , and David Ennals were all critical . Among the Conservatives , Quintin Hogg and Nigel Fisher were critical , while Hugh Fraser , Ronald Bell , Dudley Smith , and Harold Gurden were sympathetic . Powell was present for the debate but did not speak . Earlier that day , 1,000 London dockers had gone on strike in protest of Powell 's sacking and marched from the East End to the Palace of Westminster carrying placards with sayings such as `` we want Enoch Powell ! '' , `` Enoch here , Enoch there , we want Enoch everywhere '' , `` Do n't knock Enoch '' and `` Back Britain , not Black Britain '' . Three hundred of them went into the palace , 100 to lobby the MP for Stepney , Peter Shore , and 200 to lobby the MP for Poplar , Ian Mikardo . Shore and Mikardo were shouted down and some dockers kicked Mikardo . Lady Gaitskell shouted : `` You will have your remedy at the next election . '' The dockers replied : `` We wo n't forget . '' The organiser of the strike , Harry Pearman , headed a delegation to meet Powell and said after : `` I have just met Enoch Powell and it made me feel proud to be an Englishman . He told me that he felt that if this matter was swept under the rug he would lift the rug and do the same again . We are representatives of the working man . We are not racialists . '' On 24 April 600 dockers at St Katharine Docks voted to strike and numerous smaller factories across the country followed . Six hundred Smithfield meat porters struck and marched to Westminster and handed Powell a 92 - page petition supporting him . Powell advised against strike action and asked them to write to Harold Wilson , Heath or their MP . However , strikes continued , reaching Tilbury by 25 April and he allegedly received his 30,000 th letter supporting him , with 30 protesting against his speech . By 27 April , 4,500 dockers were on strike . On 28 April , 1,500 people marched to Downing Street chanting `` Arrest Enoch Powell '' . Powell claimed to have received 43,000 letters and 700 telegrams supporting him by early May , with 800 letters and four telegrams against . On 2 May , the attorney - general , Sir Elwyn Jones , announced he would not prosecute Powell after consulting the director of public prosecutions . The Gallup Organization took an opinion poll at the end of April and found that 74 per cent agreed with what Powell had said in his speech ; 15 per cent disagreed . 69 per cent felt Heath was wrong to sack Powell and 20 per cent believed Heath was right . Before his speech Powell was favoured to replace Heath as Conservative leader by one per cent , with Reginald Maudling favoured by 20 per cent ; after his speech 24 per cent favoured Powell and 18 per cent Maudling. 83 per cent now felt immigration should be restricted ( 75 per cent before the speech ) and 65 per cent favoured anti-discrimination legislation . Powell defended his speech on 4 May through an interview for the Birmingham Post : `` What I would take ' racialist ' to mean is a person who believes in the inherent inferiority of one race of mankind to another , and who acts and speaks in that belief . So the answer to the question of whether I am a racialist is ' no ' -- unless , perhaps , it is to be a racialist in reverse . I regard many of the peoples in India as being superior in many respects -- intellectually , for example , and in other respects -- to Europeans . Perhaps that is over-correcting . '' According to most accounts , the popularity of Powell 's perspective on race may have played a decisive contributory factor in the Conservatives ' surprise victory in the 1970 general election , although Powell became one of the most persistent rebels opposing the subsequent Heath government . In `` exhaustive research '' on the election , the American pollster Douglas Schoen and University of Oxford academic R.W. Johnson believed it `` beyond dispute '' that Powell had attracted 2.5 million votes to the Conservatives , but nationally the Conservative vote had increased by only 1.7 million since 1966 . In his own constituency at that election -- his last in Wolverhampton -- his majority of 26,220 and a 64.3 per cent share of the vote were then the highest of his career . Powell 's reflection on the speech ( edit ) Powell reflected on the speech in an interview in 1977 when the interviewer asked him `` nine years after the speech , are we still in your view on a kind of funeral pyre ? : Yes , I 've been guilty I suppose of , I 've said this before , of under - estimating rather than over-estimating . And I was just looking back at the figures that I was then talking about in 1968 for the end of the century . Do you know my estimates which were regarded with such ridicule and denounced , behold the academics forgive me , they are less than the official estimate which the Franks reported at the beginning of this year are thought . So upon the whole I have leaned , perhaps it 's a fault , towards the under - estimation of the magnitude and of the danger . And then asked him `` what do you see as the likely prospect now ? Still the `` River Tiber foaming with blood '' ? : My prospect is that , politicians of all parties will say `` Well Enoch Powell is right , we do n't say that in public but we know it in private , Enoch Powell is right and it will no doubt develop as he says . But it 's better for us to do nothing now , and let it happen perhaps after our time , than to seize the many poisonous nettles which we would have to seize if we were at this stage going to attempt to avert the outcome . '' So let it go on until a third of Central London , a third of Birmingham , Wolverhampton , are coloured , until the Civil War comes , let it go on . We wo n't be blamed , we 'll either have gone or we 'll slip out from under somehow . Cultural ( edit ) Powell was mentioned in early versions of the song `` Get Back '' by the Beatles . On 5 August 1976 , Eric Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham . Visibly intoxicated , Clapton voiced his support of the controversial speech , and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a `` black colony '' . Among other things , Clapton said `` Keep Britain white ! '' which was at the time a National Front ( NF ) slogan . In November 2010 , the actor and comedian Sanjeev Bhaskar recalled the fear which the speech instilled in Britons of Indian origin : `` At the end of the 1960s , Enoch Powell was quite a frightening figure to us . He was the one person who represented an enforced ticket out , so we always had suitcases that were ready and packed . My parents held the notion that we may have to leave . '' Whilst a section of the white population appeared to warm to Powell over the speech , the author Mike Phillips recalls that it legitimised hostility , and even violence , towards black Britons like himself . In his book The British Dream ( 2013 ) , David Goodhart claims that Powell 's speech in effect `` put back by more than a generation a robust debate about the successes and failures of immigration '' . `` Just when a discussion should have been starting about integration , racial justice , and distinguishing the reasonable from the racist complaints of the white people whose communities were being transformed , he polarised the argument and closed it down . '' Identity of the woman mentioned in the speech ( edit ) After Powell delivered the speech , there were attempts to locate the Wolverhampton constituent whom Powell described as being victimised by non-white residents . Despite combing the electoral register and other sources , the editor of the local Wolverhampton newspaper the Express & Star , Clem Jones ( a close friend of Powell who broke off relations with him over the controversy ) failed to identify the woman . Shortly after Powell 's death , Kenneth Nock , a Wolverhampton solicitor , wrote to the Express and Star in April 1998 to claim that his firm had acted for the woman in question , but that he could not name her owing to rules concerning client confidentiality . In January 2007 , the BBC Radio Four programme Document , followed by the Daily Mail , claimed to have uncovered the woman 's identity . They said she was Druscilla Cotterill ( 1907 -- 1978 ) , the widow of Harry Cotterill , a battery quartermaster sergeant with the Royal Artillery who had been killed in World War II . ( She was also the second cousin of Mark Cotterill , a figure in British far - right politics ) . She lived in Brighton Place in Wolverhampton , which by the 1960s was dominated by immigrant families . In order to increase her income , she rented rooms to lodgers , but did not wish to rent rooms to West Indians and stopped taking in any lodgers when the Race Relations Act 1968 banned racial discrimination in housing . She locked up the spare rooms and lived only in two rooms of the house . According to those who remember the period , the many children in the street regarded her as a figure of fun and taunted her . Support for the speech ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , particularly in England , `` Enoch ( Powell ) was right '' is a phrase of political rhetoric , inviting comparison of aspects of contemporary English society with the predictions made by Powell in the `` Rivers of Blood '' speech . The phrase implies criticism of racial quotas , immigration and multiculturalism . Badges , T - shirts and other items bearing the slogan have been produced at different times in the United Kingdom . Powell gained support from both right - wing and traditionally left - leaning , working - class voters for his anti-immigration stance . Powell gained the support of the far - right in Britain . Badges , T - shirts and fridge magnets emblazoned with the slogan `` Enoch was right '' are regularly seen at far - right demonstrations , according to VICE News , and sample recordings of Powell speeches feature heavily in the music of the neo-Nazi hardcore band Of Wolves and Angels . Powell also has a presence on social media , with an Enoch Powell page on Facebook run by the far - right Traditional Britain Group amassed several thousands of likes , and similar pages which post `` racist memes and Daily Mail stories '' have been equally successful , such as British nationalist and anti-immigration Britain First 's Facebook page . In The Trial of Enoch Powell , a Channel 4 television broadcast in April 1998 , on the thirtieth anniversary of his Rivers of Blood speech ( and two months after his death ) , 64 % of the studio audience voted that Powell was not a racist . Some in the Church of England , of which Powell had been a member , took a different view . Upon Powell 's death , Barbados - born Wilfred Wood , then Bishop of Croydon , stated , `` Enoch Powell gave a certificate of respectability to white racist views which otherwise decent people were ashamed to acknowledge '' . In March 2016 , German writer Michael Stürmer wrote a retrospective pro-Powell piece in Die Welt , opining that nobody else had been `` punished so mercilessly '' by fellow party members and media for their viewpoints . Acknowledgement from politicians ( edit ) In an interview for Today shortly after her departure from office as Prime Minister in 1990 , Margaret Thatcher said that Powell had `` made a valid argument , if in sometimes regrettable terms . '' Thirty years after the speech , Edward Heath said that Powell 's remarks on the `` economic burden of immigration '' had been `` not without prescience . '' The Labour Party MP Michael Foot remarked to a reporter that it was `` tragic '' that this `` outstanding personality '' had been widely misunderstood as predicting actual bloodshed in Britain , when in fact he had used the Aeneid quotation merely to communicate his own sense of foreboding . In November 2007 , Nigel Hastilow resigned as Conservative candidate for Halesowen and Rowley Regis after he wrote an article in the Wolverhampton Express & Star that included the statement : `` Enoch , once MP for Wolverhampton South - West , was sacked from the Conservative front bench and marginalised politically for his 1968 ' Rivers of Blood ' speech , warning that uncontrolled immigration would change Britain irrevocably . He was right and immigration has changed the face of Britain dramatically '' . In January 2014 , UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage stated that `` the basic principle '' of one passage of the speech which had been read to him was `` right '' . In June of that year , in response to an Islamist plot to infiltrate schools in Birmingham , Conservative peer and former minister Norman Tebbit wrote in The Daily Telegraph `` No one should have been surprised at what was going on in schools in Birmingham . It is precisely what I was talking about over 20 years ago and Enoch Powell was warning against long before that . We have imported far too many immigrants who have come here not to live in our society , but to replicate here the society of their homelands '' . Conservative MP Gerald Howarth said on the same issue `` Clearly , the arrival of so many people of non-Christian faith has presented a challenge , as so many of us , including the late Enoch Powell , warned decades ago '' . Dramatic portrayals ( edit ) The speech is the subject of a play , What Shadows , written by Chris Hannan . The play was staged in Birmingham from 27 October to 12 November 2016 , with Powell portrayed by Ian McDiarmid and Clem Jones by George Costigan . See also ( edit ) British politics portal 1960s portal Criticism of multiculturalism Demographics of the United Kingdom Protests of 1968 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 449 ^ Jump up to : McLean 2001 , pp. 129 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Heffer 1999 , p. 568 ^ Jump up to : http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/apr/23/race-relations-bill chapter - url = missing title ( help ) . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . 763 . HC. 23 April 1968 . col. 53 -- 198 . ^ Jump up to : `` My father and Enoch Powell '' . Shropshire Star . 8 October 2016 . p. 3 ( Weekend supplement ) . Article by Nicholas Jones , Clem Jones ' son , condensed from book What Do We Mean By Local ? The Rise , Fall -- and possible rise again -- of Local journalism ( Abramis , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Powell 1969 , p. 282 Jump up ^ Powell 1969 , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : Powell 1969 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Powell 1969 , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : `` Enoch Powell 's ' Rivers of Blood ' speech '' . Jump up ^ Powell 1969 , pp. 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Powell 1969 , pp. 289 -- 90 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 455 Jump up ^ Roth 1970 , p. 357 ^ Jump up to : David Butler ; Michael Pinto - Duschinsky ( 2 July 1971 ) . British General Election of 1970 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 01095 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 457 Jump up ^ Part 2 : Enoch Powell and the ' Rivers of Blood Ottawa Citizen ( Canada.com ) , 4 June 2008 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 459 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 461 Jump up ^ Editorial comment , The Times , 22 April 1968 Jump up ^ The Times , 1 May 1968 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 462 Jump up ^ Roth 1970 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , pp. 462 -- 65 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 466 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 467 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , pp. 466 -- 67 Jump up ^ `` Enoch Interview 1977 '' . Youtube. 1977 . Jump up ^ Sulpy , Doug ; Schweighardt , Ray . `` Thursday , 9 January 1969 '' . Get Back , The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles Let It Be Disaster . p. 153 . Jump up ^ Alex Sayf Cummings . `` `` No Pakistanis '' : The racial satire the Beatles do n't want you to hear `` . Salon . Jump up ^ Bainbridge , Luke ( 14 October 2007 ) . `` The ten right - wing rockers '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hall , John ( 19 August 2009 ) . `` Dabbling in right wing politics -- David Bowie , Brian Ferry and Eric Clapton '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Rebel Rock by J. Street . First Edition ( 1986 ) . Oxford Press Basil Blackwell. pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` Sanjeev Bhaskar 's family feared Enoch Powell '' . BBC News . 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Shrapnel , Norman ; Phillips , Mike ( 7 February 2001 ) . `` Enoch Powell -- An enigma of awkward passions '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Goodhart 2013 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Goodhart 2013 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Heffer 1999 , p. 460 Jump up ^ Barton , Fiona ( 2 February 2007 ) . `` Widow in Enoch Powell 's Rivers of Blood speech really did exist '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Heritage and Destiny Issue 33 July -- September 2008 p13 - 14 Jump up ^ Widow in Enoch Powell 's Rivers of Blood speech really did exist , Daily Mail , London , 2 February 2007 , pp 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Poulter , James ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` We Tried to Ask Far - Right Groups About the Enoch Powell Paedophilia Allegations '' . VICE News . United Kingdom . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Niam ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Britain First : Feminism and Fascism '' . New Left Project . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bishops criticise Abbey over Powell honour '' , The Irish Times , 16 February 1998 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Stürmer , Michael ( 29 March 2016 ) . `` Enoch Powells frühe Warnung vor der Massenmigration '' ( Enoch Powell 's early warning about mass migration ) . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Sandford : `` To See and to Speak '' in Chronicles : A Magazine of American Culture , June 2012 Jump up ^ Helm , Toby ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Race row Tory refused to sign gagging order '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Hastilow , Nigel ( 2 November 2007 ) . `` Britain seen as a soft touch '' . Wolverhampton Express and Star . Retrieved 5 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Graham , Georgia . `` Nigel Farage : ' the basic principle ' of Enoch Powell 's River of Blood speech is right '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Tebbit , Norman ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Trojan Horse : I warned about this years ago '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McSmith , Andy ( 27 August 2014 ) . `` Tory MP Gerald Howarth says Enoch Powell ' was right ' in notorious Rivers of Blood speech '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Acting out : That famous speech set for the stage '' . Shropshire Star . 8 October 2016 . p. 2 ( Weekend supplement ) . Further reading ( edit ) Bourne , Jenny . `` The beatification of Enoch Powell . '' Race & Class 49.4 ( 2008 ) : 82 -- 87 . argues , `` we are witnessing the beginnings of his rehabilitation as an authoritative political figure . '' Crines , Andrew , Tim Heppell , and Michael Hill . `` Enoch Powell 's ' Rivers of Blood ' speech : A rhetorical political analysis . '' British Politics 11 # 1 ( 2016 ) : 72 -- 94 . online Deakin , N. and Bourne , J. Powell , and the minorities and the 1970 election Political Quarterly ( 1970 ) 44 # 4 : 399 -- 415 . Goodhart , David ( 2013 ) . The British Dream : Successes and Failures of Post-War Immigration . London : Atlantic Books . ISBN 9781843548058 . Heffer , Simon ( 1999 ) . Like the Roman : The Life of Enoch Powell . London : Orion . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 0820 - X . Hillman , Nicholas . `` A ' chorus of execration ' ? Enoch Powell 's ' rivers of blood ' forty years on . '' Patterns of Prejudice 42 # 1 ( 2008 ) : 83 -- 104 . McLean , Iain ( 2001 ) . Rational Choice and British Politics . Oxford Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829529 - 4 . Norton , P . `` The Oratory of Enoch Powell '' in Hayton R. and Crines , A. ( eds ) Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron ( Manchester University Press , 2015 ) . Roth , Andrew ( 1970 ) . Enoch Powell : Tory Tribune . London : Macdonald & Co . ISBN 0 - 356 - 03150 - 0 . Whipple , Amy . `` Revisiting the `` Rivers of Blood '' Controversy : Letters to Enoch Powell . '' Journal of British Studies 48 # 3 ( 2009 ) : 717 -- 735 . Primary sources ( edit ) Powell , Enoch ( 1969 ) . Freedom and Reality . Kingswood : Elliot Right Way Books . ISBN 0 - 7160 - 0541 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Enoch Powell 's ' Rivers of Blood ' speech , The Daily Telegraph , 6 November 2007 -- Full text of the speech Document -- The Woman Who Never Was ? BBC Radio 4 , 22 January 2007 Fiona Barton Widow in Enoch Powell 's Rivers of Blood speech really did exist Mail Online , 2 February 2007 Radio Interview on Immigration Powell interviewed shortly after his controversial `` Rivers of Blood '' speech , BBC News ( Audio clip , 3 : 31 mins , requires RealPlayer to listen ) Speech that has raised a storm Press reaction from the Birmingham Post , 22 April 1968 Rivers of Blood , The Real Source BBC Radio 4 , 3 March 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_of_Blood_speech&oldid=799959146 '' Categories : Speeches 1968 in England History of immigration to the United Kingdom History of the Conservative Party ( UK ) History of Birmingham , West Midlands 1968 in British politics Anti-immigration politics in the United Kingdom 1968 speeches 20th century in Birmingham , West Midlands Works about immigration April 1968 events Criticism of multiculturalism Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Čeština Français Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who is performing at the belk bowl 2017

2017 Fiesta Bowl

2017 fiesta bowl

The 2017 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30 , 2017 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . The 47th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year 's Bowls of the College Football Playoff , and one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season .

The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , with the kickoff set for 4 : 00 PM ET ( 2 PM MT ) . The game 's title sponsor was Sony Interactive Entertainment via its PlayStation brand as part of a multi-year deal with broadcasting and marketing rightsholder ESPN , which includes branded content and making PlayStation the official video gaming and virtual reality sponsor of the College Football Playoff ; the game is officially known as the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 1.1 Penn State 1.2 Washington 1.3 Line 2 Game summary 2.1 Scoring summary 2.2 Statistics 3 References Teams ( edit ) The two participants for the game were the Penn State Nittany Lions of the Big Ten Conference and the Washington Huskies of the Pac - 12 Conference . This was only the third time that Penn State and Washington played each other , and the Nittany Lions had won both previous meetings . The most recent game was 34 years earlier in Honolulu at the 1983 Aloha Bowl , where Penn State defeated the Huskies 13 -- 10 . The first meeting was in 1921 , where Penn State defeated the Washington Sun Dodgers 21 -- 7 on December 3 in Seattle . The Nittany Lions had appeared in six previous Fiesta Bowls : 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 , 1992 , and 1997 , winning all six . This was the Huskies ' first Fiesta Bowl appearance . Penn State ( edit ) See also : 2017 Penn State Nittany Lions football team The Nittany Lions entered the game with a 10 -- 2 record , with their two losses coming in conference play in consecutive weeks by a combined four points at # 6 Ohio State and at # 24 Michigan State . Washington ( edit ) See also : 2017 Washington Huskies football team Line ( edit ) Penn State was favored by 3 points when the game kicked off . Game summary ( edit ) Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP WASH PSU 11 : 10 8 83 3 : 50 PSU DaeSean Hamilton 48 - yard touchdown reception from Trace McSorley , Tyler Davis kick good 0 7 1 : 34 11 64 5 : 12 PSU Saquon Barkley 2 - yard touchdown run , Tyler Davis kick good 0 14 14 : 57 75 1 : 37 WASH Jake Browning 1 - yard touchdown run , Tristan Vizcaino kick good 7 14 11 : 59 7 76 2 : 58 PSU Miles Sanders 1 - yard touchdown run , Tyler Davis kick good 7 21 9 : 01 93 0 : 44 PSU Saquon Barkley 92 - yard touchdown run , Tyler Davis kick good 7 28 4 : 15 6 33 2 : 26 WASH Myles Gaskin 13 - yard touchdown run , Tristan Vizcaino kick good 14 28 9 : 57 13 80 5 : 03 WASH Aaron Fuller 28 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Browning , Tristan Vizcaino kick good 21 28 5 : 59 8 70 3 : 58 PSU DaeSean Hamilton 24 - yard touchdown reception from Trace McSorley , Tyler Davis kick good 21 35 6 : 52 78 1 : 14 WASH Miles Gaskin 69 - yard touchdown run , Tristan Vizcaino kick good 28 35 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 28 35 Statistics ( edit ) Total Huskies 0 14 7 7 28 Nittany Lions 14 14 7 0 35 Statistics WASH PSU First downs 15 27 Plays -- yards 55 -- 330 78 -- 552 Rushes -- yards 104 212 Passing yards 226 342 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 18 -- 28 -- 0 32 -- 41 -- 2 Time of possession 24 : 05 35 : 55 Team Player Statistics Washington Passing Jake Browning 18 / 28 , 175 yds , 1 TD Rushing Myles Gaskin 14 car , 98 yds , 2 TD Receiving Aaron Fuller 6 rec , 61 yds , 1 TD Penn State Passing Trace McSorley 32 / 41 , 342 yds , 2 TD , 2 INT Rushing Saquon Barkley 18 car , 137 yds , 2 TD Receiving DaeSean Hamilton 5 rec , 110 yds , 2 TD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Industry - Leading 2017 - 18 College Football Bowl Schedule - ESPN MediaZone '' . espnmediazone.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fiesta MVP 's '' . 247sports.com . Jump up ^ `` Penn State rallies to edge Huskies '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . December 27 , 1983 . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Dan ( December 27 , 1983 ) . `` Hard work by Penn State defense pays off in Aloha '' . Pittsburgh Press . p . D1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State 's attack dazzles U. of W. and Bezdek 's Lions triumph , 21 - 7 '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . December 4 , 1921 . p. 1 , part 2 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winsipedia - Penn State Nittany Lions vs. Washington Huskies football series history '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Fiesta Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Sun Devil Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters College Football Playoff At - Large Group of Five Bid Games 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1997 1997 2014 2016 2017 Notes The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1996 , 1999 , and 2003 . There was a Fiesta Bowl in January and December in 1997 , 2014 , and 2016 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its December 2016 edition . Penn State Nittany Lions bowl games 1923 Rose Bowl 1948 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Liberty Bowl 1961 Gator Bowl 1962 Gator Bowl 1967 Gator Bowl 1969 Orange Bowl 1970 Orange Bowl 1972 Cotton Bowl Classic 1972 Sugar Bowl 1974 Orange Bowl 1975 Cotton Bowl Classic 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Gator Bowl 1977 Fiesta Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1979 Liberty Bowl 1980 Fiesta Bowl 1982 Fiesta Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1983 Aloha Bowl 1986 Orange Bowl 1987 Fiesta Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Holiday Bowl 1990 Blockbuster Bowl 1992 Fiesta Bowl 1993 Blockbuster Bowl 1994 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Rose Bowl 1996 Outback Bowl 1997 Fiesta Bowl 1998 Florida Citrus Bowl 1999 Outback Bowl 1999 Alamo Bowl 2003 Capital One Bowl 2006 Orange Bowl 2007 Outback Bowl 2007 Alamo Bowl 2009 Rose Bowl 2010 Capital One Bowl 2011 Outback Bowl 2012 TicketCity Bowl 2014 Pinstripe Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2017 Rose Bowl 2017 Fiesta Bowl Washington Huskies bowl games 1924 Rose Bowl 1926 Rose Bowl 1937 Rose Bowl 1938 Poi Bowl 1944 Rose Bowl 1960 Rose Bowl 1961 Rose Bowl 1964 Rose Bowl 1978 Rose Bowl 1979 Sun Bowl 1981 Rose Bowl 1982 Rose Bowl 1982 Aloha Bowl 1983 Aloha Bowl 1985 Orange Bowl 1985 Freedom Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1987 Independence Bowl 1989 Freedom Bowl 1991 Rose Bowl 1992 Rose Bowl 1993 Rose Bowl 1995 Sun Bowl 1996 Holiday Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 1998 Oahu Bowl 1999 Holiday Bowl 2001 Rose Bowl 2001 Holiday Bowl 2002 Sun Bowl 2010 Holiday Bowl 2011 Alamo Bowl 2012 Maaco Bowl Las Vegas 2013 Fight Hunger Bowl 2015 Cactus Bowl 2015 Heart of Dallas Bowl 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 Fiesta Bowl Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Fiesta_Bowl&oldid=832873330 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Fiesta Bowl Penn State Nittany Lions football bowl games Washington Huskies football bowl games 2017 in sports in Arizona December 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what causes a dead zone in the ocean

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low - oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near - bottom water . ( NOAA ) '' . In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )

excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen

Dead zone ( ecology )

dead zone ( ecology )

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low - oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near - bottom water . ( NOAA ) '' . In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )

Dead zones are bodies of water that do not have sufficient oxygen ( 3 ) levels in order to support most marine life . Dead zones are caused by oxygen - depleting factors which include , but are not limited to , human pollution ( 4 ) . This is a process called eutrophication , where oxygen levels decrease as elements such nitrogen and phosphorus increase . A healthy river will have increased amounts of oxygen for consumption by organisms ( 1 ) . As nitrogen increases , algae ( 5 ) produce large amounts of oxygen , but die from increased nitrogen . Decomposers then use all of the remaining oxygen decomposing the algae , resulting in no oxygen left and no oxygen being produced ( 2 ) . In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi2 ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi2 ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Effects 3 Locations 3.1 Baltic Sea 3.2 Elizabeth River , Virginia 3.3 Lake Erie 3.4 Lower St. Lawrence Estuary 3.5 Oregon 3.6 Gulf of Mexico ' dead zone ' 3.6. 1 Size 3.6. 2 Economic impact 3.6. 3 History 3.7 Gulf of Oman 4 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 5 Reversal 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Causes ( edit ) Dead zones are often caused by the decay of algae during algal blooms , like this one off the coast of La Jolla , San Diego , California . Climate has a significant impact on the growth and decline of ecological dead zones . During spring months , as rainfall increases , more nutrient - rich water flows down the mouth of the Mississippi River . At the same time , as sunlight increases during the spring , algal growth in the dead zones increases dramatically . In fall months , tropical storms begin to enter the Gulf of Mexico and break up the dead zones , and the cycle repeats again in the spring . Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in chemical nutrients ( particularly nitrogen and phosphorus ) in the water , known as eutrophication . These chemicals are the fundamental building blocks of single - celled , plant - like organisms that live in the water column , and whose growth is limited in part by the availability of these materials . Eutrophication can lead to rapid increases in the density of certain types of these phytoplankton , a phenomenon known as an algal bloom . Limnologist Dr. David Schindler , whose research at the Experimental Lakes Area led to the banning of harmful phosphates in detergents , warned about algal blooms and dead zones , `` The fish - killing blooms that devastated the Great Lakes in the 1960s and 1970s have n't gone away ; they 've moved west into an arid world in which people , industry , and agriculture are increasingly taxing the quality of what little freshwater there is to be had here ... This is n't just a prairie problem . Global expansion of dead zones caused by algal blooms is rising rapidly . '' The major groups of algae are Cyanobacteria , green algae , Dinoflagellates , Coccolithophores and Diatom algae . Increase in input of nitrogen and phosphorus generally causes Cyanobacteria to bloom . Cyanobacteria are not good food for zooplankton and fish and hence accumulate in water , die , and then decompose . The bacterial degradation of their biomass consumes the oxygen in the water , thereby creating the state of hypoxia . Other algae are consumed and hence do not accumulate to the same extent as Cyanobacteria . Dead zones can be caused by natural and by anthropogenic factors . Natural causes include coastal upwelling and changes in wind and water circulation patterns . Use of chemical fertilizers is considered the major human - related cause of dead zones around the world . Runoff from sewage , urban land use , and fertilizers can also contribute to eutrophication . Notable dead zones in the United States include the northern Gulf of Mexico region , surrounding the outfall of the Mississippi River , the coastal regions of the Pacific Northwest , and the Elizabeth River in Virginia Beach , all of which have been shown to be recurring events over the last several years . Additionally , natural oceanographic phenomena can cause deoxygenation of parts of the water column . For example , enclosed bodies of water , such as fjords or the Black Sea , have shallow sills at their entrances , causing water to be stagnant there for a long time . The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and northern Indian Ocean have lowered oxygen concentrations which are thought to be in regions where there is minimal circulation to replace the oxygen that is consumed . These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones ( OMZ ) . In many cases , OMZs are permanent or semipermanent areas . Remains of organisms found within sediment layers near the mouth of the Mississippi River indicate four hypoxic events before the advent of artificial fertilizer . In these sediment layers , anoxia - tolerant species are the most prevalent remains found . The periods indicated by the sediment record correspond to historic records of high river flow recorded by instruments at Vicksburg , Mississippi . Changes in ocean circulation triggered by ongoing climate change could also add or magnify other causes of oxygen reductions in the ocean . In August 2017 , a report found that the US meat industry is responsible for the largest - ever dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico . Runoff from widespread manure and fertilizer pollution contaminated water from the Heartland to the Gulf . Much of this pollution comes from the vast quantities of corn and soy used to raise meat animals for agribusiness companies , like Tyson . Effects ( edit ) Underwater video frame of the sea floor in the western Baltic covered with dead or dying crabs , fish and clams killed by oxygen depletion Low oxygen levels recorded along the Gulf Coast of North America have led to reproductive problems in fish involving decreased size of reproductive organs , low egg counts and lack of spawning . In a study of the Gulf killifish by the Southeastern Louisiana University done in three bays along the Gulf Coast , fish living in bays where the oxygen levels in the water dropped to 1 to 2 parts per million ( ppm ) for three or more hours per day were found to have smaller reproductive organs . The male gonads were 34 % to 50 % as large as males of similar size in bays where the oxygen levels were normal ( 6 to 8 ppm ) . Females were found to have ovaries that were half as large as those in normal oxygen levels . The number of eggs in females living in hypoxic waters were only one - seventh the number of eggs in fish living in normal oxygen levels . Fish raised in laboratory - created hypoxic conditions showed extremely low sex hormone concentrations and increased elevation of activity in two genes triggered by the hypoxia - inductile factor ( HIF ) protein . Under hypoxic conditions , HIF pairs with another protein , ARNT . The two then bind to DNA in cells , activating genes in those plant cells . Under normal oxygen conditions , ARNT combines with estrogen to activate genes . Hypoxic cells in vitro did not react to estrogen placed in the tube . HIF appears to render ARNT unavailable to interact with estrogen , providing a mechanism by which hypoxic conditions alter reproduction in fish . It might be expected that fish would flee the potential suffocation , but they are often quickly rendered unconscious and doomed . Slow moving bottom - dwelling creatures like clams , lobsters and oysters are unable to escape . All colonial animals are extinguished . The normal re-mineralization and recycling that occurs among benthic life - forms is stifled . It has been shown that future changes in oxygen could affect most marine ecosystems and have socio - economic ramifications due to human dependency on marine goods and services . Locations ( edit ) Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico In the 1970s , marine dead zones were first noted in settled areas where intensive economic use stimulated scientific scrutiny : in the U.S. East Coast 's Chesapeake Bay , in Scandinavia 's strait called the Kattegat , which is the mouth of the Baltic Sea and in other important Baltic Sea fishing grounds , in the Black Sea , and in the northern Adriatic . Other marine dead zones have appeared in coastal waters of South America , China , Japan , and New Zealand . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide . Baltic Sea ( edit ) Main article : Baltic Sea hypoxia High levels of hypoxia are contributing to the collapse of the Norwegian lobster fishery . Researchers from Baltic Nest Institute published in one of PNAS issues reports that the dead zones in the Baltic Sea have grown from approximately 5,000 km2 to more than 60,000 km2 in recent years . Some of the causes behind the elevated increase of dead zones can be attributed to the use of fertilizers , large animal farms , the burning of fossil fuels , and effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) Elizabeth River , Virginia ( edit ) The Elizabeth River estuary is important for Norfolk , Virginia , Chesapeake , Virginia , Virginia Beach , Virginia and Portsmouth , Virginia . It has been polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus , but also toxic deposits from the shipbuilding industry , the military , the world 's largest coal export facility , refineries , loading docks , container - repair facilities and others , so fish had been `` offlimits since the 1920 _́ s '' . In 1993 , a group formed to clean it up , adopting the mummichog as a mascot , and has removed thousands of tons of contaminated sediment . In 2006 , a 35 - acre biological dead zone called Money Point was dredged out , and shown fish to return , the wetland to recover Lake Erie ( edit ) A dead zone exists in the central part of Lake Erie from east of Point Pelee to Long Point and stretches to shores in Canada and the United States . The zone has been noticed since the 1950s to 1960s , but efforts since the 1970s have been made by Canada and the US to reduce runoff pollution into the lake as means to reverse the dead zone growth . Overall the lake 's oxygen level is poor with only a small area to the east of Long Point that has better levels . The biggest impact of the poor oxygen levels is to lacustrine life and fisheries industry . Lower St. Lawrence estuary ( edit ) A dead zone exists in the Lower St. Lawrence River area from east the Saguenay River to east of Baie Comeau , greatest at depths over 275 metres ( 902 ft ) and noticed since the 1930s . The main concerns for Canadian scientists is the impact of fish found in the area . Oregon ( edit ) Off the coast of Cape Perpetua , Oregon , there is also a dead zone with a 2006 reported size of 300 square miles ( 780 km2 ) . This dead zone only exists during the summer , perhaps due to wind patterns . The Oregon coast has also seen hypoxic water transporting itself from the continental shelf to the coastal embayments . This has seemed to cause intensity in several areas of Oregon 's climate such as upwelled water containing oxygen concentration and upwelled winds . Gulf of Mexico ' dead zone ' ( edit ) The area of temporary hypoxic bottom water that occurs most summers off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico is the largest recurring hypoxic zone in the United States . The Mississippi River , which is the drainage area for 41 % of the continental United States , dumps high - nutrient runoff such as nitrogen and phosphorus into the Gulf of Mexico . According to a 2009 fact sheet created by NOAA , `` seventy percent of nutrient loads that cause hypoxia are a result of this vast drainage basin '' . which includes the heart of U.S. agribusiness , the Midwest . The discharge of treated sewage from urban areas ( pop . c 12 million in 2009 ) combined with agricultural runoff deliver c. 1.7 million tons of phosphorus and nitrogen into the Gulf of Mexico every year . Even though Iowa occupies less than 5 % of the Mississippi River drainage basin , average annual nitrate discharge from surface water in Iowa is about 204,000 to 222,000 metric tonnes , or 25 % of all the nitrate which the Mississippi River delivers to the Gulf of Mexico . Export from the Raccoon River Watershed is among the highest in the United States with annual yields at 26.1 kg / ha / year which ranked as the highest loss of nitrate out of 42 Mississippi subwatersheds evaluated for a Gulf of Mexico hypoxia report . Size ( edit ) The area of hypoxic bottom water that occurs for several weeks each summer in the Gulf of Mexico has been mapped most years from 1985 through 2017 . The size varies annually from a record high in 2017 when it encompassed more than 22,730 sq kilometers ( 8,776 square miles ) to a record low in 1988 of 39 sq kilometers ( 15 square miles ) . The 2015 dead zone measured 16,760 square kilometers ( 6,474 square miles ) . Nancy Rabalais of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium in Cocodrie , Louisiana predicted the dead zone or hypoxic zone in 2012 will cover an area of 17,353 sq kilometers ( 6,700 square miles ) which is larger than Connecticut ; however , when the measurements were completed , the area of hypoxic bottom water in 2012 only totaled 7,480 sq kilometers . The models using the nitrogen flux from the Mississippi River to predict the `` dead zone '' areas have been criticized for being systematically high from 2006 to 2014 , having predicted record areas in 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , and 2013 that were never realized . In late summer 1988 the dead zone disappeared as the great drought caused the flow of Mississippi to fall to its lowest level since 1933 . During times of heavy flooding in the Mississippi River Basin , as in 1993 , `` '' the `` dead zone '' dramatically increased in size , approximately 5,000 km ( 3,107 mi ) larger than the previous year `` . Economic impact ( edit ) Some assert that the dead zone threatens lucrative commercial and recreational fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico . `` In 2009 , the dockside value of commercial fisheries in the Gulf was $629 million . Nearly three million recreational fishers further contributed about $10 billion to the Gulf economy , taking 22 million fishing trips . '' Scientists are not in universal agreement that nutrient loading has a negative impact on fisheries . Grimes makes a case that nutrient loading enhances the fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico . Courtney et al. hypothesize , that nutrient loading may have contributed to the increases in red snapper in the northern and western Gulf of Mexico . History ( edit ) Shrimp trawlers first reported a ' dead zone ' in the Gulf of Mexico in 1950 , but it was not until 1970 when the size of the hypoxic zone had increased that scientists began to investigate . After 1950 , the conversion of forests and wetlands for agricultural and urban developments accelerated . `` Missouri River Basin has had hundreds of thousands of acres of forests and wetlands ( 66,000,000 acres ) replaced with agriculture activity ( ... ) In the Lower Mississippi one - third of the valley 's forests were converted to agriculture between 1950 and 1976 . '' In July 2007 , a dead zone was discovered off the coast of Texas where the Brazos River empties into the Gulf . Gulf of Oman ( edit ) In 2018 , scientists confirmed the Gulf of Oman encompasses one of the world 's largest and most severe marine dead zones . The dead zone encompasses nearly the entire 63,700 - square - mile Gulf of Oman . The dead zone consists entirely of anoxic conditions , meaning no oxygen is present , or suboxic conditions , with low oxygen levels . The cause is a combination of increased ocean warming with increased runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers . The dead zone had previously been unstudied due to geopolitical factors . Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 ( edit ) The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 calls for the production of 36 billion US gallons ( 140,000,000 m ) of renewable fuels by 2022 , including 15 billion US gallons ( 57,000,000 m ) of corn - based ethanol , a tripling of current production that would require a similar increase in corn production . Unfortunately , the plan poses a new problem ; the increase in demand for corn production results in a proportional increase in nitrogen runoff . Although nitrogen , which makes up 78 % of the Earth 's atmosphere , is an inert gas , it has more reactive forms , two of which ( nitrate and ammonia ) are used to make fertilizer . According to Fred Below , a professor of crop physiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , corn requires more nitrogen - based fertilizer because it produces a higher grain per unit area than other crops and , unlike other crops , corn is completely dependent on available nitrogen in soil . The results , reported 18 March 2008 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , showed that scaling up corn production to meet the 15 - billion - US - gallon ( 57,000,000 m ) goal would increase nitrogen loading in the Dead Zone by 10 -- 18 % . This would boost nitrogen levels to twice the level recommended by the Mississippi Basin / Gulf of Mexico Water Nutrient Task Force ( Mississippi River Watershed Conservation Programs ) , a coalition of federal , state , and tribal agencies that have monitored the dead zone since 1997 . The task force says a 30 % reduction of nitrogen runoff is needed if the dead zone is to shrink . Reversal ( edit ) Dead zones are reversible , though the extinction of organisms that are lost due to its appearance is not . The Black Sea dead zone , previously the largest in the world , largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the demise of centrally planned economies in Eastern and Central Europe . Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region . While the Black Sea `` cleanup '' was largely unintentional and involved a drop in hard - to - control fertilizer usage , the U.N. has advocated other cleanups by reducing large industrial emissions . From 1985 to 2000 , the North Sea dead zone had nitrogen reduced by 37 % when policy efforts by countries on the Rhine River reduced sewage and industrial emissions of nitrogen into the water . Other cleanups have taken place along the Hudson River and San Francisco Bay . The chemical aluminium sulfate can be used to reduce phosphates in water . See also ( edit ) Algal bloom Anoxic event Anoxic waters Cultural eutrophication Eutrophication Fish kill Hypoxia Marine pollution Ocean deoxygenation Oxygen minimum zone Shutdown of thermohaline circulation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aquatic Dead Zones NASA Earth Observatory . Revised 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA : Gulf of Mexico ' dead zone ' predictions feature uncertainty '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David Perlman , Chronicle Science Editor ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Scientists alarmed by ocean dead - zone growth '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Diaz , R.J. ; Rosenberg , R. ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems '' . Science . 321 ( 5891 ) : 926 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1156401 . PMID 18703733 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blooming horrible : Nutrient pollution is a growing problem all along the Mississippi '' . The Economist . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David W. Schindler ; John R. Vallentyne ( 2008 ) . The Algal Bowl : Overfertilization of the World 's Freshwaters and Estuaries . Edmonton , Alberta : University of Alberta Press . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Lake Experiment , Ford Lake , Prof Lehman '' , www.cees.iupui.edu , 2010 - 06 - 17 Jump up ^ Corn boom could expand ' dead zone ' in Gulf msnbc.msn.com Jump up ^ Pickard , G.L. and Emery , W.J. 1982 . Description Physical Oceanography : An Introduction . Pergamon Press , Oxford , page 47 . ^ Jump up to : Mora , C. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century '' . PLOS Biology . 11 : e1001682 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1001682 . PMC 3797030 . PMID 24143135 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Meat industry blamed for largest - ever ' dead zone ' in Gulf of Mexico '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ von Reusner , Lucia ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Meat II : The Industry Behind the Quiet Destruction of the American Heartland '' ( PDF ) . Mighty Earth . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landry , C.A. , S. Manning , and A.O. Cheek. 2004 . Hypoxia suppresses reproduction in Gulf killifish , Fundulus grandis . e. hormone 2004 conference . Oct. 27 -- 30 . New Orleans . Jump up ^ Johanning , K. , et al. 2004 . Assessment of molecular interaction between low oxygen and estrogen in fish cell culture . Fourth SETAC World Congress , 25th Annual Meeting in North America . Nov. 14 -- 18 . Portland , Ore . Jump up ^ Karleskint ; Turner ; and Small ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Marine Biology ( 4 ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1133364467 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Diaz , R.J. ; Rutger Rosenberg ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Supporting Online Material for Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems '' ( PDF ) . Science . 321 ( 926 ) : 926 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1156401 . PMID 18703733 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Red Tides and Dead Zones '' . Oceanus Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Dead zones have increased by more than 10-fold in the last century - Baltic Nest Institute '' . www.balticnest.org. 2014 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rona Kobell Elizabeth River rises from the depths . Dedicated group is slowly bringing one of nation 's most polluted rivers back to life . Bay Journal , July 01 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dead Zones '' . Jump up ^ `` Will `` Dead Zones '' Spread in the St. Lawrence River ? `` . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Griffis , R. and Howard , J. ( Eds . ) . 2013 . Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate : A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment . Washingtonn , DC : Island Press ^ Jump up to : `` NOAA : Gulf of Mexico ' Dead Zone ' Predictions Feature Uncertainty '' . U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) . June 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is hypoxia ? '' . Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium ( LUMCON ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Zone : Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . NOAA. 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ K.E. Schilling & R.D. Libra . The relationship of nitrate concentrations in streams to row crop land use in Iowa . J. Environ . Qual , 2000 29 , 1846 -- 1851 Jump up ^ D.A. Goolsby ; W.A , Battaglin ; B.T. Aulenbach ; R.P. Hooper. ( 2001 ) . `` Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico '' . J. Environ Quality . 30 : 329 -- 336 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Water Works Trustees of the City of Des Moines , Iowa , Plaintiff vs. Sac County Board of Supervisors et al '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for The Northern District of Iowa , Western Division . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` NOAA : Gulf of Mexico ' dead zone ' is the largest ever measured '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . August 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lochhead , Carolyn ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Dead zone in gulf linked to ethanol production '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ 2015 Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone Size , Mississippi River / Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force , EPA , n.d. Jump up ^ Courtney et al. Predictions Wrong Again on Dead Zone Area -- Gulf of Mexico Gaining Resistance to Nutrient Loading . https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1307/1307.8064.pdf Jump up ^ Lisa M. Fairchild ( 2005 ) . The influence of stakeholder groups on the decision - making process regarding the dead zone associated with the Mississippi river discharge ( Master of Science ) . University of South Florida ( USF ) . p. 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Grimes , C.B. Fishery production and the Mississippi River discharge . Fisheries ( 2001 ) 26 ( 8 ) , 17 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Joshua M Courtney , Amy Courtney , Michael W Courtney . Nutrient Loading Increases Red Snapper Production in the Gulf of Mexico . Hypotheses in the Life Sciences , 3 , 1 pp 7 -- 14 . ISSN 2042 - 8960 ^ Jump up to : Jennie Biewald ; Annie Rossetti ; Joseph Stevens ; Wei Cheih Wong . The Gulf of Mexico 's Hypoxic Zone ( Report ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cox , Tony ( 2007 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Exclusive '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists Confirm Florida - Sized Dead Zone in the Gulf of Oman '' . Yale Environment 360 . April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Potera , Carol ( June 2008 ) . `` Corn Ethanol Goal Revives Dead Zone Concerns '' . Environmental Health Prospectives . Jump up ^ `` Dead Water '' . Economist . May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mee , Laurence ( November 2006 ) . `` Reviving Dead Zones '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ ' Dead Zones ' Multiplying In World 's Oceans by John Nielsen . 15 Aug 2008 , Morning Edition , NPR . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . References ( edit ) Diaz , R.J. ; Rosenberg , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems '' . Science . 321 ( 5891 ) : 926 -- 929 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1156401 . PMID 18703733 . Osterman , L.E. , et al. 2004 . Reconstructing an 180 - yr record of natural and anthropogenic induced hypoxia from the sediments of the Louisiana Continental Shelf . Geological Society of America meeting . Nov. 7 -- 10 . Denver . Abstract . Taylor , F.J. ; Taylor , N.J. ; Walsby , J.R. ( 1985 ) . `` A bloom of planktonic diatom Ceratulina pelagica off the coastal northeastern New Zealand in 1983 , and its contribution to an associated mortality of fish and benthic fauna '' . Intertional Revue ges . Hydrobiol. 70 : 773 -- 795 . doi : 10.1002 / iroh. 19850700602 . Morrisey , D.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Predicting impacts and recovery of marine farm sites in Stewart Island New Zealand , from the Findlay - Watling model '' . Aquaculture. 185 : 257 -- 271 . doi : 10.1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 99 ) 00360 - 9 . Potera , C ( 2008 ) . `` Corn Ethanol Goal Revives Dead Zone Concerns '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 6 ) : A242 -- A243 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 116 - a242 . Further reading ( edit ) Growing ' dead zone ' Confirmed by Underwater Robots in the Gulf of Oman , phys.org , April 2018 Hendy , Ian ( August 2017 ) , Gulf of Mexico ' dead zone ' is already a disaster -- but it could get worse , The Conversation Bryant , Lee ( April 2015 ) , Ocean ' dead zones ' are spreading -- and that spells disaster for fish , The Conversation David Stauth ( Oregon State University ) , `` Hypoxic `` dead zone '' growing off the Oregon Coast `` , July 31 , 2006 at Archive.is ( archived 2013 - 01 - 29 ) Suzie Greenhalgh and Amanda Sauer ( WRI ) , `` Awakening the ' Dead Zone ' : An investment for agriculture , water quality , and climate change '' 2003 Reyes Tirado ( July 2008 ) Dead Zones : How Agricultural Fertilizers are Killing our Rivers , Lakes and Oceans . Greenpeace publications . See also : `` Dead Zones : How Agricultural Fertilizers are Killing our Rivers , Lakes and Oceans '' . Greenpeace Canada . 2008 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . MSNBC report on dead zones , March 29 , 2004 Joel Achenbach , `` A ' Dead Zone ' in The Gulf of Mexico : Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size '' , Washington Post , July 31 , 2008 Joel Achenbach , `` ' Dead Zones ' Appear In Waters Worldwide : New Study Estimates More Than 400 '' , Washington Post , August 15 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium UN Geo Yearbook 2003 report on nitrogen and dead zones at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2005 - 08 - 02 ) NASA on dead zones ( Satellite pictures ) Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone -- multimedia Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Watch , NOAA , Joel Achenbach at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2007 - 10 - 09 ) NutrientNet at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2010 - 07 - 11 ) , an online nutrient trading tool developed by the World Resources Institute , designed to address issues of eutrophication . See also the PA NutrientNet website designed for Pennsylvania 's nutrient trading program . hide Aquatic ecosystem topics hide Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Fisheries science and wild fisheries Fisheries science Population dynamics of fisheries Shifting baseline Fish stock Fish mortality Condition index Stock assessment Fish measurement Standard weight in fish Fish counter Data storage tag Catch per unit effort Otolith microchemical analysis Biomass Fisheries acoustics Acoustic tag Coded wire tag GIS and aquatic science Pop - up satellite archival tag EcoSCOPE Age class structure Trophic level Trophic cascades Match / mismatch hypothesis Fisheries and climate change Marine biology Aquatic ecosystems Bioeconomics EconMult Ecopath FishBase Census of Marine Life OSTM Fisheries databases Institutes Fisheries scientists Wild fisheries Ocean fisheries Diversity of fish Coastal fish Coral reef fish Demersal fish Forage fish Pelagic fish Cod fisheries Crab fisheries Eel fisheries Krill fisheries Kelp fisheries Lobster fisheries Shrimp fishery Eel ladder Fish ladder Fish screen Migration Salmon run Sardine run Shoaling and schooling Marine habitats Marine snow Water column Upwelling Humboldt current Algal blooms Dead zones Fish kill Fisheries management , sustainability and conservation Management Fisheries management Fisheries law Monitoring control and surveillance Vessel monitoring system Fishery Resources Monitoring System Catch reporting Fisheries observer Illegal , unreported and unregulated fishing Magnuson -- Stevens Act Pulse fishing Fisheries organizations Quotas Catch share Individual fishing quota Minimum landing size Slot limit Bycatch Discards Incidental catch Cetacean bycatch Turtle excluder device Shrimp - Turtle case EU quotas EU MLS Exclusive economic zone Sustainability Sustainable fisheries Maximum sustainable yield List of harvested aquatic animals by weight Sustainable seafood Overfishing Environmental effects of fishing Fishing down the food web Destructive fishing practices Future of Marine Animal Populations The Sunken Billions The End of the Line Conservation Marine Protected Area Marine reserve Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Salmon conservation Grey nurse shark conservation Shark sanctuary Organisations The Black Fish Marine Stewardship Council Aquaculture Stewardship Council Friend of the Sea SeaChoice Seafood Watch Ocean Conservancy Ocean Outcomes Oceana Sea Around Us Project WorldFish Center Defying Ocean 's End HERMIONE PROFISH International Seafood Sustainability Foundation Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Greenpeace Related issues CalCOFI Fish slaughter Marine pollution Mercury in fish Shark finning Threatened sharks Threatened rays List of fishing topics by subject Index of fishing articles Fisheries glossary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_zone_(ecology)&oldid=846165468 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Chemical oceanography Ecotoxicology Environmental issues with water Fisheries Ocean pollution Oceanographical terminology Water pollution Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from August 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template other archives Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 19 : 57 . 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who left so you think you can dance

So You Think You Can dance ( Us season 15 )

so you think you can dance ( us season 15 )

So You Think You Can Dance , an American dance competition show , returned for its fifteenth season on Monday , June 4 , 2018 . The season 's judge panel once again features series creator Nigel Lythgoe , as well as the return of ballroom expert Mary Murphy , and Vanessa Hudgens , while Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss is the new fourth judge during the auditions and the live shows . Cat Deeley continues in her role as host for a fourteenth consecutive season .

Contents 1 Auditions 2 The Academy 2.1 Top 20 finalists 2.2 Male Contestants 2.3 Female Contestants 3 Finalists 3.1 Top 10 finalists 3.1. 1 Male contestants 3.1. 2 Female contestants 3.2 Elimination chart 3.3 Performances 3.3. 1 Top 10 Perform , Part 1 ( August 6 , 2018 ) 3.3. 2 Top 10 Perform , Part 2 ( August 13 , 2018 ) 3.3. 3 Top 8 Perform ( August 20 , 2018 ) 3.3. 4 Top 6 Perform ( August 27 , 2018 ) 3.3. 5 Top 4 Perform ( September 3 , 2018 ) 4 Ratings 4.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5 References Auditions ( edit ) Open auditions for season 15 were held in two cities beginning in March 2018 . During the auditions , the judges were joined by special guest judge , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss . Air Date Audition Venue City Audition Date June 18 & 25 , 2018 Gelsey Kirkland Academy of Classical Ballet Brooklyn , NY March 2 - 4 , 2018 June 4 & 11 , 2018 Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts Los Angeles , CA March 26 - 28 , 2018 The academy ( edit ) Top 20 finalists ( edit ) Below comprises those who have advanced into the initial top twenty dancers ( ten male and ten female dancers ) , until this year 's `` twist '' which ultimately cut the finalist roster going to the live shows in half . Male Contestants ( edit ) Top Ten Male Dance Style Justin Pham Contemporary Peyton Albrecht Contemporary Kyle Bennett , Jr . Animation Dustin Payne Animation Allen Genkin Ballroom Female Contestants ( edit ) Top Ten Female Dance Style Dayna Madison Jazz Brianna Penrose Tap Stephanie Sosa Latin Ballroom Sydney Moss Contemporary Emily Carr Contemporary Finalists ( edit ) Top 10 finalists ( edit ) Male contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home town Dance style Placement Slavik Pustovoytov 19 Poltava , Ukraine Hip Hop / Animation 4th Place Jay Jay Dixonbey 20 Detroit , Michigan Jazz Top 6 Darius Hickman 19 Green Acres , Florida Contemporary Top 6 Cole Mills 24 Ocean Township , New Jersey Latin Ballroom Top 8 Evan DeBenedetto 19 Ansonia , Connecticut Tap Top 10 Female contestants ( edit ) Finalist Age Home town Dance style Placement Hannahlei Cabanilla 18 Anaheim Hills , California Contemporary Winner Jensen Arnold 20 Provo , Utah Latin Ballroom Runner - Up Genessy Castillo 18 Jamaica , New York Contemporary 3rd Place Magda Fialek 27 Nowy Sacz , Poland Latin Ballroom Top 8 Chelsea Hough 24 Nashville , Tennessee Jazz Top 10 Elimination chart ( edit ) Contestants are listed in chronological order of elimination ( TBD ) . Legend Female Male Bottom 4 contestants Eliminated Result show date : 8 / 13 8 / 20 8 / 27 9 / 10 Contestant Results Hannahlei Cabanilla Winner Jensen Arnold Runner - up Genessy Castillo Btm 4 3rd Place Slavik Pustovoytov 4th Place Jay Jay Dixonbey Elim Darius Hickman Btm 4 Cole Mills Btm 4 Elim Magda Fialek Btm 4 Evan DeBenedetto Elim Chelsea Hough Performances ( edit ) Top 10 Perform , Part 1 ( August 6 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 10 : `` Dream State '' -- Son Lux ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Travis Wall ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Samba `` Mad Love '' -- Sean Paul & David Guetta feat . Becky G Jean - Marc Généreux Both Safe Jazz `` Ex 's & Oh 's '' -- Elle King Mandy Moore Hannahlei Cabanilla Cole Mills Contemporary `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' -- George Michael Tyce Diorio Cabanilla Safe Mills Bottom 4 Paso Doble `` Heroes of Chaos '' -- Tybercore Jean - Marc Généreux Chelsea Hough Evan DeBenedetto Jazz `` Make Me Feel ( EDX Dubai Skyline Remix ) '' -- Janelle Monáe Ray Leeper Both Eliminated Tap `` Singin ' In The Rain '' -- Jamie Cullum Anthony Morigerato Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Round & Round '' -- Fabolous Luther Brown Both Safe Contemporary `` An Evening I Will Not Forget ( Acoustic ) '' -- Dermot Kennedy Talia Favia Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Contemporary `` Glass Heart Concerto '' -- Blondie & Phillip Glass Travis Wall Fialek Bottom 4 Hickman Safe Cha - cha `` I Like It Like That '' -- Pete Rodriguez Val Chmerkovskiy Top 10 Perform , Part 2 ( August 13 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 10 : `` Yummy '' - Gwen Stefani ft . Pharrell Williams ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Bollywood `` Badri Ki Dulhania '' -- Badrinath Ki Dulhania Soundtrack Nakul Dev Mahajan Fialek Eliminated Hickman Bottom 4 Jazz `` Fever '' -- Peggy Lee Mandy Moore Chelsea Hough Evan DeBenedetto Lyrical Hip - hop `` Love on the Brain '' -- Rihanna Christopher Scott Contemporary `` Snowing '' -- Sonya Kitchell Travis Wall Hannalei Cabanilla Cole Mills Stepping `` Pump It Up '' -- Joe Budden Joe Brown Cabanilla Safe Mills Eliminated Disco `` Last Dance '' -- Donna Summer Doriana Sanchez Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Contemporary `` Lost Without You '' -- Freya Ridings Jaci Royal Both Safe African Jazz `` Run '' -- Hybrid Core Music + Sound Sean Cheesman Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Jive `` Jump , Jive an ' Wail '' -- The Brian Setzer Orchestra Sharna Burgess Castillo Bottom 4 Putstovoytov Safe Broadway `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' -- Ella Fitzgerald & London Symphony Orchestra Al Blackstone Top 8 perform ( August 20 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 8 : `` Runaway '' - Nathan Lanier ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Christopher Scott ) Top 4 Girls : `` Wanderlust '' - Empara Mi ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Talia Favia ) Top 4 Guys : `` Juice '' - Yo Gotti ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Jazz `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' -- Jessie J Sean Cheesman Arnold Safe Dixonbey Eliminated Hip hop `` Cookin '' -- Fat Joe , Remy Ma & French Montana ft . RySoValid Randi & Hef Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Contemporary `` Fall For You '' -- Leela James Mandy Moore Both Safe Jazz `` House Work '' -- Jax Jones ft . Mike Dunn & MNEK Ray Leeper Magda Fialek Darius Hickman Hip - hop `` Killa '' -- Disto Pharside & Phoenix Hickman Eliminated Contemporary `` Undertow '' -- Ane Brun Jaci Royal Hannahlei Cabanilla Cole Mills Broadway `` Get Happy ( Live ) '' -- Judy Garland Travis Wall Cabanilla Safe Cha Cha `` Sing It Back '' -- Moloko Sasha Farber & Emma Slater Solos : Dancer Style Music Cole Mills Jive `` Jailhouse Rock '' - Elvis Presley Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` River ( King Kavalier Remix ) '' - Bishop Briggs Jay Jay Dixonbey Jazz `` Clear Air '' - Sevdaliza Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Separate '' - whereisalex Magda Fialek Samba `` Marchina ( Samba / 50 Bpm ) '' - TNN Jensen Arnold Cha Cha `` Ai n't Your Mama '' - Jennifer Lopez Darius Hickman Contemporary `` Strange Fruit '' - Nina Simone Genessy Castillo Contemporary `` Yours '' - Ella Henderson Top 6 perform ( August 27 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Group dance : Top 6 : `` Spring 1 '' - Max Richter ( Contemporary ; Choreographer : Mia Michaels ) Top 3 Girls : `` Bump '' - Trish ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Luther Brown ) Top 3 Guys : `` Violence Broken '' - No Mono ( Hip - hop ; Choreographer : Christopher Scott ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Jensen Arnold Kiki Nyemchek Cha cha cha `` Bailar ( Radio Edit ) '' -- Deorro ft . Elvis Crespo Jenna Johnson Genessy Castillo Lex Ishimoto Jazz `` Be Brave '' -- My Brightest Diamond Mandy Korpinen Elizabeth Petrin Slavik Pustovoytov Jana `` Jaja '' Vaňková Hip - hop `` Beggin ' & Pleadin ' '' -- Brandy Comfort Fedoke Hannahlei Cabanilla Marko Germar Contemporary `` Welcome Home '' -- Joy Williams Robert Roldan Jay Jay Dixonbey Lauren Froderman Jazz `` Runaway Baby '' -- Bruno Mars Mandy Moore Darius Hickman Taylor Sieve Contemporary `` It Takes A Lot to Know a Man '' -- Damien Rice Travis Wall Jensen Arnold Jay Jay Dixonbey Tahitian `` Lugahiva '' -- Te Vaka Tiana Liufau Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Salsa `` Machika '' -- J Balvin , Jeon & Anitta Jonathan Platero Oksana Platero Hannahlei Cabanilla Darius Hickman Argentine Tango `` Tanguango '' -- Ryota Komatsu Miriam Larici Leonardo Barrionuevo Top 4 perform ( September 3 , 2018 ) ( edit ) Judges : Nigel Lythgoe , Mary Murphy , Vanessa Hudgens , Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Results Genessy Castillo Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Poke It Out '' -- Playboi Carti & Nicki Minaj Luther Brown Hannahlei Cabanilla Jensen Arnold Heels `` Dem Beats '' -- Todrick Hall ft . RuPaul Brian Friedman Genessy Castillo Jonathan Platero Samba `` Watch Out For This ( Bumaye ) '' -- Major Lazer Elena Samodanova Slavik Pustovoytov Melanie Moore Contemporary `` Gun '' -- Mas Ysa Travis Wall Hannahlei Cabanilla Slavik Pustovoytov African Jazz `` When Rivers Cry '' -- Somi ft . Common Sean Cheesman Genessy Castillo Jensen Arnold Broadway `` Maybe This Time '' -- Liza Minnelli Travis Wall Hannahlei Cabanilla DuShaunt `` Fik - shun '' Stegall Hip - hop `` Move Something '' -- DJ Quik & Problem Randi & Hef Jensen Arnold Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love '' -- Kina Grannis ( from `` Crazy Rich Asians '' ) Mandy Moore Genessy Castillo Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` Numbers '' -- Daughter Talia Favia Jensen Arnold Slavik Pustovoytov Cha - Cha `` Boom '' -- Tiësto & Sevenn ft . Gucci Mane Oksana Platero Solos : Dancer Style Music Genessy Castillo Contemporary `` Cried '' - Candice Glover Slavik Pustovoytov Hip - hop `` Some Minds '' - Flume ft . Andrew Wyatt Jensen Arnold Cha Cha `` Where Have You Been '' - Rihanna Hannahlei Cabanilla Contemporary `` Back Again '' - Party Favor & Gent & Jawns all top 4 contestants were safe from elimination on September 3 , winner was declared the following week on September 10 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode First Air Date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Auditions # 1 June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 0.7 3.25 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 2 June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) 0.7 2.96 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 3 June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 0.8 3.17 3 ( tied ) Auditions # 4 June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 0.6 2.85 4 ( tied ) 5 Academy # 1 July 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) 0.7 2.73 3 ( tied ) 6 Academy # 2 July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 0.6 2.42 5 7 Top Ten Women July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 0.6 2.60 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 8 Top Ten Men July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 0.6 2.61 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 9 Top 10 Perform , Part 1 August 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) 0.6 2.49 3 ( tied ) 4 ( tied ) 10 Top 10 Perform , Part 2 August 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 13 ) 0.6 2.59 5 11 Top 8 Perform August 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) 0.5 2.39 5 ( tied ) 12 Top 6 Perform August 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 27 ) 0.6 2.68 3 ( tied ) 13 Top 4 Perform September 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 0.5 2.43 4 ( tied ) 14 Season Finale September 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 10 ) 0.6 2.60 5 ( tied ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Renewed For Season 15 On Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Summer Premiere Dates : ' MasterChef ' , New Ramsay Series , ' SYTYCD ' , Game Shows & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals Game 4 adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary , ' ' Supergirl , ' other originals hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal , ' other originals hold , ' Whose Line ' rerun adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ninja Warrior , ' other originals hold , CBS reruns adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' holds , ' The Proposal ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior , ' ' The Bachelorette , ' and ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Proposal ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , ' ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is it Anyway ? ' and ' The Proposal ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' repeat adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Ninja Warrior ' and ' Mom ' repeat adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bachelor in Paradise ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) 15 ( 2018 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Hannahlei Cabanilla Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance_(U.S._season_15)&oldid=866386396 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20You%20Think%20You%20Can%20Dance%20%28U.S.%20season%2015%29

who is the present governor of puerto rico

Alejandro Javier García Padilla ( Spanish : ( aleˈxandɾo ɣarˈsi. a ) ; born August 3 , 1971 ) is a Puerto Rican politician and attorney who served as the 11th Governor of Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2017 . Prior to this position , García Padilla held various roles in the political landscape of Puerto Rico ; first as Secretary of Consumer Affairs , and then as a member of the 24th Senate of Puerto Rico and as president of the Popular Democratic Party . Locally , he is a staunch advocate for maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self - government , while at the national level he is allied with the Democratic Party .

Alejandro Javier García Padilla

Alejandro García Padilla

alejandro garcia padilla

Alejandro Javier García Padilla ( Spanish : ( aleˈxandɾo ɣarˈsi. a ) ; born August 3 , 1971 ) is a Puerto Rican politician and attorney who served as the 11th Governor of Puerto Rico from 2013 to 2017 . Prior to this position , García Padilla held various roles in the political landscape of Puerto Rico ; first as Secretary of Consumer Affairs , and then as a member of the 24th Senate of Puerto Rico and as president of the Popular Democratic Party . Locally , he is a staunch advocate for maintaining the current political status of Puerto Rico as that of an unincorporated territory of the United States with self - government , while at the national level he is allied with the Democratic Party .

As governor , García Padilla shared his legislative powers with the 25th Senate and 29th House of Representatives , both controlled by his party . Regardless of this , he was not able to persuade several members of his own party to support his proposals . This failure , in addition to his low popularity , ultimately led him to not seek re-election thus becoming the second governor in Puerto Rican history to not do so after his first term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Professional life 3 Political career 3.1 Gubernatorial campaign 3.2 2012 elections 3.3 Transition 4 Governorship 4.1 Inauguration 4.2 First days 4.3 Domestic policies 4.4 Foreign policies 5 Public image and perception 6 Personal life 7 Ancestry 8 Notes 9 References Early years García Padilla was born on 3 August 1971 in Coamo , Puerto Rico to Luis Gerardo García Sánchez ( 1927 - 2005 ) and María de los Ángeles Padilla Passalacqua and is the youngest of six brothers including Juan Carlos and Antonio . His father Luis , a World War II veteran , held various jobs throughout his life to support his family , including machinery operator , and returned from the war to become a general manager of a manufacturing company . His mother has been a dedicated homemaker . He is of paternal Asturian descent with his grandfather Carlos Garcia Cadorniga born 1890 in Navia , Asturias , Spain who settled in Ponce . He also has Corsican lineage from his maternal great - great grandfather . García Padilla was raised in Barrio Cuyón in his hometown . He attended the Colegio Valvanera High School . After graduating , he obtained his bachelor 's degree in Political Science and Economics from the University of Puerto Rico , and a juris doctor from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law . García Padilla is the first and only governor to be entirely educated in Puerto Rico , and the first and only governor who has resided only in Puerto Rico during his entire life . He is also the first and only governor born in a rural municipality . Professional life García Padilla began his law career working at Puerto Rico 's Court of Appeals as a law clerk . He then worked as an attorney , specializing in Property , Estates , Contracts , and Administrative Law . He also worked as a law professor at the Interamerican University . He later served as a legislative aide for the committees on Internal Affairs , Women 's Affairs , and Agriculture , among others . He was a member of the board of the Puerto Rico Bar Association . Political career In January 2005 , García Padilla was confirmed as Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Consumer Affairs under the administration of Aníbal Acevedo Vilá . During his tenure at the agency , he was known for his credibility , accessibility and aggressive fiscalization . In 2007 , García Padilla resigned his position as Secretary and announced that he would run for Senator . In the 2008 general elections , he received the highest number of votes among all senatorial candidates . After the election , he was selected by José Dalmau Santiago , Senate Minority Leader , to serve as the ranking member on several committees , including Governmental Affairs , Public Safety , and Judicial Affairs . Gubernatorial campaign Further information : Puerto Rico gubernatorial election , 2012 On 6 March 2011 , García Padilla announced his plans to run for Governor of Puerto Rico in 2012 . He also announced his candidacy for President of the Popular Democratic Party , running unopposed , and took office on 4 April 2011 . On 26 October 2011 he named Rafael Cox Alomar as his running mate for Resident Commissioner ( who went on to lose the election by a 1.28 % margin ) , replacing Héctor Ferrer Ríos , who withdrew from the congressional race in order to run as the PPD 's candidate for Mayor of San Juan . 2012 elections After the 2012 gubernatorial elections of 6 November 2012 , García Padilla was elected as the next Governor of Puerto Rico , by a narrow ( 0.6 % ) margin , defeating incumbent Luis Fortuño 47.73 % to 47.13 % . Transition Further information : 2012 Puerto Rico government transition process Puerto Rican law requires that a formal process is followed when the government must transition from one Governor to another . As such , García Padilla formed the 2012 Incoming Committee on Government Transition composed of aides and advisors who would eventually become part of his Cabinet . Governorship Inauguration Main article : Inauguration of Alejandro García Padilla This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Play media Inauguration of Alejandro García Padilla as the 11th Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico on the Capitol steps . García Padilla was officially inaugurated as the 11th Governor of Puerto Rico on 2 January 2013 by Federico Hernández Denton , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , at an event held in the Puerto Rico Capitol . He will serve as governor concurrently with the 16th Cabinet of Puerto Rico and in parallel with the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico , the 25th Senate of Puerto Rico , and the 29th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico . First days Further information : 16th Cabinet of Puerto Rico , public debt of Puerto Rico , and Puerto Rico government budget balance This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) García Padilla formed a cabinet composed of former aides and members of the private sector to form the 16th Cabinet of Puerto Rico . He holds office in parallel with the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico , the 25th Senate of Puerto Rico , and the 29th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico . His primary challenge will be taking a government with a large indebtness and high deficit . His first executive orders were proclaimed on 3 January 2013 , one day after being sworn in . One of them activated the Puerto Rico National Guard to monitor Puerto Rico 's coasts and ports in order to reduce illegal immigration and the flow of illegal goods into the island , while another established that the Puerto Rico Chief of Staff must be consulted before making any appointments to empty seats , issuing contracts or amending existing contracts . The third executive order was proclaimed to control spending in agencies with credit cards , phones , escorts , official cars , overseas travel , and cell phones and personal digital assistants . Domestic policies On 30 June 2013 , García Padilla signed the Redistribution and Tax Charge Adjustment Act of 2013 ( Act No. 40 of 2013 ) reducing the portion of the Puerto Rico Sales and Use Tax that municipalities charge from a 1.5 % to 1.0 % -- effectively lowering the total sales tax from 7.0 % to 6.5 % . However , this change has not yet been reflected , and the sales tax rate of 7.0 % remains . The Act also expanded the use tax to include more services , including business - to - business sales and services like consulting . Under his administration , a new tax of 4 cents per liter was imposed on gasoline . As part of his economic policies , García Padilla launched an austerity programme , raising taxes by 1.1 % of the gross national product ( GNP ) and making public employees ' pension schemes less generous . These measures are expected to trim the government deficit from $2.2 billion to $800 million . This , according to The Economist , has made 62 % of Puerto Ricans disapprove of García Padilla . On June 28 , 2014 , Governor García Padilla signed into law the Puerto Rico Public Corporation Debt Enforcement and Recovery Act , which sought to allow corporations owned by the Commonwealth , such as the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority , and the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority to declare bankruptcy . However , in February 2015 , U.S. District Judge Francisco Besosa found the Act was void because it was preempted by the U.S. Bankruptcy Code . In July 2015 , that ruling was affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , with Judge Juan R. Torruella concurring only in the judgment . The following June , in Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust ( 2016 ) , that ruling was additionally affirmed by a U.S. Supreme Court in a vote of 5 - 2 , with Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissenting . Facing the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis , in June 2015 , Governor García Padilla announced the Commonwealth was in a `` death spiral '' and `` the debt is not payable . '' On June 30 , 2016 , President Barack Obama signed the PROMESA into law , which empowered him to appoint a seven - member Financial Oversight and Management Board that has ultimate control over the Commonwealth 's budget . Foreign policies This section is missing information about García Padilla 's efforts to promote the Puerto Rico nation branding and his administration 's efforts to strengthen trade relations with Panama . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( August 2013 ) In June 2013 , García Padilla traveled to Spain where he met with representatives of the pharmaceutical and medical devices industry of Spain to showcase Puerto Rico as an attractive investment destination . In July 2013 , García Padilla 's administration established a trade agreement between Colombia and Puerto Rico whereby Colombia will import medicine from Puerto Rico and provide knowledge transfer in several industries . Puerto Rico on the other hand will co-manufacture products together with Colombia , so that Colombia can benefit from Puerto Rico 's lack of tariffs when exporting to the United States . Public image and perception On 4 August 2013 , protesters marched in Old San Juan to express their discontent with new taxes imposed by his administration and the way the government has been handling its finances . On 6 November 2013 , El Nuevo Día released poll results published a year after his election that indicated that 57 % of poll participants rated García - Padilla 's administration with a `` D '' or an `` F '' grade and 62 % disapproved of his performance as governor . He has also been accused of nepotism , because of his having five relatives working in the government , three of them as political appointees . Most of the criticism was focused on the appointment of his cousin , Ricardo Colon Padilla , as director of the commonwealth 's Medicaid program , as Colon been previously convicted of providing the FBI and IRS with false testimony during an investigation . Garcia Padilla has been criticized by some Puerto Ricans for his poor command of the English language , marked by stammering , poor vocabulary , a strong accent , and difficulty in understanding the language . He has tried to shake off criticism of his language skills by appealing to populism , stating that he is proud of his rural origins , and that his English reflects said origin , and that he also `` speaks better English than a mainlander speaks Spanish . '' On 14 December 2015 after weeks of speculation and due to opposition from his own party , García Padilla announced he would n't seek re-election . Personal life García Padilla has been married to Wilma Pastrana , a CPA , since 7 April 2001 . They have three children : Ana , Juan Pablo , and Diego . Among his older brothers , Antonio served as President of the University of Puerto Rico and Juan Carlos serves as mayor of Coamo . Another of his brothers , Luis Gerardo , was a government employee with the Puerto Rico Telephone Company . Ancestry `` The template below ( Ahnentafel top ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' ( show ) Ancestors of Alejandro García Padilla `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact5 ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' 16 . Luis García Avello b . Spain 8 . Eugenio García Manso b . Spain 17 . Rogelia Manso Infanzón 4 . Carlos García Cadórniga b . Navia , Asturias , Spain 18. ? Cadórniga 9 . Filomena Cadórniga Camba 19. ? Camba 2 . Luis Gerardo García y Sánchez 10 . José Sánchez 5 . Eduvigis Sánchez Colón b . Puerto Rico 11 . Rosa Colón 1 . Alejandro García Padilla b . Coamo , Puerto Rico 24 . José de Jesús Padilla y Alfonso b . Puerto Rico 12 . Julio María Padilla y Iguina b . Puerto Rico 25 . María Magdalena Iguina y Lozano b . Puerto Rico 6 . Antonio Padilla Costa b . Puerto Rico 26 . Antonio Costa y Palmieri b . Puerto Rico 13 . Ángela Costa y Semidey b . Puerto Rico 27 . Ana Semidey y Semidey b . Puerto Rico 3 . María de los Ángeles Padilla y Passalacqua b . Puerto Rico 28 . Luis Passalacqua y Costa b . Corsica , France 14 . Juan Passalacqua y Palmieri b . Puerto Rico 29 . Julia Palmieri y Santiago b . Aibonito , Puerto Rico 7 . Julia Passalacqua y Rodríguez b . Puerto Rico 30 . Felipe Rodríguez y MacCarthy b . Coamo , Puerto Rico 15 . Ana María Rodríguez y Braschi b . Coamo , Puerto Rico 31 . Eufrosina Braschi y Rodríguez b . Juana Diaz , Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ The first governor to not seek re-election after her first term was Sila María Calderón in 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Primera Hora ( in Spanish ) `` Yo voy a ser el primer gobernador de Puerto Rico que no es de una ciudad y que hizo todos sus estudios aquí . '' ^ Jump up to : The Economist `` The governor , Alejandro García Padilla , had already launched an austerity programme , raising taxes by 1.1 % of GNP and making public employees ' pension schemes less generous . That is expected to trim the deficit from $2.2 billion to $800 m ; it has already made 62 % of Puerto Ricans disapprove of Mr García Padilla . '' Jump up ^ Brown ( 2015 ) `` Especially damaging to Garcia Padilla 's reelection chances , he has faced strong opposition within his own party , especially from mayors who feel he did not consult them on key decisions impacting towns . '' References ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Governor '' . Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration . Archived from the original on 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fortuño : Romney would be good for PR '' . Caribbean Business . 28 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . ( ... ) Popular Democratic Party gubernatorial candidate Alejandro García Padilla , is a national Democrat who backs President Barack Obama 's bid for a second term . Jump up ^ `` Elecciones Generales 2012 y Consulta Sobre el Estatus Político de Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico State Commission on Elections . Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hon . Alejandro J. García Padilla , Gobernador . www.fortaleza.pr.gov Official website . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Carlos Garcia Cadorniga , United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Luis Gerardo Garcia Y Sanchez Puerto Rico , Civil Registration Jump up ^ `` Alejandro García Padilla ( b . 1970s ) - WikiTree : The FREE Family Tree '' . Jump up ^ Luis Passalacqua Costa ( Shows Certificate of Juan Passalacqua and parents birthplace ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alejandro García Padilla Biography '' . Puerto Rico Senate . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` García Padilla : Del campo ... ¿ a La Fortaleza ? '' . Primera Hora ( in Spanish ) . 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alejandro García Padilla Biography '' . Alejandro por Puerto Rico . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Populares prefieren a García Padilla '' . NotiUno 1280 . 3 November 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` García Padilla ya tiene su equipo '' . El Nuevo Día. 30 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Results Lookup , Senators At - Large , General Elections 2008 '' . Elections in Puerto Rico . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Gómez , Antonio R. ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` Alejandro García Padilla se tira de pecho '' . Primera Hora . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pospone su asamblea el Partido Popular para julio '' . El Nuevo Día. 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ http://div1.ceepur.org/REYDI_Escrutinio/index.html#es/default/COMISIONADO_RESIDENTE_ISLA.xml Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Díaz Alcaide , Maritza ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` Rafael Cox Alomar es el candidato del PPD a comisionado residente en Washington '' . Primera Hora . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico changes course , elects Garcia Padilla as governor '' . Fox News . 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://div1.ceepur.org/REYDI_Escrutinio/index.html#es/default/GOBERNADOR_ISLA.xml Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ García Padilla is the 11th Governor of Puerto Rico by ordinality but the 10th person to hold such post . This is because Rafael Hernández Colón served two non-consecutive terms as 4th and 6th Governor of Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` New governor takes office in debt - swamped Puerto Rico '' . Reuters. 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Gloria ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Gobernador emite orden ejecutiva para activar la Guardia Nacional '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Ley de Redistribución y Ajuste de la Carga Contributiva , Act No. 40 of 2013 ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved on 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ López Alicea , Keila ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Fuerte aumento en el precio de la gasolina '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's economy : Buying on credit is so nice '' . The Economist. 2013 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Recent Legislation : Puerto Rico Passes New Municipal Reorganization Act , 128 Harv . L. Rev. 1320 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Franklin California Tax - Free Trust v. Puerto Rico , 85 F. Supp . 3d 577 ( D.P.R. 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Franklin California Tax - Free Trust v. Puerto Rico , 805 F. 3d 322 ( 1st Cir. 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Corkery ; Mary Williams Walsh ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Governor Says Island 's Debts Are ' Not Payable ' '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Developments in the Law -- Ch. II : Territorial Federalism , 130 Harv . L. Rev. 1632 ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Rivera , Manuel ( 2013 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Viaje de AGP a España `` promovido por el Banco Santander '' `` . Noticel . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . 2013 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad ICESI. 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jusino , Mardelis ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) . `` '' Puerto Rico no aguanta más '' los impuestos '' ( in Spanish ) . WAPA - TV . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` García Padilla : `` Me voy a postular y voy a ganar '' `` . El Nuevo Dia ( in Spanish ) . 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malas notas para el gobernador '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco familiares de García Padilla laboran en el gobierno '' . El Neuvo Dia ( in Spanish ) . 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video : ¿ Qué te parece el acento de García Padilla al hablar inglés ? '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deficiente el inglés de AGP en carta a Obama '' . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alejandro Garcia Padilla hablando inglés '' . Primera Hora . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alejandro GarcÃa Padilla se rÃe de su forma de hablar inglés '' . Primera Hora . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nick ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor says wo n't seek re-election '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` De aniversario García Padilla '' . El Nuevo Día. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Gloria ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Hijos de García Padilla disfrutan de La Fortaleza '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ortega Marrero , Melissa and Daniel Rivera Vargas ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Hermano de García Padilla describe momentos de tensión durante asalto '' . El Nuevo Día . Jump up ^ Luis G Garcia Sanchez - United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Maria De Los Angeles Padilla Y Passalacqua United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Carlos Garcia Cadorniga - United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Eduvigis Sanchez De Garcia - United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Antonio Padilla Costa United States Census , 1930 Jump up ^ Julia Passalacqua De Padilla United States Census , 1940 Jump up ^ Julio Padilla Y Iguina United States Census , 1910 Jump up ^ Antonio Padilla Costa United States Census , 1930 Jump up ^ Angela Costa Y Semydey De Padilla United States Census , 1910 Jump up ^ Antonio Padilla Costa United States Census , 1930 Jump up ^ Juan Passalacqua Y Palmieri United States Census , 1910 ( Shows parents birthplace also ) Jump up ^ Julia Passalacqua De Padilla United States Census , 1930 Jump up ^ Julia Passalacqua De Padilla United States Census , 1930 Jump up ^ Julio Padilla Y Iguina Shows parents brithplaces Jump up ^ Julio Padilla Y Iguina Shows parents brithplaces Jump up ^ Julio Padilla Y Iguina Shows parents brithplaces Jump up ^ Julio Padilla Y Iguina Shows parents brithplaces Jump up ^ Luis Passalacqua ( Shows parents birthplace on certificate of Juan Passalacqua - Corsica , France and Aibonito , PR ) Jump up ^ Juan Passalacqua Y Palmieri United States Census , 1910 ( Shows parents birthplace also ) Jump up ^ Juan Passalacqua Y Palmieri United States Census , 1910 ( Shows parents birthplace also ) Jump up ^ Eufrosina Braschi Y Rodriguez ( Parents are Jose Braschi born Italy and Tomasa Rodriguez Y Gonzalez from Juana Diaz , PR . - Puerto Rico , Civil Registration Appearances on C - SPAN Party political offices Preceded by Aníbal Acevedo Vilá Popular Democratic nominee for Governor of Puerto Rico 2012 Succeeded by David Bernier Political offices Preceded by Luis Fortuño Governor of Puerto Rico 2013 -- 2017 Succeeded by Ricky Rosselló Governors of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Muñoz Marín Sánchez Vilella Ferré Hernández Colón Romero Barceló Rosselló Calderón Acevedo Vilá Fortuño García Padilla Rosselló 24th Senate of Puerto Rico Alejandro García Padilla Ángel Martínez Santiago Ángel Rodríguez Otero Antonio Fas Alzamora Carlos J. Torres Torres Carmelo Ríos Santiago Cirilo Tirado Rivera Eduardo Bhatia Evelyn Vázquez Nieves Itzamar Peña Ramírez Liza Fernández Rodríguez Jorge Suárez Cáceres José Emilio González Velázquez José Luis Dalmau José R. Díaz Hernández Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral Kimmey Raschke Martínez Larry Seilhamer Rodriguez Lornna Soto Villanueva Luis A. Berdiel Rivera Luis Daniel Muñiz Cortes Luz Arce Ferrer Luz M. Santiago González Margarita Nolasco Santiago Melinda Romero Donnelly Migdalia Padilla Alvelo Miguel Rodríguez Norma Burgos Roger Iglesias Sila María González Calderón Thomas Rivera Schatz Popular Democratic Party ( PDP ) of Puerto Rico Gubernatorial Nominees Muñoz Marín Sánchez Vilella Negrón López Hernández Colón Muñoz Mendoza Acevedo Calderón Serra Acevedo Vilá García Padilla David Bernier Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Alejandro_García_Padilla&oldid = 806947485 '' Categories : 1971 births 21st - century American politicians Democratic Party ( Puerto Rico ) politicians Governors of Puerto Rico Interamerican University of Puerto Rico alumni Living people Members of the Senate of Puerto Rico People from Coamo , Puerto Rico Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico politicians Puerto Rican lawyers Puerto Rican party leaders Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent Secretaries of Consumer Affairs of Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico alumni Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from August 2013 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 09 . 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what affect does acetylcholine have on the sarcolemma

Muscles require innervation to function -- and even just to maintain muscle tone , avoiding atrophy . Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron , which activates voltage - dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron . Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins ( synaptotagmin ) on synaptic vesicles , triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft . In vertebrates , motor neurons release acetylcholine ( ACh ) , a small molecule neurotransmitter , which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber , also known as the sarcolemma . nAChRs are ionotropic receptors , meaning they serve as ligand - gated ion channels . The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber , causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction .

can depolarize the muscle fiber , causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction

Neuromuscular junction

neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction ( or myoneural junction ) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber . It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber , causing muscle contraction .

Muscles require innervation to function -- and even just to maintain muscle tone , avoiding atrophy . Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron , which activates voltage - dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron . Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins ( synaptotagmin ) on synaptic vesicles , triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft . In vertebrates , motor neurons release acetylcholine ( ACh ) , a small molecule neurotransmitter , which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber , also known as the sarcolemma . nAChRs are ionotropic receptors , meaning they serve as ligand - gated ion channels . The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber , causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction . Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin . Genetic disorders , such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy , can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction , whereas autoimmune diseases , such as myasthenia gravis , occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and function 1.1 Mechanism of action 1.2 Acetylcholine receptors 2 Development 3 Research methods 4 Toxins that affect the neuromuscular junction 4.1 Nerve gases 4.2 Botulinum toxin 4.3 Tetanus toxin 4.4 Latrotoxin 4.5 Snake venom 5 Diseases 5.1 Autoimmune 5.1. 1 Myasthenia gravis 5.1. 1.1 Neonatal MG 5.1. 2 Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome 5.1. 3 Neuromyotonia 5.2 Genetic 5.2. 1 Congenital myasthenic syndromes 5.2. 2 Bulbospinal muscular atrophy 5.2. 3 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 6 See also 7 External links 8 Further reading 9 References Structure and function ( edit ) motor endplate The neuromuscular junction differs from chemical synapses between neurons . Presynaptic motor axons stop 30 nanometers from the sarcolemma , the cell membrane of a muscle cell . This 30 - nanometer space forms the synaptic cleft through which signalling molecules are released . The sarcolemma has invaginations called postjunctional folds , which increase the surface area of the membrane exposed to the synaptic cleft . These postjunctional folds form what is referred to as the motor endplate , which possess nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) at a density of 10,000 receptors / micrometer in skeletal muscle . The presynaptic axons form bulges called terminal boutons ( or presynaptic terminals ) that project into the postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma . The presynaptic terminals have active zones that contain vesicles , also called quanta , full of acetylcholine molecules . These vesicles can fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release ACh molecules into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis after depolarization . AChRs are localized opposite the presynaptic terminals by protein scaffolds at the postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma . Dystrophin , a structural protein , connects the sarcomere , sarcolemma , and extracellular matrix components . Rapsyn is another protein that docks AChRs and structural proteins to the cytoskeleton . Also present is the receptor tyrosine kinase protein MuSK , a signaling protein involved in the development of the neuromuscular junction , which is also held in place by rapsyn . Mechanism of action ( edit ) The neuromuscular junction is where a neuron activates a muscle to contract . Upon the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neuron terminal , voltage - dependent calcium channels open and Ca ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the presynaptic neuron 's cytosol . This influx of Ca causes neurotransmitter - containing vesicles to dock and fuse to the presynaptic neuron 's cell membrane through SNARE proteins . Fusion of the vesicular membrane with the presynaptic cell membrane results in the emptying of the vesicle 's contents ( acetylcholine ) into the synaptic cleft , a process known as exocytosis . Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and can bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the motor endplate , causing calcium ions to flow into the muscle cell , initiating a sequence of steps that finally produce muscle contraction . Acetylcholine receptors ( edit ) Ion channel linked receptor Ions Ligand ( such as acetylcholine ) When ligands bind to the receptor , the ion channel portion of the receptor opens , allowing ions to pass across the cell membrane . Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter synthesized from dietary choline and acetyl - CoA ( ACoA ) , and is involved in the stimulation of muscle tissue in vertebrates as well as in some invertebrate animals . In vertebrate animals , the acetylcholine receptor subtype that is found at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( nAChR ) , which is a ligand - gated ion channel . Each subunit of this receptor has a characteristic `` cys - loop '' , which is composed of a cysteine residue followed by 13 amino acid residues and another cysteine residue . The two cysteine residues form a disulfide linkage which results in the `` cys - loop '' receptor that is capable of binding acetylcholine and other ligands . These cys - loop receptors are found only in eukaryotes , but prokaryotes possess ACh receptors with similar properties . Not all species use a cholinergic neuromuscular junction ; e.g. crayfish and fruit flies have a glutamatergic neuromuscular junction . AChRs at the skeletal neuromuscular junction form heteropentamers composed of two α , one β , one ɛ , and one δ subunits . When a single ACh ligand binds to one of the α subunits of the ACh receptor it induces a conformational change at the interface with the second AChR α subunit . This conformational change results in the increased affinity of the second α subunit for a second ACh ligand . AChRs therefore exhibit a sigmoidal dissociation curve due to this cooperative binding . The presence of the inactive , intermediate receptor structure with a single - bound ligand keeps ACh in the synapse that might otherwise be lost by cholinesterase hydrolysis or diffusion . The persistence of these ACh ligands in the synapse can cause a prolonged post-synaptic response . Development ( edit ) The development of the neuromuscular junction requires signaling from both the motor neuron 's terminal and the muscle cell 's central region , During development , muscle cells produce acetylcholine receptors ( AChRs ) and express them in the central regions in a process called prepatterning . Agrin , a heparin proteoglycan , and MuSK kinase are thought to help stabilize the accumulation of AChR in the central regions of the myocyte . MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase -- meaning that it induces cellular signaling by binding phosphate molecules to self regions like tyrosines , and to other targets in the cytoplasm . Upon activation by its ligand agrin , MuSK signals via two proteins called `` Dok - 7 '' and `` rapsyn '' , to induce `` clustering '' of acetylcholine receptors . ACh release by developing motor neurons produces postsynaptic potentials in the muscle cell that positively reinforces the localization and stabilization of the developing neuromuscular junction . These findings were demonstrated in part by mouse `` knockout '' studies . In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK , the neuromuscular junction does not form . Further , mice deficient in Dok - 7 did not form either acetylcholine receptor clusters or neuromuscular synapses . The development of neuromuscular junctions is mostly studied in model organisms , such as rodents . In addition , in 2015 an all - human neuromuscular junction has been created in vitro using human embryonic stem cells and somatic muscle stem cells . In this model presynaptic motor neurons are activated by optogenetics and in response synaptically connected muscle fibers twitch upon light stimulation . Research methods ( edit ) José del Castillo and Bernard Katz used ionophoresis to determine the location and density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( nAChRs ) at the neuromuscular junction . With this technique , a microelectrode was placed inside the motor endplate of the muscle fiber , and a micropipette filled with acetylcholine ( ACh ) is placed directly in front of the endplate in the synaptic cleft . A positive voltage was applied to the tip of the micropipette , which caused a burst of positively charged ACh molecules to be released from the pipette . These ligands flowed into the space representing the synaptic cleft and bound to AChRs . The intracellular microelectrode monitored the amplitude of the depolarization of the motor endplate in response to ACh binding to nicotinic ( ionotropic ) receptors . Katz and del Castillo showed that the amplitude of the depolarization ( excitatory postsynaptic potential ) depended on the proximity of the micropipette releasing the ACh ions to the endplate . The farther the micropipette was from the motor endplate , the smaller the depolarization was in the muscle fiber . This allowed the researchers to determine that the nicotinic receptors were localized to the motor endplate in high density . Toxins are also used to determine the location of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction . α - Bungarotoxin is a toxin found in the snake species Bungarus multicinctus that acts as an ACh antagonist and binds to AChRs irreversibly . By coupling assayable enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase ( HRP ) or fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) to the α - bungarotoxin , AChRs can be visualized and quantified . Toxins that affect the neuromuscular junction ( edit ) Nerve gases ( edit ) Nerve gases and liquor damage this area . Botulinum toxin ( edit ) Botulinum toxin ( aka botulinum neurotoxin , BoNT , and sold under the trade name Botox ) inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction by interfering with SNARE proteins . This toxin crosses into the nerve terminal through the process of endocytosis and subsequently interferes with SNARE proteins , which are necessary for ACh release . By doing so , it induces a transient flaccid paralysis and chemical denervation localized to the striated muscle that it has affected . The inhibition of the ACh release does not set in until approximately two weeks after the injection is made . Three months after the inhibition occurs , neuronal activity begins to regain partial function , and six months , complete neuronal function is regained . Tetanus toxin ( edit ) Tetanus toxin , also known as tetanospasmin is a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani and causes the disease state , tetanus . The LD of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 1 ng / kg , making it second only to Botulinum toxin D as the deadliest toxin in the world . It functions very similarly to botunlinum neurotoxin ( BoNT ) by attaching and endocytosing into the presynaptic nerve terminal and interfering with SNARE protein complexes . It differs from BoNT in a few ways , most apparently in its end state , wherein tetanospasmin demonstrates a rigid / spastic paralysis as opposed to the flaccid paralysis demonstrated with BoNT . Latrotoxin ( edit ) Latrotoxin ( α - Latrotoxin ) found in venom of widow spiders also affects the neuromuscular junction by causing the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic cell . Mechanisms of action include binding to receptors on the presynaptic cell activating the IP3 / DAG pathway and release of calcium from intracellular stores and pore formation resulting in influx of calcium ions directly . Either mechanism causes increased calcium in presynaptic cell , which then leads to release of synaptic vesicles of acetylcholine . Latrotoxin causes pain , muscle contraction and if untreated potentially paralysis and death . Snake venom ( edit ) Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis . Venoms can act as both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins . Presynaptic neurotoxins , commonly known as β - neurotoxins , affect the presynaptic regions of the neuromuscular junction . The majority of these neurotoxins act by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters , such as acetylcholine , into the synapse between neurons . However , some of these toxins have also been known to enhance neurotransmitter release . Those that inhibit neurotransmitter release create a neuromuscular blockade that prevents signaling molecules from reaching their postsynaptic target receptors . In doing so , the victim of these snake bite suffer from profound weakness . Such neurotoxins do not respond well to anti-venoms . After one hour of inoculation of these toxins , including notexin and taipoxin , many of the affected nerve terminals show signs of irreversible physical damage , leaving them devoid of any synaptic vesicles . Postsynaptic neurotoxins , otherwise known as α - neurotoxins , act oppositely to the presynaptic neurotoxins by binding to the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors . This prevents interaction between the acetylcholine released by the presynaptic terminal and the receptors on the postsynaptic cell . In effect , the opening of sodium channels associated with these acetylcholine receptors is prohibited , resulting in a neuromuscular blockade , similar to the effects seen due to presynaptic neurotoxins . This causes paralysis in the muscles involved in the affected junctions . Unlike presynaptic neurotoxins , postsynaptic toxins are more easily affected by anti-venoms , which accelerate the dissociation of the toxin from the receptors , ultimately causing a reversal of paralysis . These neurotoxins experimentally and qualitatively aid in the study of acetylcholine receptor density and turnover , as well as in studies observing the direction of antibodies toward the affected acetylcholine receptors in patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis . Diseases ( edit ) Main article : Neuromuscular junction disease Any disorder that compromises the synaptic transmission between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is categorized under the umbrella term of neuromuscular diseases . These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can vary in their severity and mortality . In general , most of these disorders tend to be caused by mutations or autoimmune disorders . Autoimmune disorders , in the case of neuromuscular diseases , tend to be humoral mediated , B cell mediated , and result in an antibody improperly created against a motor neuron or muscle fiber protein that interferes with synaptic transmission or signaling . Autoimmune ( edit ) Myasthenia gravis ( edit ) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where the body makes antibodies against either the acetylcholine receptor ( AchR ) ( in 80 % of cases ) , or against postsynaptic muscle - specific kinase ( MuSK ) ( 0 -- 10 % of cases ) . In seronegative myasthenia gravis low density lipoprotein receptor - related protein 4 is targeted by IgG1 , which acts as a competitive inhibitor of its ligand , preventing the ligand from binding its receptor . It is not known if seronegative myasthenia gravis will respond to standard therapies . Neonatal MG ( edit ) Neonatal MG is an autoimmune disorder that affects 1 in 8 children born to mothers who have been diagnosed with myasthenia gravis ( MG ) . MG can be transferred from the mother to the fetus by the movement of AChR antibodies through the placenta . Signs of this disease at birth include weakness , which responds to anticholinesterase medications , as well as fetal akinesia , or the lack of fetal movement . This form of the disease is transient , lasting for about three months . However , in some cases , neonatal MG can lead to other health effects , such as arthrogryposis and even fetal death . These conditions are thought to be initiated when maternal AChR antibodies are directed to the fetal AChR and can last until the 33rd week of gestation , when the γ subunit of AChR is replaced by the ε subunit . Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome ( edit ) Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome ( LEMS ) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the presynaptic portion of the neuromuscular junction . This rare disease can be marked by a unique triad of symptoms : proximal muscle weakness , autonomic dysfunction , and areflexia . Proximal muscle weakness is a product of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against P / Q - type voltage - gated calcium channels , which in turn leads to a reduction of acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals on the presynaptic cell . Examples of autonomic dysfunction caused by LEMS include erectile dysfunction in men , constipation , and , most commonly , dry mouth . Less common dysfunctions include dry eyes and altered perspiration . Areflexia is a condition in which tendon reflexes are reduced and it may subside temporarily after a period of exercise . 50 -- 60 % of the patients that are diagnosed with LEMS also have present an associated tumor , which is typically small - cell lung carcinoma ( SCLC ) . This type of tumor also expresses voltage - gated calcium channels . Oftentimes , LEMS also occurs alongside myasthenia gravis . Treatment for LEMS consists of using 3 , 4 - diaminopyridine as a first measure , which serves to increase the compound muscle action potential as well as muscle strength by lengthening the time that voltage - gated calcium channels remain open after blocking voltage - gated potassium channels . In the US , treatment with 3 , 4 - diaminopyridine for eligible LEMS patients is available at no cost under an expanded access program . Further treatment includes the use of prednisone and azathioprine in the event that 3 , 4 - diaminopyridine does not aid in treatment . Neuromyotonia ( edit ) Neuromyotonia ( NMT ) , otherwise known as Isaac 's syndrome , is unlike many other diseases present at the neuromuscular junction . Rather than causing muscle weakness , NMT leads to the hyperexcitation of motor nerves . NMT causes this hyperexcitation by producing longer depolarizations by down - regulating voltage - gated potassium channels , which causes greater neurotransmitter release and repetitive firing . This increase in rate of firing leads to more active transmission and as a result , greater muscular activity in the affected individual . NMT is also believed to be of autoimmune origin due to its associations with autoimmune symptoms in the individual affected . Genetic ( edit ) Congenital myasthenic syndromes ( edit ) Congenital myasthenic syndromes ( CMS ) are very similar to both MG and LEMS in their functions , but the primary difference between CMS and those diseases is that CMS is of genetic origins . Specifically , these syndromes are diseases incurred due to mutations , typically recessive , in 1 of at least 10 genes that affect presynaptic , synaptic , and postsynaptic proteins in the neuromuscular junction . Such mutations usually arise in the ε - subunit of AChR , thereby affecting the kinetics and expression of the receptor itself . Single nucleotide substitutions or deletions may cause loss of function in the subunit . Other mutations , such as those affecting acetylcholinesterase and acetyltransferase , can also cause the expression of CMS , with the latter being associated specifically with episodic apnea . These syndromes can present themselves at different times within the life of an individual . They may arise during the fetal phase , causing fetal akinesia , or the perinatal period , during which certain conditions , such as arthrogryposis , ptosis , hypotonia , ophthalmoplegia , and feeding or breathing difficulties , may be observed . They could also activate during adolescence or adult years , causing the individual to develop slow - channel syndrome . Treatment for particular subtypes of CMS ( postsynaptic fast - channel CMS ) is similar to treatment for other neuromuscular disorders . 3 , 4 - Diaminopyridine , the first - line treatment for LEMS , is under development as an orphan drug for CMS in the US , and available to eligible patients under an expanded access program at no cost . Bulbospinal muscular atrophy ( edit ) Bulbospinal muscular atrophy , also known as Kennedy 's disease , is a rare recessive trinucleotide , polyglutamine disorder that is linked to the X chromosome . Because of its linkage to the X chromosome , it is typically transmitted through females . However , Kennedy 's disease is only present in adult males and the onset of the disease is typically later in life . This disease is specifically caused by the expansion of a CAG - tandem repeat in exon 1 found on the androgen - receptor ( AR ) gene on chromosome Xq 11 - 12 . Poly - Q - expanded AR accumulates in the nuclei of cells , where it begins to fragment . After fragmentation , degradation of the cell begins , leading to a loss of both motor neurons and dorsal root ganglia . Symptoms of Kennedy 's disease include weakness and wasting of the facial bulbar and extremity muscles , as well as sensory and endocrinological disturbances , such as gynecomastia and reduced fertility . Other symptoms include elevated testosterone and other sexual hormone levels , development of hyper - CK - emia , abnormal conduction through motor and sensory nerves , and neuropathic or in rare cases myopathic alterations on biopsies of muscle cells . Duchenne muscular dystrophy ( edit ) Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked genetic disorder that results in the absence of the structural protein dystrophin at the neuromuscular junction . It affects 1 in 3,600 -- 6,000 males and frequently causes death by the age of 30 . The absence of dystrophin causes muscle degeneration , and patients present with the following symptoms : abnormal gait , hypertrophy in the calf muscles , and elevated creatine kinase . If left untreated , patients may suffer from respiratory distress , which can lead to death . See also ( edit ) Synapse Skeletal muscle Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Neuroeffector junction External links ( edit ) Histology image : 21501lca -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Further reading ( edit ) Kandel , ER ; Schwartz JH ; Jessell TM . ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 6 . Nicholls , J.G. ; A.R. Martin ; B.G. Wallace ; P.A. Fuchs ( 2001 ) . From Neuron to Brain ( 4th ed . ) . Sunderland , MA. : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 439 - 1 . Engel , A.G. ( 2004 ) . Myology ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 137180 - X . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levitan , Irwin ; Kaczmarek , Leonard ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Intercellular communication '' . The Neuron : Cell and Molecular Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford Univerty Press . pp. 153 -- 328 . ISBN 0199773890 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholls , John G. , ; A. Robert Martin ; Paul A. Fuchs ; David A. Brown ; Matthew E. Diamond ; David A. Weisblat ( 2012 ) . From Neuron to Brain ( 5th ed . ) . Sunderland : Sinauer Associates . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Sine SM ( July 2012 ) . `` End - plate acetylcholine receptor : structure , mechanism , pharmacology , and disease '' . Physiol. Rev. 92 ( 3 ) : 1189 -- 234 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2011 . PMC 3489064 . PMID 22811427 . Jump up ^ miller 's anaesthesia , 7th edition . Jump up ^ Scuka M , Mozrzymas JW ( 1992 ) . `` Postsynaptic potentiation and desensitization at the vertebrate end - plate receptors '' . Prog . Neurobiol. 38 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / 0301 - 0082 ( 92 ) 90033 - B. PMID 1736323 . Jump up ^ Valenzuela D , Stitt T , DiStefano P , Rojas E , Mattsson K , Compton D , Nuñez L , Park J , Stark J , Gies D ( 1995 ) . `` Receptor tyrosine sinase specific for the skeletal muscle lineage : expression in embryonic muscle , at the neuromuscular junction , and after injury '' . Neuron. 15 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / 0896 - 6273 ( 95 ) 90146 - 9 . PMID 7546737 . Jump up ^ Glass D , Bowen D , Stitt T , Radziejewski C , Bruno J , Ryan T , Gies D , Shah S , Mattsson K , Burden S , DiStefano P , Valenzuela D , DeChiara T , Yancopoulos G ( 1996 ) . `` Agrin acts via a MuSK receptor complex '' . Cell. 85 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81252 - 0 . PMID 8653787 . Jump up ^ Witzemann V ( November 2006 ) . `` Development of the neuromuscular junction '' . Cell Tissue Res. 326 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 71 . doi : 10.1007 / s00441 - 006 - 0237 - x . PMID 16819627 . Jump up ^ Okada K , Inoue A , Okada M , Murata Y , Kakuta S , Jigami T , Kubo S , Shiraishi H , Eguchi K , Motomura M , Akiyama T , Iwakura Y , Higuchi O , Yamanashi Y ( 2006 ) . `` The muscle protein Dok - 7 is essential for neuromuscular synaptogenesis '' . Science . 312 ( 5781 ) : 1802 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1127142 . PMID 16794080 . Jump up ^ Steinbeck , JA ; Jaiswal , MK ; Calder , EL ; Kishinevsky , S ; Weishaupt , A ; Toyka , KV ; Goldstein , PA ; Studer , L ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Functional Connectivity under Optogenetic Control Allows Modeling of Human Neuromuscular Disease '' . Cell stem cell . 18 ( 1 ) : 134 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. stem. 2015.10. 002 . PMID 26549107 . Jump up ^ Papapetropoulos S , Singer C ( April 2007 ) . `` Botulinum toxin in movement disorders '' . Semin Neurol. 27 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 94 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 971171 . PMID 17390263 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis RL , Gutmann L ( June 2004 ) . `` Snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction '' . Semin Neurol. 24 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 9 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 830904 . PMID 15257514 . Jump up ^ Finsterer J , Papić L , Auer - Grumbach M ( October 2011 ) . `` Motor neuron , nerve , and neuromuscular junction disease '' . Curr . Opin . Neurol. 24 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 74 . doi : 10.1097 / WCO. 0b013e32834a9448 . PMID 21825986 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Newsom - Davis J ( July 2007 ) . `` The emerging diversity of neuromuscular junction disorders '' . Acta Myol. 26 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 10 . PMC 2949330 . PMID 17915563 . ^ Jump up to : Luigetti M , Modoni A , Lo Monaco M ( October 2012 ) . `` Low rate repetitive nerve stimulation in Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome : Peculiar characteristics of decremental pattern from a single - centre experience '' . Clin Neurophysiol. 124 ( 4 ) : 825 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinph. 2012.08. 026 . PMID 23036181 . ^ Jump up to : Titulaer MJ , Lang B , Verschuuren JJ ( December 2011 ) . `` Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome : from clinical characteristics to therapeutic strategies '' . Lancet Neurol. 10 ( 12 ) : 1098 -- 107 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 11 ) 70245 - 9 . PMID 22094130 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Muscular Dystrophy Association Press Release ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) , Rare Disease Report Jump up ^ Harper CM ( March 2004 ) . `` Congenital myasthenic syndromes '' . Semin Neurol. 24 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 23 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 829592 . PMID 15229798 . Jump up ^ Engel AG , et al. ( April 2015 ) . `` Congenital myasthenic syndromes : pathogenesis , diagnosis , and treatment '' . Lancet Neurol. 14 ( 4 ) : 420 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S1474 - 4422 ( 14 ) 70201 - 7 . PMC 4520251 . PMID 25792100 . Jump up ^ Engel AG , et al. `` New horizons for congenital myasthenic syndromes '' . Ann NY Acad Sci. 1275 : 1275 : 54 -- 62 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.2012. 06803. x . PMC 3546605 . PMID 23278578 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , FDA orphan drug designation ^ Jump up to : Finsterer J ( November 2010 ) . `` Perspectives of Kennedy 's disease '' . J. Neurol . Sci. 298 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jns. 2010.08. 025 . PMID 20846673 . Jump up ^ Beytía Mde L , Vry J , Kirschner J ( May 2012 ) . `` Drug treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy : available evidence and perspectives '' . Acta Myol. 31 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 8 . PMC 3440798 . PMID 22655510 . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere / DAPC Membrane / extracellular DAP : Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin , alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin Syntrophin B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin / desmuslin related : NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere / ( a , i , and h bands ; z and m lines ) Myofilament thin filament / actin thick filament / myosin elastic filament / titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation -- contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette Both Fiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament / Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast / Myocyte Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T - tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other / ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin - related protein Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuromuscular_junction&oldid=825334810 '' Categories : Somatic motor system Skeletal muscle Neurophysiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 32 . 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who plays claire underwood's mom on house of cards

Claire Hale Underwood is originally from the exclusive Highland Park enclave of Dallas , Texas . Her late father was a major Texas Republican . While at Radcliffe College in Cambridge , she met Francis J. Underwood , a Harvard Law student from South Carolina . She is from a wealthy family , and the show characterizes her as a `` Dallas Debutante '' and `` Lily White '' . She recounts her father 's taking her to Dealey Plaza , where John F. Kennedy was assassinated , and that it made her feel `` so sad , so angry '' . She has a difficult relationship with her mother , Elizabeth Hale ( Ellen Burstyn ) , who despises Frank and is disappointed in Claire for marrying him .

Ellen Burstyn

Claire Underwood

claire underwood

Claire Hale Underwood is a fictional character in House of Cards , played by Robin Wright . She is the wife of the show 's protagonist Francis J. Underwood . She is a lobbyist and runs an environmental nonprofit organization , but in later seasons ascends to the positions of Second Lady of the United States , First Lady of the United States , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Vice President of the United States , and finally the 47th President of the United States . Underwood made her first appearance in the series ' pilot episode , `` Chapter 1 '' . The character is based on Elizabeth Urquhart , a character from the eponymous British miniseries from which the current series is derived . Unlike the original character , however , Claire has her own storylines .

The role has been critically acclaimed . Wright won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for this role at the 71st Golden Globe Awards , becoming the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for a web television online - only role in a series . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for this role at the 65th , 66th , 67th , 68th and 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character overview 1.1 Relationship with Frank 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 Notes Character overview ( edit ) Claire Hale Underwood is originally from the exclusive Highland Park enclave of Dallas , Texas . Her late father was a major Texas Republican . While at Radcliffe College in Cambridge , she met Francis J. Underwood , a Harvard Law student from South Carolina . She is from a wealthy family , and the show characterizes her as a `` Dallas Debutante '' and `` Lily White '' . She recounts her father 's taking her to Dealey Plaza , where John F. Kennedy was assassinated , and that it made her feel `` so sad , so angry '' . She has a difficult relationship with her mother , Elizabeth Hale ( Ellen Burstyn ) , who despises Frank and is disappointed in Claire for marrying him . Brian Stelter of The New York Times described her as Frank Underwood 's conniving wife and described the Underwoods as `` the scheming husband and wife at the center of ' House of Cards ' '' . She is a woman `` who will stop at nothing to conquer everything '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an `` ice - queen wife '' . The Independent 's Sarah Hughes echoes this description , saying Claire is so dedicated to the couple 's schemes that it is clear she will execute them herself if Frank wavers . Following season 4 , Robin Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance . Netflix acquiesced . Relationship with Frank ( edit ) While Frank is Machiavellian , Claire presents a woman urging on her husband 's assertion of power in the image of Lady Macbeth . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weaknesses , saying : `` My husband does n't apologize ... even to me . '' This gives a credibility to their symbiosis . Willimon notes that `` What 's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect , but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do . '' Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes Claire as `` a short - haired blonde who manages to be masculine and demasculinizing at the same time . '' Smith describes their relationship as pivotal to the show : `` Benign though they may seem -- and their harmless air is what makes the Underwoods so effective as political plotters -- this is a power couple with the same malignant chemistry as pairs of serial killers , where each needs the other in order to become lethal '' . Upon viewing a four episode preview of season 2 , Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter says the series `` ... sells husband and wife power - at - all - costs couple Frank ( Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( Robin Wright ) Underwood as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone 's good . '' Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels but most importantly between Frank and Claire . In season 3 , when the Underwoods are President and First Lady of the United States , Claire 's marriage to Frank begins to falter , as her jealousy of his power and hatred of being in a permanently subordinate role to him begins to change her perspective , and she ultimately decides he is no longer `` enough '' for her . She leaves him in the season finale but comes back in the fourth season , treating their marriage as a purely political arrangement to further her own career . When he is shot during a campaign event , Claire privately admits that she feels nothing for him . Throughout the season , she works behind the scenes to undermine Frank 's election campaign , before finally joining forces with him in order to become his vice president . She also has an affair with her speechwriter Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) , with Frank 's approval . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Claire is a lobbyist who runs an environmental group while serving as her husband 's primary accomplice . After President Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) goes back on his promise to make Frank Secretary of State , Frank enlists Claire to help him get revenge and propel them both to positions of power . She and Frank scheme nightly over a cigarette , and together they maneuver their way into Walker 's inner circle . Frank says of Claire : `` I love that woman , I love her more than sharks love blood . '' Claire is aware of Frank 's sexual relationship with reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) and approves of it as long as it achieves their ends . She herself has an affair with an old boyfriend , Adam Galloway ( Ben Daniels ) . By the end of the season , Walker appoints Frank the Vice President of the United States , making Claire the Second Lady of the United States . Season 2 ( edit ) Claire 's main storyline in season 2 is her advocacy , as Second Lady , for a sexual assault prevention bill . During her campaign for the bill a skeleton from her college days emerges : during a nationally televised interview , she admits that she was raped in college and that her rapist , Dalton McGinnis ( Peter Bradbury ) , is now a high - ranking general . ( She had earlier had an uncomfortable encounter with McGinnis at a White House dinner , during which she had told Frank what the general had done to her . ) She also admits to having aborted a pregnancy that she claims was the result of the rape ; it is later revealed that she in fact aborted Frank 's child , with his consent . She then converts the focus on that issue into political support that becomes critical to the Underwoods ' ascension to the Oval Office . Claire becomes increasingly ruthless as the season progresses . When Galloway leaks an intimate photo of Claire to appease his jealous fianceé , Claire intimidates him into publicly stating that he fabricated the picture , ruining his reputation . When Gillian Cole ( Sandrine Holt ) , a pregnant former employee , returns to demand health care as part of her severance , Claire says , `` I am willing to let your child wither and die inside you , if that 's what 's required , ... Am I really the sort of enemy you want to make ? '' Claire also manipulates First Lady Patricia Walker ( Joanna Going ) into believing that her husband is having an affair in order to distract President Walker from Frank 's machinations . She shows remorse for her actions only once . When another of McGinnis ' victims , Megan Hennessy ( Libby Woodbridge ) , comes forward , Claire uses her as the poster girl for the sexual assault bill , leaving the fragile young woman open to public scrutiny and reprisals from the bill 's opponents . Before she can testify about her ordeal before Congress , however , Megan suffers a breakdown and attempts suicide . Upon realizing what she has caused Megan to go through , Claire bursts into tears . In the season finale , she urges Frank to humble himself before President Walker , with whom he has fallen out of favor , in order to complete the plan : `` Cut out your heart and put it in his fucking hands . '' The gambit works : Walker keeps Frank as his Vice President , allowing Frank to succeed him when he resigns . Frank is now President of the United States , with Claire as the First Lady . According to Drew Grant of The New York Observer , Claire 's season - long storyline was similar to the real life efforts of United States Senator Kirsten Gillibrand 's to legislate an end to military sexual assault . Based upon the 4 - episode preview , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says that in season 2 Claire `` is still ruthlessly pursuing her own agenda as well as her husband 's . She remains an enigma even as she reveals more and more disturbing secrets from her past . '' Claire remains composed and stylish with or without her husband and plays the press with aplomb . Season 3 ( edit ) In Season 3 , Claire feels the need to be something more `` significant '' than the First Lady , and asks Frank to nominate her to a United Nations post . He nominates her , but the Senate rejects her after a rocky hearing . Frank gives her the job anyway in a recess appointment , but her tenure is brief ; she ruins a treaty between the U.S. and Russia by publicly confronting Russian President Viktor Petrov ( Lars Mikkelsen ) about his anti-gay policies and is forced to resign when Petrov uses her as a bargaining chip during a diplomatic crisis . During Frank 's election campaign , Claire begins to question whether she still loves him . In the season finale , she and Frank get into an ugly fight in which she says he is not enough for her ; Frank replies that without him , she is nothing . Season three ends with Claire leaving Frank as he prepares to go to the New Hampshire primary . Season 4 ( edit ) After leaving Frank , Claire goes back to Texas , where she has a tense reunion with her mother , who is dying of lymphoma . She sets her sights on running for a House of Representatives seat in Texas , with help from political consultant LeAnn Harvey ( Neve Campbell ) . Frank persuades her to resume public appearances with him by promising to support her run . However , he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally 's daughter , in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign . Claire retaliates on the day the South Carolina primary by covertly leaking a photo of Frank 's father with a Klansman , imperiling Frank 's candidacy . Frank figures out that she was behind the leak and confronts her . Claire calmly admits what she did and proposes that she join him in the ticket as his vice president . Frank rejects the idea . Shortly thereafter , Frank is shot by Lucas Goodwin , in an assassination attempt , and falls into a coma . While Frank is in surgery , Claire helps guide Frank 's vice president Donald Blythe through a diplomatic crisis with Russia . While Frank is receiving a liver transplant , she declines going to the hospital in favor of negotiating a treaty with Petrov , and strong - arms him into accepting the U.S. ' terms . When Frank recovers from surgery , he agrees to let Claire be his vice president . He and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to pick off the potential running mates . In the ensuing open convention , they publicly endorse Secretary of State Catherine Durant ( Jayne Atkinson ) for the job , while working behind the scenes to undermine her and ensure that Claire wins enough delegates to be nominated . Meanwhile , she reluctantly honors her mother 's request to help her die . She and Frank then use the public sympathy from Elizabeth 's death to win the nomination ; they are now running mates . When a group of terrorists takes an American family hostage , Claire negotiates with their imprisoned leader , Yusuf Al Ahmadi ( Farshad Farahat ) , who agrees to tell his followers to release the hostages . Al Ahmadi reneges on the deal , however , and tells them to kill the hostages . At the same time , journalist Tom Hammerschmidt ( Boris McGiver ) publishes an investigative news story detailing Frank 's crimes . Claire gives Frank the idea to declare war on the terrorists and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that they can exploit . In the final scene , Claire finally breaks the fourth wall with Frank . Season 5 ( edit ) In season 5 , Claire 's story begins as the opening scene of the season : shooting a propaganda commercial in order to stir up fear . Throughout the beginning , she helps make the campaign 's focal point about the fear of the terrorist Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO , a fictionalized version of ISIS / ISIL ) and how they can stop the threat . On Election Day , Claire and Frank learn that they may lose because of low voter turnout . They exploit a possible terrorist threat to close down multiple polling centers in key states , such as Ohio . This leading to numerous states filing lawsuits and refusing honoring the election results . Nine weeks later , with neither side winning the majority of electors , the House ( now Republican - controlled ) will decide the President and the Senate ( Democrat - controlled ) for the Vice President , the first instance of this happening since the 1824 presidential election aftermath . Claire eventually wins when Donald Blythe issues a bill to block any filibuster of coming onto the floor ; while the house could n't reach a majority . In the meantime , Claire is sworn in as Acting President of the United States and begins to exert her limited power by excluding Frank from certain presidential functions , such as the swearing - in of the new Justice of the Supreme Court . During her short - lived presidency , a truck with nuclear energy goes missing and puts D.C. into lock - down , a scheme devised by several members of Frank 's cabinet and Conway 's campaign . During the emergency , Claire is visited by diplomat Jane Davis ( Patricia Clarkson ) , who says that she can track down a leader of ICO for the Underwoods . Claire is also faced with a series of diplomatic crises : Russian soldiers have also taken over an American base , and the Russians and Chinese are vying for possession of a boat in Antarctica that has a stowaway American working for the Russians . After making a deal with the Chinese , Claire orders for the boat to be destroyed so that neither the Chinese nor the Russians can get what is on board . Around this time , Claire agrees to an open election in Ohio for not only the President , but also the Vice President , in order to avoid a possible Conway - Underwood administration . The Underwoods discover evidence to blackmail Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher ( Campbell Scott ) , into helping them . Frank acquires a recording of Conway verbally abusing a pilot , as well as a recording of Conway 's running mate , General Brockhart ( Colm Feore ) , threatening to kill Frank ; when he releases them , voters turn against Conway and the Underwoods win the election . Soon afterward , Congressman Alex Romero ( James Martinez ) encourages the Republicans to start up the Declaration of War committee to investigate Frank , which puts Claire and Frank in damage control . By this time , Claire and Tom Yates have fallen in love , which complicates both their lives . During an unguarded moment , Claire tells Yates that Frank murdered Zoe Barnes and Congressman Peter Russo ( Corey Stoll ) . She immediately regrets it , and tells Yates that they ca n't see each other anymore . In response , Yates threatens to publish a book detailing the Underwoods ' crimes . Claire invites him to Usher 's home , and poisons him . He dies while having sex with Claire , and she has Usher get rid of the body . Around this time , Claire and Frank convince Doug to take the fall for Zoe Barnes ' death . Frank also starts to become suspicious of Claire as she disappears for a period of time ( she had started talking to Davis in a secret corridor ) and starts to memorize her testimony defending herself but not Frank , in case she has to testify . Walker publicly testifies against Frank , prompting him to appear before the committee and resign the presidency . When an incredulous Claire confronts him , Franks says that it was his plan all along to resign and set her up to be president , so that the two of them can run Washington together - she from the White House and he from the private sector . For the plan to work , Claire must pardon Frank , which would damage her politically . Frank resigns and Claire is sworn in as the 47th President of the United States . However , in contrast to the plan , Claire does not announce that she is pardoning Frank in her first address to the nation as President . Frank calls her repeatedly , but she forwards the calls . She sees that Frank has burned a hole into the American flag in the Oval Office , and breaks the fourth wall , saying : `` My turn . '' Reception ( edit ) Wright 's performance is described as `` nuanced and compelling '' . Claire has `` chilly poise '' but the `` coolly regal doyenne '' softens over the course of the first season according to New Republic 's Laura Bennet . Wright plays the role with `` an almost terrifying froideur '' . As a couple Frank and Claire are said to `` reverberate with tension and wit '' . Michael Dobbs , who wrote the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based , compares the compelling nature of the relationship between Frank and Claire favorably to the original characters in House of Cards and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . He is not alone . In season 2 , she remains `` equally steely '' . Despite suggestions to the contrary , Wright insists that the character is not based on Hillary Clinton . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove , and House of Cards , earned nominations . Among those nominations was Wright 's portrayal of Claire Underwood for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series as well as Kevin Spacey 's portrayal of Frank Underwood for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Bateman 's portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series , making these three roles the first three leading roles to be Primetime Emmy Award - nominated from a web television series . The role has also earned Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama award at the 71st Golden Globe Awards on January 12 , 2014 . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For season 2 , Wright earned a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Wright was again nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . She was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards . In season 3 , she was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards , Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards , as well as both Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . Her performance in season 4 earned her a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards . Wright 's performance in season 5 earned her a fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy nomination at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Politics ( COMM 401 ) : Sex , Power , and Violence : Life in Frank Underwood 's House of Cards '' . blogs.denison.edu . Denison University Blogs . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix show House of Cards has an unexpected link to North Texas '' . Pop Culture Blog . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ellen Burstyn is a real mother on ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peck , Emily ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Robin Wright Demanded The Same Pay As Kevin Spacey For ' House of Cards ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither : ' House of Cards ' on Netflix Stars Kevin Spacey '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . TIME . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' promises more ' plotting and scheming ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ deWolf Smith , Nancy ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Fantasies About Evil , Redux '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` House Of Cards : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' plays new hand with brutal , clear resolve '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards , ' The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers ( SPOILERS ) '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Antihero Or Villain ? In ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Hard To Tell '' . NPR . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The 9 Most Shocking Moments from House of Cards Season 2 '' . TIME . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out your heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 26 '' . House of Cards . Season 2 . Episode 13 . February 14 , 2014 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out his heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` How Absolute Power Can Delight Absolutely : ' House of Cards ' Returns , With More Dark Scheming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards recap : episodes two , three and four = Frank speaks to God '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 39 '' . House of Cards . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 27 , 2015 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Stern , Warlow ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Explosive ' House of Cards ' Finale : Creator Beau Willimon on the State of the Underwoods '' . Daily Beast . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : ' House of Cards ' -- Season Two '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCalmont , Lucy ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Wright : Claire Underwood not based on Hillary Clinton '' . Politico . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emmy Nominations : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Among the Honored '' . New York Times . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards : Modern Family , Thrones , Homeland , Boardwalk , Cards Lead Noms ; Mad Men Shut Out ; HTGAWM , Maslany and Aduba Get Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ( hide ) House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Underwood&oldid=808564257 '' Categories : House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional characters from South Carolina Fictional characters from Texas Fictional First Ladies of the United States Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional business executives Drama television characters Fictional ambassadors Fictional sexual assault victims Fictional murderers Fictional smokers Female characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Good articles Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 17 : 00 . 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who won the all ireland football final 2017

Dublin won the final by a point on a 1 - 17 to 1 - 16 scoreline to claim their third title in a row , the first time this has happened since 1921 - 23 .

Dublin

2017 All - Ireland senior football Championship final

2017 all - ireland senior football championship final

The 2017 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship Final , the 130th event of its kind and the culmination of the 2017 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship , was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 17 September 2017 .

The final was the fourth occasion that the two counties met in the final , following matches in 1921 , 2013 and 2016 . Prior to the game , Dublin were seeking their third consecutive All - Ireland title , while Mayo were aiming for their first All - Ireland since 1951 . The same two counties played in the ladies ' All - Ireland final . This is only the second time that the final pairing has been the same in the men 's and ladies ' championships ; the first time was in 1982 , when Kerry played Offaly in the men 's and ladies ' finals . The final was shown live in Ireland on RTÉ Two as part of The Sunday Game live programme , presented by Michael Lyster from Croke Park , with studio analysis from Joe Brolly , Pat Spillane , and Colm O'Rourke . Match commentary was provided by Ger Canning with analysis by Dessie Dolan . The game was also shown live on Sky Sports , presented by Rachel Wyse and Brian Carney . Dublin won the final by a point on a 1 - 17 to 1 - 16 scoreline to claim their third title in a row , the first time this has happened since 1921 - 23 . The final was played before a capacity attendance of 82,243 people . The match drew a peak audience of 1.3 million , which made it the most watched RTÉ broadcast of 2017 , surpassing the hurling final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Paths to the final 1.1 Mayo 1.2 Dublin 2 Pre-match 2.1 Jubilee team 2.2 Ticketing 2.3 Related events 3 Match 3.1 Officials 3.2 Build - up 3.3 Team news 3.4 Summary 3.5 Details 3.6 Trophy presentation 3.7 Reaction 3.8 Celebrations 4 References 5 External links Paths to the final ( edit ) The two teams had widely varying paths to the final . Whereas Mayo struggled ( losing to Galway , needing extra time to beat Derry and Cork and replays to beat Roscommon and Kerry ) , Dublin breezed to the final , winning their five games by 12 , 31 , 9 , 10 and 12 points respectively . Mayo ( edit ) 21 May 2017 14 : 00 Connacht Quarter - Final Mayo 2 - 14 -- 0 - 11 Sligo Cillian O'Connor 1 - 6 ( 0 - 5f ) , Diarmuid O'Connor 1 - 0 , Fergal Boland and Andy Moran 0 - 2 each , Patrick Durcan , Kevin McLoughlin , Jason Doherty , Danny Kirby 0 - 1 each Report Adrian Marren 0 - 4 ( 0 - 2f , 1 ' 45 ) , Mark Breheny ( 0 - 2f ) and Stephen Coen 0 - 2 each , Aidan Devaney ( 0 - 1f ) , Paddy O'Connor , Niall Murphy 0 - 1 each MacHale Park , Castlebar Attendance : 14,661 Referee : Sean Hurson ( Tyrone ) 11 June 2017 16 : 00 Connacht Semi-Final Galway 0 - 15 -- 1 - 11 Mayo Sean Armstong 0 - 6 ( 3f , 3 ' 45 ) , Damien Comer 0 - 2 , G Sice 0 - 2 ( 2f ) , G Bradshaw , Johnny Heaney , Shane Walsh , Michael Daly , Eamonn Brannigan 0 - 1 each . Report Cillian O'Connor 0 - 6 ( 5f ) , Kevin McLoughlin 1 - 1 , P Durcan , Fergal Boland , Diarmuid O'Connor , Andy Moran 0 - 1 each . Pearse Stadium , Galway Attendance : 22,046 Referee : Joe McQuillan ( Cavan ) 1 July 2017 5 : 00 PM Qualifier Round 2A Mayo 2 - 21 -- 1 - 13 ( AET ) Derry Cillian O'Connor 0 - 12 ( 0 - 9f , 1 ' 45 ) ; Conor Loftus 1 - 1 , Jason Doherty 1 - 1 , Andy Moran 0 - 2 , Kevin McLoughlin , Aidan O'Shea , Diarmuid O'Connor , Lee Keegan , Patrick Durcan 0 - 1 each Report Niall Loughlin 0 - 6 ( 5f ) , Mark Lynch 1 - 1 , Ryan Bell 0 - 3 , Benny Heron , James Kielt , Danny Heavron 0 - 1 each MacHale Park , Castlebar Attendance : 11,433 Referee : M Deegan ( Laois ) 8 July 2017 5.00 PM Qualifier Round 3A Mayo 2 - 14 -- 0 - 13 Clare Cillian O'Connor 1 - 5 ( 5f ) , Diarmuid O'Connor 1 - 1 , Andy Moran 0 - 3 , Kevin McLoughlin 0 - 2 , Lee Keegan , Keith Higgins , and Aidan O'Shea 0 - 1 each Report David Tubridy 0 - 4 ( 4fs ) , Eoin Cleary 0 - 3 ( 2fs ) , Keelan Sexton 0 - 2 ( 1 45 ) , Jamie Malone , Sean Collins , Gary Brennan , and Gearoid O'Brien 0 - 1 each Cusack Park , Ennis Attendance : 11,576 Referee : Sean Hurson ( Tyrone ) 22 July 5 : 00pm Qualifier Round 4A Mayo 0 - 27 -- 2 - 20 ( AET ) Cork Cillian O'Connor 0 - 11 ( 0 - 4f , 1 ' 45 ) , Andy Moran 0 - 4 , Aidan O'Shea 0 - 3 , Patrick Durcan and Conor Loftus 0 - 2 each , Keith Higgins , Lee Keegan , Tom Parsons , Diarmuid O'Connor , Jason Doherty 0 - 1 each Report Donncha O'Connor 0 - 6 ( 0 - 4f ) , Luke Connolly 1 - 1 ( 0 - 1f ) , Sean Powter 1 - 0 , John O'Rourke , Paul Kerrigan , Colm O'Neill ( 0 - 1f ) 0 - 3 each , Michael Hurley 0 - 2 , Tomas Clancy and Barry O'Driscoll 0 - 1 each Gaelic Grounds , Limerick Attendance : 13,505 Referee : Ciaran Branagan ( Down ) 30 July 4 : 00 pm All - Ireland Quarter - final Mayo 1 - 12 -- 2 - 9 Roscommon Lee Keegan 1 - 3 , Cillian O'Connor 0 - 3 ( 0 - 2f ) , Patrick Durcan and Andy Moran 0 - 2 each , Colm Boyle and Jason Doherty 0 - 1 each Report Ciaran Murtagh 1 - 2 ( 0 - 2f ) , Fintan Cregg 1 - 1 , Diarmuid Murtagh and Donie Smith ( 0 - 1f ) 0 - 2 each , Enda Smith and Conor Devaney 0 - 1 each Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 65,746 Referee : Joe McQuillan ( Cavan ) 7 August 2 : 00 pm All - Ireland Quarter - final Replay Mayo 4 - 19 -- 0 - 9 Roscommon Cillian O'Connor 1 - 6 ( 0 - 5f ) , Andy Moran 1 - 1 , Keith Higgins and Kevin McLoughlin 1 - 0 each , Aidan O'Shea , Jason Doherty , Shane Nally 0 - 2 each , Donal Vaughan , Chris Barrett , Tom Parsons , Diarmuid O'Connor , David Drake , Stephen Coen 0 - 1 each Report Diarmuid Murtagh 0 - 4 ( 0 - 2f ) , Sean Mullooly , Enda Smith , Niall Kilroy , Conor Devaney , Donie Smith 0 - 1 each Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 39,154 Referee : Anthony Nolan ( Wicklow ) 20 August 3 : 30 pm All - Ireland Semi-final Mayo 2 - 14 -- 2 - 14 Kerry Andy Moran 1 - 5 , Cillian O'Connor 0 - 4 ( 0 - 1f ) , Colm Boyle 1 - 0 , Tom Parsons 0 - 2 , Donal Vaughan , Jason Doherty , Patrick Durcan 0 - 1 each Report ( 1 ) Paul Geaney 0 - 7 ( 0 - 4f ) , Johnny Buckley , Stephen O'Brien 1 - 0 each , James O'Donoghue 0 - 3 ( 0 - 2f ) , Killian Young , Paul Murphy , Kieran Donaghy , Barry John Keane 0 - 1 each Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 66,195 Referee : Maurice Deegan ( Laois ) 26 August 3 : 00 pm All - Ireland Semi-final Replay Mayo 2 - 16 -- 0 - 17 Kerry Cillian O'Connor 0 - 6f , Andy Moran 1 - 1 , Diarmuid O'Connor 1 - 0 , Jason Doherty 0 - 3 ( 0 - 1f , 1 ' 45 ) , Kevin McLoughlin and Conor Loftus 0 - 2 each , Chris Barrett and Patrick Durcan 0 - 1 each Report Paul Geaney 0 - 9 ( 0 - 7f ) , James O'Donoghue 0 - 3 ( 0 - 1f ) , Jack Barry , Jonathan Lyne , Johnny Buckley , Fionn Fitzgerald 0 - 1 each Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 53,032 Referee : David Gough ( Meath ) Dublin ( edit ) 3 June 2017 19 : 00 Leinster Quarter - Final Dublin 0 - 19 -- 0 - 7 Carlow O'Moore Park , Portlaoise Attendance : 13,238 Referee : Sean Hurson ( Tyrone ) Man of the Match : Sean Murphy Dean Rock 0 - 6f , Ciaran Kilkenny 0 - 3 , Jack McCaffrey , Con O'Callaghan ( 0 - 2f ) , Bernard Brogan 0 - 2 each , Niall Scully , Paul Mannion , Diarmuid Conolly ( 1 ' 45 ) , Conor McHugh 0 - 1 each Report Paul Broderick 0 - 3f , Danny Moran , Brendan Murphy , Sean Murphy , Darragh Foley ( 0 - 1f ) 0 - 1 each 25 June 2017 4 : 00 pm Leinster Semi-Final Dublin 4 - 29 -- 0 - 10 Westmeath Croke Park Attendance : 33,370 Referee : Conor Lane ( Cork ) Man of the Match : Paul Mannion Dean Rock 1 - 5 ( 0 - 3f , 2 ' 45 ) , Paul Mannion 0 - 8 , Ciaran Kilkenny 1 - 3 , Kevin McManamon 1 - 1 , Con O'Callaghan 0 - 3 , Eoghan O'Gara 1 - 0 , Brian Fenton , Paddy Andrews , Bernard Brogan ( 0 - 1f ) , Shane B. Carthy 0 - 2 each , Jack McCaffrey 0 - 1 . Report John Heslin 0 - 4 ( 0 - 3f ) , Kieran Martin 0 - 3 , John Egan 0 - 2 , Ger Egan 0 - 1 16 July 2017 4 : 00 pm Leinster Final Dublin 2 - 23 -- 1 - 17 Kildare Croke Park Attendance : 66,734 Referee : Anthony Nolan ( Wicklow ) Man of the Match : Con O'Callaghan Con O'Callaghan 0 - 12 ( 0 - 6f ) , Bernard Brogan 0 - 5 , James McCarthy , Dean Rock 1 - 0 each , Ciaran Kilkenny 0 - 2 , Paul Mannion , Paddy Andrews , Shane B. Carthy , Brian Howard 0 - 1 each Report Paddy Brophy 1 - 3 ( 0 - 1f ) , Kevin Feely 0 - 5 ( 0 - 4f ) , Daniel Flynn and Cathal McNally 0 - 2 each , Johnny Byrne , Keith Cribbin , Niall Kelly , David Slattery , Fionn Dowling 0 - 1 each 5 August 6 : 00 pm All - Ireland Quarter - final Dublin 1 - 19 -- 0 - 12 Monaghan Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 82,000 Referee : Conor Lane ( Cork ) Man of the Match : Dean Rock Dean Rock 1 - 8 ( 0 - 7f , 1 ' 45 ) , Paul Mannion and Paddy Andrews 0 - 3 each , James McCarthy , Con O'Callaghan , Jack McCaffrey , Paul Flynn , Eoghan O'Gara 0 - 1 each Report Conor McManus 0 - 4 ( 0 - 3f ) , Conor McCarthy 0 - 3 , Rory Beggan ( 0 - 1f ) , Colin Walshe , Karl O'Connell , Darren Hughes , Ryan McAnespie 0 - 1 each 27 August 4 : 00 pm All - Ireland Semi-final Dublin 2 - 17 -- 0 - 11 Tyrone Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 82,300 Referee : David Coldrick ( Meath ) Con O'Callaghan 1 - 2 , Dean Rock 0 - 5 ( 0 - 4f ) , Eoghan O'Gara 1 - 1 , Paul Flynn 0 - 3 , Paddy Andrews 0 - 2 , Jack McCaffrey , Brian Fenton , Ciaran Kilkenny , Paul Mannion 0 - 1 each Report Peter Harte 0 - 4 ( 0 - 3f ) , Colm Cavanagh and Niall Sludden 0 - 2 each , Tiernan McCann , Sean Cavanagh ( 0 - 1f ) , Declan McClure 0 - 1 each Pre-match ( edit ) Jubilee team ( edit ) The Donegal team that won the 1992 All - Ireland Final were presented to the crowd before the match to mark 25 years . Ticketing ( edit ) Demand for tickets was extremely high in both counties with Dublin and Mayo receiving around 32,000 tickets between them . Stand tickets were priced at € 80 with terrace at € 40 . Related events ( edit ) The 2017 All - Ireland Minor Football Final was played between Kerry and Derry as a curtain - raiser to the senior final , with Kerry winning by 6 - 17 to 1 - 8 . Match ( edit ) Officials ( edit ) On 4 September , Cavan 's Joe McQuillan was confirmed as the referee for the final . It was McQuilllan 's third All Ireland final having previously been in charge in 2011 and 2013 . Cork 's Conor Lane was the standby referee , the other linesman was Padraig O'Sullivan from Kerry and the Sideline official was Niall Cullen . Build - up ( edit ) The All - Ireland final was played between Dublin and Mayo , the second consecutive meeting of the teams in the decisive match . The reigning champions , Dublin , had defeated Mayo following a replay , and were looking to claim their third consecutive title . Dublin were favourites to win prior to kick - off . Pre-match discussion in the media revolved around the Mayo curse , a superstition held among GAA fans that Mayo will not win the All - Ireland until every member of the victorious 1951 team had died . The curse allegedly arose after a priest punished the team for celebrating raptorously in front of a funeral procession . The game attracted additional international information as association football pundits Jeff Stelling and Chris Kamara made their commentary debut at a GAA game , alongside legendary GAA commentator Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh . Team news ( edit ) Dublin and Mayo both named the same fifteen players that played in the semi-final wins for the final . Prior to the start of the match , Eoghan O'Gara was named to start for Dublin instead of Niall Scully , with Paddy Durcan also starting instead of Diarmuid O'Connor for Mayo . Summary ( edit ) The game took place in Croke Park before a capacity audience of 82,000 . After 90 seconds of play , Dublin took a definitive lead as Con O'Callaghan scored a goal when he ran at the Mayo defence before shooting low along the ground to the corner of the net at the hill 16 end . However , despite this early three - point lead , Mayo played dominantly throughout the opening 35 minutes , scoring seven points from play to take a one point lead in at half - time , 0 - 9 to 1 - 05 . Andy Moran was responsible for three of these points , and his first - half performance was praised by pundits . However , after the second half began , the game took on a different complexion as Dublin seized the lead by scoring three consecutive points . However , Mayo reclaimed the lead early into the half as Lee Keegan scored a goal to put his team one point ahead . The talking point of the match occurred in the 48th minute , as Dublin 's John Small , who had previously received a yellow card in the first half , was sent off for a foul on Colm Boyle . However , Donal Vaughan of Mayo was also sent off after striking Small in the face in retaliation for the foul . This left both teams reduced to fourteen men for the remaining duration of the game . After seventy minutes of the game had elapsed , the teams were tied at 1 - 16 apiece , and it appeared that the game was destined for a draw and replay . In the seventy - first minute , Mayo were awarded a kickable free and an opportunity to go ahead . Cillian O'Connor , who had missed a free under a similar scenario in the previous final , took the kick , and missed , having it strike the post and rebound away from goal . Ciarán Kilkenny was given a black card by the referee for cynical play . Then , with a mere minute of the six additional minutes remaining , Diarmuid Connolly was fouled approximately forty - five metres from the Mayo goal , leaving Dublin with a kick to win the game . Dean Rock , the son of Barney Rock , one of the most famous Gaelic footballers from the capital , took the free . Lee Keegan controversially threw a GPS device at Rock as he took the free , yet the Dubliner was undeterred and converted . This left the defending champions one point ahead , and after reclaiming the ball from the Mayo kick - out , Dublin maintained possession until the final whistle was blown . Stephen Cluxton , the Dublin captain , then lifted the Sam Maguire Cup for the fifth time in seven years . Details ( edit ) 17 September 2017 3 : 30pm Dublin 1 - 17 -- 1 - 16 Mayo Dean Rock 0 - 7 ( 0 - 3f ) Con O'Callaghan 1 - 0 Paul Mannion 0 - 3 James McCarthy 0 - 2 John Small 0 - 1 Brian Fenton 0 - 1 Eoghan O'Gara 0 - 1 Diarmuid Connolly 0 - 1 Kevin McManamon 0 - 1 Report Cillian O'Connor 0 - 7 ( 0 - 4f ) Lee Keegan 1 - 0 Andy Moran 0 - 3 Kevin McLoughlin 0 - 2 Jason Doherty 0 - 2 Donal Vaughan 0 - 1 Colm Boyle 0 - 1 Croke Park , Dublin Attendance : 82,243 Referee : Joe McQuillan ( Cavan ) Dublin Mayo GK Stephen Cluxton ( c ) CB Philly McMahon 60 ' FB Cian O'Sullivan CB Michael Fitzsimons WB 5 Jonny Cooper HB 6 John Small 27 , 48 ' WB 7 Jack McCaffrey 10 ' MF 8 Brian Fenton MF 9 James McCarthy WF 10 Ciarán Kilkenny 70 + 5 ' HF 11 Con O'Callaghan 68 ' WF 26 Eoghan O'Gara 36 ' CF 13 Paul Mannion 17 ' 70 + 1 ' FF 14 Paddy Andrews 36 ' CF 15 Dean Rock Substitutes : GK 16 Evan Comerford FW 12 Niall Scully 68 ' 70 + 5 ' FW 17 Bernard Brogan 65 ' DF 18 David Byrne FW 19 Diarmuid Connolly 36 ' FW 20 Cormac Costello 70 + 4 ' 70 + 6 ' DF 21 Darren Daly FW 22 Paul Flynn 10 ' 65 ' DF 23 Eric Lowndes MF 24 Michael Darragh MacAuley FW 25 Kevin McManamon 36 ' Manager : Jim Gavin GK David Clarke CB Brendan Harrison FB Donal Vaughan 48 ' CB Keith Higgins 70 + 6 ' WB 5 Lee Keegan 27 ' HB 6 Chris Barrett WB 7 Colm Boyle 35 + 4 ' 56 ' MF 8 Séamus O'Shea 50 ' MF 9 Tom Parsons WF 10 Kevin McLoughlin 70 + 5 ' HF 11 Aidan O'Shea WF 18 Patrick Durcan CF 13 Jason Doherty 70 ' FF 14 Cillian O'Connor ( c ) CF 15 Andy Moran 63 ' Substitutes : GK 16 Rob Hennelly FW 12 Diarmuid O'Connor 50 ' DF 17 Ger Cafferkey 70 + 6 ' DF 19 Stephen Coen 56 ' DF 20 David Drake 70 ' DF 21 Shane Nally FW 22 Danny Kirby 70 + 5 ' FW 23 Conor Loftus 63 ' MF 24 Conor O'Shea MF 25 Barry Moran FW 26 Alan Dillon Manager : Stephen Rochford Man of the Match : James McCarthy Trophy presentation ( edit ) Dublin captain Stephen Cluxton accepted the Sam Maguire Cup from GAA president Aogan O ' Fearghail in the Hogan Stand . Cluxton was making a record 91st championship appearances and lifted the cup for a record fourth time . He was one of 12 Dublin players who collected their fifth senior All - Ireland winners medal . The 12 Dublin players are the only men outside of Kerry to win five senior All - Ireland winners medals in Gaelic Football . Reaction ( edit ) Highlights of the final were shown on The Sunday Game programme which aired at 9 : 30pm that night on RTÉ Two and was presented by Des Cahill . James McCarthy , Dean Rock and Chris Barrett were shortlisted for the Man of the Match award . The winner was James McCarthy with GAA president Aogan O ' Fearghail presenting the award at the Dublin post match function , held in the Gibson hotel . Celebrations ( edit ) The Dublin team had a homecoming celebration the day after the final at Smithfield in Dublin which started at 6 : 30pm . The night before , players and their management team celebrated their win at The Gibson Hotel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Plan your GAA year : the official 2016 fixture list '' . Irish Examiner . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Season Fixtures '' . Croke Park . Jump up ^ `` 5 talking points after Dublin triumph and Mayo miss out in All - Ireland battle '' . The 42 . 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I struck it well and the rest is history now ' : Rock holds his nerve to deliver for Dublin '' . The 42 . 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : The switch in Cluxton 's kickout strategy , O'Connor's free - taking and Dublin turn the screw '' . The 42 . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's thrilling All - Ireland football final the most watched show on Irish television this year '' . The 42 . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donegal 's 1992 All - Ireland heroes to be honoured '' . RTE Sport. 15 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable David Clifford announces his true brilliance in Kerry stroll '' . RTE Sport. 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe McQuillan to referee All - Ireland SFC final '' . Hogan Stand. 4 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin book All Ireland final date with Mayo following thumping win over Tyrone - Independent.ie '' . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` The Curse of Mayo : is Sunday 's All - Ireland final against Dublin the year it is finally laid to rest ? '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Stelling & Kamara get Ó Muircheartaigh seal of approval '' . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what Jeff and Kammy thought of the All - Ireland football final '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Gavin sticks to his guns as Dublin side named for Mayo showdown '' . The 42 . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mayo unchanged for All - Ireland final '' . RTE Sport. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Late changes to Dublin and Mayo teams '' . RTE Sport. 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shades of Messi as Con O'Callaghan lights up enthralling final '' . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Ireland player ratings - Mayo had more top performers but Dublin have the trophy - Independent.ie '' . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin forced to dig deep to edge enthralling endgame '' . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : ' We do n't want pity ' - Cillian O'Connor's hair - raising speech will warm the hearts of every Mayo fan - Independent.ie '' . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Peter ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Rock steady - Dean unfazed by GPS missile '' . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 All Ireland Final : as it happened '' . The 42 . 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History - making Dublin inch past heroic Mayo to make it three in a row '' . RTE Sport. 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I 'll be back next year `` , Stephen Cluxton reveals his future Dublin football plans '' . Irish Mirror. 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin 's 12 Apostles and their drive for five '' . Rte Sports . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McCarthy claims Man of the Match award '' . 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do you agree with the man - of - the - match winner from today 's thrilling football final ? '' . The 42 . 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Details revealed for Dublin 's homecoming '' . RTE Sport. 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joyous scenes for Dublin 's All - Ireland homecoming '' . RTE Sport. 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In pics : Smithfield turns blue as thousands celebrate Dublin 's three - in - a-row '' . The 42 . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin 's All - Ireland winners visit Crumlin Children 's Hospital with Sam Maguire '' . The 42 . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : It looked like Jack McCaffrey was enjoying himself at Dublin 's victory banquet '' . The 42 . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) All - Ireland Senior Football Championship Trophy Leinster Connacht Munster Ulster Records and statistics Winning captains Winning managers Winning players Losing players Winning teams Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Connacht Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship Ulster Championship 2017 GAA season Football Championship Ulster Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship Connacht Championship All - Ireland qualifiers All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final NFL Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Division 4 Cups McKenna FBD League O'Byrne McGrath Other All Stars International Rules Series Interprovincial Championships Club Championship Seasons Down Ladies League Championship ( Final ) Hurling Championship Leinster Championship Munster Championship All - Ireland qualifiers All - Ireland Championship All - Ireland Final NHL Division 1A Division 1B Division 2A Division 2B Division 3A Division 3B Cups Christy Ring Nicky Rackard Lory Meagher Munster Senior Hurling League Kehoe Walsh Ulster Championship Other All Stars Hurling / Shinty International Series Interprovincial Championships Camogie League Championship ( Final ) `` 2016 2018 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final&oldid=840534261 '' Categories : 2017 in Gaelic football All - Ireland Senior Football Championship Finals September 2017 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 14 : 30 . 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who played robbie douglas wife on my three sons

While the three sons were always central to the storyline , several major changes took place by the late 1960s . In the spring of 1967 , the ratings for the series began to sag and My Three Sons finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings . It was decided that the 1967 - 1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot , but also new storylines to spice up the ratings . In the fall of 1967 , CBS moved My Three Sons to Saturday night at 8 : 30 pm . In the season - premiere episode , `` Moving Day '' , the Douglas family and Uncle Charley relocate from the fictional town of Bryant Park in the Midwest to Los Angeles . Robbie ( Don Grady ) marries his classmate / girlfriend , Katie Miller ( Tina Cole ) . Tina Cole , in fact , had appeared in different roles on three previous episodes of My Three Sons : `` House For Sale '' from the fourth season ( February 13 , 1964 ) , `` The Coffee House Set '' from the fifth season ( November 19 , 1964 ) , and `` Robbie and the Little Stranger '' from the sixth season ( February 17 , 1966 ) . At the end of the 1967 - 1968 season , the ratings had improved from the previous year with the series placing at 24th in the Nielsens . The following season , the newlyweds discover that Katie is pregnant , and she gives birth to triplets named Robert , Steven , and Charles . Although originally played by sets of uncredited twins , these babies were played uncredited by Guy , Gunnar , and Garth Swanson . The most familiar triplets in the show 's last two seasons are played by Michael , Daniel , and Joseph Todd .

Tina Cole

My Three Sons

my three sons

My Three Sons is an American sitcom . The series ran from 1960 to 1965 on ABC , and moved to CBS until its end on April 13 , 1972 . My Three Sons chronicles the life of widower and aeronautical engineer Steven Douglas ( Fred MacMurray ) as he raises his three sons .

The series originally featured William Frawley as the boys ' live - in maternal grandfather , William Michael Francis `` Bub '' O'Casey . William Demarest , playing Bub 's brother , `` Charley '' , replaced Frawley in 1965 due to Frawley 's illness . In September 1965 , eldest son Mike married , and his character was written out of the show . To keep the emphasis on `` three sons '' , a new son named Ernie was adopted . In the program 's final years , Steven Douglas remarried and adopted his new wife 's young daughter Dorothy ( `` Dodie '' ) . The series was a cornerstone of the ABC and CBS lineups in the 1960s . With 380 episodes produced , it is second only to The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet ( 14 seasons , 1952 - 1966 , 434 episodes ) and tied with It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 12 seasons ) as television 's longest - running live - action sitcom . Disney producer Bill Walsh often mused on whether the concept of the show was inspired by the movie The Shaggy Dog , as in his view they shared `` the same dog , the same kids , and Fred MacMurray '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 ABC years 1.2 Directors 1.3 CBS years 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Musical connections 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast history 5 Production schedule 6 Distribution 7 Reunion special 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The ABC cast of My Three Sons , with William Frawley , circa 1962 ABC years ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show began on ABC in black - and - white . The first season , consisting of 36 episodes , was directed in its entirety by Peter Tewksbury , who produced and occasionally scripted the programs . These early episodes held to no specific generic type , so that any episode from one week to the next might be either comedic or dramatic . Tewksbury 's episodes are also unusual for their use of cross-talk ( a way of having the voices of off - screen characters heard in the background of the soundtrack , just under the voices of the main characters ) . Using this clever directorial twist , Tewksbury realistically portrayed the chaotic , fast - paced , and ever - changing sequence of events ; coordinate and conflicting , that was the daily routine of living in the Douglas household . An example of Tewksbury 's use of cross-talk is the fourth episode , `` Countdown '' , written by David Duncan , which chronicles the Douglas family 's attempts to wake up , prepare for the day , have breakfast , and get out of the house by a common , agreed - upon time , all carefully synchronized to a televised rocket launch countdown -- to comical and often ironic effect . Tewksbury returned to directing feature films after concluding the season because the producers could not handle his perfectionist attitude , which was costing thousands of dollars in lost time and reshoots . During the 1964 fall season , William Frawley , who played Bub , was declared too ill to work by Desilu Studios , as the company was informed that insuring the actor would be too costly . Frawley continued in the role until a suitable replacement could be found at midseason . He was replaced by William Demarest , who had played his hard - nosed brother ( great ) Uncle Charley part way through the 1964 - 1965 season ( the last on ABC ) . According to the storyline , Bub returns to Ireland to help his Auntie Kate celebrate her 104th birthday . Soon after , brother Charley visits and stays on . Charley , a cello - playing merchant sailor , was a soft - hearted curmudgeon , who proved to be a responsible caregiver . Frawley left the series before the end of the 1964 - 1965 season . Directors ( edit ) Peter Tewksbury directed the first season . The succeeding director , Richard Whorf , took over the reins for one season and was in turn followed by former actor - turned - director Gene Reynolds from 1962 to 1964 . James V. Kern , an experienced Hollywood television director who had previously helmed the `` Hollywood '' and `` Europe '' episodes of I Love Lucy , continued in this role for two years until his untimely death in late 1966 , aged 57 . Director James Sheldon was also contracted to finish episodes that had been partly completed by Kern to complete that season . Fred De Cordova was the show 's longest and most consistent director of the series ( 108 episodes ) until he left in 1971 to produce The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Earl Bellamy rounded out the series as director of the show 's final year . CBS years ( edit ) My Three Sons moved to the CBS television network for the 1965 - 1966 season after ABC declined to commit to underwriting the expense of producing the program in color . Along with the change in networks and the transition to color , Tim Considine ( who had earlier worked with Fred MacMurray on The Shaggy Dog ) , playing eldest son Mike , had chosen not to renew his contract due to a clash with executive producer Don Fedderson over Considine 's wish to direct but not co-star in the series . ( Considine did , however , direct one of the last black - and - white episodes for ABC . ) According to Considine ( Pat Sajak Show , August 1989 ) , he also was devoted to automobile racing , which his contract forbade . His character was written out , along with Meredith MacRae , who had played his fiancee Sally , in a wedding episode that was the premiere of the 1965 -- 1966 season on CBS . After this episode , which was the program 's first in color , Mike is mentioned briefly in only four succeeding episodes ( including one in which Ernie becomes adopted ) , and is never seen again , even at Robbie and Steve 's weddings . In the episode `` Steve and the Huntress '' ( first aired January 27 , 1966 ) , Mike is specifically mentioned as teaching at a college . MacRae joined Petticoat Junction the following year , the last of three actresses to play Billie Jo Bradley . To keep the show 's title plausible , the show 's head writer , George Tibbles , fashioned a three - part story arc in which an orphaned friend of youngest brother Richard ( Chip , played by Stanley Livingston ) , Ernie Thompson ( played by his real - life brother , Barry Livingston ) , awaits adoption when his current foster parents are transferred to the Orient . Steve offers to adopt Ernie , but faces antagonism from Uncle Charley , who finds Ernie a bit grating , and forecasts major headaches over both the boy and his dog . It also transpires that a law requires a woman to live in the home of an adoptive family . A likable female social worker supervises the case , and the Douglases speculate that Steve might marry the woman , to make the adoption possible , but they both agree this is not reason enough for them to be married . The family also does not need to hire a housekeeper , since Uncle Charley already has things running smoothly . The family soon appears before a judge who researches the law , and determines that its intent is to ensure a full - time caregiver is in the household . With Charley meeting that role , and having had a change of heart about Ernie , Charley assents to a legal fiction declaring him `` housemother '' to the Douglas family . While the three sons were always central to the storyline , several major changes took place by the late 1960s . In the spring of 1967 , the ratings for the series began to sag and My Three Sons finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings . It was decided that the 1967 - 1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot , but also new storylines to spice up the ratings . In the fall of 1967 , CBS moved My Three Sons to Saturday night at 8 : 30 pm . In the season - premiere episode , `` Moving Day '' , the Douglas family and Uncle Charley relocate from the fictional town of Bryant Park in the Midwest to Los Angeles . Robbie ( Don Grady ) marries his classmate / girlfriend , Katie Miller ( Tina Cole ) . Tina Cole , in fact , had appeared in different roles on three previous episodes of My Three Sons : `` House For Sale '' from the fourth season ( February 13 , 1964 ) , `` The Coffee House Set '' from the fifth season ( November 19 , 1964 ) , and `` Robbie and the Little Stranger '' from the sixth season ( February 17 , 1966 ) . At the end of the 1967 - 1968 season , the ratings had improved from the previous year with the series placing at 24th in the Nielsens . The following season , the newlyweds discover that Katie is pregnant , and she gives birth to triplets named Robert , Steven , and Charles . Although originally played by sets of uncredited twins , these babies were played uncredited by Guy , Gunnar , and Garth Swanson . The most familiar triplets in the show 's last two seasons are played by Michael , Daniel , and Joseph Todd . The following year in the tenth season , 1969 - 1970 , Steve remarries , taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper ( Beverly Garland ) as his wife ; she brings with her a 5 - year - old daughter , Dorothy `` Dodie '' ( Dawn Lyn ) , so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts . Also , the last year - and - a-half of the series feature fewer appearances of both Don Grady and Stanley Livingston . Grady 's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season , which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season ( as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru ) . Chip and his teen wife Polly ( Ronne Troup ) ( who eloped after Polly 's disciplinarian father refused to sanction the marriage ) move into their own apartment . At the end of the 1970 - 1971 season ( the show 's 11th year ) , My Three Sons was still garnering healthy ratings . By the spring of 1971 , it had finished in 19th place . A 1971 television pilot with Don Grady and Tina Cole called Three of a Kind , then retitled Robbie -- about Robbie , Katie , and the triplets moving to San Francisco -- was filmed but not picked up as a series . The final episode of the 1970 - 1971 season , `` After the Honeymoon '' , actually set up the premise for this pilot . The guest stars were Richard X . Slattery and Pat Carroll , who were featured as the landlords of the apartment block into which Robbie and Katie move . However , Don Grady had informed the producers of his intention to leave the series and pursue a new full - time career as a composer , which he ultimately did . For the series ' 12th season , CBS moved My Three Sons to Monday nights at 10 : 00 pm . In addition to the time changes for the 12th season , a new four - part story arc is introduced with MacMurray in a second role , that of his cousin , the Laird ( Lord ) Fergus McBain Douglas of Sithian Bridge . The voice of English actor Alan Caillou is awkwardly dubbed over MacMurray 's . The plot centers around Lord Douglas 's arrival in Los Angeles from the family 's native Scotland , in search of a first lady to marry and return with him to Scotland . He finds Terri Dowling ( Anne Francis ) , a waitress at the Blue Berry Bowling Alley . While initially reluctant to give up her life in America and return to Scotland as royalty , she finally accepts . This storyline is a continuation of a plot idea that originally began in the fourth season , when the Douglases visit Scotland on the pretense of having been told they had inherited a castle in the highlands . With a later time slot , the show finished the season outside the top 30 . To save the series , CBS moved it in midseason back to Thursday nights at 8 : 30 pm , its old time slot . Nevertheless , My Three Sons ended its primetime run in the spring of 1972 after 12 years on the air . CBS also aired daytime reruns starting in September 1971 ( only the CBS color shows ) , for about one season . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Fred MacMurray , Steven `` Steve '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1972 ) William Frawley , William Michael Francis Aloysius `` Bub '' O'Casey ( 1960 -- 1965 ) William Demarest , Charles Leslie `` Uncle Charley '' O'Casey , Bub 's brother ( 1965 -- 1972 ) Tim Considine , Michael `` Mike '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1965 ) Don Grady , Robert `` Robbie '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Stanley Livingston , Richard `` Chip '' Douglas ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Barry Livingston , Ernest `` Ernie '' Thompson / Douglas ( 1963 -- 1972 ) Meredith MacRae , Sally Ann Morrison Douglas ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Tina Cole , Kathleen `` Katie '' Miller Douglas ( 1967 -- 1972 ) Beverly Garland , Barbara Harper Douglas ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Dawn Lyn , Dorothy `` Dodie '' Harper Douglas ( 1969 -- 1972 ) Ronne Troup , Polly Williams Douglas ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Michael , Daniel , and Joseph Todd , playing Robbie , Stevie , and Charley Douglas respectively ( 1970 -- 1972 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Cynthia Pepper , Jean Pearson ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Peter Brooks , Hank Ferguson ( 1960 -- 1963 ) Cheryl Holdridge , Judy Doucette ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Ricky Allen , Hubert ' Sudsy ' Pfeiffer ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hank Jones , Pete ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Bill Erwin , Joe Walters ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Doris Singleton , Helen Morrison ( 1964 -- 65 ) and Margaret Williams ( 1970 ) John Howard , Dave Welch ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Joan Tompkins , Lorraine Miller ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Musical connections ( edit ) The series ' cast had several music connections . MacMurray began his career as a saxophone player during the 1930s , and sometimes played it on the series , as well as clarinet . Actress Tina Cole ( Katie ) was born into the King Family , a popular 1950s -- 1960s group . Ronne Troup ( Polly ) was the step - daughter of singer Julie London and daughter of musician / composer Bobby Troup ( who wrote the song Route 66 and also starred in the TV program Emergency ! along with wife London ) , and Dawn Lyn is the younger sister of 1970s pop idol Leif Garrett . Don Grady ( Robbie ) composed and produced music , having created successful Las Vegas venues for Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford and pop star David Cassidy . Grady also played drums in the ' 60s pop group Yellow Balloon . Musical arranger Frank De Vol , who did the toe - tapping theme , scored over thirty motion pictures and arranged for such vocalists as Sarah Vaughan , Jack Jones , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Tony Bennett , Vic Damone , Dinah Shore , Doris Day , and Jaye P. Morgan . Episodes ( edit ) My Three Sons had 36 episodes each in the first two seasons . The series had more than thirty episodes in each of the first eight seasons ; the episode output then decreased by two episodes until the eleventh season , which had twenty - four episodes , along with the twelfth season . The first five seasons were filmed in black & white , then after the move to CBS , it was filmed in color for the remainder of its run . Broadcast history ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1960 -- 61 Thursday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 PM on ABC 13 25.8 ( Tied with 77 Sunset Strip ) 1961 -- 62 11 24.7 1962 -- 63 28 21.0 1963 -- 64 Thursday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM on ABC 27 21.9 1964 -- 65 13 25.5 1965 -- 66 Thursday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM on CBS 15 23.8 1966 -- 67 29 20.2 ( Tied with I Spy , CBS Thursday Night Movie and The F.B.I. ) 1967 -- 68 Saturday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM on CBS 24 20.8 1968 -- 69 14 22.8 1969 -- 70 15 21.8 ( Tied with Ironside and The Johnny Cash Show ) 1970 -- 71 19 20.8 1971 -- 72 Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 PM on CBS ( Episodes 1 - 12 ) Thursday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM on CBS ( Episodes 13 - 24 ) Daytime Reruns : 10 : 30 - 11 : 00am ( EST ) M-F 12 / 20 / 71 - 6 / 23 / 72 4 : 00 - 4 : 30pm ( EST ) M-F 6 / 26 / 72 - 9 / 1 / 72 colspan = `` 2 '' data - sort - value = `` '' style = `` background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; vertical - align : middle ; font - size : smaller ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` table - na '' N / A Production schedule ( edit ) The series was initially filmed at Desilu Studios in Hollywood , but at the start of the 1967 -- 68 season , the cast and crew began filming the series at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California . The reasons behind this move concerned the sale of actress - comedian Lucille Ball ' s studios to the Gulf + Western conglomerate , which owned Paramount Pictures , so Don Fedderson Productions , who produced My Three Sons ( along with Family Affair starring Brian Keith ) , had to quickly make other arrangements for filming . The move also necessitated moves in the show 's storyline as well , hence the family 's move from the fictitious town of Bryant Park ( in the Midwestern United States ) to North Hollywood , California , although the town is never officially mentioned , simply just the city of Los Angeles . Fred MacMurray was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series . Reportedly , MacMurray 's contract stipulated that he work only 65 days per year . His scenes for each season were produced in two blocks of filming . He would report to the Desilu - Gower lot in late May and work 35 days ( five days per week , weekends off ) , then take off for 10 weeks . He would then return to complete his remaining 30 days of shooting and was finished altogether around Thanksgiving . MacMurray 's ten - week hiatus in the middle of each season 's production schedule freed up the actor to follow other pursuits , while the filming of scenes with the other cast members continued . In short , all episodes were filmed out of sequence . Evidence of this is very apparent in several episodes , where plotlines had MacMurray 's character on a business trip ( e.g. `` Small Adventure '' ) or spending much of his time at the office ( e.g. `` Soap Box Derby '' ) . This allowed him to seemingly take part in the entire episode with limited or no interaction with the other regulars during filming . This sometimes produced noticeable continuity problems onscreen , especially as the boys grew and changed styles . Distribution ( edit ) Although Don Fedderson gets the credit , My Three Sons was created by George Tibbles and produced by Don Fedderson Productions throughout the show 's run , with MCA Television co-distributing the series during its 1960 -- 65 ABC airing . When the series moved to CBS in 1965 , the latter network assumed full production responsibilities ( in association with Fedderson Productions ) until the end of the series in 1972 . CBS now holds the series ' copyright . CBS Television Distribution presently owns distribution rights to the entire series ( including the more widely seen and aforementioned 1965 -- 72 CBS episodes ) . The show did not get syndicated until September 1976 ( although CBS did air reruns of the show in its daytime lineup from December 1971 until the fall of 1972 ) , and even then , only the CBS color episodes aired , while the black and white ABC episodes did not air on broadcast TV at all . Nick at Nite aired My Three Sons from November 3 , 1985 to October 28 , 1991 with episodes from Seasons 1 - 5 , the second half of season 11 , and season 12 . The Family Channel also aired only the black and white episodes from September 7 , 1992 to July 30 , 1993 . The Seasons 1 - 3 episodes had the original Chevrolet closing credits . The Seasons 6 -- 10 ( and the first half of season 11 ) episodes were later aired on TV Land in the late 1990s . Odyssey ran all of the color episodes in the early 2000s . They also briefly aired the black and white episodes . In 2000 , TV Land briefly aired the black & white episodes again , using the same syndication episode rights that were on Nick at Nite during the 1980s . In 2006 the Retro Television Network broadcast the show , airing only the color episodes . Since fall 2004 , only Seasons 6 - 10 are being distributed for syndication in the US - Domestic market , though very few stations air the show anymore . In 2009 , FamilyNet began airing the program as a lead - in for its Happy Days and Family Ties program block , which ended in February 2010 . From 2012 - 14 , and also from October 2015 - February 2016 , MeTV aired the Season 6 - 10 episodes in heavy rotation , and most closing credits included the original sponsor tags , such as those for Kellogg 's . In 2016 , Decades began airing the CBS ( color ) episodes in its `` binge '' blocks on some week - ends . MeTV began airing the black and white episodes on May 29 , 2017 . Reunion special ( edit ) This does not cite any sources . Please help improve this by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MacMurray and most of the cast took part in Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family & My Three Sons , which aired on ABC on November 25 , 1977 . The retrospective special looked back at the history of My Three Sons and The Partridge Family ( other than featuring single parents with a large family , the two series had no narrative , or even a studio link ) . The special was notable for featuring footage from early black and white episodes of My Three Sons that , at this point in time , were not in syndication . While most of the collected casts gathered in a studio to reminisce , Demarest appeared in a brief pre-taped segment . DVD releases ( edit ) CBS DVD ( distributed by Paramount ) has released the first two seasons of My Three Sons on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released . In most episodes , the soundtrack was edited to remove the background musical score , which were originally stock music from the Capitol Records library ; the licensing agreement with Capitol only covered broadcast rights , not home video rights , and clearing the music for home video release with the individual composers who worked on the Capitol recordings was deemed cost - prohibitive . The Capitol scores were replaced instead with more modern , synthesized music . The original theme tune by Frank DeVol has been left unaltered ; his musical scores in later seasons of the show , written specifically for the series , would less - likely be affected by licensing problems if the later seasons were released on DVD . DVD name No. of episodes Release date The First Season : Volume 1 18 September 30 , 2008 The First Season : Volume 2 18 January 20 , 2009 The Second Season : Volume 1 18 February 23 , 2010 The Second Season : Volume 2 18 June 15 , 2010 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Korkis , Jim . `` Fred MacMurray : The First Disney Legend by Wade Sampson '' . Mouseplanet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Tewksbury on IMDb Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Full cast and crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Season six , episode three - `` Brother , Ernie '' Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent Encyclopedia of Television Pilots , 1937 -- 2012 McFarland Jump up ^ Season four , episode two - `` Scotch Broth '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1682 -- 1686 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' ALF , ' ' My Three Sons ' , ' Battlestar Galactica ' , and more join the MeTV Summer of Me 2017 Schedule '' . Metv.com. 2017 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Season 2 , Vol. 1 Announced : Release Date and Package Art '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My Three Sons - Release DAte and Package art for ' Season 2 , Vol. 2 ' DVDs '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Stu ( June 18 , 2014 ) . Interview with Michael Schlesinger , Stu 's Show ; retrieved June 22 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to My Three Sons . My Three Sons on IMDb My Three Sons at TV.com My Three Sons at epguides.com My Three Sons at the Museum of Broadcast Communications My Three Sons - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Three_Sons&oldid=804982671 '' Categories : 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1960s American comedy television series 1970s American comedy television series 1960 American television series debuts 1972 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from June 2017 Articles lacking sources from June 2017 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 09 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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which of the following is not the unit of a stress

Toughness

toughness

In materials science and metallurgy , toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing . One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing . It is also defined as a material 's resistance to fracture when stressed .

Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical definition 2 Toughness tests 3 Unit of toughness 4 Toughness and strength 5 See also 6 References Mathematical definition ( edit ) Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress - strain curve . It is the energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture . The explicit mathematical description is : energy volume = ∫ 0 ε f σ d ε ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( \ mbox ( energy ) ) ( \ mbox ( volume ) ) ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ epsilon _ ( f ) ) \ sigma \ , d \ epsilon ) where ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( ) ) is strain ε f ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon _ ( f ) ) is the strain upon failure σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) is stress Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical energy up to the point of failure . The area under the stress - strain curve is called toughness . If the upper limit of integration up to the yield point is restricted , the energy absorbed per unit volume is known as the modulus of resilience . Mathematically , the modulus of resilience can be expressed by the product of the square of the yield stress divided by two times the Young 's modulus of elasticity . That is , Modulus of resilience = Yield stress / 2 ( Young 's modulus ) Toughness tests ( edit ) The toughness of a material can be measured using a small specimen of that material . A typical testing machine uses a pendulum to strike a notched specimen of defined cross-section and deform it . The height from which the pendulum fell , minus the height to which it rose after deforming the specimen , multiplied by the weight of the pendulum is a measure of the energy absorbed by the specimen as it was deformed during the impact with the pendulum . The Charpy and Izod notched impact strength tests are typical ASTM tests used to determine toughness . Unit of toughness ( edit ) Tensile toughness ( or , deformation energy , U ) is measured in units of joule per cubic metre ( J m ) in the SI system and inch - pound - force per cubic inch ( in lbf in ) in US customary units . 1.00 N m.m ≃ 0.000 145 in lbf in and 1.00 in lbf in ≃ 6.89 kN m.m . In the SI system , the unit of tensile toughness can be easily calculated by using area underneath the stress -- strain ( σ -- ε ) curve , which gives tensile toughness value , as given below : U = Area underneath the stress -- strain ( σ -- ε ) curve = σ × ε U ( = ) Pa × % = ( N m ) ( unitless ) U ( = ) N m m U ( = ) J m Toughness and strength ( edit ) Toughness can also be defined with respect to regions of a stress - strain diagram . Toughness is related to the area under the stress - strain curve . In order to be tough , a material must be both strong and ductile . For example , brittle materials ( like ceramics ) that are strong but with limited ductility are not tough ; conversely , very ductile materials with low strengths are also not tough . To be tough , a material should withstand both high stresses and high strains . Generally speaking , strength indicates how much force the material can support , while toughness indicates how much energy a material can absorb before rupturing . See also ( edit ) Fracture toughness Graph toughness Hardness Impact ( mechanics ) Resilience Rubber toughening Shock ( mechanics ) Tablet hardness testing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Toughness '' , NDT Education Resource Center , Brian Larson , Editor , 2001 - 2011 , The Collaboration for NDT Education , Iowa State University Jump up ^ O. Balkan and H. Demirer ( 2010 ) . `` Polym . Compos . '' . 31 : 1285 . ISSN 1548 - 0569 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toughness&oldid=802638505 '' Categories : Continuum mechanics Materials science Physical properties Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness

who hit the most 3 pointers in a nba game

13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 )

13

NBA Regular season records

nba regular season records

This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Lonzo Ball is the youngest , doing so on November 11 , 2017 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 20 years , 15 days . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds and 13 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,109 + games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=826336400 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 15 : 39 . 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what type of fish live in the pacific ocean

Category : fish of the Pacific ocean

category : fish of the pacific ocean

This category contains fish which are native to Pacific .

This category has the following 3 subcategories , out of 3 total . ° ► Western American coastal fauna ‎ ( 3 C , 10 P ) ► Fish of the North Pacific ‎ ( 2 C , 12 P ) ► Fish of Oceania ‎ ( 8 C , 35 P ) Pages in category `` fish of the Pacific ocean '' The following 200 pages are in this category , out of approximately 506 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . ( previous page ) ( next page ) Ablabys macracanthus Abyssobrotula Abyssobrotula galatheae Acantholiparis caecus Acantholiparis opercularis Alaska blackfish Alaska pollock Albula argentea Albula pacifica Alcichthys elongatus Alfonsino Amblygaster clupeoides Amur stickleback Anarchias Anarchias allardicei Anarchias cantonensis Anarchias exulatus Anarchias galapagensis Anarchias leucurus Anarchias schultzi Anarchias seychellensis Anarchias supremus Anchoviella Pacific angelshark Arc - eye hawkfish Arctic grayling Arctoscopus japonicus Argentina elongata Arius subrostratus Arius sumatranus Arrow dragonet Arrowtooth lizardfish Artedius corallinus Artedius fenestralis Artedius harringtoni Artedius lateralis Artedius notospilotus Aulastomatomorpha phospherops Aulotrachichthys heptalepis Australian anchovy Awaous guamensis Azurio tuskfin Banded mud moray eel Banded toadfish Barbantus curvifrons Barcheek pipefish Barcheek trevally Bare - naped goby Barred conger Barred surfperch Bartail flathead Bascanichthys myersi Basketweave cusk - eel Bathylagoides wesethi Bathymaster signatus Bathyprion danae Bathysauroides gigas Batrachocephalus mino Bero elegans Beryx mollis Bigeye thresher Black scraper Black triplefin Black - pored snake - eel Blackedge cusk Blackfin roughy Centropyge eibli Blenniella gibbifrons Blue blanquillo Bluestriped fangblenny Boleophthalmus dussumieri Brochiraja aenigma Brown rockfish Bryaninops Bryaninops yongei Fourspot butterflyfish Yellow longnose butterflyfish Caesio cuning Callechelys randalli Calotomus carolinus Red sea catfish Spatulasnout catshark Centroberyx druzhinini Centroberyx rubricaudus Centropyge heraldi Cetoscarus ocellatus Chaetodon plebeius Chaetodon wiebeli Chauliodus eximus Chauliodus testa Chauliodus vasnetzovi Chilean round ray Chocolate pipefish Chromis amboinensis Tui chub Citharichthys xanthostigma Cleftbelly trevally Cleisthenes herzensteini Cleisthenes pinetorum Clinocottus analis Coelorinchus sheni Coilia nasus Congaturi halfbeak Congriscus maldivensis Cookeolus japonicus Copper shark Corythoichthys conspicillatus Corythoichthys nigripectus Corythoichthys paxtoni Cosmocampus arctus Cosmocampus heraldi Crested blenny Cresthead flounder Cryptacanthodes giganteus Cryptocentrus leonis Dark mangrovegoby Smallspotted dart Dasyatis ushiei Dendrophysa russelii Dragon poacher Drombus globiceps Dusky tripletooth goby Easter Island butterflyfish Elacatinus puncticulatus Elassodiscus Embiotoca lateralis Epigonus elegans Epigonus telescopus Epinephelus analogus Epinephelus corallicola Equulites stercorarius Eulachon Evoxymetopon Exocoetus volitans Flame angelfish Gadomus colletti Galeichthys peruvianus Giant grouper Giant hatchetfish Giant kelpfish Giant sawbelly Gillellus chathamensis Gnatholepis gymnocara Goat catfish Gobiodon acicularis Gobiopsis Goblin shark Golden trevally Grammistes sexlineatus Grandperrin 's giant sawbelly Graus nigra Greater lizardfish Kelp greenling Rock greenling Grunion Guadalupe pipefish Flathead guitarfish Gymnocranius griseus Gymnothorax annasona Gymnothorax phalarus Gymnothorax reticularis Largehead hairtail Pacific halibut Halicampus boothae Halicampus edmondsoni Hawkfish anthias Hemiramphus archipelagicus High - finned dragonet Hilsa kelee Hippocampus kuda Histiophryne Hoeven 's snake eel Hoplostethus crassispinus Hoplostethus mento Spotted houndshark Indonesian shortfin eel Iniistius trivittatus Insentiraja laxipella International Pacific Halibut Commission Japanese eagle ray Java stingaree Jordania zonope Kelp pipefish Ketengus typus King - of - the - salmon Kuhl 's maskray Pacific ladyfish Lagoon triggerfish Lake lamprey Lana 's sawshark Largetooth goby Larimichthys crocea Larimichthys polyactis Lates Leiognathus Leiognathus berbis Leiognathus brevirostris Leiognathus longispinis Lepidopsetta Lestidium atlanticum ( previous page ) ( next page ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Fish_of_the_Pacific_Ocean&oldid=833415512 '' Categories : Fish by ocean Fauna of the Pacific Ocean Talk Help About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی 한국어 Latina Magyar Русский Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 11 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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who dies in season 2 grey's anatomy

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 2 )

grey's anatomy ( season 2 )

The second season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 25 , 2005 , and concluded on May 15 , 2006 . The season was produced by Touchstone Television , in association with Shondaland production company and The Mark Gordon Company , the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , and T.R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , Alex Karev , and George O'Malley , respectively . Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Isaiah Washington , and Patrick Dempsey also returned , while Kate Walsh , who began the season in a recurring capacity , was promoted to series regular status , after appearing in seven episodes as a guest star .

The season continued to focus on the surgical residency of five young interns as they try to balance the challenges of their competitive careers with the difficulties that determine their personal lives . It was set in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in the city of Seattle , Washington . Whereas the first season put the emphasis mainly on the unexpected impact the surgical field has on the main characters , the second season provides a detailed perspective on the personal background of each character , focusing on the consequences that their decisions have on their careers . Throughout the season , new story lines were introduced , including the love triangle between Meredith Grey , Derek Shepherd , and Addison Montgomery , the main arc of the season . Also heavily developed was the story line involving Izzie Stevens ' relationship with patient Denny Duquette , which resulted in critical acclaim and positive fan response . The season kept its original airtime from the previous season , taking over Boston Legal 's time slot at 10 : 00 pm on Sundays , while airing as a lead - out to the already successful ABC series , Desperate Housewives . It contained 27 episodes , out of which five were originally produced for the first season . In addition to the regular episodes , two clip shows recapped previous events of the show , both narrated by Steven W. Bailey in his recently introduced role as Joe the Bartender . `` Straight to Heart '' aired one week before the winter - holiday hiatus ended , recapping the most memorable events of the first season and the first half of the second . `` Under Pressure '' aired before the twenty - third episode . The season finale was conceived as a three - part story arc , the first of this kind in the series , and was scheduled to air on two consecutive nights . The show ended its second season with 21.07 million total viewers and a 6.9 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The season opened to critical acclaim , as most agreed on a significant improvement in story lines . The season saw numerous cast and crew members receive awards and nominations at ceremonies like the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 64th Golden Globe Awards . Katherine Heigl and Chandra Wilson were the cast members with the most nominations for their portrayals of Izzie Stevens and Miranda Bailey , respectively . The series was chosen in the top ten for several 2006 `` best of television '' lists , including USA Today , San Jose Mercury News , TV Guide , and Orlando Sentinel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Crew 1.2 Writing and filming 2 Cast 2.1 Main Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.3 Ratings 4 Episodes 5 DVD release 6 References Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The season was produced by Touchstone Television , currently ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company . Shonda Rhimes returned as the series ' showrunner and executive producer . She also continued her position from the first two seasons as one of the most prominent members of the writing staff . Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Mark Wilding , and Rob Corn returned as executive producers , along with James D. Parriott , Peter Horton , and Krista Vernoff , who have been in this position since the inception of the series . Parriott , who also served as an episodic writer , left the series at the conclusion of the season . Joan Rater and Tony Phelan continued to serve as co-executive producers , with Rater being a supervising producer as well . Stacy McKee , who would be promoted to co-executive producer for the third season , returned to the series as a producer and a member of the writing staff . Having written three episodes for the first season , Rhimes returned as a writer for five episodes . Parriott , Vernoff , Phelan , Rater , Wilding and Mimi Schmir were the most prominent members of the writing staff , with Parriott , Phelan , Rater , Wilding , Clack writing two episodes and Schmir producing the script for three . Gabrielle Stanton and Harry Werksman , Jr. worked together for the writing of two episodes , after having written one episode for the series in the past . Peter Horton served as both one of the executive producers and also directed five episodes . The season includes the first episode to be written Zoanne Clack , who would become one the series ' main writers , as well as a co-producer and executive story editor . Other writers include Kip Koenig , Blythe Robe and Elizabeth Klaviter . Executive producer Peter Horton returned to the series to direct five episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season . Rob Corn directed two episodes , whereas Adam Davidson is credited for writing three episodes , his last ones in the series . Among the other directors are Wendey Stanzler , Mark Tinker , Jeff Melman , Jessica Yu , Lesli Linka Glatter , Michael Dinner , Dan Minahan , David Paymer , Julie Anne Robinson , Tricia Brock , and Seith Mann . Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis , Tim Suhrstedt and Adam Kane served as the season 's cinematography directors . Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , joined by Briana London , who left the series after nine episodes . Linda Lowy and John Brace , responsible for the casting since the beginning of the series , returned as casting team members . After the departure of Laurence Bennett , the production design team was taken over by Donald Lee Harris , with Amy B. Ancona and Brandee Dell'Aringa joining for ten episodes each . The series set decoration crew was led by Karen Bruck , whereas the costume design department was led by Linda M. Bass , who would leave the show at the conclusion of the season , following her being replaced by Mimi Melgaard . The make - up department was led by head Norman T. Leavitt , along with assistant make - up artist Brigitte Bugayong . The special make - up effects team consisted of Thomas R. Burman , Bari Dreiband - Burman and Bart Mixon . Arleen Chavez was the key hair stylist for the second season . Other make - up artists that contributed in the third season were Vincent Van Dyke , Allan Holt and Christopher Payne . The series production managers were unit production managar Carla Corwin and post-production supervisor Joy Ramos , who both depart from the series at the conclusion of the season , being replaced by unit production managar Jeff Rafner , production manager Chad Alber and production executive Tim Herbstrith . Second assistant directors since the inception of the series , Laura Petticord , Shawn Hanley and Chris Hayden returned to the series for the second season . The art department consisted of construction foreman Bob Huffman , set dressers Stacy Doran and Bruce Purcell , leadman Joseph W. Grafmuller , property master Angela M. Whiting , labor foreman Verne Hammond , art department coordinator Angela Trujillo , construction coordinator Curt Jones , set designer Yvonne Garnier - Hackl , stage foreman Tom Talley and paint foreman Alex Thompson . Joining the art department were set painter Shelley Adajian and assistant property masters Andrew Allen - King and Jeanne Bueche . However , the three new additions left the series after the production of the season finale , being temporarily replaced by Nicole Dome and T. Scott Elliott , who joined the team for two episodes . Sound editor Anthony Toretto , additional foley artist Mark McBryde , foley mixer Stacey Michaels , production sound mixer Brydon Baker III , foley artist Noel Vought , boom operator Kevin Maloney and sound re-recording mixers Todd Langer , Don Digirolamo , Pete Elia and Kurt Kassulke , the original members of the sound department , all returned for the second season . Production sound mixer Veda Campbell also returned , but departed after four episodes into the season , whereas assistant sound mixer Douglas J. Schulman was added to the crew for the first ten episodes of the season . Joining the production team in the sound crew were boom operator Kevin Maloney , sound mixer Cameron Hamza , Robert Marts and Mick Davies , with both Marts and Davies leaving the show after two episodes . The special effects team , which was led by coordinator Jason Gustafson , consisted of make - up artists Anthony Julio , who had been part of the production crew since the beginning of the series , and special effects foreman Ken Rudell . Part of the visual effects team were computer graphic artist Richard Also , visual effects supervisor Rick Cortes and matte artist Kristin Johnson . Whereas Cortes and Johnson joined the crew close to the season finale , Also was the only member of the visual effects team to have been in the crew since the beginning of the series . Writing and filming ( edit ) `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' -- Sara Ramirez on her first days at Grey 's Anatomy The season was primarily filmed in Los Angeles , California . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building for the media company Fisher Communications and Fisher 's ABC affiliated Komo radio and television stations for Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , such as air ambulances landing on the Komo Television newscopter 's helipad . This puts Seattle Grace conveniently close to the Space Needle , which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . However , the hospital used for most other exterior and many interior shots is not in Seattle , are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California . Most scenes are primarily taped in Los Feliz , Los Angeles , at the Prospect Studios , and the set occupies two stages , including the hospital pieces , but some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are genuine medical supplies , including the MRI machine . Prior to being cast , Sara Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , which ultimately led in her choosing Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , a statement she deemed rare . Ramirez 's character was given recurring status in the second season , having been conceived as a love interest for George O'Malley . At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Grey 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' Discussing Izzie Stevens ' relationship with Alex Karev , Katherine Heigl described her character as naive enough to believe she can save him , assessing that : `` Even when Alex was a complete dirtbag to her , she forgave him and gave him another chance . And he really screwed her over . '' Writer Stacy McKee described Izzie 's moving on from Alex to patient Denny Duquette as `` karma '' , as Alex previously treated Izzie badly , yet as he begins to realize his true feelings , he is forced to watch her embark on a romance with Denny , regarded by her as `` undeniably handsome and totally charming '' . Series writer Blythe Robe commented on Izzie and Denny : `` I love the way Izzie lights up when she 's around him . I love their relationship because it 's so pure and honest and completely game free . '' Writer Elizabeth Klaviter noted at this time the way Izzie `` seems to be sacrificing her reputation because of her feelings for Denny . '' When Izzie deliberately worsened Denny 's condition to move him up the transplant list , series writer Mark Wilding questioned the morality of the actions , asking : `` Is Izzie bad for doing it ? Is she tremendously irresponsible ? She cut the wire for love so does that make her action understandable ? '' Series creator Shonda Rhimes discussed costuming choices in the scene which saw the interns gather around Denny 's deathbed , explaining : `` Meredith and George and Cristina and Callie and Alex are all dressed , not for a prom , but for a funeral . Everyone in dark colors , everyone dressed somberly . As if they were in mourning . Only Izzie is in happy pink . Only Izzie looks like she did n't know this was coming . '' Peter Horton , expressed that his plan of developing Chandra Wilson 's character , Miranda Bailey , was to focus on the similarities between her and the actress , noting that `` there 's not a mean bone in her body , but she 's solid and steady , like a rock . '' Wilson herself noted a significant evolution in her character 's personality , noting a transition from the cold attitude that was characteristic to her in the past , to a maternal outlook on her interns . She also noted a number of similarities between her and her character , describing how considers Miranda Bailey an alter ego of hers , rather than someone living inside her . Wilson also assessed that being a real - life human is what makes Bailey an appreciated character : `` She gets to be flawed , she gets to be tired , she can be cranky , she can be grumpy . '' Showrunner Shonda Rhimes explained that the idea of Miranda Bailey having a child was developed after Chandra Wilson had already been pregnant for six months . Cast member Kate Walsh deemed Wilson 's portrayal of her character `` sweet and wonderful '' , naming her a professional : `` She makes you be a better actor , just by being there . '' She also described her performance during her character 's labor as `` heart - breaking , tender , powerful and wonderful '' , noting how she managed to transform the strong character into `` a weak woman , struggling to fight the unusual situation '' . Fellow cast member James Pickens , Jr. described Wilson 's portrayal of Miranda Bailey as `` a breath of fresh air , literally and figuratively '' , also noting how the force she delivers is mainly due to the start of her career being in theater . Horton also described the production process of the two - part story arc , which he stated to have been planning since the beginning of the series . He stated that the plot of the episodes had to `` fill the demands of the Super Bowl '' , which was scheduled to air in the same night : `` We really wanted something different and Shonda ( Rhimes ) came up with the idea of this bomb , that we found simply outstanding ! '' Visual effects supervisor Scott Milnex noted how `` breaking down the story boards was really the key to getting all the departments to work together '' . He also assessed that the necessity to use Primacord , an element they had been trying to avoid , for the explosion scene proved excessively dangerous , and was ultimately replaced with wood and clothing material . He described the filming process by emphasizing the transition from mannequin to the real actor : `` When we filmed it , there was a moment , a fraction of a second , when we changed the body with the actor . '' Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Walsh became a series regular in the seventh episode of the season , after previous appearances in a guest star capacity . The second season had ten roles receiving star billing , out of whom nine were returning from the first season . All the actors who appear as series regulars portray physicians from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , specialized in surgery . Ellen Pompeo acted as Meredith Grey , the protagonist and the narrator of the series , a surgical intern who struggles to balance the difficulties of the competitive career she has chosen , with her troubled personal background . Sandra Oh portrayed highly competitive intern Cristina Yang , who suffers a miscarriage just as she starts accepting her upcoming motherhood . Katherine Heigl played intern Izzie Stevens , in a continuous struggle to be looked upon as a doctor , not the model she used to be . Justin Chambers acted as Alex Karev , who begins to develop an emotional side of his personality , after being introduced as arrogant and selfish . T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley , whose insecurity and lack of self - confidence evolve due to his unshared feelings for Meredith Grey . Chandra Wilson portrayed surgical resident and brilliant general surgeon Miranda Bailey , the mentor of the five interns , whose rudeness and cold attitude earns her the nickname `` The Nazi '' . James Pickens , Jr. portrayed Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , whose relationship with Meredith Grey 's mother , which occurred twenty - one years ago , threatens to ruin his marriage . Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke , who learns that Cristina , with whom he had a sexual relationship , is pregnant with his child . Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception . Although originally conceived as a guest star with a five - episode story arc , Kate Walsh decided to extend her contract following positive reviews from critics and fans , resulting in her getting promoted to series regular status . Being the first addition to the original cast from the first season , Walsh began receiving star billing in the seventh episode of the season , portraying obstetrician - gynaecologist and world - class neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery Shepherd , who comes in Seattle seeking reconciliation with her estranged husband , Derek Shepherd . Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive story line . Sara Ramirez appeared in a nine episode arc in the season , portraying orthopedic surgical resident Callie Torres , introduced and developed as a love interest for the character of George O'Malley . Steven W. Bailey is introduced in the recurring role of Joe , the Bartender , often being portrayed as a confidant of the surgeons of Seattle Grace Hospital . Chris O'Donnell portrayed Veterinary physician Finn Dandridge , who became a love interest for Meredith Grey . Renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , Meredith 's mother , who is suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , continues her recurring role from the first season , being portrayed by Kate Burton . Brooke Smith portrayed Erica Hahn , a cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , who is revealed to have been a rival of Preston Burke ever since they attended medical school together . Jeffrey Dean Morgan appears in six episodes throughout the season , portraying patient Denny Duquette , who begins a relationship with Izzie Stevens , but ultimately dies following an unsuccessful heart transplant surgery . Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber , Richard 's wife , who is revealed to have been aware of her husband 's affair since its inception . Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper , love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev , Kali Rocha portraying fifth - year resident Sydney Heron , who replaces Miranda Bailey temporarily when she takes a maternity leave , Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey 's father , Thatcher Grey , Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey , Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein , Cristina 's mother , Mandy Siegfried portraying Molly Grey Thompson , Meredith 's half - sister and Tessa Thompson portraying Camille Travis , Richard Webber 's niece , Christina Ricci portraying paramedic Hannah Davies , and Kyle Chandler in the role of Dylan Young , head of the bomb squad . Eric Dane , who would be promoted to a series regular in the third season , appeared in the eighteenth episode , portraying attending physician , otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , Addison Montgomery 's former lover , whose affair with her is presented as the reason behind the estrangement of her husband , Derek Shepherd . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery - Shepherd Isaiah Washington as Dr. Preston Burke Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo was nominated for Best Actress at the Golden Globes . The season opened up to critical acclaim with many critics calling it `` one of the best shows on TV '' and was included in the top ten for numerous 2006 `` best of television '' lists . Also the fame of the show skyrocketed during the season The A.V. Club called the show a `` pokemon '' and `` one of the best TV shows around , burning through plot points at a furious clip , swooning romanticism , at embracing the kind of deeply earnest , intensely felt romance that made the show 's relationships so great . Meredith 's famous `` Pick me , choose me , love me '' speech is corny , to be sure , but it 's got tremendous rhythm and absolute conviction ... season two of Grey 's was a comet . '' Todd Gilchrist of IGN Entertainment expressed hope in the further development of the series , noting the complex backgrounds of each character as being the series ' focal point . He noted that the ensemble , composed of `` countless comely females and enough strong , competitive males '' remains outstanding in prime time , being iconic , due to the vast interpretations regarding the main cast . Whereas Gilchrist acknowledged that the show gives the impression of it being only for women , he stated that he can attest to its universal , equal - opportunity appeal , assessing that the show `` explores the medical world with both a sense of testosterone - fueled intensity and estrogen - laced sensitivity '' and deserved to have viewers from both genders , championing its merits . In response to the bomb story arc , he called the two episodes `` juicy '' , while assessing that they `` followed a story line that not only explained the series up to that point , but featured all of the characters in their more or less purest from '' . Gilchrist provided an outlook on each character , describing Grey as a `` prodigiously talented but insecure surgeon , waylaid by her love for attending Derek Shepherd '' , while stating that Yang , `` an aggressively ambitious intern '' lacks knowledge on any topic , except medicine , comparing her to boyfriend Burke , described as her opposite . In response to George O'Malley's story line , he noted how his sensitive personality constantly results in difficulty in his path to becoming a proper surgeon . He also expressed excitement in the doors opened by the previous season 's cliffhanger , seeing the arrival of Montgomery ( Walsh ) as `` certainly speaking to the show 's focus on relationships over the nuts and bolts of being a surgeon '' , while praising Rhimes for continuing to `` merge those disparate elements in the way that does , or at least should be a source of enthusiasm for both men and women , creating an atmosphere both professional and intimately personal , often at the same time '' . `` Overall , the show is terrific . Indeed , one of the best currently on television . While it remains to be seen what the creators do with it , now that it 's become an outright event program , the season demonstrates that Rhimes and co . know what to do with the opportunities presented them . But that just leaves the larger question : do you know what to do with the opportunities presented to you ? Because whether you 're male or female , this is the kind of entertainment that small - screen devotees and folks fed up with television need to see . '' -- Todd Gilchrist of IGN Entertainment Noting the realism in the writing for the series , Gilchrist stated : `` It 's as if Rhimes and Co. harnessed the sublime and the mundane of our daily experiences , that strange sense of drama that emerges from even the most unimportant daily conflicts , and it transported it on a world that is legitimately fraught with life and death decisions . '' However , he expressed disappointment in the end of the second season , which he deemed surprisingly less strong , compared to the `` powerful '' first half and the `` immaculate '' first season , describing Stevens ' `` awkward and self - destructive '' relationship with a patient as a way to `` slow episodes to a screeching halt with maudlin and painfully underdeveloped turns towards melodrama '' , while expressing the predictability of Duquette 's death . Gilchrist stated in response to Stevens ' development in the last part of the second season : `` Izzie 's descent into abject hysteria , which followed her season - long sanctimoniousness about everything , actually made me want something terrible to happen to her too . '' He described how some episodes were not among the show 's strongest , noting that the some plot lines created poignancy , and connected in an unfamiliar way . The reviews have stood the test of time and the season still remains a huge critical favorite . Entertainment Weekly reviewing the tenth season of the show acknowledged that , `` the second season is still the show 's best season to date . '' The site added , `` I do want to talk about what season 10 could learn from what I believe is the show 's best season to date : season 2 . '' calling in all the signature elements of the show that it did the best with listing all the best moments from the season , `` the elevator '' , `` the walkway '' , `` Joe 's bar , '' Meredith 's `` Pick me '' speech ``. and the `` memorable patients '' adding , `` I want two people stuck on a pole ( Into You Like a Train ) or two Amish best friends having to say goodbye , and I want those stories to be given ample time to resonate . More than anything , I want them to affect our doctors in heartbreaking and beautiful ways . '' Eyder Peralta of The Houston Chronicle was critical of Izzie 's ethics in cutting Denny 's LVAD wire , writing that she `` should not be practising medicine '' and stating : `` That 's the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy , anymore , because the super hot blond chick can make an earth - shattering , fatal decision and she does n't get canned . '' Regarding the second season , Kevin Carr from 7M Pictures said `` Rhimes really just put Scrubs , E.R. , Sex and the City and even a dash of The Love Boat in a blender and poured out Grey 's Anatomy . '' Also in regard to the second season , Christopher Monfette of IGN TV said `` ( ... ) The second season of this medical drama expertly wove its signature elements of complex relationships , whimsical banter and challenging life - lessons - all to a montage - fetish , indie - rock soundtrack '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) In 2006 , the series won the Golden Globe for `` Best Drama Series '' . Sandra Oh won the 2005 Golden Globe Award for `` Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or TV Film '' and the 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for `` Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series '' for her portrayal of Cristina Yang in the show 's second season . Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey were also nominated for the Best Actress in a Drama Series and Best Actor in a Drama Series respectively at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2006 , casting directors Linda Lowy and John Brace won a Primetime Emmy Award for `` Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series '' . The Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards . At the Screen Actors Guild Awards , the cast was nominated for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' . Isaiah Washington was awarded `` Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series '' at the NAACP Image Awards in 2006 . Krista Vernoff received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for the sixth episode of the season . The sixteenth and seventeenth episodes of the season secured writer Shonda Rhimes a 2006 Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series category . Ratings ( edit ) The first five episodes of the season were initially planned to be within the first season with the episode `` Bring the Pain '' as the season one finale . According to Rhimes , after airing the ninth episode of the show , the ratings , the timeslots and the really great audience meant that they have to end the season with that episode , and the cliffhanger with the coming of Derek 's estranged wife fit perfectly . The season received positive critics and reception , and this season performed better than the previous one . Due to the success of the first season , Grey 's Anatomy took over the Sunday night timeslot along with Desperate Housewives , replacing Boston Legal . The second season averaged 21.07 million viewers , making it the highest - rated season of the series to date . It was ranked the fifth in the 2005 - 2006 television season . The season also includes the series ' highest - rated episode , `` It 's the End of the World '' which was watched by 37.88 million viewers . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head '' Peter Horton Stacy McKee September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) 18.98 Joe the bartender finds himself in the need of a very expensive standstill surgery that there is no way he 'll be able to afford . Much to Meredith 's discomfort , Addison requests her as her intern for the day . Still recovering from surgery , Dr. Webber asks George to be his `` eyes and ears '' , but George finds it difficult to pass on any information . Cristina tells Meredith that she is pregnant without revealing the father . When Burke breaks off their relationship , she decides not to tell him either . Izzie and Alex 's personal bond grows closer as he shows a more emotional side of himself . 11 `` Enough Is Enough '' Peter Horton James D. Parriott October 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 02 ) 17.57 Adele cuts her vacation short to come and care for Dr. Webber who is still recovering from surgery . Cristina and Meredith both express a great deal of bitterness toward their past doctoral flames . After having worked with nurse Olivia all day , George admits that he likes someone else . Cristina , Alex and Izzie treat the victims from a car crash where the father needs a liver transplant , but his son does n't want to donate because of the way his father abuses his mother . Meredith and Bailey treats a man who has swallowed the heads of ten Judy dolls . George consults Derek when he believes that an organ donor is still alive . 12 `` Make Me Lose Control '' Adam Davidson Krista Vernoff October 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) 18.12 Ellis Grey is brought into the hospital for possible diverticulitis , and her Alzheimer 's condition becomes known to everyone . George is assigned to her case , but she refuses him to treat her , believing he 's her ex-husband Thatcher Grey . Alex and Meredith treat a young patient with an extreme blushing condition . Izzie defends her blossoming friendship with Alex to the others . Addison and Izzie try and save the life of a premature baby who was abandoned . To Burke 's shock , Cristina collapses in the O.R. and Addison has to remove her Fallopian tube , causing her baby to be aborted . Meredith tells Derek that hating him is exhausting and that she does n't want to do it anymore . 13 `` Deny , Deny , Deny '' Wendey Stanzler Zoanne Clack October 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 16 ) 18.28 Cristina is still recovering from her surgery while receiving a visit from her mother . Not wanting to rest in bed , she uninvitedly diagnoses Burke and Izzie 's patient with Münchhausen syndrome . Eager to seem fine , Cristina has refused to mourn all day , but in the end , she breaks down . Addison gives Derek divorce papers to sign , but he ca n't make up his mind . Alex asks Izzie on a date , but before their date he learns that he failed one of his medical board exams and will have to retake it and pass or give up surgery . Alex and Derek treat a man who claims to have shot himself in the head . Bailey treats a patient with cystic fibrosis who is very important to her and has been her patient since she was an intern . Ellis is still in the hospital and believes she is there working . George has been assigned to watching her but he keeps losing her . 14 5 `` Bring the Pain '' Mark Tinker Shonda Rhimes October 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 23 ) 18.00 Meredith and Derek have to use more than medicine when a young Hmong woman 's traditionalist , religious father forbids her to have a life - saving operation unless a shaman is called upon to `` retrieve her souls '' . George and Alex are trapped in an elevator with a patient in critical condition after a gunshot wound to the heart . Burke tells them they must perform the surgery because there is n't enough time . Burke hands Alex the scalpel through the elevator door , but Alex freezes . George steps up and successfully gets the patient to a stable condition and the rescue team gets them out . Izzie treats an old lady who seemingly has a heart attack on the same day every year , whilst Cristina treats a man who has to watch porn to handle his pain , and has to come up with a different way to manage it when the power cuts . Derek struggles with his decision to either try to repair his marriage with Addison or divorce her and start a new life with Meredith . After trying to play it cool , Meredith breaks down and asks Derek to choose her . Ellis is discharged from the hospital . 15 6 `` Into You Like a Train '' Jeff Melman Krista Vernoff October 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) 16.67 Meredith nervously awaits a final decision from Derek at Joe 's bar , but her fear is interrupted when a train crash brings several seriously injured patients to the hospital and the interns are paged back to work . Two patients were seriously injured in the train and were both impaled by a long pole and are stuck together face to face . The doctors must make a tough decision because they realize that only one patient can survive the surgery . Meredith realizes that Derek has chosen Addison , and she is crushed . Alex fails to notice the friend of his patient is bleeding internally and she eventually dies from her injuries . Cristina works on a foot that has been sliced off of a patient , however things get complicated when she and Webber realize that it does n't belong to who they thought it did . Addison and Izzie work with two pregnant women who are best friends . Addison sees great potential in Izzie , who must decide whether her loyalty as Meredith 's friend outweighs professional gain . Derek clears Webber for surgery . 16 7 `` Something to Talk About '' Adam Davidson Stacy McKee November 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) 18.13 Cristina , Izzie and Meredith aggressively pursue the case of Shane , a male patient who seems to have a hysterical pregnancy , which fascinates the entire medical staff . Meredith becomes angry because everyone in the hospital is treating the patient like a sideshow and invading his privacy . She relates to him because the entire hospital staff seems to be gossiping about her and Derek . A sheltered young patient inspires Alex to better express his feelings for Izzie . Alex finds her at Joe 's and sweeps her into a dramatic kiss that knocks her socks off . George and Burke treat a patient with extensive scar tissue around her heart , who is constantly complaining at her husband . Burke and Cristina discuss whether to go public about their relationship , whilst Addison and Derek encounter hurdles as they attempt to rebuild theirs . 17 8 `` Let It Be '' Lesli Linka Glatter Mimi Schmir November 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) 19.74 Derek and Addison Shepherd 's professional relationship is challenged when their friends from Manhattan come to Seattle Grace seeking a radical , preemptive operation to avoid breast and ovarian cancer . Meanwhile , George ca n't understand why a patient who fell five stories does n't seem happy to have survived , and an elderly gentleman makes a difficult decision upon learning that his wife has only a few months to live . Cristina and Burke try to have a `` normal '' date , but the event takes a change after someone collapses in the restaurant . Dr. Webber is disappointed by Bailey 's fellowship decision -- until he learns her reason : that she is pregnant . 18 9 `` Thanks for the Memories '' Michael Dinner Shonda Rhimes November 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 20 ) 20.33 The Thanksgiving holiday is more difficult for the interns and residents than any of them is willing to admit , as Izzie plans a big dinner . George endures the family tradition of hunting turkeys with his father and brothers . Having sneaked off to the hospital instead of helping Izzie out , Meredith treats a patient who 's been in a vegetative state for 16 years . Addison asks Derek to have sex with her again , but he stands her up to help with Meredith 's patient . Burke helps Izzie to prepare the Thanksgiving meal . Just as Izzie is about to give up on anyone showing up for dinner , George and Cristina come back , while Meredith celebrates with a one - night stand at Joe 's bar . 19 10 `` Much too Much '' Wendey Stanzler Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . November 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) 19.59 Meredith is mortified when her one - night stand shows up at the hospital suffering from priapism and needing medical attention . Izzie , Addison and Derek are assigned to a case where a woman carrying quintuplets is overwhelmed by numerous medical issues as she navigates her high - risk pregnancy . Alex 's shortcomings frustrate Izzie , especially when she catches Alex and Olivia having sex . On the other hand , Alex again shows his incompetence in treating one of his patients by administering the wrong dosage . Cristina reluctantly shows Burke where she lives . 20 11 `` Owner of a Lonely Heart '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding December 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 04 ) 20.59 Cristina has little sympathy for Constance Ferguson , a prison inmate who jeopardizes her health just to get out of solitary confinement . The interns all keep careful watch on the family of premature quintuplets with a variety of serious health challenges . Derek and Addison argue over their living arrangements . George treats a man by using leeches , whilst Alex continues to treat the patient he accidentally put into a coma . Addison decides to teach Izzie a very painful lesson which she too once received from the chief , wanting Izzie to know the consequences of being too attached to her patients . Izzie argues with Meredith after seeing her help Alex , and to mend their friendship they buy a dog together . 21 12 `` Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer '' Peter Horton Krista Vernoff December 11 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 11 ) 15.70 A young boy needs a heart transplant but does n't seem to want it , and an argument over his treatment exposes major philosophical differences between Burke and Cristina . Meanwhile , when the interns rally to help Alex prepare to re-take his exam , Izzie feels betrayed and Meredith has to remind her of the true spirit of the Christmas holiday . George has to deal with the family of a woman whose surgery for bleeding ulcers keeps getting postponed for more important surgeries , much to their contempt , whilst Bailey has to perform several surgeries when Webber is forced to leave her on her own . Derek performs brain surgery on the patriarch of a mixed Jewish / Christian family who discuss celebrating Chrismukkah , but is n't in a festive mood despite a reconciliation with his wife . 22 13 `` Begin the Begin '' Jessica Yu Kip Koenig January 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 15 ) 18.97 Dr. Webber enforces an 80 - hour - per - week maximum rule for the interns . Derek wants to enroll Ellis in an experimental treatment for Alzheimer 's , but Meredith does n't want his help and Derek needs Dr. Webber to intervene . Alex treats a writer who ate his entire novel . Izzie seems to be getting over Alex when she shares an undeniable chemistry with Denny Duquette , a patient awaiting a heart transplant . Bailey goes to retrieve Denny 's heart , taking Cristina along for the ride . Meanwhile George and Addison treat Bex , a young teen who is intersex . 23 14 `` Tell Me Sweet Little Lies '' Adam Davidson Tony Phelan & Joan Rater January 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 22 ) 21.04 The truth is in short supply as Meredith and Cristina lie to each other about the status of their relationships . Derek and Cristina treat a guitarist who lost three of his fingers , but she is angry with Derek since he has Meredith calling him McDreamy again . Meredith and Burke treat a recently married woman with persistent heart problems , whose happiness turns out to be a symptom . Cristina ' kinda ' moves in with Burke , whilst George threatens to move out over Meredith 's dog and in the end Meredith reluctantly gives him to Derek and Addison . George is given the unpleasant task of discharging an elderly patient who refuses to leave the hospital despite no longer being sick . Bailey , Alex and Izzie treat a competitive eater who is presented with a tear in the lining of her esophagus . Alex is so nervous about the results of his exam that he eventually asks Izzie to open them for him . Bailey is put on maternity leave . 24 15 `` Break on Through '' David Paymer Zoanne Clack January 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 29 ) 18.44 Amidst a strike by the nurses , Meredith revives an elderly patient without knowing she 's not supposed to . As the patient dies with her friends at her side , Meredith realizes she does n't want her mother to die alone , and allows the chief to continue visit her , something she initially was upset with . George ends up on the nurses ' side . Izzie treats a pregnant teenager with whom she has much in common , and her interfering upsets the patient 's mother , Izzie also reveals to the patient that she has a daughter . Cristina is irritated with the perky new resident , Sydney , and asks for Burke 's intervention when Sydney attempts a risky procedure to save a woman 's infected leg from amputation . 25 16 `` It 's the End of the World '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes February 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 05 ) 37.88 Meredith has a feeling and George and Izzie have to call in Cristina to get her out of bed . A paramedic brings in a man with live ammunition in his chest ; her hand is the only thing preventing an explosion . Bailey goes into labor and Derek and Cristina perform surgery on Bailey 's husband who crashed the car on his way in . Izzie initiates things with Alex . When the anesthesiologist leaves the paramedic alone in the O.R. , she panics and pulls her hand out of the patient - but Meredith takes her place . 26 17 `` As We Know It '' Peter Horton Shonda Rhimes February 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 12 ) 25.42 Without her husband by her side , Bailey refuses to have the baby and George works with Addison to convince her to . George also treats the paramedic who fled after finding her hiding in a stairwell . Dr. Webber 's stress causes an anxiety attack that brings Adele to the hospital . Meredith removes the explosive from the patient , but it explodes and kills Dylan , the chief of the bomb squad . Burke and Derek overcome their initial rivalry and call each other by their first names . Cristina says `` I love you , too '' to a sleeping Burke . Derek comes visiting Meredith after she nearly dies and Meredith tells him that she ca n't remember their last kiss . 27 18 `` Yesterday '' Rob Corn Story by : Mimi Schmir Teleplay by : Krista Vernoff February 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 19 ) 24.36 Dr. Mark Sloan arrives in Seattle to try to convince Addison to continue their relationship , and is greeted with a punch from Derek . Dr. Webber allows Sloan to assist Derek in a risky surgery to fix a teenage patient with facial tumors . Burke learns that Cristina still leases her apartment . Izzie treats a patient with spontaneous orgasms . Meredith treats a man who believes he is going to die so he has her record him saying hateful things to everyone he knows . Later , Meredith goes to see her father for the first time in twenty years and is left unsatisfied with his answers about the past . George finally tells Meredith how he feels about her . 28 19 `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' Wendey Stanzler Stacy McKee February 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) 24.76 Following their sexual encounter , Meredith and George avoid each other at work , and George ends up falling down a stairwell and dislocating his shoulder . Frequent heart patient Denny is readmitted and grows closer to Izzie , causing Alex to be jealous . Meredith , Derek , and Alex treat a kid with a head injury . Burke , Cristina , and George treat a man about to get married who has an aortic aneurysm. Bailey 's maternity leave is disrupted when Addison secretly asks her to help treat her allergic reaction to poison oak . George moves in with Burke and Cristina and catches the eye of ortho resident Dr. Callie Torres . 29 20 `` Band - Aid Covers the Bullet Hole '' Julie Anne Robinson Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr . March 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) 22.51 After Dr. Bailey is called into surgery , Cristina is forced to watch baby Tucker for the remainder of the day . Meanwhile , George and Meredith are still on the outs as she confides in Derek with her problem . Meredith treats a woman with a fork stuck in her neck . Izzie continues to warm up to Denny who is having problems breathing . George and Callie further their flirtations over a teenaged patient who decides to chop off his own finger after Callie refuses to do it for him . Addison treats a pregnant woman , whose husband keeps hitting on her . Burke shows a preference for living with George over Cristina , and Addison gets a long - awaited admission from Derek that shows some hope for their marriage after all . 30 21 `` Superstition '' Tricia Brock James D. Parriott March 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) 21.13 When a series of deaths occur at Seattle Grace , the uncanny events bring out the doctors ' superstitious sides . Four deaths in the morning implies that three more deaths are due for the day . This makes Izzie nervous about Denny 's surgery , and a jealous Alex informs Denny of the likelihood of his death , prompting Izzie to completely end their relationship . Meredith and Bailey treat a woman who claims to have been struck by lightning , but the patient keeps lying about the true cause of the injury . Cristina treats a patient in a car accident who has OCD . Meanwhile , Derek and Addison discuss making a more permanent living arrangement , and Dr. Webber treats a former sponsor from his Alcoholics Anonymous group . George is tasked with stealing back one of Burke 's caps from Cristina . Izzie kisses Denny after he survives his surgery . 31 22 `` The Name of the Game '' Seith Mann Blythe Robe April 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 02 ) 22.35 Bailey worries Dr. Webber is mommy - tracking her and becomes Derek 's intern for the day . George begins a relationship with Callie and finds her living in the hospital . Meredith takes up knitting -- and a vow of celibacy . Cristina competes with Webber during classroom exercises . Burke tries to teach Alex a lesson about bedside manner , but it 's a lesson that falls on deaf ears . Izzie tries to get George to move back into the house . George discovers that his and Addison 's patient is Meredith 's half - sister . Meredith meets Doc 's vet , and takes a shine to him . 32 23 `` Blues for Sister Someone '' Jeff Melman Elizabeth Klaviter April 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ) 20.76 Izzie grills George about the personal details of his life , and under instructions from Derek , tries to get a divorce lawyer to have a seizure so he can operate on her . Addison and Alex treat a pregnant woman who is expecting her seventh child , and face a difficult decision when the woman requests her tubes be tied off - record in order for her to avoid telling her very religious husband that she does n't want to have any more children . Burke performs surgery on his musical hero who wants a pacemaker removed as it has ruined his ability to play the violin . Meredith learns from Denny that life is too short to follow the rules , and decides to abandon her knitting and accept a date with Doc 's vet . George moves back in with Izzie and Meredith . Derek finally agrees to have hot sex with Addison . 33 24 `` Damage Case '' Tony Goldwyn Mimi Schmir May 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 07 ) 21.99 A family is involved in a car accident caused by a surgical intern from another hospital . The young pregnant wife has massive injuries and eventually dies , though Alex performs a Caesarean section to save the baby . Derek is angry at Meredith after he sees her at the vet 's . Burke is angry at Cristina after she fell asleep during sex the previous night . George does not stand up for Callie to his roommates and Denny is becoming angry at being stuck in bed with no end in sight . 34 25 `` 17 Seconds '' Daniel Minahan Mark Wilding May 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 14 ) 22.60 Part one of a three - part story arc . Gunshot victims from a nearby restaurant crowd Seattle Grace and the doctors are fully occupied . Cristina has an engaged couple who are arguing over him ducking behind her during the shooting , Meredith and Callie 's patient could lose his leg , and Derek and George have a 12 - week pregnant girl . Knowing that Derek is mad at Meredith for dating Finn , Addison yells at him in the hallways , not realizing everyone can hear . Meredith asks Callie for advice on bone cancer in dogs . Burke is still angry at Cristina and chooses Alex over her to go with him to retrieve a heart for Denny . When Izzie finds out that Denny is not about to get the heart , she takes the matter in her own hands . Callie professes her love to George , but before he can answer her , Izzie asks for his help with Denny , and he goes with her . As Burke races back to SGH to keep Izzie from doing something drastic , both Burke and Denny wind up in critical situations . 35 26 `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' Rob Corn Tony Phelan & Joan Rater May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22.50 Part two of a three - part story arc . The interns help Izzie keep Denny alive after she 's cut his left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) wire . Derek must perform surgery on Burke 's shoulder and risk doing irreparable damage to the nerves . Cristina freezes in the O.R. during Burke 's surgery . Webber discovers his niece 's cancer has returned . Adele reveals to Webber that she knew about his affair with Ellis Grey . Alex fights for Denny 's heart at Mercy West , eventually offering Dr. Hahn the chance to scrub in at the surgery as Burke has been shot . Before surgery , Denny asks Izzie to marry him . However , after the heart has been inserted , it does not beat and back in Derek 's OR , Burke still can not move his fingers . 36 27 `` Losing My Religion '' Mark Tinker Shonda Rhimes May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22.50 Part three of a three - part story arc . The interns are pulled into Dr. Webber 's office for interrogation regarding the LVAD wire situation . None of them reveal the truth , protecting Izzie , but Meredith confronts Dr. Webber over his affair with her mother . Dr. Webber tells them all that they are off surgery , and they are to give his niece a prom . Burke finds a tremor in his right hand . Meredith and Derek make the decision to put Doc to sleep . Izzie accepts Denny 's marriage proposal . During the prom , Derek and Meredith reunite in an exam room . The interns find Izzie lying in bed clinging to Denny , who has died from a stroke . Izzie leaves Seattle Grace , and on her way out confesses to Dr. Webber that she cut the LVAD wire and that she quits the program . Meredith remains torn on who she should follow : Derek or Finn . DVD release ( edit ) The second season was officially released on DVD in Region 1 on September 12 , 2006 , almost two weeks before the third season premiere which aired on September 21 , 2006 . Under the title Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season -- Uncut , the box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound and widescreen format . It also contained extras available only on DVD , including extended episodes , interviews with cast and crew members , footage from behind the scenes and unaired scenes cut from the aired episodes . The same set was released in Region 4 on January 10 , 2007 , four months after its original release in the United States , whereas its first release date in Region 2 was May 28 , 2007 , being made available first in the United Kingdom . The UK set contained the last twenty - two episodes of the season , due to the first five being released on the first season DVD . The season has not been released on Blu - ray disc in any region . The DVD box set is currently no . 708 in Movies and TV on Amazon.com and no . 2670 in Film and TV on Amazon.co.uk . Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season - Uncut Set Details Special Features 27 episodes ( 4 extended ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Subtitles : English , French , Spanish Four Extended Episodes -- Expanded and Uncut The Softer Side of Dr. Bailey -- Up - Close Interview With Chandra Wilson The Doctors Are In -- Stars Answer Fans ' Most Burning Questions Deleted Scenes Exclusive Set Tour Creating `` Pink Mist '' -- Anatomy Of A Special Effect Grey 's Anatomy on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 12 , 2006 May 28 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABC Renames Television Studio '' . ABC . Walt Disney . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Full Cast and Crew '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Grey 's Anatomy '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . The Cambio Network . Wetpaint . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Magazines . Retrieved 9 May 2009 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( 26 February 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Robe , Blythe ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` From Blythe Robe , writer of `` Name of the Game '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Klaviter , Elizabeth ( 30 April 2006 ) . `` From Elizabeth Klaviter , writer of `` Blues for Sister Someone '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Mark ( 14 May 2006 ) . `` From Mark Wilding , writer of `` 17 Seconds '' `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy Season Two DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Crew Bios '' . ABC.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kate Walsh '' . Ask Men . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Seconds '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 25 . May 14 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . May 15 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . May 15 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/14/greys-anatomy-season-2-uncut Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/article/sure-igreys-anatomyi-was-a-big-hit-but-was-it-good-99320 ^ Jump up to : Todd Gilchrist ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 2 Uncut '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2014/02/28/greys-anatomy-season-10 Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 2 ( 2006 ) '' . RottenTomatoes.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' 24 , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' top Emmy noms '' . Quad City Times . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda . `` Shonda Discusses Episode '' . ABC . Grey 's Anatomy . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 19 / 05 through 05 / 28 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 22 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . January 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . April 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy episodes - season 2 '' . Grey 's Anatomy Episode Guide . TV Guide . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - grey 's anatomy on abc '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Episode Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) ER , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Law & Order , season 6 ( 1996 ) The Practice , season 2 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) 24 , season 1 ( 2002 ) Six Feet Under , season 2 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Stranger Things , season 1 ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_2)&oldid=810202524 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 22 : 31 . 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the most common system of land title in australia

Torrens title is a land registration and land transfer system , in which a state creates and maintains a register of land holdings , which serves as the conclusive evidence ( termed `` indefeasibility '' ) of title of the person recorded on the register as the proprietor ( owner ) , and of all other interests recorded on the register . The interests that are not guaranteed are called `` paramount interests '' . Ownership of land is transferred by registration of a transfer of title , instead of by the use of deeds . The Registrar would provide a Certificate of Title to the new proprietor , which is merely a copy of the related folio of the register .

Torrens title

Torrens title

torrens title

Torrens title is a land registration and land transfer system , in which a state creates and maintains a register of land holdings , which serves as the conclusive evidence ( termed `` indefeasibility '' ) of title of the person recorded on the register as the proprietor ( owner ) , and of all other interests recorded on the register . The interests that are not guaranteed are called `` paramount interests '' . Ownership of land is transferred by registration of a transfer of title , instead of by the use of deeds . The Registrar would provide a Certificate of Title to the new proprietor , which is merely a copy of the related folio of the register .

The main benefit of the system is to enhance certainty of title to land and to simplify dealings involving land . The system has been adopted by many countries , especially those in the Commonwealth of Nations , and has been extended to cover other interests , including credit interests ( such as mortgages ) , leaseholds and strata titles . The design and introduction in 1858 of the Torrens system in South Australia is generally attributed to Sir Robert Richard Torrens ( 1814 -- 31 August 1884 ) , who was Premier of the then colony , though some attribute the design to another . Contents 1 Overview 2 Background 2.1 Common law 2.2 Deeds registration 3 Creation 4 Land register 5 Effect of registration 6 Indefeasibility of title 7 Adoption 7.1 Australia 7.2 Canada 7.3 Fiji 7.4 Dominican Republic 7.5 Ireland 7.6 Israel 7.7 Malaysia 7.8 New Zealand 7.9 Philippines 7.10 Russia 7.11 Singapore 7.12 Thailand 7.13 United States 8 See also 9 References Overview ( edit ) The Torrens title system operates on the principle of `` title by registration '' ( granting the high indefeasibility of a registered ownership ) rather than `` registration of title '' . The system does away with the need for proving a chain of title ( i.e. tracing title through a series of documents ) . The State guarantees title and is usually supported by a compensation scheme for those who lose their title due to private fraud or error in the State 's operation . In most jurisdictions , there will be parcels of land which are still unregistered . The Torrens system works on three principles : Mirror principle -- the register reflects ( mirrors ) accurately and completely the current facts about title to each registered lot . This means that each dealing affecting a lot ( such as a transfer of title , a mortgage or discharge of same , a lease , an easement or a covenant ) must be entered on the register and so be viewable by cheap online search . Curtain principle -- one does not need to go behind the Certificate of Title as it contains all the information about the title . This means that ownership need not be proved by long complicated documents that are kept by the owner , as in the Private Conveyancing system . All of the necessary information regarding ownership is on the Certificate of Title . Indemnity principle -- provides for compensation of loss caused by private fraud or by errors made by the Registrar of Titles . Background ( edit ) Common law ( edit ) At common law , the vendor of land needs to show his or her ownership of the land by tracing the chain of ownership back to the earliest grant of land by the Crown to its first owner . The documents relating to transactions with the land are collectively known as the `` title deeds '' or the `` chain of title '' . This event may have occurred hundreds of years prior and could have had dozens of intervened changes in the land 's ownership . A person 's ownership over land could also be challenged , potentially causing great legal expense to land owners and hindering development . Even an exhaustive title search of the chain of title would not give the purchaser complete security , largely because of the principle , nemo dat quod non habet ( `` no one gives what he does not have '' ) and the ever - present possibility of undetected outstanding interests . For example , in the UK Court of Chancery case Pilcher v Rawlins ( 1872 ) , the vendor conveyed the fee - simple estate to P1 , but retained the title deeds and fraudulently purported to convey the fee - simple estate to P2 . The latter could receive only the title retained by the vendor -- in short , nothing . However , the case was ultimately decided in favor of P2 , over P1 . The courts of equity could not bring themselves to decide against a totally innocent ( without notice ) purchaser . The common - law position has been changed in minor respects by legislation designed to minimize the searches that should be undertaken by a prospective purchaser . In some jurisdictions , a limitation has been placed on the period of commencement of title a purchaser may require . Deeds registration ( edit ) The effect of registration under the deeds registration system was to give the instrument registered `` priority '' over all instruments that are either unregistered or not registered until later . The basic difference between the deeds registration and Torrens systems is that the former involves registration of instruments while the latter involves registration of title . Moreover , though a register of who owned what land was maintained , it was unreliable and could be challenged in the courts at any time . The limits of the deeds - registration system meant that transfers of land were slow , expensive , and often unable to create certain title . Creation ( edit ) Under the system many maps showing Australian property boundaries need to be kept . A boom in land speculation and a haphazard grant system resulted in the loss of over 75 % of the 40,000 land grants issued in the colony ( now state ) of South Australia in the early 1800s . To resolve the deficiencies of the common law and deeds registration system , Robert Torrens , a member of the colony 's House of Assembly , proposed a new title system in 1858 , and it was quickly adopted . The Torrens title system was based on a central registry of all the land in the jurisdiction of South Australia , embodied in the Real Property Act 1886 ( SA ) . All transfers of land are recorded in the register . Most importantly , ownership of the land is established by virtue of the owner 's name being recorded in the government 's register . The Torrens title also records easements and the creation and discharge of mortgages . The historical origins of the Torrens title are a matter of considerable controversy . Torrens himself acknowledged adapting his proposals from earlier systems of transfer and registration , particularly the system of registration of merchant ships in the United Kingdom . The Prussian mortgage legislation also served as an example . James E. Hogg , in Australian Torrens System with Statutes ( 1905 ) , has shown that Torrens derived ideas from many other sources and that he received assistance from a number of persons within South Australia . Stanley Robinson , in Transfer of Land in Victoria ( 1979 ) has argued that Ulrich Hübbe , a German lawyer living in South Australia in the 1850s , made the most important single contribution by adapting principles borrowed from the Hanseatic registration system in Hamburg . Nevertheless , it can not be denied that Torrens ' political activities were substantially responsible for securing acceptance of the new system in South Australia and eventually , in other Australian colonies and New Zealand . He oversaw the introduction of the system in the face of often - vicious attack from his opponents , many of whom were lawyers , who feared loss of work in conveyancing because of the introduction of a simple scheme . The Torrens system was also a marked departure from the common law of real property and its further development has been characterised by the reluctance of common - law judges to accept it . Land register ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The central aspect of the Torrens system is the land register , in which all dealings with land are recorded . The register may be a bound paper record , but today most registers are typically kept in a database . On the first registration of land under the system , the land is given a unique number ( called a volume - folio number ) which identifies the land by reference to a registered plan . The folio records the dimensions of the land and its boundaries , the name of the registered owner , and any legal interests that affect title to the land . To change the boundaries of a parcel of land , a revised plan must be prepared and registered . Once registered , the land can not be withdrawn from the system . A transfer of ownership of a parcel of land is effected by a change of the record on the register . The registrar has a duty to ensure that only legally valid changes are made to the register . To this end , the registrar will indicate what documentation he or she will require to be satisfied that there has in fact been a change of ownership . A change of ownership may come about because of a sale of the land , or the death of the registered owner , or as a result of a court order , to name only the most common ways that ownership may change . Similarly , any interest which affects or limits the ownership rights of the registered owner , such as a mortgage , can also be noted on the register . There are legal rules which regulate the rights and powers of each of these interests in relation to each other and in relation to third parties . The State guarantees the accuracy of the register and undertakes to compensate those whose rights are adversely affected by an administrative error . Claims for compensation are very rare . Effect of registration ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main difference between a common law title and a Torrens title is that a member of the general community , acting in good faith , can rely on the information on the land register as to the rights and interests of parties recorded there , and act on the basis of that information . A prospective purchaser , for example , is not required to look beyond that record . He or she does not need even to examine the Certificate of Title , the register information being paramount . This contrasts with a common law title , which is based on the principle that a vendor can not transfer to a purchaser a greater interest than he or she owns . As with a chain , the seller 's title is as good as the weakest link of the chain of title . Accordingly , if a vendor 's common law title is defective in any way , so would be the purchaser 's title . Hence , it is incumbent on the purchaser to ensure that the vendor 's title is beyond question . This may involve both inquiries and an examination of the chain of title , which can be a protracted and costly exercise each time there is a dealing in the property . The registered proprietor of Torrens land is said to have an indefeasible title , which means that only in very limited circumstances ( see following ) can his or her title be challenged . Indefeasibility of title ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The register of titles is said to confer `` indefeasibility of title '' to the person or persons registered on the register as proprietor or joint proprietors of land . Although the concept of indefeasibility is similar to that of conclusive evidence , in practice there are some limitations to indefeasibility , and different jurisdictions have different laws and provisions . For example , in the Australian state of Victoria , the Torrens system is manifested in the Transfer of Land Act 1958 ( Vic ) . Upon registration of an interest and subsequent recording on title of the interest , the registered owner 's claim to that interest is superior to all other claims other than those listed in s. 42 of that Act , which provides that the title of the registered interest holder is subject to , inter alia : those listed on the title , those claiming the land on a prior folio ( s. 42 ( 1 ) ( a ) ) , where the land is included by wrong description on the part of the Registrar and the proprietor is not or has not derived title from a purchaser ' for value ' ( s. 42 ( 1 ) ( b ) , `` paramount interests '' ( s. 42 ( 2 ) ( a ) - ( f ) ) -- these interests , although even possibly unregistered , are ' superior ' to interests that are registered . Additionally , there are other exceptions or circumstances that can defeat indefeasibility , such as : fraud committed by the registered interest holder ( principle of immediate indefeasibility ) . See , for example , the New Zealand case of Efstratiou , Glantschnig , and Petrovic v Glantschnig , judicial action , where it can be shown that there was some contractual promise or undertaking by the registered party vis - à - vis the unregistered party , inconsistent legislation ( in which case the most recent legislation prevails ) , volunteer , where the registering party acquires the interest for no consideration ( e.g. bequeathed in a will ) . By contrast , in New South Wales volunteers are entitled to indefeasibility . Adoption ( edit ) The adoption of the Torrens title registry throughout the British Commonwealth , and its legal context , was covered in depth by James Edward Hogg in 1920 . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Australian property law All Australian colonies ( now states and territories ) introduced the Torrens system between 1857 and 1875 . Since then , each state has maintained a land titles register of land in the state . The Torrens system did not replace the common law system but applied only to new land grants and to land that has been voluntarily registered under the relevant Act . The common law system continues to apply to all other private landholdings . Land in government hands is called crown land . Canada ( edit ) The second Torrens jurisdiction in the world was established in 1861 in the then - British colony of Vancouver Island , now part of the Canadian province of British Columbia . Canada , through the federal Parliament in 1886 , implemented the Torrens system in the Northwest Territories . It has continued to be used by the three Prairie provinces ( Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba ) into which the southern part of the Northwest Territories was divided . British Columbia uses a modified Torrens system . Since 1885 , Ontario has used an English system , which is not a Torrens system , but it has similar purposes . In Ontario , electronic registration led to this version covering almost all land , but the past deeds registration still governs some issues . For properties still under deeds registration , a 40 - year rule governed title , but the government converted them under a streamlined process . New Brunswick and Nova Scotia converted from a Deeds registration system to a Torrens title system in the 2000s , with the expense of the changeover charged to the purchaser . The only provinces in Canada which do not have Torrens titles include Newfoundland and Labrador , Prince Edward Island , and Quebec , which is a civil rather than common law jurisdiction and instead uses the cadastre system . Fiji ( edit ) Fiji 's Torrens statute is the Land Transfer Act 1971 . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Dominican Republic has been using the Torrens Title System since 1920 . All of commercial property and most real estate within the main cities are registered and thus guaranteed under the system . An acceleration of registration for land in the rural areas is underway in the 21st century , to promote a more efficient and effective real estate market in the Dominican Republic . Ireland ( edit ) Ireland first began to operate a Torrens Title system in 1892 . So - called registered land ( i.e. land held under a Torrens title ) is recorded in the Republic of Ireland using a system of numbered county - level folios . The land registry is operated by the Property Registration Authority , a government agency , and records both freehold and leasehold titles , along with easements / profits - a-prendre , mortgages , and any other charges over land . It is compulsory to create a folio in the land registry if land is sold / transferred / subdivided , multi-storey buildings are erected , or a new lease ( over five years ) is created . The vast majority of land in Ireland ( by acreage ) is held under Torrens title as compulsory registration in the land registry upon sale has been a requirement in rural areas for many years . Compulsory registration was extended to the ( more urban ) counties of Cork , Dublin , Galway , Limerick and Waterford in the last decade , thus extending mandatory Torrens title to every part of the Republic of Ireland . Israel ( edit ) See also : Israeli land and property laws A Torrens title system was implemented by the British in Mandatory Palestine , and continued to be used since Israel 's foundation in 1948 . As of 2016 , about 4 % of the country 's land area is still registered under a pre-Torrens , deeds registration system . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia has adopted three versions of the Torrens system : For Peninsular Malaysia , this is enacted in the National Land Code , Act 56 of 1965 . For the state of Sarawak , this is enacted in the Sarawak Land Code , Chapter 81 of 1958 . For the state of Sabah , this is enacted in the Land Ordinance ( Sabah Chapter 68 ) . Unlike the National Land Code and the Sarawak Land Code , the Land Ordinance ( Sabah Chapter 68 ) does not provide any indefeasibility of title . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand adopted a similar system from 1870 . The Land Transfer ( Compulsory Registration of Titles ) Act 1924 brought most of the remaining land in the country under the Torrens system and by 1951 the register was considered complete , although small remnants of land may still exist under the deeds system . The Torrens system is now implemented by the Land Transfer Act 1952 . However , the implementation by the 1952 Act will soon be superseded by the Land Transfer Act 2017 . Philippines ( edit ) The Torrens system was established in the Philippines on November 6 , 1902 by the enactment of Act No. 496 , `` The Land Registration Act '' , which was virtually identical to the Real Property Act of Massachusetts of 1898 . Russia ( edit ) Russia adopted the Torrens system soon after the founding of the Soviet Union . Currently , the accounting and registration system for rights to immovable property in Russia is governed by two federal laws , which have adopted some of the elements and principles of the Torrens system . Accounting for land , buildings and natural sites is recorded in a database of real estate cadastre under federal law of 2007 No 221 - FZ `` On State Real Estate Cadastre '' . Transactions by the account holder of these facilities is recorded in another database : `` the Unified State Register of rights to immovable property and transactions with them '' on the basis of federal law of 1997 No 122 - FZ `` On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith '' . Both laws established openness cadastre and registry information , and assigned to a single organization responsible for their management - Rosreestr . Entry in the Unified State Register of real property rights is a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of property rights to real estate . For information about the property , contained in the cadastre and registry , sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map . With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property . These laws are not , however , establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases . In 2015 , the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property . The bill was supported by the Government . According to some experts , the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks . Singapore ( edit ) Singapore adopted a version of the Torrens system beginning in 1960 with the Land Titles Act , Chapter 157 . Conversion of all titles was completed in 2001 . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand adopted the Torrens system in 1901 after King Chulalongkorn established The Royal Thai Survey Department , a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces , engaged in Cadastral survey , which is the survey of specific land parcels to define ownership for land registration , and for equitable taxation . United states ( edit ) States with a limited implementation include Minnesota , Virginia , Massachusetts , Colorado , Georgia , Hawaii , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , and Washington . The state of Illinois was the first state to adopt a Torrens Title Act , which used a limited Torrens system in Cook County after the Great Chicago Fire , however this system was allowed to expire on January 1 , 1992 , after it was found to be unpopular with lenders and other institutions . See also ( edit ) Cadastre , the equivalent concept in the French civil law Strata title , an enhancement of Torrens Title intended for apartment buildings and house - typed units . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A COMPARISON OF THE AUSTRALIAN ( ' TORRENS ' ) SYSTEM OF LAND REGISTRATION OF 1858 AND THE LAW OF HAMBURG IN THE 1850S Jump up ^ Real Property Act 1900 ( NSW ) s 134 . Jump up ^ Land & Property Information . `` Land titles '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ruoff , Theodore B.F. ( 1957 ) . An Englishman looks at the Torrens system . Sydney : Law Book Company of Australasia Pty Ltd. p. 106 . Jump up ^ The Law Reports ( of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting ) : Equity Cases , Including Bankruptcy Cases , Before the Master of the Rolls , the Vice-chancellors , and the Chief Judge in Bankruptcy , Volume 11 , 1870 - 71 , 34 Vic , p. 52 Jump up ^ COURT OF APPEAL IN CHANCERY - PILCHER v. RAWLINS , 1872 Jump up ^ Pilcher v Rawlins ( 1872 ) 7 Ch App 259 , Court of Appeal , from Bradbrook , MacCallum and Moore , 2007 , Australian Property Law : Cases and Materials , Lawbook Co. , NSW Jump up ^ Hoffmann Karl Bernhard Edler von , Deutsches Kolonialrecht , G.J. Göschen , Leipzig 1907 , page 121 Jump up ^ Real Property Amendment ( Compensation ) Act 2000 ( NSW ) s 129 . Jump up ^ `` Torrens Title : Compensation for Loss '' ( PDF ) . Report 76 . NSW Law Reform Commission . 1996 . Appendix B . Jump up ^ ( Black v Garnock ( 2007 ) HCA 31 , ( 2007 ) 230 CLR 438 at p 461 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Bursill Enterprises Pty Ltd v Berger Bros Trading Co Pty Ltd ( 1971 ) HCA 9 , ( 1971 ) 124 CLR 73 , High Court ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ Hogg , James Edward ( 1920 ) . Registration of title to land throughout the empire . A treatise on the law relating to warranty of title to land by registration and transactions with registered land in Australia , New Zealand , Canada , England , Ireland , West Indies , Malaya . &c . : a sequel to `` The Australian Torrens System '' . Toronto : Carswell . p. 773 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Greg ( 2008 ) . The Law of the Land : The Advent of the Torrens System in Canada . Toronto : University of Toronto Press for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History . pp. 31 seq. , 221 . ISBN 9780802099136 . Jump up ^ An Act respecting Real Property in the Territories , S.C. 1886 , c. 26 ; R.S.C. 1886 , c. 51 . Jump up ^ Thom : `` Canadian Torrens System '' ( 1912 ) Jump up ^ It was based on the English Land Transfer Act 1875 ( see Brickdale and Sheldon , The Land Transfer Acts , 1875 and 1897 ) . The compensation section is based on the now superseded sections 144 and 145 of the Transfer of Land Act 1866 of the Australian state of Victoria . Jump up ^ On the conversion , see John R. Wood , Understanding Electronic Registration : Rights of Way and Property Rights Generally , Carswell , ( 2014 ) 38 R.P.R. ( 5th ) 4 . Jump up ^ D.H. Aiton : lians.ca : `` LAND TITLES - THE NEW BRUNSWICK INITIATIVE '' Jump up ^ `` Nova Scotia Land Registry '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Guzman Ariza Lawyers '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.kptg.gov.my/sites/default/files/article/NLC1956DIGITAL-VER1.pdf Jump up ^ http://ww2.sabah.gov.my/phb/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/LandOrdinance.pdf Jump up ^ McAloon , Jim ( 24 Nov 2008 ) . `` Land ownership : Provincial administration of land '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinde , G.W. , ed. ( 1971 ) . The New Zealand Torrens System Centennial Essays . Wellington : Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 409 - 63580 - 4 . Jump up ^ McRae , J.A. ; Baldwin , A.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Title to land : its origins and development of the land transfer system '' . In Baldwin , J. Law For Surveyors . University of Otago / New Zealand Institute of Surveyors . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 - Regulatory Reform and Property Rights in New Zealand '' . Learning from the Past , Adapting for the Future : Regulatory Reform in New Zealand . 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2017/0030/latest/whole.html Jump up ^ Gamsby , Perry . Philippines Property Primer . Lulu.com . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9806346 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Act No. 496 '' . Department of Agrarian Reform , Republic of the Philippines . Jump up ^ Покровский И . А . `` Основные проблемы гражданского права , глава 11 '' . Петроград , `` Право '' , 1917 год . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ 221 - ФЗ `` О государственном кадастре недвижимости '' ( с изменениями ) Jump up ^ 122 - ФЗ `` О государственной регистрации прав на недвижимое имущество и сделок с ним '' ( с изменениями ) Jump up ^ Публичная кадастровая карта Росреестра Jump up ^ Справочная информация по объектам недвижимости в режиме online Jump up ^ `` ФСБ предлагает засекретить информацию о владельцах недвижимости в России '' . РБК. 2015 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Павел Чернышов ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Секретность коррупцию не задавит '' . Газета. Ру . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Дмитрий Коптюбенко , Елена Малышева , Яна Милюкова , Светлана Бочарова ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ФСБ поможет чиновникам засекретить свою недвижимость '' . РБК . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore Statutes Online - Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Land Authority > News '' . www.sla.gov.sg . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Giblin , R.W. ( 1908 ) . `` Royal Survey Work . '' . In Wright , Arnold ; Breakspear , Oliver T. ' Twentieth century impressions of Siam ' ( Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company , London , 2008 ) pp. 121 -- 127 Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Revisor of Statutes Chapter 508 '' . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Law LIS 55 - 112 '' . Jump up ^ `` Recorded Land and Registered Land in Massachusetts Deeds.com '' . www.deeds.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Galaty , Fillmore W. ; Allaway , Wellington J. ; Kyle , Robert C. ( 2017 ) . Modern Real Estate Practice in Ohio ( 9th ed . ) . U.S. : Dearborn Real Estate Education . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4754 - 3375 - 3 . Jump up ^ Perry , Shaun Watchie ( August 2005 ) . `` Outline of the Torrens Act '' . American Bar Association . American Bar Association . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott M. ; Redford , Shaun D. ; Rubi , Jackie ( 02 / 12 / 2015 ) . `` A Torrens Law Primer '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota & Wisconsin Real Estate Attorneys . Olson & Lucas , PA . p. 3 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Torrens System Expires '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torrens_title&oldid=862701733 '' Categories : Real property law Property law Real estate Property law of New Zealand Australian property law History of South Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 한국어 עברית Kiswahili 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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who sings with jackson brown on the load out

`` The Load - Out '' describes the daily practices of a band and its road crew on a concert tour , and the emotions evoked throughout such an endeavor . The first three verses of the song consist of Browne singing and playing piano with David Lindley playing steel guitar . They are later joined by a synthesizer , followed by the rest of the band . Eventually `` The Load - Out '' segues into an interpretation of Maurice Williams ' 1960 hit `` Stay , '' sung by Browne , Rosemary Butler , and Lindley . It is Lindley who sings the falsetto .

Rosemary Butler|David Lindley

The Load - Out

the load - out

`` The Load - Out '' is a song co-written and performed live by Jackson Browne from his 1977 album Running on Empty . It is a tribute to his roadies and fans . The song was recorded live at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia , Maryland on August 27 , 1977 , as part of the tour in support of the album The Pretender .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Reaction 3 Chart positions 4 Notes History ( edit ) `` The Load - Out '' describes the daily practices of a band and its road crew on a concert tour , and the emotions evoked throughout such an endeavor . The first three verses of the song consist of Browne singing and playing piano with David Lindley playing steel guitar . They are later joined by a synthesizer , followed by the rest of the band . Eventually `` The Load - Out '' segues into an interpretation of Maurice Williams ' 1960 hit `` Stay , '' sung by Browne , Rosemary Butler , and Lindley . It is Lindley who sings the falsetto . Many radio stations played `` The Load - Out '' and `` Stay '' together as a medley , and , although it was n't released as a single to the public initially ( `` Rosie '' was the original B - side to `` Stay '' ) , `` The Load - Out '' charted as a tag - along to `` Stay '' on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts , based on airplay . `` Stay '' debuted on the Hot 100 on June 10 , 1978 as a sole A-side , but was listed along with `` The Load - Out '' on the chart beginning with the August 5 , 1978 chart for eight weeks , both showing a peak at # 20 . `` Stay '' stayed on the Hot 100 for a total of fifteen weeks . Reaction ( edit ) In his March 9 , 1978 , Rolling Stone review of the Running on Empty album , Paul Nelson discussed the song in the context of the album 's `` consciously created documentary , '' and reviewed the song 's significance placed as its finale . The `` Load - Out / Stay '' medley , he claimed , was `` worthy of such earlier '' Browne album - closing `` anthems as ' For Everyman , ' ' Before the Deluge ' and ' The Pretender . ' ' The Load - Out ' is Jackson Browne 's tribute to and summation of every aspect of live performance : the cheering audience out front , the band playing hard - nosed rock & roll , the backstage crew loading up the trucks -- and , always , the road to the next town . Packed to capacity with the data of first - rate reporting and with music so warm and soaring it belies the album 's title , this song flows triumphantly into ' Stay , ' where Browne tells us he does n't ever want it to end . '' In an essay for the 2005 Rhino Records reissue of the album , critic Anthony DeCurtis wrote that one of the major themes of the album is how `` the joy of performing before an audience lends a purpose to everything that happens - the good and the bad - behind the scene . '' That theme , he wrote , is expressed `` eloquently in the easy rolling transition from the wistful regret of `` The Load - Out '' to the smile - inducing high jinks of `` Stay . '' In 1981 , Austrian singer - songwriter Georg Danzer recorded a German cover version of this song titled Roadie - Lied . The final episode of the 2016 television series Roadies was named after the song , and featured a live performance of it by Browne . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Load - Out / Stay '' BBC Live in London , 1978 . ( with subtitles ) on YouTube . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paris , Russ . Jackson Browne Fan Page Discography Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Top 40 Music On CD.com Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson Browne Chart History . Billboard Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Billboard Hot 100 Charts - The Seventies . Wisconsin : Record Research , 1990 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Paul . Running on Empty Rolling Stone , March 9 , 1978 . Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony . `` Making the Road His Own : Jackson Browne 's Running On Empty '' Running on Empty Elektra / Rhino remastered edition , 2005 . ( hide ) Jackson Browne Studio albums Jackson Browne For Everyman Late for the Sky The Pretender Hold Out Lawyers in Love Lives in the Balance World in Motion I 'm Alive Looking East The Naked Ride Home Time the Conqueror Standing in the Breach Live albums Running on Empty Solo Acoustic , Vol. 1 Solo Acoustic , Vol. 2 Love Is Strange : En Vivo Con Tino Compilations The Next Voice You Hear : The Best of Jackson Browne The Very Best of Jackson Browne Singles `` Doctor My Eyes '' `` Rock Me on the Water '' `` Redneck Friend '' `` Take It Easy '' `` Walking Slow '' `` Fountain of Sorrow '' `` Here Come Those Tears Again '' `` The Pretender '' `` Running on Empty '' `` The Load - Out / Stay '' `` You Love the Thunder `` Boulevard '' `` That Girl Could Sing '' `` Hold On Hold Out '' `` Somebody 's Baby '' `` Lawyers in Love '' `` Tender Is the Night '' `` For a Rocker '' `` You 're a Friend of Mine '' `` For America '' `` In the Shape of a Heart '' `` Lives in the Balance '' `` I 'm Alive '' Related articles Discography Groove Masters Studios `` Song for Adam '' `` The Birds of St. Marks '' `` Jamaica Say You Will '' `` These Days '' `` For Everyman '' Looking Into You : A Tribute to Jackson Browne Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Load-Out&oldid=817942820 '' Categories : 1977 songs Jackson Browne songs Live singles Songs written by Jackson Browne Songs about touring Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 13 : 51 . 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which of the following does not pass through the kaziranga national park

Geography of Kaziranga National park

geography of kaziranga national park

Flooded grasslands in the Kaziranga National Park Kaziranga National Park ( Assamese : কাজিৰঙা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান , Kazirônga Rastriyô Uddyan , IPA : ( kaziɹɔŋa ɹastɹijɔ udːjan ) ( listen ) ) is an Indian national park and a World Heritage Site in Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam , India . It is refuge for the world 's largest population of Great One - horned Rhinoceros . Kaziranga has the highest density of tigers in the World and is declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 . The park has many Elephant , Water Buffalo and Swamp Deer . It is recognized as an Important Bird Area by Birdlife International for conservation of avifaunal species . The park has achieved notable progress in wildlife conservation despite several constraints . Kaziranga is a vast stretch of tall elephant grass , marshland and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests crisscrossed by four main rivers -- Brahmaputra , Diphlu , Mora Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri and has numerous small water bodies . Kaziranga has been the theme of several books , documentaries and songs . The park celebrated its centenary in 2005 since its establishment in 1905 as a reserve forest . Map of the park area Contents 1 Geography 2 Human habitation 3 Geology 4 Biomes 5 Notes Geography ( edit ) Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis , a threatened species , grazing within the park The park is located between latitude 26 ° 30 N to 26 ° 45 N and longitude 93 ° 08 E to 93 ° 36 E in the Kaliabor subdivision of the Nagaon district and the Bokakhat subdivision of the Golaghat district , in the state of Assam in India . It is roughly 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) long and 13 kilometres ( 8 mi ) wide , with an area of 378.22 km2 , having lost around 51.14 km2 to erosion by the Brahmaputra . A total addition of 429 km ( 166 sq mi ) along the present boundary of the park has been made and notified with separate national park status to provide extended habitat for increasing population of wildlife or as a corridor for safe movement of animals to Karbi Anglong Hills . The southern border of the park is roughly defined by the Mora Diphlu river . Further south are the hills of Barail and the Mikir . The National Highway NH - 37 was once the formal southern boundary of the park . The Brahmaputra River constitutes the dynamically changing Northern boundary of the park . The other rivers in Kaziranga are Diphlu , Mora Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri . Kaziranga is mostly flat expanses of fertile alluvial silt ( part of the highly fertile Middle Brahmaputra alluvial flood plains ) , exposed sandbars , riverine flood - formed lakes called Beels ( Beels make up as much as 5 % of the surface area ) and elevated flats called chapories where animals shelter during floods . Many artificial chapories have been built with the help of the Indian Army . The average altitude of the park ranges from 40 metres ( 131 ft ) to 80 metres ( 262 ft ) , with the Mikir Hills to the south of the park rising to around 1,220 metres ( 4,003 ft ) . Human habitation ( edit ) There are no villages within the boundary of the park . However the area outside the boundary of the park is very densely populated . There were 39 villages within a 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) radius of the park , with an estimated population of 22,300 people in 1983 -- 1984 . According to a 2002 report , the figure has risen by 184 villages with about 50,000 households . A few new settlements have come up in recent times outside the park borders for servicing the booming eco-tourism industry . Geology ( edit ) See also : Physical Geography of Assam A satellite image of the Kaziranga area showing the shifting waters of the Brahmaputra Asian elephants grazing Per the plate tectonics , Assam is in the eastern most projection of the Indian Plate , where it is thrusting underneath the Eurasian Plate creating a subduction zone . It is postulated that due to the northeasterly movement of the Indian plate , the sediment layers of an ancient geocyncline called Tethys ( in between Indian and Eurasian Plates ) have been pushed upward to form the Himalayas mountain range . Karbi Anglong plateau , which is situated to the south of the Kaziranga ( along with the Khasi and Garo Hills ) is originally part of the South Indian Plateau system . It is believed that due to the force exerted by the north - eastwardly movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin , a huge fault was created between the Rajmahal hills and the Karbi - Meghalaya plateau . Later , this depression was filled up by the depositional activity of numerous rivers . Today the Maghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau remains detached from the main Peninsular block . Average height of this plateau varies from 300 metres ( 984 ft ) to 400 metres ( 1,312 ft ) . Kaziranga National Park 's landscape is the creation of natural forces of silt deposition and erosion that has been effected by the river Brahmaputra over hundreds of years . This ongoing process of erosion and deposition becomes more severe during the floods which occur at regular intervals during the monsoon season . The Brahmaputra river in its 724 kilometres ( 450 mi ) flow through Assam receives more than a hundred tributaries flowing down from the adjoining hills . Once the tributaries hit the river valley , they lose their momentum ; deposit the silt they carry , form ox - bow lakes and alluvial fans and branch out before picking up their courses again to join the Brahmaputra . Biomes ( edit ) Kaziranga is one of the largest tracts of protected land in the sub-Himalayan belt , and due to its high species diversity and presence of high - visibility species , has been described as a `` biodiversity hotspot '' . The park is located in the Indomalaya ecozone , and the dominant biomes of the region are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests of the Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome and a frequently flooded variant of the Terai - Duar savanna and grasslands of the Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands biome . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaziranga National Park . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UN Kaziranga Factsheet '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lahan , P ; Sonowal , R. ( March 1972 ) . `` Kaziranga WildLife Sanctuary , Assam . A brief description and report on the census of large animals '' . Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 70 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 277 . ^ Jump up to : Mathur , V.B. ; Sinha , P.R. ; Mishra , Manoj . `` UNESCO EoH Project_South Asia Technical Report - Kaziranga National Park '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kaziranga National Park Archived 2006 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine ... WildPhotoToursIndia . Retrieved on 2007 - 02 - 27 Jump up ^ `` State of Conservation of the World Heritage Properties in the Asia - Pacific Region -- Kaziranga National Park '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 May 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan , Hari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Distribution of Oceans and Continents '' . Fundamentals of Physical Geography . New Delhi : NCERT . p. 37 . ISBN 81 - 7450 - 518 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan , Hari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Structure and Physiography '' . India : Physical Environment . New Delhi : NCERT . p. 17 . ISBN 81 - 7450 - 538 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Physiography of Assam '' . Directorate of Information and Public Relations , Government of Assam . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Phatarphekar , Pramila N. ( 2005 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Horn of Plenty '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Kaziranga National Park History Geography Climate Administration Conservation management Fauna Mammals Birds Reptiles Fishes Tourism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Kaziranga_National_Park&oldid=851100030 '' Categories : Kaziranga National Park Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use Indian English from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 02 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who has scored most runs in t20 international innings

Runs Bowling figures Bowler Bowling team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 69 4 -- 0 -- 69 -- 0 Barry McCarthy Ireland Afghanistan Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 68 4 -- 0 -- 68 -- 1 Kyle Abbott South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 1 James Anderson England Australia Sydney 9 January 2007 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 0 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka Pakistan Johannesburg 17 September 2007 Scorecard 63 4 -- 0 -- 63 -- 2 Rubel Hossain Bangladesh West Indies Dhaka 10 December 2012 Scorecard Bowling figures given above are in the form of `` Overs - Maidens - Runs - Wickets '' . Updated : 12 March 2017

List of Twenty20 International records

list of twenty20 international records

This article contains records for men 's Twenty20 Internationals .

Shahid Afridi has played the most matches and is the highest wicket - taker in T20I cricket . T20I World Record Team Total scoreboard Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing notation 2 Team records 2.1 Overall results 2.2 Highest innings totals 2.3 Highest successful chases 2.4 Lowest innings totals 2.5 Highest margin of victory ( by runs ) 2.6 Highest margin of victory ( by balls remaining ) 2.7 Highest margin of victory ( by wickets ) 2.8 Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) 2.9 Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) 2.10 Tied matches 2.11 Most consecutive wins by a team 2.12 Most consecutive defeats 2.13 Most sixes in an innings 2.14 Most fours in an innings 2.15 Most sixes in a match 2.16 Highest aggregate runs in a single match 2.17 Most fours in a match 3 Individual records ( batting ) 3.1 Most career runs 3.2 Most runs in a calendar year 3.3 Most 50 + Scores 3.4 Highest career strike rate 3.5 Highest career average 3.6 Most career ducks 3.7 Most career sixes 3.8 Most career fours 3.9 Highest individual score 3.10 Highest individual score ( by batting position ) 3.11 Fastest 50 3.12 Fastest 100 3.13 Most sixes in an innings 3.14 Most fours in an innings 3.15 Most runs off an over 4 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.1 Most wickets in a career 4.2 Most wickets in a calendar year 4.3 Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) in a career 4.4 Best career economy rate 4.5 Best career strike rate 4.6 Best career averages 4.7 Best figures in a match 4.8 Most runs conceded in an innings 4.9 Hat - tricks 4.10 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.10. 1 Most catches in T20I career 4.11 Individual records ( Wicket - Keeper ) 4.11. 1 Most dismissals in career 4.11. 2 Most catches in career 4.11. 3 Most stumpings in career 5 Individual records ( others ) 5.1 Most matches played in career 5.2 Most matches as a captain 5.3 Most matches as an umpire 5.4 Most matches as a match referee 5.5 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 6 Partnership records 6.1 Highest overall partnership runs by a pair 6.2 Highest partnerships ( any wicket ) 6.3 Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) 7 See also 8 References Listing notation ( edit ) Team notatioam scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 100 ) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting notation ( 100 * ) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . ( 75 ) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that . Bowling notation ( 5 / 40 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs . ( 19.5 overs ) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs ( each of six legal deliveries ) , and one incomplete over of just five deliveries . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing T20Is ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown by . Team records ( edit ) Overall results ( edit ) Team Mat Won Lost Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % Afghanistan 61 34 22 0 0 0 63.93 Australia 95 48 44 0 52.12 Bangladesh 69 21 46 0 0 31.34 Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0.00 Canada 19 14 0 0 23.68 England 96 46 45 0 50.54 Hong Kong 24 10 14 0 0 0 41.66 India 91 55 33 0 62.35 Ireland 61 26 29 0 0 6 47.27 Kenya 29 10 19 0 0 0 34.48 Nepal 11 8 0 0 0 27.27 Netherlands 45 24 19 0 0 55.81 New Zealand 100 50 43 53.57 Oman 17 5 11 0 0 31.25 Pakistan 120 72 45 0 61.25 Papua New Guinea 9 6 0 0 0 33.33 Scotland 44 18 23 0 0 43.90 South Africa 100 59 40 0 0 59.59 Sri Lanka 101 51 48 0 51.50 United Arab Emirates 26 9 17 0 0 0 34.61 West Indies 91 45 40 52.84 World XI 0 0 0 33.33 Zimbabwe 54 13 40 0 0 25.00 The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win . Last updated : 22 December 2017 Highest innings totals ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 263 / 3 ( 20.0 overs ) Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 260 / 5 ( 20.0 overs ) India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 260 / 6 ( 20.0 overs ) Sri Lanka Kenya Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 248 / 6 ( 20.0 overs ) Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 245 / 6 ( 20.0 overs ) West Indies India Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard Updated : 22 December 2017 Highest successful chases ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 236 / 6 ( 19.2 overs ) West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 230 / 8 ( 19.4 overs ) England South Africa Mumbai 18 March 2016 Scorecard 211 / 4 ( 19.2 overs ) India Sri Lanka Mohali 12 December 2009 Scorecard 208 / 2 ( 17.4 overs ) South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard 205 / 5 ( 20.0 overs ) Australia South Africa Johannesburg 6 March 2016 Scorecard Updated : 12 March 2017 Lowest innings totals ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 39 ( 10.3 overs ) Netherlands Sri Lanka Chittagong 24 March 2014 Scorecard 53 ( 14.3 overs ) Nepal Ireland Belfast 13 July 2015 Scorecard 56 ( 18.4 overs ) Kenya Afghanistan Sharjah 30 September 2013 Scorecard 57 ( 19.3 overs ) New Zealand Sri Lanka Chittagong 31 March 2014 Scorecard 67 ( 17.2 overs ) Kenya Ireland Belfast 4 August 2008 Scorecard Qualification : Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included . Updated : 12 March 2017 If the qualification is removed , there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands . Six of those innings were 0 / 0 ( 0 overs ) , of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results . The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29 / 1 by Zimbabwe . Batting second , Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka . After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe 's innings , rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29 / 1 . With no further play possible , the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs . The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36 / 1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe . Batting second , New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed , rain prevented any further play from occurring . The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs . The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada . Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets . Highest margin of victory ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 172 runs Sri Lanka ( 260 / 6 ) beat Kenya ( 88 ) Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 130 runs South Africa ( 211 / 5 ) beat Scotland ( 81 ) London ( Oval ) 7 June 2009 Scorecard 119 runs New Zealand ( 243 / 5 ) beat West Indies ( 124 ) Mount Maunganui 3 January 2018 Scorecard 116 runs England ( 196 / 5 ) beat Afghanistan ( 80 ) Colombo ( RPS ) 21 September 2012 Scorecard 109 runs Zimbabwe ( 184 / 5 ) beat Canada ( 75 ) King City 13 October 2008 Scorecard Updated : 3 January 2018 Highest margin of victory ( by balls remaining ) ( edit ) Balls Rem Teams Venue Date Scorecard 90 balls Sri Lanka ( 40 / 1 ) beat Netherlands ( 39 ) Chittagong 24 March 2014 Scorecard 76 balls Ireland ( 72 / 0 ) beat Kenya ( 71 ) Dubai ( DSC ) 14 March 2012 Scorecard 74 balls New Zealand ( 74 / 1 ) beat Kenya ( 73 ) Durban 12 September 2007 Scorecard 73 balls Afghanistan ( 75 / 0 ) beat Ireland ( 71 ) Dubai 20 January 2017 Scorecard 72 balls Ireland ( 54 / 2 ) beat Nepal ( 53 ) Belfast 13 July 2015 Scorecard Updated : 12 March 2017 Highest margin of victory ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 10 wickets New Zealand ( 171 / 0 ) beat Pakistan ( 168 / 7 ) Hamilton 17 January 2016 http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11180/scorecard/914223 10 wickets South Africa ( 132 / 0 ) beat Pakistan ( 129 / 8 ) Johannesburg 2 February 2007 Scorecard 10 wickets Australia ( 102 / 0 ) beat Sri Lanka ( 101 ) Cape Town 20 September 2007 Scorecard 10 wickets Kenya ( 110 / 0 ) beat Scotland ( 109 / 9 ) Nairobi ( Gym ) 1 February 2010 Scorecard 10 wickets New Zealand ( 79 / 0 ) beat Bangladesh ( 78 ) Hamilton 3 February 2010 Scorecard 10 wickets Kenya ( 126 / 0 ) beat Scotland ( 123 ) Nairobi ( Gym ) 4 February 2010 Scorecard Updated : 12 March 2017 Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 1 run West Indies ( 245 / 6 ) beat India ( 244 / 4 ) Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 1 run India ( 146 / 7 ) beat Bangladesh ( 145 / 9 ) Bengaluru 23 March 2016 Scorecard 1 run Australia ( 150 / 7 ) beat New Zealand ( 149 / 5 ) Sydney 15 February 2009 Scorecard 1 run South Africa ( 128 / 7 ) beat New Zealand ( 127 / 5 ) Lord 's 9 June 2009 Scorecard 1 run England ( 202 / 6 ) beat South Africa ( 127 / 3 ) Johannesburg 13 November 2009 Scorecard 1 run New Zealand ( 133 / 7 ) beat Pakistan ( 132 / 7 ) Bridgetown 8 May 2010 Scorecard 1 run South Africa ( 120 / 7 ) beat West Indies ( 119 / 7 ) North Sound 20 May 2010 Scorecard Updated : 27 August 2016 ^ ( a ) Rain interrupted play in South Africa 's innings with South Africa having scored 127 / 3 after 13 overs . The par score at this point was 128 . Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run . Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 1 wicket England ( 158 / 9 ) beat Australia ( 157 / 4 ) Adelaide 12 January 2011 Scorecard 1 wicket Netherlands ( 131 / 9 ) beat Kenya ( 128 ) The Hague 26 July 2012 Scorecard 1 wicket Pakistan ( 174 / 9 ) beat Sri Lanka ( 172 / 7 ) Colombo ( RPS ) 1 August 2015 Scorecard Updated : 3 April 2016 Tied matches ( edit ) See also : List of tied Twenty20 Internationals Teams Tie Break Venue Date Scorecard West Indies ( 126 / 8 ) tied New Zealand ( 126 / 7 ) New Zealand won bowl - out Auckland 16 February 2006 Scorecard India ( 141 / 9 ) tied Pakistan ( 141 / 7 ) India won bowl - out Durban 14 September 2007 Scorecard Canada ( 135 / 7 ) tied Zimbabwe ( 135 / 9 ) Zimbabwe won bowl - out King City 11 October 2008 Scorecard West Indies ( 155 / 8 ) tied New Zealand ( 155 / 7 ) West Indies won Super Over Auckland 26 December 2008 Scorecard Australia ( 214 / 4 ) tied New Zealand ( 214 / 6 ) New Zealand won Super Over Christchurch 28 February 2010 Scorecard Australia ( 151 / 4 ) tied Pakistan ( 151 / 8 ) Pakistan won Super Over Dubai ( DSC ) 7 September 2012 Scorecard Sri Lanka ( 174 / 6 ) tied New Zealand ( 174 / 7 ) Sri Lanka won Super Over Pallekele 27 September 2012 Scorecard West Indies ( 139 ) tied New Zealand ( 139 / 7 ) West Indies won Super Over Pallekele 1 October 2012 Scorecard England ( 154 / 8 ) tied Pakistan ( 154 / 7 ) England won Super Over Sharjah 30 November 2015 Scorecard Even though tie - breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches , for statistical purposes , these matches are considered as ties . Updated : 3 April 2016 Most consecutive wins by a Team ( edit ) Wins Team First win Last win 11 Afghanistan West Indies at Nagpur , 27 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) Ireland at Greater Noida , 12 March 2017 ( Scorecard ) 8 England Pakistan at Bridgetown , 6 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) Australia at Adelaide , 12 January 2011 ( Scorecard ) 8 Ireland Kenya at Mombasa , 22 February 2012 ( Scorecard ) Afghanistan at Dubai ( DSC ) , 24 March 2012 ( Scorecard ) 7 South Africa Australia at Johannesburg , 27 March 2009 ( Scorecard ) India at Nottingham , 16 June 2009 ( Scorecard ) 7 Pakistan New Zealand at London ( Oval ) , 13 June 2009 ( Scorecard ) New Zealand at Dubai ( DSC ) , 13 November 2009 ( Scorecard ) 7 India Pakistan at Ahmedabad , 28 December 2012 ( Scorecard ) South Africa at Dhaka , 4 April 2014 ( Scorecard ) 7 India Sri Lanka at Ranchi , 12 February 2016 ( Scorecard ) Bangladesh at Dhaka , 6 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through , usually due to rain . Updated : 2 June 2017 Most consecutive defeats ( edit ) Defeats Team First defeat Last defeat 16 Zimbabwe Sri Lanka at Providence , 3 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) West Indies at North Sound , 3 March 2013 ( Scorecard ) 12 Netherlands South Africa at Cape Town , 15 September 2007 ( Scorecard ) Australia at Bridgetown , 5 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) 9 United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka at Dhaka , 25 February 2016 ( Scorecard ) Ireland at Dubai , 18 January 2017 ( Scorecard ) 8 Zimbabwe Pakistan at Kolkata , 16 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) Sri Lanka at Colombo , 4 April 2017 ( Scorecard ) No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through , usually due to rain . * indicates that the sequence is ongoing Updated : 12 April 2017 Most sixes in an innings ( edit ) Sixes Batting Team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 21 West Indies India Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 19 Netherlands Ireland Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 18 Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 17 South Africa England Centurion 15 November 2009 Scorecard Afghanistan Scotland Edinburgh 12 July 2015 Scorecard New Zealand West Indies Mount Maunganui 3 January 2018 Scorecard Updated : 3 January 2018 Most fours in an innings ( edit ) Fours Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 30 Sri Lanka Kenya Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 29 Sri Lanka India Nagpur 9 December 2009 Scorecard 26 West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 25 Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 24 South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard Updated : 6 September 2016 Most sixes in a match ( edit ) Sixes Teams Venue Date Scorecard 32 West Indies ( 21 ) v India ( 11 ) Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard 31 India ( 21 ) v Sri Lanka ( 10 ) Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 30 Ireland ( 11 ) v Netherlands ( 19 ) Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 28 Afghanistan ( 16 ) v Ireland ( 12 ) Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 26 Afghanistan ( 17 ) v Scotland ( 9 ) Edinburgh 12 July 2015 Scorecard Updated : 22 December 2017 Highest aggregate runs in a single match ( edit ) Runs Teams Venue Date Scorecard 489 West Indies ( 245 / 6 ) v India ( 244 / 4 ) Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 467 South Africa ( 231 / 7 ) v West Indies ( 236 / 6 ) ( 19.2 ) Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 459 South Africa ( 229 / 4 ) v England ( 230 / 8 ) Mumbai 18 March 2016 Scorecard 457 Australia ( 248 / 6 ) v England ( 209 / 6 ) Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 441 Australia ( 263 / 3 ) v Sri Lanka ( 178 / 9 ) Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard Updated : 7 September 2016 Most fours in a match ( edit ) Fours Teams Venue Date Scorecard 47 India ( 18 ) v Sri Lanka ( 29 ) Nagpur 9 December 2009 Scorecard 44 South Africa ( 18 ) v West Indies ( 26 ) Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 43 South Africa ( 24 ) v West Indies ( 19 ) London 13 June 2009 Scorecard 43 Bangladesh ( 22 ) v Pakistan ( 21 ) Kandy 25 September 2012 Scorecard 43 England ( 24 ) v Australia ( 19 ) Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 43 Australia ( 24 ) v India ( 19 ) Rajkot 10 October 2013 Scorecard Updated : 22 December 2017 Individual records ( Batting ) ( edit ) See also : List of centuries in Twenty20 International cricket Most career runs ( edit ) Runs Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 2,140 70 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 1,956 50 Virat Kohli ‡ India 2010 -- present 1,889 79 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 1,821 86 Shoaib Malik ‡ Pakistan 2006 -- present 1,810 60 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand 2009 -- present Updated : 1 November 2017 Most runs in a calendar year ( edit ) Runs Innings Batsman Team Year 645 13 Virat Kohli India 2016 520 15 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2016 497 18 Rohit Sharma India 2016 472 13 Martin Guptill New Zealand 2012 471 12 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2009 471 13 Virat Kohli India 2012 Updated : 18 February 2017 Most 50 + Scores ( edit ) 50 + ( 100 + 50 ) Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 18 ( 0 + 18 ) 46 Virat Kohli India 2010 -- present 15 ( 2 + 13 ) 48 Chris Gayle West Indies 2006 -- present 15 ( 2 + 13 ) 70 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 14 ( 1 + 13 ) 79 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 14 ( 2 + 12 ) 63 Rohit Sharma India 2007 -- present Updated : 24 December 2017 Highest career strike rate ( edit ) Strike rate Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 165.48 507 Glenn Maxwell Australia 2012 -- present 154.96 302 Evin Lewis West Indies 2016 -- present 157.57 475 Colin Munro New Zealand 2012 -- present 150.83 301 Lokesh Rahul India 2016 -- present 150.75 932 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 Qualification : 250 balls . Updated : 22 December 2017 Highest career average ( edit ) Average Innings Runs Batsman T20I career span 52.86 51 1,956 Virat Kohli ‡ 2010 -- present 37.93 36 1,176 Kevin Pietersen 2005 -- 2013 37.73 33 1,132 Aaron Finch ‡ 2011 -- present 36.95 67 1,700 JP Duminy ‡ 2007 -- present 36.43 74 1,348 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ‡ 2006 -- present Qualification : 1,000 runs Last updated : 22 December 2017 Most career ducks ( edit ) Ducks Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 10 79 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 9 45 Luke Wright England 2007 -- 2014 8 52 Kevin O'Brien ‡ Ireland 2008 -- present 8 77 Umar Akmal ‡ Pakistan 2009 -- present 8 90 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 Last updated : 12 March 2017 Most career sixes ( edit ) Updated : 10 July 2017 Sixes Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 103 1064 Chris Gayle West Indies 2006 -- present 91 1571 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 83 1006 Shane Watson Australia 2006 -- 2016 76 1374 Martin Guptill New Zealand 2009 -- present 74 1208 David Warner Australia 2009 -- present 74 1208 Yuvraj Singh India 2007 -- present Most career fours ( edit ) Fours Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 223 1567 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 208 1428 Virat Kohli ‡ India 2010 -- present 200 1300 Mohammad Shahzad ‡ Afghanistan 2010 -- present 199 1571 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 178 1403 Mohammad Hafeez ‡ Pakistan 2006 -- present Updated : 12 March 2017 Highest individual score ( edit ) Runs Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 156 Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 145 * Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 125 * Evin Lewis West Indies India Kingston 9 July 2017 Scorecard 124 * Shane Watson Australia India Sydney 31 January 2016 Scorecard 123 Brendon McCullum New Zealand Bangladesh Pallekele 21 September 2012 Scorecard Updated : 9 July 2017 Highest individual score ( by batting position ) ( edit ) Runs Position Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 145 * Position 1 Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 156 Position 2 Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 123 Position 3 Brendon McCullum New Zealand Bangladesh Pallekele 21 September 2012 Scorecard 110 * Position 4 K.L. Rahul India West Indies Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard 101 * Position 5 David Miller South Africa Bangladesh Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard 85 * Position 6 Cameron White Australia Sri Lanka Bridgetown 9 May 2010 Scorecard 89 Position 7 Mohammad Nabi Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 52 * Position 8 Ragheb Aga Kenya Scotland ICCA Dubai 19 November 2013 Scorecard 46 Position 9 Anwar Ali Pakistan Sri Lanka Colombo ( RPS ) 1 August 2015 Scorecard 40 Position 10 Sompal Kami Nepal Hong Kong Colombo ( PSS ) 24 November 2014 Scorecard 18 Position 11 Paul van Meekeren Netherlands Hong Kong Dubai 18 January 2017 Scorecard Updated : 29 October 2017 Fastest 50 ( edit ) Balls Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 12 Yuvraj Singh India England Durban 19 September 2007 Scorecard 14 Colin Munro New Zealand Sri Lanka Auckland 10 January 2016 Scorecard 17 Paul Stirling Ireland Afghanistan Dubai ( DSC ) 24 March 2012 Scorecard 17 Stephan Myburgh Netherlands Ireland Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 17 Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa Cape Town 9 January 2015 Scorecard Updated : 29 August 2016 Fastest 100 ( edit ) Updated : 22 December 2017 Balls Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 35 David Miller South Africa Bangladesh Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard 35 Rohit Sharma India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 45 Richard Levi South Africa New Zealand Hamilton 19 February 2012 Scorecard 46 K.L. Rahul India West Indies Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 46 Francois du Plessis South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard Most sixes in an innings ( edit ) Sixes Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 14 ( 63 ) Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 13 ( 51 ) Richard Levi South Africa New Zealand Hamilton 19 February 2012 Scorecard 11 ( 48 ) Chris Gayle West Indies England Mumbai 16 March 2016 Scorecard 10 ( 41 ) Corey Anderson New Zealand Bangladesh Mount Maunganui 8 January 2017 Scorecard 10 ( 43 ) Rohit Sharma India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 10 ( 53 ) Colin Munro New Zealand West Indies Mount Maunganui 3 January 2018 Scorecard 10 ( 57 ) Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard Updated : 3 January 2018 Most fours in an innings ( edit ) Fours Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 14 ( 55 ) Herschelle Gibbs South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard 14 ( 52 ) Aaron Finch Australia India Rajkot 10 October 2013 Scorecard 14 ( 65 ) Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 13 ( 53 ) Ricky Ponting Australia India Mumbai 20 October 2007 Scorecard 13 ( 30 ) Aaron Redmond New Zealand Ireland Nottingham 11 June 2009 Scorecard Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings . Updated : 6 September 2016 Most runs off an over ( edit ) Runs Sequence Batsman Batting team Bowler Venue Date Scorecard 36 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Yuvraj Singh India Stuart Broad Durban 19 September 2007 Scorecard 32 6 -- 6 -- w -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 Evin Lewis West Indies Stuart Binny Lauderhill , Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 32 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- nb -- ( nb + 4 ) -- 4 -- 6 -- 2 Jos Buttler England Wayne Parnell Edgbaston 12 September 2012 Scorecard 32 4 -- wk -- ( nb + 6 ) -- ( nb + 1 ) -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 Jonny Bairstow Luke Wright England Izatullah Dawlatzai Colombo ( RPS ) 21 September 2012 Scorecard 31 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 David Miller South Africa Mohammad Saifuddin Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard Key : nb -- No - ball ( nb + X ) -- A no - ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat Ynb -- A no - ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no - ball and Y - 1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes ( however , all Y runs will be scored as no - balls on the scorecard ) w -- Wide wk -- Wicket Updated : 29 October 2017 ^ ( a ) The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike . Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over . Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries . Individual records ( Bowling ) ( edit ) See also : List of five - wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket Most wickets in a career ( edit ) Wickets Innings Bowler Team T20I career span 97 96 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 90 68 Lasith Malinga Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2017 85 60 Umar Gul Pakistan 2007 -- 2016 85 63 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2015 73 60 Shakib Al Hasan ‡ Bangladesh 2006 -- present Updated : 01 November 2017 Most wickets in a calendar year ( edit ) Wickets Matches Bowler Team Year 28 21 Jasprit Bumrah India 2016 27 14 Dirk Nannes Australia 25 16 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2012 23 11 Yuzvendra Chahal India 2017 23 15 Rashid Khan Afghanistan 2016 Updated : 24 December 2017 Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) in a career ( edit ) 4 + ( 4 + 5 ) Matches Bowler Team T20I career span 6 ( 4 + 2 ) 60 Umar Gul ‡ Pakistan 2007 -- present 5 ( 3 + 2 ) 39 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 4 ( 4 + 0 ) 64 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2015 Updated : 3 April 2016 Best career economy rate ( edit ) Economy rate Overs bowled Bowler Team T20I career span 5.59 120.0 Samuel Badree West Indies 2012 -- present 5.70 131.1 Daniel Vettori New Zealand 2007 -- 2014 6.04 138.4 Sunil Narine West Indies 2012 -- present 6.17 87.0 Boyd Rankin England / Ireland 2009 -- present 6.20 102.0 Harbhajan Singh India 2006 -- present Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 18 February 2017 Best career strike rate ( edit ) Strike rate Wickets Overs Bowled Bowler Team T20I career span 12.8 54 115.5 Imran Tahir South Africa 2013 -- present 13.0 44 95.5 Ahsan Malik Netherlands 2012 -- present 13.4 66 147.3 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 14.1 85 200.3 Umar Gul Pakistan 2007 -- present 15.0 52 130.4 George Dockrell Ireland 2010 -- present Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 18 February 2017 . Best career averages ( edit ) Average Wickets Runs conceded Bowler Team T20I career span 13.70 54 740 Imran Tahir South Africa 2013 -- present 13.82 40 553 Rashid Khan Afghanistan 2015 -- present 14.42 66 952 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 15.97 42 671 Samuel Badree West Indies 2012 -- present 16.59 44 730 Ahsan Malik Netherlands 2012 -- present Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 12 March 2017 . Best figures in a match ( edit ) Figures Bowler Bowling team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 6 / 8 ( 4.0 overs ) Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Hambantota 18 September 2012 Scorecard 6 / 16 ( 4.0 overs ) Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka Australia Pallekele 8 August 2011 Scorecard 6 / 25 ( 4.0 overs ) Yuzvendra Chahal India England Bangalore 1 February 2017 Scorecard 5 / 3 ( 3.3 overs ) Rangana Herath Sri Lanka New Zealand Chittagong 31 March 2014 Scorecard 5 / 3 ( 2.0 overs ) Rashid Khan Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida 10 March 2017 Scorecard Updated : 10 March 2017 Most runs conceded in an innings ( edit ) Runs Bowling figures Bowler Bowling team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 69 4 -- 0 -- 69 -- 0 Barry McCarthy Ireland Afghanistan Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 68 4 -- 0 -- 68 -- 1 Kyle Abbott South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 1 James Anderson England Australia Sydney 9 January 2007 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 0 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka Pakistan Johannesburg 17 September 2007 Scorecard 63 4 -- 0 -- 63 -- 2 Rubel Hossain Bangladesh West Indies Dhaka 10 December 2012 Scorecard Bowling figures given above are in the form of `` Overs - Maidens - Runs - Wickets '' . Updated : 12 March 2017 Hat - tricks ( edit ) See also : List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks Key Hat - trick taken in a World Cup match ( b ) Bowled ( c ) Caught ( cb ) Caught and bowled ( lbw ) Leg before wicket ( st ) Stumped Wicket - keeper No . Bowler For Against Wickets Venue Date Ref . Brett Lee Australia Bangladesh Shakib Al Hasan ( c Gilchrist ) Mashrafe Mortaza ( b ) Alok Kapali ( lbw ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 16 September 2007 Jacob Oram New Zealand Sri Lanka Angelo Mathews ( c and b ) Malinga Bandara ( c McCullum ) Nuwan Kulasekara ( c Broom ) Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2 September 2009 Tim Southee New Zealand Pakistan Younis Khan ( c Brownlie ) Mohammad Hafeez ( c McGlashan ) Umar Akmal ( lbw ) Eden Park , Auckland 26 December 2010 Thisara Perera Sri Lanka India Hardik Pandya ( c Senanayake ) Suresh Raina ( c Chameera ) Yuvraj Singh ( c Gunathilaka ) JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi 12 February 2016 5 Lasith Malinga Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mushfiqur Rahim ( b ) Mashrafe Mortaza ( b ) Mehedi Hasan ( lbw ) R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 6 April 2017 6 Faheem Ashraf Pakistan Sri Lanka Isuru Udana ( c Hasan Ali ) Mahela Udawatte ( c Babar Azam ) Dasun Shanaka ( lbw ) Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 27 October 2017 Source : ESPNcricinfo . Last Updated : 27 October 2017 Individual records ( fielding ) ( edit ) Most catches in T20I career ( edit ) Catches Innings Fielder Team T20I career span 42 73 Ross Taylor ‡ New Zealand 2006 -- present 40 47 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa 2006 -- present 38 62 Umar Akmal ‡ Pakistan 2009 -- present 35 61 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand 2009 -- present 35 66 Dwayne Bravo ‡ West Indies 2006 -- present The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Updated : 18 February 2017 Individual records ( wicket - keeper ) ( edit ) Most dismissals in career ( edit ) Dismissals Catches Stumpings Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 74 47 27 82 Mahendra Singh Dhoni India 2006 -- present 60 28 32 53 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- present 52 25 27 57 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2010 -- present 51 32 19 58 Denesh Ramdin West Indies 2006 -- 2016 46 22 24 55 Mushfiqur Rahim Bangladesh 2006 -- present Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper . All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper . Updated : 09 November 2017 Most catches in career ( edit ) Catches Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 47 77 Mahendra Singh Dhoni India 2006 -- present 32 58 Denesh Ramdin West Indies 2006 -- present 28 53 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- 2014 27 29 Quinton de Kock South Africa 2012 -- present 26 34 Wesley Barresi Netherlands 2012 -- present Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper . All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper . Updated : 03 February 2017 Most stumpings in career ( edit ) Stumpings Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 32 54 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- 2014 27 57 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2010 -- present 27 75 MS Dhoni India 2006 -- present 23 55 Mushfiqur Rahim Bangladesh 2006 -- present 20 56 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2014 Updated : 10 March 2017 Individual records ( others ) ( edit ) Most matches played in career ( edit ) Matches Player Team T20I Career Span 98 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 92 Shoaib Malik Pakistan 2006 -- present 85 Mahendra Singh Dhoni India 2006 -- present 82 Umar Akmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2016 81 Mohammad Hafeez Pakistan 2006 -- present Updated : 22 December 2017 Most matches as a captain ( edit ) Matches Player Team T20I Career Span 72 MS Dhoni India 2007 -- 2016 56 William Porterfield Ireland 2008 -- present 47 Darren Sammy West Indies 2011 -- 2016 43 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2009 -- 2016 37 Peter Borren Netherlands 2010 -- present Updated : 12 March 2017 Most matches as an umpire ( edit ) See also : List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires Matches Umpire Country T20I Career Span 42 Aleem Dar Pakistan 2009 -- present 37 Ian Gould England 2006 -- present 35 Rod Tucker Australia 2009 -- present 34 Simon Taufel Australia 2006 -- 2012 32 Nigel Llong England 2005 -- present Updated : 11 September 2017 Most matches as a match referee ( edit ) See also : Elite Panel of ICC Referees Matches Referee Country T20I Career Span 85 Ranjan Madugalle Sri Lanka 2006 -- present 71 Chris Broad England 2005 -- present 77 Jeff Crowe New Zealand 2005 -- present 61 Javagal Srinath India 2006 -- present 53 David Jukes England 2010 -- present Updated : 10 March 2017 Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) § Twenty20_International_Cricket No. of Awards Player Team Matches T20I Career Span 11 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 98 2006 -- 2016 10 Virat Kohli India 50 2010 -- Present 9 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 58 2010 -- Present 9 Chris Gayle West Indies 52 2006 -- Present 9 Shane Watson Australia 58 2006 -- 2016 Last updated : 8 January 2017 Partnership records ( edit ) Highest overall partnership runs by a pair ( edit ) Runs Innings Players Batting team Highest Average 100 / 50 T20I career span 1154 37 David Warner & Shane Watson Australia 133 31.18 3 / 6 2009 -- 2016 1129 23 Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand 171 * 51.31 3 / 8 2012 -- Present 1043 38 William Porterfield & Paul Stirling Ireland 109 * 29.80 1 / 6 2009 -- Present 831 22 Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum New Zealand 127 * 41.55 2 / 4 2009 -- 2015 822 22 Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 166 41.10 2 / 3 2007 -- 2014 An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 13 February 2018 Highest partnerships ( any wicket ) ( edit ) Runs Partnership Players Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 171 * 1st wicket Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand Pakistan Hamilton 17 January 2016 Scorecard 170 1st wicket Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman South Africa England Centurion 15 November 2009 Scorecard 166 2nd wicket Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka West Indies Bridgetown 7 May 2010 Scorecard 165 1st wicket Rohit Sharma & K.L. Rahul India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 161 4th wicket David Warner & Glenn Maxwell Australia South Africa Johannesburg 6 March 2016 Scorecard An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 3 April 2016 Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) ( edit ) Partnership Runs Batsmen Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 1st wicket 171 * Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand Pakistan Hamilton 17 January 2016 Scorecard 2nd wicket 166 Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka West Indies Bridgetown 7 May 2010 Scorecard 3rd wicket 152 Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan England Sri Lanka Chittagong 27 March 2014 Scorecard 4th wicket 161 David Warner & Glenn Maxwell Australia South Africa Johannesburg 6 March 2016 Scorecard 5th wicket 119 * Shoaib Malik & Misbah - ul - Haq Pakistan Australia Johannesburg 18 September 2007 Scorecard 6th wicket 101 * Cameron White & Michael Hussey Australia Sri Lanka Bridgetown 9 May 2010 Scorecard 7th wicket 91 Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy England West Indies London 28 June 2007 Scorecard 8th wicket 80 Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif Scotland Netherlands Edinburgh 11 July 2015 Scorecard 9th wicket 66 Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor West Indies Pakistan Dubai ( DSC ) 23 September 2016 Scorecard 10th wicket 31 * Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar Pakistan New Zealand Auckland 26 December 2010 Scorecard An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 24 September 2016 See also ( edit ) ICC World Twenty20 List of ICC World Twenty20 records List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricket records List of Australia Twenty20 International records List of Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricket records List of England Twenty20 International cricket records List of India Twenty20 International records List of Ireland Twenty20 International records List of Nepal Twenty20 International records List of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricket records List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricket records List of Scotland T20 International cricket records List of Sri Lanka T20 International cricket records List of South Africa Twenty20 International cricket records List of West Indies Twenty20 International cricket records List of United Arab Emirates Twenty20 International cricket records List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricket records List of Test cricket records List of One Day International cricket records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Men 's Twenty20 Internationals records '' . 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ESPN . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best career averages -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most runs condeded in an innings -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Match , Group F , ICC World Twenty20 at Cape Town , Sep 16 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , New Zealand tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo , Sep 2 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , Pakistan tour of New Zealand at Auckland , Dec 26 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . 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how many miles is it from dothan al to montgomery al

Dothan , Alabama

dothan, alabama

Dothan / ˈdoʊθən / is a city in Dale , Henry , and Houston counties in the U.S. state of Alabama . It is the largest city and county seat of Houston County , with a population of 65,496 at the 2010 census . It is located in the state 's southeastern corner , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the Georgia state line and 16 miles ( 26 km ) north of Florida . Its name derives from Genesis 37 : 17 : `` let us go to Dothan . ''

Dothan is the principal city of the Dothan , Alabama metropolitan area , which encompasses all of Geneva , Henry , and Houston counties ; the small portion that lies in Dale County is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area . The combined population for the entire Dothan metropolitan area in 2010 was 145,639 . The city serves as the main transportation and commercial hub for a significant part of southeastern Alabama , southwest Georgia , and nearby portions of the Florida Panhandle . Since approximately one - fourth of the U.S. peanut crop is produced nearby , with much of it being processed in the city , Dothan is sometimes referred to as `` The Peanut Capital of the World '' . Dothan also hosts the annual National Peanut Festival at the dedicated `` Peanut Festival Fairgrounds '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest years 1.2 Civil unrest 1.3 Expansion and growth 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Government 5 Education 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Airport 6.2 Ground transportation 6.2. 1 Highway and bus 6.2. 2 Railroads 6.3 Healthcare 7 Religion 8 Media 9 Sports 10 Economy 10.1 Top employers 11 Crime 12 Culture 12.1 Festivals 12.2 Museums and monuments 12.3 Art and theatre scene 12.4 Notable public art 12.5 Local music 13 Area attractions 14 Notable people 15 Sister cities 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Earliest years ( edit ) The area that is now Dothan was inhabited for thousands of years by successive cultures of indigenous peoples . In historic times it was occupied by the Alabama and Creek Native American tribes who were hunters and gatherers in the vast forests of pine that covered this region . These tribes had developed complex cultures , and often used to meet and camp for trading near a large spring at the crossroads of two trails . Between 1763 and 1783 , the region that is now Dothan was part of the colony of British West Florida . European - American settlers moving through the area during the late 18th and early 19th centuries discovered the Indian spring , naming it `` Poplar Head '' . Most felt that the sandy soil common to this region would be unsuitable for farming , so they moved on . A crude stockade was constructed on the Barber Plantation , where settlers could take refuge whenever they felt threatened . This fort disappeared by the 1840s , after the end of the Indian Wars in Alabama and the removal of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . Some Indians stayed in the region , becoming state and U.S. citizens by giving up their tribal membership . The first permanent white settlers consisted of nine families who moved into the area during the early 1830s to harvest the abundant timber . Their settlement , named `` Poplar Head '' after the spring , failed to thrive and was all but abandoned by the time of the Civil War . After the war , a local Pony Express route was founded ; together with other developments during the Reconstruction Era , the town began to grow . On November 11 , 1885 , the locals voted to incorporate , naming their new city `` Dothan '' after discovering that `` Poplar Head '' was already registered with the U.S. post office for a town in northern Alabama . Civil unrest ( edit ) On October 12 , 1889 , Dothan was the scene of a deadly altercation resulting from a dispute over a tax levied on all wagons operating within city limits . Local farmers opposed this levy and united in a body called the `` Farmers Alliance '' . The arrest of some of the alliance 's men led to a riot , and although the violence lasted only a few minutes , it left two men dead and others seriously wounded . Chief of Police Tobe Domingus was found guilty of murder , and sentenced to ten years in prison . Appeals to the Alabama Supreme Court resulted in a new trial , and Domingus was acquitted . Expansion and growth ( edit ) In 1893 , Dothan secured a stop on the first railroad to be built in the region . This development brought new prosperity and growth , as local farmers had a means to market and transport their produce . The pine forests were harvested for turpentine and wood , which was transformed into ship masts , lumber and other wood products . As the pines were cut and land subsequently cleared , cotton was cultivated as a staple of the local economy . The crops were devastated by the boll weevil in the early 1900s . Farmers turned to peanut production , which was successful and brought financial gain to the city . It became a hub for the production and transport of peanuts and peanut - related products . Today , one - quarter of the U.S. peanut crop is harvested within 75 miles ( 121 km ) of Dothan . A two - week fall festival known as the National Peanut Festival celebrates this heritage . Dothan also sought out industrial development , with textile and agricultural concerns being joined by manufacturing plants for the Sony , Michelin , and General Electric corporations in the 20th century . The city had an exhibit at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Looking up Foster St. toward downtown Dothan Originally part of Henry County , Dothan became the county seat of the newly formed Houston County on May 9 , 1903 . The city continued to flourish and grow throughout the twentieth century , with an airport being constructed in 1965 and Wallace Community College in 1969 . Troy University Dothan Campus was established in 1961 and is located in the northwestern part of the city . The Southern Company constructed the Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Generating Station near the city between 1970 and 1981 ; this 1,776 - megawatt facility currently generates approximately 13,000 GW - h per year . In the late 1970s , factories were constructed in the city by Sony and Michelin corporations . In 2010 Sony announced its closure of its Dothan plant . Pemco Aviation declared bankruptcy in March 2012 and in May that year announced the closing of its Dothan facility . Culturally , an art museum , several theaters , symphony orchestra , dance troupe and other artistic amenities have been established . Geography ( edit ) Dothan is located in northwestern Houston County in southeastern Alabama . The city limits extend north into Henry County and northwest into Dale County . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 89.7 square miles ( 232.4 km ) , of which 89.4 square miles ( 231.5 km ) is land and 0.31 square miles ( 0.8 km ) , or 0.36 % , is water . Ross Clark Circle on Dothan 's east side In addition to styling itself `` The Peanut Capital of the World '' , Dothan is the self - proclaimed `` Hub of the Wiregrass '' . It is also commonly referred to as `` The Circle City '' , because it is encircled by Alabama State Route 210 , a four - lane highway also known as the Ross Clark Circle . In recent decades , the city has expanded in several directions beyond the confines of this highway . Fort Rucker , the `` Home of Army Aviation '' , is located about 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of the city , just north of the city of Daleville . It is the second - largest city in the Wiregrass Region after Tallahassee , Florida . Climate ( edit ) Dothan has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) . This produces hot , humid summers and generally mild winters , with average high temperatures ranging from 92 ° F ( 33 ° C ) in the summer to 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) high during winter . Snowfall is an extremely rare event -- a two - inch snowfall occurs about once every ten years , which results in a yearly average of 0.2 inches ( 5.1 mm ) . Tornadoes are a frequent risk during the spring , summer and fall ; the city 's tornado activity is slightly below the Alabama state average , but 79 % above the U.S. average . ( hide ) Climate data for Dothan , Alabama ( Dothan Regional Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 84 ( 29 ) 87 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 94 ( 34 ) 100 ( 38 ) 104 ( 40 ) 108 ( 42 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 96 ( 36 ) 88 ( 31 ) 83 ( 28 ) 108 ( 42 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 71 ( 22 ) 78 ( 26 ) 86 ( 30 ) 91 ( 33 ) 92 ( 33 ) 92 ( 33 ) 88 ( 31 ) 79 ( 26 ) 70 ( 21 ) 61 ( 16 ) 78 ( 25 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 38 ( 3 ) 41 ( 5 ) 48 ( 9 ) 54 ( 12 ) 63 ( 17 ) 70 ( 21 ) 72 ( 22 ) 70 ( 21 ) 65 ( 18 ) 55 ( 13 ) 47 ( 8 ) 40 ( 4 ) 55 ( 13 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 0 ( − 18 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 41 ( 5 ) 45 ( 7 ) 51 ( 11 ) 54 ( 12 ) 39 ( 4 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 0 ( − 18 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 5.18 ( 131.6 ) 5.41 ( 137.4 ) 3.63 ( 92.2 ) 3.35 ( 85.1 ) 4.96 ( 126 ) 5.84 ( 148.3 ) 4.23 ( 107.4 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 4.17 ( 105.9 ) 4.35 ( 110.5 ) 53.94 ( 1,370.1 ) Source : City-data.com , The Weather Channel ( records and averages ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1890 247 -- 1900 3,275 1,225.9 % 1910 7,016 114.2 % 1920 10,034 43.0 % 1930 16,046 59.9 % 1940 17,194 7.2 % 1950 21,584 25.5 % 1960 31,440 45.7 % 1970 36,733 16.8 % 1980 48,750 32.7 % 53,589 9.9 % 2000 57,737 7.7 % 65,496 13.4 % Est. 2016 68,468 4.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate According to the 2000 census , there were 57,737 people , 23,685 households and 17,108 families residing in the city . The population density was 667.7 per square mile ( 257.4 / km ) . There were 27,908 housing units at an average density of 299.3 per square mile ( 115.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 67.33 % White , 30.11 % Black or African American , 0.28 % Native American , 0.85 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander American , 0.46 % from other races , and 0.96 % from two or more races. 1.32 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There are 27,908 households , of which 31.5 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 48.9 % were married couples living together , 15.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 32.3 % were non-families. 28.4 % of all households are made up of individuals , and 10.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 , and the average family size was 2.94. 70 % of women with school - age children work . Age distribution was 25.4 % under the age of 18 , 8.4 % from 18 to 24 , 28.3 % from 25 to 44 , 23.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.6 % who are 65 or older . The median age is 37 years . For every 100 females , there are 88.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 83.3 males . 22 % of adults have never married . 55 % are currently married . 3 % are separated . 12 % are divorced . 9 % are widowed . The median household income was $35,000 , and the median family income was $45,025 . Males had a median income of $34,475 versus $22,572 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,539 . About 12.7 % of families and 15.6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 23.2 % of those under age 18 and 15.0 % of those age 65 or over . Approximately 79 % of residents completed high school , while 23 % have college degrees . 8 % of the population has a graduate or professional degree ; 6 % are unemployed . Average commute - to - work time is 18 minutes . The state - recognized Cher - O - Creek Intra Tribal Indians are located in Dothan . They are descended from members of the Cherokee and Creek peoples who occupied this area and resisted removal to Indian Territory in the 1830s . 2010 Census ( edit ) According to the 2010 census , there were 65,496 people , 26,845 households and 17,835 families residing in the city . The population density was 754.6 per square mile ( 291.4 / km ) . There were 29,274 housing units at an average density of 337.3 per square mile ( 130.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 63.1 % White , 32.5 % Black or African American , 0.4 % Native American , 1.1 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander American , 1.1 % from other races , and 1.8 % from two or more races. 2.9 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There are 26,845 households , of which 28.8 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.7 % were married couples living together , 17.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 33.6 % were non-families. 28.8 % of all households are made up of individuals , and 10.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 , and the average family size was 2.93 . Age distribution was 24.5 % under the age of 18 , 8.5 % from 18 to 24 , 26.0 % from 25 to 44 , 26.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.7 % who are 65 or older . The median age is 38 years . For every 100 females , there are 89.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.9 males . The median household income was $42,124 , and the median family income was $52,855 . Males had a median income of $43,892 versus $28,921 for females . The per capita income for the city was $24,306 . About 13.4 % of families and 17.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.7 % of those under age 18 and 10.2 % of those age 65 or over . Government ( edit ) Houston County Courthouse in Dothan Dothan is governed by a mayor and city council ( called the `` Board of Commissioners '' ) , with a city manager employed to manage city affairs . The city is divided into six council districts , with one commissioner elected from each single - member district to a four - year term . Members of the commission serve part - time , and are responsible for drafting all city ordinances and policies , and appropriation of city funds . Dothan 's mayor is elected at - large for four years , and serves as a member of the Board of Commissioners . The city manager implements the board 's policies and manage 's the city 's day - to - day operations , including hiring , managing and firing the heads of city government departments . A total of 999 full - time and 215 part - time employees work for the various city agencies in Dothan , including police , fire , clerical , judicial , finance , public works and utilities . As of 2017 , the office of mayor was held by Mark Saliba , while the city manager was Mike West . Larry H. Williams serves as city fire chief , while Steve Parrish is police chief . Dothan is located in Alabama 's 2nd congressional district ; its current representative ( as of 2011 ) is Martha Roby ( R ) . The city is divided among three different state senate districts ( 28 , 29 and 31 ) and four state representative districts ( 85 , 86 , 87 and 93 ) . Education ( edit ) The majority of K - 12 students in Dothan and Houston County attend Dothan City Schools , or Houston County Schools . Others attend local private schools such as Houston Academy , Providence Christian School , Northside Methodist Academy , Emmanuel Christian School , or Westgate Christian School . Institutes of higher education include Fortis College , Troy University Dothan Campus , Wallace Community College , Bethany Divinity College & Seminary , and the Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine . Dothan is home to the `` Yes We Can ! Dothan '' education movement , which is a community - based organization working to improve Dothan 's public schools . Through community engagement , this movement has helped improve schools with a theme of `` Better Schools . Better Dothan '' , and has received state and national recognition . This movement began through the efforts of Dothan citizens Morris Slingluff , Judge Rose Gordon , Thomas Harrison , Lucky Martin , Tom Ziegenfelder , Matt Parker , Twyla Williams , Libby Krietemeyer , Cheryl Gibson and Lavonda Gosselin . Infrastructure ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) Dothan 's airport , the Dothan Regional Airport , is served by Delta Air Lines and Aero - One Aviation as of September 2017 . This airport was established at the former Army airbase at Napier Field in 1965 , after a push to move the airport was started in the early 1950s by then - Mayor Richmond C. McClintock . Jet services began in 1968 with Southern Airways ' acquisition of DC - 9 aircraft , and continue today using the CRJ - 200 regional passenger jet . Unlike many municipal airports in the U.S. , the Dothan airport is entirely self - supporting , operating without any tax - generated funding . All airport revenue is generated through rental and other user fees charged to patrons and tenants of the facility . The airport serves as the local National Weather Service 's weather observation station . Ground transportation ( edit ) Highway and Bus ( edit ) Presently , Dothan is served by three U.S. highways ( all four - laned within the city limits , and for some distance beyond ) : U.S. 84 ( east - west ) , U.S. 231 ( north - south ) and U.S. 431 ( north - south ; southern terminus in Dothan ) . US 84 leads southeast 54 miles ( 87 km ) to Bainbridge , Georgia , and west 30 miles ( 48 km ) to Enterprise , Alabama ; US 231 leads northwest 55 miles ( 89 km ) to Troy , Alabama , and south 83 miles ( 134 km ) to Panama City , Florida ; and US 431 leads north 51 miles ( 82 km ) to Eufaula , Alabama . Although passenger trains no longer operate through Dothan , Greyhound Bus Lines maintains a station in town . While Dothan does not have regularly scheduled public transportation , it offers dial - a-ride service through its non-profit Wiregrass Transit Authority . Railroads ( edit ) The city of Dothan has hosted a number of railroads throughout its existence , beginning in 1893 with the Alabama Midland Railroad , later the Atlantic Coast Line , linking the city to Montgomery and Savannah . The Chattahoochee & Gulf , later the Central of Georgia , reached Dothan as part of a route from Columbia , Alabama , to Lockhart , Florida . Additionally , the Bay Line Railroad built a line connecting Dothan to Panama City , Florida , in 1908 . There were also a number of logging railroads and other shortlines that existed near Dothan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The Bay Line and Central of Georgia railroads jointly operated passenger service from Atlanta to Panama City via Dothan until 1957 . Dothan was also a stop for two Seaboard Coast Line local passenger trains from Waycross , Georgia , to Montgomery , Alabama , until 1971 . And finally , Dothan was a stop for the South Wind passenger train , later Amtrak 's Floridian , with service ending in 1979 . The Floridian was the last passenger train to operate through Dothan . The Central of Georgia spun off a portion of their line from Hartford to Dothan to the Hartford & Slocomb railroad in 1953 , which was later abandoned from Hartford to Taylors in 1992 . In 2003 , Central of Georgia successor Norfolk Southern sold their route from Dothan to Hilton , Georgia , to the Chattahoochee and Gulf shortline , leaving CSXT as the last Class I railroad operating through Dothan . In 2003 the Genesee & Wyoming purchased the Bay Line , and in 2006 bought the H&S and Chattahoochee and Gulf railroads , merging the latter two into the Chattahoochee Bay Railroad . Healthcare ( edit ) Dothan is the home of two hospitals : Southeast Alabama Medical Center is the city 's only public hospital , and is located on the city 's eastern side . Flowers Hospital is a private hospital situated on Dothan 's western side . On May 18 , 2010 , Southeast Alabama Medical Center announced it would construct Alabama 's first college of osteopathic medicine , to help fill the state 's shortage of an estimated 400 primary care physicians . The Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine , ACOM , was dedicated July 29 , 2013 , with its first class to graduate in 2017 . The 110,000 - square - foot ( 10,000 m ) facility is expected to create an economic impact of more than $100 million by 2027 . Religion ( edit ) The largest Christian denomination in Dothan is the Southern Baptist church . There are also Churches of Christ , Methodist , Presbyterian , Lutheran , AME , Freewill Baptist , Episcopal , United Pentecostal , Assemblies of God , Seventh - day Adventist and various Evangelical churches serving Dothan 's Protestant community . St. Columba Catholic Church serves Dothan 's Roman Catholics . Dothan hosts a Reform Judaism synagogue , Temple Emanu - El , which became nationally famous in 2008 when the congregation offered Jewish families as much as $50,000 to relocate to Dothan to build up the community . The city is also home to two mosques , an LDS church , a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah 's Witnesses , and an Antiochian Eastern Orthodox church . Media ( edit ) Dothan is served by one daily newspaper , the Dothan Eagle , one weekly newspaper , the Dothan Progress , and a blog website Rickey Stokes News . It is host to four television stations , WRGX - LD 23 ( NBC ) , WDFX 34 ( FOX ) , WDHN 18 ( ABC ) and the oldest television station in southeastern Alabama , WTVY 4 ( CBS / MyNetworkTV / CW ) . WOW ! , Comcast and Time Warner Cable provide cable television service . DirecTV and Dish Network provide direct broadcast satellite television including both local and national channels to area residents . The city is also served by several radio stations ; among the oldest is WOOF , which went on the air as an AM station in 1947 ; its FM went on the air in 1964 . Among the radio formats in Dothan are adult contemporary , classical , Christian , rock , country , rap , urban contemporary , talk radio and sports . Dothan Magazine offers a bi-monthly , people - focused viewpoint of the Dothan area while also keeping readers up to date on the latest community events , trends and issues . Archived issues of Dothan Magazine are available online . Sports ( edit ) Dothan hosted minor league baseball teams from 1915 to 1917 ( AL - FL - GA League and Dixie League ) and again from 1936 through 1962 ( AL - FL League , GA - FL League and AL State League ) . Teams were known at varying times as the Boll Weevils , Browns , Rebels , Cardinals and Phillies . Major League affiliations were maintained in later years with the St. Louis Cardinals and the Philadelphia Phillies organizations . All teams played at the `` D '' league level , a defunct minor - league classification that represented the entry or `` rookie '' level in the minors . Ballparks included Baker Field , City Park , Stadium Park , Jill Alexander Miracle Field and the Wiregrass Memorial Stadium . The city served host to the Ultimate Fighting Championship on February 7 , 1997 , at the Dothan Civic Center Arena . Dothan was selected as one of eleven Alabama sites for a course on the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail . In 2007 -- 10 , the city was recognized as part of the `` Playful City USA '' initiative by KaBOOM ! , created to honor cities that ensure that their children have great places to play . Economy ( edit ) Dothan has a diverse economy . Agriculture is the largest industry , though retail sales and restaurants have experienced a rapid growth in recent years . Although peanut production remains a mainstay of the agricultural sector , cotton is gaining in importance . Tomato production is locally significant as well , especially in the nearby town of Slocomb , which styles itself `` the Tomato Capital of the World '' . The people of Dothan enjoy one of the lowest costs of living in the country , mostly due to the large dependence on city revenue from the sales tax . Dothan receives hundreds of thousands of visitors every year from the northern U.S. who pass through the city on their way to visit the Florida beaches . This tourism is a staple of the local economy . Top employers ( edit ) According to the city 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer Employees Southeast Alabama Medical Center 2,500 Dothan City & Houston County Schools 1,973 Flowers Hospital 1,100 City of Dothan 927 5 Southern Nuclear ( Farley ) 860 6 Perdue Farms 800 7 Michelin 542 8 AAA Cooper 425 9 Houston County 392 10 Twitchell 387 Crime ( edit ) Dothan Crime rates * ( 2016 ) Violent crimes Homicide Robbery 64 Aggravated assault 199 Total violent crime 274 Property crimes Burglary 461 Larceny - theft 1,609 Motor vehicle theft 101 Total property crime 2,934 Notes * Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population . 2016 population : 68,468 According to 2016 statistics released by the FBI , Dothan has a violent crime rate far below the national average , with only one homicide reported in the city that year . Property crime rates were slightly above the national average . 274 violent offenses ( murder , rape , robbery and aggravated assault ) were reported in 2016 , compared with 2,934 property crimes . Culture ( edit ) Festivals ( edit ) The National Peanut Festival occurs annually in November . The festival hosts competitions in different areas for all ages . A large midway , entertainment by nationally known recording artists , and the largest parade in the area are featured attractions . Visitors can find many rides such as Speed , Starship 3000 , and Wild Mouse . On the last day of the fair , there is a peanut festival parade . This includes bands from high schools around Dothan , pageant winners , and more . Many people line the downtown streets of Dothan to celebrate the parade . Dothan is also home to two professional barbecue competitions . The Tri-State BBQ Festival is held the second weekend in April , and is sanctioned by the Florida Bar - B - Que Association . It was begun in 2006 and is currently put on at the Houston County Farm Center . PorktoberQue , an Oktoberfest and Kansas City Barbeque Society ( KCBS ) sanctioned event , is held the last weekend of September in Dothan . It , too , is held at the Farm Center . The Toadlick Music Festival ( now defunct ) was a three - day country music and southern rock festival held every April at the National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds . Started in 2012 , the Toadlick Music Festival featured many noted performers such as Luke Bryan , Lynyrd Skynyrd , 3 Doors Down , Merle Haggard , The Band Perry , Trace Adkins , and Kellie Pickler . Museums and monuments ( edit ) The US Army Aviation Museum , located on nearby Fort Rucker , houses one of the largest helicopter collections in the world . The museum focuses on the role of fixed and rotary - wing flight in the U.S. Army . The exhibits depict over 50 years of Army aviation , and include a number of life size dioramas , films , and interpretive material . Several period aircraft are available for viewing . The George Washington Carver Monument , located at the National Peanut Festival Fairgrounds , pays tribute to one of the nation 's greatest educators and agricultural researchers , whose work resulted in the creation of 325 products from peanuts , more than 100 products from sweet potatoes and hundreds more from a dozen other plants native to the South . These products contributed to rural economic improvement , by offering alternative crops to cotton that were beneficial for the farmers and for the land . The George Washington Carver Museum relates the story of the African - American genius and offers information on African cultures and their influences on the world , prominent African - American scientists , explorers and inventors , and the positive contributions made by African Americans in military affairs and the area of social development . The Wiregrass Museum of Art , located in the city 's original power and water plant ( 1913 ) , features ongoing exhibitions of visual and decorative art . The museum 's permanent collection includes works by contemporary Southeastern artists such as Dale Kennington , Frank Flemming , Dale Lewis and Cal Breed , as well as material by nationally recognized artists including Frank Stella and Jim Dine . The museum was organized in 1989 by private citizens and the City of Dothan ; it is operated by the Wiregrass Museum of Art , Inc. , a 501 ( c ) 3 organization . Wiregrass Museum of Art Landmark Park is a 135 - acre ( 55 ha ) park built to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of southeast Alabama 's Wiregrass Region and serves as Alabama 's official museum of agriculture . Visitors can experience history on an 1890s living history farm , complete with an old farmhouse , smokehouse , cane mill , and syrup shed , as well as sheep , mules , cows , chickens , goats and pigs . There is a Victorian gazebo , a one - room schoolhouse , a drugstore and soda fountain , a country store , and a turn - of - the - century church . Landmark Park also has an elevated boardwalk , nature trails , picnic areas , a playground and an interpretive center with a state - of - the - art `` digitarium '' ( planetarium ) . Special events include folklife festivals , antique car shows , traveling exhibits , concerts and workshops year - round . Art and theatre scene ( edit ) Southeast Alabama Community Theater offers live entertainment and theatrical productions for the Dothan community . Spark Theater Company is a non-profit theater company and performing - arts educational program . Spark Theater offers several public theater productions each year by Dothan - area youth and teens , an after - school theater program , as well as supplemental theater classes for the public school system . Notable public art ( edit ) The Joseph statue at Millennium Park is a ten - foot , cast bronze sculpture , located in the historic downtown area . It represents the Bible verse , `` For I heard them say , Let us go to Dothan '' ( Genesis 37 : 17 ) , on which the town based its name . Peanuts Around Town is a public art project organized by The Downtown Group , consisting of 5 - foot - tall ( 1.5 m ) peanut sculptures decorated in various fashions and displayed around Dothan . `` Wiregrass Festival of Murals '' is an ongoing project offering historic murals painted by nationally and internationally acclaimed muralists on walls of buildings in the downtown historic district . Guided tours are available upon request . Local Music ( edit ) The Dothan Opera House , built in 1915 , features theatre performances , concerts , symphonies , ballet performances , and other cultural events . Tours are available upon request . Music South , formerly the Southern Alabama Symphony Association , offers a wide variety of musical performances , from classical symphony performances to jazz , African and other musical styles . `` Music by Moonlight '' offers four free concerts per year at Dothan 's Landmark Park , featuring classical , jazz , Celtic and bluegrass musicians , among others . Patti Rutland Jazz is a professional contemporary jazz and hip - hop dance company located in Dothan . This company produces two full - length jazz and hip - hop theatrical dance productions yearly ( one in late February and one in early June ) at their home in the Cultural Arts Center , as well as at Dothan 's historical landmark Opera House . Patti Rutland Jazz operates as a non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization whose core mission is to offer its dancers to the Wiregrass Region to assist under - served youths with free dance classes . This mutually beneficial program hopes to make Dothan a destination for , and a source of , future professional dance talent in the United States . Area attractions ( edit ) Dothan Area Botanical Gardens The Dothan Area Botanical Gardens include 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of cultivated gardens and undeveloped , wooded landscapes . Highland Oaks Golf Course is part of Alabama 's Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail . The `` World 's Smallest City Block '' is located behind the Dothan City Civic Center between North Appletree Street , North College Street , and East Troy Street . There is also a rich history of one of the Tuskeegee Airmen originating from this town . Dothan , at the time , was more likely to accept the black community . This led to the murals throughout the city about the Tuskeegee Airmen . Notable people ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Andrews , motivational speaker and self - help author Bill Baxley , former Alabama Attorney General and Lieutenant Governor , born and raised in Dothan Brad Baxter , former NFL running back Tony Bowick , former NFL and Arena Football League player Larry Brackins , professional football wide receiver Johnny Mack Brown , born and raised in Dothan , All - American college football player at the University of Alabama and Hollywood film actor Buddy Buie , songwriter , producer , and publisher Matt Cain , starting pitcher for the San Francisco Giants , born in Dothan Elaine Cheris , fencer who competed in the 1988 and 1996 Summer Olympics Mike Clark , former professional football defensive end W.M. Cooper , who published a revision of B.F. White 's popular song book The Sacred Harp in 1902 , a collection of shape note hymns , important to religious revivals in the South Jimmy Cross , radio producer and singer Ashley Davis , Miss Alabama 2010 Lawrence Dawsey , former NFL wide receiver Charles Bernard Day , federal judge Frank Dempsey , former NFL player Donna D'Errico , actress and model Gardner Dickinson , seven - time PGA Tour champion golfer , born in Dothan William Gray Espy , actor ( the original Snapper Foster of The Young and the Restless ) , born in Dothan Terry Everett , former member of the U.S. House of Representatives Jim Farmer , former professional basketball player Richmond Flowers , Sr. , former Attorney General of Alabama and opponent of segregation , born and raised in Dothan Richmond Flowers , former professional football player Allen Forrest , rapper , singer - songwriter , music producer , known by the stage name Matchstik Artis Gilmore , Jacksonville University center and later Most Valuable Player of the American Basketball Association , attended middle and high school in Dothan Bobby Goldsboro , singer noted for his 1968 Top 40 No. 1 hit `` Honey '' , grew up in Dothan and graduated from Dothan High School Thom Goolsby , former member of the North Carolina State Senate Ken Grimwood , fantasy fiction author Gabe Gross , a former quarterback and baseball All - American for Auburn University , former pro baseball player Kevin Jackson , former professional football safety Robert Reynolds `` Bob '' Jones , Sr. , evangelist and founder of Bob Jones University , reared in the Brannon Stand community west of Dothan , 1884 -- 1899 David Kelton , former Major League Baseball player for the Chicago Cubs Dale Kennington , contemporary artist working in the style of New American Realism , lives in Dothan Eddie Kirkland , electric blues guitarist and songwriter Burton Lawless , former offensive lineman in the National Football League Mickey McGowan , former professional baseball pitcher Jim Parkman , criminal defense lawyer Eulace Peacock , track and field athlete Ricky Polston , Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court , 2012 -- 2014 Izell Reese , former NFL defensive back Larry Roberts , former NFL defensive end Clint Robinson , Major League Baseball first baseman Robert Edwin Russ , founder of Ruston , Louisiana , lived near Dothan in his early years Patti Rutland , dance choreographer Steadman S. Shealy , former football player and attorney Haywood Sullivan , former Major League Baseball player Jamie Thomas , creator of two skateboard companies and a shoe company , grew up in Dothan Mark Walker , congressman from North Carolina P.J. Walters , Major League Baseball pitcher Heather Whitestone , former Miss America , born and raised in Dothan Charles H. Wright , physician and founder of the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Sister cities ( edit ) Dothan has two sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Sakado , Japan , since 1988 Alajuela , Costa Rica , since 1989 References ( edit ) Alabama portal Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Dothan city , Alabama '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan , AL : Summary Profile '' . Diversitydata . Harvard School of Public Health . 2009 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dothan Convention and Visitor 's Bureau website . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Economy of British West Florida , 1763 -- 1783 , by Robin F.A. Fabel ( University of Alabama Press , 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` History of Dothan '' ( PDF ) . Dothan Area Convention and Visitor 's Bureau . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alabama State Bar ( 1942 ) . The Alabama lawyer : official organ State Bar of Alabama . The Bar . p. 261 . Jump up ^ Cook , Jim ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Landmark Park hosts Johnny Mack Brown Festival '' . Dothan Eagle . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alabama Supreme Court ( 1893 ) . Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Alabama . pp. 9 -- 14 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oscar L. , Tompkins ( July 1942 ) . Wiregrass Saga . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dothan History '' ( PDf ) . gardencentral.org . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Troy University in Dothan '' . Dothan.troy.edu . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live in the United States '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.city-data.com/city/Dothan-Alabama.html . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan , Alabama Profile '' . City-data.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Dothan , Alabama '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AIAC Bylaws '' . Alabama Indian Affairs Commission . State of Alabama . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : City of Dothan . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` City of Dothan Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mike Schmitz for Mayor of Dothan Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Alabama Senate District Map '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Alabama House District Map '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( Pdf ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan City Schools '' . Dothan.k12.al.us . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Houston Academy . `` Houston Academy '' . Houston Academy . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Providence Christian School '' . Providence Christian School . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northside Methodist Academy '' . Nmacademy.net . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Christian School '' . Emmanuelchristian.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bethany Divinity College & Seminary '' . Bethanybc.edu . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine . pp. 2 -- 3 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Dothan Regional Airport . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DHN '' . Dothan Regional Airport . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/AL_cc_us.html Jump up ^ Dothan , AL Greyhound Station Intercity Bus Service Jump up ^ `` Wiregrass Transit Authority '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` acomedu.org '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Membership Report '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Columba Catholic Church '' . Stcolumbacatholic.com . August 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISJL -- Alabama Dothan Encyclopedia '' . Institute of Southern Jewish Life . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish families offered $50,000 to move to Alabama '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic Center of Dothan '' . Islamicvalley.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints '' . maps.google.com . Jump up ^ `` jehovahs witnesses near Dothan , AL '' . maps.google.com . Jump up ^ St. Michael 's Antiochian Orthodox Church , Dothan , AL Jump up ^ `` Dothan Eagle '' . Dothan Eagle . November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan Progress '' . Dothaneagle.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to RickeyStokesNews.com ! : : Sharing Local News with Friends '' . Rickeystokesnews.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WRGX nbcwiregrass.com '' . nbcwiregrass.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WDFX 34 '' . Wdfxfox34.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashton King . `` Founder of WOOF Radio Dies . WTVY.com , April 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` OnTheRadio.Net '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` dothanmagazine.com '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` dothanmagazine.com '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dothan , Alabama Minor League City Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 12 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.rtjgolf.com/trail/ . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Types of Play '' . About . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.jcfloridan.com/jcf/news/local/article/alabama_town_of_slocomb_celebrating_20_years_of_tomatoes/20704/ Jump up ^ `` City of Dothan CAFR '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peanut Monument '' . Dothanalcvb.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Washington Carver Museum '' . Gwcarvermuseum.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wiregrass Museum of Art '' . Wiregrassmuseum.org . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Alabama Community Theater '' . Seact.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spark Theater Company '' . SparkTheaterCompany.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Joseph '' Statue at Millennium Park `` . 800alabama.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived November 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived October 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived July 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Arts Center '' . Cultural Arts Center . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Patti Rutland Jazz '' . Patti Rutland Jazz . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RTJ Golf Trail at Highland Oaks '' . RTJ Golf . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is the story behind the smallest city block monument ? '' . Dothan Eagle . Dothan , Alabama : Berkshire Hathaway . 23 Dec 2014 . Retrieved 14 Jul 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Russ '' . lahistory.org . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dothan , Alabama . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dothan . 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what problems threatened the hapsburg empire in the 1840

Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire

revolutions of 1848 in the austrian empire

A set of revolutions took place in the Austrian Empire from March 1848 to November 1849 . Much of the revolutionary activity had a nationalist character : the Empire , ruled from Vienna , included ethnic Germans , Hungarians , Slovenes , Poles , Czechs , Slovaks , Ruthenians ( Ukrainians ) , Romanians , Croats , Venetians ( Italians ) and Serbs ; all of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy , independence , or even hegemony over other nationalities . The nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states , which moved toward greater German national unity .

Besides these nationalists , liberal and even socialist currents resisted the Empire 's longstanding conservatism . Contents ( hide ) 1 The early rumblings 1.1 Social and political conflict 1.2 Direct cause of the outbreak of violence 2 Revolution in the Austrian lands 2.1 An early victory leads to tension 2.2 Social and political tensions after the `` Springtime of Peoples '' 2.3 Counterrevolution 3 Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary 3.1 Western Slovak Uprising 4 The Second Wave of Revolutions 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading The early rumblings ( edit ) The events of 1848 were the product of mounting social and political tensions after the Congress of Vienna of 1815 . During the `` pre-March '' period , the already conservative Austrian Empire moved further away from ideas of the Age of Enlightenment , restricted freedom of the press , limited many university activities , and banned fraternities . Social and political conflict ( edit ) Metternich in the 1840s Conflicts between debtors and creditors in agricultural production as well as over land use rights in parts of Hungary ( as in France ) led to conflicts that occasionally erupted into violence . Conflict over organized religion was pervasive in pre-1848 Europe . Tension came both from within Catholicism and between members of different confessions . These conflicts were often mixed with conflict with the state . Important for the revolutionaries were state conflicts including the armed forces and collection of taxes . As 1848 approached , the revolutions the Empire crushed to maintain longstanding conservative minister Klemens Wenzel von Metternich 's Concert of Europe left the empire nearly bankrupt and in continual need of soldiers . Draft commissions led to brawls between soldiers and civilians . All of this further agitated the peasantry , who resented their remaining feudal obligations . Despite lack of freedom of the press and association , there was a flourishing liberal German culture among students and those educated either in Josephine schools or German universities . They published pamphlets and newspapers discussing education and language ; a need for basic liberal reforms was assumed . These middle class liberals largely understood and accepted that forced labor is not efficient , and that the Empire should adopt a wage labor system . The question was of how to institute such reforms . Notable liberal clubs of the time in Vienna included the Legal - Political Reading Club ( established 1842 ) and Concordia Society ( 1840 ) . They , like the Lower Austrian Manufacturers ' Association ( 1840 ) were part of a culture that criticized Metternich 's government from the city 's coffeehouses , salons , and even stages , but prior to 1848 their demands had not even extended to constitutionalism or freedom of assembly , let alone republicanism . They had merely advocated relaxed censorship , freedom of religion , economic freedoms , and , above all , a more competent administration . They were outright opposed to popular sovereignty and the universal franchise . To their left was a radicalized , impoverished intelligentsia . Educational opportunities in 1840s Austria had far outstripped employment opportunities for the educated . Direct cause of the outbreak of violence ( edit ) In 1846 there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia , which was only countered when peasants , in turn , rose up against the nobles . The economic crisis of 1845 - 47 was marked by recession and food shortages throughout the continent . At the end of February 1848 , demonstrations broke out in Paris . Louis - Philippe of France abdicated the throne , prompting similar revolts throughout the continent . Revolution in the Austrian lands ( edit ) An early victory leads to tension ( edit ) The Viennese students Academic Legion played a key role in toppling Metternich 's government and precipitating his retirement on 13 March 1848 . After news broke of the February victories in Paris , uprisings occurred throughout Europe , including in Vienna , where the Diet ( parliament ) of Lower Austria in March demanded the resignation of Prince Metternich , the conservative State Chancellor and Foreign Minister . With no forces rallying to Metternich 's defense , nor word from Ferdinand I of Austria to the contrary , he resigned on 13 March . Metternich fled to London , and Ferdinand appointed new , nominally liberal , ministers . By November , the Austrian Empire saw several short - lived liberal governments under five successive Ministers - President of Austria : Count Kolowrat ( 17 March -- 4 April ) , Count Ficquelmont ( 4 April -- 3 May ) , Baron Pillersdorf ( 3 May -- 8 July ) , Baron Doblhoff - Dier ( 8 July -- 18 July ) and Baron Wessenberg ( 19 July -- 20 November ) . The established order collapsed rapidly because of the weakness of the Austrian armies . Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky was unable to keep his soldiers fighting Venetian and Milanese insurgents in Lombardy - Venetia , and had to , instead , order the remaining troops to evacuate . Social and political conflict as well as inter and intra confessional hostility momentarily subsided as much of the continent rejoiced in the liberal victories . Mass political organizations and public participation in government became widespread . Photograph of the aged Ferdinand dated circa 1870 However , liberal ministers were unable to establish central authority . Provisional governments in Venice and Milan quickly expressed desire to be part of an Italian confederacy of states ; but for Venetian government this lasted five days only , after the 1848 armistice between Austria and Piedmont . A new Hungarian government in Pest announced its intentions to break away from the Empire and elect Ferdinand its King , and a Polish National Committee announced the same for the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Social and political tensions after the `` springtime of peoples '' ( edit ) The victory of the party of movement was looked at as an opportunity for lower classes to renew old conflicts with greater anger and energy . Several tax boycotts and attempted murders of tax collectors occurred in Vienna . Assaults against soldiers were common , including against Radetzky 's troops retreating from Milan . The archbishop of Vienna was forced to flee , and in Graz , the convent of the Jesuits was destroyed . The demands of nationalism and its contradictions became apparent as new national governments began declaring power and unity . Charles Albert of Sardinia , King of Piedmont - Savoy , initiated a nationalist war on March 23 in the Austrian held northern Italian provinces that would consume the attention of the entire peninsula . The German nationalist movement faced the question of whether or not Austria should be included in the united German state , a quandary that divided the Frankfurt National Assembly . The liberal ministers in Vienna were willing to allow elections for the German National Assembly in some of the Habsburg lands , but it was undetermined which Habsburg territories would participate . Hungary and Galicia were clearly not German ; German nationalists ( who dominated the Bohemian Diet ) felt the old crown lands rightfully belonged to a united German state , despite the fact that the majority of the people of Bohemia and Moravia spoke Czech -- a Slavic language . Czech nationalists viewed the language as far more significant , calling for a boycott of the Frankfurt Parliament elections in Bohemia , Moravia , and neighboring Austrian Silesia ( also partly Czech - speaking ) . Tensions in Prague between German and Czech nationalists grew quickly between April and May . After the abolition of serfdom on April 17 , Supreme Ruthenian Council was established in Galicia to promote the unification of ethnic Ukrainian lands of Eastern Galicia , Transcarpathia and Bukovyna in one province . Ukrainian language department was opened in Lviv University , and the first Ukrainian newspaper Zoria Halytska started publishing in Lviv on May 15 , 1848 . On July 1 , serfdom was also abolished in Bukovyna . Vienna in May 1848 By early summer , conservative regimes had been overthrown , new freedoms ( including freedom of the press and freedom of association ) had been introduced , and multiple nationalist claims had been exerted . New parliaments quickly held elections with broad franchise to create constituent assemblies , which would write new constitutions . The elections that were held produced unexpected results . The new voters , naïve and confused by their new political power , typically elected conservative or moderately liberal representatives . The radicals , the ones who supported the broadest franchise , lost under the system they advocated because they were not the locally influential and affluent men . The mixed results led to confrontations similar to the `` June Days '' uprising in Paris . Additionally , these constituent assemblies were charged with the impossible task of managing both the needs of the people of the state and determining what that state physically is at the same time . The Austrian Constituent Assembly was divided into a Czech faction , a German faction , and a Polish faction , and within each faction was the political left - right spectrum . Outside the Assembly , petitions , newspapers , mass demonstrations , and political clubs put pressure on their new governments and often expressed violently many of the debates that were occurring within the assembly itself . The Czechs held a Pan-Slavic congress in Prague between June 2 and June 12 , 1848 . It was primarily composed of Austroslavs who wanted greater freedom within the Empire , but their status as peasants and proletarians surrounded by a German middle class doomed their autonomy . They also disliked the prospect of annexation of Bohemia to a German Empire . Counter-revolution ( edit ) A young Emperor Franz Joseph Insurgents quickly lost in street fighting to King Ferdinand 's troops led by General Radetzky , prompting several liberal government ministers to resign in protest . Ferdinand , now restored to power in Vienna , appointed conservatives in their places . These actions were a considerable blow to the revolutionaries , and by August most of northern Italy was under Radetzky 's control . In Bohemia , the leaders of both the German and Czech nationalist movements were both constitutional monarchists , loyal to the Habsburg Emperor . Only a few days after the Emperor reconquered northern Italy , Alfred I , Prince of Windisch - Grätz took provocative measures in Prague to prompt street fighting . Once the barricades went up , he led Habsburg troops to crush the insurgents . After having taken back the city , he imposed martial law , ordered the Prague National Committee dissolved , and sent delegates to the `` Pan-Slavic '' Congress home . These events were applauded by German nationalists , who failed to understand that the Habsburg military would crush their own national movement as well . Attention then turned to Hungary . War in Hungary again threatened imperial rule and prompted Emperor Ferdinand and his court to once more flee Vienna . Viennese radicals welcomed the arrival of Hungarian troops as the only force able to stand up against the court and ministry . The radicals took control of the city for only a short period of time . Windisch - Grätz led soldiers from Prussia to quickly defeat the insurgents . Windisch - Grätz restored imperial authority to the city . The reconquering of Vienna was seen as a defeat over German nationalism . At this point , Ferdinand I named the noble Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg head of government . Schwarzenberg , a consummate statesman , persuaded the feeble - minded Ferdinand to abdicate the throne to his 18 - year - old nephew , Franz Joseph . Parliamentarians continued to debate , but had no authority on state policy . Both the Czech and Italian revolutions were defeated by the Habsburgs . Prague was the first victory of counter-revolution in the Austrian Empire . Lombardy - Venetia was quickly brought back under Austrian rule in the mainland , even because popular support for the revolution vanished : revolutionary ideals were often limited to part of middle and upper classes , which failed both to gain `` hearts and minds '' of lower classes and to convince the population about Italian nationalism . Most part of lower classes indeed were quite indifferent , and actually most part of Lombard and Venetian troops remained loyal . The only widespread support to the revolution was in the cities of Milan and Venice , with the Republic of San Marco lasting under siege until 28th of August , 1849 . Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary ( edit ) Main article : Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The Hungarian Diet was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs . A liberal party emerged in the Diet . The party focused on providing for the peasantry in mostly symbolic ways because of their inability to understand the needs of the laborers . Lajos Kossuth emerged as the leader of the lower gentry in the Diet . Hungarian rebels in battle during the Hungarian Revolution In 1848 , news of the outbreak of revolution in Paris arrived as a new national cabinet took power under Kossuth , and the Diet approved a sweeping reform package , referred to as the `` April laws '' ( also `` March laws '' ) , that changed almost every aspect of Hungary 's economic , social , and political life : they gave the Magyar nobility and lower gentry in the parliament control over its own military , its budget , and foreign policy essentially created an autonomous national kingdom of Hungary with the Habsburg Emperor as its king demanded that the Hungarian government receive and expend all taxes raised in Hungary and have authority over Hungarian regiments in the Habsburg army ended the special status of Transylvania and Croatia - Slavonia . These demands were not easy for the imperial court to accept , however , its weak position provided little choice . One of the first tasks of the Diet was abolishing serfdom , which was announced on March 18 , 1848 . The Hungarian government set limits on the political activity of both the Croatian and Romanian national movements . Croats and Romanians had their own desires for self - rule and saw no benefit in replacing one central government for another . Armed clashes between the Hungarians and the Croats , Romanians , Serbs , along one border and Slovaks on the other ensued . In some cases , this was a continuation and an escalation of previous tensions , such as the 1845 July victims in Croatia . The Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Slavonia severed relations with the new Hungarian government in Pest and devoted itself to the imperial cause . Conservative Josip Jelačić , who was appointed the new ban of Croatia - Slavonia in March by the imperial court , was removed from his position by the constitutional monarchist Hungarian government . He refused to give up his authority in the name of the monarch . Thus , there were two governments in Hungary issuing contradictory orders in the name of Ferdinand von Habsburg . Capitulation of Hungarian Army at Világos , 1849 Aware that they were on the path to civil war in mid-1848 , the Hungarian government ministers attempted to gain Habsburg support against Jelačić by offering to send troops to northern Italy . Additionally , they attempted to come to terms with Jelačić himself , but he insisted on the recentralization of Habsburg authority as a pre-condition to any talks . By the end of August , the imperial government in Vienna officially ordered the Hungarian government in Pest to end plans for a Hungarian army . Jelačić then took military action against the Hungarian government without any official order . The national assembly of the Serbs in Austrian Empire was held between 1 and 3 May 1848 in Sremski Karlovci , during which the Serbs proclaimed autonomous Habsburg crownland of Serbian Vojvodina . The war started , leading to clashes as such in Srbobran , where on July 14 , 1848 , the first siege of the town by Hungarian forces began under Baron Fülöp Berchtold . The army was forced to retreat due to a strong Serbian defense . With war raging on three fronts ( against Romanians and Serbs in Banat and Bačka , and Romanians in Transylvania ) , Hungarian radicals in Pest saw this as an opportunity . Parliament made concessions to the radicals in September rather than let the events erupt into violent confrontations . Shortly thereafter , the final break between Vienna and Pest occurred when Field Marshal Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg was given control of all armies in Hungary ( including Jelačić 's ) . In response to Lamberg being attacked on arrival in Hungary a few days later , the imperial court ordered the Hungarian parliament and government dissolved . Jelačić was appointed to take Lamberg 's place . War between Austria and Hungary had officially begun . The war led to the October Crisis in Vienna , when insurgents attacked a garrison on its way to Hungary to support Croatian forces under Jelačić . After Vienna was recaptured by imperial forces , General Windischgrätz and 70,000 troops were sent to Hungary to crush the Hungarian revolution and as they advanced the Hungarian government evacuated Pest . However the Austrian army had to retreat after heavy defeats in the Spring Campaign of the Hungarian Army from March to May 1849 . Instead of pursuing the Austrian army , the Hungarians stopped to retake the Fort of Buda and prepared defenses . In June 1849 Russian and Austrian troops entered Hungary heavily outnumbering the Hungarian army . Kossuth abdicated on August 11 , 1849 in favour of Artúr Görgey , who he thought was the only general who was capable of saving the nation . However , in May 1849 , Czar Nicholas I pledged to redouble his efforts against the Hungarian Government . He and Emperor Franz Joseph started to regather and rearm an army to be commanded by Anton Vogl , the Austrian lieutenant - field - marshal . The Czar was also preparing to send 30,000 Russian soldiers back over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains from Poland . On August 13 , after several bitter defeats in a hopeless situation Görgey , signed a surrender at Világos ( now Şiria , Romania ) to the Russians , who handed the army over to the Austrians . Western Slovak uprising ( edit ) Main article : Slovak Uprising 1848 - 1849 Slovak Volunteer Corps . Slovak Uprising was an uprising of Slovaks against Magyar ( i.e. ethnic Hungarian ) domination in the Western parts of Upper Hungary ( present - day Western Slovakia ) , within the 1848 / 49 revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy . It lasted from September 1848 to November 1849 . During this period Slovak patriots established the Slovak National Council as their political representation and military units known as the Slovak Volunteer Corps . The political , social and national requirements of the Slovak movement were declared in the document entitled `` Demands of the Slovak Nation '' from April 1848 . The second wave of revolutions ( edit ) Revolutionary movements of 1849 faced an additional challenge : to work together to defeat a common enemy . Previously , national identity allowed Habsburg forces to conquer revolutionary governments by playing them off one another . New democratic initiatives in Italy in the spring of 1848 led to a renewed conflict with Austrian forces in the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia . At the very first anniversary of the first barricades in Vienna , German and Czech democrats in Bohemia agreed to put mutual hostilities aside and work together on revolutionary planning . Hungarians faced the greatest challenge of overcoming the divisions of the previous year , as the fighting there had been the most bitter . Despite this , the Hungarian government hired a new commander and attempted to unite with Romanian democrat Avram Iancu , who was known as Crăişorul Munţilor ( `` The Prince of the Mountains '' ) . However , division and mistrust were too severe . Three days after the start of hostilities in Italy , Carlo Alberto abdicated the throne , essentially ending the Piedmontese return to war . Renewed military conflicts cost the Empire the little that remained of its finances . Another challenge to Habsburg authority came from Germany and the question of either `` big Germany '' ( united Germany led by Austria ) or `` little Germany '' ( united Germany led by Prussia ) . The Frankfurt National Assembly proposed a constitution with Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia as monarch of a united federal Germany composed of only ' German ' lands . This would have led to the relationship between Austria and Hungary ( as a ' non-German ' area ) being reduced to a personal union under the Habsburgs , rather than a united state , an unacceptable arrangement for both the Habsburgs and Austro - German liberals in Austria . In the end , Friedrich Wilhelm refused to accept the constitution written by the Assembly . Schwarzenberg dissolved the Hungarian Parliament in 1849 , imposing his own constitution that conceded nothing to the liberal movement . Appointing Alexander Bach head of internal affairs , he oversaw the creation of the Bach system , which rooted out political dissent and contained liberals within Austria and quickly returned the status quo . After the deportation of Lajos Kossuth , a nationalist Hungarian leader , Schwarzenberg faced uprisings by Hungarians . Playing on the long - standing Russian tradition of conservativism , he convinced tsar Nicholas I to send Russian forces in . The Russian army quickly destroyed the rebellion , forcing the Hungarians back under Austrian control . In less than three years , Schwarzenberg had returned stability and control to Austria . However , Schwarzenberg had a stroke in 1852 , and his successors failed to uphold the control Schwarzenberg had so successfully maintained . See also ( edit ) United Slovenia Anton Füster References ( edit ) Bidelux , Robert ; Jeffries , Ian ( 1998 ) . A History of Eastern Europe : Crisis and Change . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16111 - 8 . Sperber , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . The European Revolutions , 1848 -- 1851 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83907 - 5 . Schwarzschild , Léopold ( 1947 ) . The Red Prussian : The Life and Legend of Karl Marx . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , pp. 315 -- 316 Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 316 Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , pp. 295 -- 296 Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 298 Jump up ^ Schwarzschild 1947 , p. 174 : `` Metternich , like Louis Philippe , fled to London '' Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Bidelux & Jeffries 1998 , p. 310 Jump up ^ The Italians who stayed loyal to the Habsburgs , Gilberto Oneto , 8th December 2010 Jump up ^ Sperber 2005 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Marx & Engels , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Szabó , János B. ( 5 September 2006 ) . `` Hungary 's War of Independence '' . historynet.com . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mikuláš Teich , Dušan Kováč , Martin D. Brown ( 2011 ) . Slovakia in History . Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 9781139494946 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further Reading ( edit ) Robin Okey , The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765 -- 1918 : From Enlightenment to Eclipse , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2002 Otto Wenkstern , History of the war in Hungary in 1848 and 1849 , London : J.W. Parker , 1859 ( Digitized version ) Revolutions of 1848 Ideals Liberalism Nationalism Republicanism Socialism By nation French Germans Schleswig Italians Sicily Poles Swedes By location Austrian Empire Hungary Serbia Slovakia Belgium Brazil Luxembourg Ottoman Empire Moldavia Wallachia United Kingdom Britain Ireland Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Belligerents Austrian Empire Hungarian Revolutionary Army Kingdom of Hungary Russian Empire Pretext April Laws Major battles Pákozd Schwechat Mór Kápolna Battles of Komárom First battle Second battle Third battle Isaszeg Buda Pered Segesvár Szőreg Temesvár Hegyes Other battles Vienna Uprising Influence Hungarian Declaration of Independence Surrender at Világos Austro - Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Leaders for Austria Ferdinand I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Eduard Clam - Gallas Julius Jacob von Haynau Josip Jelačić Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein Franz Schlik Alfred I , Prince of Windisch - Grätz Leaders for Hungary Lajos Batthyány Józef Bem János Damjanich Henryk Dembiński Arisztid Dessewffy Artúr Görgey Richard Guyon György Klapka György Kmety Lajos Kossuth Vilmos Lázár János Móga Alessandro Monti Ferenc Ottinger Mór Perczel István Széchenyi Bertalan Szemere Leaders for Russia Alexander von Lüders Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich Grigory Khristoforovich Zass Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire&oldid=825839088 '' Categories : 1848 in the Austrian Empire Revolutions of 1848 1848 in Bohemia 1840s in Croatia 1848 in Hungary 1848 in Romania 19th century in Slovakia 19th - century revolutions Conflicts in 1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Rebellions against the Austrian Empire Vojvodina under Habsburg rule Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 18 : 46 . 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We Buy Any Car

we buy any car

We Buy Any Car Limited is an automotive purchasing and wholesale company headquartered in Farnham , Surrey , United Kingdom . It has branches in the U.K. and the United States . The U.S. corporate office is headquartered in Media , Pennsylvania in the Greater Philadelphia region .

The company was founded in 2006 by Noel and Darren McKee . In May 2010 the company expanded into the market of buying vans , through the brand webuyanyvan.com . The company have had over 750,000 customers . In 2013 , the company was purchased by the British Car Auctions ( BCA ) . In 2015 , BCA was floated on to the stock market . Contents ( hide ) 1 International Operations 2 Advertising 3 Research 4 Corporate social responsibility 5 References 6 External links International operations ( edit ) In March 2011 , We Buy Any Car launched operations in the United States of America . Advertising ( edit ) We Buy Any Car is well known within the United Kingdom for its advertisements that make use of repetitive beats . In October 2015 the webuyanycar.com ' Breakdancing Newsreader ' advert was voted as having the 7th most popular jingle of all TV ads over the past 60 years in The Sun newspaper . In recent years We Buy Any Car have developed their advertising campaigns , showing various customers sat on plush sofas detailing their experience with webuyanycar.com . The well - known jingle has evolved into a more subtle xylophone chime played at the end of each advert . The TV adverts have led to numerous parodies including We Hatch Any Egg and We Buy Any Cat . Research ( edit ) We Buy Any Car undertakes regular industry related research . In late 2010 , it released research highlighting the reduction in car maintenance skills amongst UK males . At the beginning of 2011 , We Buy Any Car completed research into the most commonly used car names ; concluding that the most common car name is ' Betty ' . In March 2012 , through analysis of more than 410,000 cars purchased , webuyanycar.com discovered that in 2012 for the first time , more women than men sold second hand cars . It also identified that the current `` average '' car sold in Britain is a five - year - old Vauxhall Corsa with 57,000 miles on the clock . In 2014 the company released the results of a mock Driving Theory Test on their website , revealing that 6 in 10 people who sat their test failed . Corporate social responsibility ( edit ) We Buy Any Car sponsors the charity Brake . In October 2012 it launched ' See Me Stay Safe ' a campaign supported by Brake , to encourage children to stay visible as the days get darker . webuyanycar.com distributed 5,000 hi - visibility vests to 5,000 children from Chester before the clocks went back . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Tech Track 100 , Rank : 25 We Buy Any Car '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` webuyanycar.com Terms & Conditions . '' We Buy Any Car . Retrieved on 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Buy Any Car Newsletter May 2010 '' . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Hatch Any Egg '' . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Buy Any Cat '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Men Dipsticks at Car Maintenance '' . Irish Independent . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poll reveals popular car names '' . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Love , Martin ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Volkswagen Golf : car review '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Brake '' . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety Week an initiative by Brake - Home '' . Roadsafetyweek.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . 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what happens to dr shepherd on grey's

In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother .

a fatal car accident

Derek Shepherd

derek shepherd

Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance during `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple are often referred to as `` Mer & Der '' and they have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series award .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Derek Shepherd on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=807598253 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the t rex name in land before time

List of the Land Before Time characters

list of the land before time characters

This is a list of recurring characters in The Land Before Time , a series of animated children 's films . The main characters include Littlefoot ( Apatosaurus ) , Cera ( Triceratops ) , Ducky ( Saurolophus ) , Petrie ( Pteranodon ) , Spike ( Stegosaurus ) , and in the spin - off television series and the fourteenth movie , Chomper ( Tyrannosaurus ) and Ruby ( Oviraptor ) . Other characters include the families of the main characters , the residents of their home , the Great Valley , and outsiders to the Great Valley .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 2 Main characters 2.1 Littlefoot 2.2 Cera 2.3 Ducky 2.4 Petrie 2.5 Spike 2.6 Chomper 2.7 Ruby 3 Secondary characters 3.1 Mr. Thicknose 3.2 Mo 3.3 Guido 3.4 Shorty 3.5 Tippy and his Mother 3.6 Hyp , Mutt , and Nod 3.7 Ali 3.8 Mrs. Twoped 3.9 Doc 4 Supporting characters 4.1 Grandpa and Grandma Longneck 4.2 Bron 4.3 Chomper 's Parents 4.4 Ducky and Spike 's Mother 4.5 Ducky and Spike 's Siblings 4.6 Littlefoot 's Mother 4.7 Petrie 's Mother 4.8 Topps 4.9 Tria 4.10 Cera 's Siblings 5 Allies 5.1 The Tinysauruses 5.2 Kosh 5.3 Rooter 5.4 Foobie 5.5 Hidden Runner 5.6 Loofah and Doofah 5.7 Milo , Lydia , and Plower 5.8 Archie 5.9 Tickles 5.10 Elsie 5.11 Sue 5.12 Pat 5.13 Saro 5.14 Rainbow Faces 5.15 Dara 5.16 Swooper 5.17 Etta 5.18 Wild Arms 6 Villains 6.1 Sharptooth 6.2 Ozzy and Strut 6.3 Dil and Ichy 6.4 Red Claw 6.5 Screech and Thud 6.6 Rhett 6.7 Pterano 6.7. 1 Rinkus and Sierra 6.8 The Great Hideous Beast 6.9 Unnamed Sharpteeth 7 References Creation and development ( edit ) The idea for The Land Before Time came during production of An American Tail . Steven Spielberg 's studio Amblin Entertainment was interested in doing a film about dinosaurs , which were popular at the time , leading Spielberg , director Don Bluth , and producer George Lucas to develop the prehistoric setting and its cast . Inspired by the dinosaur - themed `` Rite of Spring '' sequence from Disney 's Fantasia , Spielberg had originally intended for the movie to have no speech , with music queues and body language telling the story , effectively rendering all the characters mute . However , it was decided that the film could n't carry a story without dialogue , and each character was given language accordingly . Despite this , the film 's artists would still use the Fantasia sequence and characters as guides when creating their very first concept art . Bluth had to learn most of his information about specific dinosaur species before work began , stating `` I had to do lots and lots of research because I never was a fanatic about dinosaurs as a kid . But in many ways it became a fictional fantasy because it 's about these young children who are taught to hate each other ; anyone who is different from him . When they are separated from their parents , these five little children have to learn to get along with each other for survival . So there is a bit of a moral in it , too . '' The films creators wanted to have a Tyrannosaurus as the main villain , which became the `` Sharptooth '' that would define many similar antagonists throughout the series . While Bluth had originally wanted to portray a more `` forceful , dramatic '' representation of prehistoric times , the idea was sometimes at odds with studio executives who wanted a more child - friendly `` get - along gang '' approach , which called for the main characters becoming cuter , but still distinctly detailed , as a compromise . After the release of the first film , neither Bluth , Spielberg , or Lucas had further creative input in the series , with character development and design tweaks now guided by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and associated studios . Main characters ( edit ) Littlefoot ( edit ) `` Littlefoot '' redirects here . For the hominid fossil , see Little Foot . Littlefoot , voiced by Gabriel Damon ( I ) , Scott McAfee ( II - IV ) , Brandon LaCroix ( V ) , Thomas Dekker ( singing voice , V ; singing and speaking , VI - IX ) , Alec Medlock ( X ) , Aaron Spann ( XI ) , Nick Price ( XII ) , Cody Arens ( XIII - TV series ) , Anthony Skillman ( singing voice , XIII - TV series ) and Felix Avitia ( XIV ) , is a brown male Apatosaurus , or `` Longneck '' . His birth marked the beginning of the very first film . When his mother dies protecting him from a Sharptooth , he is forced to travel through the harsh wilderness alone to find his surviving grandparents . After meeting several young dinosaurs along the way who would become his best friends , they arrive in the verdant Great Valley where the series primarily takes place . In Journey Through the Mists , Littlefoot is introduced to his female cousin Ali , a member of another Longneck herd . He is eventually meets his father , Bron , in the film The Great Longneck Migration , who adopts an orphaned Brachiosaurus named Shorty who becomes his foster brother . Littlefoot has been referred to by several species names throughout the series . In the first film he is called a Brontosaurus on the home video packaging and by numerous media outlets . He was also called a Brachiosaurus on the later - released VHS clamshell case and Rotten Tomatoes UK . He is now listed as an Apatosaurus the official website and in modern incarnations of the series . He was originally named `` Thunderfoot '' by the creators of the first film , until it was discovered that a Triceratops character from a children 's book had the same name . The original name was kept very late into production , up until just before the movie 's release . Littlefoot has been compared to characters such as Disney 's Bambi , and Dorothy from The Wizard of Oz , on how he goes on a strange journey and meets many new friends along the way . Cera ( edit ) Cera , voiced by Candace Hutson ( I - IV ) , and Anndi McAfee ( V - XIV ) is a female orange Triceratops , or `` Threehorn '' . Like Littlefoot , she hatches in the first film , and is later separated from her parents and sisters during an earthquake . She accompanies Littlefoot to the Great Valley where she is eventually reunited with her father . She is stubborn , boastful , sometimes reckless , and occasionally belligerent , but is often made look foolish when she is proven wrong . The initial film , and a few sequels , attributed an ego to her species , especially to herself and her father , but this is diminished in later appearances . In the movie Invasion of the Tinysauruses , her dad begins a new relationship with a Threehorn named Tria , who Cera dislikes at first , but eventually comes to accept . By the following film , Tria and Cera 's father have become mates , and have a child named Tricia , Cera 's half - sister . The character was originally conceived as a male Triceratops named `` Bambo '' , but was changed to a female named `` Cera '' at the suggestion of producer George Lucas midway through animation of the first movie . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called Cera `` a fiercely cute and rambunctious little dynamo '' in his review of the 1988 original , with critic Mark R. Leeper likewise calling her `` cute and pugnacious . '' She was the main character of the 2001 children 's book The Land Before Time : Cera 's Big Day Out by Molly Goode , Judy Freudeberg , and Tony Geiss , as well as the 2007 book Cera 's Shiny Stone based on the TV series episode `` The Canyon of Shiny Stones '' . Ducky ( edit ) Ducky , voiced by Judith Barsi ( I ) , Heather Hogan ( II - IV ) and Aria Noelle Curzon ( V - XIV ) , is a female green Parasaurolophus , known colloquially as a `` Big Mouth '' , `` Duck Bill '' , or `` Swimmer '' . She was one of the young dinosaurs who accompanied Littlefoot to the Great Valley when she was separated from her family . After arriving in her new home , her mother adopted the orphaned Spike , who became her foster younger brother . She has numerous biological siblings , with many being born in the original film and Journey of the Brave . Characterized as having an energetic , cheerful , childlike personality , she speaks enthusiastically often replies to things in triplicate ( `` Yep , yep , yep ! '' or `` Nope , nope , nope ! '' ) . Her species has been inconsistently labeled in various Land Before Time media . While the official website referred to her as a Parasaurolophus , she has also been identified as the similar species Parasaurolophus , which she more closely resembles , in the 1997 The Land Before Time Sing - Along Songs video cassette . Many sources have also referred to her as an Anatosaurus , including Jerry Beck 's The Animated Movie Guide and David Mansour 's From Abba to Zoom : A Pop - Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . In her review of the 1988 film , Wendy Miller of the Mohave Daily Miner referred to the character as `` an adorably gregarious young anatosaurus who immediately wins the audiences heart . '' Petrie ( edit ) Petrie , voiced by Will Ryan ( I ) and Jeff Bennett ( II - XIV ) , is a male brown Pteranodon , or `` Flyer '' . The comic relief of the first film , he is characterized as panicky and anxious , and traveled with Littlefoot to find his mother and siblings in the Great Valley while learning the basics of flight along the way . He is talkative , but speaks in broken English , usually omitting linking verbs ( is , are , am ) , using `` me '' in place of `` I '' , and referring to himself in third person . He was originally meant to have a larger role in his debut , but much of his screen time was given to Ducky due to how impressed the producers were with Judith Barsi 's performance . He was a central character in the twelfth film The Great Day of the Flyers . The producers of the original film had difficulty deciding on a voice for the character until it was suggested by Steven Spielberg 's son , Max , that he sound similar to Digit from the previous Don Bluth movie , An American Tail . Digit 's voice actor Will Ryan was then asked to fill the role . It was pointed out in the book Test Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film that Petrie is the only one of the original five principal characters that is not technically a dinosaur ; Pteranodons are pterosaurs . Spike ( edit ) Spike , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II - V , VII - XIV ) and Jeff Bennett ( VI ) , is a male green Stegosaurus , or `` Spiketail '' . Despite being the largest , he is actually the youngest of the original main characters ; his hatching being witnessed by Ducky whose parents later adopted him . He is characterized as gluttonous , laid - back , and rarely speaks , communicating mostly in grunts or scat singing . During the fourth film , Journey Through the Mists , he speaks for the first time , calling Ducky 's name , and again in the eighth film The Big Freeze , where calls out to his mother . In the same movie , it is mentioned that his birth parents were probably lost in the earthquake of the first film , and becomes close friends with another Stegosaurus named Tippy . The TV series episode `` Through the Eyes of a Spiketail '' , is told largely from Spike 's point of view , where he speaks , internally , with a low voice , and can `` hear '' the song of plants that guide him to them . Spike 's design was based on Bluth 's pet Chow Chow , Cubby , with the director commenting that he had a personal fondness for the character , calling him `` a pure soul , simple , accommodating , and eager to please . '' He has been described by journalists as the `` fat kid '' of the group , `` quiet and shy , '' and a `` tagalong . '' Chomper ( edit ) Chomper , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( II ) , Cannon Young ( V ) , Max Burkholder ( TV series ) , and Issac Ryan Brown ( XIV ) is a male purple Tyrannosaurus , or `` Sharptooth '' . He first appeared in the second film , The Great Valley Adventure , as a newborn hatchling whom Littlefoot and the others attempt to raise before returning him to his parents . He re-appeared as a supporting character in the fifth movie The Mysterious Island , now able to speak the language of both Sharpteeth and leaf - eaters , where he must convince his parents and Cera that both groups can get along . He became a main character in the TV series , having migrated to the Great Valley under the care of Ruby , and attempts to discover how its residents can live in harmony so he can pass this knowledge to his own kind . He is also known for having an amazing sense of smell , which comes in handy on occasion . Chomper also appears in the Fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . When he attempts to greet Wild Arms , who passes out . In his debut in The Great Valley Adventure , Steve Rhodes of Rotten Tomatoes UK commended the character 's design , calling him `` a real scene stealer . '' Chomper is the star of the children 's book The Lonely Dinosaur , based on the TV series episode `` The Lonely Journey '' . Ruby ( edit ) Ruby , voiced by Meghan Strange , is a female pink Oviraptor , or `` Fast Runner '' , who first appeared in the television series , debuting in the inaugural episode `` The Cave of Many Voices '' . Originally from the Mysterious Beyond , she meets Chomper and agrees to accompany him to the Great Valley , and becomes separated from her parents and two siblings after they are ambushed by a Sharptooth named Redclaw . Later , she re-unites with her family in the episode `` Return to Hanging Rock '' , but returns to the Valley in order to keep looking after Chomper as promised . She made her film debut in the fourteenth movie Journey of the Brave . Ruby is characterized as being the wisest of her friends , giving advice or encouragement , and often makes repetitive or redundant statements ( `` Hello my friends , my friends hello . '' or `` I think I need to go do some thinking at my thinking place . '' ) Secondary characters ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose ( edit ) Mr. Thicknose , voiced by Robert Guillaume ( VIII ) and Dorian Harewood ( TV series ) , is an elderly Pachyrhinosaurus . In his first appearance , The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , he is a very respected resident of the Great Valley ; having convinced the others that he has been everywhere and seen everything . When snow falls in the Valley for the first known time , and he is unable to explain it , the other adults lose faith in him . While stranded in the Mysterious Beyond , he reveals to the children , to whom he acted as a teacher , that most of his knowledge comes from secondary sources . Despite this , he is able to use the knowledge he learned to guide them back to the Great Valley . The character 's only appearance in the films , to date , was in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , but he has become a regular in the TV series . Mo ( edit ) Mo , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a colorful Ophthalmosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . The character is bilingual , speaking a broken form of the herbivore language , as well as his native dolphin - like language . He is very playful , and becomes popular with the main characters aside from Cera , who is at first annoyed by his playful antics . Though the character 's only prominent roles are in the ninth movie and in the TV episode `` The Missing Fast - Water Adventure '' , he has made a few cameo appearances in the films . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , he jumps out of the water during the `` Adventuring '' musical number , and he says `` And fly ! '' during the song `` Flip , Flap and Fly '' in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido ( edit ) Guido , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a teal blue Microraptor gui , who first appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . He is convinced that he 's the only one of his kind , having never seen another of his kind before . His origins are unknown , as he apparently has no idea what he is or where he came from . Though he tries to fly , he can only glide for a brief period of time . He reappears in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock '' , in which he and Petrie meet an old blind purple Harpactognathus named Swooper ( voiced by Jess Harnell ) , and learns to fly properly . He often appears neurotic or panicky at times , and easily confused . Shorty ( edit ) Shorty , voiced by Brandon Michael DePaul ( X ) and Elizabeth Daily ( TV series ) is a young dark green Brachiosaurus who first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . When Bron found Shorty , he was defending a group of much younger Camarasaurus . Shorty bullies Littlefoot at first and antagonizes him , until Littlefoot decides that he can be his adopted older brother , and Shorty accepts . Later , at the end of the film , it is implied that Bron adopts him . Tippy and his mother ( edit ) Tippy , voiced by Jeremy Suarez ( VIII ) and Cree Summer ( TV series ) , is a pink and brown Stegosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze , in which his herd migrates into the Great Valley temporarily , after which he quickly befriends Spike . Unlike Spike , Tippy , though with limited use of words , is very vocal . Tippy 's mother ( voiced by Susan Krebs ) is a kindly female Stegosaurus , who invites Spike to spend time with her herd upon learning that he has been adopted by another species and has not spent time around his species . She later invites him to travel with the herd when they leave the Valley in search of food during the freeze . She and her son , together with their herd , reappear in the episode `` The Forbidden Friendship . '' Hyp , Mutt , and Nod ( edit ) Hyp , Mutt , and Nod are a trio of adolescent dinosaurs , who first appeared in The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving , in which they often quarrel with Littlefoot , Cera , and the others . It is also implied near the end of the film that Hyp the gray Hypsilophodon , behaves in this manner because of the aggressive treatment he receives from his father . His lackey , Mutt the green Muttaburrasaurus , is shown to be much softer - hearted , as well as dim - witted , whereas Hyp 's other lackey , Nod the green Nodosaurus , frequently emphasizes Hyp 's statements , as well as allowing him to ride on his back . They become friends with the protagonists after all eight cooperate against a pack of Fast Biters . The trio appear again in the season one finale of the television series , `` The Great Egg Adventure . '' In the film , they were voiced by Whit Hetford ( Hyp ) , Jeff Bennett ( Mutt ) , and Scott Menville ( Nod ) . In the TV series , Bennett and Menville resume their roles , but Hyp is voiced by Mikey Kelley . Ali ( edit ) Ali , voiced by Juliana Hansen ( IV ) and Nika Futterman ( TV series ) , is a young female purple Brontosaurus and a cousin of Littlefoot 's , who first appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . She quickly befriends Littlefoot , but is wary of the other main characters since they are not Longnecks . However , she befriends them after they all cooperate against common danger . She is their guide through the ' Land of Mists ' through which her family formerly traveled . Ali appears again in the TV episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' Mrs. Twoped ( edit ) Mrs. Twoped was an unseen friend of Tria around the time of Tricia 's hatching . After Tricia ran for the very first time in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , Tria remarked that she could not wait to tell Mrs. Twoped about it . Due to her last name , Mrs. Twoped can be presumed to be a two - legged dinosaur . In the Swedish translation , her name is `` Fru . Rörhuvud '' , which translates to `` Mrs. Tubehead '' , so she could be a Parasaurolophus . Doc ( edit ) Doc , voiced by Kris Kristofferson ( VI ) and Jeff Bennett ( TV series ) is a nomadic elderly Diplodocus . In his first appearance , he saves Littlefoot shortly after arriving in the Great Valley , and Littlefoot idolizes him thereafter as the legendary ' Lone Dinosaur ' , who purportedly saved the Great Valley from a particularly powerful Sharptooth long before ; Doc 's own statements about having visited the Great Valley before , as well as a large scar on his face resembling one of the legend , support Littlefoot 's ideas . At the end of the film , after Doc and Grandpa Longneck defeat a marauding Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus Rex together , Doc leaves the Valley . He appears again in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns , '' in which he now has a lady - friend . During the episode , he is initially appalled by Littlefoot 's friendship with Chomper , but is gradually convinced to respect the latter . Supporting characters ( edit ) Grandpa and Grandma Longneck ( edit ) Grandpa Longneck , voiced by Bill Erwin ( I ) and Kenneth Mars ( II -- XII , TV series ) and Barry Bostwick ( XIV ) , and Grandma Longneck , voiced by Linda Gary ( II -- IV ) and Miriam Flynn ( V -- XIV , TV series ) , are two older bluish - grey Brontosauruses and are Littlefoot 's maternal grandparents . They are his primary caregivers after his mother 's ( their daughter 's ) death ; whereas Grandpa Longneck , together with Topsy , serves as a leader of the combined herds of the Great Valley . Littlefoot regards his grandfather as an idol . Although both elders seldom fight , each is fully capable of opposing a tyrannosaur . Grandma and Grandpa Longneck appear in all of the Land Before Time films , and in many episodes of the TV series . Their names have never been given : all the characters address them by title , or by the species name of `` Longneck , '' including by each other ; modifying this , Bron appears as their son - in - law , wherefore he identifies them as `` Papa and Mama Longneck . '' Bron ( edit ) Bron , voiced by Kiefer Sutherland ( X ) and Cam Clarke ( TV series ) , and Scott Whyte ( XIV ) is a brown Brontosaurus , the father of Littlefoot , and adoptive father of Shorty . He first appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein Bron reveals that he was separated from his wife and parents - in - law before Littlefoot hatched . Although Littlefoot and Bron are affectionate , they separate at the end of the film , promising to reunite . Bron eventually fulfills this in the TV episode `` The Big Longneck Test , '' in which he administers a series of difficult tasks to Littlefoot . He reappears in the movie `` Journey of The Brave '' where he is trapped near a volcano and is hurt . He is shown to be proud of his son 's will to save him . Chomper 's parents ( edit ) Chomper 's Parents are a pair of Tyrannosaurus , featured in Chomper 's first two film appearances . They are sexually dimorphic , with Chomper 's father being dark green and his mother having an olive green color . They are very protective of their son , as when they invade the Great Valley to search for his egg in The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure , and fighting to protect him from a Giganotosaurus in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . Although the two initially treat the protagonists as prey , they promise to spare them , as a reward for rescuing Chomper from the Giganotosaurus . In The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , a dark green Sharptooth resembling Chomper 's father is chasing a herd of Dryosaurus . Ducky and Spike 's mother ( edit ) Ducky and Spike 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( II - XII , TV series ) and Meghan Strange ( XIV ) , is a grayish green Saurolophus and has appeared in most of the movies . Ducky and Spike 's father is rarely seen but has appeared in the initial film , and in the background of The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze . The mother is a kindly , attentive figure , and is treated with respect by all children and adults in the Great Valley . She occasionally has doubts on whether to raise Spike in keeping with her own values or with those of his racial heritage ; this was seen in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze when a stegosaur herd met and befriended Spike . Ducky and Spike 's siblings ( edit ) There are at least 14 young siblings , resembling Ducky herself but seldom seen . In the first film , Ducky 's nest contained about half a dozen eggs , whereas in the second film , Ducky 's parents have another nest , whence an equal number are hatched . As revealed in the latest film , more siblings are younger than Ducky and Spike . Littlefoot 's mother ( edit ) Appeared only in The Land Before Time , Littlefoot 's Mother , voiced by Helen Shaver , lost her life in the first film to save Littlefoot and Cera from the Sharptooth pursuing them . Before her death , she is Littlefoot 's teacher and caregiver , and introduces the story 's principal themes ; and after death , appears in spirit to reveal his destination . She is also shown in a flashback scene in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , wherein she is blue in color , whereas in the first film , she was brown . Petrie 's mother ( edit ) Petrie 's Mother , voiced by Tress MacNeille ( I - XIII , TV series ) and Anndi McAfee ( XIV ) , is a dark blue Pteranodon who appears in the entire series of The Land Before Time . She has major appearances in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire , and The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . In the seventh film , she flies to the Mysterious Beyond to find Petrie and Ducky , blaming her brother Pterano for endangering them . Topps ( edit ) Topps , voiced by Burke Byrnes ( I ) , John Ingle ( II -- XIII , TV series ) and George Ball ( XIV ) , is a gray Triceratops , and the father of Cera . He was credited as `` Daddy Topps '' in the first film and is otherwise called `` Mr. Threehorn '' . In The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , the character Tria refers to him by the pet name `` Topsy , '' much to the annoyance of Cera . He is portrayed as belligerent , domineering , sometimes hostile , and stubborn like his daughter , and as such , serves as opposition party to Grandpa Longneck , at any decisive meeting of the herds . Most interspecies racism is associated with him , but his principal anxiety in most appearances , is the protection of Cera . Tria ( edit ) Tria , voiced by Camryn Manheim ( XI -- XII ) and Jessica Gee ( XIII , TV series ) , is a pink `` Three - Horn '' ( Triceratops ) , and Topps ' second mate . Tria is introduced in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses , wherein she is opposed by Cera until later in the story . Tria and Topps have a child in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Cera 's siblings ( edit ) Topps and his first mate are shown to have had several children on at least two occasions . The first time can only be inferred , in that the existence of Dinah and Dana -- Cera 's niece and nephew and Topps ' grandchildren -- implies that Topps and his mate had at least one child before Cera 's egg laying . Cera also had several sisters of an age with herself , though they are seldom seen . As of The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , she has a half - sister named Tricia : the offspring of her father and stepmother , Tria . Allies ( edit ) The Tinysauruses ( edit ) The Tinysauruses are an underground colony of Mussaurus , who appeared in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Their leader is an old cranky Mussaurus with a huge voice named Big Daddy ( voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan ) along with his daughter Lizzie ( voiced by Cree Summer ) . Other individuals include Skitter ( voiced by Leigh Kelly ) , Dusty ( voiced by Ashley Rose Orr ) , and Rocky ( voiced by Nika Futterman ) . The Tinysauruses make a cameo appearance in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers , and later are mentioned in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' Kosh ( edit ) Kosh , voiced by Rob Paulsen ( III , minus V ) , Jeff Bennett ( XI -- XII , TV series ) and Pete Sepenuk ( TV series ) , is a gluttonous , pink Ankylosaurus who appears reduces exile in some of The Land Before Time films and the TV series . He is almost always seen eating , and usually ends up having his meal disturbed or interrupted in some way . He is also rather quick to anger , though maybe not as much as Cera 's father . He is apparently on good terms with him , usually being the first to agree with Mr. Threehorn , but often argues with him too . His first name was revealed in the end credits of the TV episode `` The Star Day Celebration . '' Rooter ( edit ) Rooter , voice by Pat Hingle ( who also narrated the first film ) , is an old Turquoise - colored Scolosaurus , who consoles Littlefoot after the latter 's mother has died . His only appearance was in the first film . Foobie ( edit ) Foobie , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a mute Yellow Belly who is considered the Wise One of his herd . Foobie makes friends with Spike . He appears in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Hidden Runner ( edit ) Hidden Runner , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a green and blue Troodon whose only appearance , so far , has been in The Land Before Time TV series episode `` The Spooky Nighttime Adventure . '' He ( or she ) has the ability to blend in with its habitat due to its multi-colored markings , giving the impression that it can turn invisible , similar to a chameleon or octopus . Loofah and Doofah ( edit ) Loofah and Doofah are two Beipiaosaurus Yellow - Bellies who only appeared in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . Loofah is voiced by Cuba Gooding , Jr. and Doofah is voiced by Sandra Oh . Loofah is the cheerful leader of a herd of Yellow - Bellies who , in the film , are looking for the Berry Valley . Doofah is a prominent female in her herd , and is equally friendly and optimistic . Both of them have short - term memory loss , and are motivated by impulsive needs . Milo , Lydia , and Plower ( edit ) Milo , Lydia , and Plower are three Ceratogaulus featured in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above . '' They believe Spike to be `` The Big Wise One '' . Milo was voiced by Rob Paulsen , Plower by Meghan Strange , and Lydia by Anndi McAfee . Archie ( edit ) Archie is an old Archelon , living in a cave - system just outside the Land of Mists . He has only appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , wherein he guides Littlefoot and his friends through the caves . Tickles ( edit ) Tickles is an arboreal Megazostrodon who appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , to assist the protagonists . He was voiced by Frank Welker . Elsie ( edit ) Elsie is a green Elasmosaurus who returns Littlefoot , Ducky , Cera , Petrie , and Spike to their families at the end of The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . She is voiced by Christina Pickles . Sue ( edit ) Sue is a bright pink Supersaurus . She saved Littlefoot from a Belly Dragger ( Sarcosuchus ) by simply crushing its face in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . She wishes to meet somebody who is taller than her , and once in the crater , she meets a Sauroposeidon that is taller than herself . Sue is kind and gentle , but her real personality remains a mystery because of her short amount of screen - time . She was voiced by Bernadette Peters . Pat ( edit ) Pat is an old but not always wise Apatosaurus , who only appeared in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , and was voiced by James Garner . Saro ( edit ) Saro is an Alamosaurus . He is an old friend of Grandpa Longneck , who has been interested in the stories of the Longnecks all his life . He appears in the episode of the TV series , `` The Legend of the Story Speaker . '' He is voiced by Pete Sepenuk . Rainbow Faces ( edit ) Rainbow Faces are two Gallimimus , who appeared in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . Throughout their appearance , they show scientific knowledge exceeding that attributed to other characters , and are finally implied to be extraterrestrial in origin . The male Rainbow Face appears again in The Invasion of the Tinysauruses . Dara ( edit ) Dara is a wandering female Diplodocus who first appeared in the TV episode `` The Lone Dinosaur Returns . '' She is the lady - friend of Doc , the ' Lone Dinosaur ' . She is voiced by Susan Blu . Swooper ( edit ) Swooper is a blind , elderly Harpactognathus who Petrie and Guido meet in Black Rock in the TV episode `` The Hermit of Black Rock . '' He is voiced by Jess Harnell . Etta ( edit ) Etta is a Pteranodon who appears in The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave . After Littlefoot meets her after looking for shelter during a `` Sand cloud '' a.k.a. Sand storm , she forces Littlefoot into a cave , and the mouth of the cave is blocked by sand , and later rocks . To cheer up the downtrodden Longneck , Etta tells Littlefoot to ' look for the light ' ; look for the positive in a negative situation . After a song number , she and Littlefoot hear sound from above the cave , coming from a skirmish between the rest of the Prehistoric Pals and a hostile Sharptooth . The dinosaurs ( and pterosaurs ) ride a river and use a waterfall to exit the cave opening , and make their way to the Fire Mountain ; the location of Littlefoot 's imperiled father , Bron . Etta has a burn mark on her arm when a small lava bomb hit her when she was near a volcano called Fire Mountain . She is voiced by Reba McEntire . Wild Arms ( edit ) Wild Arms is a Nothronychus who notifies Littlefoot and the rest of the valley that Bron has been imperiled in the Mysterious Beyond . In the evening , after the kids set off to find Littlefoot 's father , he is enlisted by Grandpa Longneck and Daddy Topps to guide them to the Fire Mountain , the exact location where Bron was put in danger due to a volcanic eruption . It is later revealed by Etta that Wild Arms ' life was nearly cut short during the eruption of the Fire Mountain , the therizinosaur narrowly escaping death due to the involvement of Bron ; though this rescue was ultimately what put Bron 's life on the line . After Bron is rescued , he , alongside Etta , Grandpa , Topps , and the Gang of Seven , head back to the Great Valley as the sun sets . Though Wild Arms 's eccentric behavior does occasionally lead to humor , he is selfish , cowardly , and somewhat mean spirited . He is rather narcissistic , and is very reluctant to help those who need help the most . At the end of the movie , Wild Arms arrogantly tries to take credit for helping with the rescue , saying he `` volunteered '' when boasting to Etta ; who quickly laughs off his arrogance . He also has to be goaded into going into the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth , and , despite being told that Chomper is not a threat to him , passes out when Chomper attempts to greet him , forcing the others to have to carry him until they nearly encounter the Horned Sharptooth . He is voiced by Damon Wayans , Jr . Villains ( edit ) Sharptooth ( edit ) Sharptooth is the main antagonist of The Land Before Time . He is an extremely strong , athletic , and powerful Tyrannosaurus , injured in pursuit of Littlefoot and Cera , but also the slayer of Littlefoot 's mother . Having fallen into a crack in the earth during an earthquake , he remains comatose until awoken by Cera , and thereafter pursues the protagonists until the end of the film , wherein they drown him in a lake . In the book adaption , he appears to have a grudge against them after Littlefoot inadvertently injured his right eye during his first encounter with him . Ozzy and Strut ( edit ) Ozzy and Strut are a pair of Oviraptor . They are the main villains of the second movie ; The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure . Ozzy is obsessed with eating eggs while Strut is clumsy and has more interest in plants ( although he was a vegetarian as shown in the beginning of the movie and willing to eat plants , he also enjoyed eating eggs like Ozzy ) . Having been prevented thrice from stealing eggs ( the first time , Ozzy failed the attempt by trying to steal an egg from a mother Maiasaura 's nest , the second strike was one of Ducky 's unhatched siblings , and the third and final strike was both Ozzy and Strut trying to steal eggs from a mother Pteranodon 's nest near a volcanic area ) , and twice by Littlefoot and his friends , Ozzy and Strut attempt to throw both Littlefoot and Chomper from a cliff , but are driven from the Valley by Chomper 's parents , and presumably killed . Ozzy is voiced by Jeff Bennett ( with a British accent ) and Strut is voiced by Rob Paulsen ( also with a British accent ) ; they are the only characters to identify themselves by species name , when Ozzy identifies himself as ' this Struthiomimus ' in their song - sequence . Other characters in the series identify them as `` egg stealers '' , `` fast runners '' , or `` claw - heads '' in movies and books in the franchise . Dil and Ichy ( edit ) Dil and Ichy are the main antagonists of The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists . Dil is a female Deinosuchus ( called a `` big - mouthed bellydragger '' ) and Ichy is a male Ichthyornis ( called a `` sharp beak '' ) . They pursue Littlefoot and his friends throughout the film , but often quarrel among themselves , partly because of the lack of food and partly because Dil is very nearsighted . Ultimately , they separate completely after both saying in the argument that they were going to go it alone forever . Immediately afterwards , Dil slapped Ichy away with her tail ; and then vowed that it would teach him . Dil ( after defeating Ichy ) , she was chased away by a plesiosaur ( a Hydrotherosaurus ) . Then she cried out for Ichy before getting chased away by the Hydrotherosaurus . Dil is voiced by Tress MacNeille and Ichy is voiced by Jeff Bennett . Red Claw ( edit ) Red Claw , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a Tyrannosaurus . He has a distinctive scar extending from his left eye to his left hand , with the blood apparently coloring one of his claws bright red . He appears in various episodes of the show , but survives its events . Screech and Thud ( edit ) Screech and Thud , voiced by Pete Sepenuk and Rob Paulsen , respectively , are two Utahraptor , and companions of Red Claw . In the episode `` Escape From the Mysterious Beyond '' Thud is shown to have sociopathic tendencies and not to understand the concept of friendship . However , after Chomper frees Thud , whose tail had been caught in a rock , Thud leads Red Claw and Screech away from the gang . Rhett ( edit ) Rhett ( voiced by Elizabeth Daily ) is a new friend of Littlefoot 's friend Ali , who is introduced in the TV series episode `` The Brave Longneck Scheme . '' He has an arrogant personality and tries to pass off as a hero by telling exaggerated stories of his heroics to his friends , although his lies are discovered by Littlefoot and the others . He is an Apatosaurus . Pterano ( edit ) Pterano , voiced by Michael York , is the brother of Petrie 's mother and the uncle of Petrie and his siblings , but exiled from the herd for abandoning his own followers to Deinonychus . Having rejoined the herd , he attempts to capture the titular Stone of Cold Fire , but ultimately fails when it turns out the Stone is just a regular asteroid , and is banished anew temporarily . In The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration , a lone Flyer resembling Pterano is seen when Littlefoot and his grandparents leave the Valley . Rinkus and Sierra ( edit ) Rinkus , a pink Rhamphorhynchus , and Sierra , a brown Cearadactylus , are the henchmen of Pterano in The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire . They assist in kidnapping Ducky and later turn on Pterano when the Stone of Cold Fire proves to be only a metallic meteorite . They are last seen being thrown into the sky by a violent explosion at the end of the film , alive but severely injured . Rinkus is voiced by Rob Paulsen with a Cockney accent and Sierra is voiced by Jim Cummings . The Great Hideous Beast ( edit ) The Great Hideous Beast ( voiced by Dorian Harewood ) is a Microceratus who appears in the TV episode `` Stranger From the Mysterious Above '' . It terrorized a subterranean group of mammals until Spike accidentally buried it in a rockslide . The Great Hideous Beast then escaped to the surface . Unnamed Sharpteeth ( edit ) Many Sharpteeth were featured in several Land Before Time films . Four Velociraptor ( credited as being voiced by Frank Welker ) appear near the end of The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving . They try to kill the adults , but one is knocked out and killed by a rock falling on his head , while the other three are separated from the herd due to a flood of water . A Cretoxyrhina also appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He tries to attack Littlefoot and the gang , but he was defeated when Littlefoot and the gang end up in the island again . A Giganotosaurus , or `` Plated Sharptooth '' , appears in The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island . He had crossed onto the island that Chomper and his parents lived on during the events of the film . It tries to eat the gang , but they are saved by Chomper 's parents . After a short fight where it incapacitates both Chomper 's parents , it eventually falls down a cliff into the sea when Chomper 's father recovers . An Allosaurus , or `` Browridge Sharptooth '' , ( voiced by Danny Mann ) appears in The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock , where it tries to eat the gang on two separate occasions while going to and from Saurus Rock . It halls down a chasm while trying to cross a log to get to the gang . Littlefoot later returns to retrieve a tooth from it , only to realize it is still alive . When Grandpa saves Littlefoot from a Tyrannosaurus , the sharptooth returns , and teams with him against Grandpa . Doc comes to the rescue , and the longnecks pull down a rock spire , crushing the predators to death . A Tyrannosaurus also appears in the sixth film in the climax . It attacks Littlefoot after he temporarily escaped the Allosaurus , but is stopped by Grandpa Longneck . Soon the Allosaurus enters and they team up against the longneck , but Doc comes to the rescue . Both longnecks eventually crush the carnivores to death by pulling a rock spire down on them . An Albertosaurus appears in The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze . Wandering around the landscape during a blizzard , it tries to eat Ducky , but it is incapacitated after Littlefoot and Cera roll a large snowball into it . It returns and tries to eat the gang as they try to go up a hill . Mr. Thicknose rolls a log into its direction , causing it to slip on it , roll down the hill , and fall off a cliff . A Liopleurodon , dubbed a Sharptooth Swimmer , appears in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . A resident of the Big Water , it is stranded in a body of water in the Great Valley after a large rainstorm . It then tries to eat Littlefoot and the gang , but it becomes trapped in a cave after an earthquake . After getting free , it relentlessly pursues the gang into the Mysterious Beyond , where they encounter it again . The Liopleurodon is lured away by Mo , who is apparently eaten by it , much to Littlefoot 's distress . However , they find Mo safe and sound , and he tells the gang of how he managed to hide from the Liopleurodon , after which it sensed the Big Water was nearby and swam away back to its home . A Sarcosuchus appears in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . Residing in a swamp in the Mysterious Beyond , it tries to eat Littlefoot after he mistakes it for a rock to jump on , but Littlefoot is saved by Sue , who stomps her foot down on its head . It survives and goes on to try and eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they venture into its territory while going after Littlefoot . It nearly succeeds in eating Petrie , but he is saved after Cera unintentionally knocks a large tree onto the Sarcosuchus , causing it to release Petrie in the process . Again , the Sarcosuchus survives , but winds up being trapped underneath the log , allowing the gang to escape . Three Daspletosaurus appear in The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration . One tries to eat Cera , Ducky , Petrie , and Spike when they mistake it for a rock to sleep against , but loses them . It later reappears alongside two others when they try to eat the gang , along with Bron , Shorty , Pat , and Littlefoot 's grandparents . All three are defeated through the cooperation of the entire group , but they recover and try to attack the entire Longneck herd . However , they are scared off when the Night Circle blocks out the Great Circle . Two Utahraptor appear in The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses . After chasing the Tinysauruses through a cave , they manage to enter the Great Valley through a hole in the wall . They are eventually chased out of the Valley by the adults after a short fight . A Spinosaurus appears in The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers . Guido disturbs its sleep after sleep - flying into it , after which it tries to eat him . Guido is saved by Petrie , and the two are pursued by the Spinosaurus . It is later trapped underneath a rock after being lured there by the rest of the gang . Four Baryonyx appear in The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends . They are led by a purple - brown Baryonyx with a scar running over its jaw . The four try to eat Loofah , Doofah , and Foobie , but they chase them into a cave , where the rest of the gang bury them in rocks . They survive and chase after the gang , but are driven off a cliff by the Yellow Belly herd and the kids . A mother Utahraptor appears in the episode The Great Egg Adventure . A pair of featherheaded Yutyrannus appear in The Land Before Time XIV : Journey of the Brave . The kids hatch a plan to cover themselves with stinkweed to get through the Land of the Featherhead Sharpteeth . It works , though they are almost discovered by the carelessness of Petrie , but a small mammal distracts the two Yutyrannus . The kids later accidentally wash off the stinkweed , and the carnivores chase them . The kids however , defeat the sharpteeth when they corner the gang at the top of a hill next to a cliff . Both sharpteeth survive . A Carnotaurus , or Horned Sharptooth , also appears in Journey of the Brave . It attacks Littlefoot 's friends , but Etta is able to help them get away . Later , it nearly discovers Grandpa , Topps , Chomper , Ruby , and Wild Arms , but is distracted by a flock of ornithomimids . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Don Bluth Land Before Time '' . The Animated Films of Don Bluth. 1994 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leyden , Joe ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` A rundown of the best and worst ' The Land Before Time ' moves '' . The New York Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 18 , 1988 ) . `` The Land Before Time Movie Review ( 1988 ) '' . Roger Ebert.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Wendy ( November 29 , 1988 ) . `` Animated Film Lives Up to Promises '' . The Mohave Daily Miner . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 1988 ) . `` The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Characters : Littlefoot '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . p. 138 . ISBN 1556525915 . Jump up ^ Pudleiner , Mark ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Memory lane 2 > Don Bluth Studio 1986 '' . Mark Pudleiner 's Official Blog . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Motion Picture Guide : 1989 Annual . Jenny Mueller ( Editor ) , Jeffrey H. Wallenfeldt ( Senior Editor ) , Jennifer Howe , Michaela Tuohy ( Associate Editors ) , William Leahy ( Editorial Director ) . Evanston , Illinois : Cinebooks , Inc. 1989 . pp. 185 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 933997 - 20 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Characters : Cera '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Bryan ( March 4 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review -- The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horiuchi , Tami . `` DVD : The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( DVD ) '' . Tower.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Land Before Time ' '' . The Washington Post . November 18 , 1988 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leeper , Mark R. ( 1988 ) . `` Review for the Land Before Time ( 1988 ) '' . IMdb.com ( originally posted on rec. arts. movies. reviews ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land before Time : Cera 's Big Day out : Molly Goode , Judy Freudberg , Tony Geiss '' . Book Depository.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time : Cera 's Shiny Stone ( I Can Read Book 2 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land Before Time Characters : Ducky '' . Landbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mansour , David ( 2005 ) . From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 272 . ISBN 0740751182 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaurs Land Before Time / Petrie Dino '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kho , Nancy Davis ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Alan David ( 2003 ) . Test - Prep Your IQ with the Essentials of Film . Peterson 's . p. 111 . ISBN 0768911907 . Jump up ^ ^ Benton , Michael J. ( 2004 ) . `` Origin and relationships of Dinosauria '' . In Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; and Osmólska , Halszka ( eds . ) . The Dinosauria ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 7 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Cartoon : Spike '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dOc treehouse : The Land Before Time : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) '' . Digitally Obsessed . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ . `` The Land Before Time II '' . MJ Simpson.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( November 24 , 1988 ) . `` ' Before Time ' movie -- the heroes are dinosaurs '' . The Desert News . p. 59 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land Before Time Other Friends '' . Thelandbeforetime.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Steven ( July 25 , 2002 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes : A pleasant little story of no real consequence ... if you want a compelling story you should go for the original '' . Rotten Tomatoes UK . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Richard ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island , The '' . Moria . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land Before Time : The Lonely Dinosaur ( I Can Read -- Level 2 ( Quality ) ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Well , this is happening ( The Land Before Time 14 : Journey of the Brave Trailer Review ) '' . When Dinosaurs Ruled the Mind . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` The Land Before Time TV review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ( hide ) The Land Before Time Film series The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2006 ) The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Related TV series ( episodes ) Characters Video games `` If We Hold on Together '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Land_Before_Time_characters&oldid=843074637 '' Categories : Fictional dinosaurs Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work The Land Before Time Universal Studios cartoons and characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with a promotional tone from September 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano മലയാളം Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 18 : 00 . 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who recorded the song i love rock and roll

I Love Rock ' n ' Roll

i love rock'n'roll

`` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows , who recorded the first released version . The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982 . Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe , Japan and most often in his home town New York City .

Contents ( hide ) 1 The Arrows original version 2 Joan Jett cover version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Critical reception 2.3 Chart performance 2.4 Weekly charts 2.5 Year - end charts 2.5. 1 Chart successions 3 Britney Spears version 3.1 Background , release and composition 3.2 Reception 3.2. 1 Critical 3.2. 2 Commercial 3.3 Music video 3.4 Live performances 3.5 Track listings 3.6 Charts and certifications 3.6. 1 Weekly charts 3.6. 2 Year - end charts 3.6. 3 Certifications 3.7 Release history 4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.3 Release history 5 Other cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The Arrows original version ( edit ) The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records , with lead vocals , guitar , music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most . In an interview with Songfacts , Merrill said he wrote it as `` a knee - jerk response to the Rolling Stones ' ' It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) ' . '' This version was first released as a B - side , but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record . The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young - produced show 45 , after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series , Arrows , which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976 . Joan Jett cover version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts from the album I Love Rock ' n Roll B - side `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got '' Released January 19 , 1982 Format 7 - inch single , 12 - inch single Recorded 1981 Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 45 Label Boardwalk Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Ritchie Cordell , Kenny Laguna Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` Bad Reputation '' ( 1981 ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' ( 1982 ) `` Crimson and Clover '' ( 1982 ) `` I Love Rock N Roll '' Joan Jett and the Blackhearts ' `` I Love Rock N Roll '' from I Love Rock ' n Roll Problems playing this file ? See media help . Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' on their weekly UK television series Arrows when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976 . She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols : Steve Jones and Paul Cook . This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B - side to `` You Do n't Own Me '' . In 1981 , Jett re-recorded the song , this time with her band , the Blackhearts . This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number - one single for seven weeks . Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982 . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett 's I Love Rock ' n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200 . Joan Jett 's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016 . Music video ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' 's black - and - white music video received heavy play from the just - launched MTV network . In it , Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small , dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus . A snippet of Jett 's 1981 hit `` Bad Reputation '' can be heard at the beginning of the video . The video was originally in color , but it was converted to black and white because Jett was ultimately displeased with the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color . In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne 's World 2 soundtrack . In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert . It was again released as a single by Warner / Reprise with `` Activity Grrrl '' as the B - side . Critical reception ( edit ) Jett 's version has received many accolades , including : Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' Ranking No. 56 in Billboard 's Greatest Songs of all time . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South African Chart Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 31 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia 7 Canada Netherlands 25 New Zealand 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box 5 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Centerfold '' by the J. Geils Band Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 1 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Chariots of Fire '' by Vangelis Preceded by `` Tainted Love '' by Soft Cell Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 March 1982 -- 8 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League Preceded by `` What About Me '' by Moving Pictures Australian Kent Music Report number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 3 May 1982 -- 31 May 1982 Succeeded by `` Mickey '' by Toni Basil Preceded by `` Do n't You Want Me '' by the Human League New Zealand RIANZ number - one single ( Joan Jett version ) 20 June 1982 -- 11 July 1982 Succeeded by `` E Ipo '' by Prince Tui Teka Britney Spears version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Single by Britney Spears from the album Britney and Crossroads ( Music from the Major Motion Picture ) Released 27 May 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 06 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Producer ( s ) Rodney Jerkins Britney Spears singles chronology `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( 2002 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2002 ) `` Anticipating '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' on YouTube Background , release and composition ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002 . The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads . Spears 's character , Lucy , performs it in a karaoke bar . Spears said of the song , `` They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I 've actually sung I Love Rock ' n ' Roll in a lot of clubs that I 've been to . '' Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites . Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most - produced version just before she recorded the song , according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt . The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase , at Hit Factory Miami . When promoting the single 's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) Spears ' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews . NME 's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney `` still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich : there 's the ace Rodney Jerkins - produced version of Joan Jett 's ' I Love Rock'n'Roll ' , which does exactly what is says on the tin . '' Rolling Stone 's Barry Walters wrote that `` producer Rodney Jerkins ' hip - hop blaspheming of Joan Jett 's `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' does n't go as far as it should ( is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future ? ) , but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ( `` The Beat Goes On '' on ... Baby One More Time ) and Stones ( `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' on Oops ! ... I Did It Again ) songs . '' Another positive reception came from PopMatters 's editor Nikki Tranter , who enjoyed that the song is `` different from the average run - of - the - mill pop offering , '' and praised that `` she does strange justice to the tune , vamping up her vocals and turning out something , that while silly and camp , is actually a fun listen . '' In contrast , David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that `` her remake is neither imaginative ( it simply xeroxes Joan Jett 's arrangement ) nor all that believable . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' charted moderately upon release , reaching the top twenty in most regions . The song was moderately successful in the UK , where it peaked at number thirteen ( which , at the time , was her lowest peak for a single released there , until `` Radar '' only managed to reach number forty - six in 2009 , and then `` I Wanna Go , which peaked at one - hundred and eleven ) . The single sold a total of 65,000 copies . It was also certified Gold in Australia . Music video ( edit ) Spears performing ′ ′ I Love Rock ′ n ′ Roll ′ ′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Directed by Chris Applebaum , the music video for `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' shows Spears with her own band , a stack of speakers , and flashing lights . It was shot at The Inn , a bar in Long Beach , New York . The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America 's countdown . The Director 's Cut version of the video was later leaked ; it included previously unseen scenes from the video . Live performances ( edit ) The song was performed live during Spears 's Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 -- 02 ) . In 2016 , it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me ( 2016 -- 17 ) , marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years . During the performance , Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar , which simulates a mechanical bull , as it rotates on stage . The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) for a segment in which she covered the song `` Burning Up '' by Madonna . In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards , the song was performed as part of a medley , using the same guitar prop . Track listings ( edit ) European 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 18 European / Australian CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 08 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 26 German 2 tracks CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 German CD single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 07 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 05 `` Overprotected '' ( Riprock ' N Alex G Remix ) -- 3 : 25 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 24 Japanese CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix ) -- 5 : 25 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Thunderpuss Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 18 `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal ) -- 5 : 30 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Spanish Fly Dub Mix ) -- 5 : 55 UK CD maxi single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) '' -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Video ) -- 3 : 06 Cassette single `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Karaoke Version ) -- 3 : 04 `` Overprotected '' ( Darkchild Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 06 Digital download ( Digital 45 ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' -- 3 : 07 `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' ( Metro Remix Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 29 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungarian Singles Chart 6 Irish Singles Chart 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Japan ( Oricon ) 26 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Portugal ( Portuguese Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 68 Belgium Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 76 German Singles Chart 96 Swedish Singles Chart 85 Swiss Singles Chart 81 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE Japan 19 June 2002 Sony United Kingdom 1 July 2002 JIVE Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version ( edit ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney Released 3 December 2008 Recorded 2008 Length 3 : 37 Label 541 / NEWS Songwriter ( s ) Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Alex Gaudino singles chronology `` Watch Out '' ( 2008 ) Watch Out 2008 `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( 2008 ) I Love Rock ' n ' Roll2008 `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' ( 2010 ) I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) 2010 The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008 . Track listing ( edit ) UK Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 37 2 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Extended Mix ) 7 : 43 3 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Dabruck , Klein Remix ) 6 : 01 4 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 5 : 35 5 . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( Disko Kriminals Remix ) 7 : 05 Credits and personnel Lead vocals -- Alex Gaudino Music -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Lyrics -- Alan Merrill , Jake Hooker Scratches -- Corey Chase Label : 541 / NEWS Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 10 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download Other cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' is an often - covered song , and has been notably recorded by such artists as : Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon . L'Arc ~ En ~ Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan . Lee Da - hae released the song as a single in 2007 , with versions in both English and Korean . Boy band Five sampled the song for `` Everybody Get Up '' . Reverend Run sampled the song for his song `` Mind on the Road '' on his solo album Distortion . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ( parody , as `` I Love Rocky Road '' ) The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at # 27 in 2003 . Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett 's version for the video game Just Dance 2017 . American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song Remind Me on his ninth studio album Revival . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cad , Saint . `` 10 More Famous Songs With Unknown Originals '' . listverse.com . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outsight Radio Hours interview , 12 February 2012 '' . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` alan merrill setlist '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll '' . Songfacts.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten hits you may not know were cover versions '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` I Love Rock N ' Roll -- Song Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8460 - 9091 - 2 . Cordell joined Kenny Laguna , his former session player and then manager of Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , to co-produce the group 's chart - topping hard - rock anthem ' I Love Rock ' N Roll ' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 322 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone - The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . `` With the first primal power chord , Jett obliterated her image as a teenage girl - group novelty in the Runaways . The squealing riffs matched her new leather - clad tough - girl image and made her case as one of the fiercest female guitarists of all time . '' Jump up ^ `` The Recording Academy Announces 2016 Grammy Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Recording Academy . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Australia n ° 1 Hits - 80 's '' . Worldcharts.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda . Top 40 Hits : the essential chart guide ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Hung Medien . `` I love rock'n'roll in French Chart '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` I love rock'n'roll in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ John Samson . `` I love rock'n'roll in South African Chart '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Joan Jett & The Blackhearts -- I Love Rock'n Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 8th May 1982 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Love Rock'n'Roll awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , March 27 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1982 Jump up ^ Top Selling Singles of 1982 The Official New Zealand Music Chart Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1982 Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' N ' Roll '' . www.discogs.com . Discogs . n.d . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Released : 27 May 2002 Jump up ^ Dingwall , John ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` OTR ... Off the Record : Your Time Is Up , Jacko ; Britney Wants Album Top Slot '' . Daily Record . Scotland . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jim DeRogatis ( 4 November 2001 ) . `` What Britney said , or should have '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ted ( 30 October 2001 ) . `` NME Albums Reviews -- Britney Spears : ' Britney Pop 's Number One act ? She did it again ... ' '' . NME . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry Walters ( 22 November 2001 ) . `` Britney review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tranter , Nikki ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` Britney Spears : Britney '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Music . EW.com ( 12 November 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( UK ) Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . UKBritney.tv Retrieved on 22 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ -- Magyar Hangfelvétel - kiadók Szövetsége '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Britney Spears '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Top40-charts.com '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2002 '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop.be . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2002 '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' . Swisscharts.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock ' N ' Roll ( Single ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'Roll '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock and Roll ( Single , Maxi ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney -- I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock N ' Roll : Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Love Rock'n'roll by Forever Young - Music Charts '' . Acharts.co . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . External links ( edit ) History of the song `` I Love Rock ' n Roll '' Bill Harry 's Merseybeat article Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Studio albums Joan Jett / Bad Reputation I Love Rock ' n Roll Album Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth Good Music Up Your Alley The Hit List Notorious Pure and Simple Naked Sinner Unvarnished Compilation albums Do You Wanna Touch Me Flashback Great Hits Fit to Be Tied Fetish Jett Rock Greatest Hits EPs I Love Rock ' n ' Roll 92 1979 Cherry Bomb Unfinished Business Singles `` Bad Reputation '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me ( Oh Yeah ) '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Everyday People '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Roadrunner '' `` Light of Day '' `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Dirty Deeds '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Androgynous '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Evil Stig Book : Joan Jett Britney Spears songs Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? '' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' Book Portal Alex Gaudino Studio albums My Destination ( 2008 ) Doctor Love ( 2013 ) Singles `` Reaction '' `` Destination Calabria '' `` Que Pasa Contigo '' `` Watch Out '' `` I 'm in Love ( I Wanna Do It ) '' `` What a Feeling '' `` I Do n't Wanna Dance '' `` Playing With My Heart '' `` Is This Love '' `` Beautiful '' Promotional singles `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Chinatown '' `` Missing You '' Related articles Rise Records Kelly Rowland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_Rock_%27n%27_Roll&oldid=826199453 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1982 singles 2002 singles Arrows ( British band ) songs Jive Records singles RAK Records singles Joan Jett songs Britney Spears songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Songs written for films Songs about music 1975 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use British English from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Articles needing additional references from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 20 : 17 . 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when does book 2 of the 100 come out

The 100 is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Kass Morgan . The first book in the series , The 100 , was published on September 3 , 2013 , by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Day 21 , its sequel , was released on September 25 , 2014 , and Homecoming was released on February 26 , 2015 . A fourth novel , Rebellion , was released on December 6 , 2016 .

on September 25 , 2014

The 100 ( novel series )

the 100 ( novel series )

The 100 ( novel series ) The 100 's first edition cover The 100 Day 21 Homecoming Rebellion Author Kass Morgan Country United States Language English Publisher Little , Brown Books for Young Readers Published September 3 , 2013 September 25 , 2014 February 26 , 2015 December 6 , 2016 Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) No. of books The 100 is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Kass Morgan . The first book in the series , The 100 , was published on September 3 , 2013 , by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Day 21 , its sequel , was released on September 25 , 2014 , and Homecoming was released on February 26 , 2015 . A fourth novel , Rebellion , was released on December 6 , 2016 . Prior to the publication of the first book , television producer Jason Rothenberg became interested in adapting the story for the screen . The eponymous TV series adaptation premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW Network , starring Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley as Clarke Griffin and Bellamy Blake , respectively . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 The 100 1.2 The 100 : Day 21 1.3 The 100 : Homecoming 1.4 The 100 : Rebellion 2 Reception 3 Television adaptation 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) A boxed set of the four books of The 100 . The 100 ( edit ) The series is set three generations after a thermonuclear apocalypse , wherein the only known survivors of the human race live in a space colony consisting of satellites joined together in orbit around the Earth and governed by The Chancellor , who leads its legislative council . Resources are so scarce that all crimes , no matter how small , are punishable by death , unless the perpetrator is under 18 years of age . The 100 begins with Clarke Griffin , a former medical student , being arrested for a crime committed by her parents : conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes . Clarke confides in her best friend Wells , The Chancellor 's son . Despite swearing secrecy to Clarke , Wells tells his father , hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes . His plan backfires , the Griffins are arrested , and his relationship with Clarke disintegrates . Two years later , the Colony decides to send 100 of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether or not Earth is habitable . Among the 100 are Clarke , Wells , Octavia Blake , her older brother Bellamy Blake , and Clarke 's friend , Thalia . The group crashes somewhere on the East Coast in the former United States . Once there , the 100 struggle to survive in a world very different from the past Earth . Clarke tends to the wounded , and Bellamy gradually develops a romantic interest in her . It is revealed that Octavia had become a drug addict while in prison . A few days later , someone sets fire to the camp , killing Thalia . As the survivors investigate , they discover a farm not too far from the site , leading them to the realization that they are not alone . The 100 : Day 21 ( edit ) Twenty - one days after they land on Earth , the 100 continue to face recurring attacks from an unknown enemy . Octavia has been missing since the fire . Wells tries to maintain morale , while Bellamy tries to find his sister . The 100 find an Earthborn girl , Sasha Walgrove , and hold her hostage . Sasha tells them that they have landed in the former state of Virginia , and that there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100 . Bellamy believes that Sasha 's people are responsible for Octavia 's disappearance and demands that Sasha reveal their location . Wells and Sasha bond , and Sasha helps Wells find food for the surviving colonists . In space , the people of the Colony fight to get into their drop ships as the space station 's life support begins to fail ; Clarke and Wells ' friends , Glass and Luke , are among the people desperately trying to get to Earth . However , they find themselves at the mercy of Vice Chancellor Rhodes , who is willing to kill to get into one of the dropships . Sasha leads Clarke and Bellamy to a colony beneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center . There , they meet her father , Max Walgrove , who is the leader of the colony . Octavia is at Mount Weather , having been rescued by Max and his people from a group of renegades . These renegades are responsible for the attacks on the 100 . Max and his people promise that they will continue helping the 100 , and will provide further support once the rest of the Colony arrives . At this point , they find dropships from the Colony falling from the sky . Wells eventually realizes that there is something familiar about Bellamy and Octavia ; ultimately , he discovers that their mother was Melinda Blake , the woman his father had loved before marrying Wells ' mother for the sake of his career . This discovery leads Wells and Bellamy to realize that they are paternal half - brothers . The 100 : Homecoming ( edit ) After the dropships crash , Clarke , Bellamy , and Wells lead a rescue party to the crash site , allowing Clarke and Wells to reunite with Glass and Luke . Clarke ponders leaving the camp to search for her parents . The Chancellor , still in a coma , remains trapped in the Colony above Earth . Vice Chancellor Rhodes takes control over the community on Earth , planning to force Luke to execute Bellamy , as a warning to anyone attempting to challenge him . With Sasha 's help , Clarke and Wells escape with the wounded Bellamy . In addition , Glass and Luke flee the camp to escape Vice Chancellor Rhodes . One of Rhodes ' men kills Sasha when she tries to get more supplies . Rhodes plans to attack Mount Weather to recapture Bellamy , Clarke , and Wells . As Mount Weather prepares for Rhodes ' attack , some of the Colonists revolt and join their benefactors against Rhodes . Clarke , Bellamy , and Wells are captured during the initial exchange , but another faction of Earthborns defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute Bellamy . Later , more colonists from other dropships arrive , and one of the arrivals informs Wells that his father was still in a coma , with only a few hours of oxygen left when their dropship departed . Before Sasha 's funeral , Clarke reunites with her parents at Mount Weather . She reconciles with Wells but will not resume their past relationship because she is romantically involved with Bellamy . The 100 : Rebellion ( edit ) A fourth novel , Rebellion , was released on December 6 , 2016 . A month after the previous novel , Bellamy begins showing signs of what Clarke thinks is paranoia when he obsesses over small details in the woods . However , a group of self - proclaimed `` Protectors '' infiltrates their camp and abducts several of its inhabitants , including Wells , Glass and Octavia . As Clarke and Bellamy organize a rescue team to take their new enemy down , their relationship is put to the ultimate test when Bellamy does n't think Clarke trusts him . Eventually , the rescue team and prisoners are able to take the Protectors down as a team effort and in the aftermath , Clarke and Bellamy make up and with her parents ' blessing , he asks her to marry him . Reception ( edit ) Publisher Weekly commented that Morgan 's flair for the dramatic in The 100 `` can be forced , but it 's easy to be drawn in '' . In addition , Booklist calls The 100 `` dark and riveting '' , blending `` science fiction , romance , and characters ' shadow sides with a mostly engrossing plotline . The 100 reached # 13 on The New York Times ' Young Adult Best Seller List . Kirkus Reviews commented Day 21 is `` faster paced than '' its predecessor . Television adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The 100 ( TV series ) On May 9 , 2013 , The CW Television Network announced that the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2013 -- 14 American television season . The series is developed by Jason Rothenberg , and premiered on March 19 , 2014 . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 100 By Kass Morgan ( Hardcover Book , 2013 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Day 21 By Kass Morgan ( Hardcover Book , 2014 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homecoming By Kass Morgan ( Trade Paperback , 2015 ) '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kass Morgan to Continue The 100 Series with ' Rebellion ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Book Review : The 100 by Kass Morgan '' . Publishersweekly.com:8080 . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Julie . `` The 100 '' . Booklist. 1 ( 110 ) : 111 . Jump up ^ `` Young Adult Books - Best Sellers - April 6 , 2014 '' . The New York Times . 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DAY 21 '' . Kirkus Reviews . 20 ( 82 ) : 468 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Tumblr Wikiquote has quotations related to : The 100 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_100_(novel_series)&oldid=864702888 '' Categories : Young adult novel series 2013 American novels 2014 American novels 2015 American novels 2016 American novels The 100 American adventure novels American post-apocalyptic novels American young adult novels Debut novels Novels about colonialism Novels set in Virginia World War III speculative fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did the nissan armada body style change

On February 10 , 2016 , Nissan unveiled the second generation Armada at the Chicago Auto Show , and went on sale in August 2016 as a 2017 model . This version is based on the Nissan Patrol and Infiniti QX80 , and is assembled in Japan , except for the Endurance V8 engine , which is assembled in Decherd , Tennessee . The Armada grew in length and width , but the wheelbase and height were moderately reduced . In addition to the Endurance V8 , a seven - speed transmission was introduced to improve fuel economy , acceleration and torque , along with an increase in horsepower from 317 to 390 hp at 5,200 rpm . The exterior moderately differs from the updated Patrol , that was introduced in early 2014 . As with the previous generation , the Armada continued to offer 2WD and 4WD and available in SV , SL , and Platinum trims .

2016

Nissan Armada

nissan armada

The Nissan Armada is a full - size SUV . An upscale version of the Armada is sold as the Infiniti QX80 . From 2003 to 2015 the Armada was assembled in Canton , Mississippi based on the Nissan Titan . From mid-2016 onwards , the Armada has been built in Yukuhashi , Kyushu , Japan and shares the same platform as the Nissan Patrol , with American - specific modifications , and went on sale in late Summer 2016 as a 2017 model .

Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2 Second generation ( 2016 -- present ) 3 References 4 External links First generation ( 2003 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Nissan Armada ( WA60 ) 2008 Nissan Armada Overview Also called Nissan Pathfinder Armada ( until 2004 ) Production August 14 , 2003 -- 2016 Model years 2004 -- 2016 Assembly Canton , Mississippi ( Nissan USA ) Designer Toshio Yamashita , Diane Allen , Giovanny Arroba ( 2001 ) Body and chassis Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform Nissan F - Alpha platform Related Infiniti QX56 ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Nissan Titan Nissan Frontier Nissan Xterra Nissan Pathfinder ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Powertrain Engine 5.6 L VK56DE V8 Transmission 5 - speed automatic ( RE5R05A ) Dimensions Wheelbase 123.2 in ( 3129 mm ) Length 2003 -- 2007 : 206.9 in ( 5255 mm ) 2007 -- 2015 : 207.7 in ( 5,276 mm ) Width 2003 -- 2007 : 78.8 in ( 2002 mm ) 2007 -- 2015 : 79.3 in ( 2,014 mm ) Height 2003 -- 2007 : 78.7 in ( 1999 mm ) 2007 -- 2015 2WD : 77.2 in ( 1,961 mm ) 2007 -- 2015 4WD : 78.0 in ( 1,981 mm ) Developed under Carlos Ghosn 's NRP ( Nissan Revival plan ) , using the platform code WA60 , from September 1999 to 2003 under lead designers Shiro Nakamura and Diane Allen and chief engineers Yuzo Sakita and Larry Dominique , the 2004 model Pathfinder Armada was unveiled on April 17 , 2003 at the New York Auto Show . In January 2001 , a final exterior design by Giovanny Arroba was approved by Sakita , Allen , Nakamura , and Nissan executive management , with the final design freeze being completed in July 2001 alongside . Prototypes based on the Y61 Patrol were hand - assembled as mules from 2001 , with the first WA60 - specific prototypes being completed and sent to testing in early 2002 . Design patents were filed in 2003 , with production starting on August 14 , 2003 and going on sale on October 1 , 2003 . The Armada had a 5.6 L , 317 hp ( 236 kW ) , 385 lb ⋅ ft ( 522 N ⋅ m ) torque VK56DE V8 engine , a 5 - speed automatic transmission , and a choice of rear - wheel drive or four - wheel drive . The switch to the Armada name occurred in September 2004 , where it received new badges . A facelift was designed through 2005 , being introduced in early 2007 for the 2008 model year . The rear door handles are installed on the `` C '' pillar as a Nissan design tradition started with the 1986 Nissan Pathfinder . When the four - door Pathfinder was introduced , Nissan chose to conceal the door handles as a part of the `` C '' pillar trim to visually make it appear like a two - door truck with a camper shell , with conventional door handles on the front doors . The latest Nissan Armada Platinum edition features a 9.3 GB hard drive for storing music , and a CF ( Compact Flash ) memory card reader . The Platinum edition also features a power liftgate , and 3rd row seats that fold electronically . It has a towing capacity of up to 9,000 lb ( 4,000 kg ) . There are some Armadas that are capable of using E85 . It was the only Japanese vehicle sold in the U.S. other than the Nissan Titan that can use E85 until the introduction of the E85 capable Toyota UR engine powered Toyota Tundra and Toyota Sequoia in 2008 . The 2009 Armada has been updated with more standard features and options . In 2010 , new changes were introduced for the 2011 model year Armada , with two trim levels , SE and Off - Road , dropped from the lineup . The base trim is now known as SV , the middle trim is now SL , and the range topping trim is still Platinum . Prices range from $37,910 for the 2WD SV to $52,890 for the 4WD Platinum . In addition , while the Armada continues to be produced in the United States , it no longer shares the same platform as the Infiniti QX56 , which is now produced in Japan . The 2013 model year changes include Bluetooth and satellite radio standard on all models . The Platinum model trim will offer a new Platinum reserve package . A new navigation system that has a larger hard disk drive ( 40 GB ) , is NavWeather capable , has Zagat Survey , has the ability to stream audio from Bluetooth and a USB port . The Nissan DVD Entertainment System now uses screens mounted in the back of the front head restraints replacing the previous single - screen system . A minor update was issued in 2014 for the 2015 model year , resulting in new interior door panels and other minor changes . The Nissan Armada ( WA60 ) was sold in the United States ( including all US territories ) , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East in LHD only . Second generation ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Nissan Armada ( Y62 ) 2017 Nissan Armada in platinum trim Overview Manufacturer Nissan Production June 2016 -- present Assembly Yukuhashi , Japan ( Nissan Shatai Kyushu Plant ) Designer Taisuke Nakamura , Shinya Momokawa , Minoru Yoshida , Sugita Akihiro ( 2013 ) Body and chassis Class Full - size SUV Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform Y62 / Nissan F - Alpha platform Related Nissan Patrol Y62 Infiniti QX56 / QX80 Nissan Titan ( second generation ) Nissan NV Powertrain Engine 5.6 L VK56VD V8 Transmission 7 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 3075 mm ( 121.1 inches ) Length 5305 mm ( 208.9 inches ) Width 2030 mm ( 79.9 inches ) Height 1925 mm ( 75.8 inches ) On August 28 , 2013 , Nissan announced that the next generation Armada would be based on the next - generation Titan and remain a body - on - frame full - size SUV . By 2015 , Nissan announced that the 2015 models would be continued to be sold into the 2016 calendar year . Rear view On February 10 , 2016 , Nissan unveiled the second generation Armada at the Chicago Auto Show , and went on sale in August 2016 as a 2017 model . This version is based on the Nissan Patrol and Infiniti QX80 , and is assembled in Japan , except for the Endurance V8 engine , which is assembled in Decherd , Tennessee . The Armada grew in length and width , but the wheelbase and height were moderately reduced . In addition to the Endurance V8 , a seven - speed transmission was introduced to improve fuel economy , acceleration and torque , along with an increase in horsepower from 317 to 390 hp at 5,200 rpm . The exterior moderately differs from the updated Patrol , that was introduced in early 2014 . As with the previous generation , the Armada continued to offer 2WD and 4WD and available in SV , SL , and Platinum trims . The move is part of Nissan 's plan to have the Armada and Patrol share the same global platform instead of sharing the platform with the American - built Titan , due to Nissan investing in expansion of its truck production in Mississippi . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.autonews.com/article/20010625/ANA/106250739?template=print Jump up ^ http://www.trucktrend.com/news/112-030925-armada/ Jump up ^ http://nissannews.com/en-US/nissan/usa/channels/facilities-canton/videos/report-production-of-the-all-new-nissan-murano-underway-in-mississippi Jump up ^ `` Nissan wo n't downsize the next Armada '' from Autoblog ( August 28 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Nissan lineup : Charting the changes '' . Nissan Official Media Newsroom. 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 Nissan Armada Press Kit from Nissan US Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nissan Armada full - size SUV debuts on eve of Chicago Auto Show '' from Chicago Tribune ( February 10 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nissan Armada prepares to Patrol the US '' from Autoblog ( February 10 , 2016 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nissan Armada . Official Nissan Armada website Nissan Motor Company Marques Current Datsun Infiniti Nissan Venucia Defunct / Integrated Prince Kurogane Aichi Shatai Sold Nissan Diesel Divisions and subsidiaries Autech Infiniti Nismo Nissan Motor India Private Limited Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Joint ventures Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. ( 50 % ) Ghandhara Nissan Nissan Motor Indonesia Nissan Philippines Renault -- Nissan -- Mitsubishi Alliance Tan Chong Motor Shareholdings Mitsubishi Motors ( 34 % ) Current Datsun vehicles redi - Go Go Go+ on - Do mi - Do Current Nissan vehicles Cars 370Z / Fairlady Z Altima / Teana Cima Dayz Fuga GT - R Lannia Latio / Versa Sedan / Almera / Sunny Leaf Livina / Grand Livina March / Micra Maxima Note / Versa Note Pulsar C12 / Tiida Sentra / Sylphy / Pulsar B17 Skyline Pickup Trucks Clipper Truck Frontier / Navara NP200 Patrol Cab Chassis Titan SUVs / Crossovers Armada Juke Kicks Murano Pathfinder Patrol Patrol Y61 Qashqai / Rogue Sport Rogue Terra Terrano X-Trail Xterra Vans / Minivans Caravan Cube Elgrand NV100 NV150 AD NV200 / Evalia NV300 NV350 NV400 NV1500 NV2500 HD NV3500 HD Serena Commercial trucks NT100 Clipper NT400 Cabstar NT450 Atlas Buses Civilian Discontinued vehicles DC - 3 100NX 180SX 200SX B - 210 240SX 240Z 280ZX 300C 300ZX 310 350Z 510 810 1200 Almera Tino Altra ( EV ) Aprio Atleon Auster Avenir Bassara Be-1 Bluebird Caball Cablight Cedric Cefiro Cherry Crew Datsun Truck Dualis Echo Expert Fairlady Figaro Gazelle Gloria Hardbody Truck Homy Hypermini Interstar Junior Kubistar Lafesta Largo Laurel Leopard Liberty Mistral Moco Multi Murano CrossCabriolet NX NT500 Paladin Pao Pino Pintara Platina Prairie Presage Presea Primastar Primera Prince Royal President Pulsar EXA Pulsar GTI - R Quest R390 GT1 R'nessa Rasheen Roadster - Road Star S - Cargo Saurus Saurus Jr Sileighty Silvia Skyline Crossover Skyline GT - R Stagea Stanza Terrano Terrano II Trade Vanette Violet Wingroad Concept vehicles 126X 216X 240Z Concept 270X 300 Bambu 300 Seta 300XM 315 - a AA - X Actic AD - 1 AD - 2 AL - X Alpha T Amenio AP - X AQ - X ARC - X AXY AZEAL Bevel BladeGlider Boga C - Note Chapeau Chappo Cocoon Compact Sport CONCEPT 2020 Vision Gran Turismo CQ - X Crossbow CUE - X Cypact Denki Cube Duad Dunehawk Effis Ellure Esflow ESV EV Guide II EV Truck Evalia Extrem FEV FEV - II Foria Forum Friend - ME Fusion Gobi GR - 1 GR - 2 Gripz Hi - Cross ideo IDS IDx IMx Intima Invitation Jikoo Judo Jura Kicks Kino KYXX Land Glider LEAF LUC - 2 MID4 Mixim mm. e Moco Nails NCS NEO-X NRV - II Nuvu NV2500 NX - 018 NX - 21 Pivo Pivo 2 Pivo 3 Qazana Redigo Resonance Round Box Saurus Serenity Sport Concept Sport Sedan Stylish VI SUT Sway TeRRA Terranaut Tone Townpod Trailrunner TRI-X URGE UV - X Xmotion XIX XVL Yanya Z Concept Zaroot Engines Straight - 3 HR UD Straight - 4 BD CA CD CG CR FJ GA GB HR KA LD MA MR NA QD QG QR SD SR TD UD YD Z ZD Straight - 6 FD LD RB RD S20 SD TB TD UD V V6 VE VG VQ VR V8 UD VEJ30 VH VK VRH35 W64 Y V12 GRX - 3 UD VRT35 Places Nissan Engine Museum Nissan Proving Grounds Nissan Stadium ( Nashville ) Nissan Stadium ( Yokohama ) Other ATTESA CarWings dCi HICAS NAPS VVEL VVL Yokohama F. Marinos A brand of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . Commons Nissan light truck timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mini MPV Cube Compact minivan Stanza Wagon / Multi Axxess Subcompact crossover SUV Juke Kicks Compact crossover SUV Rogue Rogue Select Rogue Sport / Qashqai Rogue / X-Trail Mid-size crossover SUV Murano Murano Murano Pathfinder Compact SUV X-Trail X-Trail Xterra Xterra Mid-size SUV Pathfinder Pathfinder Pathfinder Full - size SUV Armada Armada Minivan Van Quest Quest Quest Quest Van NV200 NV Pick - up Datsun Truck Hardbody Truck Frontier Frontier NP300 Titan Titan Note Vehicle sold only in Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissan_Armada&oldid=841251596 '' Categories : Nissan vehicles Sport utility vehicles Full - size sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States 2010s automobiles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 19 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who plays allens mom on this is us

Nancy Travis

nancy travis

Nancy Ann Travis ( born September 21 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She began her career on Off - Broadway theater , before her first leading screen role in the ABC television miniseries Harem opposite Omar Sharif . Her breakthrough came in 1987 , playing Sylvia Bennington in the comedy film Three Men and a Baby , she later starred in its sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) .

Travis has starred in many films , including Internal Affairs ( 1990 ) , Air America ( 1990 ) , Passed Away ( 1992 ) , Chaplin ( 1992 ) , So I Married an Axe Murderer ( 1993 ) , Greedy ( 1994 ) , and Fluke ( 1995 ) . On television , Travis went on to star in the CBS sitcom Almost Perfect in 1995 , which ran two seasons , and in the short - lived Work with Me ( 1999 ) . In 2002 , she played a leading role in the ABC miniseries Rose Red , and later joined the cast of the CBS sitcom Becker for its final two seasons . From 2011 to 2017 and again in fall 2018 , Travis starred as Vanessa Baxter in the ABC / Fox sitcom Last Man Standing . In 2018 , she will begin starring opposite Michael Douglas in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Travis was born in New York City , the daughter of Theresa , a social worker , and Gordon Travis , a sales executive . Travis was raised in Boston , Massachusetts , and Baltimore , Maryland . She was raised Catholic . Career ( edit ) Travis ' first job after graduating from high school was in a play , It 's Hard to be a Jew , at The American Jewish Theatre in NYC . After that , Travis appeared in a stage version of Neil Simon 's Brighton Beach Memoirs and was a founding member of the Off - Broadway theater company Naked Angels . She appeared in their Frank Pugliese play Aven U-Boys , as well as in King of Connecticut . She made her Broadway debut in I 'm Not Rappaport . She starred in Athol Fugard 's My Children , My Africa . Travis has had roles in many films , including Three Men and a Baby and its sequel , Three Men and a Little Lady , plus Air America and Internal Affairs ( as the wife of Andy García 's character ) , So I Married an Axe Murderer , as the bride of Mike Myers ' character , thriller The Vanishing with Kiefer Sutherland , Greedy with Michael J. Fox , and in the action - comedy Destiny Turns on the Radio with Dylan McDermott . Other notable films include the 1995 box office bomb Fluke , 1996 Whoopi Goldberg 's comedy Bogus , political comedy / drama Running Mates with Three Men and a Baby co-star Tom Selleck , 2001 drama film Auggie Rose , 2005 comedy The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and 2007 ensemble cast romantic drama The Jane Austen Book Club adapted from the 2004 novel of the same name by Karen Joy Fowler . She was featured in Chaplin opposite Robert Downey , Jr. , portraying Joan Barry , the woman who filed a paternity suit against Chaplin . Travis starred with Peter Gallagher and Isabella Rossellini in the Tom Cruise - directed episode of the Showtime series Fallen Angels in 1993 . From 1995 -- 1997 , Travis played a leading role in the CBS sitcom Almost Perfect . The show was canceled after two seasons . In 1999 she starred in the short - lived TV series Work with Me , Travis was also a producer . Due to low ratings , the show was cancelled after four episodes . Travis had the leading role of psychology professor Dr. Joyce Reardon in 2002 's four - hour television adaptation of Stephen King 's Rose Red . In 2002 , Travis joined the cast of the CBS sitcom Becker as Chris Connor . She starred in the show for its final two seasons , replacing the series ' original female lead , Terry Farrell . From 2007 to 2009 Travis appeared in the television sitcom The Bill Engvall Show as Bill 's wife Susan . In 2009 she starred in the Hallmark Channel film Safe Harbor , about a happily married couple , Doug ( Treat Williams ) and Robbie Smith ( Travis ) about to retire and spend their days cruising the world on their sailboat . In 2010 , she starred in TV films The Pregnancy Pact , In My Shoes and was a guest star in two episodes of Desperate Housewives . In 2011 , she guest starred in the television series Grey 's Anatomy and How I Met Your Mother . In 2011 , Travis was cast in the ABC sitcom Last Man Standing opposite Tim Allen . Travis also was cast in the same time in The CW medical drama series Hart of Dixie as Emmeline `` Mrs. H '' Hattenbarger , but due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox - produced Last Man Standing left the show after two episodes . Last Man Standing was canceled in 2017 , after six seasons and 130 episodes , but was revived by Fox in the Fall of 2018 . The show debuted on September 28 , 2018 , and had its highest rating since season two . In 2018 , Travis was cast as a female lead opposite Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method , created by Chuck Lorre . Personal Life ( edit ) In 1994 , Travis married Robert N. Fried , the former president and CEO of Savoy Pictures and currently Founder & CEO of Feeln ( formerly known as SpiritClips ) . They have two sons : Benjamin E. born in 1998 , and Jeremy , born in 2001 . She starred in the 2007 short film Sally , featuring Benjamin and written by her husband . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Three Men and a Baby Sylvia Bennington 1988 Married to the Mob Karen Lutnick 1988 Eight Men Out Lyra Williams 1988 I 'll Be Home for Christmas Leah Bundy How Much Is Really True ? Short film 1990 Loose Cannons Riva 1990 Internal Affairs Kathleen `` Kathy '' Avilla 1990 Air America Corinne Landreaux 1990 Three Men and a Little Lady Sylvia Bennington 1992 Passed Away Cassie Slocombe 1992 Chaplin Joan Barry 1993 The Vanishing Rita Baker 1993 So I Married an Axe Murderer Harriet Michaels Greedy Robin 1995 Fluke Carol Johnson 1995 Lieberman in Love Kate Short film 1995 Destiny Turns on the Radio Lucille 1995 Body Language Atty . Theresa Janice ' T.J. ' Harlow Bogus Lorraine Franklin 1999 My Last Love Susan Morton Also producer 2000 Beyond Suspicion Carol 2005 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Lydia Rodman 2007 The Jane Austen Book Club Cat Harris 2007 Sally Sally Short film 2014 Squatters Carol 2014 Dissonance Bobbi Short film 2015 The Submarine Kid Mrs. Koll 2017 Bernard and Huey Mona 2018 Married Young Rachel Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Malice in Wonderland Ann Television film 1986 Harem Jessica Gray Television film 1986 Spenser : For Hire Maggie Ellis Episode : `` The Hopes and Fears '' 1993 Fallen Angels Bette Allison Episode : `` The Frightening Frammis '' 1994 -- 1997 Duckman Bernice / Beverly / Beatrice / Grandma - ma 67 episodes , voice role 1995 -- 1997 Almost Perfect Kim Cooper Series regular , 34 episodes The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Spencer Voice role 1998 Superman : The Animated Series Darci Mason 1 episode , voice role 1999 Work with Me Julie Better Series regular , 9 episodes , also producer 2000 Running Mates Jennifer `` Jenny '' Pryce Television film 2002 Stephen King 's Rose Red Prof. Joyce Reardon Miniseries 2002 -- 2004 Becker Chris Connor Series regular , 39 episodes 2007 -- 2009 The Bill Engvall Show Susan Pearson Series regular , 30 episodes 2007 The Party Never Stops : Diary of a Binge Drinker April Brenner Television film 2008 Medium Laura Swenson Episode : `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' 2009 Safe Harbor Robbie Television film The Pregnancy Pact Lorraine Dougan Television film A Walk In My Shoes Cindy / Trish Television film Desperate Housewives Dr. Mary Wagner 2 episodes 2011 Grey 's Anatomy Alison Episode : `` Not Responsible '' 2011 How I Met Your Mother Cheryl Whittaker Episode : `` Legendaddy '' 2011 Hart of Dixie Emmeline Hattenbarger ( Mrs. H ) 2 episodes 2011 -- present Last Man Standing Vanessa Baxter Series regular , 130 episodes 2017 -- present Mr. Mercedes Donna Hodges 7 episodes 2018 The Ranch Karen 2018 The Kominsky Method Lisa Series regular References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Becker 's Nancy Travis Rekindles Her Baby Love with Ted Danson '' . People Magazine . January 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Yada Blog -- brought to you by American Jewish Life '' . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fluke ( 1995 ) , Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` '' Work with Me '' ( 1999 ) `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pursell , Chris ( October 25 , 1999 ) . `` CBS pink slips ' Work With Me ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( Jul 18 , 2001 ) . `` ABC Fall miniseries : Full details '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Therapeutic Boarding School -- Safe Harbor Boys Home '' . Safe Harbor . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( Sep 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Desperate Housewives ' Exclusive : Nancy Travis is B.A.G. 's mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( Jan 27 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands ' Grey 's Anatomy ' role '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( Feb 2 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis signs for ' HIMYM ' role '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Becky Kirsch . `` ABC 2011 Pilots Including Good Christian Belles , Charlie 's Angels , Once Upon a Time , Pan Am , Last Man Standing , Scandal , Revenge '' . POPSUGAR Entertainment . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Jump up ^ `` Coming This Fall to The CW ... '' TV Fanatic . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fox picked up ' Last Man Standing ' after being ' emboldened ' by response to ' Roseanne ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/last-man-standing-ratings-fox-1202962065/ Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Kominsky Method ' : Nancy Travis To Co-Star In Netflix Comedy Series '' . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Travis on the View '' . YouTube . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nancy Travis . Nancy Travis on IMDb Nancy Travis at AllMovie WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1112220 BNF : cb14042676x ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 0774 1723 LCCN : n93112993 VIAF : 64207450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Travis&oldid=862928369 '' Categories : 1961 births Actresses from New York City American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Living people People from Manhattan 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 16 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Travis

where does the name down syndrome come from

Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans . It occurs in about one per 1000 babies born each year . In 2015 , Down syndrome was present in 5.4 million individuals and resulted in 27,000 deaths down from 43,000 deaths in 1990 . It is named after John Langdon Down , the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866 . Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by Jean - Étienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Édouard Séguin in 1844 . In 1957 , the genetic cause of Down syndrome , an extra copy of chromosome 21 , was discovered .

John Langdon Down , the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866

Down syndrome

down syndrome

Down syndrome ( DS or DNS ) , also known as trisomy 21 , is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 . It is typically associated with physical growth delays , characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability . The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50 , equivalent to the mental ability of an 8 - or 9 - year - old child , but this can vary widely .

The parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal . The extra chromosome occurs by chance . The possibility increases from less than 0.1 % in 20 - year - old mothers to 3 % in those age 45 . There is no known behavioral activity or environmental factor that changes the possibility . Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing . Since the introduction of screening , pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated . Regular screening for health problems common in Down syndrome is recommended throughout the person 's life . There is no cure for Down syndrome . Education and proper care have been shown to improve quality of life . Some children with Down syndrome are educated in typical school classes , while others require more specialized education . Some individuals with Down syndrome graduate from high school and a few attend post-secondary education . In adulthood , about 20 % in the United States do paid work in some capacity with many requiring a sheltered work environment . Support in financial and legal matters is often needed . Life expectancy is around 50 to 60 years in the developed world with proper health care . Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities in humans . It occurs in about one per 1000 babies born each year . In 2015 , Down syndrome was present in 5.4 million individuals and resulted in 27,000 deaths down from 43,000 deaths in 1990 . It is named after John Langdon Down , the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866 . Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by Jean - Étienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Édouard Séguin in 1844 . In 1957 , the genetic cause of Down syndrome , an extra copy of chromosome 21 , was discovered . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Physical 1.2 Neurological 1.3 Senses 1.4 Heart 1.5 Cancer 1.6 Endocrine 1.7 Gastrointestinal 1.8 Teeth 1.9 Fertility 2 Genetics 2.1 Trisomy 21 2.2 Translocation 3 Mechanism 3.1 Epigenetics 4 Screening 4.1 Ultrasound 4.2 Blood tests 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Before birth 5.2 Abortion rates 5.3 After birth 6 Management 6.1 Health screening 6.2 Cognitive development 6.3 Other 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Society and culture 10.1 Name 10.2 Ethics 10.3 Advocacy groups 11 Research 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms A drawing of the facial features of a baby with Down syndrome An eight - year - old boy with Down syndrome Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities . As adults , their mental abilities are typically similar to those of an 8 - or 9 - year - old . They also typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a later age . They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems , including congenital heart defect , epilepsy , leukemia , thyroid diseases , and mental disorders , among others . Characteristics Percentage Characteristics Percentage Mental impairment 99 % Abnormal teeth 60 % Stunted growth 90 % Slanted eyes 60 % Umbilical hernia 90 % Shortened hands 60 % Increased skin back of neck 80 % Short neck 60 % Low muscle tone 80 % Obstructive sleep apnea 60 % Narrow roof of mouth 76 % Bent fifth finger tip 57 % Flat head 75 % Brushfield spots in the iris 56 % Flexible ligaments 75 % Single transverse palmar crease 53 % Proportionally large tongue 75 % Protruding tongue 47 % Abnormal outer ears 70 % Congenital heart disease 40 % Flattened nose 68 % Strabismus ~ 35 % Separation of first and second toes 68 % Undescended testicles 20 % Physical Feet of a boy with Down syndrome People with Down syndrome may have some or all of these physical characteristics : a small chin , slanted eyes , poor muscle tone , a flat nasal bridge , a single crease of the palm , and a protruding tongue due to a small mouth and relatively large tongue . These airway changes lead to obstructive sleep apnea in around half of those with Down syndrome . Other common features include : a flat and wide face , a short neck , excessive joint flexibility , extra space between big toe and second toe , abnormal patterns on the fingertips and short fingers . Instability of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in about 20 % and may lead to spinal cord injury in 1 -- 2 % . Hip dislocations may occur without trauma in up to a third of people with Down syndrome . Growth in height is slower , resulting in adults who tend to have short stature -- the average height for men is 154 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) and for women is 142 cm ( 4 ft 8 in ) . Individuals with Down syndrome are at increased risk for obesity as they age . Growth charts have been developed specifically for children with Down syndrome . Neurological Most individuals with Down syndrome have mild ( IQ : 50 -- 69 ) or moderate ( IQ : 35 -- 50 ) intellectual disability with some cases having severe ( IQ : 20 -- 35 ) difficulties . Those with mosaic Down syndrome typically have IQ scores 10 -- 30 points higher . As they age , people with Down syndrome typically perform less well than their same - age peers . Some after 30 years of age may lose their ability to speak . This syndrome causes about a third of cases of intellectual disability . Many developmental milestones are delayed with the ability to crawl typically occurring around 8 months rather than 5 months and the ability to walk independently typically occurring around 21 months rather than 14 months . Commonly , individuals with Down syndrome have better language understanding than ability to speak . Between 10 and 45 % have either a stutter or rapid and irregular speech , making it difficult to understand them . They typically do fairly well with social skills . Behavior problems are not generally as great an issue as in other syndromes associated with intellectual disability . In children with Down syndrome , mental illness occurs in nearly 30 % with autism occurring in 5 -- 10 % . People with Down syndrome experience a wide range of emotions . While people with Down syndrome are generally happy , symptoms of depression and anxiety may develop in early adulthood . Children and adults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of epileptic seizures , which occur in 5 -- 10 % of children and up to 50 % of adults . This includes an increased risk of a specific type of seizure called infantile spasms . Many ( 15 % ) who live 40 years or longer develop Alzheimer disease . In those who reach 60 years of age , 50 -- 70 % have the disease . Senses Brushfield spots , visible in the irises of a baby with Down syndrome Hearing and vision disorders occur in more than half of people with Down syndrome . Vision problems occur in 38 to 80 % . Between 20 and 50 % have strabismus , in which the two eyes do not move together . Cataracts ( cloudiness of the lens of the eye ) occur in 15 % , and may be present at birth . Keratoconus ( a thin , cone - shaped cornea ) and glaucoma ( increased eye pressure ) are also more common , as are refractive errors requiring glasses or contacts . Brushfield spots ( small white or grayish / brown spots on the outer part of the iris ) are present in 38 to 85 % of individuals . Hearing problems are found in 50 -- 90 % of children with Down syndrome . This is often the result of otitis media with effusion which occurs in 50 -- 70 % and chronic ear infections which occur in 40 to 60 % . Ear infections often begin in the first year of life and are partly due to poor eustachian tube function . Excessive ear wax can also cause hearing loss due to obstruction of the outer ear canal . Even a mild degree of hearing loss can have negative consequences for speech , language understanding , and academics . Additionally , it is important to rule out hearing loss as a factor in social and cognitive deterioration . Age - related hearing loss of the sensorineural type occurs at a much earlier age and affects 10 -- 70 % of people with Down syndrome . Heart The rate of congenital heart disease in newborns with Down syndrome is around 40 % . Of those with heart disease , about 80 % have an atrioventricular septal defect or ventricular septal defect with the former being more common . Mitral valve problems become common as people age , even in those without heart problems at birth . Other problems that may occur include tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus . People with Down syndrome have a lower risk of hardening of the arteries . Cancer Although the overall risk of cancer is not changed , the risk of leukemia and testicular cancer is increased and risk of solid cancers is reduced . Solid cancers are believed to be less common due to increased expression of tumor suppressor genes present on chromosome 21 . Cancers of the blood are 10 to 15 times more common in children with Down syndrome . In particular , acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 20 times more common and the megakaryoblastic form of acute myeloid leukemia is 500 times more common . Transient myeloproliferative disease , a disorder of blood cell production that does not occur outside of Down syndrome , affects 3 -- 10 % of infants . The disorder is typically not serious but occasionally can be . It resolves most times without treatment ; however , in those who have had it , a 20 to 30 % risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia at a later time exists . Endocrine Problems of the thyroid gland occur in 20 -- 50 % of individuals with Down syndrome . Low thyroid is the most common form , occurring in almost half of all individuals . Thyroid problems can be due to a poorly or nonfunctioning thyroid at birth ( known as congenital hypothyroidism ) which occurs in 1 % or can develop later due to an attack on the thyroid by the immune system resulting in Graves ' disease or autoimmune hypothyroidism . Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also more common . Gastrointestinal Constipation occurs in nearly half of people with Down syndrome and may result in changes in behavior . One potential cause is Hirschsprung 's disease , occurring in 2 -- 15 % , which is due to a lack of nerve cells controlling the colon . Other frequent congenital problems include duodenal atresia , pyloric stenosis , Meckel diverticulum , and imperforate anus . Celiac disease affects about 7 -- 20 % and gastroesophageal reflux disease is also more common . Teeth Individuals with Down syndrome tend to be more susceptible to gingivitis as well as early , severe periodontal disease , necrotising ulcerative gingivitis , and early tooth loss , especially in the lower front teeth . While plaque and poor oral hygiene are contributing factors , the severity of these periodontal disease can not be explained solely by external factors . Research suggests that the severity is likely a result of a weakened immune system . The weakened immune system also contributes to increased incidence of yeast infections in the mouth ( from Candida albicans ) . Individuals with Down syndrome also tend to have a more alkaline saliva resulting in a greater resistance to tooth decay , despite decreased quantities of saliva , less effective oral hygiene habits and higher plaque indexes . Higher rates of tooth wear and bruxism are also common . Other common oral manifestations of Down syndrome include enlarged hypotonic tongue , crusted and hypotonic lips , mouth breathing , narrow palate with crowded teeth , class III malocclusion with an underdeveloped maxilla and posterior crossbite , delayed exfoliation of baby teeth and delayed eruption of adult teeth , shorter roots on teeth , and often missing and malformed ( usually smaller ) teeth . Less common manifestations include cleft lip and palate , enamel hypocalcification ( 20 % prevalence ) . Fertility Males with Down syndrome usually do not father children , while females have lower rates of fertility relative to those who are unaffected . Fertility is estimated to be present in 30 -- 50 % of females . Menopause typically occurs at an earlier age . The poor fertility in males is thought to be due to problems with sperm development ; however , it may also be related to not being sexually active . As of 2006 , three instances of males with Down syndrome fathering children and 26 cases of females having children have been reported . Without assisted reproductive technologies , around half of the children of someone with Down syndrome will also have the syndrome . Genetics Main article : Genetics of Down syndrome Karyotype for trisomy Down syndrome : Notice the three copies of chromosome 21 Down syndrome is caused by having three copies of the genes on chromosome 21 , rather than the usual two . The parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal . Those who have one child with Down syndrome have about a 1 % risk of having a second child with the syndrome , if both parents are found to have normal karyotypes . The extra chromosome content can arise through several different ways . The most common cause ( about 92 -- 95 % of cases ) is a complete extra copy of chromosome 21 , resulting in trisomy 21 . In 1.0 to 2.5 % of cases , some of the cells in the body are normal and others have trisomy 21 , known as mosaic Down syndrome . The other common mechanisms that can give rise to Down syndrome include : a Robertsonian translocation , isochromosome , or ring chromosome . These contain additional material from chromosome 21 and occur in about 2.5 % of cases . An isochromosome results when the two long arms of a chromosome separate together rather than the long and short arm separating together during egg or sperm development . Trisomy 21 Trisomy 21 ( also known by the karyotype 47 , XX , + 21 for females and 47 , XY , + 21 for males ) is caused by a failure of the 21st chromosome to separate during egg or sperm development . As a result , a sperm or egg cell is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 21 ; this cell thus has 24 chromosomes . When combined with a normal cell from the other parent , the baby has 47 chromosomes , with three copies of chromosome 21 . About 88 % of cases of trisomy 21 result from nonseparation of the chromosomes in the mother , 8 % from nonseparation in the father , and 3 % after the egg and sperm have merged . Translocation The extra chromosome 21 material may also occur due to a Robertsonian translocation in 2 -- 4 % of cases . In this situation , the long arm of chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome , often chromosome 14 . In a male affected with Down syndrome , it results in a karyotype of 46XY , t ( 14q21q ) . This may be a new mutation or previously present in one of the parents . The parent with such a translocation is usually normal physically and mentally ; however , during production of egg or sperm cells , a higher chance of creating reproductive cells with extra chromosome 21 material exists . This results in a 15 % chance of having a child with Down syndrome when the mother is affected and a less than 5 % probability if the father is affected . The probability of this type of Down syndrome is not related to the mother 's age . Some children without Down syndrome may inherit the translocation and have a higher probability of having children of their own with Down syndrome . In this case it is sometimes known as familial Down syndrome . Mechanism The extra genetic material present in DS results in overexpression of a portion of the 310 genes located on chromosome 21 . This overexpression has been estimated at around 50 % . Some research has suggested the Down syndrome critical region is located at bands 21q22. 1 -- q22. 3 , with this area including genes for amyloid , superoxide dismutase , and likely the ETS2 proto oncogene . Other research , however , has not confirmed these findings . microRNAs are also proposed to be involved . The dementia which occurs in Down syndrome is due to an excess of amyloid beta peptide produced in the brain and is similar to Alzheimer 's disease . This peptide is processed from amyloid precursor protein , the gene for which is located on chromosome 21 . Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are present in nearly all by 35 years of age , though dementia may not be present . Those with DS also lack a normal number of lymphocytes and produce less antibodies which contributes to their increased risk of infection . Epigenetics Down syndrome is associated with an increased risk of many chronic diseases that are typically associated with older age such as Alzheimer 's disease . The accelerated aging suggest that trisomy 21 increases the biological age of tissues , but molecular evidence for this hypothesis is sparse . According to a biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock , trisomy 21 increases the age of blood and brain tissue ( on average by 6.6 years ) . Screening Guidelines recommend screening for Down syndrome to be offered to all pregnant women , regardless of age . A number of tests are used , with varying levels of accuracy . They are typically used in combination to increase the detection rate . None can be definitive , thus if screening is positive , either amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling is required to confirm the diagnosis . Screening in both the first and second trimesters is better than just screening in the first trimester . The different screening techniques in use are able to pick up 90 to 95 % of cases with a false - positive rate of 2 to 5 % . First - and second - trimester screening Screen Week of pregnancy when performed Detection rate False positive Description Combined test 10 -- 13.5 wks 82 -- 87 % 5 % Uses ultrasound to measure nuchal translucency in addition to blood tests for free or total beta - hCG and PAPP - A Quad screen 15 -- 20 wks 81 % 5 % Measures the maternal serum alpha - fetoprotein , unconjugated estriol , hCG , and inhibin - A Integrated test 15 -- 20 wks 94 -- 96 % 5 % Is a combination of the quad screen , PAPP - A , and NT Cell - free fetal DNA From 10 wks 96 -- 100 % 0.3 % A blood sample is taken from the mother by venipuncture and is sent for DNA analysis . Ultrasound Ultrasound of fetus with Down syndrome showing a large bladder Enlarged NT and absent nasal bone in a fetus at 11 weeks with Down syndrome Ultrasound imaging can be used to screen for Down syndrome . Findings that indicate increased risk when seen at 14 to 24 weeks of gestation include a small or no nasal bone , large ventricles , nuchal fold thickness , and an abnormal right subclavian artery , among others . The presence or absence of many markers is more accurate . Increased fetal nuchal translucency ( NT ) indicates an increased risk of Down syndrome picking up 75 -- 80 % of cases and being falsely positive in 6 % . Blood tests Several blood markers can be measured to predict the risk of Down syndrome during the first or second trimester . Testing in both trimesters is sometimes recommended and test results are often combined with ultrasound results . In the second trimester , often two or three tests are used in combination with two or three of : α - fetoprotein , unconjugated estriol , total hCG , and free βhCG detecting about 60 -- 70 % of cases . Testing of the mother 's blood for fetal DNA is being studied and appears promising in the first trimester . The International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis considers it a reasonable screening option for those women whose pregnancies are at a high risk for trisomy 21 . Accuracy has been reported at 98.6 % in the first trimester of pregnancy . Confirmatory testing by invasive techniques ( amniocentesis , CVS ) is still required to confirm the screening result . Diagnosis Before birth When screening tests predict a high risk of Down syndrome , a more invasive diagnostic test ( amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling ) is needed to confirm the diagnosis . If Down syndrome occurs in one in 500 pregnancies and the test used has a 5 % false - positive rate , this means , of 26 women who test positive on screening , only one will have Down syndrome confirmed . If the screening test has a 2 % false - positive rate , this means one of eleven who test positive on screening have a fetus with DS . Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are more reliable tests , but they increase the risk of miscarriage between 0.5 and 1 % . The risk of limb problems is increased in the offspring due to the procedure . The risk from the procedure is greater the earlier it is performed , thus amniocentesis is not recommended before 15 weeks gestational age and chorionic villus sampling before 10 weeks gestational age . Abortion rates About 92 % of pregnancies in Europe with a diagnosis of Down syndrome are terminated . In the United States , termination rates are around 67 % , but this rate varied from 61 % to 93 % among different populations evaluated . When nonpregnant people are asked if they would have a termination if their fetus tested positive , 23 -- 33 % said yes , when high - risk pregnant women were asked , 46 -- 86 % said yes , and when women who screened positive are asked , 89 -- 97 % say yes . After birth The diagnosis can often be suspected based on the child 's physical appearance at birth . An analysis of the child 's chromosomes is needed to confirm the diagnosis , and to determine if a translocation is present , as this may help determine the risk of the child 's parents having further children with Down syndrome . Parents generally wish to know the possible diagnosis once it is suspected and do not wish pity . Management Efforts such as early childhood intervention , screening for common problems , medical treatment where indicated , a good family environment , and work - related training can improve the development of children with Down syndrome . Education and proper care can improve quality of life . Raising a child with Down syndrome is more work for parents than raising an unaffected child . Typical childhood vaccinations are recommended . Health screening Recommended screening Testing Children Adults Hearing 6 months , 12 months , then yearly 3 -- 5 years T4 and TSH 6 months , then yearly Eyes 6 months , then yearly 3 -- 5 years Teeth 2 years , then every 6 months Coeliac disease Between 2 and 3 years of age , or earlier if symptoms occur Sleep study 3 to 4 years , or earlier if symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea occur Neck X-rays Between 3 and 5 years of age A number of health organizations have issued recommendations for screening those with Down syndrome for particular diseases . This is recommended to be done systematically . At birth , all children should get an electrocardiogram and ultrasound of the heart . Surgical repair of heart problems may be required as early as three months of age . Heart valve problems may occur in young adults , and further ultrasound evaluation may be needed in adolescents and in early adulthood . Due to the elevated risk of testicular cancer , some recommend checking the person 's testicles yearly . Cognitive development Hearing aids or other amplification devices can be useful for language learning in those with hearing loss . Speech therapy may be useful and is recommended to be started around 9 months of age . As those with Down syndrome typically have good hand - eye coordination , learning sign language may be possible . Augmentative and alternative communication methods , such as pointing , body language , objects , or pictures , are often used to help with communication . Behavioral issues and mental illness are typically managed with counseling or medications . Education programs before reaching school age may be useful . School - age children with Down syndrome may benefit from inclusive education ( whereby students of differing abilities are placed in classes with their peers of the same age ) , provided some adjustments are made to the curriculum . Evidence to support this , however , is not very strong . In the United States , the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975 requires public schools generally to allow attendance by students with Down syndrome . Individuals with Down syndrome may learn better visually . Drawing may help with language , speech , and reading skills . Children with Down syndrome still often have difficulty with sentence structure and grammar , as well as developing the ability to speak clearly . Several types of early intervention can help with cognitive development . Efforts to develop motor skills include physical therapy , speech and language therapy , and occupational therapy . Physical therapy focuses specifically on motor development and teaching children to interact with their environment . Speech and language therapy can help prepare for later language . Lastly , occupational therapy can help with skills needed for later independence . Other Tympanostomy tubes are often needed and often more than one set during the person 's childhood . Tonsillectomy is also often done to help with sleep apnea and throat infections . Surgery , however , does not always address the sleep apnea and a continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) machine may be useful . Physical therapy and participation in physical education may improve motor skills . Evidence to support this in adults , however , is not very good . Efforts to prevent respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) infection with human monoclonal antibodies should be considered , especially in those with heart problems . In those who develop dementia there is no evidence for memantine , donepezil , rivastigmine , or galantamine . Plastic surgery has been suggested as a method of improving the appearance and thus the acceptance of people with Down syndrome . It has also been proposed as a way to improve speech . Evidence , however , does not support a meaningful difference in either of these outcomes . Plastic surgery on children with Down syndrome is uncommon , and continues to be controversial . The U.S. National Down Syndrome Society views the goal as one of mutual respect and acceptance , not appearance . Many alternative medical techniques are used in Down syndrome ; however , they are poorly supported by evidence . These include : dietary changes , massage , animal therapy , chiropractics and naturopathy , among others . Some proposed treatments may also be harmful . Prognosis Deaths due to Down syndrome per million persons in 2012 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 8 9 -- 16 Between 5 and 15 % of children with Down syndrome in Sweden attend regular school . Some graduate from high school ; however , most do not . Of those with intellectual disability in the United States who attended high school about 40 % graduated . Many learn to read and write and some are able to do paid work . In adulthood about 20 % in the United States do paid work in some capacity . In Sweden , however , less than 1 % have regular jobs . Many are able to live semi-independently , but they often require help with financial , medical , and legal matters . Those with mosaic Down syndrome usually have better outcomes . Individuals with Down syndrome have a higher risk of early death than the general population . This is most often from heart problems or infections . Following improved medical care , particularly for heart and gastrointestinal problems , the life expectancy has increased . This increase has been from 12 years in 1912 , to 25 years in the 1980s , to 50 to 60 years in the developed world in the 2000s . Currently between 4 and 12 % die in the first year of life . The probability of long - term survival is partly determined by the presence of heart problems . In those with congenital heart problems 60 % survive to 10 years and 50 % survive to 30 years of age . In those without heart problems 85 % survive to 10 years and 80 % survive to 30 years of age . About 10 % live to 70 years of age . The National Down Syndrome Society have developed information regarding the positive aspects of life with Down syndrome . Epidemiology The risk of having a Down syndrome pregnancy in relation to a mother 's age Globally , as of 2010 , Down syndrome occurs in about 1 per 1000 births and results in about 17,000 deaths . More children are born with Down syndrome in countries where abortion is not allowed and in countries where pregnancy more commonly occurs at a later age . About 1.4 per 1000 live births in the United States and 1.1 per 1000 live births in Norway are affected . In the 1950s , in the United States , it occurred in 2 per 1000 live births with the decrease since then due to prenatal screening and abortions . The number of pregnancies with Down syndrome is more than two times greater with many spontaneously aborting . It is the cause of 8 % of all congenital disorders . Maternal age affects the chances of having a pregnancy with Down syndrome . At age 20 , the chance is one in 1441 ; at age 30 , it is one in 959 ; at age 40 , it is one in 84 ; and at age 50 it is one in 44 . Although the probability increases with maternal age , 70 % of children with Down syndrome are born to women 35 years of age and younger , because younger people have more children . The father 's older age is also a risk factor in women older than 35 , but not in women younger than 35 , and may partly explain the increase in risk as women age . History It has been suggested that this Early Netherlandish painting depicts a person with Down syndrome as one of the angels . English physician John Langdon Down first described Down syndrome in 1862 , recognizing it as a distinct type of mental disability , and again in a more widely published report in 1866 . Édouard Séguin described it as separate from cretinism in 1944 . By the 20th century , Down syndrome had become the most recognizable form of mental disability . In antiquity , many infants with disabilities were either killed or abandoned . A number of historical pieces of art are believed to portray Down syndrome , including pottery from AD 500 from South America and the 16th - century painting The Adoration of the Christ Child . In the 20th century , many individuals with Down syndrome were institutionalized , few of the associated medical problems were treated , and most died in infancy or early adult life . With the rise of the eugenics movement , 33 of the then 48 U.S. states and several countries began programs of forced sterilization of individuals with Down syndrome and comparable degrees of disability . Action T4 in Nazi Germany made public policy of a program of systematic involuntary euthanization . With the discovery of karyotype techniques in the 1950s , it became possible to identify abnormalities of chromosomal number or shape . In 1959 , Jérôme Lejeune reported the discovery that Down syndrome resulted from an extra chromosome . However , Lejeune 's claim to the discovery has been disputed , and in 2014 , the Scientific Council of the French Federation of Human Genetics unanimously awarded its Grand Prize to his colleague Marthe Gautier for her role in this discovery . The discovery was in the laboratory of Raymond Turpin at the Hôpital Trousseau in Paris , France . Jérôme Lejeune and Marthe Gautier were both his students . As a result of this discovery , the condition became known as trisomy 21 . Even before the discovery of its cause , the presence of the syndrome in all races , its association with older maternal age , and its rarity of recurrence had been noticed . Medical texts had assumed it was caused by a combination of inheritable factors that had not been identified . Other theories had focused on injuries sustained during birth . Society and culture See also : List of people with Down syndrome Name Due to his perception that children with Down syndrome shared facial similarities with those of Blumenbach 's Mongolian race , John Langdon Down used the term `` mongoloid '' . He felt that the existence of Down syndrome confirmed that all peoples were genetically related . In the 1950s with discovery of the underlying cause as being related to chromosomes , concerns about the race - based nature of the name increased . In 1961 , 19 scientists suggested that `` mongolism '' had `` misleading connotations '' and had become `` an embarrassing term '' . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) dropped the term in 1965 after a request by the delegation from the Mongolian People 's Republic . While the term mongoloid ( also mongolism , Mongolian imbecility or idiocy ) continued to be used until the early 1980s , it is now considered unacceptable and is no longer in common use . In 1975 , the United States National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) convened a conference to standardize the naming and recommended replacing the possessive form , `` Down 's syndrome '' with `` Down syndrome '' . However , both the possessive and nonpossessive forms remain in use by the general population . The term `` trisomy 21 '' is also used frequently . Ethics Father with son who has Down syndrome Some obstetricians argue that not offering screening for Down syndrome is unethical . As it is a medically reasonable procedure , per informed consent , people should at least be given information about it . It will then be the woman 's choice , based on her personal beliefs , how much or how little screening she wishes . When results from testing become available , it is also considered unethical not to give the results to the person in question . Some bioethicists deem it reasonable for parents to select a child who would have the highest well - being . One criticism of this reasoning is that it often values those with disabilities less . Some parents argue that Down syndrome should n't be prevented or cured and that eliminating Down syndrome amounts to genocide . The disability rights movement does not have a position on screening , although some members consider testing and abortion discriminatory . Some in the United States who are pro-life support abortion if the fetus is disabled , while others do not . Of a group of 40 mothers in the United States who have had one child with Down syndrome , half agreed to screening in the next pregnancy . Within the US , some Protestants denominations see abortion as acceptable when a fetus has Down syndrome , while Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics often do not . Some of those against screening refer to it as a form of `` eugenics '' . Disagreement exists within Islam regarding the acceptability of abortion in those carrying a fetus with Down syndrome . Some Islamic countries allow abortion , while others do not . Women may face stigmatization whichever decision they make . Advocacy groups Advocacy groups for individuals with Down syndrome began to be formed after the Second World War . These were organizations advocating for the inclusion of people with Down syndrome into the general school system and for a greater understanding of the condition among the general population , as well as groups providing support for families with children living with Down syndrome . Before this individuals with Down syndrome were often placed in mental hospitals or asylums . Organizations included the Royal Society for Handicapped Children and Adults founded in the UK in 1946 by Judy Fryd , Kobato Kai founded in Japan in 1964 , the National Down Syndrome Congress founded in the United States in 1973 by Kathryn McGee and others , and the National Down Syndrome Society founded in 1979 in the United States . The first World Down Syndrome Day was held on 21 March 2006 . The day and month were chosen to correspond with 21 and trisomy , respectively . It was recognized by the United Nations General Assembly in 2011 . Research See also : Down syndrome research and Mouse models of Down syndrome Efforts are underway to determine how the extra chromosome 21 material causes Down syndrome , as currently this is unknown , and to develop treatments to improve intelligence in those with the syndrome . One hope is to use stem cells . Other methods being studied include the use of antioxidants , gamma secretase inhibition , adrenergic agonists , and memantine . Research is often carried out on an animal model , the Ts65Dn mouse . References ^ Jump up to : Weijerman , ME ; de Winter , JP ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Clinical practice . The care of children with Down syndrome . '' . European journal of pediatrics. 169 ( 12 ) : 1445 -- 52 . PMC 2962780 . PMID 20632187 . doi : 10.1007 / s00431 - 010 - 1253 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , D ( Jul 2009 ) . `` Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome . '' . Human Genetics . 126 ( 1 ) : 195 -- 214 . 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Oxford University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956793 - 5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trisomie : une pionnière intimidée '' . Le Monde . Feb 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gautier , Marthe and Peter S. Harper ( 2009 ) . `` Fiftieth anniversary of trisomy 21 : returning to a discovery '' ( PDF ) . Human Genetics . 126 : 317 -- 324 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 009 - 0690 - 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pain , Elisabeth ( 2014 ) . `` After More Than 50 Years , a Dispute Over Down Syndrome Discovery '' . Science . 343 ( 6172 ) : 720 -- 721 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 343.6172. 720 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ David Wright ( 25 August 2011 ) . Downs : The history of a disability : The history of a disability . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956793 - 5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Warkany , J ( 1971 ) . Congenital Malformations . Chicago : Year Book Medical Publishers , Inc . pp. 313 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8151 - 9098 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ward , OC ( Aug 1999 ) . `` John Langdon Down : the man and the message . '' . Down 's syndrome , research and practice : the journal of the Sarah Duffen Centre / University of Portsmouth. 6 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 24 . PMID 10890244 . Jump up ^ Gould , Stephen ( 2010 ) . The Panda 's Thumb : More Reflections in Natural History . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 166 . ISBN 9780393340839 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Keevak , Michael ( 2011 ) . Becoming Yellow : A Short History of Racial Thinking . Princeton University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 1400838606 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Howard - Jones , Norman ( 1979 ) . `` On the diagnostic term `` Down 's disease '' `` . Medical History . 23 ( 1 ) : 102 -- 04 . PMC 1082401 . PMID 153994 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051048 . ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez - Hernández , ML ; Montoya , E ( Jul 30 , 2011 ) . `` Fifty years of evolution of the term Down 's syndrome . '' . Lancet . 378 ( 9789 ) : 402 . PMID 21803206 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 11 ) 61212 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rodríguez - Hernández , ML ; Montoya , E ( 30 July 2011 ) . `` Fifty years of evolution of the term Down 's syndrome . '' . Lancet . 378 ( 9789 ) : 402 . PMID 21803206 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 11 ) 61212 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Classification and nomenclature of morphological defects ( Discussion ) '' . The Lancet . 305 ( 7905 ) : 513 . 1975 . PMID 46972 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 75 ) 92847 - 0 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kieron ( 2011 ) . The politics of Down syndrome . ( New Alresford , Hampshire ) : Zero . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84694 - 613 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Westman , Judith A. ( 2005 ) . Medical genetics for the modern clinician . Philadelphia , PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5760 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Chervenak , FA ; McCullough , LB ( Apr 2010 ) . `` Ethical considerations in first - trimester Down syndrome risk assessment . '' . Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 22 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 8 . PMID 20125014 . doi : 10.1097 / gco. 0b013e3283374a9f . Jump up ^ Chervenak , FA ; McCullough , LB ; Sharma , G ; Davis , J ; Gross , S ( Jul 2008 ) . `` Enhancing patient autonomy with risk assessment and invasive diagnosis : an ethical solution to a clinical challenge . '' . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 199 ( 1 ) : 19. e1 -- 4 . PMID 18355783 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajog. 2008.02. 021 . Jump up ^ Zindler , L ( Apr -- Jun 2005 ) . `` Ethical decision making in first trimester pregnancy screening . '' . The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing . 19 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 31 ; quiz 132 -- 3 . PMID 15923961 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005237 - 200504000 - 00008 . Jump up ^ Sharma , G ; McCullough , LB ; Chervenak , FA ( Feb 15 , 2007 ) . `` Ethical considerations of early ( first vs. second trimester ) risk assessment disclosure for trisomy 21 and patient choice in screening versus diagnostic testing . '' . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C. 145C ( 1 ) : 99 -- 104 . PMID 17299736 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. c. 30118 . Jump up ^ Savulescu , J ; Kahane , G ( Jun 2009 ) . `` The moral obligation to create children with the best chance of the best life . '' . Bioethics. 23 ( 5 ) : 274 -- 90 . PMID 19076124 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8519.2008. 00687. x . Jump up ^ Bennett , R ( Jun 2009 ) . `` The fallacy of the Principle of Procreative Beneficence . '' . Bioethics. 23 ( 5 ) : 265 -- 73 . PMID 18477055 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8519.2008. 00655. x . Jump up ^ `` Halifax mom questions Down syndrome suppression '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa . `` Should Down Syndrome Be Cured ? '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Parens , E ; Asch , A ( 2003 ) . `` Disability rights critique of prenatal genetic testing : reflections and recommendations . '' . Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews . 9 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 7 . PMID 12587137 . doi : 10.1002 / mrdd. 10056 . ^ Jump up to : Green , RM ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Parental autonomy and the obligation not to harm one 's child genetically . '' . The Journal of law , medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law , Medicine & Ethics. 25 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 15 , 2 . PMID 11066476 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 720x. 1997. tb01389. x . ^ Jump up to : Bill J Leonard ; Jill Y . Crainshaw ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of religious controversies in the United States . ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 867 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Alaiyan , S ; Alfaleh , KM ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Aborting a Malformed Fetus : A Debatable Issue in Saudi Arabia . '' . Journal of clinical neonatology. 1 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 11 . PMC 3761984 . PMID 24027674 . doi : 10.4103 / 2249 - 4847.92231 . Jump up ^ Sara Grace Shields ; Lucy M. Candib ( 2010 ) . Woman - centered care in pregnancy and childbirth . Oxford : Radcliffe Pub . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84619 - 161 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : David Wright ( 2011 ) . Downs : The history of a disability . Oxford University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 161978 - 6 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . MENCAP . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Down Syndrome Organizations in the U.S. '' . Global Down Syndrome Foundation . Archived from the original on 18 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Down Syndrome Day '' . Down Syndrome International . Down Syndrome International . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Geraldine ; Rosner , Victoria ( 2012 ) . The global and the intimate feminism in our time . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 52084 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , JA ; Mason , EA ; Ovchinnikov , DA ; Wells , CA ; Wolvetang , EJ ( Mar 2013 ) . `` Concise review : new paradigms for Down syndrome research using induced pluripotent stem cells : tackling complex human genetic disease . '' . Stem cells translational medicine . 2 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 84 . PMC 3659762 . PMID 23413375 . doi : 10.5966 / sctm. 2012 - 0117 . Jump up ^ Goodman , MJ ; Brixner , DI ( Apr 2013 ) . `` New therapies for treating Down syndrome require quality of life measurement . '' . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 161A ( 4 ) : 639 -- 41 . PMID 23495233 . doi : 10.1002 / ajmg. a. 35705 . Jump up ^ Costa , AC ; Scott - McKean , JJ ( Sep 2013 ) . `` Prospects for improving brain function in individuals with Down syndrome '' . CNS Drugs . 27 ( 9 ) : 679 -- 702 . PMID 23821040 . doi : 10.1007 / s40263 - 013 - 0089 - 3 . Jump up ^ Costa , AC ( 2011 ) . `` On the promise of pharmacotherapies targeted at cognitive and neurodegenerative components of Down syndrome '' . Developmental neuroscience. 33 ( 5 ) : 414 -- 27 . PMC 3254040 . PMID 21893967 . doi : 10.1159 / 000330861 . External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : Q90 ICD - 9 - CM : 758.0 OMIM : 190685 MeSH : D004314 DiseasesDB : 3898 External resources MedlinePlus : 000997 eMedicine : ped / 615 Patient UK : Down syndrome Wikimedia Commons has media related to Down syndrome . Down syndrome at DMOZ Down 's syndrome -- Treatment by National Health Service Chromosome abnormalities ( Q90 -- Q99 , 758 ) Autosomal Trisomies Down syndrome 21 Edwards syndrome 18 Patau syndrome 13 Trisomy 9 Warkany syndrome 2 8 Cat eye syndrome / Trisomy 22 22 Trisomy 16 Monosomies / deletions 1q21. 1 deletion syndrome / 1q21. 1 duplication syndrome / TAR syndrome Wolf -- Hirschhorn syndrome Cri du chat / Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 5 Williams syndrome 7 Jacobsen syndrome 11 Miller -- Dieker syndrome / Smith -- Magenis syndrome 17 DiGeorge syndrome 22 22q11. 2 distal deletion syndrome 22 22q13 deletion syndrome 22 genomic imprinting Angelman syndrome / Prader -- Willi syndrome ( 15 ) Distal 18q - / Proximal 18q - X / Y linked Monosomy Turner syndrome ( 45 , X ) Trisomy / tetrasomy , other karyotypes / mosaics Klinefelter syndrome ( 47 , XXY ) 48 , XXYY 48 , XXXY 49 , XXXYY 49 , XXXXY Triple X syndrome ( 47 , XXX ) 48 , XXXX 49 , XXXXX Jacobs syndrome ( 47 , XYY ) 48 , XYYY 49 , XYYYY 45 , X / 46 , XY Translocations Leukemia / lymphoma Lymphoid Burkitt 's lymphoma t ( 8 MYC ; 14 IGH ) Follicular lymphoma t ( 14 IGH ; 18 BCL2 ) Mantle cell lymphoma / Multiple myeloma t ( 11 CCND1 : 14 IGH ) Anaplastic large - cell lymphoma t ( 2 ALK ; 5 NPM1 ) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Myeloid Philadelphia chromosome t ( 9 ABL ; 22 BCR ) Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation t ( 8 RUNX1T1 ; 21 RUNX1 ) Acute promyelocytic leukemia t ( 15 PML , 17 RARA ) Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia t ( 1 RBM15 ; 22 MKL1 ) Other Ewing 's sarcoma t ( 11 FLI1 ; 22 EWS ) Synovial sarcoma t ( x SYT ; 18 SSX ) Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans t ( 17 COL1A1 ; 22 PDGFB ) Myxoid liposarcoma t ( 12 DDIT3 ; 16 FUS ) Desmoplastic small - round - cell tumor t ( 11 WT1 ; 22 EWS ) Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma t ( 2 PAX3 ; 13 FOXO1 ) t ( 1 PAX7 ; 13 FOXO1 ) Other Fragile X syndrome Uniparental disomy XX male syndrome / 46 , XX testicular disorders of sex development Ring chromosome ( 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 20 ) LCCN : sh85039232 GND : 4012849 - 0 BNF : cb11940791r ( data ) NDL : 00567829 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Down_syndrome&oldid=800296742 '' Categories : Down syndrome Genetic diseases and disorders Chromosomal abnormalities Intellectual disability Autosomal trisomies Genetic syndromes Syndromes affecting the heart Syndromes affecting the nervous system Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers RTT ( full ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 17 : 07 . 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what does the red stripe on the marine uniform mean

Tradition holds that in the Battle of Chapultepec in Mexico on September 1847 , Marine officers and NCOs sustained an unusually high casualty rate during the battle . In 1849 , uniform regulations dictated that the stripes be changed to a solid red in honor of the numerous Marine deaths . Ten years later , a scarlet cord was inserted into the outer seams for noncommissioned officers and musicians , while a scarlet welt was added for officers . Finally , in 1904 , the simple scarlet stripe seen today was adopted , with the varying widths prescribed for different ranks .

Blood stripe

blood stripe

A blood stripe is a scarlet stripe worn down the outside leg seams of trousers on the dress uniform of the United States Marine Corps . This red stripe is 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) for general officers , 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) for other officers , and 1.12 inches ( 2.8 cm ) for enlisted Staff Noncommissioned Officers and Noncommissioned Officers . Modified versions are worn on the officers ' evening dress uniforms , with the scarlet flanked with gold trim , and on members of the Marine Band , which wear the traditional red stripe with a white stripe in the center .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources History ( edit ) While trouser stripes were in use in various militaries for many years ( especially the British Army , whose uniforms influenced American uniforms for many years , as well as the ref , red stripes of the Spanish Navy Marines ) , red trouser stripes were not a predominant feature of any American Marine uniform until 1837 . In that year , President Andrew Jackson ordered changes that included the adoption of the Army 's practice of wearing stripes the same color as uniform jacket facings . These original stripes were buff white to match changes to the uniform jacket , but when the jacket was changed back to dark blue with red trim in 1839 , the stripes remained , but altered to a similar blue edged in red . A U.S. Naval Institute history of USMC uniforms records that orders issued in January 1840 provided that officers and non commissioned officers were to wear a scarlet stripe down the outside seam of their blue trousers . Tradition holds that in the Battle of Chapultepec in Mexico on September 1847 , Marine officers and NCOs sustained an unusually high casualty rate during the battle . In 1849 , uniform regulations dictated that the stripes be changed to a solid red in honor of the numerous Marine deaths . Ten years later , a scarlet cord was inserted into the outer seams for noncommissioned officers and musicians , while a scarlet welt was added for officers . Finally , in 1904 , the simple scarlet stripe seen today was adopted , with the varying widths prescribed for different ranks . According to a Marine Corps publication , Marine casualties for the Mexico City campaign were 780 killed and 2,400 wounded , about fifty percent of the invading force . Ninety percent of Marine officers and non-commissioned officers who fought were killed . Mexican snipers would strategically target officers and non-commissioned officers as they could be seen giving command motions to subordinates or some wore distinguishing uniform apparel , this effectively dismantled combat effectiveness of the Marine invading force . According to a Marine Corps study , the only Marines in Scott 's Army in the Mexico City campaign was Watson 's Marine Battalion . Its strength upon landing at Vera Cruz in June 1847 was 314 men . The battalion was reinforced by marines from the Navy Gulf Squadron which had a strength of 315 men in June 1847 . It is likely that up to 100 gulf squad marines were added to the battalion , bringing it 's strength up to around 400 men . In the Battle of Chapultepec , the bulk of the Marine battalion did not see action as after an initial advance , Gen Quitman ordered the Marines to halt . Watson was determined to wait there until receiving further orders . Only seven marines were killed and five of them were privates . This disputes the claim that 780 Marines were killed . The US Marine Corps considers the blood stripe story from the Mexican war to be a myth . The Mexican army did not have trained snipers . They were using surplus British muskets ( e.g. Brown Bess ) from the Napoleonic Wars period and possibly had some Baker Rifles from the Napoleonic era as well . As a result it is unlikely they were able to target officers and NCO 's . See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Lampasse for military trouser - stripes in general . Leatherneck Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . ^ Jump up to : Lore of the Corps Archived 2009 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . by National Museum of the Marine Corps Jump up ^ `` Reseña Histórica '' ( in Spanish ) . Spanish Navy . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Col Robert H. Rankin USMC , Uniforms of the Sea Services , p145 , United States Naval Institute 1962 Jump up ^ Kelly , Jack ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` Kill the pirates '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://community.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Marines%20in%20the%20Mexican%20War%20%20PCN%2019000412200.pdf ( link does not work ) Jump up ^ USMC `` MARINES IN THE MEXICAN WAR 1991 '' Jump up ^ Corps ' uniform myths debunked . Quantico Sentry , Tuesday , July 24 , 2012 Sources ( edit ) `` Marine Corps Uniform Regulations '' . MCO P1020. 34G W / CH 1 - 5 . United States Marine Corps . 31 March 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Dress Blues on marines.com Blood Stripe on Answers.com `` Marine Corps Uniforms '' . Marine For Life . 3 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Leicht , Cpl . Paul W. ( March 5 , 2004 ) . `` Earning the Blood Stripe : Marines remember a legacy of sacrifice '' . Marine Corps Air Station Miramar : United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ( hide ) United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_stripe&oldid=808754064 '' Categories : United States Marine Corps lore and symbols Trousers and shorts American military uniforms Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 23 : 08 . 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the number on kiss me thru the phone

The telephone number , 678 - 999 - 8212 , given in the song , if dialed from the United States , previously connected to a message system for the artist ; the number now belongs to an unknown commercial advertiser in Georgia . An unsuspecting family in the United Kingdom found themselves inundated with calls from fans there who dialed the number but mistyped the international dialing code prefix for the United States ( 001 ) , instead typing `` 016 '' , which is the prefix for numbers in Greater Manchester , England , where the family reside .

678 - 999 - 8212

Kiss Me thru the Phone

kiss me thru the phone

`` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' is a song co-written and recorded by hip hop artist Soulja Boy Tellem It was released as the second single from his 2008 album iSouljaBoyTellem . It was the best - selling single from the album , reaching # 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , # 1 on the U.S. Rap Charts , the top ten in the United Kingdom , in Canada , on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100 , and in New Zealand .

R&B singer Chris Brown was Soulja Boy 's first choice to sing the hook , but turned down the offer . Soulja Boy Tell'em then tried to sing it on his own with Auto - Tune but found it `` garbage '' . `` Kiss Me thru The Phone '' was 2009 's eighth best selling single with over 5.7 million copies sold worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance and sales 2 Track listing 3 Music video 4 Remixes 5 Charts 5.1 Year - end charts 6 Telephone number 7 References 8 External links Chart performance and sales ( edit ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' became highly successful for both Soulja Boy and Sammie on the charts . The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles chart . The song then hit number one on the Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles on the week of January 3 , 2009 . The song later debuted at # 71 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on the week of January 10 , 2009 and peaked at # 3 , making it Soulja Boy 's second top five hit on the US charts since 2007 's `` Crank That '' . Also it would eventually start to chart on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs in the top ten at # 4 . The song has also debuted at # 71 on the Canadian Hot 100 and peaked at # 10 . The song has reached number 1 on Hot Rap Tracks . The video ranked at # 14 on BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown . The song has sold over 2,261,000 digital downloads in the United States , becoming his second song to reach the two million mark in downloads , the first being `` Crank That '' . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number eleven on February 2 , 2009 and later peaked at number two . It was certified Platinum by the RIANZ on July 12 , 2009 with 15,000 digital downloads . In the United Kingdom , `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' debuted on the UK Singles Chart at # 63 on May 3 , 2009 on downloads alone ; the single has since peaked at # 6 , his second highest entry on the chart after Crank That peaked at # 2 in January 2008 . It held a position on BBC Radio 1 's A-List . To date the single has sold more than 5 million copies worldwide and is one of the best - selling singles of all - time . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' ( Main version ) - 3 : 11 `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 11 `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' ( Party Mix ) - 3 : 15 Digital download `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was shot in New Orleans , Louisiana on December 6 , 2008 and on December 8 , 2008 in Atlanta , Georgia at the Kelley residence . The video shows Soulja Boy doing his daily routine , when his girlfriend misses him and calls him , and shoots a video of herself making a kissing face on an iPhone and sends it to him . The video features Sammie and cameos from A-Rab , Ja - Bar , Vistoso Bosses , Vanessa Simmons , Miami Mike , and Dennis Rodman . The music video premiered on December 15 , 2008 , a day before the album 's release . It also peaked # 1 on BET 's video countdown , 106 & Park and ranked at # 16 on BET 's Notarized : Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown . Remixes ( edit ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Official Remix ) '' ( featuring Sammie and Pitbull ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Remix ) '' ( featuring Sammie and Karina Pasian ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Remix ) '' ( featuring Sammie and Steven ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Remix ) '' ( performed by Scooter Smiff and Jasmine Villegas ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Remix ) '' ( instrumental remix ) `` Kiss Me thru the Phone ( Cover ) '' ( featuring Catch Hell , Lorelei ) `` Por El Telefono '' ( performed by reggaeton artist De La Ghetto ) `` Send It to My Phone '' ( performed by Chingo Bling ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 45 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 32 UK Singles Chart 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Pop Songs 5 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Billboard Rap Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 90 New Zealand Singles Chart 14 UK Singles Chart 66 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 19 Telephone number ( edit ) The telephone number , 678 - 999 - 8212 , given in the song , if dialed from the United States , previously connected to a message system for the artist ; the number now belongs to an unknown commercial advertiser in Georgia . An unsuspecting family in the United Kingdom found themselves inundated with calls from fans there who dialed the number but mistyped the international dialing code prefix for the United States ( 001 ) , instead typing `` 016 '' , which is the prefix for numbers in Greater Manchester , England , where the family reside . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KISS ME THRU THE PHONE ( Legal Title ) '' . BMI Repertoire . Broadcast Music Incorporated . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Westhoff , Ben ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Dallas Music - The Five Most Interesting Things You Did n't Know About Soulja Boy - page 1 '' . Dallas Observer . Village Voice Media . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2010.pdf ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=345 Jump up ^ Week Ending May 17 , 2009 : Three Days Is Plenty For Green Day Yahoo Music Blog ( written by Paul Grein ) : Retrieved May 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Week Ending Aug. 23 , 2009 : Over 50 And Still On Top Yahoo Music Blog ( written by Paul Grein ) : Retrieved August 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Soulja Boy -- Kiss Me thru the Phone '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soulja Boy -- Kiss Me thru the Phone '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soulja Boy -- Kiss Me thru the Phone '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soulja Boy -- Kiss Me thru the Phone '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200927 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Soulja Boy -- Kiss Me thru the Phone '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=396 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2009-01-31/r-b-hip-hop-songs Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/artist/279964/soulja+boy/chart?f=370 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2009 '' . ARIA . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Plus Year end 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end songs - The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rap fans bombard family 's phone , BBC News , June 30 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Soulja Boy Discography Videography Studio albums souljaboytellem.com iSouljaBoyTellem The DeAndre Way Loyalty Singles `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' `` Soulja Girl '' `` Yahhh ! '' `` Donk '' `` Bird Walk '' `` Kiss Me thru the Phone '' `` Turn My Swag On '' `` Pretty Boy Swag '' `` Speakers Going Hammer '' Featured singles `` Clumsy '' ( Collipark Remix ) `` Swing '' ( Remix ) `` Marco Polo '' `` LOL : - ) '' `` Bingo '' `` All the Way Turnt Up '' `` Turn It Up '' `` Yasss Bish '' `` Brazil We Flexing '' Promotional singles `` Let Me Get ' Em '' `` Gucci Bandanna '' Related articles Collipark Music SODMG Entertainment hide Sammie Discography Studio albums From the Top to the Bottom Sammie Indigo Coming of Age Singles `` I Like It '' `` Crazy Things I Do '' `` You Should Be My Girl '' `` Come with Me '' Featured singles `` Kiss Me Through the Phone '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_Me_thru_the_Phone&oldid=844690605 '' Categories : 2008 singles Sammie songs Soulja Boy songs Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Soulja Boy Songs written by Jim Jonsin Songs written by David Siegel ( musician ) 2008 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20Me%20thru%20the%20Phone

when does the regular football season start for nfl

The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 7 , 2017 , with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42 -- 27 in the NFL Kickoff Game . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LII , the league 's championship game , on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota .

September 7 , 2017

2017 NFL season

2017 nfl season

The 2017 NFL season is the 98th and current season in the history of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 7 , 2017 , with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42 -- 27 in the NFL Kickoff Game . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LII , the league 's championship game , on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota .

For the second consecutive year , a team relocated to the Los Angeles metropolitan area , as the former San Diego Chargers announced their intent to relocate to the area in January 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Player movements and retirements 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Notable retirements 1.3. 1 Others 1.4 Draft 2 Preseason 3 Regular season 4 In - season scheduling changes 5 Regular season standings 5.1 Division 5.2 Conference 6 Anthem protests 7 Notable deaths 7.1 Dan Rooney 7.2 Others 8 Rule changes 9 Records , milestones , and notable statistics 10 Awards 10.1 Players of the week / month 11 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 11.1 Head coaches 11.1. 1 Offseason 11.2 Front office personnel 11.2. 1 Offseason 12 Stadiums 12.1 Atlanta Falcons 12.2 Naming rights 12.2. 1 Arizona Cardinals 12.2. 2 Denver Broncos 12.3 Relocations 12.3. 1 San Diego Chargers ' relocation to Los Angeles 12.3. 2 Oakland Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas 12.4 Attendance 13 New uniforms and patches 14 Media 14.1 Broadcast rights 14.2 Commercials 14.3 Personnel changes 15 Television viewers and ratings 15.1 Most watched regular season games 16 References Player movements and retirements ( edit ) The 2017 NFL League year began on March 9 at 4 : 00 p.m. EST . On March 7 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who became unrestricted free agents upon the expiration of their contracts two days later . On March 9 , clubs exercised options for 2017 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submitted qualifying offers to their restricted free agents with expiring contracts and to whom desire to retain a Right of Refusal / Compensation , submitted a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2016 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit , and teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a collected salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . The 2017 trading period also began the same day . Free agency ( edit ) A total of 496 players were eligible for some form of free agency at the beginning of the free agency period . Among the high - profile players who changed teams via free agency were cornerbacks A.J. Bouye ( from Texans to Jaguars ) , Logan Ryan ( from Patriots to Titans ) , and Stephon Gilmore ( from Bills to Patriots ) ; safeties Barry Church ( from Cowboys to Jaguars ) , Johnathan Cyprien ( from Jaguars to Titans ) , Micah Hyde ( from Packers to Bills ) , and Tony Jefferson ( from Cardinals to Ravens ) ; linebackers Jabaal Sheard ( from Patriots to Colts ) , Malcolm Smith ( from Raiders to 49ers ) , and Manti Te'o ( from Chargers to Saints ) ; defensive tackles Johnathan Hankins ( from Giants to Colts ) and Calais Campbell ( from Cardinals to Jaguars ) ; offensive tackles Andrew Whitworth ( from Bengals to Rams ) , Kelvin Beachum ( from Jaguars to Jets ) , Matt Kalil ( from Vikings to Panthers ) , Mike Remmers ( from Panthers to Vikings ) , Ricky Wagner ( from Ravens to Lions ) , Riley Reiff ( from Lions to Vikings ) , and Russell Okung ( from Broncos to Chargers ) ; offensive guards Kevin Zeitler ( from Bengals to Browns ) , Larry Warford ( from Lions to Saints ) , Ronald Leary ( from Cowboys to Broncos ) , and T.J. Lang ( from Packers to Lions ) ; tight ends Martellus Bennett ( from Patriots to Packers ) and Jared Cook ( from Packers to Raiders ) ; wide receivers Alshon Jeffery ( from Bears to Eagles ) , Brandon Marshall ( from Jets to Giants ) , DeSean Jackson ( from Redskins to Buccaneers ) , Kenny Britt ( from Rams to Browns ) , Pierre Garçon ( from Redskins to 49ers ) , Robert Woods ( from Bills to Rams ) , Terrelle Pryor ( from Browns to Redskins ) , and Torrey Smith ( from 49ers to Eagles ) ; running backs Latavius Murray ( from Raiders to Vikings ) , Adrian Peterson ( from Vikings to Saints ) , Eddie Lacy ( from Packers to Seahawks ) , and Jamaal Charles ( from Chiefs to Broncos ) ; fullbacks Mike Tolbert ( from Panthers to Bills ) and Patrick DiMarco ( from Falcons to Bills ) ; quarterback Mike Glennon ( from Buccaneers to Bears ) . Trades ( edit ) On March 9 , the Jacksonville Jaguars traded tight end Julius Thomas to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2017 seventh - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Miami Dolphins traded offensive tackle Branden Albert to the Jacksonville Jaguars in exchange for a 2018 seventh - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Houston Texans traded quarterback Brock Osweiler , a 2018 second - round draft pick and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for a 2017 fourth - round compensatory draft pick . On March 9 , the Indianapolis Colts traded tight end Dwayne Allen and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 2017 fourth - round draft pick . On March 9 , the Los Angeles Rams traded defensive end William Hayes along with a 2017 seventh - round draft pick to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2017 sixth - round draft pick . On March 10 , the New Orleans Saints traded wide receiver Brandin Cooks and a 4th round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 1st and 3rd round draft pick . On March 10 , the Carolina Panthers traded defensive end Kony Ealy and a 2017 third - round draft pick to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 2017 second - round draft pick . On March 15 , the Baltimore Ravens traded center Jeremy Zuttah and a 2017 sixth - round draft pick to the San Francisco 49ers for their 2017 sixth - round draft pick . On April 4 , the Baltimore Ravens traded defensive tackle Timmy Jernigan and a 2017 third - round draft pick to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a 2017 third - round draft pick . On April 26 , the Seattle Seahawks traded the contract rights of previously retired running back Marshawn Lynch and a 2018 sixth - round draft pick to the Oakland Raiders for a 2018 fifth - round draft pick . On August 11 , the Buffalo Bills traded wide receiver Sammy Watkins and a 2018 sixth - round draft pick to the Los Angeles Rams for cornerback E.J. Gaines and a 2018 second - round draft pick . That same day , the Bills traded cornerback Ronald Darby to the Philadelphia Eagles for wide receiver Jordan Matthews and a 2018 third - round draft pick . Notable retirements ( edit ) Tony Romo : On April 4 , 2017 , before his release from the Dallas Cowboys , Romo announced his retirement from professional football . Shortly after his release , it was announced by CBS that he would join the network as a lead NFL game analyst , joining a team also consisting of Jim Nantz and Tracy Wolfson . At one point , Jay Cutler had also announced retirement , but later rescinded and signed with the Miami Dolphins . Cutler previously played for the Chicago Bears . Others ( edit ) Anquan Boldin Josh Cribbs King Dunlap Brandon Flowers Justin Forsett Doug Free Chad Greenway Percy Harvin A.J. Hawk Andre Johnson James Jones Terrance Knighton James Laurinaitis Jake Long Robert Mathis Pat McAfee Lance Moore Rob Ninkovich Jerraud Powers Steve Smith , Sr . Stephen Tulloch John Urschel Michael Vick DeMarcus Ware Roddy White Vince Wilfork Draft ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 NFL draft . The 2017 NFL Draft was held on April 27 -- 29 , 2017 in Philadelphia . The Cleveland Browns selected Myles Garrett with the first overall pick . Preseason ( edit ) Training camps for the 2017 season were held in late July through August . Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . Prior to the start of the regular season , each team played four preseason exhibition games , beginning on August 10 . The preseason began on the evening of August 3 with the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , that featured the Dallas Cowboys ( represented in the 2017 Hall of Fame Class by owner Jerry Jones ) who hosted Arizona Cardinals ( represented by former quarterback Kurt Warner ) . It was televised nationally on NBC . The 64 - game preseason schedule ended on August 31 ; a 65th game , that of the 2017 Texas Governor 's Cup , was canceled due to the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey . Regular season ( edit ) The 2017 regular season 's 256 games will be played over a 17 - week schedule which began on September 7 . Each of the league 's 32 teams plays a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also features games on Monday nights . There are games played on Thursday , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 7 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season will conclude with a full slate of 16 games on Sunday , December 31 , all of which will be intra -- division matchups , as it has been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two teams in the team 's own conference in the divisions the team was not set to play which finished the previous season in the same rank in their division ( e.g. the team which finished first in its division the previous season would play each other team in its conference that also finished first in its respective division ) . The preset division pairings for 2017 will be as follows . Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC West AFC North vs AFC South NFC East vs NFC West NFC North vs NFC South Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC South AFC North vs NFC North AFC South vs NFC West AFC West vs NFC East Highlights of the 2017 schedule include : NFL Kickoff Game : The Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots hosted the Kansas City Chiefs in a primetime NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 , 2017 , with the Chiefs winning 42 -- 27 . NFL International Series : For the 2017 season , the International Series underwent a split in branding , with each country 's games receiving their own brand . NFL London Games : Four games were played in London in 2017 . The Jacksonville Jaguars hosted the Baltimore Ravens at Wembley Stadium on September 24 , and the Miami Dolphins hosted the New Orleans Saints at the same venue a week later . The Los Angeles Rams hosted the Arizona Cardinals at Twickenham Stadium on October 22 , and the Cleveland Browns hosted the Minnesota Vikings at the same venue a week later . NFL Mexico Game : The Oakland Raiders will host the New England Patriots at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City , making this the second consecutive year in which the Raiders will host one of their home games in Mexico City ; the game will be played on November 19 , with a kickoff time of 4 : 25 p.m. EST . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 23 , beginning with the Detroit Lions hosting the Minnesota Vikings , the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Los Angeles Chargers ( in their first Thanksgiving Day game since 1969 , and their first Thanksgiving game since they joined the NFL as part of the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 ) , and a primetime game featuring Washington Redskins hosting the New York Giants . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Monday in 2017 . Sunday Night Football will move from December 24 , Christmas Eve , to Saturday , December 23 , with the Green Bay Packers hosting the Minnesota Vikings ( alongside a Saturday Thursday Night Football game featuring the Indianapolis Colts and Baltimore Ravens ) . Two games will be played on Christmas Day : a late - afternoon game featuring the Houston Texans hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers as a special edition of Thursday Night Football , and the Philadelphia Eagles hosting the Oakland Raiders for Monday Night Football . New Year 's Eve games : The NFL will play a full slate of 16 games on December 31 , to conclude the regular season . All of the Week 17 games will be intra-divisional matchups , as they have been since 2010 . The entire schedule was released on April 20 , 2017 . In - season scheduling changes ( edit ) The following games were moved or canceled because of severe weather , by way of flexible scheduling , or for other reasons : Preseason Week 4 : Due to the effects of Hurricane Harvey in the Houston area , the Cowboys -- Texans game was eventually canceled . The 2017 Texas Governor 's Cup preseason game , originally scheduled to be played at Houston 's NRG Stadium , was initially moved to the Cowboys ' AT&T Stadium , before the NFL opted instead to cancel the game altogether in order to allow Texans ' players and coaches to reunite with their families as well as to assist with the relief efforts . Week 1 : Due to the threat posed from Hurricane Irma , the Buccaneers -- Dolphins game was rescheduled to Week 11 ( November 19 ) , when both teams were originally scheduled to have their bye weeks . Both teams had their bye also rescheduled to this week . Week 7 : The Bengals -- Steelers game , originally scheduled to start at 1 : 00 p.m. ET , was moved to 4 : 25 p.m. ET , with the game still on CBS . In addition , the Panthers - Bears game , originally scheduled to be broadcast on Fox , was flexed to CBS , but retained its scheduled start time of 1 : 00 p.m. ET . Regular season standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New England Patriots 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 216 179 W4 Buffalo Bills 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 174 149 L1 Miami Dolphins 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 117 179 L2 New York Jets 5 0 . 444 2 -- 3 3 -- 4 191 208 W1 AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 167 131 W3 Baltimore Ravens 5 0 . 444 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 190 171 L1 Cincinnati Bengals 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 129 158 L2 Cleveland Browns 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 119 202 L8 AFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Tennessee Titans 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 181 193 W3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 206 117 W2 Houston Texans 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 232 208 L2 Indianapolis Colts 6 0 . 333 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 162 260 W1 AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 253 208 L1 Oakland Raiders 5 0 . 444 1 -- 2 4 -- 4 196 211 W1 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 150 152 L2 Denver Broncos 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 150 198 L4 NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Philadelphia Eagles 8 0 . 889 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 283 179 W7 Dallas Cowboys 5 0 . 625 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 226 178 W3 Washington Redskins 0 . 500 0 -- 3 3 -- 3 177 194 W1 New York Giants 7 0 . 125 0 -- 2 0 -- 6 129 207 L2 NFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Minnesota Vikings 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 179 138 W4 Green Bay Packers 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 164 161 L2 Detroit Lions 0 . 429 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 175 169 L3 Chicago Bears 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 1 -- 5 134 171 L1 NFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New Orleans Saints 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 221 155 W6 Carolina Panthers 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 168 159 W2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 500 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 170 172 L1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 2 -- 4 158 198 L5 NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Los Angeles Rams 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 263 153 W3 Seattle Seahawks 5 0 . 625 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 185 149 L1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 500 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 139 201 W1 San Francisco 49ers 0 9 0 . 000 0 -- 4 0 - 8 143 239 L9 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 462 . 449 W3 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 507 . 449 W4 Kansas City Chiefs West 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 568 . 551 L1 Tennessee Titans South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 . 418 . 405 W3 Wild Cards 5 Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 5 -- 2 . 507 . 452 W2 6 Buffalo Bills East 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 441 . 405 L1 In the hunt 7 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 500 . 485 L2 8 Baltimore Ravens North 5 0 . 444 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 . 493 . 333 L1 9 Oakland Raiders West 5 0 . 444 1 -- 2 4 -- 4 . 507 . 559 W1 10 New York Jets East 5 0 . 444 2 -- 3 4 -- 4 . 507 . 438 W1 11 Houston Texans South 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 500 . 333 L2 12 Cincinnati Bengals North 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 462 . 320 L1 13 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 522 . 320 L1 14 Denver Broncos West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 522 . 480 L4 15 Indianapolis Colts South 6 0 . 333 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 425 . 120 W1 16 Cleveland Browns North 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 507 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Pittsburgh wins tie break over New England based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee wins tie break over Jacksonville based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Buffalo based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Baltimore wins tie break over Oakland and NY Jets based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Oakland wins tie break over NY Jets based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Cincinnati based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over LA Chargers based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Denver ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : Cincinnati wins tie break over Los Angeles based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Denver ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : LA Chargers wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in common games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Philadelphia Eagles East 8 0 . 889 3 -- 0 6 -- 0 . 413 . 379 W6 New Orleans Saints South 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 540 . 468 W6 Minnesota Vikings North 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 444 . 396 W4 Los Angeles Rams West 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 409 . 360 W3 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 6 0 . 667 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 . 507 . 417 W2 6 Dallas Cowboys East 5 0 . 625 2 -- 0 4 -- 3 . 431 . 357 W3 In the hunt 7 Seattle Seahawks West 5 0 . 625 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 . 400 . 310 L1 8 Green Bay Packers North 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 571 . 500 L2 9 Atlanta Falcons South 0 . 500 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 . 547 . 452 L1 10 Washington Redskins East 0 . 500 0 -- 3 3 -- 3 . 609 . 441 W1 11 Arizona Cardinals West 0 . 500 2 -- 1 3 -- 4 . 403 . 143 W1 12 Detroit Lions North 0 . 429 1 -- 0 3 -- 3 . 579 . 458 L2 13 Chicago Bears North 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 1 -- 5 . 585 . 615 L1 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 569 . 250 L4 15 New York Giants East 7 0 . 125 0 -- 2 0 -- 6 . 547 . 375 L1 16 San Francisco 49ers West 0 9 0 . 000 0 -- 4 0 -- 8 . 600 . 000 L9 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : New Orleans , Minnesota , and Los Angeles are ranked based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Dallas wins tie break over Seattle based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta , Washington , and Arizona are ranked based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Anthem protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) In week 3 of the season there were numerous anthem protests in response to comments by President Donald Trump stating that those who kneel during the anthem should be fired . Protests included entire teams linking arms or kneeling during the anthem . Three teams - the Steelers , Titans and Seahawks - did not even take to the field for the anthem . Notable Deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2017 . Dan Rooney ( edit ) Dan Rooney was chairman and plurality owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and one of the sons of founding owner Art Rooney , Sr. Having been officially involved with the franchise since 1960 , Rooney was a part of all six of the Steelers ' Super Bowl victories . In addition to this , Rooney was considered an active and progressive owner in the league 's operations , most famously by successfully pushing for the Rooney Rule , an affirmative action policy requiring all NFL franchises to interview persons of color for head coaching vacancies . Concurrently with his role with the Steelers , Rooney also served as United States Ambassador to Ireland from 2009 to 2014 . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000 , making him and his father the second father - son duo in the Hall behind Tim & Wellington Mara . Rooney died on April 13 at the age of 84 . Others ( edit ) Dave Adolph Bill Anderson Ron Billingsley Dave Brazil Kevin Cadle Bernie Casey Bill Cox Bill Fischer Tom Graham Larry Grantham Ralph Guglielmi James Hadnot James Hardy III Larry Hayes Mitchell Henry Aaron Hernandez Larry Hickman John Hilton Claude Hipps Michael Jackson Derrick Jensen Cortez Kennedy Ken Kranz Yale Lary Bob Lee Tony Liscio Eddie Macon George Maderos Mickey Marvin Clay Matthews Sr . Red Miller Paul Mitchell David Modell Tom Modrak Rod Monroe Quentin Moses Leonard Myers Tommy Neck Babe Parilli Benny Perrin Hugh Pitts Sonny Randle Len Rohde Max Runager Daniel Te'o - Nesheim Jimmy Thomas Y.A. Tittle Ted Topor Rick Tuten Wayne Walker Clarence Williams Ellery Williams Bold indicates members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Rule changes ( edit ) The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the owners ' meeting on March 28 , 2017 : Defensive players are now prohibited from running toward the line of scrimmage and leaping or hurdling over offensive linemen on field goal or PAT attempts , similar to a change made in college football for the 2017 season . Previously this action was permitted as long as the leaper or hurdler did not land on other players . Include in the definition of a `` defenseless player '' receivers tracking the quarterback or looking back for the ball , including inside the legal contact ( 5 yards from the line of scrimmage ) zone . Egregious hits to the head ( similar to the `` targeting '' rule in NCAA football ) will now result in an automatic ejection . The replay control center will make the final ruling on reviewed plays instead of the game referee , although the referee can still provide input on reviewable plays . The sideline replay monitor ( the `` hood '' ) will be eliminated and replaced with a tablet on the field for the referee to review with the replay control center . Crackback blocks are now prohibited by a backfield player in motion , even if he is not more than two yards outside the tackle box when the ball is snapped . Make permanent the rule that players who commit two certain types of unsportsmanlike conduct penalties ( throwing punches / forearms / kicking , even if they do not connect , directing abusive , threatening , or insulting language toward opponents , teammates , game officials or league officials , and using baiting or taunting acts or words that may engender ill will between teams ) in the same game will be automatically ejected . Extend for a second season the change in the touchback spot after a kickoff or safety free kick to the 25 - yard line . Make illegal actions that would conserve time penalized by the option for a 10 - second runoff inside of the two - minute warning of each half or overtime ( previously this only applied in the final minute of each half or overtime ) . If a team commits multiple fouls on the same down with the intent of manipulating the game clock , the team will be penalized 15 yards for unsportsmanlike conduct and the game clock will be reset . This change was made in response to both the San Francisco 49ers and the Baltimore Ravens employing this strategy by intentionally holding the defensive players to allow the game clock to run down or run out ( in the case of the Ravens ' game vs. the Cincinnati Bengals ) during the previous season . In response to the move of Sarah Thomas from line judge to head linesman for the 2017 season , the NFL renamed the officiating position of the head linesman to `` down judge '' . The following rule changes were approved for the 2017 NFL season at the NFL Spring League meeting on May 23 , 2017 : Overtime has been shortened from 15 minutes to 10 minutes for preseason and regular season games . Playoff games will continue to have 15 minutes for overtime periods . Restrictions on celebrations have been relaxed , removing penalties for group celebrations , going to the ground to celebrate , or using the ball as a prop . Teams can bring two players back from injured reserve instead of one . Teams can now cut their preseason rosters from 90 players to 53 on one day , removing the deadline to get the roster down to 75 players before the final preseason game . Teams will not be required to give candidates for general manager final say over the 53 - man roster . The following will be `` points of emphasis '' for the 2017 season : Blindside blocks of a defender in the head or neck area while the defender is in a defenseless position Low hits on quarterbacks at or below the knees `` Launching '' at players by leaving both feet to impact a defender anywhere on his body with the helmet Contact downfield between receivers and defensive players , closely enforcing both offensive and defensive pass interference or illegal contact / holding The ban on teams contacting potential coaching candidates until that candidate 's team has been eliminated from the playoffs was tabled . Records , milestones , and notable statistics ( edit ) Week 1 Kansas City Chiefs ' running back Kareem Hunt finished with 246 total yards and three touchdowns , setting the record for the most total yards in an NFL debut . Week 2 Los Angeles Chargers ' tight end Antonio Gates scored his 112th career receiving touchdown , breaking a tie with Tony Gonzalez for the most career receiving touchdowns by a tight end in NFL history . Aaron Rodgers passed for his 300th touchdown , surpassing Peyton Manning as the fastest quarterback to reach that milestone both in attempts and appearances . Week 3 Antonio Brown reached 650 receptions in his 104th game , becoming the fastest player since Marvin Harrison to reach that feat . New York Giants ' wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. broke the record for fastest receiver to reach 300 career receptions , doing so in 45 games . Matt Prater of the Detroit Lions broke the previous NFL record of three made field goals from more than 55 yards in a season by kicking a 57 - yard field goal against the Atlanta Falcons . Week 5 Larry Fitzgerald became the third player in NFL history to record 200 straight games with a reception , all while playing for the Arizona Cardinals . Week 6 With his 187th regular season win , Tom Brady surpassed Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most regular season wins by a quarterback in NFL history . Week 7 Drew Brees became just the fourth player in NFL history to record 500 or more passing touchdowns ( including playoffs ) , joining Tom Brady , Brett Favre , and Peyton Manning . Eddie Jackson became the first player in NFL history with multiple defensive touchdowns of at least 75 yards in a single game against the Carolina Panthers . Week 8 The Cleveland Browns have gone 4 -- 41 over their last 45 games dating back to 2014 , tying for the worst 45 - game stretch in NFL history with the 2007 -- 10 Detroit Lions . Awards ( edit ) Players of the week / month ( edit ) The following were named the top performers during the 2017 season : Week / Month Offensive Player of the Week / Month Defensive Player of the Week / Month Special Teams Player of the Week / Month AFC NFC AFC NFC AFC NFC Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Sam Bradford ( Vikings ) Calais Campbell ( Jaguars ) Trumaine Johnson ( Rams ) Giorgio Tavecchio ( Raiders ) Matt Prater ( Lions ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) J.J. Nelson ( Cardinals ) Chris Jones ( Chiefs ) Desmond Trufant ( Falcons ) Cody Parkey ( Dolphins ) Jamal Agnew ( Lions ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) Kirk Cousins ( Redskins ) Terrence Brooks ( Jets ) DeMarcus Lawrence ( Cowboys ) Steven Hauschka ( Bills ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Sept . Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Melvin Ingram ( Chargers ) DeMarcus Lawrence ( Cowboys ) Ryan Succop ( Titans ) Matt Prater ( Lions ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Cameron Heyward ( Steelers ) Julius Peppers ( Panthers ) Steven Hauschka ( Bills ) Greg Zuerlein ( Rams ) 5 Melvin Gordon ( Chargers ) Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) Telvin Smith ( Jaguars ) Earl Thomas ( Seahawks ) Adam Vinatieri ( Colts ) Kenjon Barner ( Eagles ) 6 Le'Veon Bell ( Steelers ) Adrian Peterson ( Cardinals ) Johnathan Joseph ( Texans ) Cameron Jordan ( Saints ) Ryan Succop ( Titans ) Pharoh Cooper ( Rams ) 7 Amari Cooper ( Raiders ) Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Kevin Byard ( Titans ) Eddie Jackson ( Bears ) Travis Benjamin ( Chargers ) Kai Forbath ( Vikings ) 8 JuJu Smith - Schuster ( Steelers ) Russell Wilson ( Seahawks ) Carlos Dunlap ( Bengals ) Jalen Mills ( Eagles ) Harrison Butker ( Chiefs ) Tyrone Crawford ( Cowboys ) Oct . Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Micah Hyde ( Bills ) Everson Griffen ( Vikings ) Harrison Butker ( Chiefs ) Greg Zuerlein ( Rams ) Week FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Quarterbacks ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Running backs ) Pepsi Rookie of the Week Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Alex Smith ( Chiefs ) Trevor Siemian ( Broncos ) C.J. Anderson ( Broncos ) Tyus Bowser ( Ravens ) Trevor Siemian ( Broncos ) Tom Brady ( Patriots ) Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Jake Elliott ( Eagles ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Le'Veon Bell ( Steelers ) Alvin Kamara ( Saints ) Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) 5 Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Leonard Fournette ( Jaguars ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) 6 Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) Adrian Peterson ( Cardinals ) Marshon Lattimore ( Saints ) Mark Ingram ( Saints ) 7 Derek Carr ( Raiders ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Aaron Jones ( Packers ) Carson Wentz ( Eagles ) 8 Russell Wilson ( Seahawks ) LeSean McCoy ( Bills ) Marshon Lattimore ( Saints ) Russell Wilson ( Seahawks ) Month Rookie of the Month Offensive Defensive Sept . Kareem Hunt ( Chiefs ) Tre'Davious White ( Bills ) Oct . Deshaun Watson ( Texans ) Marshon Lattimore ( Saints ) Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team 2016 head coach 2016 interim 2017 replacement Reason for leaving Story / accomplishments Buffalo Bills Rex Ryan Anthony Lynn Sean McDermott Fired Ryan was fired with one week remaining in the 2016 regular season and a 15 -- 16 record with no playoff appearances in two seasons . His twin brother , assistant head coach Rob Ryan , was also dismissed . Ryan signed on as a commentator for ESPN , replacing Trent Dilfer . Lynn began the 2016 season as running backs coach , then moved to offensive coordinator when Greg Roman was fired in week 3 , then interim head coach after the Ryans ' dismissal . Lynn lost his one game as interim head coach . Former Carolina Panthers ' defensive coordinator Sean McDermott was named as the Bills ' new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . Meanwhile , Lynn was hired as the new head coach of the Los Angeles Chargers . Denver Broncos Gary Kubiak Vance Joseph Retired Kubiak stepped down after two seasons due to health concerns , with a victory in Super Bowl 50 and a 24 -- 10 record , including postseason games . Vance Joseph , who spent the previous season as the Miami Dolphins ' defensive coordinator , was hired on January 11 , 2017 . Jacksonville Jaguars Gus Bradley Doug Marrone Fired Bradley was fired with two weeks remaining in the 2016 season and a 14 -- 48 (. 226 ) record with no playoff appearances in four seasons . He is expected to join Anthony Lynn with the Chargers , with Bradley as defensive coordinator . Marrone , the Jaguars ' offensive line coach , was previously head coach of the Buffalo Bills from 2013 -- 14 ; he went 1 -- 1 in his two games as interim head coach of the Jaguars . On January 9 , 2017 , the Jaguars announced that Marrone would be named permanent head coach . Los Angeles Chargers Mike McCoy Anthony Lynn McCoy was fired after four seasons , with one playoff appearance and a 27 -- 37 record . He then joined the Denver Broncos , serving as Vance Joseph 's offensive coordinator . Anthony Lynn was hired as the Chargers ' new head coach on January 12 , 2017 . Los Angeles Rams Jeff Fisher John Fassel Sean McVay After receiving a two - year contract extension prior to the season , Fisher was fired after going 4 -- 9 through the first 13 games of the 2016 season , and 31 -- 45 -- 1 (. 414 ) in his five - year tenure in St. Louis and Los Angeles . Under his tenure , the Rams never finished better than 7 -- 8 -- 1 ( 2012 ) and never reached the playoffs . Fassel , the son of former NFL head coach Jim Fassel , has been the Rams ' special teams coach since 2012 ; he went 0 -- 3 in the interim . On January 12 , Washington Redskins Offensive Coordinator Sean McVay was named head coach . Sean McVay is the grandson of former San Francisco 49ers GM John McVay . At the time of his hiring , McVay was age 30 , making him the youngest person to become a head coach ( excluding the player - coaches of the 1920s ) in NFL history . San Francisco 49ers Chip Kelly Kyle Shanahan Kelly was fired after one season with a 2 -- 14 record . Kyle Shanahan , who most recently served as the Atlanta Falcons ' offensive coordinator , was named the new coach of the 49ers on February 6 , 2017 . Due to league anti-tampering rules , the 49ers had to wait until after the completion of the Falcons ' playoff run , before formally hiring Shanahan . Front office personnel ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Team Position 2016 office holder Reason for leaving 2017 office holder Notes San Francisco 49ers GM Trent Baalke Fired John Lynch Baalke , who spent the past twelve years with the team , informed KNBR - AM in San Francisco on January 1 , 2017 , that he had been fired . On January 29 , 2017 , Lynch , a former player and broadcaster , was named the general manager of the San Francisco 49ers ; it is his first front office position . Jacksonville Jaguars EVP - FO position created Tom Coughlin Coughlin , the team 's inaugural head coach , was rehired as executive vice president of football operations on January 9 , 2017 . He had spent the 2016 season out of football after several years of coaching the New York Giants . Indianapolis Colts GM Ryan Grigson Fired Chris Ballard Grigson was relieved of his duties as Colts general manager on January 21 , 2017 . On January 30 , 2017 , Chris Ballard , who had spent the past four seasons as director of football operations for the Kansas City Chiefs , was named the new GM of the Colts . Washington Redskins GM Scot McCloughan TBA McCloughan was fired on March 9 , 2017 , after two seasons with the Redskins . Doug Williams was named senior vice president of player personnel on June 13 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills GM Doug Whaley Brandon Beane Whaley was fired the morning of April 30 , 2017 , immediately following the draft . He had spent seven seasons with the Bills , four of them as general manager . Brandon Beane , who had spent the previous 19 seasons with the Carolina Panthers ( most recently as assistant general manager ) , was hired as the new general manager on May 9 , 2017 . Kansas City Chiefs GM John Dorsey Brett Veach Dorsey was unexpectedly fired on June 22 , 2017 , after four seasons . Brett Veach , who had spent the past four seasons as the Chiefs co-director of player personnel , was promoted to general manager on July 10 , 2017 . Carolina Panthers GM Dave Gettleman Marty Hurney Gettleman was unexpectedly fired after four seasons on July 17 , 2017 . Marty Hurney , who was the Panthers ' GM from 2002 to 2012 , was rehired as the interim general manager for the 2017 season . The team plans to conduct a search for a permanent general manager after the season ends . Stadiums ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons ( edit ) The Atlanta Falcons will play their first season at Mercedes - Benz Stadium , after playing in the Georgia Dome for the previous 25 seasons . Naming rights ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) The stadium in which the Arizona Cardinals play their home games is in the process of obtaining a new naming rights agreement . The University of Phoenix , which owns the naming rights to the Cardinals ' home field , is planning to terminate the final nine years of a 20 - year agreement , but will continue to keep its name on the stadium . Denver Broncos ( edit ) The stadium in which the Denver Broncos play their home games is in the process of obtaining a new naming rights agreement . Sporting goods retailer Sports Authority , which had owned the naming rights to the Broncos ' home field since 2011 , filed for bankruptcy in March 2016 , and liquidated all of their stores . The Broncos bought out the existing naming rights contract with permission from the Delaware District United States bankruptcy court in August 2016 . Three months later , the Broncos selected American talent agency WME - IMG to secure a new naming rights partner for their home field , which , to date , still carries the name Sports Authority Field at Mile High . Relocations ( edit ) San Diego Chargers ' relocation to Los Angeles ( edit ) On January 12 , 2017 , the San Diego Chargers exercised their option to relocate to Los Angeles as the Los Angeles Chargers . They will be joining the Los Angeles Rams as tenants in their new stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood , California when that stadium is complete in 2020 . For the time being , the Chargers will play at the 30,000 seat StubHub Center in Carson , California , the smallest venue ( in terms of number of seats ) the league has used for a full season since 1956 . Oakland Raiders ' relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas On January 19 , 2017 , the Oakland Raiders filed paperwork to relocate to Las Vegas , Nevada . The NFL officially approved the Raiders relocation to Las Vegas on March 27 . Unlike the Chargers , the Raiders will remain at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum through at least the 2018 season ( with the 2019 season to be determined ) while Las Vegas Stadium is built , with the team moving to Nevada in 2019 or 2020 . Attendance ( edit ) The Los Angeles Rams , who had capped season ticket sales at 55,000 for the 2017 season , announced to have 60,128 spectators in the first home game on week 1 . However , reports estimate that spectators only filled a third of the 93,607 seats of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Los Angeles Chargers did not sell out their week 2 game at the StubHub Center , which was never expanded to 30,000 seats as originally stated and has typically had less than 26,000 fans in attendance . When the StubHub Center is at capacity , the majority of the fans present are of the opposing team . The Los Angeles teams were not the only ones with visible attendance problems . The San Francisco 49ers reported a Week 3 attendance total that exceeded the capacity of Levi 's Stadium , even as wide swaths of empty seats were visible in the stadium throughout the game . This followed similar sparse attendance for the 49ers ' home opener . New uniforms and patches ( edit ) Twenty - five teams transitioned to Nike 's new uniform template . While most teams have just transitioned to it without any actual changes to the uniforms themselves , the New Orleans Saints , Cincinnati Bengals , and Los Angeles Rams uniforms are the most noticeable in it , fixing their collars in the process . The Detroit Lions unveiled new uniforms on April 13 , 2017 , eliminating all black elements from the uniform and logo . They added a new alternate uniform as well as a new Color Rush uniform . The Los Angeles Rams announced they would be switching their primary helmets to white and blue , similar to their Color Rush helmets . The team had fans vote on the color of their facemask , which would be white , and the design of their pants , which would be white with a blue stripe . The Rams also announced that they would explore a full rebrand in the near future . The Cincinnati Bengals will wear a patch to commemorate their 50th season . The San Francisco 49ers have altered their sleeve striping from 3 stripes to 2 stripes . The Pittsburgh Steelers will wear a patch to honor their former chairman , the late Dan Rooney , who died in April , at the age of 84 . The patch will feature a shamrock , with Rooney 's initials `` DMR '' . The last time the Steelers wore a jersey patch was when Art Rooney died in 1988 . They also donned a helmet decal to honor Chuck Noll , who died in 2014 . The Dallas Cowboys will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , marking the first time the team has worn blue jerseys at home outside of Thanksgiving games since the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home in 1964 . Despite the team 's well - documented blue jersey `` jinx '' , player preference as well as stronger retail sales of the navy blue jerseys over the white ones have prompted the team 's decision . The blue jerseys will be worn for `` high - profile '' games at AT&T Stadium . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) This is the fourth season under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday Afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . NBC will also serve as the broadcaster of Super Bowl LII . This will also be the second and final year of the current Thursday Night Football contract with CBS , NBC , and NFL Network . Along with ESPN 's simulcasted Wild Card game on ABC , ESPN announced on May 24 , 2017 , that the 2018 Pro Bowl will also be simulcast on ABC , marking the return of the Pro Bowl to the network for the first time since 2003 . For the first 9 weeks of the regular season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' Spanish - language Monday Night Football broadcasts . The simulcast will end after Week 9 due to ESPN2 's Monday - night college basketball broadcasts . Although never explicitly announced , the league continued the moratorium on its blackout policy , ensuring all games will be televised in the market of their home teams regardless of ticket sales . In over-the - top rights , Amazon Video acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television Thursday Night Football games for $50 million . These streams will be exclusive to paid Amazon Prime subscribers , in contrast to Twitter , which held the rights to the same package in 2016 and had made those streams free to most of the world . This is the final season of the NFL 's exclusive mobile streaming contract with Verizon Wireless ; the league intends to no longer have a single exclusive partner going forward , citing changes to viewing habits . Verizon Communications acquired international streaming rights to an NFL London Game between the Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars , in a similar arrangement to the 2015 game that was streamed by Yahoo ! -- which was acquired by Verizon in 2017 . The game was streamed by Yahoo and other Verizon - owned platforms , including AOL , go90 , and Complex . NFL Network remains a partner with Twitter for online content , including its new streaming news program NFL Blitz Live . The NFL also reached a deal with Facebook in September 2017 to offer video highlights following games , and streaming programs on the service 's new Watch platform . This is also the final season of the NFL 's current national radio contract with Westwood One . Two new international digital rights deals also led to user criticism over their quality of service . In Canada , NFL Sunday Ticket shifted from distribution through television providers to the over-the - top provider DAZN , while in Europe , Deltatre took over European distribution of NFL Game Pass and launched new mobile apps . Both services faced criticism over their streaming quality , while Delatre 's app faced criticism for having bugs and initially lacking features seen in the previous version of the platform . The Independent exposed that Deltatre had also issued an internal e-mail instructing its employees to give the apps 5 - star reviews . DAZN subsequently announced that it would return to distributing Sunday Ticket through Canadian television providers in addition to their OTT service . Commercials ( edit ) The league has sought to reduce the number of standard commercial breaks ( media timeouts ) on its telecasts from 21 to 16 , four in each quarter , with each break extended by one additional 30 - second commercial . One particular scenario the league sought to eliminate is the `` double - up , '' in which a network cuts to a commercial after a scoring play , then airs the kickoff , and again goes to commercial before play from scrimmage resumes . Under the proposal , the league will allow networks to cut to commercial during instant replay reviews , which it had not been allowed to do before . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the changes are being made in an attempt to consolidate downtime between the actual game play so that there are fewer and less noticeable interruptions ; he does not expect the changes to have an appreciable impact on the real - time length of a game , which currently clocks in at slightly over three hours . The NFL will also , as a trial , lift its ban on the broadcast of commercials for distilled spirits during its telecasts . However , they are subject to restrictions ; a maximum of four liquor ads may be broadcast per - game , along with two per - pregame and postgame show . These ads may not contain football - related themes or target underage viewers , and must contain a `` prominent social responsibility message '' . Personnel changes ( edit ) Tony Romo , who announced his retirement as a player on April 4 , 2017 , joined CBS , where he replaced Phil Simms as lead color commentator . Simms and Nate Burleson , who comes over from NFL Network , will replace Tony Gonzalez and Bart Scott on CBS 's pregame show , The NFL Today . Jay Cutler also announced his retirement from professional football on May 5 and was slated to join Fox as a color analyst for its NFL coverage ; he later rescinded that announcement in August and joined the Miami Dolphins . Gonzalez will move to Fox , where he will join Fox NFL Kickoff ; upon his departure , Gonzalez stated that he wished to pursue opportunities closer to his home in California , rather than travel to New York weekly to appear on CBS . James Lofton , coming over from radio , will replace Solomon Wilcots as a CBS analyst . On May 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels on play - by - play on NBC 's portion of the Thursday Night Football package , joined by Cris Collinsworth . The NFL had previously required this role to be filled by NBC 's lead broadcast team of Michaels and Collinsworth ; Tirico called a limited slate of games in 2016 , including several NBC - broadcast games as a fill - in for Michaels ( who voluntarily took several games off due to the increased number he was calling that season ) , and as part of a secondary team for selected games the TNF package . He will also succeed Bob Costas as the lead studio host for NBC . Due to its proximity to the 2018 Winter Olympics ( where he is also succeeding Bob Costas as lead host ) , Tirico will not participate in NBC 's Super Bowl LII coverage . Beth Mowins became the second woman to call play - by - play for a national NFL broadcast , following Gayle Sierens in 1987 , when she served as play - by - play announcer for the nightcap in ESPN 's Week 1 Monday Night doubleheader , with Rex Ryan as her color commentator . In an unusual case of a broadcaster working for two networks in the same season , Mowins also called a regional game for CBS in Week 3 , with Jay Feely as her partner . Television viewers and Ratings ( edit ) Most watched regular season games ( edit ) DH = doubleheader ; SNF = NBC Sunday Night Football Rank Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Window Significance September 17 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 17 Denver Broncos 42 Fox 26.0 14.3 Late DH September 10 , 8 : 30 ET New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 19 NBC 24.4 13.4 SNF Cowboys -- Giants Rivalry October 8 , 4 : 25 ET Green Bay Packers 35 Dallas Cowboys 31 Fox 23.9 13.6 Late DH Cowboys -- Packers Rivalry September 10 , 4 : 25 ET Seattle Seahawks 9 Green Bay Packers 17 22.8 12.7 Late DH 2014 NFC Championship Game rematch 5 October 29 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 33 Washington Redskins 19 22.0 12.7 Late DH Cowboys -- Redskins Rivalry 6 September 7 , 8 : 30 ET Kansas City Chiefs 42 New England Patriots 27 NBC 21.8 12.6 Kickoff Game First game of the season 7 September 24 , 4 : 25 ET Cincinnati Bengals 24 Green Bay Packers 27 CBS 21.3 12.2 Late DH 8 October 15 , 4 : 25 ET Pittsburgh Steelers 19 Kansas City Chiefs 13 20.6 12.0 Late DH 2017 Divisional Round rematch 9 September 17 , 8 : 30 ET Green Bay Packers 23 Atlanta Falcons 34 NBC 20.2 11.3 SNF 2016 NFC Championship Game rematch * Note -- Late DH matchups listed in table are the matchups that were shown to the largest percentage of the market . DAL / DEN was shown in 81 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . GB / DAL was shown in 99 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage , with the Bay Area being the only market not airing the game . SEA / GB was shown in 89 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . DAL / WSH was shown in 99 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage , with the Seattle area being the only market not airing the game . CIN / GB was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . PIT / KC was shown in 86 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanos , Dean ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Letter From Dean Spanos '' . San Diego Chargers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . 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NFL.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens trade DT Timmy Jernigan to Philadelphia Eagles for draft pick '' . Espn.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Home '' . M.raiders.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Bills trade Sammy Watkins to Rams , acquire Matthews '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Bodenrader , Mark ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Rams Acquire WR Sammy Watkins in Trade With Bills '' . TheRams.com . Jump up ^ Helman , David ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys Release Tony Romo ; QB Retires , Enters CBS Broadcast Booth '' . DallasCowboys.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Sources : Fins , Cutler reach 1 - year , $10 M deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Next year 's Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Bengals - Steelers on Oct. 22 ' flexed ' to later start time '' . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ; Manchester , Sam ; Mather , Victor ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Joins Anthem Demonstration as N.F.L. Protests Trump Comments '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Pro Football Deaths '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NFL passes no leaping rule , approves ban for head hits '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeanna ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` NFL voted on rule changes for the 2017 season , and we graded each one '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rules Changes and Points of Emphasis '' . NFL.com . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs highlights from Week 1 : Alex Smith , Kareem Hunt dominate '' . Chiefs Wire . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` Kareem Hunt Sets NFL Record with 246 Yards from Scrimmage in Debut '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers ' Antonio Gates breaks tight end TD record '' . Jump up ^ Zucker , Joseph . `` Aaron Rodgers Becomes Fastest QB Ever to Reach 300 Career Touchdowns '' . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Brown Becomes Fastest Player In NFL History To 650 Receptions '' . Steelers Depot . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. becomes fastest WR ever to 300 career receptions with athletic TD '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Prater sets a full - season record in only three games '' . NBC Sports . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Fitzgerald has caught a pass in 200 straight games '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Kevin . `` Tom Brady becomes all - time leader in regular season QB wins , collecting 187th win with Patriots '' . Masslive . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees becomes fourth player in NFL history to throw at least 500 TD passes '' . Land of 10 . 2017 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://nflcommunications.com/Pages/SEVEN-FROM-SUNDAY---WEEK-7---.aspx Jump up ^ `` With record of 1 - 23 , Browns coach Hue Jackson continues to stress roster is n't good enough '' . Akron Beacon Journal . 2017 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 1 '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 2 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 3 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Month - September '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 4 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 5 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 6 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week -- Week 7 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week -- Week 8 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Month - October '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx Players Air and Ground '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the WEEK '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Castrol Edge Clutch Performer of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rookies of the Month -- September '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rookies of the Month -- October '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bills fire Rex Ryan '' . NBCSports.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terranova , Justin . Rex Ryan starts second career with ESPN . The New York Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( April 26 , 2017 ) . ESPN now ruled by the Bean Counters as struggling World Wide Leader deals with massive subscriber loss . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills fire offensive coordinator Greg Roman '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Sean McDermott expected to become Bills ' head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Vance Joseph expected to be hired as Broncos coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` Gus Bradley fired by Jacksonville Jaguars '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills ' Anthony Lynn expected to hire Gus Bradley if he becomes coach ( report ) '' . NewYorkUpstate.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars name Marrone interim head coach '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Ada . `` Jaguars intend to hire Doug Marrone as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC West - worst Chargers fire McCoy as coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers hire Anthony Lynn as their new head coach '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris . `` Jeff Fisher fired as coach of Los Angeles Rams '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Niners fire coach Chip Kelly after one season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 49ers Relieve General Manager Trent Baalke , Head Coach Chip Kelly of Duties '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick . `` Kyle Shanahan named head coach of 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niners GM Trent Baalke says he 's been fired ; is Chip Kelly next ? '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lynch Named General Manager of the San Francisco 49ers '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` San Francisco 49ers name John Lynch general manager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colts firing general manager Ryan Grigson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins fire general manager Scot McCloughan '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins promote ex-QB Williams to senior VP '' . Jump up ^ `` Bills dismiss GM Doug Whaley , expected to release scouting staff '' . The Buffalo News . April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bills hire Brandon Beane as new general manager '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chiefs fire G.M. John Dorsey '' . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs promote Brett Veach to general manager '' . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Panthers fire general manager Dave Gettlemanmanager '' . NFL.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurney back with Panthers for second GM stint '' . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Arizona Cardinals ' Glendale stadium to get a new name ; University of Phoenix backing out '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Monica ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` It 's official : Broncos intercept naming rights at Sports Authority Field '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos select WME IMG to secure stadium naming rights '' . Denver Broncos . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauletta , Tyler ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles is still struggling to attract football fans as the Rams played their season - opener in a half - empty stadium '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` NFL still confident in Los Angeles market despite attendance for Rams , Chargers games '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` No discussions of Chargers moving back to San Diego '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rams - 49ers Attendance Was Over 70,000 , That Should Quiet That Silly Empty NFL Stadium Narrative '' . The Big Lead . September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The NFL Is Seriously Concerned With Empty Stadiums '' . The Big Lead . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Jerseys with New Tailoring Template Begin to Surface '' . uniwatch.com . Uniwatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Demetrius ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` New Orleans Saints finally fix their collars '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walkthru : Tracking the Bengals 2017 uniform changes '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Demetrius ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` LA Rams finalize evolved home uniform for 2017 '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reisman , Jeremy ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` PHOTOS : Lions release new uniforms '' . prideofdetroit.com . Pride of Detroit . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` See the full uniform changes the Los Angeles Rams are making for 2017 '' . foxsports.com . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vicar , Nathan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Bengals unveil special logo for 50th anniversary '' . fox19.com . Fox 19 Now . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biderman , Chris ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Looks like subtle changes to 49ers uniforms are coming '' . usatoday.com . usatoday . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers to wear jersey patch honoring Dan Rooney '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tasker is only constant in Bills preseason coverage '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . All games are televised live , which ca n't help ticket sales for what amounts to practice games . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will stream ' Thursday Night Football ' in 2017 . Here 's what you need to know '' . SBNation . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon 's exclusivity for live games on mobile expected to end '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ravens - Jaguars London game just got much more interesting . Here 's how to stream it for free : '' . Recode . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Scores Streaming Rights To NFL London Game '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Sets Kickoff of Twitter Live Show for 2017 - 18 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter signed a new live video deal with the NFL that does n't include games '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A new deal will let Facebook users watch NFL highlights immediately after the game '' . Recode . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Pass developer admits to fake reviews by employees '' . The Independent . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DAZN working on making all NFL games available via cable , satellite providers '' . National Post . 2017 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Roger Goodell says changes coming to quicken NFL games in 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to Allow Liquor Advertising During Games Next Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Adds Liquor to Menu of Advertisers '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms on being replaced at CBS by Tony Romo : My pride was hurt '' . Philly.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo will finally rescue us from Phil Simms and become top analyst at CBS '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler to join FOX Sports as a broadcaster '' . NFL.com . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` James Lofton joins CBS as an NFL game analyst , while Tony Gonzalez jumps to Fox '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tirico To Call `` Thursday Night Football '' For NBC This Season `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University alum Mike Tirico to call NFL games on NBC '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tirico to replace Al Michaels on four NFL broadcasts on NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mowins to be first woman on MNF play - by - play '' . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` CBS announces Beth Mowins to call Browns - Colts game '' . ProFootballTalk . 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who does oregon state play in the college world series

Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8 , 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 8 , 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton , Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef , Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield , Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill , Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith , Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic , Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland , Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas , Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery , Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom , Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson , Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson , Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler , Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi , Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell , Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris , Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando , Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin , Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini , Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth , Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek , Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann , Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb , Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen , Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield , Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke , Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach , Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers , Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner , Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger , Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson , Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona , Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes , Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith , Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi , Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel , Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena , Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne , Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey , Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel , Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett , Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan , Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel , LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin , Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker , LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass , Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay , Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell , Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson , LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels , Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall , Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges , LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson , Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street , Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3 , 3 -- 8 , 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins , Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor , Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul , Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson , Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4 , 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes , Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7 , 19 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca , Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell , LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley , Jr. , South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo , South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder , Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1 , 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko , UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson , Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz , Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3 , 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith , Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo , Florida 2018 Oregon State Pat Casey 1 -- 4 , 5 -- 3 , 5 -- 0 Arkansas Adley Rutschman , Oregon State

Arkansas

College World Series

college world series

The College World Series ( CWS ) is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion . The eight participating teams are split into two , four - team , double - elimination brackets , with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances 7 Most appearances without a CWS championship 8 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year 9 Championships by conference 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Since 1950 , the College World Series ( CWS ) has been held in Omaha , Nebraska . It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 ; starting in 2011 , it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo , Michigan ( 1947 -- 48 ) and Wichita , Kansas ( 1949 ) . The name `` College World Series '' is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship ; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA . Contract extension ( edit ) On June 10 , 2009 , the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha , Inc. , which is the non-profit group that organizes the event , announced a new 25 - year contract extension , keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035 . A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30 . The currently binding contract began in 2011 , the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha . Format History and changes ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship § Past formats 2006 College World Series Championship game at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska . 1947 -- Eight teams were divided into two , four - team , single - elimination playoffs . The two winners then met in a best - of - three final in Kalamazoo , Michigan . 1948 -- Similar to 1947 , but the two , four - team playoffs were changed to double - elimination tournaments . Again in the finals , the two winners met in a best - of - three format in Kalamazoo . 1949 -- The final was expanded to a four - team , double - elimination format and the site changed to Wichita , Kansas . Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best - of - three district format . 1950 -- 1987 -- An eight - team , double - elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950 . From 1950 to 1953 , a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS , which constituted the entire Division I tournament , as there were no preliminary rounds . ( In 1948 and 1949 , a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee 's own criteria , which might or might not include committee selections , conference champions , and district playoffs . ) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double - elimination event . That ended with the 1987 College World Series . In 1954 , the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams . From 1954 to 1975 , the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32 . The number of first - round teams was increased to 34 in 1976 , 36 in 1982 , 38 in 1985 , 40 in 1986 , and 48 in 1987 . 1988 -- 1998 -- The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series , when the tournament was divided into 2 four - team double - elimination brackets , with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game . The single - game championship was designed for network television , with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon . Before expanding to 64 teams in 1999 , the 1998 Division I tournament began with 48 teams , split into 8 six - team regionals . The 8 regional winners advanced to the College World Series . The regionals were a test of endurance , as teams had to win at least four games over four days , sometimes five if a team dropped into the loser 's bracket , placing a premium on pitching . In the last two years of the six - team regional format , the eventual CWS champion -- LSU in 1997 and Southern California in 1998 -- had to battle back from the loser 's bracket in the regional to advance to Omaha . 1999 -- 2002 -- With some 293 Division I teams playing , the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64 - team Regional field in 1999 -- with 8 National Seed teams ( the top 8 seeds ) -- divided into 16 four - team regionals ( each region seeded 1 to 4 ) . The winners of the 16 `` Regionals '' advance to a second round , consisting of 8 two - team , best - of - three - format `` Super Regionals '' . ( The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals , so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional . ) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha . While the CWS format remained the same , the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second - round Super Regionals . The 64 - team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS . Since the 1999 College World Series , the four - team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play , much like the NCAA basketball tournament . Prior to 1999 , the four - team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments . 2003 -- present -- The championship final became a best - of - three series between the 2 four - team bracket winners , with games scheduled for Saturday , Sunday , and Monday evenings . In the results shown below , Score indicates the score of the championship game ( s ) only . In 2008 , the start of the CWS was moved back one day , and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series . Division I champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8 , 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 8 , 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton , Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef , Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield , Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill , Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith , Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic , Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland , Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas , Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery , Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom , Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson , Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson , Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler , Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi , Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell , Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris , Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando , Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin , Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini , Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth , Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek , Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann , Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb , Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen , Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield , Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke , Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach , Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers , Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner , Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger , Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson , Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona , Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes , Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith , Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi , Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel , Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena , Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne , Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey , Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel , Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett , Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan , Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel , LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin , Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker , LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass , Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay , Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell , Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson , LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels , Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall , Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges , LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson , Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street , Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3 , 3 -- 8 , 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins , Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor , Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul , Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson , Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4 , 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes , Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7 , 19 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca , Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell , LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley , Jr. , South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo , South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder , Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1 , 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko , UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson , Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz , Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3 , 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith , Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo , Florida 2018 Oregon State Pat Casey 1 -- 4 , 5 -- 3 , 5 -- 0 Arkansas Adley Rutschman , Oregon State Team appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year School Appearances Titles Years Alabama 5 0 1950 , 1983 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 Arizona 17 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1970 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1985 , 1986 , 2004 , 2012 , 2016 Arizona State 22 5 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 Arkansas 9 0 1979 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2018 Auburn 0 1967 , 1976 , 1994 , 1997 Baylor 0 1977 , 1978 , 2005 Boston College 0 1953 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 Bradley 0 1950 , 1956 BYU 0 1968 , 1971 California 6 1947 , 1957 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 2011 Cal State Fullerton 18 1975 , 1979 , 1982 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 Cal State Los Angeles 0 1977 The Citadel 0 1990 Clemson 12 0 1958 , 1959 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Coastal Carolina 2016 Colgate 0 1955 Colorado State 0 1950 Connecticut 5 0 1957 , 1959 , 1965 , 1972 , 1979 Creighton 0 1991 Dartmouth 0 1970 Delaware 0 1970 Duke 0 1952 , 1953 , 1961 Eastern Michigan 0 1975 , 1976 Florida 12 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Florida State 22 0 1957 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1970 , 1975 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 Fresno State 1959 , 1988 , 1991 , 2008 Georgia 6 1987 , 1990 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Georgia Southern 0 1973 , 1990 Georgia Tech 0 1994 , 2002 , 2006 Harvard 0 1968 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 Hawaii 0 1980 Holy Cross 1952 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 Houston 0 1953 , 1967 Indiana 0 2013 Indiana State 0 1986 Iowa 0 1972 Iowa State 0 1957 , 1970 Ithaca 0 1962 James Madison 0 Kansas 0 1993 Kent State 0 2012 Lafayette 0 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1965 Long Beach State 0 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 Louisiana - Lafayette 0 2000 Louisville 0 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Loyola Marymount 0 1986 LSU 18 6 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Maine 7 0 1964 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Massachusetts 0 1954 , 1969 Miami ( FL ) 25 1974 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2015 , 2016 Michigan 7 1953 , 1962 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 Michigan State 0 1954 Minnesota 5 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1973 , 1977 Mississippi State 10 0 1971 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1990 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2013 , 2018 Missouri 6 1952 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Missouri State 0 2003 Nebraska 0 2001 , 2002 , 2005 New Hampshire 0 1956 New Orleans 0 1984 NYU 0 1956 , 1969 North Carolina 11 0 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1989 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2018 NC State 0 1968 , 2013 Northeastern 0 1966 Northern Colorado 10 0 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1974 Notre Dame 0 1957 , 2002 Ohio 0 1970 Ohio State 1951 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 Oklahoma 10 1951 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2010 Oklahoma State 20 1954 , 1955 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 1999 , 2016 Ole Miss 5 0 1956 , 1964 , 1969 , 1972 , 2014 Oral Roberts 0 1978 Oregon 0 1954 Oregon State 7 1952 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 , 2018 Penn State 5 0 1952 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1973 Pepperdine 1979 , 1992 Princeton 0 1951 Rice 7 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Rider 0 1967 Rollins 0 1954 Rutgers 0 1950 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 0 1949 , 1960 , 1966 , 1968 , 1978 , 1980 St. Louis 0 1965 San Jose State 0 2000 Santa Clara 0 1962 Seton Hall 0 1964 , 1971 , 1974 , 1975 South Carolina 11 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Southern California 21 12 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1955 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Southern Illinois 5 0 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 Southern Miss 0 2009 Springfield 0 1951 , 1955 Stanford 16 1953 , 1967 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 Stony Brook 0 2012 Syracuse 0 1961 TCU 5 0 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Temple 0 1972 , 1977 Tennessee 0 1951 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 Texas 36 6 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2018 Texas A&M 6 0 1951 , 1964 , 1993 , 1999 , 2011 , 2017 Texas Tech 0 2014 , 2016 , 2018 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 0 1971 Tufts 0 1950 Tulane 0 2001 , 2005 Tulsa 0 1969 , 1971 UC Irvine 0 2007 , 2014 UCLA 5 1969 , 1997 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 UC Santa Barbara 0 2016 Utah 0 1951 Vanderbilt 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Virginia 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Wake Forest 1949 , 1955 Washington 0 2018 Washington State 0 1950 , 1956 , 1965 , 1976 Western Michigan 6 0 1952 , 1955 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1963 Wichita State 7 1982 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 Wisconsin 0 1950 Wyoming 0 1956 Yale 0 1947 , 1948 Most CWS wins ( edit ) Rank School Wins CWS Winning % Appearances Wins per appearance Texas 85 . 590 35 2.43 Southern California 74 . 740 21 3.52 Arizona State 61 . 616 22 2.77 Miami ( FL ) 48 . 533 25 1.92 5 Arizona 43 . 589 17 2.53 6 LSU 40 . 597 18 2.22 6 Oklahoma State 40 . 513 20 2.00 6 Stanford 40 . 580 16 2.50 9 Cal State Fullerton 34 . 523 18 1.89 10 South Carolina 32 . 615 11 2.91 Most CWS Finals appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year Regular indicates team was Runner - up that year Rank School Champion Runner - up Total Years Southern California 12 14 1948 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 Texas 6 6 12 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1975 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 Arizona State 5 5 10 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 1998 Arizona 8 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , 2016 5 LSU 6 7 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009 , 2017 6 Miami ( FL ) 6 1974 , 1982 , 1985 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 6 South Carolina 6 1975 , 1977 , 2002 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 6 Oklahoma State 5 6 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1981 , 1987 , 1990 9 Cal State Fullerton 5 1979 , 1984 , 1992 , 1995 , 2004 9 Stanford 5 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Most appearances without a CWS championship ( edit ) ( Last updated 9 : 51am EDT 28 June 2018 ) Top 10 Rank School Appearances CWS Winning % Runner - up Wins Per Appearance Florida State 22 . 397 1.33 Clemson 12 . 333 0 1.00 North Carolina 11 . 439 1.64 Mississippi State 10 . 375 1.20 Northern Colorado 10 . 130 0 0.30 6 Arkansas 9 . 455 1.67 7 Maine 7 . 333 0 1.00 8 Western Michigan 6 . 429 1.50 8 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 . 333 0 1.00 8 Texas A&M 6 . 143 0 0.33 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year ( edit ) Minimum three participants Number Year Conference Programs CWS Winner 1997 SEC Alabama , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State LSU SEC Arkansas , Georgia , LSU , South Carolina Cal State Fullerton 2006 ACC Clemson , Georgia Tech , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Oregon State 2015 SEC Arkansas , Florida , LSU , Vanderbilt Virginia 1988 Pac - 12 Arizona State , California , Stanford Stanford 1990 SEC Georgia , LSU , Mississippi State Georgia SEC Alabama , Florida , LSU LSU 1998 SEC Florida , LSU , Mississippi State Southern California 2005 Big 12 Baylor , Nebraska , Texas Texas 2008 ACC Florida State , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Fresno State 2011 SEC Florida , South Carolina , Vanderbilt South Carolina 2012 SEC Arkansas , Florida , South Carolina Arizona 2014 Big 12 TCU , Texas , Texas Tech Vanderbilt 2016 Big 12 Oklahoma State , TCU , Texas Tech Coastal Carolina 2017 SEC Florida , LSU , Texas A&M Florida 2018 SEC Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi State Oregon State Championships by Conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Titles Pac - 12 18 Southeastern ( SEC ) 11 Western Athletic ( WAC ) 7 Big Ten 6 PCC - CIBA 6 6 Independents 5 7 Big Eight 7 Southwest 9 Atlantic Coast ( ACC ) 9 Big 12 9 Big West ( BWC ) 9 Big West ( SCBA ) 13 Big South ( BSC ) 13 Missouri Valley ( MVC ) 13 West Coast ( WCC ) CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter . Independents = Miami Hurricanes ( 4 ) and Holy Cross Crusaders ( 1 ) SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association ( 1977 -- 84 ) . The Big 12 does not claim any national championships , including baseball , that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight . The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members . There are no gaps in its existence . The Conference has existed continuously since its inception . Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division II Baseball Championship NCAA Division III Baseball Championship National Club Baseball Association List of college baseball awards U.S. college baseball awards Pre-NCAA baseball champion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . At the same time , `` Colorado State '' referred to Colorado State College , now known as the University of Northern Colorado . Jump up ^ Prior to 1970 , Northern Colorado was known as Colorado State College . Not to be confused with Colorado State University , known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . Jump up ^ UTRGV , in full The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , entered into full operation in 2015 following the merger of the University of Texas -- Pan American ( UTPA ) and the University of Texas at Brownsville . UTRGV is credited with UTPA 's College World Series appearance because the UTPA athletic program was directly transferred to the new institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College World Series of Omaha , Inc . - Creighton University '' . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CWS History . CWS Omaha , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ NCAA Trademarks -- NCAA.org Archived 2017 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , footnote at bottom : `` College World Series and Women 's College World Series : The NCAA is the exclusive licensee of these marks , registered by Major League Baseball , in connection with the NCAA Division I Men 's Baseball Championship and the Division I Women 's Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Signs 25 - Year Agreement with College World Series of Omaha , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Memorandum of Understanding ... Jump up ^ `` GENERAL CWS RECORDS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . 19 April 2017 . p. 14 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE WORLD SERIES '' . NCAA . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General CWS Records , All - Time Won - Lost by Conference , Pg 19 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . NeuLion , Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The College Football Report 's Long ( Somewhat ) And Illustrious ( Kind Of ) History Of The Big Six '' . The Beachwood Media Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - National Champions '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - WAC Timeline '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball_Tournament_Records. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Carolina to join Sun Belt Conference in July 2016 '' . Ncaa.com . External links ( edit ) College World Series of Omaha ( CWS Omaha , Inc . ) official website College World Series ( NCAA official website ) NCAA Division I Men 's College World Series Ballparks Hyames Field ( 1947 , 1948 ) Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium ( 1949 ) Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium ( 1950 -- 2010 ) TD Ameritrade Park Omaha ( 2011 -- present ) Tournaments 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Broadcasters CBS television coverage Most Outstanding Players NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division I Baseball Champions 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona State 1966 Ohio State 1967 Arizona State 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona State 1978 USC 1979 Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1982 Miami Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita State 1990 Georgia 1991 LSU 1992 Pepperdine 1993 LSU 1994 Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton LSU 1997 LSU 1998 USC 1999 Miami 2000 LSU 2001 Miami 2002 Texas 2003 Rice Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2008 Fresno State 2009 LSU South Carolina 2011 South Carolina 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida 2018 Oregon State National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&oldid=848708627 '' Categories : College World Series Sports in Omaha , Nebraska Organizations based in Omaha , Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Baseball in Nebraska Tourism in Omaha , Nebraska Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who played in the last 3 nba finals

Year Western Champions Result Eastern Champions Reference 1950 Minneapolis Lakers 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 )

List of NBA champions

list of nba champions

The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 -- 49 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy .

The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 70 championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Trophies 1.1 Walter A. Brown Trophy 1.2 Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy 2 Champions 2.1 BAA champions 2.2 NBA champions 3 Results by teams 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Trophies ( edit ) The original Walter A. Brown Trophy displayed at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Walter a Brown trophy ( edit ) The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy , but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown , the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949 . The original trophy was awarded to the BAA / NBA champions from 1947 to 1976 . The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year 's finals , unless the previous team won again , much like the NHL 's Stanley Cup , which continues that tradition to this day . A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals , although it retained the Walter A. Brown title . Unlike the original championship trophy , the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year . The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors , who defeated the Chicago Stags . From 1957 to 1969 , the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times , including eight consecutive wins . The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers , who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals . In 1984 , the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Larry O'Brien Championship trophy ( edit ) Main article : Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy In 1984 , the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , in honor of Larry O'Brien , who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984 . The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) tall . It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net . The year and team names are engraved on the trophies , which are often prominently displayed in the winning team 's arena . The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games ( 4 -- 3 ) in the 1984 NBA Finals . Champions ( edit ) Legend Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season ( # ) Playoff seed BAA champions ( edit ) Year Western Champions Result Eastern Champions Reference 1947 Chicago Stags 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors 1948 Baltimore Bullets 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors 1949 Minneapolis Lakers 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols NBA champions ( edit ) Year Western Champions Result Eastern Champions Reference 1950 Minneapolis Lakers 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) Results by teams ( edit ) Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 9 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shimberg , Jason ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` NBA Finals Trophy : Can You Name It ? '' . docsports.com . Docsports . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter A. Brown '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals history '' . USA Today . June 26 , 1999 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence O'Brien '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Legends Launch 2005 NBA Legends Tour : Destination Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Playoffs Series History '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . 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Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . 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Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J. ( 19 June 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . Fox News . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . The Cleveland Cavaliers have broken the Cleveland curse and won the NBA Championship ; they beat the Warriors , 93 - 89 . The Cavs are the first NBA team ever to win an NBA title after being down 3 - 1 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutNBAat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity NBA.com : List of champions NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NBA champions 1947 : Philadelphia Warriors 1948 : Baltimore Bullets 1949 : Minneapolis Lakers 1950 : Minneapolis Lakers 1951 : Rochester Royals 1952 : Minneapolis Lakers 1953 : Minneapolis Lakers 1954 : Minneapolis Lakers 1955 : Syracuse Nationals 1956 : Philadelphia Warriors 1957 : Boston Celtics 1958 : St. Louis Hawks 1959 : Boston Celtics 1960 : Boston Celtics 1961 : Boston Celtics 1962 : Boston Celtics 1963 : Boston Celtics 1964 : Boston Celtics 1965 : Boston Celtics 1966 : Boston Celtics 1967 : Philadelphia 76ers 1968 : Boston Celtics 1969 : Boston Celtics 1970 : New York Knicks 1971 : Milwaukee Bucks 1972 : Los Angeles Lakers 1973 : New York Knicks 1974 : Boston Celtics 1975 : Golden State Warriors 1976 : Boston Celtics 1977 : Portland Trail Blazers 1978 : Washington Bullets 1979 : Seattle SuperSonics 1980 : Los Angeles Lakers 1981 : Boston Celtics 1982 : Los Angeles Lakers 1983 : Philadelphia 76ers 1984 : Boston Celtics 1985 : Los Angeles Lakers 1986 : Boston Celtics 1987 : Los Angeles Lakers 1988 : Los Angeles Lakers 1989 : Detroit Pistons 1990 : Detroit Pistons 1991 : Chicago Bulls 1992 : Chicago Bulls 1993 : Chicago Bulls 1994 : Houston Rockets 1995 : Houston Rockets 1996 : Chicago Bulls 1997 : Chicago Bulls 1998 : Chicago Bulls 1999 : San Antonio Spurs 2000 : Los Angeles Lakers 2001 : Los Angeles Lakers 2002 : Los Angeles Lakers 2003 : San Antonio Spurs 2004 : Detroit Pistons 2005 : San Antonio Spurs 2006 : Miami Heat 2007 : San Antonio Spurs 2008 : Boston Celtics 2009 : Los Angeles Lakers 2010 : Los Angeles Lakers 2011 : Dallas Mavericks 2012 : Miami Heat 2013 : Miami Heat 2014 : San Antonio Spurs 2015 : Golden State Warriors 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 : Golden State Warriors National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_champions&oldid=801564251 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals National Basketball Association lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն ქართული Latviešu Magyar Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 13 : 05 . 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uk national debt as percentage of gdp by year

United Kingdom national debt

united kingdom national debt

The United Kingdom National Debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies .

As of Q1 ( the first quarter of ) 2015 , UK government debt amounted to £ 1.56 trillion , or 81.58 % of total GDP , at which time the annual cost of servicing ( paying the interest ) the public debt amounted to around £ 43 billion ( which is roughly 3 % of GDP or 8 % of UK government tax income ) . Approximately a third of this debt is owned by the British government due to the Bank of England 's quantitative easing programme , so approximately 1 / 3 of the cost of servicing the debt is paid by the government to itself , reducing the annual servicing cost to approximately £ 30 billion ( approx 2 % of GDP , approx 5 % of UK government tax income ) . Due to the Government 's significant budget deficit , the national debt is increasing by approximately £ 73.5 billion per annum , or around £ 1.4 billion each week . The Conservatives pledged in 2010 that they would eliminate the deficit by the 2015 / 16 financial year . However , by 2014 they admitted that the structural deficit would not be eliminated until the financial year 2017 / 18 . This forecast was pushed back to 2018 / 19 in March 2015 , and to 2019 / 20 in July 2015 , before the target of a return to surplus at any particular time was finally abandoned by the then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne in July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Debt versus deficit 2.1 UK budget 2.2 Gilts 3 Cost of servicing the debt 4 Credit rating 5 Remedies for indebtedness 6 History 6.1 Modern era 6.2 Recent history 7 The national debt today 8 International comparisons 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Definition ( edit ) The UK national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom at any time through the issue of securities by the British Treasury and other government agencies . Debt versus deficit ( edit ) Pie chart of UK central government expenditure , 2016 -- 17 . Debt interest is shown in dark green . Social protection includes Pensions and Welfare . The UK national debt is often confused ( even by politicians ) with the government budget deficit ( officially known as the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement ( PSNCR ) ) , which is the rate at which the government borrows money . The then Prime Minister David Cameron was reprimanded in February 2013 by the UK Statistics Authority for creating confusion between the two , by stating in a political broadcast that his administration was `` paying down Britain 's debts '' . In fact , his administration has been attempting to reduce the deficit , not the overall debt . The latter will continue to rise even if the deficit shrinks . UK budget ( edit ) Further information : United Kingdom budget The public debt increases or decreases as a result of the annual budget deficit or surplus . The British government budget deficit or surplus is the cash difference between government receipts and spending , ignoring intra-governmental transfers . The British government debt is rising due to a gap between revenue and expenditure . Total government revenue in the fiscal year 2015 / 16 was projected to be £ 673 billion , whereas total expenditure was estimated at £ 742 billion . Therefore , the total deficit was £ 69 billion . This represented a rate of borrowing of a little over £ 1.3 billion per week . Gilts ( edit ) The British government finances its debt by issuing gilts , or Government securities . These securities are the simplest form of government bond and make up the largest share of British government debt . A conventional gilt is a bond issued by the British government that pays the holder a fixed cash payment ( or coupon ) every six months until maturity , at which point the holder receives the final coupon payment and the return of the principal . Cost of servicing the debt ( edit ) Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP from 1900 Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt . In 2012 , the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around £ 43bn , or roughly 3 % of GDP . In 2012 , the British population numbered around 64 million , and the debt therefore amounted to a little over £ 15,000 for each individual Briton , or around £ 33,000 per person in employment . Each household in Britain pays an average of around £ 2,000 per year in taxes to finance the interest . However , by international standards Britain enjoys very low borrowing costs , largely because the British government has never failed to repay its creditors . Credit rating ( edit ) Further information : Credit rating and List of countries by credit rating Standard & Poor 's credit ratings of European countries ( June 2011 ) . National credit ratings influence the cost of servicing national debt . AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC no rating Like other sovereign debt , the British national debt is rated by various ratings agencies . On 23 February 2013 , it was reported that Moody 's had downgraded UK debt from Aaa to Aa1 , the first time since 1978 that the country has not had an AAA credit rating . This was described as a `` humiliating blow '' by Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls . George Osborne , the Chancellor , said that it was `` a stark reminder of the debt problems facing our country '' , adding that `` we will go on delivering the plan that has cut the deficit by a quarter '' . France and the United States of America had each lost their AAA credit status in 2012 . The agency Fitch also downgraded its credit rating for British government debt from AAA to AA+ in April 2013 . Further downgrades were made by Fitch and Standard & Poor 's in June 2016 , following the UK 's vote in the referendum of that month to leave the European Union . Standard & Poor 's had hitherto maintained the UK 's AAA status . Remedies for indebtedness ( edit ) All the main political parties in Britain agree that the national debt is too high , but there is disagreement as to the remedy . As of 2012 , the national debt was forecast to approach 100 % of GDP , far above the government 's sustainable investment rule of a national debt no greater than 40 % of GDP . In Parliament , there continues to be disagreement between the political parties regarding the national debt , with Conservative Party politicians typically advocating a larger role for cuts to public spending . By contrast , the Labour Party tends to advocate fewer cuts and more emphasis on economic stimulus , higher rates of taxation and new taxes . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the British national debt The sealing of the Bank of England Charter ( 1694 ) The origins of the British national debt can be found during the reign of William III , who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt . This syndicate soon evolved into the Bank of England , eventually financing the wars of the Duke of Marlborough and later Imperial conquests . The national debt increased dramatically during and after the Napoleonic Wars , rising to around 200 % of GDP . Over the course of the 19th century the national debt gradually fell , only to see large increases again during World War I and World War II . After the war , the national debt once again slowly fell as a proportion of GDP . History of the UK government debt as a proportion of GDP Modern era ( edit ) Main article : 1976 IMF Crisis In 1976 , the British Government led by James Callaghan faced a Sterling crisis during which the value of the pound tumbled and the government found it difficult to raise sufficient funds to maintain its spending commitments . The Prime Minister was forced to apply to the International Monetary Fund for a £ 2.3 billion rescue package ; the largest - ever call on IMF resources up to that point . In November 1976 , the IMF announced its conditions for a loan , including deep cuts in public expenditure , in effect taking control of UK domestic policy . The crisis was seen as a national humiliation , with Callaghan being forced to go `` cap in hand '' to the IMF . Recent history ( edit ) In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the national debt dropped in relative terms , falling to 29 % of GDP by 2002 . In 1997 , the Labour Government of Tony Blair had inherited a PSNCR of approximately £ 5 billion per annum , but by sticking to the parsimonious spending plans of the outgoing Conservative Government , this was gradually turned into a modest budget surplus . During the Spending Review of 2000 , Labour began to pursue a looser fiscal policy , and by 2002 annual borrowing had reached £ 20 billion . The national debt continued to increase , despite sustained economic growth , increasing to 37 % of GDP in 2007 . This was due to extra government borrowing , largely caused by increased spending on health , education , and social security benefits . Since 2008 , when the British economy slowed sharply and fell into recession , the national debt has risen dramatically , mainly caused by increased spending on social security benefits , financial bailouts for banks , and a significant drop in receipts from stamp duty , corporate tax , and income tax . In the 20 - year period from 1986 / 87 to 2006 / 07 government spending in the United Kingdom averaged around 40 % of GDP . As a result of the 2007 -- 2010 financial crisis and the late - 2000s global recession government spending increased to a historically high level of 48 % of GDP in 2009 / 10 , partly as a result of the cost of a series of bank bailouts . In July 2007 , Britain had government debt at 35.5 % of GDP . This figure rose to 56.8 % of GDP by July 2009 . As of June 2010 , there were approximately 6,051,000 public sector employees in Britain ( compared to approximately 23,107,000 private sector employees ) . The national debt today ( edit ) UK balance sheet compared with the Eurozone in 2014 The national debt as of now stands at £ 1.6 trillion at the end of July 2016 or 83.7 % of total GDP ; published by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , in accordance to the Maastricht Treaty . The annual amount that the government must borrow to plug the gap in its finances used to be known as the Public sector borrowing requirement , but is now called the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement ( PSNCR ) . The PSNCR figure for 2014 / 15 was £ 93.39 billion , or 5.2 % of GDP . Total British GDP in 2014 / 15 was $2.743 trillion , or around £ 1.808 trillion . By historic peacetime standards , the national debt is large and growing quickly , but it is currently nowhere near its peak after WW2 when it reached over 180 % of GDP . Nick Silver of the Institute of Economic Affairs estimated the current British liabilities , including state & public pensions , as well as other commitments by the government , to be near £ 5 trillion , compared with the Government 's estimate of £ 845 billion ( as of 17 / 11 / 2010 ) These liabilities can be compared to total net assets ( 2010 figures ) of £ 7.3 trillion , which equates to approximately a net worth of £ 120,000 per head of the population . The British Government 's debt is owned by a wide variety of investors , most notably pension funds . These funds are on deposit , mainly in the form of Treasury bonds at the Bank of England . The pension funds , therefore , have an asset which has to be offset by a liability , or a debt , of the government . As of the end of 2016 , 27.6 % of the national debt was owed to overseas governments and investors . International comparisons ( edit ) Further information : List of countries by public debt Global public debt as a percent of GDP ( 2009 / 2010 ) In 2011 , Britain 's volume of debt was ranked 18th internationally according to the CIA World Factbook . Many other countries had larger debt burdens . For example , Japan had a National debt of around 194 % of GDP , whilst that of Italy was more than 100 % . The National debt of the United States reached 100 % of GDP in November 2011 . See also ( edit ) 2011 United Kingdom budget Economic history of the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Eurozone crisis The National Fund UK Debt Management Office National debt of the United States Whole of Government Accounts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ONS : Public sector net debt as a % of GDP , excluding public sector banks '' . Jump up ^ `` OBR Economic and fiscal outlook '' ( PDF ) . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` George Osborne has failed in his deficit reduction ambitions -- and the Tories are likely to pay a price at the ballot box '' . Jump up ^ The Guardian , 10 February 2014 Retrieved July 2014 Jump up ^ Liam Halligan ( 11 July 2015 ) . `` George Osborne 's savvy display lacked tough fiscal action '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily Cadman and Gemma Tetlow ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` George Osborne abandons 2020 UK surplus target '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UK 2016 Budget '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Jump up ^ The Independent 1 February 2013 Archived February 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved March 2013 Jump up ^ `` UK Debt Management Office '' . Dmo.gov.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK National Debt '' . Economics Help . 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uk National Debt `` Bombshell '' -- webpage discussing the National Debt `` . Debtbombshell.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Pym ( 2013 - 02 - 23 ) . `` BBC News -- UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978 '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fitch downgrades UK credit rating to AA + '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings agencies downgrade UK credit rating after Brexit vote '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Benedict Brogan ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) . `` The debt crisis of 1976 offers a vision of the blood , sweat and tears facing David Cameron '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye Great Britain '' : 1976 IMF Crisis , K Burk , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05728 - 8 Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph 23 January 2009 Retrieved September 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Public Sector Net Cash Requirement '' . Politics.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 's public debt since 1974 '' . The Guardian . 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Britain owes £ 801,000,000,000 '' . The Scotsman. 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Labour market statistics -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Office for National Statistics . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-390499 Jump up ^ Silver , Nick ( 10 October 2011 ) . `` True level of UK government debt exceeds £ 5 trillion '' . Retrieved 30 Nov 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK worth £ 7.3 trillion '' . Office for National Statistics . 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Review January -- March 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UK Debt Management Office . May 2017 . p. 3 . References ( edit ) Ferguson , Niall , The Ascent of Money : A Financial History of the World , Penguin Books , London ( 2008 ) The Week , p. 15 , 21 September 2013 External links ( edit ) BBC Budget 2009 Overview Telegraph.co.uk 2011 Budget coverage BBC Budget 2008 Overview HM Treasury Whole of Government Accounts development programme Better Government Initiative experts say billions wasted on services , Daily Telegraph , 24 November 2007 Better Government Initiative UK National Debt Clock PricewaterhouseCoopers budget coverage and analysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_national_debt&oldid=794176231 '' Categories : United Kingdom national debt Government of the United Kingdom Public finance of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 10 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how many solar eclipses are there in usa

Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017

solar eclipse of august 21, 2017

The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula .

Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Kansas 4.6 Missouri 4.7 Illinois 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 Europe 5.5 West Africa 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Planning 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems 11 Impact on solar power 12 Commemorative stamp 13 Videos 14 Gallery 14.1 Totality 14.2 Transition 14.3 Partial 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes 14.5 Views outside of the US 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W  /  37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W  / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W  /  36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W  / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond ring effect and some prominences at the end of totality in Oregon Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a seven - day eclipse festival which included rave - style music dubbed `` Oregon Eclipse '' . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Total eclipse from Weiser , Idaho Arco -- High altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA . Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . Missouri ( edit ) Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kentucky ( edit ) An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa , viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27.82 % . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line on the map , the eclipse was not visible . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . In Kentucky , particularly around the Hopkinsville area , which was dubbed `` Eclipseville , USA '' , post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays . The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal . The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Transition ( edit ) ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Partial ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Newberry , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the U.S. ( edit ) Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Related eclipses ( edit ) Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' -- via www.newyorker.com . 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August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses '' . CBC News . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Who ? What ? Where ? When ? and How ? '' . NASA . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voyages of Discovery : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' . astroadventures.net . Astro Adventures . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends '' . space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse : What to Expect '' . The New York Times . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse '' . USNO . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Will ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NASA to Chase Solar Eclipse with Jets for Clearest Ever Photos of Corona '' . PetaPixel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://earthsky.org See 4 planets during the total eclipse . Jump up ^ `` The Great Baja Eclipse '' , Discover January 1991 . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981 -- 2000 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961 -- 1980 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow ; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen '' , The New York Times February 25 , 1979 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcolm W. ( February 27 , 1979 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest ; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought '' . The New York Times . p . C4 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Philip ( July 30 , 1972 ) . `` Let There Be Darkness , Please ; When Mercury Is at Quadrature , the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky '' . The New York Times . p. 15 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier ; Espenak , Fred . `` NASA -- Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier M. ( 2011 ) . `` Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EclipseFest '' . Salem - Keizer Volcanoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime '' . The Seattle Times . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With ' Oregon Eclipse ' '' . Dance Music NW . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Eclipse -- A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17 -- 23 August , 2017 '' . oregoneclipse2017.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com Oregon Eclipse 2017 - Symbiosis . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Oregon solar eclipse updates on traffic , crowds and events '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem , Oregon -- August 21 , 2017 '' . NASA . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Event Details -- Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Events Around Eastern Idaho '' . Eastern Idaho Eclipse . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Falls Eclipse '' . Big Kid Science . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . Brigham Young University Idaho . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Festival and Map '' . Weiser Eclipse 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017Astrocon , Casper , Wyoming '' . Astronomical League . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs ; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Great American Eclipse , Fort Laramie '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Events '' . 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse ( ABC News , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn '' . Nemaha County Hospital . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America -- Homestead National Monument of America '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : YouTube : Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under the Sun Published August 27 , 2017 , ( National Monument displayed at 0 : 58 , 4 : 42 4 : 53 , 6 : 31 ; Lincoln baseball game at 0 : 44 , 1 : 36 , 5 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event '' . stuhrmuseum.org . Stuhr Museum . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight - run Inning Carries Saltdogs Over Railcats in Special Solar Eclipse Game '' . Lincoln Saltdogs . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College '' . Benedictine College . Jump up ^ `` Show me totality COMO '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total solar eclipse ride '' . KC - PPC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse / 150 Years Festival '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipsing Park University '' . Park University . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darkening of the Sun -- Eclipse 2017 -- St. Clair MO '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Eclipse '' . Front Page Science . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois : eclipse crossroads of America '' . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bob ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Amtrak announces ' Eclipse Express ' special to southern Illinois '' . Trains . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( NASA EDGE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carley , Sean ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remainder of `` Moonstock '' eclipse festival lineup announced `` . Daily Egyptian . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville , IL '' . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WKU Eclipse Events '' . Western Kentucky University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse 2017 : The 5 minor league games being played during Aug. 21 event '' . SBNation . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival : August 18 -- August 21 '' . Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville , KY . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' . athenschamber.org . Athens Area Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Events '' . Austin Peay State University . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Oakley STEM Center . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackout 2017 '' . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse - Themed Programs & Events '' . Music City Solar Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event , Free Music City Eclipse Party '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina '' . Bryson City North Carolina . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Vince ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse - Cullowhee North Carolina '' -- via Flickr . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse leaves thousands breathless at UGA 's Sanford Stadium '' . WXIA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones , by Wayne Ford ( Athens Banner - Herald , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse viewing party at Canada Aviation and Space Museum CTV News '' . ctvnews.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to ' Eclipseville , ' Hopkinsville , Ky , USA '' . WHAS . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stunson , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` The rare eclipse was memorable . The ride home was something they want to forget . '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles , and we did n't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight . Jump up ^ Helmer , Katrina ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` As solar eclipse ends , traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville '' . WDRB . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . As of 10 p.m. , drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under The Sun ( NPR ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published August 27 , 2017 ) . Eclipse Across America ( Celestron ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published September 26 , 2017 ) . Photos and videos Space.com Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 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in order to be a new state a territory had to have a population of at least

Admission to the Union

admission to the union

The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution , oftentimes called the New States Clause , and found at Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect .

The Constitution went into effect on June 21 , 1788 , after ratification by 9 of the 13 states , and the federal government began operations under it on March 4 , 1789 . Since then , 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with those already in existence . Of the 37 states admitted to the Union by Congress , all but six have been established within an existing U.S. organized incorporated territory . A state so created might encompass all or a portion of a territory . When the people of a territory or a region thereof would make their desire for statehood known to the federal government , in most cases Congress passed an enabling act authorizing the people of that territory or region to frame a proposed state constitution as a step toward admission to the Union . Although the use of an enabling act was a common historic practice , a number of states were admitted to the Union without one . In many instances , an enabling act would detail the mechanism by which the territory would be admitted as a state following ratification of their constitution and election of state officers . Although the use of such an act is a traditional historic practice , a number of territories have drafted constitutions for submission to Congress absent an enabling act and were subsequently admitted . The broad outline for this process was established by the Land Ordinance of 1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance , both of which predate the present U.S. Constitution . The Admission to the Union Clause also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress . The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims ( there were four at that time ) a veto over whether their western counties could become states . This clause has served the same function since , each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Articles of Confederation 2.2 1787 Constitutional Convention 3 Equal footing doctrine 4 Admission process 5 States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory 5.1 Notes 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Text ( edit ) New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or Parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . Background ( edit ) Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Between 1781 and 1789 the United States was governed by a unicameral Congress , the Congress of the Confederation , which operated under authority granted to it by the Articles of Confederation , the nation 's first constitution . The 11th Article authorized Congress to admit new states to the Union provided nine states consented . Under the Articles , each state cast one vote on each proposed measure in Congress . During this period , the Confederation Congress enacted two ordinances governing the admission of new states into the Union . The first such ordinance was the Land Ordinance of 1784 , enacted April 23 , 1784 . Thomas Jefferson was its principal author . The Ordinance called for the land ( recently confirmed as part of the United States by the Treaty of Paris ) west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to eventually be divided into ten separate states . Once a given area reached 20,000 inhabitants , it could call a constitutional convention and form a provisional government . Then , upon enacting a state constitution which affirmed that the new state would forever be part of the Confederation , would be subject to the Articles of Confederation and acts of Congress , would be subject to payment for federal debts and would not tax federal properties within the state border or tax non-residents at a rate higher than residents , and would have a republican form of government , and also after reaching a population equal to that of the least - populated of the established states , it would be admitted , on an equal footing with all other states , based on a majority vote in Congress . Jefferson 's original draft of the ordinance gave names to the proposed states , and also contained a provision that `` After the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of them . '' The 1784 ordinance was superseded three years later by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . Enacted by the Confederation Congress on July 13 , 1787 , it created the Northwest Territory , the first organized incorporated territory of the United States . The Northwest Ordinance ( Article V ) provided for the admission of several new states from within its bounds : There shall be formed in the said territory , not less than three nor more than five States ... And , whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein , such State shall be admitted , by its delegates , into the Congress of the United States , on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever , and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government : Provided , the constitution and government so to be formed , shall be republican , and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and , so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy , such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period , and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand . Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress , it established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states , rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation . No new states were formed in the Northwest Territory under either ordinance . In August , 1789 , the ordinance was replaced by the Northwest Ordinance of 1789 , in which the new Congress ( under the present Constitution ) reaffirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications . The territory itself remained in existence until 1803 , when the southeastern portion of it was admitted to the Union as the State of Ohio , and the remainder was reorganized . While the articles of Confederation were in effect , the Congress considered various ordinances admitting particular new states into the Union : On August 20 , 1781 , Congress passed a resolution stating conditions under which the Vermont Republic ( at the time a de facto but unrecognized sovereign state ) could enter the Union . It needed only to give up its claims to territory west of Lake Champlain and east of the Connecticut River . The following February , the legislature of Vermont agreed to those terms . However , Vermont 's admission would be delayed for nearly a decade , due largely to opposition from New York , which asserted a disputed claim to the region . On May 16 , 1785 , a resolution to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) to the Union was introduced in Congress . Eventually , seven states voted to admit what would have been the 14th state . This was , however , less than the nine states required by the Articles of Confederation . This would - be state was created in 1784 from part of the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been offered by North Carolina as a cession to Congress to help pay off debts related to the Revolutionary War . It continued to exist as an extra-legal state through mid-1788 , when North Carolina re-assumed full control of the area . Franklin later became part of the Southwest Territory , which still later became the state of Tennessee . In July , 1788 , Congress began deliberations on whether to admit Kentucky to the Union . Kentucky was then a part of Virginia . The legislature of Virginia had consented to the creation of the new state from its western district . However , when Congress began to discuss the matter , they received notification that New Hampshire had ratified the Constitution , becoming the ninth state to do so , causing it to go into effect in the ratifying states . Congress instead passed a resolution stating that it was `` unadvisable '' to admit a new state under those circumstances and the matter should wait until the federal government under the Constitution came into existence . As a result , no new states were admitted to the Union while the Articles of Confederation was in effect . 1787 constitutional convention ( edit ) At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , a proposal to include the phrase , `` new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States '' , in the new states clause was defeated . That proposal would have taken the policy articulated in the Ordinance of 1784 and made it a constitutional imperative . Many delegates objected to including the phrase however , fearing that the political power of future new western states would ultimately overwhelm that of the established eastern states . Delegates , understanding that the number of states would inevitably increase , did agree to include wording into this clause to preclude formation of a new state out of an established one without the consent of the established state as well as the Congress . It was anticipated that Kentucky ( which was a part of Virginia ) , Franklin ( which was a part of North Carolina , and later became part of the Southwest Territory ) , Vermont ( to which New York asserted a disputed claim ) , and Maine ( which was a part of Massachusetts ) , would become states . As a result of this compromise , new breakaway states are permitted to join the Union , but only with the proper consents . Equal footing doctrine ( edit ) Shortly after the new Constitution went into effect Congress admitted Vermont and Kentucky on equal terms with the existing 13 states , and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states . Thus the Congress , utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers , adopted a policy of equal status for all newly admitted states . The constitutional principle derived from these actions is known as the equal footing doctrine . With the growth of states ' rights advocacy during the antebellum period , the Supreme Court asserted , in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan ( 1845 ) , that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality . Admission process ( edit ) The order in which the original 13 states ratified the constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union . Historically , most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated U.S. territory , created and governed by Congress in accord with its plenary power under Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution . In some cases , an entire territory became a state ; in others some part of a territory became a state . In most cases , the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood , usually by referendum . Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution . Upon acceptance of that constitution , by the people of the territory and then by Congress , would adopt a joint resolution granting statehood and the President would issue a proclamation announcing that a new state has been added to the Union . While Congress , which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states , has usually followed this procedure , there have been occasions ( due to unique case - specific circumstances ) where it did not . Congress is under no obligation to admit states , even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood . In one instance , Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish the state of Deseret in 1849 . It existed for slightly over two years and was never approved by the United States Congress . In another , leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , and Seminole ) in Indian Territory proposed to establish the state of Sequoyah in 1905 , as a means to retain control of their lands . The proposed constitution ultimately failed in the U.S. Congress . Instead , the Indian Territory was incorporated into the new state of Oklahoma in 1907 . Some U.S. territories existed only a short time before becoming states , while others remained territories for decades . The shortest - lived was Alabama Territory at 2 years , while New Mexico and Hawaii territories both were in existence for more than 50 years . The entry of several states into the Union has been delayed due to complicating factors . Among them , Michigan Territory , which petitioned Congress for statehood in 1835 , was not admitted to the Union until 1837 , due to a boundary dispute with the adjoining state of Ohio . The Republic of Texas requested annexation to the United States in 1837 , but fears about potential conflict with Mexico delayed the admission of Texas for nine years . Also , statehood for Kansas Territory was held up for several years ( 1854 -- 61 ) due to a series of internal violent conflicts involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions . Once established , most state borders have , with few exceptions , been generally stable . Notable exceptions include : the various portions ( the Western land claims ) of several original states ceded over a period of several years to the federal government , which in turn became the Northwest Territory , Southwest Territory , and Mississippi Territory ; the 1791 cession by Maryland and Virginia of land to create the District of Columbia ( Virginia 's portion was returned in 1847 ) ; and the creation , on at least three separate occasions , of a new state ( Kentucky , Maine and West Virginia ) from a region of an existing state ( Vermont was created from what was disputedly claimed to be a part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented ) ; two large additions to Nevada , which became a state in 1864 , were made in 1866 and 1867 . However , there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys , resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions , or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes . One notable example is the case New Jersey v. New York , in which New Jersey won roughly 90 % of Ellis Island from New York in 1998 . States that were never part of an organized U.S. territory ( edit ) In addition to the original 13 , six subsequent states were never part of an organized incorporated U.S. territory . Kentucky , Maine , and West Virginia were each set off from already existing states . Texas and Vermont both entered the Union after having been sovereign states ( only de facto sovereignty in Vermont 's case , as the region was claimed by New York ) . California was set off from unorganized land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 at the end of the Mexican -- American War . State Date of admission Formed from California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 Unorganized territory ( part ) Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 Texas ! Republic of Texas Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 Vermont Republic ( earlier known as the New Hampshire Grants ) West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Area Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The cession consisted of present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Act of Congress establishing California as the 31st state was part of the Compromise of 1850 . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the state and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the state ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . The Act of Congress establishing Maine as the 23rd state was part of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and on March 6 , 1790 the state of New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for the creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . See also ( edit ) 51st state Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii Federalism in the United States List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union List of U.S. state partition proposals State cessions Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Perpetual Union Further reading ( edit ) The Uniting States : The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States , three volumes , edited by Benjamin F. Shearer , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 32703 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article IV : New States Clause '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grupo de Investigadores Puertorriqueños ( 1984 ) . Breakthrough From Colonialism : An Interdisciplinary Study of Statehood. 1 . University of Puerto Rico . pp. 20 -- 22 . ISBN 9780847724895 . OCLC 836947912 . Jump up ^ `` Report from the Committee for the Western Territory to the United States Congress '' . Envisaging the West : Thomas Jefferson and the Roots of Lewis and Clark . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln and University of Virginia . March 1 , 1784 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance ; July 13 , 1787 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Ordinance '' . loc.gov . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horsman , Reginald ( Autumn 1989 ) . `` The Northwest Ordinance and the Shaping of an Expanding Republic '' . The Wisconsin Magazine of History . Wisconsin Historical Society . 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . JSTOR 4636235 . Jump up ^ Mello , Robert A. ( 2014 ) . Moses Robinson and the Founding of Vermont . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Vasan , Kesavan ( 2002 ) . `` When did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates , July 23 , 1787 '' . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ; Paulsen , Michael Stokes ( March 2002 ) . `` Is West Virginia Unconstitutional ? '' . California Law Review . University of California , Berkeley , School of Law . 90 ( 2 ) : 395 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property and Territory : Powers of Congress '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huddle , F.P. ( 1946 ) . `` Admission of new states '' . Editorial research reports . CQ Press . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of the Red River -- The Choctaw '' . Museum of the Red River . 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Winders , Richard Bruce ( 2002 ) . Crisis in the Southwest : the United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 82 , 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2801 - 1 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( 2008 ) . How the States Got Their Shapes . New York : HarperCollins . pp. xvi , 334 . ISBN 9780061431395 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riccards , Michael P. ( 1997 ) . `` Lincoln and the Political Question : The Creation of the State of West Virginia '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 27 ( 3 ) : 549 -- 564 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 -- via Questia . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- March 15 : The Pine Tree State '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 200 ) . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Barre , Vermont : Vermont Historical Society . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History -- June 20 : Mountaineers Always Freemen '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Mountain View , California . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . 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what caused mesopotamia to move to the river valley

Nubia

nubia

Nubia is a region along the Nile rivers encompassing the areas between what is today central Sudan and southern Egypt . It was the seat of one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa , with a history that can be traced from at least 2000 B.C. onward ( through Nubian monuments and artifacts , as well as written records from Egypt and Rome ) , and was home to one of the African empires . There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era , the last of which collapsed in 1504 , when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate , resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population . Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century , and within the Kingdom of Egypt from 1899 to 1956 .

The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people , nomads who settled the area in the 4th century following the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë . The Noba spoke a Nilo - Saharan language , ancestral to Old Nubian. Old Nubian was mostly used in religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD . Before the 4th century , and throughout classical antiquity , Nubia was known as Kush , or , in Classical Greek usage , included under the name Ethiopia ( Aithiopia ) . Historically , the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group , a subfamily that includes Nobiin ( the descendant of Old Nubian ) , Kenuzi - Dongola , Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan . Until at least 1970 , the Birgid language was spoken north of Nyala in Darfur , but is now extinct . However , linguistic evidence indicates that the languages spoken in the ancient Kerma Culture ( present - day southern Egypt and northern Sudan ) in Nubia , belonged to the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Nubia and Ancient Egypt 2.3 Kerma 2.4 Kush 2.5 Meroë 2.6 Christian Nubia 2.7 Islamic Nubia 3 Contemporary issues 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Nubia was divided into two major regions : Upper and Lower Nubia , so called because of their location in the Nile river valley , the ' lower ' being further downstream than the ' upper ' . Lower Nubia lay between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile river , spreading into modern southern Egypt and northern Sudan , while Upper Nubia extended between the Second and Sixth Cataracts , in modern central Sudan . History ( edit ) Nubians in worship Nubian woman circa 1900 Prehistory ( edit ) Nubian Terracotta Female Figurine , from the Neolithic period ca . 3500 - 3100 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum Early settlements sprouted in both Upper and Lower Nubia . Egyptians referred to Nubia as `` Ta - Seti , '' or `` The Land of the Bow , '' since the Nubians were known to be expert archers . Modern scholars typically refer to the people from this area as the `` A-Group '' culture . Fertile farmland just south of the Third Cataract is known as the `` pre-Kerma '' culture in Upper Nubia , as they are the ancestors . The Neolithic people in the Nile Valley likely came from Sudan , as well as the Sahara , and there was shared culture with the two areas and with that of Egypt during this period . By the 5th millennium BC , the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia participated in the Neolithic revolution . Saharan rock reliefs depict scenes that have been thought to be suggestive of a cattle cult , typical of those seen throughout parts of Eastern Africa and the Nile Valley even to this day . Megaliths discovered at Nabta Playa are early examples of what seems to be one of the world 's first astronomical devices , predating Stonehenge by almost 2,000 years . This complexity as observed at Nabta Playa , and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there , likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt . Around 3500 BC , the second `` Nubian '' culture , termed the A-Group , arose . It was a contemporary of , and ethnically and culturally very similar to , the polities in predynastic Naqada of Upper Egypt . The A-Group people were engaged in trade with the Egyptians . This trade is testified archaeologically by large amounts of Egyptian commodities deposited in the graves of the A-Group people . The imports consisted of gold objects , copper tools , faience amulets and beads , seals , slate palettes , stone vessels , and a variety of pots . Around 3300 BC , there is evidence of a unified kingdom , as shown by the finds at Qustul , that maintained substantial interactions ( both cultural and genetic ) with the culture of Naqadan Upper Egypt . The Nubian culture may have even contributed to the unification of the Nile Valley . Toby Wilkinson , based on work by Bruce Williams in the 1980s , wrote that `` The white crown , associated in historic times with Upper Egypt , is first attested later than the red crown , but is directly associated with the ruler somewhat earlier . The earliest known depiction of the white crown is on a ceremonial incense burner from Cemetery at Qustul in Lower Nubia '' . Based on a 1998 excavation report , Jane Roy has written that `` At the time of Williams ' argument , the Qustul cemetery and the ' royal ' iconography found there was dated to the Naqada IIIA period , thus antedating royal cemeteries in Egypt of the Naqada IIIB phase . New evidence from Abydos , however , particularly the excavation of Cemetery U and the tome U-j , dating to Naqada IIIA has shown that this iconography appears earlier in Egypt . '' Around the turn of the protodynastic period , Naqada , in its bid to conquer and unify the whole Nile Valley , seems to have conquered Ta - Seti ( the kingdom where Qustul was located ) and harmonized it with the Egyptian state . Thus , Nubia became the first nome of Upper Egypt . At the time of the first dynasty , the A-Group area seems to have been entirely depopulated , most likely due to immigration to areas west and south . Head of a Nubian Ruler Pottery of the Nubian A-Group , Musee du Louvre This culture began to decline in the early 28th century BC . George Reisner suggested that it was succeeded by a culture that he called the `` B - Group '' , but most archaeologists today believe that this culture never existed and that the area was depopulated from c. 3000 BC to c. 2500 , when a-group descendants returned to the area . The causes of this are uncertain , but it was perhaps caused by Egyptian invasions and pillaging that began at this time . Nubia is believed to have served as a trade corridor between Egypt and tropical Africa long before 3100 BC . Egyptian craftsmen of the period used ivory and ebony wood from tropical Africa which came through Nubia . In 2300 BC , Nubia was first mentioned in Old Kingdom Egyptian accounts of trade missions . From Aswan , right above the First Cataract , the southern limit of Egyptian control at the time , Egyptians imported gold , incense , ebony , copper , ivory , and exotic animals from tropical Africa through Nubia . As trade between Egypt and Nubia increased , so did wealth and stability . By the Egyptian 6th dynasty , Nubia was divided into a series of small kingdoms . There is debate over whether these C - Group peoples , who flourished from c. 2500 BC to c. 1500 BC , were another internal evolution or invaders . There are definite similarities between the pottery of the A-Group and C - Group , so it may be a return of the ousted Group - As , or an internal revival of lost arts . At this time , the Sahara Desert was becoming too arid to support human beings , and it is possible that there was a sudden influx of Saharan nomads. C - Group pottery is characterized by all - over incised geometric lines with white infill and impressed imitations of basketry . Ramesses II in his war chariot charging into battle against the Nubians During the Egyptian Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 -- 1640 BC ) , Egypt began expanding into Nubia to gain more control over the trade routes in Northern Nubia and direct access to trade with Southern Nubia . They erected a chain of forts down the Nile below the Second Cataract . These garrisons seemed to have peaceful relations with the local Nubian people , but little interaction during the period . A contemporaneous but distinct culture from the C - Group was the Pan Grave culture , so called because of their shallow graves . The Pan Graves are associated with the East bank of the Nile , but the Pan Graves and C - Group definitely interacted . Their pottery is characterized by incised lines of a more limited character than those of the C - Group , generally having interspersed undecorated spaces within the geometric schemes . Nubia and Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Nubia in hieroglyphs Ta - seti T3 - stj Curved land Setiu Stjw Curved land of the Nubians Nehset / Nehsyu / Nehsi Nḥst / Nḥsyw / Nḥsj Nubia / Nubians Nubia One interpretation is that Nubian A-Group rulers and early Egyptian pharaohs used related royal symbols . Similarities in rock art of A-Group Nubia and Upper Egypt support this position . Ancient Egypt conquered Nubian territory in various eras , and incorporated parts of the area into its provinces . The Nubians in turn were to conquer Egypt under its 25th Dynasty . However , relations between the two peoples also show peaceful cultural interchange and cooperation , including mixed marriages . The Medjay ( mj3 , ) represents the name ancient Egypt gave to a region in northern Sudan where an ancient people of Nubia inhabited . They became part of the Egyptian military as scouts and minor workers . During the Middle Kingdom of Egypt , `` Medjay '' no longer referred to the district of Medja but to a tribe or clan of people . It is not known what happened to the district , but , after the First Intermediate Period of Egypt , it and other districts in Nubia were no longer mentioned in the written record . Written accounts detail the Medjay as nomadic desert people . Over time , they were incorporated into the Egyptian army . In the army , the Medjay served as garrison troops in Egyptian fortifications in Nubia and patrolled the deserts as a kind of gendarmerie . This was done in the hope of preventing their fellow Medjay tribespeople from further attacking Egyptian assets in the region . Later , they were even used during Kamose 's campaign against the Hyksos and became instrumental in making the Egyptian state into a military power . By the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom period , the Medjay were an elite paramilitary police force . No longer did the term refer to an ethnic group and , over time , the new meaning became synonymous with the policing occupation in general . Being an elite police force , the Medjay were often used to protect valuable areas , especially royal and religious complexes . Though they are most notable for their protection of the royal palaces and tombs in Thebes and the surrounding areas , the Medjay were known to have been used throughout Upper and Lower Egypt . Various pharaohs of Nubian origin are held by some Egyptologists to have played an important part towards the area in different eras of Egyptian history , particularly the 12th Dynasty . These rulers handled matters in typical Egyptian fashion , reflecting the close cultural influences between the two regions . ( T ) he XIIth Dynasty ( 1991 -- 1786 B.C.E. ) originated from the Aswan region . As expected , strong Nubian features and dark coloring are seen in their sculpture and relief work . This dynasty ranks as among the greatest , whose fame far outlived its actual tenure on the throne . Especially interesting , it was a member of this dynasty that decreed that no Nehsy ( riverine Nubian of the principality of Kush ) , except such as came for trade or diplomatic reasons , should pass by the Egyptian fortress and cops at the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract . Why would this royal family of Nubian ancestry ban other Nubians from coming into Egyptian territory ? Because the Egyptian rulers of Nubian ancestry had become Egyptians culturally ; as pharaohs , they exhibited typical Egyptian attitudes and adopted typical Egyptian policies . ( Yurco 1989 ) In the New Kingdom , Nubians became indistinguishable in the archaeological record from Egyptians . It is an extremely difficult task to attempt to describe the Nubians during the course of Egypt 's New Kingdom , because their presence appears to have virtually evaporated from the archaeological record . The result has been described as a wholesale Nubian assimilation into Egyptian society . This assimilation was so complete that it masked all Nubian ethnic identities insofar as archaeological remains are concerned beneath the impenetrable veneer of Egypt 's material culture . In the Kushite Period , when Nubians ruled as Pharaohs in their own right , the material culture of Dynasty XXV ( about 750 -- 655 B.C.E. ) was decidedly Egyptian in character . Nubia 's entire landscape up to the region of the Third Cataract was dotted with temples indistinguishable in style and decoration from contemporary temples erected in Egypt . The same observation obtains for the smaller number of typically Egyptian tombs in which these elite Nubian princes were interred . Kerma ( edit ) Main article : Kerma Culture The Turin Papyrus Map From the pre-Kerma culture , the first kingdom to unify much of the region arose . The Kerma Culture , named for its presumed capital at Kerma , was one of the earliest urban centers in the Nile region and spoke languages of the Cushitic branch . By 1750 BC , the kings of Kerma were powerful enough to organize the labor for monumental walls and structures of mud brick . They also had rich tombs , with possessions for the afterlife and large human sacrifices . George Andrew Reisner excavated sites at Kerma and found distinctive Nubian architecture such as large tombs and palace - like structures . At one point , Kerma came very close to conquering Egypt . Egypt suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the Kingdom of Kush . According to Davies , head of the joint British Museum and Egyptian archaeological team , the attack was so devastating that , if the Kerma forces had chosen to stay and occupy Egypt , they might have eliminated it for good and brought the nation to extinction . When Egyptian power revived under the New Kingdom of Egypt ( c. 1532 -- 1070 BC ) , Egyptians began to expand further southwards . The Egyptians destroyed Kerma 's kingdom and capitol and expanded the Egyptian empire to the Fourth Cataract . By the end of the reign of Thutmose I ( 1520 BC ) , all of northern Nubia had been annexed . The Egyptians built a new administrative center at Napata , and used the area to produce gold and incense . The Nubian gold production made Egypt a prime source of the precious metal in the Middle East . The primitive working conditions for the slaves are recorded by Diodorus Siculus , who saw some of the mines at a later time . One of the oldest maps known is of a gold mine in Nubia , the Turin Papyrus Map dating to about 1160 BC ; this map is also one of the earliest characterized road maps in existence . Kush ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Kush Nubian Pharaohs When the Egyptians pulled out of the Napata region , they left a lasting legacy that was merged with indigenous customs , forming the kingdom of Kush . Archaeologists have found several burials in the area that seem to belong to local leaders . The Kushites were buried there soon after the Egyptians decolonized the Nubian frontier . Kush adopted many Egyptian practices , such as their religion . The Kingdom of Kush survived longer than that of Egypt , invaded Egypt ( under the leadership of king Piye ) , and controlled Egypt during the 8th century BC as the Twenty - fifth Dynasty of Egypt . The Kushites held sway over their northern neighbors for nearly 100 years , until they were eventually repelled by the invading Assyrians . The Assyrians forced them to move farther south , where they eventually established their capital at Meroë . Of the Nubian kings of this era , Taharqa is perhaps the best known . A son and the third successor of the founding pharaoh , Piye , he was crowned in Memphis , Egypt c. 690 . Taharqa ruled over both Nubia and Egypt , restored Egyptian temples at Karnak , and built new temples and pyramids in Nubia before being driven from Egypt by the Assyrians . Meroë ( edit ) Main article : Meroë Aerial view at Nubian pyramids , Meroe Meroë ( 800 BC -- c . AD 350 ) in southern Nubia lay on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north - east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi , Sudan , ca . 200 km north - east of Khartoum . The people there preserved many ancient Egyptian customs , but were unique in many respects . They developed their own form of writing , first utilizing Egyptian hieroglyphs , and later using an alphabetic script with 23 signs . Many pyramids were built in Meroë during this period and the kingdom included an impressive standing military force . Strabo also describes a clash with the Romans in which the Romans defeated Nubians . According to Strabo , following the Kushite advance , Gaius Petronius ( a Prefect of Egypt at the time ) prepared a large army and marched south . The Roman forces clashed with the Kushite armies near Thebes and forced them to retreat to Pselchis ( Maharraqa ) in Kushite lands . Petronius then sent deputies to the Kushites in an attempt to reach a peace agreement and make certain demands . Quoting Strabo , the Kushites `` desired three days for consideration '' in order to make a final decision . However , after the three days , Kush did not respond and Petronius advanced with his armies and took the Kushite city of Premnis ( modern Karanog ) south of Maharraqa . From there , he advanced all the way south to Napata , the second Capital in Kush after Meroe . Petronius attacked and sacked Napata , causing the son of the Kushite Queen to flee . Strabo describes the defeat of the Kushites at Napata , stating that `` He ( Petronius ) made prisoners of the inhabitants '' . During this time , the different parts of the region divided into smaller groups with individual leaders , or generals , each commanding small armies of mercenaries . They fought for control of what is now Nubia and its surrounding territories , leaving the entire region weak and vulnerable to attack . Meroë would eventually meet defeat by the new rising Kingdom of Aksum to their south under King Ezana . The classification of the Meroitic language is uncertain ; it was long assumed to have been one of the Afroasiatic languages like the Egyptian language , but is now considered to have likely been one of the Eastern Sudanic languages . At some point during the 4th century , the region was conquered by the Noba , from which the name Nubia may derive ; another possibility is that it comes from the Egyptian word for gold . From then on , the Romans referred to the area as Nobatia . Christian Nubia ( edit ) Main articles : Makuria , Nobadia , and Alodia The crown of a local Nubian king who ruled between the collapse of the Meroitic dynasty in 350 or 400 AD and the founding of the Christian kingdom of Nubia in 600 AD . It was found in Tomb 118 at Ballana in Lower Nubia by the British Egyptologist W.B. Emery Around AD 350 , the area was invaded by the Kingdom of Aksum and the kingdom collapsed . Eventually , three smaller kingdoms replaced it : northernmost was Nobatia between the first and second cataract of the Nile River , with its capital at Pachoras ( modern - day Faras ) ; in the middle was Makuria , with its capital at Old Dongola ; and southernmost was Alodia , with its capital at Soba ( near Khartoum ) . King Silky of Nobatia crushed the Blemmyes , and recorded his victory in a Greek inscription carved in the wall of the temple of Talmis ( modern Kalabsha ) around AD 500 . While bishop Athanasius of Alexandria consecrated one Marcus as bishop of Philae before his death in 373 , showing that Christianity had penetrated the region by the 4th century , John of Ephesus records that a Monophysite priest named Julian converted the king and his nobles of Nobatia around 545 . John of Ephesus also writes that the kingdom of Alodia was converted around 569 . However , John of Biclarum records that the kingdom of Makuria was converted to Catholicism the same year , suggesting that John of Ephesus might be mistaken . Further doubt is cast on John 's testimony by an entry in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius , which states that in 719 the church of Nubia transferred its allegiance from the Greek to the Coptic Orthodox Church . By the 7th century , Makuria expanded becoming the dominant power in the region . It was strong enough to halt the southern expansion of Islam after the Arabs had taken Egypt . After several failed invasions the new rulers agreed to a treaty with Dongola , called Baqt , allowing for peaceful coexistence and trade . This treaty held for six hundred years . Over time the influx of Arab traders introduced Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted Christianity . While there are records of a bishop at Qasr Ibrim in 1372 , his see had come to include that located at Faras . It is also clear that the cathedral of Dongola had been converted to a mosque in 1317 . The influx of Arabs and Nubians to Egypt and Sudan had contributed to the suppression of the Nubian identity following the collapse of the last Nubian kingdom around 1504 . A vast majority of the Nubian population is currently Muslim , and the Arabic language is their main medium of communication in addition to their indigenous old Nubian language . The unique characteristic of Nubian is shown in their culture ( dress , dances , traditions , and music ) . Islamic Nubia ( edit ) Main article : Islamization of Sudan Shell bracelet from a c. 1800 BC Nubian mercenary grave In the 14th century , the Dongolan government collapsed and the region became divided and dominated by Arabs . The next centuries would see several Arab invasions of the region , as well as the establishment of a number of smaller kingdoms . Northern Nubia was brought under Egyptian control , while the south came under the control of the Kingdom of Sennar in the 16th century . The entire region would come under Egyptian control during the rule of Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century , and later became a joint Anglo - Egyptian condominium . Further information : Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820 - 24 § Invasion of Nubia Contemporary issues ( edit ) Further information : Nubian people With the end of colonialism and the establishment of the Republic of Egypt ( 1953 ) , and the secession of the Republic of Sudan from unity with Egypt ( 1956 ) , Nubia was divided between Egypt and Sudan . During the early - 1970s , many Egyptian and Sudanese Nubians were forcibly resettled to make room for Lake Nasser after the construction of the dams at Aswan . Nubian villages can now be found north of Aswan on the west bank of the Nile and on Elephantine Island ; and many Nubians now live in large cities , such as Cairo . See also ( edit ) Aida Northeast Africa Nubia ( Mesolithic ) / Nile boat Nubian Archaeological Expeditions Nubian architecture Nubian Desert Nubian languages Nubiology Pyramids of Nubia Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bechaus - Gerst , Marianne ; Blench , Roger ( 2014 ) . Kevin MacDonald , ed . The Origins and Development of African Livestock : Archaeology , Genetics , Linguistics and Ethnography - `` Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan '' ( 2000 ) . Routledge . p. 453 . ISBN 1135434166 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Behrens , Peter ( 1986 ) . Libya Antiqua : Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris , 16 to 18 January 1984 - `` Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders : the formation of the Berber branch '' . Unesco . p. 30 . ISBN 9231023764 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Emberling , Geoff ( 2011 ) . Nubia : Ancient Kingdoms of Africa . New York : Institute for the study of the ancient world . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 48102 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa '' . -- S.O.Y. Keita , American Journal of Physical Anthropology ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith '' . ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ PlanetQuest : The History of Astronomy -- Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 29 Jump up ^ Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa -- by Fred Wendorf ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian ; Jameson , Robert , eds. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Wiley . p. 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23583 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunting for the Elusive Nubian A-Group People -- by Maria Gatto , archaeology.org Jump up ^ `` Further Studies of Crania From Ancient Northern Africa : An Analysis of Crania From First Dynasty Egyptian Tombs , using Multiple Discriminant Functions '' . -- American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 87 : 245 -- 254 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy and heterarchy - the earliest cross-cultural trade along the Nile '' . www.academia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Emberling , Geoff ( 1999 ) . Early Dynastic Egypt . London : Routledge . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18633 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roy , Jane ( February 2011 ) . The Politics of Trade : Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium BC . Brill . p. 215 . ISBN 9789004196117 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian ; Jameson , Robert , eds. ( 2002 ) . A Dictionary of Archaeology . Wiley . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23583 - 5 . Jump up ^ Török , László ( 2008 ) . Between Two Worlds : The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - 500AD . Brill . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 9789004171978 . Jump up ^ `` The C - Group people in Lower Nubia , 2500 - 1500 BC . Cattle pastoralists in a multicultural setting '' . www.academia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Between Kush and Egypt : The C - Group people of Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period '' . www.academia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Elmar Edel : Zu den Inschriften auf den Jahreszeitenreliefs der `` Weltkammer '' aus dem Sonnenheiligtum des Niuserre , Teil 2 . In : Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen , Nr. 5 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen 1964 , p. 118 -- 119 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Leitz et al. : Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen , Bd. 6 : H̱ - s . Peeters , Leuven 2002 , ISBN 90 - 429 - 1151 - 4 , p. 697 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watterson , The Egyptians . Blackwell , Oxford . pp. 50 -- 117 Jump up ^ Erman & Grapow , Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache , 2 , 186.1 - 2 Jump up ^ Gardiner , op. cit. , p. 76 * Jump up ^ Bard , op. cit. , p. 486 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , op. cit. , p. 147 Jump up ^ Shaw , op. cit. , p. 201 Jump up ^ Steindorff & Seele , op. cit. , p. 28 Jump up ^ F.J. Yurco , `` The ancient Egyptians ... '' , Biblical Archaeology Review ( Vol 15 , no . 5 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Bianchi , 2004 , Daily Life of the Nubians . p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` The Kingdom of Kush : An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System '' . www.academia.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt 's Humiliating Secret The Times ( London , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Elkab 's hidden treasure '' . Al - Ahram . Jump up ^ James G. Cusick ( 5 March 2015 ) . Studies in Culture Contact : Interaction , Culture Change , and Archaeology . SIU Press . pp. 269 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 3409 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Bulliet ; Pamela Crossley ; Daniel Headrick ( 1 January 2010 ) . The Earth and Its Peoples . Cengage Learning . pp. 66 -- . ISBN 0 - 538 - 74438 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anne Burton ( 1973 ) . Diodorus Siculus , Book 1 : A Commentary . BRILL . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03514 - 1 . Jump up ^ James R. Akerman ; Robert W. Karrow ( 2007 ) . Maps : Finding Our Place in the World . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 01075 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Sudan ~ Nubia : History : The Kushite Conquest of Egypt '' . ancientsudan.org . Jump up ^ Diop , Cheikh Anta ( 1974 ) . The African Origin of Civilization . Chicago , Illinois : Lawrence Hill Books . pp. 219 -- 221 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 072 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bonnet , Charles ( 2006 ) . The Nubian Pharaohs . New York : The American University in Cairo Press . pp. 142 -- 154 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 416 - 010 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mokhtar , G. ( 1990 ) . General History of Africa . California , USA : University of California Press . pp. 161 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06697 - 9 . Jump up ^ Emberling , Geoff ( 2011 ) . Nubia : Ancient Kingdoms of Africa . New York : Institute for the Study of the Ancient World . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 48102 - 9 . Jump up ^ Silverman , David ( 1997 ) . Ancient Egypt . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521270 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meroë : writing -- digitalegypt Jump up ^ Nubian Queens in the Nile Valley and Afro - Asiatic Cultural History -- Carolyn Fluehr - Lobban , Professor of Anthropology , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston U.S.A , August 20 -- 26 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Nubia '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hassan , Arabs , 125 . Further reading ( edit ) Adam , William Y. ( 1977 ) : Nubia : Corridor to Africa , London . `` Black Pharaohs '' , National Geographic , Feb 2008 Bulliet et al. ( 2001 ) : Nubia , The Earth and Its Peoples , pp. 70 -- 71 , Houghton Mifflin Company , Boston . Drower M. ( 1970 ) : Nubia A Drowning Land , London : Longmans . Emberling , Geoff ( 2011 ) : Nubia : Ancient Kingdoms of Africa . New York : Institute for the Study of the Ancient World . Fisher , Marjorie , et al. ( 2012 ) : Ancient Nubia : African Kingdoms on the Nile . The American University in Cairo Press . Hassan , Yusuf Fadl ( 1973 ) : The Arabs and the Sudan , Khartoum . Jennings , Anne ( 1995 ) The Nubians of West Aswan : Village Women in the Midst of Change , Lynne Reinner Publishers . Thelwall , Robin ( 1978 ) : `` Lexicostatistical relations between Nubian , Daju and Dinka '' , Études nubiennes : colloque de Chantilly , 2 -- 6 juillet 1975 , 265 -- 286 . Thelwall , Robin ( 1982 ) ' Linguistic Aspects of Greater Nubian History ' , in Ehret , C. & Posnansky , M. ( eds . ) The Archeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History . Berkeley / Los Angeles , 39 -- 56 . Török , László ( 1997 ) : The Kingdom of Kush : Handbook of the Napatan - Meroitic Civilization . Brill Academic Publishers . Valbelle , Dominique , and Bonnet , Charles ( 2006 ) : The Nubian Pharaohs . New York : The American University in Cairo Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nubia . African Kingdoms Ancient Sudan Website Racism and the Rediscovery of Ancient Nubia Medieval Sai Project `` Journey to Ethiopia , Eastern Sudan , and Nigritia '' was written by Pierre Trémaux in 1862 - 63 . 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Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nubia&oldid=808347703 '' Categories : Nubia History of Nubia Ancient peoples Nubian people Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 09 : 55 . 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who sold more albums elvis or micheal jackson

Michael Jackson sold 750 million Records Alive The Beatles sold 500 + million records Alive Elvis Presley sold 350 + million records Alive

Michael Jackson

Talk : best - selling music artist

talk : best - selling music artist

The guiness book of records did a huge research into Beatles sales in 1972 based on tax sales returns during the 1960s , and they had already sold over 500 million by 1971 .

Michael Jackson sold 750 million Records Alive The Beatles sold 500 + million records Alive Elvis Presley sold 350 + million records Alive Contents ( hide ) 1 Additional Information ... 2 So Called `` Sales List '' 3 So called IFPI Best selling artists of all time LIST probably not accurate 4 list of best - selling remix albums worldwide Additional information ... ( edit ) This is a section made to talk about the best selling artists and albums . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.219. 190.70 ( talk ) 08 : 10 , 9 March 2018 ( UTC ) `` I do n't think it 's fair to compare such sales as they were alive . You then discriminate by age - for example , Buddy Holly could have been more successful than either one of these , he had that chance to make great sales until his death at only 21 by plane crash , thus ending his musical career at such an early stage and time - only been doing music a couple of years too - and you 're also not taking in the incredibly tedious procedures older generations had to do to sell their albums than newer generations ' technology and widespread credibility . Michael Jackson after Jackson 5 , came at a time when TV more recent than both Elvis and The Beatles , and to this respect alone , you could argue that with the amount of sales they both did , both Elvis and The Beatles are more successful than Michael Jackson . I think , also , not to include the Jackson 5 sales in with Michael Jackson 's sales as a solo artist , they are both two different times . My thoughts . '' think Michael Jackson is pretty well covered , but if anyone has any additional information about The Beatles ' or Elvis Preley 's total sales , please add any credible , sourced and relevant information you have . Also , ABBA is sometimes called the biggest selling act ever . If anyone has information to support this claim , I think adding a section about ABBA would be good . If you want to add an ABBA section , structure it that same as Michael Jackson , Beatles and Elvis . That is , heading , image , intro ( where they are from , when they were active , any records they hold , then go into detail about their sales . But I think ABBA should be the only other artist to be added to this list . I do n't want it to turn into a big long list . Only add artists if they have been claimed by many sources as being the best - selling ever and they are well known for being one of the best - selling artists ever . Please limit it to Michael Jackson , The Beatles , Elvis Presley and maybe ABBA . Otherwise , it might as well be List of best - selling music artists . Street walker 16 : 35 , 12 January 2006 ( UTC ) Have re-worded article , too much `` doubt '' mentioned for Elvis and The Beatles , while Jacksons entry seemed to be an essay to convert us over to all beliving he was the number 1 artist . Thank - you for doing that . You know , it 's not that I was trying to make Jackson look good , it 's that I knew more about the nature of his sales than the Beatles and Elvis . Sorry if it appeared otherwise . Street walker 03 : 43 , 14 January 2006 ( UTC ) Then it 's funny how you keep removing words such as `` sales claims '' and such like from the Jackson article , as well as the disclaimer about the WMA 's . It may also be mentioned at the top , but it is relevant to MJ , not Elvis and the Beatles . There is also a disclaimer at the top that also states sales are disputed and given by record companies , yet , that did n't stop you repeating it time and again in the articles of the Beatles and Elvis , if you 're not trying to make MJ look good and the other two look bad , well , you could have fooled me ! . As a matter of fact , The BJP ( Beatles / Jackson / Presley ) are the best selling artists of all time . That is the reason why we do need all objective fans ( from Beatles / Jackson / Presley ) and other fans / non fans to fill any reliable information so as to rule this wikipedia page. Readerweb 12 : 47 , 15 January 2006 ( UTC ) There is no ' fact ' on this at all . It is all speculation and guestimation . Why these artists have been singled out as the best sellers is because they have received awards for such ... and these awards are bogus to say the least . Without a doubt The Beatles and Elvis Presley stand supreme , but Michael Jackson is not the ' third biggest ' . Bing Crosby appears to have sold more , and so do ABBA . With Mariah Carey now having 16 number 1 hits in the US , being 2 behind Elvis , and 4 behind the Beatles , I also wonder what her true figures are . So called `` sales list '' ( edit ) The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) has just published its updated list of the 150 highest selling artists ever . IFPI has finally come up with a list of the top - selling acts in History . Its about time . The Top 9 is as follows : 01 . The Beatles 40 400,000,000 UK 60s ( 1962 - 1970 ) Rock / Pop Guinness / EMI 02 . Michael Jackson 14 350,000,000 US 70s - 00s ( 1979 - 2009 ) Pop / R&B 03 . Elvis Presley 150 300,000,000 US 50s - 70s ( 1956 - 1977 ) Country / Rock 04 . Madonna 16 275,000,000 US 80s - 00s ( 1984 - ) Pop / Dance and Techno 05 . Cliff Richard 60 250,000,000 UK 50s - 00s ( 1959 - 1969 , 1977 - 1979 , 1986 - 1999 ) Rock / Pop 06 . The Rolling Stones 54 ~ 250,000,000 UK 60s - 00s ( 1964 - 1981 ) Rock 07 . Mariah Carey 14 230,000,000 US 90s - 00s ( 1990 - ) Pop / R&B 08 . Elton John 43 ~ 220,000,000 UK 70s - 00s ( 1972 - 1976 , 1989 - 1991 , 1997 - ) Pop 09 . Celine Dion 21 220,000,000 Canada 80s - 00s ( 1990 - ) Pop Music / Pop Source : IFPI http://mjtkop.com/home/ http://www.madonna.com/ It is quite intersting this . I 'm not sure whetehr we should structure the page around their list , but it could well be worth at least a mention , perhaps its own section within the page . However , I ca n't find this anywhere on the IFPI 's webiste . Indeed , the only place I can see it referred to is on madonna 's website ; I think we 'd need something more concrete Robdurbar 10 : 28 , 27 January 2006 ( UTC ) AH , hang on a minute - I found a webiste that said ' the IFPI are the organization that provide the WMA with their figures ' ; so we 'd have the same problem as we do with their figures Robdurbar 10 : 29 , 27 January 2006 ( UTC ) This list = fake , phony MJ fans propaganda . Itisnt even an IFPI list . Why theres so many artist missing in the list like Patti Page , Shakira , and Enrique Igleasias ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.198. 101.97 ( talk ) 04 : 52 , 12 June 2016 ( UTC ) So called IFPI best selling artists of all time list probably not accurate ( edit ) According to ESCTODAY ( Eurovision Song Contest Today ) which is refering to IFPI , here are the 20 ( of 150 ) best selling artists of all time ( 1 ) : 01. The Beatles 400,000,000 # 02. Michael Jackson 350,000,000 # 03. Elvis Presley 300,000,000 # 04. Madonna 275,000,000 # 05. Nana Mouskouri 250,000,000 # 06. Cliff Richard 250,000,000 # 07. The Rolling Stones 250,000,000 # 08. Mariah Carey 230,000,000 # 09. Elton John 220,000,000 # 10. Celine Dion 220,000,000 # 11. Pink Floyd 210,000,000 # 12. Led Zeppelin 200,000,000 # 13. Metallica 200,000,000 # 14. Julio Iglesias 200,000,000 # 15. Queen 180,000,000 # 16 AC / DC 180,000,000 # 17 Whitney Houston 180,000,000 # 18. ABBA 160,000,000 # 19. U2 150,000,000 # 20. The Jacksons 150,000,000 This `` independant '' Eurovision site is reliable but there is something that bothered me though . The World Music Awards is always refering to IFPI ( 2 ) so why did WMA awarded Mariah Carey as the World 's Best - Selling Female Artist of the Millennium in 2000 as she 's only number 8 and Madonna number 4 ? I do n't think Madonna has sold 50 million records since 2000 and then outsold Mariah Carey within 5 or 6 years . Anyway , WMA is keeping secret on this list , except the Beatles news on their website ( as best selling act of all time ) , why ca n't they provide the second , the third , ... ? IFPI website is just providing certifications of the year . IMO it is too conflicting for both ( WMA and IFPI ) to publish officially a list of the best selling artists of all time ( with figures ) as Music Companies and Majors wo n't probably accept it ( again , it 's my opinion ). Readerweb 20 : 23 , 24 March 2006 ( UTC ) I can answer the question about Mariah , according to a rep at the WMA , Madonna was offered this award first -- however they never rec . a responce from her rep ... Liz , they stated that since there was no responce they gave the award to another `` deserving '' artist . Madonna has sold well over the 275 million albums stated above , none of COADF is accounted for in this number . Madonna 's ablbum sales outside the USA were over 200 million in 2000 . This was stated already , not including sales in the USA . The above IFPI sales totals are proven and accurate based on the time frame of up to mid year 2005 . Maddona has n't sold that many in reality . She'sonly sold 130 million singles and albums by 2000 . he has NOT sold another 175 million plus since then . Hope this answers the question . This is the same list thats been floating around wikipedia the last couple months . It is a fake list , and IFPI currently tracking down the source of it i believe . The fact that theres no indication of its existence on IFPI 's official website should 've already rung alarm bells. -- Count Chocula 07 : 11 , 25 March 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I wouldnt trust anything until it is available on the IFPI 's site itself Robdurbar 18 : 14 , 25 March 2006 ( UTC ) i dont know who changed my opinion on the page . Elvis presley is dead , The beatles are defunct so michael jackson is the highest selling artist ALIVE AND ACTIVE 59.92. 95.181 09 : 08 , 13 May 2006 ( UTC ) paul newman So what ? That dose n't mean anything . Jacksons sales include that of a defunct group . Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr are both alive and active and have outsold Jackson ! 74.65. 39.59 02 : 17 , 7 July 2006 ( UTC ) Oh great ... if they go out and branch as solo acts then they are on their own.it is being said that michael jackson alone has sold 300 million copies as a solo act. i think we should include only tat. omit the jackson 5 part. now probing a little deeper i think we should have a seperate biggest selling page for the solo artists such as elvis presley , brooks , jackson etc . But heck with it ... its the music that matters not the sales ... to me beatles are junk ... elvis and jackson are the true kings. 59.92. 61.24 08 : 58 , 12 July 2006 ( UTC ) Paul Newman has AC / DC really sold more records than ABBA ? ? ? ? I do n't know , since the WMA 's are secretive about this sort of thing , I call it all into question . The Beatles are not junk . `` Yesterday '' is much finer than `` Wanna be starting something '' by Wacko Jacko ! 74.65. 39.59 11 : 16 , 6 August 2006 ( UTC ) But on the other hand `` She 's Out of My Life '' is finer than `` Yellow Submarine '' ... Bab Michael jckson has sold 350million and the Jacksons 150million so Michael Jackson has sold 350 + 150 = 500million = > so he is the real number one . And it 's not finished ... ( actually it is ) The Jacksons / Jackson 5 sold 60 million not 150 million and if you actually add up Mjs album and singles sales it comes closer to 300 million . UPDATE : Madonna has been confirmed by The Guinness Book of World Records and IFPI ( International Federation of Phonographic Industry ) as the top selling female artist of all time with certified sales of 182mil albums and 125mil singles , 305 mil records in total . The updated chart of the `` United World Chart '' , the tracking authority which monitors the RIAA and SoundScan , lists Madonna at # 5 in their `` All Time Best Selling Album Artist '' and she 's the only female singer on the list ( Mariah Carey , Celine Dion and Nana Mouskouri are not mentioned ) . Also , Madonna is the all time singles artist with 25 world - wide # 1 songs , more than The Beatles , Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson . She 's also the best selling singles and album artist in several markets including the USA , England , Spain , Germany , etc ... List of best - selling remix albums worldwide ( edit ) Even though this is kinda off topic can someone help the new list of best - selling remix albums worldwide with its structure . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Best-selling_music_artist&oldid=829542229 '' Talk New section Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 08 : 11 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ABest-selling%20music%20artist

who plays officer garcia in santa clarita diet

Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia , a sheriff 's deputy , Dan 's partner , and very religious . She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing .

Natalie Morales

Santa Clarita Diet

santa clarita diet

Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror - comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer .

The single - camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 and consists of 10 episodes . The first season has received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the cast and premise , but criticizing the number of graphic scenes . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10 - episode third season set to premiere in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Advertising controversy 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita , California . The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh . With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time , they have to deal with neighbors , cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond , Joel 's wife and Abby 's mother Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond , Sheila 's husband and Abby 's father Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond , Sheila and Joel 's daughter Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis , the Hammonds ' neighbor , Lisa 's son and Dan 's stepson Recurring ( edit ) Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer ( season 1 ) , a sheriff 's deputy , Eric 's stepfather and the Hammonds ' neighbor . Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila . Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer , Dan 's wife and Eric 's mother Andy Richter as Carl Coby , the Hammonds ' boss Richard T. Jones as Rick , a Santa Monica police officer , the Hammond 's neighbor , and Joel 's friend Joy Osmanski as Alondra , Rick 's wife Kaylee Bryant as Sarah , a classmate of Abby and Eric Nathan Fillion as Gary West , a realtor and the Hammonds ' co-worker . He is the first person Sheila kills for food . His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds ' basement and later storage unit . Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia , a sheriff 's deputy , Dan 's partner , and very religious . She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing . Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak , Abby 's school principal Ramona Young as Ramona , a wise Rite - Aid employee . She also turns out to be a zombie . Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic ( season 1 ) , Novak 's Serbian grandmother DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes ( season 1 ) , a convicted felon . He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him . Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf ( season 1 ) , a scientist focused on the undead Zachary Knighton as Paul ( season 2 ) , Marsha 's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia , who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak Jaee Young Han as Marsha ( season 2 ) , Paul 's wife who 's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak Matt Shively as Christian ( season 2 ) , a student at Abby and Eric 's school who is also Chris and Christa 's son Guest ( edit ) Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi , a virologist Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas , Lisa Palmer 's lover Derek Waters as Anton , a conspiracy theorist Ravi Patel as Ryan , a convention goer Jonathan Slavin as Ron , an asylum inmate Joel McHale as Chris , a realtor who is married to Christa Maggie Lawson as Christa , a realtor who is married to Chris Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune , a retired army colonel Leo Howard as Sven , a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident , hurting Eric 's soul Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 10 March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` So Then a Bat or a Monkey '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby . They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid , including what might be an organ . Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home . Sheila is acting oddly , including an increased libido ; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat . Their neighbor 's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id , which Sheila is okay with . Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed , and if she degrades she may have to die . Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car , and later Sheila parties with her neighbors . Gary , Sheila 's co-worker , entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them . They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is . At Sheila 's home , Gary tries to force himself on her , threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses . Sheila licks his fingers , suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard . Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary ; as he looks on in horror , Sheila tells him she wants to make this work . `` We Ca n't Kill People ! '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) They bury Gary 's remains in the desert . Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary . While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious . Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy . Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants . Abby ditches school with Eric . Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans . Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters . Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster . After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she could n't eat the rooster . Joel reiterates that they can not kill people . Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila ca n't stand the cadaver flesh . Sheila 's hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat . They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now . Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes . `` We Can Kill People '' Marc Buckland Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents . Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing . They make a plan to find a bad person to kill . Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants . They get supplies for killing people . Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down . Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby 's friend leaves with her 26 - year - old drug dealer boyfriend , but he breaks up with her . Joel and Sheila talk to Rick , their other neighbor who is a cop , looking for where to find people to kill . He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him . Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him . Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila 's annoyance . The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house ; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend 's sweater . On the way home , Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car . They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed . They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is . `` The Farting Sex Tourist '' Ken Kwapis Michael A. Ross February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors . She suggests the women should live life to the fullest . She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet . Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies . He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone . Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray . Abby 's school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school . They insist everything is normal . Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby . Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it . Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she can not change . Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick 's motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila . Joel realizes Novak is Serbian . Dan sprays Joel 's yard for ants and finds Gary 's finger . 5 5 `` Man Eat Man '' Marc Buckland Chadd Gindin February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer . Joel talks to Novak 's Grandmother for help translating the prints . She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure . Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure . Joel finds a possible source for the book , Anton . Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found . Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair . Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton . Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki . Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary . Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone . Abby complains to Eric about her parent 's lying and he tries to kiss her . Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail . Sheila is worried she bit Loki . Abby notices blood on Sheila 's briefcase but does not confront her mom about it . Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before . 6 6 `` Attention to Detail '' Craig Zisk Leila Cohan - Miccio February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie . With no resolution they go to a party at Dan 's house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki . Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki 's house . Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss . Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him . Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan 's rose garden to freak him out . In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop . Joel runs into Loki 's friends and is held hostage . They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen . Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward . Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore . They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel . 7 7 `` Strange or Just Inconsiderate ? '' Lynn Shelton Ben Smith February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila bring Dan 's body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him . Sheila begins to worry about Joel , who is obsessed with retaining the family 's `` normality . '' Rick finds Anton for Joel . Abby finds Dan 's body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her . Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it . Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan 's murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops . With the sheriff 's department all over the neighborhood following Dan 's disappearance , Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails . Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler . The cops find Dan 's stash and with it Gary 's finger . Rick tells Joel that Gary 's disappearance is being blamed on Dan . While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off . 8 8 `` How Much Vomit ? '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel . As the police discover more about Dan 's corrupt activities , Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well . They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club , and he becomes obsessed with Sheila , forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel . As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila 's toe having fallen off , they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head . 9 9 `` The Book ! '' Tamra Davis Sarah Walker February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton , a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community , who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila 's condition . Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent , and when confronted later , admits he is a fraud and does not have the book -- however Joel is approached by another attendee , who puts him in touch with the book 's real owner , Dr. Cora Wolf . Meanwhile , Sheila tries to bond with Abby , as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner . 10 10 `` Baka , Bile and Baseball Bats '' Dean Parisot Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus , which has previously only been tested on rats . Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses , she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others . With Eric 's assistance , Wolf synthesizes the cure , only requiring the final ingredient : the bile of a pure - born Serbian . Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak 's `` baka '' and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk , however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution . Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement , to prevent her harming anyone . She takes a call from a real estate client , telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` No Family is Perfect '' Ken Kwapis Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel is under a 72 - hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron , who suffers from apparent delusions . Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile . They get a hit and Abby goes to collect . Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue . Sheila gets Eric to unchain her . Goran , the bile seller , is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home . Sheila attacks and consumes him . Eric uses the man 's bile to render a cure for Sheila 's deterioration . Joel comes home horrified , but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila wo n't get any worse . Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself . Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies , where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona . Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement . Later on , Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend , adding that she is recently single . While eating a man 's finger from her fridge , she asks Eric if he 'd like to hang out sometime . 12 `` Coyote in Yoga Pants '' Marc Buckland Michael A. Ross March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior . Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa , who has no news on her `` missing '' husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner , Deputy Anne Garcia . Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them . Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary 's old assignments . Abby and Eric break into Goran 's apartment to delete the evidence . Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home , but Eric 's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona . Another couple enters the apartment , also claiming to be Goran 's friends . Abby and Eric leave , but the other couple knows about the bile . Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals , Chris and Christa , for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner 's fleeing dog . Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out . Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill , Gary , is planned for development . They go to the desert to dig him up , but discover that Gary 's severed head has reanimated . 13 `` Moral Gray Area '' Ken Kwapis Clay Graham March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary . Gary agrees , but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla . Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary 's last request . Eric finds a corpse in Ramona 's bathtub and calls Abby , who sets out to rescue him . Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla , but she still needs her car , which is with her ex-boyfriend , Boone . Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car . Abby bursts into Ramona 's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex . Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her . At Boone 's house , Sheila and Joel discover that he is the `` young , single Hitler '' type that Sheila can eat guilt - free . While debating whether they should kill again impulsively , Boone 's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team . Sheila buys one as a future kill reference . After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration , she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby 's mother and they break up . Abby discovers Gary in the basement . 14 `` The Queen of England '' Adam Arkin Chadd Gindin March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Gary decides he does n't want to die , leaving the Hammonds in a bind . Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead . Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be . Remembering reports of murdered joggers , Sheila tells Ramona that without `` a Joel '' to help her , she needs to be more careful . Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs . Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student , Christian , with a lunch tray . Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel . Joel feels uneasy about his new life , but Gary offers some perspective . Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds ' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him . Abby chokes Ramona , who then confesses that she does n't want to do the undead thing alone anymore . Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner . Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature . While there , Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo 's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations . 15 5 `` Going Pre-med '' Marc Buckland Ben Smith March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila stakes out Boone 's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo 's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review . The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review . Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship . Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit ; one for Gary and the ball creature , and the other for a kill room . Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret . Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month 's detention but with Eric 's intervention , she instead joins the Environmental Club . Abby meets a new boy , Sven . Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit . She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend . Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme , with Eric 's support . Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo 's . At the restaurant , Ron meets with the couple from Goran 's apartment , Marsha and Paul . They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds . The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm . 16 6 `` Pasión '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo 's receipts who ordered the clam dish . Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune 's house while Sheila attends a work meeting . To be consistent with a previous lie , Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons . Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven . Sheila 's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him . Joel goes to Ed 's house undercover to confirm that Japopo 's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic . Eric helps Sheila with her eye . Abby goes on a date with Sven but they do n't connect . Joel questions Ed and searches his things . Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor , who hates Carl 's idea , prompting Sheila to offer her own . Carl berates Sheila , who accidentally bites off her own finger . The skin of Ed 's hand slides off during a handshake , proving that he is undead . Joel kills Ed , who had already gone feral , as well as his ball creature . Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking . Joel comes home to find Anne , but gets her to leave . Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger . 17 7 `` A Change of Heart '' Jaffar Mahmood Melissa Hunter March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident . Sheila and Joel confront Abby , but she feels no remorse . Eric goes undercover at Japopo 's but the owner wo n't disclose his clam distributor . Out of concern , Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa , who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby 's expulsion . Eric breaks into Japopo 's back office . The Hammonds go to Principal Novak 's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it 's been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out . Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway . He accidentally slams Sheila 's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt , forcing Novak to un-expel Abby . Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo 's used a different clam distributor , Ruby 's Clams , the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila 's transformation . Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly . She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand . 18 8 `` Easels and War Paint '' Steve Pink Caitlin Meares March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila ca n't recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot . She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting . Lisa stops by the Hammonds ' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne . During her blackout , Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations . Abby finds AJ , the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book , dead in their freezer . Sheila and Joel go to AJ 's work to retrieve her missing boot . Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site . Abby asks Lisa for Dan 's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her `` date '' with Eric . Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila 's boot . Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan 's explosives , but Eric backs out of the plan . Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company . Anne 's `` Suspicious Objects '' series includes paintings of Gary 's finger , the Nazi raffle book , Dan 's missing persons poster , and Joel . 19 9 `` Suspicious Objects '' Jamie Babbit Romi Barta March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby 's Clams and meets the proprietor . Anne shows Sheila her paintings . Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans . Ruby shows Joel her clam farm , which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months . She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day . As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings , Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby 's . Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects , including a tumbler containing Goran 's bile . She has pieced together parts of the case , but her boss did not buy her theories . Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby 's , but nothing works . The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it . Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams . Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building . Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary 's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case . 20 10 `` Halibut ! '' Marc Buckland Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne 's case . Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site . After numerous takes , Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that 'll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run . Gary then confirms that he 's ready to die . Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan 's closet for Anne to find , where they also discover C - 4 to use it at the fracking site . At Lisa 's baptism , Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages . Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged , the Hammonds plan their escape . Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss . Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila 's bracelets . Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary 's funeral and they tell her the truth . Anne shoots Sheila , who is unharmed , and Joel shows her Gary . Reading Eric and Abby 's explosion as a sign , Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make `` a family show with an interesting approach that we have n't seen before '' . The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that `` the undead are the ultimate narcissists . They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and do n't care about other people 's needs '' For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley . Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants . The Hammonds ' profession of realtors was chosen because `` It gets them out into the world '' as well as the `` forced friendliness '' inherent to the profession . Advertising controversy ( edit ) In February 2017 , advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany , where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst , a popular German fast food dish . After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear , especially in children , the German Advertising Council , a self - regulatory institution , forwarded the complaints to the company . Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 75 % based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 7.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast , frequent laughs , and an engaging premise -- but the level of gore might not be to everyone 's taste . '' Metacritic reports that the first season received `` generally favorable reviews '' with a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 30 critics . The second season received generally positive reviews as well . The season holds a score of 82 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 7.08 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Santa Clarita Diet rides the momentum of its freshman season with non-stop comedic gore and a big heart that bleeds -- profusely -- for its lovable characters . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant To Star In ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Netflix Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere for Drew Barrymore comedy Santa Clarita Diet -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore Comedy ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Get back on the Santa Clarita Diet next month on Netflix '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' brings attention to city '' . CNN Entertainment . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Barrymore Is TV 's Newest Zombie ( But , Do n't Call Her a Zombie ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' : Joel McHale , Maggie Lawson , Gerald McRaney & Zachary Knighton To Guest Star In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bacle , Ariana . `` Santa Clarita Diet creator calls new zombie comedy ' a romantic piece ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaga , Corinne ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` '' Angstauslösend '' Netflix muss Werbeplakate für TV - Serie `` Santa Clarita Diet '' abhängen '' ( in German ) . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 2 ( 201 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . 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when was the great pyramid of giza created

Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place .

10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC

Great pyramid of Giza

great pyramid of giza

51 ° 52 ' ± 2 '

UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Memphis and its Necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed by Egyptologists that the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery , rather than resting on the block beneath it , in order to prevent cumulative pressure . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 -- 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . In 2017 , scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery , using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays . Its length is at least 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery . It was detected using three different technologies : nuclear emulsion films , scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery . The Japanese research team disputes this , however , saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Five Great Civilizations of Ancient World . Educreation Publishing . 2017 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kingsland , William ( 1932 ) . The Great pyramid in fact and in theory . London : Rider . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt 's Great Pyramid '' . 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Morishima , Kunihiro ; Kuno , Mitsuaki ; Nishio , Akira ; Kitagawa , Nobuko ; Manabe , Yuta ; Moto , Masaki ; Takasaki , Fumihiko ; Fujii , Hirofumi ; Satoh , Kotaro ; Kodama , Hideyo ; Hayashi , Kohei ; Odaka , Shigeru ; Procureur , Sébastien ; Attié , David ; Bouteille , Simon ; Calvet , Denis ; Filosa , Christopher ; Magnier , Patrick ; Mandjavidze , Irakli ; Riallot , Marc ; Marini , Benoit ; Gable , Pierre ; Date , Yoshikatsu ; Sugiura , Makiko ; Elshayeb , Yasser ; Elnady , Tamer ; Ezzy , Mustapha ; Guerriero , Emmanuel ; Steiger , Vincent ; Serikoff , Nicolas ; Mouret , Jean - Baptiste ; Charlès , Bernard ; Helal , Hany ; Tayoubi , Mehdi ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Discovery of a big void in Khufu 's Pyramid by observation of cosmic - ray muons '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature24647 -- via www.nature.com . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt 's Great Pyramid '' . Jump up ^ `` Critics : Nothing special about big void found in Khufu Pyramid : The Asahi Shimbun '' . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bob Brier ; A. Hoyt Hobbs ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aedeen Cremin ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica : The World 's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures . Frances Lincoln . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=812631109 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 23 : 42 . 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who plays ridge forrester on the bold and the beautiful

Thorsten Kaye

thorsten kaye

Thorsten Kaye ( born Thorsten Ernst Kieselbach on 22 February 1966 in Frankfurt , Federal Republic of Germany ) is a German - British actor .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Filmography 4 Writer / poet 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Raised in Mainz and London , Kaye moved to the United States in 1985 on a track ( decathlon ) scholarship to the United States International University in San Diego . Kaye majored in physical education ( and minored in drama ) , but ultimately changed his major to drama and received his bachelor 's degree in fine arts . After a rugby union tour through Europe , Kaye enrolled in graduate school at Wayne State University in Detroit , where he earned his master 's degree in theater and theater history . Acting career ( edit ) Kaye appeared in many classical theater roles , including The Winter 's Tale , Tartuffe , Macbeth , Much Ado About Nothing , Hamlet , Love 's Labour 's Lost , Twelfth Night , and The Taming of the Shrew , both in London and with the Hilberry Repertory Company in Detroit . Kaye then moved to Los Angeles , where he garnered roles in various television projects , including the miniseries , Sidney Sheldon 's Nothing Lasts Forever , before moving to New York to accept the role of an Irish poet , Patrick Thornhart , on ABC 's One Life to Live ( 1995 -- 1997 ) . The character gained quite a bit of popularity , and it is where he would meet his real life partner , Susan Haskell . After completing a two - year stint on OLTL , Thorsten did some guest starring work for other shows , as well as starring in a few feature films . In April 2000 , Thorsten accepted the role of the dedicated physician Ian Thornhart ( Patrick 's older brother ) on the ABC daytime soap ( and the spin - off show of General Hospital ) , Port Charles ( 2000 -- 2003 ) . He appeared on the soap until its run ended in October 2003 . Thorsten received two Daytime Emmy Award Nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor for his portrayal of Ian in 2003 and 2004 . In April 2004 , Thorsten returned to New York to join the cast of the ABC soap All My Children in the role of casino owner , Zach Slater . He was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards in 2006 and 2009 . Thorsten portrayed Slater until December 2009 . He returned three times in 2010 , and again in 2011 to bring Zach 's storyline to a close when AMC came to an end after 41 years , in September 2011 . Kaye has an extensive portfolio of work in television , film and theatre . In addition to his work on soaps , he has appeared in Sliders , Law & Order , and Air America . After working with director David Worth in the film The Prophet 's Game ( which starred Dennis Hopper ) Kaye re-teamed with the director in the thriller Shark Attack II . He has also appeared in the feature films The Silencers , Deadly Desire , and The Bone Collector . Thorsten Kaye has one of the lead roles in a new psychological thriller ( feature - length film ) titled Occupant , which was released in the U.S and Canada in October 2011 on demand in many cable / satellite markets as well as on most digital platforms , including iTunes , Amazon , Blockbuster , and PlayStation . In 2012 , Kaye began appearing in the role of Nick , a recurring character on the NBC series Smash . In October 2013 , it was announced that Kaye was cast to portray Ridge Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful , replacing originator Ronn Moss , who departed the series in 2012 after 25 years in the role . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes The Silencers Jasper 2000 The Prophet 's Game Joey Highsmith ( adult ) 2000 Shark Attack 2 Dr. Nick Harris Direct - to - video 2011 Occupant Joe 2014 Animal Carl Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1991 Deadly Desire Airport Agent TV film 1995 Nothing Lasts Forever Jury Foreman TV film 1995 -- 1997 One Life to Live Patrick Thornhart Regular role 1998 Sliders Ralph Hackett Episode : `` Asylum '' 1999 Air America Sam Moon Episode : `` Fear of Flying '' 2000 Falcone Isadore Rechelko Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 -- 2003 Port Charles Dr. Ian Thornhart Regular role 2004 -- 2011 , 2013 All My Children Zach Slater Regular role 2012 -- 2013 Smash Nick Felder Recurring role , 13 episodes 2013 -- present The Bold and the Beautiful Ridge Forrester Regular role 2016 Falling Water Javier Mendoza Episode : `` Castles Made of Sand '' Writer / poet ( edit ) Kaye published a book of original poetry , entitled From Timber Ridge to Daymer Gardens , with Dorothy Bridges , widow of actor Lloyd Bridges . Proceeds from the book , which accompanied a CD release of the same name , go to Give Kids the World , a charity for sick children . His new children 's book will be coming out in March 2009 on the `` Rock the Soap '' cruise . Personal Life ( edit ) When not working , Kaye enjoys music , literature and riding American motorcycles . He is a fan of the Miami Dolphins and the Detroit Red Wings . While appearing on One Life to Live , he met his partner , Susan Haskell , who played his on - show love interest ( Margaret `` Marty '' Saybrooke ) . The two currently have two daughters , McKenna ( born February 2003 ) and Marlowe ( born January 2007 ) . Kaye was an active blogger for the Detroit Red Wings at NHL.com during the 2008 and 2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Thorsten Kaye Cast as the New Ridge on The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Thorsten Kaye Is B&B 's New Ridge '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who , Where and Wow ! '' . Soap Opera Weekly . 2007 - 02 - 27 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Thorsten Kaye -- Time to flip the switch -- NHL.com External links ( edit ) Thorsten Kaye on IMDb Thorsten Kaye profile ThorstenKaye.com -- The Official Thorsten Kaye Web Site VIAF : 19891409 BNF : cb14192665g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorsten_Kaye&oldid=756287773 '' Categories : 1966 births Living people Wayne State University alumni German expatriate male actors in the United States German expatriates in the United States People from Mainz People from London People from Frankfurt German poets United States International University alumni German male film actors German male television actors German male poets Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2016 , at 05 : 35 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsten%20Kaye

who sang theres a rat in my kitchen

`` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' is a song and single written and performed by British group , UB40 . It features Herb Alpert on trumpet and was the sixth track on their album Rat in the Kitchen . Released in 1986 , it reached Number 12 on the UK charts in 1987 , staying for seven weeks .

UB40

Rat in Mi Kitchen

rat in mi kitchen

`` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' is a song and single written and performed by British group , UB40 . It features Herb Alpert on trumpet and was the sixth track on their album Rat in the Kitchen . Released in 1986 , it reached Number 12 on the UK charts in 1987 , staying for seven weeks .

Although , like many UB40 songs , it is attributed to the whole group , the song was written by Astro . At the time lead singer Ali Campbell had just moved into a new home in Balsall Heath , Birmingham and was troubled by rodents . When asked by Astro if he has any ideas for new songs he replied , `` Oh God , I do n't care about the album for a minute , I 've got a rat in the kitchen ! '' Astro , who sings lead vocals on the song , wrote the track in response . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK Official charts - UB40 '' . www.officialscharts.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Greenstreet , Rosanna ( 2002 - 04 - 06 ) . `` My first home : Ali Campbell '' . www.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One The Best of UB40 -- Volume Two The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 Greatest Hits Love Songs Live albums UB40 Live Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Singles `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography DEP International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rat_in_Mi_Kitchen&oldid=834007981 '' Categories : 1986 songs UB40 songs Songs about mice and rats British reggae songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 09 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%20in%20Mi%20Kitchen

write a note on php explain how php works in detail

PHP

php

PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor ( or simply PHP ) is a server - side scripting language designed for Web development , but also used as a general - purpose programming language . It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 , the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Group . PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page , but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor .

PHP code may be embedded into HTML code , or it can be used in combination with various web template systems , web content management systems , and web frameworks . PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface ( CGI ) executable . The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code , which may be any type of data , including images , with the generated web page . PHP code may also be executed with a command - line interface ( CLI ) and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications . The standard PHP interpreter , powered by the Zend Engine , is free software released under the PHP License . PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform , free of charge . The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014 , leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard . Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification . During the 2010s there have been increased efforts towards standardisation and code sharing in PHP applications by projects such as PHP - FIG in the form of PSR - initiatives as well as Composer dependency manager and the Packagist repository . PHP hosts a diverse array of web frameworks requiring framework - specific knowledge , with Laravel recently emerging as a popular option by incorporating ideas made popular from other competing non-PHP web frameworks , like Ruby on Rails . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 PHP 3 and 4 1.3 PHP 5 1.4 PHP 6 and Unicode 1.5 PHP 7 1.6 Release history 2 Mascot 3 Syntax 3.1 Data types 3.2 Functions 3.3 PHP Objects 4 Implementations 5 Licensing 6 Development and community 7 Installation and configuration 8 Use 9 Security 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Rasmus Lerdorf , who wrote the original Common Gateway Interface ( CGI ) component , together with Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski , who rewrote the parser that formed PHP 3 . PHP development began in 1994 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface ( CGI ) programs in C , which he used to maintain his personal homepage . He extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases , and called this implementation `` Personal Home Page / Forms Interpreter '' or PHP / FI . PHP / FI could be used to build simple , dynamic web applications . To accelerate bug reporting and improve the code , Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP / FI as `` Personal Home Page Tools ( PHP Tools ) version 1.0 '' on the Usenet discussion group comp. infosystems. www. authoring. cgi on June 8 , 1995 . This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has today . This included Perl - like variables , form handling , and the ability to embed HTML . The syntax resembled that of Perl , but was simpler , more limited and less consistent . Early PHP was not intended to be a new programming language , and grew organically , with Lerdorf noting in retrospect : `` I do n't know how to stop it , there was never any intent to write a programming language ( ... ) I have absolutely no idea how to write a programming language , I just kept adding the next logical step on the way . '' A development team began to form and , after months of work and beta testing , officially released PHP / FI 2 in November 1997 . The fact that PHP was not originally designed , but instead was developed organically has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters . In some cases , the function names were chosen to match the lower - level libraries which PHP was `` wrapping '' , while in some very early versions of PHP the length of the function names was used internally as a hash function , so names were chosen to improve the distribution of hash values . PHP 3 and 4 ( edit ) This is an example of custom PHP code for the CMS WordPress . Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3 , changing the language 's name to the recursive acronym PHP : Hypertext Preprocessor . Afterwards , public testing of PHP 3 began , and the official launch came in June 1998 . Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP 's core , producing the Zend Engine in 1999 . They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan , Israel . On May 22 , 2000 , PHP 4 , powered by the Zend Engine 1.0 , was released . As of August 2008 this branch reached version 4.4. 9 . PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released . PHP 5 ( edit ) On July 14 , 2004 , PHP 5 was released , powered by the new Zend Engine II . PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object - oriented programming , the PHP Data Objects ( PDO ) extension ( which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases ) , and numerous performance enhancements . In 2008 PHP 5 became the only stable version under development . Late static binding had been missing from PHP and was added in version 5.3 . Many high - profile open - source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5 , 2008 , because of the GoPHP5 initiative , provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5 . Over time , PHP interpreters became available on most existing 32 - bit and 64 - bit operating systems , either by building them from the PHP source code , or by using pre-built binaries . For the PHP versions 5.3 and 5.4 , the only available Microsoft Windows binary distributions were 32 - bit x86 builds , requiring Windows 32 - bit compatibility mode while using Internet Information Services ( IIS ) on a 64 - bit Windows platform . PHP version 5.5 made the 64 - bit x86 - 64 builds available for Microsoft Windows . PHP 6 and Unicode ( edit ) PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level . In 2005 , a project headed by Andrei Zmievski was initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP , by embedding the International Components for Unicode ( ICU ) library , and representing text strings as UTF - 16 internally . Since this would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and to user code , it was planned to release this as version 6.0 of the language , along with other major features then in development . However , a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes , and performance problems arising from conversion to and from UTF - 16 , which is rarely used in a web context , led to delays in the project . As a result , a PHP 5.3 release was created in 2009 , with many non-Unicode features back - ported from PHP 6 , notably namespaces . In March 2010 , the project in its current form was officially abandoned , and a PHP 5.4 release was prepared containing most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP 6 , such as traits and closure re-binding . Initial hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration , but as of 2014 none had been adopted . PHP 7 ( edit ) During 2014 and 2015 , a new major PHP version was developed , which was numbered PHP 7 . The numbering of this version involved some debate . While the PHP 6 Unicode experiment had never been released , several articles and book titles referenced the PHP 6 name , which might have caused confusion if a new release were to reuse the name . After a vote , the name PHP 7 was chosen . The foundation of PHP 7 is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next generation ( phpng ) . It was authored by Dmitry Stogov , Xinchen Hui and Nikita Popov , and aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine while retaining near - complete language compatibility . As of 14 July 2014 , WordPress - based benchmarks , which served as the main benchmark suite for the phpng project , showed an almost 100 % increase in performance . Changes from phpng are also expected to make it easier to improve performance in the future , as more compact data structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a successful migration to a just - in - time ( JIT ) compiler . Because of the significant changes , the reworked Zend Engine is called Zend Engine 3 , succeeding Zend Engine 2 used in PHP 5 . Because of major internal changes in phpng , it must receive a new major version number of PHP , rather than a minor PHP 5 release , according to PHP 's release process . Major versions of PHP are allowed to break backward - compatibility of code and therefore PHP 7 presented an opportunity for other improvements beyond phpng that require backward - compatibility breaks . In particular , it involved the following changes : Many fatal - or recoverable - level legacy PHP error mechanisms were replaced with modern object - oriented exceptions The syntax for variable dereferencing was reworked to be internally more consistent and complete , allowing the use of the operators - > , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , and : : with arbitrary meaningful left - hand - side expressions Support for legacy PHP 4 - style constructor methods was deprecated The behavior of the foreach statement was changed to be more predictable Constructors for the few classes built - in to PHP which returned null upon failure were changed to throw an exception instead , for consistency Several unmaintained or deprecated server application programming interfaces ( SAPIs ) and extensions were removed from the PHP core , most notably the legacy mysql extension The behavior of the list ( ) operator was changed to remove support for strings Support for legacy ASP - style PHP code delimiters ( , and ) was removed An oversight allowing a switch statement to have multiple default clauses was fixed Support for hexadecimal number support in some implicit conversions from strings to number types was removed The left - shift and right - shift operators were changed to behave more consistently across platforms Conversions between integers and floating point numbers were tightened and implemented more consistently across platforms PHP 7 also included new language features . Most notably , it introduces return type declarations for functions , which complement the existing parameter type declarations , and support for the scalar types ( integer , float , string , and boolean ) in parameter and return type declarations . Release History ( edit ) Key Color Meaning Development Red Old release No development Yellow Stable release Security fixes Green Stable release Bug and security fixes Blue Future release New features Version Release date Supported until Notes 1.0 8 June 1995 Officially called `` Personal Home Page Tools ( PHP Tools ) '' . This is the first use of the name `` PHP '' . 2.0 1 November 1997 Officially called `` PHP / FI 2.0 '' . This is the first release that could actually be characterised as PHP , being a standalone language with many features that have endured to the present day . 3.0 6 June 1998 20 October 2000 Development moves from one person to multiple developers . Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrite the base for this version . 4.0 22 May 2000 23 June 2001 Added more advanced two - stage parse / execute tag - parsing system called the Zend engine . 4.1 10 December 2001 12 March 2002 Introduced `` superglobals '' ( $ _GET , $ _POST , $ _SESSION , etc . ) 4.2 22 April 2002 6 September 2002 Disabled register_globals by default . Data received over the network is not inserted directly into the global namespace anymore , closing possible security holes in applications . 4.3 27 December 2002 31 March 2005 Introduced the command - line interface ( CLI ) , to supplement the CGI . 4.4 11 July 2005 7 August 2008 Fixed a memory corruption bug , which required breaking binary compatibility with extensions compiled against PHP version 4.3. x . 5.0 13 July 2004 5 September 2005 Zend Engine II with a new object model . 5.1 24 November 2005 24 August 2006 Performance improvements with introduction of compiler variables in re-engineered PHP Engine . Added PHP Data Objects ( PDO ) as a consistent interface for accessing databases . 5.2 2 November 2006 6 January 2011 Enabled the filter extension by default . Native JSON support . 5.3 30 June 2009 14 August 2014 Namespace support ; late static bindings , jump label ( limited goto ) , closures , PHP archives ( phar ) , garbage collection for circular references , improved Windows support , sqlite3 , mysqlnd as a replacement for libmysql as underlying library for the extensions that work with MySQL , fileinfo as a replacement for mime_magic for better MIME support , the Internationalization extension , and deprecation of ereg extension . 5.4 1 March 2012 3 September 2015 Trait support , short array syntax support . Removed items : register_globals , safe_mode , allow_call_time_pass_reference , session_register ( ) , session_unregister ( ) and session_is_registered ( ) . Built - in web server . Several improvements to existing features , performance and reduced memory requirements . 5.5 20 June 2013 10 July 2016 Support for generators , finally blocks for exceptions handling , OpCache ( based on Zend Optimizer+ ) bundled in official distribution . 5.6 28 August 2014 31 December 2018 Constant scalar expressions , variadic functions , argument unpacking , new exponentiation operator , extensions of the use statement for functions and constants , new phpdbg debugger as a SAPI module , and other smaller improvements . 6. x Not released N / A Abandoned version of PHP that planned to include native Unicode support . 7.0 3 December 2015 3 December 2018 Zend Engine 3 ( performance improvements and 64 - bit integer support on Windows ) , uniform variable syntax , AST - based compilation process , added Closure : : call ( ) , bitwise shift consistency across platforms , ? ? ( null coalesce ) operator , Unicode codepoint escape syntax , return type declarations , scalar type ( integer , float , string and boolean ) declarations , `` spaceship '' three - way comparison operator , generator delegation , anonymous classes , simpler and more consistently available CSPRNG API , replacement of many remaining internal PHP `` errors '' with the more modern exceptions , and shorthand syntax for importing multiple items from a namespace . 7.1 1 December 2016 1 December 2019 void return type , class constant visibility modifiers 7.2 30 November 2017 30 November 2020 Warning when counting non-countables Beginning on June 28 , 2011 , the PHP Group implemented a timeline for the release of new versions of PHP . Under this system , at least one release should occur every month . Once per year , a minor release should occur which may include new features . Every minor release should at least be supported for two years with security and bug fixes , followed by at least one year of only security fixes , for a total of a three - year release process for every minor release . No new features , unless small and self - contained , are to be introduced into a minor release during the three - year release process . Mascot ( edit ) The elePHPant , PHP mascot . The mascot of the PHP project is the elePHPant , a blue elephant with the PHP logo on its side , designed by Vincent Pontier in 1998 . The elePHPant is sometimes differently colored when in plush toy form . Many variations of this mascot have been made over the years . Only the elePHPants based on the original design by Vincent Pontier are considered official by the community . These are highly collectible and some of them are extremely rare . Different variations are listed on A Field Guide to Elephpants . Syntax ( edit ) Main article : PHP syntax and semantics The following `` Hello , World ! '' program is written in PHP code embedded in an HTML document : PHP Test < ? php echo ' Hello World ' ; ? > However , as no requirement exists for PHP code to be embedded in HTML , the simplest version of Hello , World ! may be written like this , with the closing tag omitted as preferred in files containing pure PHP code < ? = ' Hello world ' ; The PHP interpreter only executes PHP code within its delimiters . Anything outside its delimiters is not processed by PHP , although non-PHP text is still subject to control structures described in PHP code . The most common delimiters are to close PHP sections . The shortened form < ? also exists . This short delimiter makes script files less portable , since support for them can be disabled in the local PHP configuration and it is therefore discouraged . However , there is no recommendation against the use of the echo short tag < ? = . Prior to PHP 5.4. 0 , this short syntax for echo ( ) only works with the short_open_tag configuration setting enabled , while for PHP 5.4. 0 and later it is always available . The purpose of all these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP content , such as JavaScript code or HTML markup . The first form of delimiters , , in XHTML and other XML documents , creates correctly formed XML processing instructions . This means that the resulting mixture of PHP code and other markup in the server - side file is itself well - formed XML . Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol , and a type does not need to be specified in advance . PHP 5 introduced type hinting that allows functions to force their parameters to be objects of a specific class , arrays , interfaces or callback functions . However , before PHP 7.0 , type hints could not be used with scalar types such as integer or string . Unlike function and class names , variable names are case sensitive . Both double - quoted ( `` '' ) and heredoc strings provide the ability to interpolate a variable 's value into the string . PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free - form language , and statements are terminated by a semicolon . PHP has three types of comment syntax : / * * / marks block and inline comments ; / / or # are used for one - line comments . The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text , e.g. , to a web browser . In terms of keywords and language syntax , PHP is similar to the C style syntax . if conditions , for and while loops , and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C , C++ , C# , Java and Perl . Data types ( edit ) PHP stores integers in a platform - dependent range , either a 64 - bit or 32 - bit signed integer equivalent to the C - language long type . Unsigned integers are converted to signed values in certain situations ; this behavior is different from other programming languages . Integer variables can be assigned using decimal ( positive and negative ) , octal , hexadecimal , and binary notations . Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform - specific range . They can be specified using floating point notation , or two forms of scientific notation . PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C++ . Using the Boolean type conversion rules , non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false , as in Perl and C++ . The null data type represents a variable that has no value ; NULL is the only allowed value for this data type . Variables of the `` resource '' type represent references to resources from external sources . These are typically created by functions from a particular extension , and can only be processed by functions from the same extension ; examples include file , image , and database resources . Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle , including resources , objects , and even other arrays . Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values , and the two can be intermingled . PHP also supports strings , which can be used with single quotes , double quotes , nowdoc or heredoc syntax . The Standard PHP Library ( SPL ) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes . Functions ( edit ) PHP defines a large array of functions in the core language and many are also available in various extensions ; these functions are well documented in the online PHP documentation . However , the built - in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and associated inconsistencies , as described under history above . Custom functions may be defined by the developer , e.g. : function myAge ( Int $ birthYear ) : String ( / / defines a function , this one is named `` myAge '' $ yearsOld = date ( ' Y ' ) - $ birthYear ; / / calculates the age return $ yearsOld . ' year ' . ( $ yearsOld ! = 1 ? ' s ' : ' ' ) ; / / returns the age in a descriptive form ) echo ' I am currently ' . myAge ( 1981 ) . ' old . ' ; / / outputs the text concatenated / / with the return value of myAge ( ) / / As the result of this syntax , myAge ( ) is called . In 2018 , the output of the above sample program is ' I am currently 37 years old . ' In lieu of function pointers , functions in PHP can be referenced by a string containing their name . In this manner , normal PHP functions can be used , for example , as callbacks or within function tables . User - defined functions may be created at any time without being prototyped . Functions may be defined inside code blocks , permitting a run - time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined . There is a function_exists function that determines whether a function with a given name has already been defined . Function calls must use parentheses , with the exception of zero - argument class constructor functions called with the PHP operator new , in which case parentheses are optional . Until PHP 5.3 , support for anonymous functions and closures did not exist in PHP . While create_function ( ) exists since PHP 4.0. 1 , it is merely a thin wrapper around eval ( ) that allows normal PHP functions to be created during program execution . PHP 5.3 added syntax to define an anonymous function or `` closure '' which can capture variables from the surrounding scope : function getAdder ( $ x ) ( return function ( $ y ) use ( $ x ) ( return $ x + $ y ; ) ; ) $ adder = getAdder ( 8 ) ; echo $ adder ( 2 ) ; / / prints `` 10 '' In the example above , getAdder ( ) function creates a closure using passed argument $ x ( the keyword use imports a variable from the lexical context ) , which takes an additional argument $ y , and returns the created closure to the caller . Such a function is a first - class object , meaning that it can be stored in a variable , passed as a parameter to other functions , etc . Unusually for a dynamically typed language , PHP supports type declarations on function parameters , which are enforced at runtime . This has been supported for classes and interfaces since PHP 5.0 , for arrays since PHP 5.1 , for `` callables '' since PHP 5.4 , and scalar ( integer , float , string and boolean ) types since PHP 7.0 . PHP 7.0 also has type declarations for function return types , expressed by placing the type name after the list of parameters , preceded by a colon . For example , the getAdder function from the earlier example could be annotated with types like so in PHP 7 : function getAdder ( int $ x ) : \ Closure ( return function ( int $ y ) use ( $ x ) : int ( return $ x + $ y ; ) ; ) $ adder = getAdder ( 8 ) ; echo $ adder ( 2 ) ; / / prints `` 10 '' echo $ adder ( null ) ; / / throws an exception because an incorrect type was passed $ adder = getAdder ( ( ) ) ; / / would also throw an exception By default , scalar type declarations follow weak typing principles . So , for example , if a parameter 's type is int , PHP would allow not only integers , but also convertible numeric strings , floats or booleans to be passed to that function , and would convert them . However , PHP 7 has a `` strict typing '' mode which , when used , disallows such conversions for function calls and returns within a file . PHP objects ( edit ) Basic object - oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4 . This allowed for PHP to gain further abstraction , making creative tasks easier for programmers using the language . Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5 , expanding the feature set and enhancing performance . In previous versions of PHP , objects were handled like value types . The drawback of this method was that code had to make heavy use of PHP 's `` reference '' variables if it wanted to modify an object it was passed rather than creating a copy of it . In the new approach , objects are referenced by handle , and not by value . PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods , along with abstract classes , final classes , abstract methods , and final methods . It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors , similar to that of other object - oriented languages such as C++ , and a standard exception handling model . Furthermore , PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented . There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system . Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct . There is no virtual table feature in the engine , so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time . If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone , the Zend engine will check whether a __clone ( ) method has been defined . If not , it will call a default __clone ( ) which will copy the object 's properties . If a __clone ( ) method is defined , then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object . For convenience , the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object , so the programmer can start with a by - value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed . The following is a basic example of object - oriented programming in PHP : class Person ( public $ firstName ; public $ lastName ; public function __construct ( $ firstName , $ lastName = ' ' ) ( / / optional second argument $ this - > firstName = $ firstName ; $ this - > lastName = $ lastName ; ) public function greet ( ) ( return ' Hello , my name is ' . $ this - > firstName . ( ( $ this - > lastName ! = ' ' ) ? ( ' ' . $ this - > lastName ) : ' ' ) . ' . ' ; ) public static function staticGreet ( $ firstName , $ lastName ) ( return ' Hello , my name is ' . $ firstName . ' ' . $ lastName . ' . ' ; ) ) $ he = new Person ( ' John ' , ' Smith ' ) ; $ she = new Person ( ' Sally ' , ' Davis ' ) ; $ other = new Person ( ' iAmine ' ) ; echo $ he - > greet ( ) ; / / prints `` Hello , my name is John Smith . '' echo ' ' ; echo $ she - > greet ( ) ; / / prints `` Hello , my name is Sally Davis . '' echo ' ' ; echo $ other - > greet ( ) ; / / prints `` Hello , my name is iAmine . '' echo ' ' ; echo Person : : staticGreet ( ' Jane ' , ' Doe ' ) ; / / prints `` Hello , my name is Jane Doe . '' The visibility of PHP properties and methods is defined using the keywords public , private , and protected . The default is public , if only var is used ; var is a synonym for public . Items declared public can be accessed everywhere . protected limits access to inherited classes ( and to the class that defines the item ) . private limits visibility only to the class that defines the item . Objects of the same type have access to each other 's private and protected members even though they are not the same instance . PHP 's member visibility features have sometimes been described as `` highly useful . '' However , they have also sometimes been described as `` at best irrelevant and at worst positively harmful . '' Implementations ( edit ) The original , only complete and most widely used PHP implementation is powered by the Zend Engine and known simply as PHP . To disambiguate it from other implementations , it is sometimes unofficially called `` Zend PHP '' . The Zend Engine compiles PHP source code on - the - fly into an internal format that it can execute , thus it works as an interpreter . It is also the `` reference implementation '' of PHP , as PHP has no formal specification , and so the semantics of Zend PHP define the semantics of PHP . Due to the complex and nuanced semantics of PHP , defined by how Zend works , it is difficult for competing implementations to offer complete compatibility . PHP 's single - request - per - script - execution model , and the fact the Zend Engine is an interpreter , leads to inefficiency ; as a result , various products have been developed to help improve PHP performance . In order to speed up execution time and not have to compile the PHP source code every time the web page is accessed , PHP scripts can also be deployed in the PHP engine 's internal format by using an opcode cache , which works by caching the compiled form of a PHP script ( opcodes ) in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs . An opcode cache , Zend Opcache , is built into PHP since version 5.5 . Another example of a widely used opcode cache is the Alternative PHP Cache ( APC ) , which is available as a PECL extension . While Zend PHP is still the most popular implementation , several other implementations have been developed . Some of these are compilers or support JIT compilation , and hence offer performance benefits over Zend PHP at the expense of lacking full PHP compatibility . Alternative implementations include the following : HHVM ( HipHop Virtual Machine ) -- developed at Facebook and available as open source , it converts PHP code into a high - level bytecode ( commonly known as an intermediate language ) , which is then translated into x86 - 64 machine code dynamically at runtime by a just - in - time ( JIT ) compiler , resulting in up to 6 × performance improvements . Parrot -- a virtual machine designed to run dynamic languages efficiently ; Pipp transforms the PHP source code into the Parrot intermediate representation , which is then translated into the Parrot 's bytecode and executed by the virtual machine . Phalanger -- compiles PHP into Common Intermediate Language ( CIL ) bytecode Quercus -- compiles PHP into Java bytecode HipHop -- developed at Facebook and available as open source , it transforms the PHP scripts into C++ code and then compiles the resulting code , reducing the server load up to 50 % . In early 2013 , Facebook deprecated it in favor of HHVM due to multiple reasons , including deployment difficulties and lack of support for the whole PHP language , including the create_function ( ) and eval ( ) constructs . Licensing ( edit ) PHP is free software released under the PHP License , which stipulates that : Products derived from this software may not be called `` PHP '' , nor may `` PHP '' appear in their name , without prior written permission from group@php.net . You may indicate that your software works in conjunction with PHP by saying `` Foo for PHP '' instead of calling it `` PHP Foo '' or `` phpfoo '' . This restriction on use of `` PHP '' makes the PHP License incompatible with the General Public License ( GPL ) , while the Zend License is incompatible due to an advertising clause similar to that of the original BSD license . Development and community ( edit ) PHP includes various free and open - source libraries in its source distribution , or uses them in resulting PHP binary builds . PHP is fundamentally an Internet - aware system with built - in modules for accessing File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) servers and many database servers , including PostgreSQL , MySQL , Microsoft SQL Server and SQLite ( which is an embedded database ) , LDAP servers , and others . Numerous functions familiar to C programmers , such as those in the stdio family , are available in standard PHP builds . PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language . PHP extensions can be compiled statically into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime . Numerous extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API , process management on Unix - like operating systems , multibyte strings ( Unicode ) , cURL , and several popular compression formats . Other PHP features made available through extensions include integration with IRC , dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content , PHP Data Objects ( PDO ) as an abstraction layer used for accessing databases , and even speech synthesis . Some of the language 's core functions , such as those dealing with strings and arrays , are also implemented as extensions . The PHP Extension Community Library ( PECL ) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language . Some other projects , such as Zephir , provide the ability for PHP extensions to be created in a high - level language and compiled into native PHP extensions . Such an approach , instead of writing PHP extensions directly in C , simplifies the development of extensions and reduces the time required for programming and testing . The PHP Group consists of ten people ( as of 2015 ) : Thies C. Arntzen , Stig Bakken , Shane Caraveo , Andi Gutmans , Rasmus Lerdorf , Sam Ruby , Sascha Schumann , Zeev Suraski , Jim Winstead , Andrei Zmievski . Zend Technologies provides a PHP Certification based on PHP 5.5 exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers . Installation and configuration ( edit ) There are two primary ways for adding support for PHP to a web server -- as a native web server module , or as a CGI executable . PHP has a direct module interface called Server Application Programming Interface ( SAPI ) , which is supported by many web servers including Apache HTTP Server , Microsoft IIS , Netscape ( now defunct ) and iPlanet . Some other web servers , such as OmniHTTPd , support the Internet Server Application Programming Interface ( ISAPI ) , which is a Microsoft 's web server module interface . If PHP has no module support for a web server , it can always be used as a Common Gateway Interface ( CGI ) or FastCGI processor ; in that case , the web server is configured to use PHP 's CGI executable to process all requests to PHP files . PHP - FPM ( FastCGI Process Manager ) is an alternative FastCGI implementation for PHP , bundled with the official PHP distribution since version 5.3. 3 . When compared to the older FastCGI implementation , it contains some additional features , mostly useful for heavily loaded web servers . When using PHP for command - line scripting , a PHP command - line interface ( CLI ) executable is needed . PHP supports a CLI SAPI as of PHP 4.3. 0 . The main focus of this SAPI is developing shell applications using PHP . There are quite a few differences between the CLI SAPI and other SAPIs , although they do share many of the same behaviors . PHP has a direct module interface called SAPI for different web servers ; in case of PHP 5 and Apache 2.0 on Windows , it is provided in form of a DLL file called php5apache2. dll , which is a module that , among other functions , provides an interface between PHP and the web server , implemented in a form that the server understands . This form is what is known as a SAPI . There are different kinds of SAPIs for various web server extensions . For example , in addition to those listed above , other SAPIs for the PHP language include the Common Gateway Interface ( CGI ) and command - line interface ( CLI ) . PHP can also be used for writing desktop graphical user interface ( GUI ) applications , by using the PHP - GTK extension . PHP - GTK is not included in the official PHP distribution , and as an extension it can be used only with PHP versions 5.1. 0 and newer . The most common way of installing PHP - GTK is compiling it from the source code . When PHP is installed and used in cloud environments , software development kits ( SDKs ) are provided for using cloud - specific features . For example : Amazon Web Services provides the AWS SDK for PHP Windows Azure can be used with the Windows Azure SDK for PHP . Numerous configuration options are supported , affecting both core PHP features and extensions . Configuration file php. ini is searched for in different locations , depending on the way PHP is used . The configuration file is split into various sections , while some of the configuration options can be also set within the web server configuration . Use ( edit ) A broad overview of the LAMP software bundle , displayed here together with Squid . PHP is a general - purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server - side web development , in which case PHP generally runs on a web server . Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime , usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere . It can also be used for command - line scripting and client - side graphical user interface ( GUI ) applications . PHP can be deployed on most web servers , many operating systems and platforms , and can be used with many relational database management systems ( RDBMS ) . Most web hosting providers support PHP for use by their clients . It is available free of charge , and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build , customize and extend for their own use . Dynamic web page : example of server - side scripting ( PHP and MySQL ) . PHP acts primarily as a filter , taking input from a file or stream containing text and / or PHP instructions and outputting another stream of data . Most commonly the output will be HTML , although it could be JSON , XML or binary data such as image or audio formats . Since PHP 4 , the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine , giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor . Originally designed to create dynamic web pages , PHP now focuses mainly on server - side scripting , and it is similar to other server - side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client , such as Microsoft 's ASP.NET , Sun Microsystems ' JavaServer Pages , and mod_perl . PHP has also attracted the development of many software frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development ( RAD ) . Some of these include PRADO , CakePHP , Symfony , CodeIgniter , Laravel , Yii Framework , Phalcon and Zend Framework , offering features similar to other web frameworks . The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications . PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux , Apache and MySQL , although the P may also refer to Python , Perl , or some mix of the three . Similar packages , WAMP and MAMP , are also available for Windows and OS X , with the first letter standing for the respective operating system . Although both PHP and Apache are provided as part of the Mac OS X base install , users of these packages seek a simpler installation mechanism that can be more easily kept up to date . As of April 2007 , over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with PHP installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module . As of May 2017 , PHP was used as the server - side programming language on 83 % of 10 million most popular websites . Web content management systems written in PHP include MediaWiki , Joomla , eZ Publish , eZ Platform , SilverStripe , WordPress , Drupal , and Moodle . Websites written in PHP , in back - end and / or user - facing portion , include Facebook , Digg , Tumblr , Dailymotion , and Slack . For specific and more advanced usage scenarios , PHP offers a well defined and documented way for writing custom extensions in C or C++ . Besides extending the language itself in form of additional libraries , extensions are providing a way for improving execution speed where it is critical and there is room for improvements by using a true compiled language . PHP also offers well defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects . That way PHP can be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project , also providing tight interfacing with the project 's specific internal data structures . PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking support for multithreading at the core language level , though using threads is made possible by the `` pthreads '' PECL extension . As of January 2013 , PHP was used in more than 240 million websites ( 39 % of those sampled ) and was installed on 2.1 million web servers . A command line interface , php - cli , and two ActiveX Windows Script Host scripting engines for PHP have been produced . Security ( edit ) In 2017 , 3 % of all vulnerabilities listed by the National Vulnerability Database were linked to PHP ; historically , about 30 % of all vulnerabilities listed since 1996 in this database are linked to PHP . Technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent ( 22 in 2009 , about 1 % of the total although PHP applies to about 20 % of programs listed ) . Recognizing that programmers make mistakes , some languages include taint checking to automatically detect the lack of input validation which induces many issues . Such a feature is being developed for PHP , but its inclusion into a release has been rejected several times in the past . There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening - Patch , especially designed for web hosting environments . There are certain language features and configuration parameters ( primarily the default values for such runtime settings ) that make PHP applications prone to security issues . Among these , magic_quotes_gpc and register_globals configuration directives are the best known ; the latter made any URL parameters become PHP variables , opening a path for serious security vulnerabilities by allowing an attacker to set the value of any uninitialized global variable and interfere with the execution of a PHP script . Support for `` magic quotes '' and `` register globals '' has been deprecated as of PHP 5.3. 0 , and removed as of PHP 5.4. 0 . Another example for the runtime settings vulnerability comes from failing to disable PHP execution ( via engine configuration directive ) for the directory where uploaded images are stored ; leaving the default settings can result in execution of malicious PHP code embedded within the uploaded images . Also , leaving enabled the dynamic loading of PHP extensions ( via enable_dl configuration directive ) in a shared web hosting environment can lead to security issues . Also , implied type conversions that result in incompatible values being treated as identical against the programmer 's intent can lead to security issues . For example , the result of the comparison 0e1234 = = 0 comparison is true , because the first compared value is treated as scientific notation having the value ( 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 × 10 ) , i.e. zero . This feature resulted in authentication vulnerabilities in Simple Machines Forum , Typo3 and phpBB when MD5 password hashes were compared . Instead , either the function strcmp or the identity operator ( = = = ) should be used ; 0e1234 = = = 0 results in false . In a 2013 analysis of over 170,000 website defacements , published by Zone - H , the most frequently ( 53 % ) used technique was exploitation of file inclusion vulnerability , mostly related to insecure usage of the PHP functions include , require , and allow_url_fopen . See also ( edit ) Computer programming portal Free and open - source software portal PEAR ( PHP Extension and Application Repository ) PHP Extension Community Library ( PECL ) PHP accelerator List of PHP accelerators List of AMP packages List of PHP editors PHP - GTK Template processor XAMPP ( Free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package ) Zend Server Hack ( programming language ) Comparison of programming languages Comparison of web frameworks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( ( last = Lerdorf first = Rasmus title = PHP on Hormones -- history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara , California date = 2007 - 04 - 26 access - date = 2009 - 12 - 11 publisher = The Conversations Network url = http://itc.conversationsnetwork.org/shows/detail3298.html ) ) ^ Jump up to : `` News Archive -- 2018 : PHP 7.2. 5 Released '' . php.net. 2018 - 04 - 26 . 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Jump up ^ `` Developer Meeting Notes , Nov. 2005 '' . Jump up ^ `` Taint mode decision , November 2007 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Hardened - PHP Project '' . 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Security : Using Register Globals '' . PHP Manual . PHP.net . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Quotes '' . PHP Manual . PHP.net . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' engine ' configuration directive '' . PHP : Runtime Configuration . PHP.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PHP Security Exploit With GIF Images '' . 2007 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PHP security exploit with GIF images '' . PHP Classes blog . 2007 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Passing Malicious PHP Through getimagesize ( ) '' . 2007 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' enable_dl ' configuration directive '' . PHP : Runtime Configuration . PHP.net . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PHP function reference : dl ( ) '' . PHP.net . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` My host wo n't fix their Trojan '' . WebHosting Talk . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Raz0r . `` Simple Machines Forum < = 2.0. 3 Admin Password Reset '' . Jump up ^ Nibble Security . `` TYPO3 - SA - 2010 - 020 , TYPO3 - SA - 2010 - 022 EXPLAINED '' . Jump up ^ Ahack.ru . `` Криптостойкость и небезопасное сравнение '' . Jump up ^ `` Comparison operators '' . PHP.net . Jump up ^ Pawel Krawczyk ( 2013 ) . `` Most common attacks on web applications '' . IPSec.pl . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pawel Krawczyk ( 2013 ) . `` So what are the `` most critical '' application flaws ? On new OWASP Top 10 `` . IPSec.pl . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 . Further reading ( edit ) Paul Ford ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` What is Code ? '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . What 's the Absolute Minimum I Must Know About PHP ? 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the contribution of agriculture in india's gross domestic product is

The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India .

13.7 % of the GDP

Agriculture in India

agriculture in india

The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India .

India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter . Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations . Indian agricultural / horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries , primarily in the Middle East , Southeast Asia , SAARC countries , the EU and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Agriculture and colonialism 2.2 Indian agriculture after independence 3 Irrigation 4 Output 4.1 Major crops and yields 4.2 Horticulture 4.3 Organic Agriculture 5 Problems 5.1 Infrastructure 5.2 Productivity 5.3 Farmer suicides 5.4 Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose 6 Initiatives 7 Maps 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics , India is the world 's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables , milk , major spices , select fibrous crops such as jute , staples such as millets and castor oil seed . India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice , the world 's major food staples . India is the world 's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits , agriculture - based textile raw materials , roots and tuber crops , pulses , farmed fish , eggs , coconut , sugarcane and numerous vegetables . India ranked in the world 's five largest producers of over 80 % of agricultural produce items , including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton , in 2010 . India is one of the world 's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat , with one of the fastest growth rates , as of 2011 . One report from 2008 claimed India 's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat . Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing population , plus produce wheat and rice for global exports , if it can reduce food staple spoilage , improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to those achieved by other developing countries such as Brazil and China . In fiscal year ending June 2011 , with a normal monsoon season , Indian agriculture accomplished an all - time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat , a 6.4 % increase from a year earlier . Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes , a 7 % increase from the year earlier . Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year . Indian farmers , thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011 . The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan . India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide , and the sixth largest net exporter . This represents explosive growth , as in 2004 net export were about $5 billion . India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10 - year period , its $39 billion of net exports is more than double the combined exports of the European Union ( EU - 28 ) . It has become one of the world 's largest supplier of rice , cotton , sugar and wheat . India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to Africa , Nepal , Bangladesh and other regions around the world . Aquaculture and catch fishery is amongst the fastest growing industries in India . Between 1990 and 2010 , the Indian fish capture harvest doubled , while aquaculture harvest tripled . In 2008 , India was the world 's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer . India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world 's countries . India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the kilograms produced per hectare for some agricultural items , over the last 60 years . These gains have come mainly from India 's green revolution , improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge of gains and reforms . Despite these recent accomplishments , agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains , because crop yields in India are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries . Additionally , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world. . A new step to bring eFarming is being introduced by myKheti that serves fresh fruits and vegetables direct from Khet / Farm without storage . Because of a vast digital revolution in India , myKheti brings agriculture in a digital front through eFarming where anyone can be an online farmer and can get fresh vegetables and fruits direct from Khet / Farm . History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of agriculture in India Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India . Rigveda hymns , for example , describes plowing , fallowing , irrigation , fruit and vegetable cultivation . Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley , and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan . Bhumivargaha , an Indian Sanskrit text , suggested to be 2500 years old , classifies agricultural land into 12 categories : urvara ( fertile ) , ushara ( barren ) , maru ( desert ) , aprahata ( fallow ) , shadvala ( grassy ) , pankikala ( muddy ) , jalaprayah ( watery ) , kachchaha ( contiguous to water ) , sharkara ( full of pebbles and pieces of limestone ) , sharkaravati ( sandy ) , nadimatruka ( watered from a river ) , and devamatruka ( rainfed ) . Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC . So were species of winter cereals ( barley , oats , and wheat ) and legumes ( lentil and chickpea ) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC . Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago , include sesame , linseed , safflower , mustards , castor , mung bean , black gram , horse gram , pigeonpea , field pea , grass pea ( khesari ) , fenugreek , cotton , jujube , grapes , dates , jackfruit , mango , mulberry , and black plum . Indian peasants had also domesticated cattle , buffaloes , sheep , goats , pigs and horses thousands of years ago . According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula , 10000 -- 3000 years ago , well beyond the fertile plains of the north . For example , one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses ( Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum ) , millet - grasses ( Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata ) , wheats ( Triticum dicoccum , Triticum durum / aestivum ) , barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus ) , pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) , finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) , cotton ( Gossypium sp . ) , linseed ( Linum sp . ) , as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae . Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants , and domestication of crops and animals . Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture . Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year . Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced . Plants and animals -- considered essential to survival by the Indians -- came to be worshiped and venerated . The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication , and Indian crops affected the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage . Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth . Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme . Agriculture and colonialism ( edit ) Over 2500 years ago , Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane . It was in India , between the sixth and four BC , that the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' being grown . These were locally called साखर , ( Sākhara ) . On their return journey , the Macedonian soldiers carried the `` honey bearing reeds , '' thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture . People in India had invented , by about 500 BC , the process to produce sugar crystals . In the local language , these crystals were called khanda ( खण्ड ) , which is the source of the word candy . Before the 18th century , cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India . A few merchants began to trade in sugar -- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century . Sugar became widely popular in 18th - century Europe , then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Sugarcane does not grow in cold , frost - prone climate ; therefore , tropical and semitropical colonies were sought . Sugarcane plantations , just like cotton farms , became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century -- of people from Africa and from India , both in millions -- influencing the ethnic mix , political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations . The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced , in part , colonialism , slavery and slavery - like indentured labor practices in the new world , Caribbean wars and world history in 18th and 19th centuries . Indian agriculture after independence ( edit ) Cotton flower in India . This is a cash crop in central India . In the years since its independence , India has made immense progress towards food security . Indian population has tripled , and food - grain production more than quadrupled . There has been a substantial increase in available food - grain per capita . Before the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements . However , two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security . India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self - sufficiency . This ushered in India 's Green Revolution . It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding , disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity . The state of Punjab led India 's green revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh . With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer , India 's total foodgrain production soared . A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948 , produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land . Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self - sufficient by the 1970s . It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare . By 2000 , Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare . Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu With agricultural policy success in wheat , India 's Green Revolution technology spread to rice . However , since irrigation infrastructure was very poor , Indian farmer innovated with tube - wells , to harvest ground water . When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption , the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India -- Bihar , Odisha and West Bengal . The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one - third of the harvested crop area . In the 1980s , Indian agriculture policy shifted to `` evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern '' leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed , fruit and vegetables . Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying , fisheries and livestock , and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population . As with rice , the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network , flood control systems , reliable electricity production capacity , all - season rural and urban highways , cold storage to prevent spoilage , modern retail , and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers . This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy . India 's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes . Between 1970 and 2011 , the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 % to 16 % . This is n't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy . This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services , industrial output , and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010 . Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution . In 2013 NDTV awarded him as 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country . An irrigation canal in Gujarat . Irrigation contributes significantly to agriculture in India . Two states , Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift fully to organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively . Irrigation ( edit ) Main article : Irrigation in India Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers , groundwater well - based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these , the groundwater system is the largest . Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India , about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals . In 2010 , only about 35 % of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population , control flood and prevent drought - related damage to agriculture . Output ( edit ) Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . The changing face of Indian agriculture : formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies . A panoramic view of a rice , cassava and banana farm in Kerala state . A mustard farm in Rajasthan state . Amul : an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state . India has some of the world 's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations . A tea estate in Kerala state . As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector , accounting , on average , for about 16 % of GDP and 10 % of export earnings . India 's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares ( 394.6 million acres ) is the second largest in the world , after the United States . Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares ( 215.6 million acres ) is the largest in the world . India is among the top three global producers of many crops , including wheat , rice , pulses , cotton , peanuts , fruits and vegetables . Worldwide , as of 2011 , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle , is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries . Major crops and yields ( edit ) The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India , by economic value , in 2009 . Included in the table is the average productivity of India 's farms for each produce . For context and comparison , included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010 . The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases , in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes . Largest agricultural products in India by value Rank Commodity Value ( US $ , 2013 ) Unit price ( US $ / kilogram , 2009 ) Average yield ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Most productive country ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) Rice $42.57 billion 0.27 3.99 12.03 Australia Buffalo milk $27.92 billion 0.4 0.63 23.7 India Cow milk $18.91 billion 0.31 10.3 Israel Wheat $13.98 billion 0.15 2.8 8.9 Netherlands 5 Mangoes , guavas $10.79 billion 0.6 6.3 40.6 Cape Verde 6 Sugar cane $10.42 billion 0.03 66 125 Peru 7 Cotton $8.65 billion 1.43 1.6 4.6 Israel 8 Bananas $7.77 billion 0.28 37.8 59.3 Indonesia 9 Potatoes $7.11 billion 0.15 19.9 44.3 United States 10 Tomatoes $6.74 billion 0.37 19.3 524.9 Belgium 11 Fresh vegetables $6.27 billion 0.19 13.4 76.8 United States 12 Buffalo meat $4.33 billion 2.69 0.138 0.424 Thailand 13 Groundnuts $4.11 billion 1.96 1.8 17.0 China 14 Okra $4.06 billion 0.35 7.6 23.9 Israel 15 Onions $4.05 billion 0.21 16.6 67.3 Ireland 16 Chick peas $3.43 billion 0.4 0.9 2.8 China 17 Chicken meat $3.32 billion 0.64 10.6 20.2 Cyprus 18 Fresh fruits $3.25 billion 0.42 1.1 5.5 Nicaragua 19 Hen eggs $3.18 billion 2.7 0.1 0.42 Japan 20 Soybeans $3.09 billion 0.26 1.1 3.7 Turkey The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that , per final numbers for 2009 , India had grown to become the world 's largest producer of the following agricultural products : Fresh Fruit Lemons and limes Buffalo milk , whole , fresh Castor oil seeds Sunflower seeds Sorghum Millet Spices Okra Jute Beeswax Bananas Mangoes , mangosteens , guavas Pulses Indigenous buffalo meat Fruit , tropical Ginger Chick peas Areca nuts Other bastfibres Pigeon peas Papayas Chillies and peppers , dry Anise , badian , fennel , coriander Goat milk , whole , fresh Per final numbers for 2009 , India is the world 's second largest producer of the following agricultural products : Wheat Rice Fresh vegetables Sugar cane Groundnuts , with shell Lentils Garlic Cauliflowers and broccoli Peas , green Sesame seed Cashew nuts , with shell Silk - worm cocoons , reelable Cow milk , whole , fresh Tea Potatoes Onions Cotton lint Cotton seed Eggplants ( aubergines ) Nutmeg , mace and cardamoms Indigenous goat meat Cabbages and other brassicas Pumpkins , squash and gourds In 2009 , India was the world 's third largest producer of eggs , oranges , coconuts , tomatoes , peas and beans . In addition to growth in total output , agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years . The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops . Improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40 % to 500 % over 40 years . India 's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive , are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries . Additionally , despite these gains in farm productivity , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world . Agriculture productivity in India , growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 Crop Average YIELD , 1970 - 1971 Average YIELD , 1990 - 1991 Average YIELD , 2010 -- 2011 kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Rice 1123 1740 2240 Wheat 1307 2281 2938 Pulses 524 578 689 Oilseeds 579 771 1325 Sugarcane 48322 65395 68596 Tea 1182 1652 1669 Cotton 106 225 510 India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar , also in a demonstration plot . These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in farming . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm . Horticulture ( edit ) The total production and economic value of horticultural produce , such as fruits , vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 - year period from 2002 to 2012 . In 2012 , the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time . The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013 , making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China . Of this , India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits , 162 million tonnes of vegetables , 5.7 million tonnes of spices , 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products ( cashew , cacao , coconut , etc . ) , 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers ( 7.6 billion cut flowers ) . Horticultural productivity in India , 2013 Country Area under fruits production ( million hectares ) Average Fruits Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) Area under vegetable production ( million hectares ) Average Vegetable Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) India 7.0 11.6 9.2 52.36 China 11.8 11.6 24.6 23.4 Spain 1.54 9.1 0.32 39.3 United States 1.14 23.3 1.1 32.5 World 57.3 11.3 60.0 19.7 During the 2013 fiscal year , India exported horticulture products worth ₹ 14,365 crore ( US $2.2 billion ) , nearly double the value of its 2010 exports . Along with these farm - level gains , the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year . Organic agriculture ( edit ) Organic agriculture has fed India for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India . Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and it achieves a premium price in the market place . India has 6 , 50,000 organic producers , which is more that any other country . India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture , which is third in the world ( after Finland and Zambia ) . Problems ( edit ) A rural market in India -- farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce India lacks cold storage , food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system . This causes one of the world 's highest food spoilage rates , particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions . Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders . Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ' sabzi mandi ' such as one shown or from roadside vendors . Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques . In some parts of India , traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use . Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes . Since 2002 , India has become the world 's largest manufacturer of tractors with 29 % of world 's output in 2013 ; it is also the world 's largest tractor market . Above a tractor in use in north India . `` Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two - thirds of India 's people depend on rural employment for a living . Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India 's yields for many agricultural commodities are low . Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible . Farmers ' access to markets is hampered by poor roads , rudimentary market infrastructure , and excessive regulation . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2008 '' `` With a population of just over 1.2 billion , India is the world 's largest democracy . In the past decade , the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth , emerged as a global player with the world 's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms , and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals . India 's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country . Nevertheless , disparities in income and human development are on the rise . Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009 - 10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004 - 05 . Going forward , it will be essential for India to build a productive , competitive , and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural , non-farm entrepreneurship and employment . Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices . '' -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' A 2003 analysis of India 's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture . For food staples , the annual growth rate in production during the six - year segments 1970 - 76 , 1976 -- 82 , 1982 -- 88 , 1988 -- 1994 , 1994 - 2000 were found to be respectively 2.5 , 2.5 , 3.0 , 2.6 , and 1.8 % per annum . Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern , with the growth rate for 1994 - 2000 attaining only 1.5 % per annum . Infrastructure ( edit ) India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms . Irrigation systems are inadequate , leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water . In other areas regional floods , poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices , lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30 % of farmer 's produce going to waste , lack of organised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer 's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops . The Indian farmer receives just 10 % to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce , the difference going to losses , inefficiencies and middlemen . Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64 % to 81 % . Productivity ( edit ) Although India has attained self - sufficiency in food staples , the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil , the United States , France and other nations . Indian wheat farms , for example , produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France . Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China . Other staples productivity in India is similarly low . Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2 % per annum ; in contrast , China 's total factor productivity growths is about 6 % per annum , even though China also has smallholding farmers . Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries . By contrast , Indian farms in some regions post the best yields , for sugarcane , cassava and tea crops . Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states . Some states produce two to three times more grain per acre than others . The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India , for 2001 - 2002 . Crop Average farm yield in Bihar Average farm yield in Karnataka Average farm yield in Punjab kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare Wheat 2020 unknown 3880 Rice 1370 2380 3130 Pulses 610 470 820 Oil seeds 620 680 1200 Sugarcane 45510 79560 65300 Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union . No single state of India is best in every crop . Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane , Haryana in wheat and coarse grains , Karnataka in cotton , Bihar in pulses , while other states do well in horticulture , aquaculture , flower and fruit plantations . These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure , soil quality , micro-climates , local resources , farmer knowledge and innovations . The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient . Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated , with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods . One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure , knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds . Additionally , cold storage , hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes . The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors : The average size of land holdings is very small ( less than 2 hectares ) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts , and in some cases , family disputes . Such small holdings are often over-manned , resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour . Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity , since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97 % of its farming population . A Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers , China 's organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity . Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of technology is inadequate , hampered by ignorance of such practices , high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings . According to the World Bank , Indian branch 's Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development , India 's large agricultural subsidies are hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Overregulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty . Government intervenes in labour , land , and credit markets . India has inadequate infrastructure and services . The World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient , unsustainable and inequitable . The irrigation infrastructure is deteriorating . The overuse of water is being covered by over-pumping aquifers but , as these are falling by one foot of groundwater each year , this is a limited resource . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030 . Illiteracy , general socio - economic backwardness , slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce . Inconsistent government policy . Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without notice for short term political ends . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 52.6 % of the land was irrigated in 2003 -- 04 , which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season . A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy , while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth . Farm credit is regulated by NABARD , which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent . At the same time , over-pumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels . A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the `` Walmart model '' to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector . Farmer suicides ( edit ) Main article : Farmers ' suicides in India In 2012 , the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides . Farmer suicides account for 11.2 % of all suicides in India . Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides , such as monsoon failure , high debt burdens , genetically modified crops , government policies , public mental health , personal issues and family problems . Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose ( edit ) Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that `` prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances , provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere '' . The policy suggested that , as far as possible , land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction , industrial parks and other commercial development . Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint , stating that `` prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self - defeating . '' He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture . Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere , wherever there are advantages of production , market needs and the locational preferences of managers , engineers , technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education , healthcare and other infrastructure . He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics , the market economy should determine productive allocation of land . Initiatives ( edit ) Viticulture farms in Maharashtra . Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu . The required level of investment for the development of marketing , storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge . The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure . Among these schemes are ' Construction of Rural Godowns ' , ' Market Research and Information Network ' , and ' Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure , Grading and Standardisation ' . The Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established in 1905 , was responsible for the search leading to the `` Indian Green Revolution '' of the 1970s . The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields , including research and education . The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR . The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments , analyses data in agriculture , and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding . Recently the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme . Its recommendations have had a mixed reception . In November 2011 , India announced major reforms in organised retail . These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce . The announcement led to major political controversy . The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011 . In the summer of 2012 , the subsidised electricity for pumping , which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels , put additional strain on the country 's electrical grid due to a 19 % drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country . In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps . In 2015 , Narendra Modi announced to double farmer 's income by 2022 . Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing . Kandawale is one of such e-commerce website which sells Indian Red Onions to bulk users direct from farmers , reducing unnecessary cost escalations . Maps ( edit ) Minor crop Areas in India : P pulses , S sugarcane , J jute , Cn coconut , C cotton , and T tea Natural vegetation zones in India See also ( edit ) Agriculture and Agronomy portal Animal husbandry in India Beekeeping in India Rice production in India Retailing in India Farming Systems in India Fishing in India Women in agriculture in India Forestry in India Rural roads and infrastructure in India Irrigation in India Biotechnology in India eFarming by myKheti in India Bibliography ( edit ) George A. Grierson ( 1885 ) . 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( 2013 ) , Shadow space : suicides and the predicament of rural India , Journal of Peasant Studies , 40 ( 3 ) , 597 -- 601 Jump up ^ Das , A. ( 2011 ) , Farmers ' suicide in India : implications for public mental health , International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 57 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 29 ^ Jump up to : National Policy for Farmers , 2007 Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Telegraph . July 23 , 2007 ' Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self - defeating ' Jump up ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on February 2008 Jump up ^ Objectives Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Indian agricultural research institute , Retrieved on December 2007 Jump up ^ Farmers Commission Jump up ^ `` Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls . '' al Jazeera , 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi : Target to double farmers ' income by 2022 '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Sharma , Shalendra D. ( 1999 ) , Development and Democracy in India , Lynne Rienner Publishers , pp. 125 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 810 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in India . Agarwal , Ankit ( 2011 ) , `` Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period '' , History Today 12 , New Delhi , ISSN 2249 - 748X . State of Indian Agriculture 2011 - 12 . New Delhi : Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture and Cooperation , March 2012 Indian Agriculture . U.S. Library of Congress . Government of India , Ministry of Agriculture , Department of Agriculture & Cooperation website Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page . Website of The Indian Farmers Association Commodity Research , Food and Agribusiness , Commodity News and Analysis ( in English ) ( based in India ) Agriculture Commodity Market News - Agri Commodity News , Rates , Daily Trading Prices , The Trade News Agency NNS - Daily commodity prices of Agricultural and Agri based Commodities from different Markets of India . Indian Agriculture Industry business - to - business ( b2b ) News and Directory ( in English ) ( based in India ) Principal crops of India and problems with Indian agriculture A collection of statistics ( from India Statistical Report , 2011 ) along with sections of this Wikipedia article and YouTube videos . Brighter Green Policy Paper : Veg or NonVeg , India at a Crossroads A December 2011 policy paper analysing the forces behind the rising consumption and production of meat , eggs , and dairy products in India , and the effects on India 's people , environment , animals , and the global climate . `` India 's farmers start to mechanize amid a labor shortage , increasing productivity . - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . 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who's doing the halftime show in 2018

The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC .

Justin Timberlake

Super Bowl LII halftime show

super bowl lii halftime show

The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . 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reasons why south africa should include renewable energy in its energy mix

The two main barriers accompanying renewable energy in South Africa are ; the energy innovation system , and the high cost of renewable energy technologies . The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme ( REI4P ) suggests that the cost associated with renewable energy will equal the cost of non-renewable energy by 2030 . Renewable energy is becoming more efficient , inexpensive , and widely used . South Africa has an abundance of renewable resources that can effectively supply the country 's energy .

Renewable energy in South Africa

renewable energy in south africa

Renewable energy in South Africa is energy that is obtained from renewable resources , those which naturally replenish themselves , such as ; sunlight , wind , tides , waves , rain , biomass , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy focuses on four core areas including ; electricity generation , air and water heating / cooling , transportation , and rural energy services . The energy sector in South Africa is an important component of global energy regimes due to the country 's innovation and advances in renewable energy . South Africa 's contribution to greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions is ranked as moderate and its per capita emission rate is higher than the global average . Energy demand within the country is expected to rise steadily and double by 2025 .

Of all of the renewable energies in South Africa , solar power holds the most potential . Because of the country 's geographic location , it receives large amounts of radiative energy which is useful in the solar electricity sector . Another renewable energy in South Africa with high potential is wind energy . Due to the high wind velocity on the coast of the country , Cape Town has implemented multiple wind farms which are successful in generating significant amounts of electricity for residents . Renewable energy systems in the long - term are comparable or cost slightly less than non-renewable sources . Biomass is currently the largest renewable energy contributor in South Africa with 9 - 14 % of the total energy mix . Renewable energy systems are costly to implement in the beginning but provide high economic returns in the long - run . The two main barriers accompanying renewable energy in South Africa are ; the energy innovation system , and the high cost of renewable energy technologies . The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme ( REI4P ) suggests that the cost associated with renewable energy will equal the cost of non-renewable energy by 2030 . Renewable energy is becoming more efficient , inexpensive , and widely used . South Africa has an abundance of renewable resources that can effectively supply the country 's energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Policies & regulations 1.1 Renewable Energy Feed - In Tariff ( 2009 - 2011 ) 1.2 Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme ( Since 2011 ) 1.3 Tax Incentive ( Since 2016 ) 1.3. 1 Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation 1.3. 2 Other Renewable Energy Generation 2 Types of energy 2.1 Solar energy 2.2 Wind energy 2.3 Hydropower 2.4 Biomass 2.5 Geothermal energy 3 Energy providers 4 Future research 5 See also 6 References Policies & regulations ( edit ) South Africa is currently a member of the International Renewable Energy Agency ( IRENA ) which is an international organization that promotes the use of renewable energy policies . The IRENA aims at providing countries with tools to create policies and the transition of technology necessary for renewable energy . It provides an assessment of resources , finance management , policy and legal framework and the capacity of the energy sector . Renewable energy feed - in tariff ( 2009 - 2011 ) ( edit ) The National Energy Regulator of South Africa ( NERSA ) implemented the Renewable Energy Feed - In Tariff ( REFIT ) in 2009 . The REFIT works to progressively reduce carbon - based power generation by moving in the direction of renewable energy sources . NERSA employed the REFIT in an attempt to meet the target of producing 10TWh of electricity by 2013 . When first introduced , the feed - in tariffs applied only to wind energy , hydropower , and concentrated solar power ( CSP ) . Six months after the introduction , the tariffs were expanded to include biomass and solar photovoltaics . The organization wants to achieve sustainability through the use of renewable resources while engaging stakeholders , lowering the cost of investment , and making the cost of electricity more affordable for all . The decentralized investment opportunity provides South Africa with the resources to overcome its current energy crisis . REFIT is the first successful greenhouse gas mitigating projects used in South Africa . The REFIT program was superseded by the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme in May 2011 . Renewable energy Independent power Producers Procurement Programme ( since 2011 ) ( edit ) South Africa first introduced the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme ( REI4P ) in 2011 . The program includes an initiative to install 17.8 GW of renewable energy in South Africa before 2030 . The goal of the REI4P is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while minimizing the country 's reliance on non-renewable energy sources such as nuclear and coal . REI4P also works to promote local manufacturing of materials used in the renewable energy sector . Tax Incentive ( since 2016 ) ( edit ) To incentivize the further rollout of renewable energy generation by the private sector , the South African Revenue Service has of 1 January 2016 amended the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 to include accelerated depreciation for renewable energy assets commissioned by a tax paying entity . This tax incentive is not limited to new renewable generation systems . Photovoltaic solar energy generation ( edit ) A special provision is made for photovoltaic systems that are smaller or equal to 1 MW ( Megawatt peak ) in section 12 B of the Tax Act allowing the system to be depreciated according to the following schedule : Year 1 : 100 % depreciation By depreciating the photovoltaic solar system by 100 % in year one the tax paying entity is granted a tax shield due to saved income tax . This results in a 28 % discount on the photovoltaic solar system . The tax shield applies even if the photovoltaic solar system is installed mid-year . By partially financing the photovoltaic solar system through debt , systems can achieve a repayment time of 1 year . Systems subsequently achieve ongoing electricity savings for each year of operation . Other renewable energy generation ( edit ) Wind power , concentrated solar power ( CSP ) , biomass , photovoltaic systems exceeding 1 MW , hydropower not exceeding 30 MW as well as biomass systems are also incentivized through an accelerated depreciation with the following schedule : Year 1 : 50 % depreciation Year 2 : 30 % depreciation Year 3 : 20 % depreciation Types of energy ( edit ) South Africa receives large amounts of solar radiation each year . Solar energy ( edit ) Main article : Solar power in South Africa Solar energy is light and heat that is radiated from the Sun . It is then transformed into electricity through photovoltaics ( PV ) or concentrated solar power ( CSP ) . Solar energy in South Africa is primarily based in PV and CSP . The levelized cost of solar electricity is relative to the quality and quantity of solar radiation in South Africa . The same plant can produce up to 20 % more electricity for the same capital investment in South Africa compared to countries in Europe . The furthest area in the left of the country receives the highest levels of solar radiation , ranging from 2100 kWh / m2 to more than 2300 kWh / m2 . Solar power production in South Africa is supposed to reach 8400 MW by the year 2030 . South Africa implemented a solar park in the Northern Cape region which is set to deliver 180,000 MWh of annual solar energy to the country . It is estimated that only 3000 km ^ 2 of land used for solar electricity is required to meet South Africa 's demand . Solar energy is a low - cost source of energy compared to traditional non-renewable energy resources in South Africa . The introduction of solar power plants has stimulated the economy and created jobs within the country . South Africa 's land cover receives an average of 2,500 hours of sunshine per year . Solar energy systems have a high initial cost ; but typically return the investment within 5 to 8 years . The use of solar energy in South Africa is driving the use of other renewable energy sources including : wind , hydroelectric , and biomass . Jeffrey 's Bay Wind Farm is located on the Eastern cape and has a production output of 100MW . It is the second largest wind farm in South Africa . Wind energy ( edit ) Wind power is the use of wind turbines to mechanically power the generation of electric power . Levels of wind will differentiate depending on factors such as terrain , bodies of water and vegetative cover . Wind turbines convert the wind into kinetic energy and mechanical power . The wind turns the 50 metre long blades which are attached to the 80 - metre high hub / shaft that generate the electric energy . Wind turbine farms can range between 10MW to over 100 MW and produce energy when the wind is between 13 -- 90 km / h . Wind turbines farms can be onshore or offshore ; offshore have stronger winds and less of a visual impact . In 2014 the first major wind farm became operational with approximately 10 either operational or in construction today . South Africa 's extensive coastline and geographical terrain including lowlands and high veld escarpment , provide wind energy that can be extracted and generated into off - the - shelf technology . There are currently 19 wind energy developments in South Africa with more than 600 wind turbines . On the international scale , South Africa ranks as having fair to reasonable wind resources . Wind power is a renewable , widely distributed and clean form of energy. The production of wind energy does n't produce greenhouse gases and is an alternative to burning fossil fuels . Gariep Dam , located in Eastern Cape , is a large - scale hydroelectric site with the primary purposes of power generation , irrigation , domestic and industrial use . Hydropower ( edit ) Hydropower , or hydroelectric power , is energy that is captured from flowing water and turned into electricity . The most common forms of hydropower use hydroelectric dams to create a reservoir for storing water . When the water is released from the reservoir , it flows through a turbine which generates electricity . South Africa currently has 7 hydroelectric power stations , dispersed across the country , all owned by Eskom . The country 's hydroelectricity potential is limited due to the low annual rainfall rate of 500mm . South Africa experiences seasonal flows and frequent droughts which are obstacles to the success of hydropower within the country . The Eastern Cape province is considered the hydro - potential of the country . Hydroelectric dams in South Africa can be associated with other water uses , such as irrigation and flood control , to increase economic development within the country . The current installed capacity within the country is 668MW . Large - scale ( > 10MW ) hydroelectric generation systems have the potential to contribute up to 5091MW of energy , but can have negative implications on the environment . The large amount of flowing water can damage river ecology , and the facilities take up a significant amount of land space . Small - scale ( < 10MW ) hydroelectric generation systems can contribute up to 69MW of energy and do not have any major environmental implications . Biomass is the largest renewable energy contributor in South Africa , holding 9 - 14 % of the energy mix . Biomass ( edit ) Biomass is physical biological material that comes from living or recently living organisms . It comes from plants or materials that are derived from plants which are called lignocellulosic biomass . Biomass has the capacity to produce electricity , heat or liquid fuels . Biomass can be used as an energy source by directly using it for heating or cooking fuel or to generate electricity . It can also be used indirectly by using its biological processes and producing ethanol , methanol and fuel that can be used to transportation and cooking processes . Wood is currently the largest producer of biomass fuel today with tree stumps , forest residue , dead trees and wood chips as examples . Animal matter and plant matter can also be converted into forms of biofuel . South Africa currently has several biodiesel production facilities in production . With 42 million hectares of natural woodlands and 1.35 million hectares of plantation ; there is a large potential for biomass production in South Africa . The South African government has an objective called the Working for Energy Programme which is aimed at processing biomass energy for various applications . Geothermal energy is produced by extracting heat from the Earth 's crust and converting it to electricity . Geothermal energy ( edit ) Geothermal energy is generated from heat that is stored in the Earth . The geothermal energy is that is generated from the Earth 's crust is the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of material . Geothermal heat pumps tap into the ground to use this resource as a source of energy . The production of geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable form of energy . There are currently no geothermal energy practices in South Africa but there are projects underway to implement them . Geothermal measurements have been made throughout South Africa and it demonstrated that there is high geothermal potential and that the temperatures are ranking from medium to high on the global scale . Energy providers ( edit ) The South African energy sector is dominated by the company Eskom . Eskom currently produces 95 % of South Africa 's electricity . Due to their large presence in the non-renewable energy sector , there are independent power producers ( IPP ) who are capable of providing renewable energy sources . In order to reach the 10,000 GWh target of renewable energy , the government has joined agencies and implemented policies to promote independent power producers in implementing renewable energy . BioTherm Energy is the leading IPP because of their three wind and solar projects that are involved in REI4P . Mulilo is a South African company who provides clean energy such as wind and solar to the national grid . Mulilo is a member of the South African REI4P and has won 420MW worth of projects . They currently have 30MW of solar PV operational and have another 185MW scheduled . By the end of 2017 Mulilo will have 240MW for wind power contributions . juwi South Africa is a renewable energy company who is also one of the world 's leading renewable energy companies . juwi South Africa 's main focus is on the production of solar energy on a utility and commercial scale , as well as onshore wind energy . juwi South Africa has built five utility - scale solar plants under the REI4P and they are also a member of the IPPs . Future research ( edit ) South Africa is one of the most popular countries for investment in renewable energy . In 2014 , the country received US $5.5 billion towards renewable energy projects . Renewable energy in South Africa has the potential to increase access to electricity in rural areas because of its suitability for off - grid and small - scale solutions . The barriers of renewable energy in the country include lack of political stability and capacity , marginalization , corruption , poverty , and environmental degradation . The government introduces both short - to - medium and long - term targets to help set the pace of renewable energy production . A financial barrier exists in the renewable energy sector in South Africa . Investors choose to invest in large - scale non-renewable resource companies , such as Eskom , rather than Independent Power Producers such as BioTherm , Mulilo , and juwi South Africa . The high initial capital required to employ renewable energy is a large constraint the sector experiences . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal South Africa portal South Africa Energy in South Africa Solar Power in South Africa Wind Power Hydroelectricity Biomass energy Geothermal energy Renewable energy by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ellabban , Omar ; Abu - Rub , Haitham ; Blaabjerg , Frede ( 2014 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Renewable energy resources : Current status , future prospects and their enabling technology '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 39 : 748 -- 764 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2014.07. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables 2010 Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . www.ren21.net . September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pegels , Anna ( 2010 ) . `` Renewable Energy in South Africa : Potentials , Barriers , and options for support '' . Energy Policy . 38 : 4945 -- 4954 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . ^ Jump up to : Winkler , Harald ( 2005 ) . `` Renewable energy policy in South Africa : policy options for renewable electricity '' . Energy Policy . 33 : 27 -- 38 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . ^ Jump up to : Banks , Douglas ; Schäffler , Jason ( 2006 ) . `` The potential contribution of renewable energy in South Africa '' . Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project : 1 -- 116 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . ^ Jump up to : Walwyn , David ; Brent , Alan ( 2015 ) . `` Renewable energy gathers steam in South Africa '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 41 : 390 -- 401 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . ^ Jump up to : `` IRENA REsource '' . resourceirena.irena.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Odeku , Kola ( 2011 ) . `` Implementing a renewable energy feed - in tariff in South Africa : the beginning of a new dawn '' . Sustainable Development Law & Policy . 2 : 45 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Msimanga , B ( 2014 ) . `` South Africa 's non-policy driven options for renewable energy development '' . Renewable Energy . 69 : 420 -- 427 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Introduces Aggressive Feed - in Tariffs '' . www.renewableenergyworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Powering up : A look at section 12B allowance for renewable energy machinery '' . South African Institute of Tax Professionals . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taxation in South Africa 2015 / 2016 '' ( PDF ) . South African Revenue Service . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Market Intelligence Report '' ( PDF ) . GreenCape . p. 42 - 43 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Incentive Through Accelerated Depreciation On Solar PV -- Section 12B '' . econavitas . Jump up ^ `` Updated SARS Tax Incentive for Solar Power ! '' . Grid Energy Solutions . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query result '' . www.webcitation.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Energy '' . SEIA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar energy in South Africa REVE '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Massive South African solar plant comes online '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar energy in South Africa -- Challenges and opportunities '' . South Africa . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wind Energy Basics '' . windeis.anl.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Farm , Jeffreys Bay Wind . `` How big are the wind turbines ? Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm South Africa '' . jeffreysbaywindfarm.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Farm , Jeffreys Bay Wind . `` Wind Energy Facts Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm South Africa '' . jeffreysbaywindfarm.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gipe , Paul ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Wind Industry 's Experience with Aesthetic Criticism '' . Leonardo. 26 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 248 . doi : 10.2307 / 1575818 . Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts SAWEA '' . SAWEA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fthenakis , Vasilis ; Kim , Hyung Chul ( 2009 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Land use and electricity generation : A life - cycle analysis '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 13 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 1465 -- 1474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2008.09. 017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydropower '' . www.renewableenergyworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Hydroelectricity in South Africa '' ( PDF ) . Eskom . January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hydropower in South Africa '' . Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy Department : Energy REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA '' . www.energy.gov.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ GB , Forestry Commission , . `` Biomass Energy resources '' . biomassenergycentre.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Biomass Power '' . www.eskom.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` DEVELOPING A WILLOW BIOMASS CROP ENTERPRISE FOR BIOENERGY AND BIOPRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES ( PDF Download Available ) '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mcqueen , Duncan ( August 2013 ) . `` South African Biomass Energy '' ( PDF ) . Research Gate . Jump up ^ `` Biomass Energy Department of Environmental Affairs '' . www.environment.gov.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dye , S.T. ( 2012 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Geoneutrinos and the radioactive power of the Earth '' . Reviews of Geophysics. 50 ( 3 ) : RG3007 . ISSN 1944 - 9208 . doi : 10.1029 / 2012RG000400 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geothermal Energy '' . www.renewableenergyworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tshibalo , A.E. ( April 25 , 2015 ) . `` Evaluation of the Geothermal Energy Potential for South Africa '' ( PDF ) . Pangea Stanford . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy Market Transformation '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . July 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BioTherm Energy '' . www.biothermenergy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aboutus - Mulilo '' . Mulilo . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` juwi South Africa - Wind and Solar Energy - juwi.co.za '' . www.juwi.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Murombo , Tumai ( 2016 ) . `` Legal and policy barriers to renewable and sustainable energy sources in South Africa '' . Journal of World Energy Law and Business . 9 : 142 -- 165 -- via Oxford . Jump up ^ Krupa , Joel ( 2011 ) . `` A new energy future for South Africa : The political ecology of South African renewable energy '' . Energy Policy . 39 : 6254 -- 6261 -- via Elsevier Science Direct . 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who was the former army chief of staff who was elected president of syria

Adib Shishakli

adib shishakli

Adib Bin Hassan Al - Shishakli ( Arabic : أديب بن حسن الشيشكلي ‎ ‎ , Turkish : Edip Çiçekli ; ( 1909 - 27 September 1964 ) was a Syrian military leader and President of Syria ( 1953 -- 54 ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political / military career 3 Seizing power 4 Shishakli in power 5 Foreign relations 6 Downfall 7 References 8 Sources and further reading Early life ( edit ) Adib Shishakli was a Syrian Turkman , born in the Hama region in 1909 . His family lived in the Hama province of what was then Ottoman Syria . His family name , Shishakli , is a common Turkish surname derived from Turkish word `` çiçek '' which means flower and çiçekli ( Shishakli ) means someone or some place with flowers in Turkish . Alternative Latin transliterations from the Arabic are Chichakly , Chichakli and Jijakli . Political / military career ( edit ) Shishakli was commissioned as an officer in the French Syrian Army in 1930 , during the mandate era . He studied at the Military Academy of Damascus ( which later was relocated to Homs ) and became an early member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party ( SSNP ) of Antun Saadeh , promoting the concept of a Greater Syria . His brother Salah was also a prominent member of the SSNP . After independence , Shishakli fought in a volunteer Arab army , known as the Arab Liberation Army , in the 1948 Arab - Israeli War . The Arab defeat in the 1948 Arab - Israeli War was a motivating factor for the military coup led by Husni al - Za'im , which took place in 1949 . Only months after al - Za'im's takeover , which shattered Syria 's weak parliamentary system , al - Za'im was overthrown by a group of officers connected to the SSNP , including Shishakli and Zaim 's old comrade , Colonel Sami al - Hinnawi , who led the new military junta . Za'im had previously delivered the SSNP leader Antun Saadeh to the Lebanese authorities , who had him tried and executed for wanting to destroy the modern state of Lebanon . Reportedly , after Za'im was killed , Shishakli ripped off Za'im's bloodstained shirt and took it to Saadeh 's widow , who was still in Syria , telling her , `` We have avenged his murder ! '' . Shishakli worked with Sami al - Hinnawi , the new de facto ruler of Syria who refused to assume power on his own and who , instead , restored Syria 's parliamentary system . Hinnawi became chief - of - staff of the Syrian Army . A veteran nationalist , Hashem al - Atassi , who had been president in the 1930s , became prime minister , and then president of Syria . Atassi wanted to create a union with Hashemite Iraq , something which Shishakli greatly opposed , claiming that Hinnawi was the driver behind pro-Hashemite sentiment in Syria . Seizing power ( edit ) In December 1949 , Shishakli launched another coup , the third of that year , arresting Hinnawi to break Hashemite influence in Syria , but keeping Atassi at his post . He then ordered the assassination of Colonel Mohammad Nasser , the Air Force Commander , because he threatened Shishakli 's popularity in the Syrian Army . All of this greatly weakened the pro-union elements in Syria but they continued to work for union with Hashemite Iraq through the Prime Minister , Nazim al - Kudsi . Shishakli set the condition that any government had to include his right - hand - man , Fawzi Selu , as Minister for Defence , to curb Hashemite influence in the Syrian government . When Prime Minister Maarouf al - Dawalibi , a pro-Iraq politician from Aleppo , refused this demand , Shishakli responded on 28 November 1951 by arresting Dawalibi and his entire cabinet . He also had arrested all pro-Iraq politicians in Syria , including the leaders of the People 's Party , Nazim al - Kudsi and Rushdi al - Kikhya . In protest , Atassi resigned from office and moved into the opposition . Pleased to get rid of this stubborn nationalist , who rejected military intervention in political affairs , Shishakli made his comrade Selu the Chief - of - Staff of the Army , the Prime Minister , the Minister for Defence , and the Head of State . But in effect , Selu was nothing but a figurehead . The real power lay in the hands of Adib al - Shishakli . Shishakli in power ( edit ) Shishakli then dissolved all political parties in a return to military rule . He banned a number of newspapers and outlawed all newspapers that were not pro-Shishakli . Among those to suffer persecution under his rule were the National Party of Damascus , the People 's Party of Aleppo , the Communist Party , the Baath Party , and the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood . He banished the Baath leaders Akram al - Hawrani , Michel Aflaq , and Salah al - Bitar to Lebanon , where they then actively worked against his regime . He was a skilled public speaker and relied greatly on radio to transmit his speeches to the Syrian population . In August 1952 , he established an official government party , the Arab Liberation Movement , but it was boycotted by powerful representatives of civilian political society , such as Hashim al - Atassi . The party was progressive and accepted women within its ranks . It called for a limited degree of socialism . Some said that he viewed himself as `` an Arab Caesar . '' In mid-1953 Shishakli staged an election to make himself President , but he was by now facing mounting dissent . Foreign relations ( edit ) As leader of Syria , Shishakli sought good relations with Western countries , but maintained Syria 's uncompromising stance towards Israel . Syrian relations with the Hashemite monarchies of Jordan and Iraq were poor during his presidency , but he also mistrusted the rapid spread of Nasserism . Many believe that Nasser 's Free Officer Revolution of 1952 in Egypt had been modeled after Shishakli 's own coups of 1949 and 1951 . Shishakli 's developed strong relations with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia , his son , King Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , and King Talal of Jordan . Shishakli greatly liked King Talal who said that he had no ambitions in Syria , unlike his father King Abdullah I . Despite his pro-Western outlook and family background , Shishakli recognized the desires of Syria 's Arab majority and accordingly adopted a policy of pan-Arabism . He clashed frequently with the independent - minded Druze minority on the Jabal al - Druze mountain range , accusing them of wanting to topple his regime using funds from Jordan . In 1954 , he resorted to shelling Druze strongholds to put down resistance to his rule . His relations with both Britain and the United States were mixed . Britain courted Shishakli during the early period of his rule in the hope that Syria would join plans for a British - led Middle East Defence Organization . The United States offered Shishakli considerable sums of money to settle Palestinian refugees in Syria and turn them into Syrians . Shishakli , although tempted by these offers of Western arms and money , did not take them . The Palestinian situation had soured the Syrian view of the West . Syria wanted revenge rather than to accept defeat and repair Syria 's damaged relations with the West and make peace with Israel . Downfall ( edit ) Main article : 1954 Syrian coup d'état Shishakli also had arrested a lot of active officers in the Syrian Army , including the young Adnan al - Malki , a prominent Baathist . The largest anti-Shishakli conference had been held in Atassi 's home in Homs . Leading the anti-Shishakli movement were former President Atassi and the veteran Druze leader Sultan al - Atrash . Shishakli had responded by arresting Atassi and Atrash 's sons , Adnan and Mansur ( both of whom were ranking politicians in Syria ) . Growing discontent eventually led to another coup , in which Shishakli was overthrown in February 1954 . The plotters included members of the Syrian Communist Party , Druze officers , and Ba'ath Party members . It may have had Iraqi backing . When the insurgency reached its peak , Shishakli backed down , refusing to drag Syria into civil war . He fled to Lebanon , but when the Druze leader Kamal Jumblat threatened to have him killed , he fled to Brazil . Prior to the union between Syria and Egypt in 1958 , Shishakli toyed with the idea of returning to Syria to launch a coup d'état , using funds provided by Iraq . The coup was foiled by Syrian intelligence and Shishakli was sentenced to death in absentia . On 27 September 1964 , Shishakli was assassinated in Ceres , Brazil by Nawaf Ghazaleh , a Syrian Druze who sought revenge for his parents who had died leaving him an orphan during the bombardment of Jabal Druze . Adib Shishakly is his grandson and an active member of the Syrian Opposition . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Policy towards Palestine Refugees Joshua Landis Sources and further reading ( edit ) Joshua Landis , Shishakli and the Druze : Integration and Intransigence Sami Moubayed , Steel & Silk : Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900 - 2000 ( Cune Press , 2005 ) . Preceded by Husni al - Za'im President of Syria 1953 -- 1954 Succeeded by Hashim al - Atassi Presidents of Syria French Mandate Subhi Bey Barakat François Pierre - Alype Ahmad Nami Taj al - Din al - Hasani Léon Solomiac Mohammed Ali Bey al - Abed Hashim al - Atassi Bahij al - Khatib Khalid al - Azm Taj al - Din al - Hasani Jamil al - Ulshi Ata Bey al - Ayyubi Shukri al - Quwatli Syrian Republic Shukri al - Quwatli Husni al - Za'im Sami al - Hinnawi Hashim al - Atassi Adib Shishakli Fawzi Selu Adib Shishakli Maamun al - Kuzbari Hashim al - Atassi Shukri al - Quwatli United Arab Republic Gamal Abdel Nasser Syrian Arab Republic Maamun al - Kuzbari Izzat al - Nuss Nazim al - Kudsi Lu'ay al - Atassi Amin al - Hafiz Nureddin al - Atassi Ahmad al - Khatib Hafez al - Assad Abdul Halim Khaddam Bashar al - Assad : Acting president ; : Military Prime Ministers of Syria since 1920 Kingdom of Syria ( 1920 ) al - Rikabi H. al - Atassi * al - Durubi al - Ulshi French Mandate of Syria ( 1920 -- 1946 ) post established 1932 H. al - Azm al - Hasani A. al - Ayyubi Mardam al - Haffar al - Bukhari post vacant , 1939 -- 41 K. al - Azm al - Hakim H. al - Barazi al - Ulshi al - Jabiri al - Khoury al - Jabiri Syrian Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) al - Jabiri K. al - Azm * Mardam K. al - Azm al - Za'im M. al - Barazi H. al - Atassi al - Kudsi K. al - Azm al - Kudsi K. al - Azm al - Hakim al - Khatib al - Dawalibi Selu Shishakli al - Asali al - Ghazzi al - Khoury al - Asali al - Ghazzi al - Asali United Arab Republic ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Kahala Sarraj Syrian Arab Republic ( 1961 -- present ) al - Kuzbari al - Nuss al - Dawalibi al - Azma K. al - Azm al - Bitar al - Hafiz al - Bitar al - Hafiz Zuaiyin al - Bitar Zuaiyin N. al - Atassi al - Assad Khleifawi M. al - Ayyubi Khleifawi al - Halabi al - Kasm Zuabi Mero al - Otari Safar Hijab Ghalawanji * al - Halqi Khamis * acting VIAF : 40184105 LCCN : n80106697 GND : 119247690 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adib_Shishakli&oldid=796432100 '' Categories : 1909 births 1964 deaths Assassinated military personnel Assassinated Syrian politicians Deaths by firearm in Brazil Leaders ousted by a coup People from Hama People murdered in Brazil People sentenced to death in absentia Presidents of Syria Prime Ministers of Syria Recipients of the Order of Civil Merit ( Syria ) Syrian military personnel Syrian Arab nationalists Syrian people murdered abroad Syrian people of Turkish descent Syrian Social Nationalist Party politicians Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 20 : 05 . 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what are the functions of the lok sabha

Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate .

Lok Sabha

lok sabha

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E  /  28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E  / 28.61750 ; 77.20833 Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of seats . Since 26 May 2014 Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) Political groups Government coalition ( 313 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 313 ) BJP ( 271 ) SS ( 18 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NDPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 220 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 53 ) INC ( 48 ) IUML ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) RLD ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 159 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 34 ) BJD ( 19 ) TDP ( 16 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) NCP ( 7 ) SP ( 7 ) AAP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( L ) ( 1 ) Others ( 3 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website loksabha.gov.in The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 . Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum , 2 nominated members of the Anglo - Indian Community by the President of India . A total of 131 seats ( 24.03 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law . An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries is carried out by the Boundary Delimitation Commission of India every decade based on the Indian census , last of which was conducted in 2001 . This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the mandate of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to incentivise the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date . The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament . Contents 1 History 2 Qualifications 2.1 System of elections in Lok Sabha 3 Powers 4 Procedure 4.1 Procedure in the House 4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings 4.3 Question Hour 4.4 Zero Hour 4.5 Business after Question Hour 4.6 Main Business 4.6. 1 Legislative Business 4.6. 2 Financial Business 4.6. 3 Motions and Resolutions 4.7 Parliamentary Committees 4.8 Half - an - Hour Discussion 4.9 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance 4.10 Debate in the House 4.10. 1 Division 4.11 Automatic Vote Recording System 4.12 Publication of Debates 5 Officers of Lok Sabha 6 Composition by states and territories 7 Lok Sabha general elections 8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India . The Indian Independence Act 1947 , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion . The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan . According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) . The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 . Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014 Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows : He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country . However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament : If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act . A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances ( during normal functioning of the House ) : When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' . Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of the Indian Constitution , a person can not be : A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other . A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State . System of elections in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions : Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state . Note : The expression population while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the census of 1971 . The expression population while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2001 . Powers ( edit ) The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha . Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate . In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper . Procedure ( edit ) Procedure in the House ( edit ) The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure . Sessions and time of sittings ( edit ) Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year : Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December . When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays . Question Hour ( edit ) The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission . Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains . The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour . Zero Hour ( edit ) The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards . Business after question Hour ( edit ) After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced . Main business ( edit ) The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion . Legislative business ( edit ) Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president . Financial business ( edit ) The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year . Motions and resolutions ( edit ) Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on . Parliamentary committees ( edit ) Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments are initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees . Since the time for legislation is limited , work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks is delegated to the committees , wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill / amendment for the consideration by both the houses . They consist of members from both the houses . There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature -- Parliament Standing Committees ( PSC ) -- Permanent in nature , reconstituted time to time with every new election . Department based Others Ad hoc Committees -- Created for specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved . Half - an - Hour discussion ( edit ) A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting . Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ( edit ) Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion . Debate in the House ( edit ) After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member . Division ( edit ) A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Automatic vote Recording system ( edit ) With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds , serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . To vote , each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries . Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates . Publication of Debates ( edit ) Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared : the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version contains proceedings ( all Questions asked and Answers given thereto and speeches made ) in Hindi , and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or in regional languages . The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually took place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages . If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha . Officers of Lok Sabha ( edit ) Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker ; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution , a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , or c ) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority . The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer . The Speaker conducts the business in the House . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff . Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 -- 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker . Composition by states and territories ( edit ) Main article : List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha State / Union Territory Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42 Lok Sabha general elections ( edit ) Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows : Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 27 August 2018 ) : Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 313 Bharatiya Janata Party 271 Shiv Sena 18 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) All India N.R. Congress Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 53 Indian National Congress 48 Indian Union Muslim League Janata Dal ( Secular ) Rashtriya Lok Dal Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 5 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Other Parties Seats : 159 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 34 Biju Janata Dal 19 Telugu Desam Party 16 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 Nationalist Congress Party 7 Samajwadi Party 7 Aam Aadmi Party YSR Congress Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( L ) ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Bellary , Shimoga , Mandya , Ongole , Kadapa , Nellore , Tirupati , Rajampet , Kottayam , Kendrapara and Tura constituencies . 12 Total 545 See also ( edit ) List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Parliament of India Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No LoP post for Congress '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament of India : Lok Sabha '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 83 . p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A decade from now , three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to LokSabha Website '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Freedom Struggle ( 1857 -- 1947 ) -- Culture and Heritage -- Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of India Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 - Encyclopedia.com : FREE online dictionary '' . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 79 . p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . pp. 46 , 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf article 81 Jump up ^ / / www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf article 81 Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Introduction '' . National Informatics Centre , Government of India . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List '' . Lok Sabha. 27 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha . Lok Sabha website Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) 17th LS ( 2019 -- 24 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sabha&oldid=856898148 '' Categories : Lok Sabha National lower houses Parliament of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles needing cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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when was the first freeway built in los angeles

The Arroyo Seco Parkway , formerly known as the Pasadena Freeway , is the first freeway in the Western United States . It connects Los Angeles with Pasadena alongside the Arroyo Seco seasonal river . It is notable not only for being the first , mostly opened in 1940 , but for representing the transitional phase between early parkways and modern freeways . It conformed to modern standards when it was built , but is now regarded as a narrow , outdated roadway . A 1953 extension brought the south end to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles and a connection with the rest of the freeway system .

1940

Arroyo Seco parkway

arroyo seco parkway

Arroyo Seco Parkway Pasadena Freeway Arroyo Seco Parkway highlighted in red Route information Maintained by Caltrans Length : 8.162 mi ( 13.135 km ) History : Opened in 1940 ; renamed in 1954 ; name reverted in 2010 Tourist routes : Arroyo Seco Parkway Scenic Byway Restrictions : No trucks over 3 tons Major junctions South end : US 101 / SR 110 in Los Angeles North end : Glenarm Street in Pasadena Location Counties : Los Angeles Highway system State highways in California Interstate U.S. State Pre-1964 History Unconstructed Deleted Freeway Scenic Arroyo Seco Parkway Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district NRHP Reference # 10001198 Added to NRHP February 17 , 2011 The Arroyo Seco Parkway , formerly known as the Pasadena Freeway , is the first freeway in the Western United States . It connects Los Angeles with Pasadena alongside the Arroyo Seco seasonal river . It is notable not only for being the first , mostly opened in 1940 , but for representing the transitional phase between early parkways and modern freeways . It conformed to modern standards when it was built , but is now regarded as a narrow , outdated roadway . A 1953 extension brought the south end to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles and a connection with the rest of the freeway system . The road remains largely as it was on opening day , though the plants in its median have given way to a steel guard rail , and most recently to concrete barriers , and it now carries the designation State Route 110 , not historic U.S. Route 66 . Between 1954 and 2010 , it was officially designated the Pasadena Freeway . In 2010 , as part of plans to revitalize its scenic value and improve safety , the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) restored the original name to the roadway . All the bridges built during parkway construction remain , as do four older bridges that crossed the Arroyo Seco before the 1930s . The Arroyo Seco Parkway is designated a State Scenic Highway , National Civil Engineering Landmark , and National Scenic Byway . It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 2 History 2.1 Planning 2.2 Construction 2.3 Post-construction 3 Exit list 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Works cited 6 External links Route description ( edit ) Northbound over the Los Angeles River The six - lane Arroyo Seco Parkway ( part of State Route 110 ) begins at the Four Level Interchange , a symmetrical stack interchange on the north side of downtown Los Angeles that connects the Pasadena ( SR 110 north ) , Harbor ( SR 110 south ) , Hollywood ( US 101 north ) , and Santa Ana ( US 101 south ) Freeways . The first interchange is with the north end of Figueroa Street at Alpine Street , and the freeway then meets the north end of Hill Street at a complicated junction that provides access to Dodger Stadium . Beyond Hill Street , SR 110 temporarily widens to four northbound and five southbound lanes as it enters the hilly Elysian Park , where the northbound lanes pass through the four Figueroa Street Tunnels and the higher southbound lanes pass through a cut and over low areas on bridges . One interchange , with Solano Avenue and Amador Street , is located between the first and second tunnels . Just beyond the last tunnel is a northbound left exit and corresponding southbound right entrance for Riverside Drive and the northbound Golden State Freeway ( I - 5 ) . Immediately after those ramps , the Arroyo Seco Parkway crosses a pair of three - lane bridges over the Los Angeles River just northwest of its confluence with the Arroyo Seco , one rail line on each bank , and Avenue 19 and San Fernando Road on the north bank . A single onramp from San Fernando Road joins SR 110 northbound as it passes under I - 5 , and a northbound left exit and southbound right entrance connect to the north segment of Figueroa Street . Here the original 1940 freeway , mostly built along the west bank of the Arroyo Seco , begins as the southbound lanes curve from their 1943 alignment over the Los Angeles River into the original alignment next to the northbound lanes . The Avenue 26 Bridge As the original freeway begins , it passes under an extension to the 1925 Avenue 26 Bridge , one of four bridges over the Arroyo Seco that predate the parkway 's construction . A southbound exit and northbound entrance at Avenue 26 complement the Figueroa Street ramps , and similar ramps connect Pasadena to both directions of I - 5 . SR 110 continues northeast alongside the Arroyo Seco , passing under the Gold Line light rail and Pasadena Avenue before junctioning Avenue 43 at the first of many folded diamond interchanges that feature extremely tight ( right - in / right - out ) curves on the exit and entrance ramps . The next interchange , at Avenue 52 , is a normal diamond interchange , and soon after is Via Marisol , where the northbound side has standard diamond ramps , but on the southbound side Avenue 57 acts as a folded diamond connection . The 1926 Avenue 60 Bridge is the second original bridge , and is another folded diamond , with southbound traffic using Shults Street to connect . The 1895 Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge ( now Gold Line ) lies just beyond , and after that is a half diamond interchange at Marmion Way / Avenue 64 with access towards Los Angeles only . After the freeway passes under the 1912 York Boulevard Bridge , the pre-parkway bridge , southbound connections between the freeway and cross street can be made via Salonica Street . As the Arroyo Seco curves north to pass west of downtown Pasadena , the Arroyo Seco Parkway instead curves east , crossing the stream into South Pasadena . A single northbound offramp on the Los Angeles side of the bridge curves left under the bridge to Bridewell Street , the parkway 's west - side frontage road . Looking south from Marmion Way , showing the differently - colored passing lanes As they enter South Pasadena , northbound motorists can see a `` City of South Pasadena '' sign constructed , in the late 1930s , of stones from the creek bed embedded in a hillside . This final segment of the Arroyo Seco Parkway heads east in a cut alongside Grevelia Street , with a full diamond at Orange Grove Avenue and a half diamond at Fair Oaks Avenue . In between those two streets it crosses under the Gold Line for the third and final time . Beyond Fair Oaks Avenue , SR 110 curves north around the east side of Raymond Hill and enters Pasadena , where the final ramp , a southbound exit , connects to State Street for access to Fair Oaks Avenue . The freeway , and state maintenance , ends at the intersection with Glenarm Street , but the six - and four - lane Arroyo Parkway , now maintained by the city of Pasadena , continues north as a surface road to Colorado Boulevard ( historic U.S. Route 66 ) and beyond to Holly Street near the Memorial Park Gold Line station . History ( edit ) Planning ( edit ) Sign welcoming drivers to the parkway The Arroyo Seco ( Spanish : `` dry gulch , or streambed '' ) is an intermittent stream that carries rainfall from the San Gabriel Mountains southerly through western Pasadena into the Los Angeles River near downtown Los Angeles . During the dry season , it served as a faster wagon connection between the two cities than the all - weather road on the present Huntington Drive . The first known survey for a permanent roadway through the Arroyo was made by T.D. Allen of Pasadena in 1895 , and in 1897 two more proposals were made , one for a scenic parkway and the other for a commuter cycleway . The latter was partially constructed and opened by Horace Dobbins , who incorporated the California Cycleway Company and bought a six - mile ( 10 km ) right - of - way from downtown Pasadena to Avenue 54 in Highland Park , Los Angeles . Construction began in 1899 , and about 1 ⁄ miles ( 2.0 km ) of the elevated wooden bikeway were opened on January 1 , 1900 , starting near Pasadena 's Hotel Green and ending near the Raymond Hotel . The majority of its route is now Edmondson Alley ; a toll booth was located near the north end , in the present Central Park . Due to the end of the bicycle craze of the 1890s and the existing Pacific Electric Railway lines connecting Pasadena to Los Angeles , the cycleway did not and was not expected to turn a profit , and never extended beyond the Raymond Hotel into the Arroyo Seco . In the 1900s ( decade ) , the structure was dismantled , and the wood sold for lumber , and the Pasadena Rapid Transit Company , a failed venture headed by Dobbins to construct a streetcar line , acquired the right - of - way . The California Cycleway , 1900 Due to the rise of the automobile , most subsequent plans for the Arroyo Seco included a roadway , though they differed as to the purpose : some , influenced by the City Beautiful movement , concentrated on the park , while others , particularly those backed by the Automobile Club of Southern California ( ACSC ) , had as their primary purpose a fast road connecting the two cities . The first plan that left the Arroyo Seco in South Pasadena to better serve downtown Pasadena was drawn up by Pasadena City Engineer Harvey W. Hincks in 1916 and supported by the Pasadena Chamber of Commerce and ACSC . Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. and Harland Bartholomew 's 1924 Major Street Traffic Plan for Los Angeles , while concentrating on traffic relief , and noting that the Arroyo Seco Parkway would be a major highway , suggested that it be built as a parkway , giving motorists `` a great deal of incidental recreation and pleasure '' . By the mid-1930s , plans for a primarily recreational parkway had been overshadowed by the need to carry large numbers of commuters . Debates continued on the exact location of the parkway , in particular whether it would bypass downtown Pasadena . In the late 1920s , Los Angeles acquired properties between San Fernando Road and Pasadena Avenue , and City Engineer Lloyd Aldrich began grading between Avenues 60 and 66 in the early 1930s . By June 1932 , residents of Highland Park and Garvanza , who had paid special assessments to finance improvement of the park , became suspicious of what appeared to be a road , then graded along the Arroyo Seco 's west side between Via Marisol ( then Hermon Avenue ) and Princess Drive . Merchants on North Figueroa Street ( then Pasadena Avenue ) also objected , due to the loss of business they would suffer from a bypass . Work stopped while the interested parties could work out the details , although , in late 1932 and early 1933 , Aldrich was authorized to grade a cheaper route along the east side between Avenue 35 and Hermon Avenue . To the north , Pasadena and South Pasadena endorsed in 1934 what was essentially Hincks 's 1916 plan , but lacked the money to build it . A bill was introduced in 1935 to add the route to the state highway system , and after some debate a new Route 205 was created as a swap for the Palmdale - Wrightwood Route 186 , as the legislature had just greatly expanded the system in 1933 , and the California Highway Commission opposed a further increase . Construction ( edit ) Further information : Figueroa Street Tunnels The Figueroa Street Tunnels To connect the proposed parkway with downtown Los Angeles , that city improved and extended North Figueroa Street as a four - lane road to the Los Angeles River , allowing drivers to bypass the congested North Broadway Bridge on the existing but underutilized Riverside Drive Bridge . A large part of the project lay within Elysian Park , and four Art Deco tunnels were built through the hills . The first three , between Solano Avenue and the river , opened in late 1931 , and the fourth opened in mid-1936 , completing the extension of Figueroa Street to Riverside Drive . As with the contemporary Ramona Boulevard east from downtown , grade separations were mostly built only where terrain dictated . For Figueroa Street , this meant that all crossings except College Street ( built several years after the extension was completed ) , where a hill was cut through , were at grade . The Figueroa Street Viaduct , connecting the Riverside Drive intersection with North Figueroa Street ( then Dayton Avenue ) across the Los Angeles River , opened in mid-1937 . Closer to downtown , an interchange was built at Temple Street in 1939 . The Figueroa Street Viaduct , 1938 ( Riverside Drive is to the left , and its bridge is in the left background ) Although many South Pasadena residents opposed the division of the city that the parkway would bring , the city 's voters elected supporters in the 1936 elections . The state , which had the power to put the road where it wished even had South Pasadena continued to oppose it , approved the route on April 4 , 1936 . The route used the Arroyo Seco 's west bank to near Hough Street , where it crossed to the east and cut through South Pasadena to the south end of Broadway ( now Arroyo Parkway ) in Pasadena . Another project , the Arroyo Seco Flood Control Channel , was built by the Works Progress Administration before and during construction of the parkway to avoid damages from future floods . A number of state engineers toured East Coast roads in early 1938 , including Chicago 's Lake Shore Drive , full and modified cloverleaf interchanges in Massachusetts and New Jersey , and Robert Moses 's parkway system in New York City . The parkway was the first road built in California under a 1939 freeway law that allowed access to be completely limited to a number of specified points . Although , in some areas , it was possible to use a standard diamond interchange , other locations required folded diamonds , or , as the engineers called them , `` compressed cloverleafs '' , where local streets often took the place of dedicated ramps , ending at the parkway with a sharp right turn required to enter or exit . The highway was designed with two 11 -- 12 foot ( 3.4 - 3.7 m ) lanes and one ten - foot ( 3.0 m ) shoulder in each direction , with the wider inside ( passing ) lanes paved in black asphalt concrete and the outside lanes paved in gray Portland cement concrete . The differently - colored lanes would encourage drivers to stay in their lanes . ( By mid-1939 , the state had decided to replace the shoulders with additional travel lanes for increased capacity ; except on a short piece in South Pasadena , these were also paved with Portland cement . So that disabled vehicles could be safely removed from the roadway , about 50 `` safety bays '' were constructed in 1949 and 1950 . ) The engineers used a design speed of 45 miles per hour ( 72 kilometres per hour ) , superelevating curves where necessary to accomplish this . ( The road is now posted at 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . ) Despite the freeway design , many parkway characteristics were incorporated , such as plantings of mostly native flora alongside the road . Prior to parkway construction , nine roads and two rail lines crossed the Arroyo Seco and its valley on bridges , and a number of new bridges were built as part of the project . Only four of the existing bridges were kept , albeit with some changes : the 1925 Avenue 26 Bridge , the 1926 Avenue 60 Bridge , the 1895 Santa Fe Arroyo Seco Railroad Bridge ( now part of the Gold Line ) near Avenue 64 , and the 1912 York Boulevard Bridge . The Avenue 43 Bridge would have been kept had the Los Angeles Flood of 1938 not destroyed it . At Cypress Avenue , abutments and a foundation were built for a roadway , but were not used until the 1960s , when a pedestrian bridge was built as part of the Golden State Freeway ( I - 5 ) interchange project . In South Pasadena , seven streets and the Union Pacific and Santa Fe railroad lines on a double track combined bridge were carried over the parkway to keep the communities on each side connected . The Marmion Way ( foreground ) and York Boulevard ( background ) bridges in 1940 Construction on the Arroyo Seco Parkway , designed under the leadership of District Chief Engineer Spencer V. Cortelyou and Design Engineer A.D. Griffin , began with a groundbreaking ceremony in South Pasadena on March 22 , 1938 and generally progressed from Pasadena southwest . The first contract , stretching less than a mile ( 1.5 km ) from Glenarm Street in Pasadena around Raymond Hill to Fair Oaks Avenue in South Pasadena , and including no bridges , was opened to traffic on December 10 , 1938 . A 3.7 - mile ( 6.0 km ) section opened on July 20 , 1940 , connecting Orange Grove Avenue in South Pasadena with Avenue 40 in Los Angeles . The remainder in Los Angeles , from Avenue 40 southwest to the Figueroa Street Viaduct at Avenue 22 , was opened on December 30 , 1940 , in time for the Tournament of Roses Parade and Rose Bowl on New Year 's Day . However , the highway through South Pasadena was not completed until January 30 , 1941 , and landscaping work continued through September . The final cost of $5.75 million , under $1 million per mile , was extremely low for a freeway project because the terrain was favorable for grade separations . Through Elysian Park : Figueroa Street Tunnels at left , 1943 lanes at right The state began upgrading the four - lane North Figueroa Street extension ( then part of Route 165 ) in October 1940 as a `` Southerly Extension '' of the parkway , even before the parkway was complete . The at - grade intersection with Riverside Drive was already a point of congestion , and the six lanes of parkway narrowing into four lanes of surface street would cause much greater problems . The two - way Figueroa Street Tunnels and Viaduct were repurposed for four lanes of northbound traffic , and a higher southbound roadway was built to the west . From the split with Hill Street south to near the existing College Street overpass , the four - lane surface road became a six - lane freeway . The extension was designed almost entirely on freeway , rather than parkway , principles , as it had to be built quickly to handle existing traffic . The new road split from the old at the Figueroa Street interchange , just south of Avenue 26 , and crossed the Los Angeles River and the northbound access to Riverside Drive on a new three - lane bridge . Through Elysian Park , a five - lane open cut was excavated west of the existing northbound tunnel lanes , saving about $1 million . The extension , still feeding into surface streets just south of College Street , was opened to traffic on December 30 , 1943 , again allowing its use for the New Year 's Day festivities . The Four Level Interchange , looking northeast along the Pasadena Freeway ; the interchange at Figueroa and Temple Streets is in the right foreground While the Arroyo Seco Parkway was being built and extended , the region 's freeway system was taking shape . The short city - built Cahuenga Pass Freeway opened on June 15 , 1940 , over a month before the second piece of the Arroyo Seco Parkway was complete . In the next two decades , the Harbor , Hollywood ( Cahuenga Pass ) , Long Beach ( Los Angeles River ) , San Bernardino ( Ramona ) , and Santa Ana Freeways were partially or fully completed to their eponymous destinations , and others were under construction . The centerpiece of the system was the Four Level Interchange just north of downtown Los Angeles , the first stack interchange in the world . Although it was completed in 1949 , the structure was not fully used until September 22 , 1953 , when the short extension of the Arroyo Seco Parkway to the interchange opened . Though the common name used by the public had become `` Arroyo Seco Freeway '' over the years , it was officially a `` Parkway '' until November 16 , 1954 , when the California Highway Commission changed its name to the Pasadena Freeway . Beginning in June 2010 , the state began modifying interchange signs to remove the Pasadena Freeway name and reinstate the Arroyo Seco Parkway name . Signs that indicate route 110 as a `` freeway '' are being modified to `` parkway '' or its `` Pkwy '' abbreviation . Post-construction ( edit ) Golden State Freeway interchange , looking northeast Despite a quadrupling of traffic volumes , the original roadway north of the Los Angeles River largely remains as it was when it opened in 1940 . Trucks and buses were banned in 1943 , though the bus restriction has since been dropped ; this has kept the freeway in good condition and relatively safe , despite its outdated design . This design , state - of - the - art when built , includes tight `` right - in / right - out '' access with a recommended exit speed of 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) and stop signs on the entrance ramps ; there are no acceleration or deceleration lanes . While the curves are banked for higher speeds , they were designed at half the modern standard . Except for the Golden State Freeway ( I - 5 ) interchange near the river , completed in 1962 , the few structural changes to the freeway north of the river include the closure of the original southbound exit to Fair Oaks Avenue after its location on a curve proved dangerous and the replacement of shrubs in the 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) median with a steel guard rail . Los Angeles paid for reconstruction of the interchange at Hill Street , south of Elysian Park , in the early 1960s to serve the new Dodger Stadium . When the Arroyo Seco Parkway opened , it was the first freeway in the Western United States . It became a new alignment of U.S. Route 66 , and the old routing via Figueroa Street and Colorado Boulevard became U.S. Route 66 Alternate . The southern extension over the Los Angeles River to downtown Los Angeles also carried State Route 11 ( which remained on the old route when US 66 was moved ) and U.S. Routes 6 and 99 ( which followed Avenue 26 and San Fernando Road to the northwest ) . The 1964 renumbering saw US 66 truncated to Pasadena , and SR 11 was moved from Figueroa Street ( which became SR 159 ) to the Pasadena Freeway . Finally , the number was changed to SR 110 in 1981 , when SR 11 between San Pedro and the Santa Monica Freeway ( I - 10 ) became I - 110 . ArroyoFest , 2003 The Arroyo Seco Parkway remains the most direct route between downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena despite its flaws ; the only reasonable freeway alternate ( which trucks must use ) is the Glendale Freeway ( SR 2 ) to the west , which is itself not easily reached by trucks from downtown Los Angeles . The Gold Line light rail , opened in 2003 over the former Santa Fe Railway line , provides an alternate mode for commuters . The state legislature designated the original section , north of the Figueroa Street Viaduct , as a `` California Historic Parkway '' ( part of the State Scenic Highway System reserved for freeways built before 1945 ) in 1993 ; the only other highway so designated is the Cabrillo Freeway ( SR 163 ) in San Diego . The American Society of Civil Engineers named it a National Civil Engineering Landmark in 1999 , and it became a National Scenic Byway in 2002 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 . Occidental College hosted the `` ArroyoFest Freeway Walk and Bike Ride '' on Sunday , June 15 , 2003 , closing the freeway to motor vehicles to `` highlight several ongoing or proposed projects within the Arroyo that can improve the quality of life for everyone in the area '' . Exit list ( edit ) Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in Los Angeles County . Location Postmile Exit Destinations Notes Los Angeles 23.73 24A US 101 north ( Hollywood Freeway ) to I - 5 south ( Santa Ana Freeway ) -- Hollywood , Santa Ana SR 110 south ( Harbor Freeway ) -- Downtown Los Angeles Four Level Interchange ; southbound exit and northbound entrance ; US 101 north exit 3 , south exit 3B ; roadway continues as SR 110 beyond US 101 23.96 24B Sunset Boulevard Southbound exit and northbound entrance 24.55 24C Hill Street -- Chinatown , Civic Center No southbound entrance ; signed as exit 24B northbound ; left exit southbound 24.73 24D Stadium Way -- Dodger Stadium Signed as exit 24B northbound 25.04 25 Solano Avenue , Academy Road ​ Figueroa Street Tunnels ( northbound only ) 25.48 26A I - 5 north ( Golden State Freeway ) -- Sacramento Northbound left exit and southbound entrance ; exit 137B on I - 5 25.78 26B Figueroa Street Northbound left exit and southbound entrance ; former SR 159 25.91 26A Avenue 26 Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; former SR 163 26.12 26B I - 5 ( Golden State Freeway ) -- Santa Ana , Sacramento Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; exit 137 on I - 5 27.12 27 Avenue 43 28.05 28A Avenue 52 28.38 28B Via Marisol Formerly Hermon Avenue 28.76 29 Avenue 60 29.28 30A Marmion Way / Avenue 64 Northbound exit and southbound entrance 29.50 30 York Boulevard Southbound exit and entrance 30.10 30B Bridewell Street Northbound exit only South Pasadena 30.59 31A Orange Grove Avenue 31.17 31B Fair Oaks Avenue -- South Pasadena No northbound entrance Pasadena ​ Northern end of freeway and state maintenance 31.91 -- Glenarm Street At - grade intersection 32.47 -- California Boulevard At - grade intersection 33.05 -- To I - 210 / Green Street At - grade intersection 33.15 -- Colorado Boulevard At - grade intersection ; former SR 248 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access See also ( edit ) California Roads portal Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legal Truck Size & Weight Work Group ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Special Route Restriction History : Route 110 '' . Sacramento : California Department of Transportation . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : California Department of Transportation . `` State Truck Route List '' . Sacramento : California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( XLS file ) on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Weekly Action List '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( June 25 , 1010 ) . `` Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Google Maps & United States Geological Survey . Street Maps and Topographic Maps ( Map ) . ACME Mapper . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2008 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 9 , 51 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Scheid , Ann ( 2006 ) . Downtown Pasadena 's Early Architecture . Images of America . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3024 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Rick R. ( 2007 ) . South Pasadena . Images of America . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4748 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dash into Pasadena in Twelve Minutes '' . Los Angeles Times . January 1 , 1909 . p . II1 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 , 23 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 18 -- 26 . Jump up ^ California State Assembly . `` An act to add section 612 to , and to repeal section 486 of , the Streets and Highways Code , relating to secondary State highways '' . Fifty - first Session of the Legislature . Statutes of California . State of California . Ch. 426 p. 288 , 1480 . : `` A new route or portion of route is hereby added to the State highway system from Route 165 ( Figueroa Street ) near Los Angeles River in Los Angeles to Route 161 ( Colorado Boulevard ) in Pasadena at Broadway Avenue . '' Jump up ^ California State Assembly . `` An act to amend sections 251 , 308 , 340 , 344 , 351 , 352 , 361 , 368 , 369 , 374 , 377 , 404 and 425 of , to add four two sections to be numbered 503 , 504 , 505 and 506 to , and to repeal sections 603 , 611 ... '' . Fifty - second Session of the Legislature . Statutes of California . State of California . Ch. 841 p. 2361 . : `` Route 205 is from Route 165 near Los Angeles River in Los Angeles to Route 161 in Pasadena at Broadway Avenue . '' Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 29 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` By - pass Route Through Elysian Park Tunnels Opened to Automobile Traffic '' . Los Angeles Times . November 1 , 1931 . p . E1 . Jump up ^ `` Shaw Opens New Tunnel '' . Los Angeles Times . August 5 , 1936 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Street Job Bids Will Be Opened '' . Los Angeles Times . August 15 , 1938 . p . A10 . Jump up ^ Prejza , Paul ( donor ) ( 1940 ) . Aerial view of Chavez Ravine in Los Angeles , looking west , ca . 1940 ( Photograph ) . Los Angeles : University of Southern California Libraries Digital Archive . chs - m2270 . Jump up ^ `` New Bridge Dedicated '' . Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 1937 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Project Work Pushed '' . Los Angeles Times . May 11 , 1939 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 , 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 60 , 69 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 34 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : California Department of Transportation ( July 2015 ) . Log of Bridges on State Highways : District 7 ( PDF ) . Sacramento : California Department of Transportation . pp. 57 -- 59 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Bridge Inventory database , 2006 Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ `` New Highway Opens Saturday '' . Los Angeles Times . July 17 , 1940 . p . A12 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 59 -- 64 . Jump up ^ City of Los Angeles ( December 22 , 2005 ) . `` Cahuenga Parkway '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Topics & Tales . City of Los Angeles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2008 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rand McNally ( 1959 ) . Los Angeles and Vicinity ( Map ) . Chicago : Rand McNally . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , pp. 67 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jay ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Shabby Road : The Ills and Charms of California 's First Freeway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faigin , Daniel P. `` Correspondence between the Division of Highways and American Association of State Highway Officials '' . California Highways . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ California Division of Highways ( 1944 ) . Los Angeles and Vicinity ( Map ) . Sacramento : California Division of Highways . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 -- via American Roads . Jump up ^ `` Route Renumbering '' ( PDF ) . California Highways and Public Works . Sacramento : California Department of Public Works . 43 ( 3 / 4 ) : 11 + . March -- April 1964 . ISSN 0008 - 1159 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ California State Assembly . `` An act to amend ... the Streets and Highways Code , relating to state highways '' . 1981 -- 1982 Session of the Legislature . Statutes of California . State of California . Ch. 292 p. 1418 . : `` Route 110 is from San Pedro to Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena . '' Jump up ^ California State Assembly . `` An act to add Sections 280 , 281 , 282 , and 283 to the Streets and Highways Code , relating to highways '' . 1993 -- 1994 Session of the Legislature . Statutes of California . State of California . Ch. 179 . Jump up ^ Gruen & Lee ( 1999 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Transportation Secretary Mineta Names 36 New National Scenic Byways , All - American Roads '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . June 13 , 2002 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . ArroyoFest . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2008 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Traffic and Vehicle Data Systems Unit ( 2006 ) . `` All Traffic Volumes on CSHS '' . California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Traffic and Vehicle Data Systems Unit ( 2002 ) . `` All Traffic Volumes on CSHS '' . California Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ Howe , Don ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` SR 110 Northbound '' ( PDF ) . California Numbered Exit Uniform System . California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Howe , Don ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` SR 110 Southbound '' ( PDF ) . California Numbered Exit Uniform System . California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Works cited ( edit ) Gruen , J. Philip & Lee , Portia ( August 1999 ) . Arroyo Seco Parkway ( HAER No . CA - 265 ) ( PDF ) . Historic American Engineering Record . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arroyo Seco Parkway . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Arroyo Seco Parkway KML is from Wikidata Historic American Engineering Record : Arroyo Seco Parkway drawings and photos ; written historical and descriptive data ( HTML or PDF ) California Department of Transportation : Route 110 Photo Album National Scenic Byways : Arroyo Seco Historic Parkway - Route 110 Primary Resources -- Metro Digital Resources Library : `` Arroyo Seco Parkway At 70 : The Unusual History Of The `` Pasadena Freeway , '' California Cycleway & Rare Traffic Plan Images '' Arroyo Seco Foundation ( environmental preservation group focused on the Arroyo Seco , including information about the parkway ) Mark 's Highway Page : Pasadena Freeway ( many current and several historic photos ) Travel times ( hide ) Historic Districts in Los Angeles County 20th St . 27th St . 52nd Pl . Alvarado Terrace Arroyo Seco Parkway Broadway Bungalow Heaven ( Pasadena ) Civic Center ( Pasadena ) Edison ( Pomona ) Ford Place ( Pasadena ) Hollywood Boulevard Lincoln Park ( Pomona ) Little Tokyo Pueblo de Los Angeles Plaza Lower Arroyo Seco ( Pasadena ) Menlo Ave. - W. 29th St . N. Harper Ave . ( W. Hollywood ) North University Park Old Pasadena Park Place - Arroyo Terrace ( Pasadena ) Pegfair Estates ( Pasadena ) Pisgah Home Poppy Peak ( Pasadena ) Prospect ( Pasadena ) Redondo Beach Original Townsite Russian Village ( Claremont ) South Marengo ( Pasadena ) S. Bonnie Brae South Pasadena S. Serrano Ave . Spring St . St. James Park Van Buren Pl . Venice Canal Washington Court ( Pasadena ) Whitley Heights Wilton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arroyo_Seco_Parkway&oldid=795615569 '' Categories : Southern California freeways Arroyo Seco ( Los Angeles County ) Named freeways in California Roads in Los Angeles County , California Scenic highways in California Transportation in Los Angeles Transportation in Pasadena , California U.S. Route 66 in California History of Los Angeles County , California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in California National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County , California National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena , California Northeast Los Angeles San Rafael Hills Historic districts in Los Angeles Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in California Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use mdy dates from July 2015 Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles using KML from Wikidata Good articles Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 11 : 05 . 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where is a good year filmed with russell crowe

The film was shot throughout nine weeks in 2005 , mostly in locations Scott described as `` eight minutes from my house '' . French locations were filmed at Bonnieux , Cucuron and Gordes in Vaucluse , Marseille Provence Airport , and the rail station in Avignon . London locations included Albion Riverside in Battersea , Broadgate , the Bluebird Cafe on King 's Road in Chelsea , and Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus . The scene with the tennis match between Max and Duflot was added on the set , replacing an argument at the vines to provide `` a battle scene '' . As the swimming pool on Chateau La Canorgue did not fit the one Scott had envisioned from the scene , only the scenes outside the pool were filmed there . The one after Max had fallen was dug and concreted nearby , and the original one had its bottom replaced digitally to match . The production team could not film the wine cave from La Canorgue as they shot during the period where it was being used , so the wine cellar from a nearby hotel was turned into a cave . While southern France does not have clay courts as the weather makes them hard to maintain , Scott wanted one for its dirty and beaten up aspect , so the tennis court was built from scratch , including posts straight from the Wimbledon courts . Fanny 's cafe was shot in a Gordes restaurant , with designer Sonja Klaus decorating it with items bought from second - hand shops considering the character would have done the same . Klaus employed a kitsch decoration on Duflot 's estate to show it was `` a character keeping up with the Joneses -- if it was in America , he would drive a golden Cadillac with leopard skin print seats '' , and decorated the large water basin of Cucuron with floating candles to `` make it look like a fabulous event '' for Max 's dinner with Fanny .

A Good Year

a good year

A Good Year Theatrical release poster Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Ridley Scott Screenplay by Marc Klein Based on A Good Year by Peter Mayle Starring Russell Crowe Albert Finney Marion Cotillard Didier Bourdon Abbie Cornish Tom Hollander Freddie Highmore Music by Marc Streitenfeld Cinematography Philippe Le Sourd Edited by Dody Dorn Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Scott Free Productions Dune Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Major Studio Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 27 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) ( United Kingdom ) 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English French Russian Budget $35 million Box office $42.1 million A Good Year is a 2006 British - American romantic comedy directed and produced by Ridley Scott . The film stars Russell Crowe , Marion Cotillard , Didier Bourdon , Abbie Cornish , Tom Hollander , Freddie Highmore and Albert Finney . The film is loosely based on the 2004 novel of the same name by British author Peter Mayle . The film was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2006 and in the United States on November 10 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed over $42.1 million against its $35 million budget . The film received nominations for the Critics Choice Award for Best Young Actor and the Satellite Award for Best Cinematography . A Good Year was released on DVD on February 27 , 2007 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical release 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Young Max Skinner , whose parents have died in an accident , spends his childhood summer holidays learning to appreciate the finer things in life at his Uncle Henry 's vineyard estate in Provence in southeastern France . Some 25 years later , Max is an unethical , successful , and hard - working London - based bond trader with a sense of humour . Following his uncle 's death , Max is the sole beneficiary of the French property . He travels to Provence to prepare a quick sale . Shortly after arriving , by driving while fumbling with a cell phone , he unknowingly causes a local café owner , Fanny Chenal , to crash her bicycle . Subsequently , he discovers that his latest City financial stunt has caused real trouble for the owners of the trading company he works for , and the CEO orders him to return to London as soon as possible . To assist in his planned sale of the property , Max hurriedly snaps some photos and in the process falls into an empty swimming pool . He is unable to escape until Fanny , driving by and spotting his rental car , turns on the water supply in retaliation . This delay causes Max to miss his flight and , having failed to report to the directors in person , he is suspended from work and trading activities for one week . On Henry 's estate , Max must deal with a gruff , dedicated winemaker , Francis Duflot , who fears being separated from his precious vines . Duflot pays a vineyard inspector to tell Max that the soil is bad and the vines worthless . They are surprised by the arrival of young Napa Valley oenophile Christie Roberts , who is backpacking through Europe and claims to be Henry 's previously unknown illegitimate daughter . Max realizes , but does not tell her how French law decrees , even though Christie is not his uncle 's legitimate daughter , she still becomes the rightful heir to the Chateau and vineyards . As Max did earlier , Christie finds the house wine unpalatable but is impressed by Max 's casual offering of the boutique Le Coin Perdu ( `` the lost corner '' ) vintage , noting some intriguing characteristics . During dinner at the Duflot house , while slightly inebriated , Max exposes his concern that she might lay claim to the estate and brusquely interrogates her . Max 's assistant Gemma warns him of the ambitious antics of other employees . To ensure he is not usurped by Kenny , his second - in - command in London , through whom Max continues to direct trades , Max intentionally gives the ambitious young trader bad advice , getting him fired . Max becomes enamoured with Fanny , who is rumoured to have sworn off men . He successfully woos Fanny into his bed . She leaves him the next morning , expecting him to return to his life in London . A disillusioned Christie also decides to move on . Max finds his uncle 's memoirs , which contain proof of Christie 's heritage . He bids her farewell while handing her an unexplained note inside a book she was reading . While informing Duflot of the pending estate sale , Max learns that the mysterious expensive Le Coin Perdu was made by Henry and Duflot with `` illegal vines '' from the estate , bypassing wine classification and appellation laws . The estate is sold and Max returns to London where Sir Nigel , the company chairman , offers him a choice : either a large discharge settlement , or the partnership in the trading firm . Max asks about Nigel 's art in the conference room , which Fanny has a copy of in her restaurant . Upon Nigel 's dismissive comment that the real one is kept in a vault and the $200,000 copy in the office is for show , Max reconsiders if he wants to still be like Nigel . Max invalidates the estate 's sale with the farewell letter he gave to Christie , which he forged , along with real photos confirming Christie as Henry 's daughter with a valid claim to the entire estate . ( As a child Max signed cheques for his uncle , and is able to replicate his handwriting . ) He puts his London residence up for sale and returns to Provence , entering into a relationship with Fanny . Christie also returns and she and Francis jointly run the vineyard while trying to reconcile their vastly different philosophies of wine production . This enables Max to focus his entire attention on Fanny . Cast ( edit ) Russell Crowe as Max Skinner Albert Finney as Uncle Henry Marion Cotillard as Fanny Chenal Abbie Cornish as Christie Roberts Didier Bourdon as Francis Duflot Isabelle Candelier as Ludivine Duflot Freddie Highmore as Young Max Skinner Tom Hollander as Charlie Willis Rafe Spall as Kenny Richard Coyle as Amis Archie Panjabi as Gemma Kenneth Cranham as Sir Nigel Daniel Mays as Bert , the doorman Valeria Bruni Tedeschi as notaire Natalie Auzet Giannina Facio as Maitre D ' Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) `` As I go on , I 'm very attracted to comedy . At the end of the day , because you 've been having a good old laugh , you go home laughing -- as opposed to dealing with blood all day and you go home and want to cut your wrists . '' -- Ridley Scott on breaking away from action movies Ridley Scott had owned a house in Provence for fifteen years , and wanted to film a production there . Scott Free president Lisa Ellzey recommended the works of author Peter Mayle , who had written best - selling books set in the south of France . Scott and Mayle were acquaintances and neighbours , having worked together in advertising and commercials during the 1970s , but as the author did not want to write a screenplay , he instead wrote a new book after discussing a film plot with Scott . Screenwriter Marc Klein was brought in after Scott read an adaptation he did of The Girls ' Guide to Hunting and Fishing -- eventually released in 2007 as Suburban Girl . Klein had to expand and alter the story of the book to make the adaptation `` more movie - like '' . A particular focus was to add conflict , with changes such as turning Fanny from a gentle character to a stubborn woman who starts without sympathy for Max . Another addition was the scene where Max falls in the swimming pool , which Scott said was to demonstrate `` ( that ) the house had not let him go '' . The director wanted to portray Uncle Henry on screen instead of just describing him . While writer Marc Klein first suggested depicting him as a ghost , Scott 's attempts at that did not work so he used flashbacks which `` occur just as another scene '' where it would depict `` the grooming of Max as child which will be used as payoffs for the three acts that follow '' . Klein described Henry as `` sounding like Albert Finney '' so Scott hired the actor , with whom he had worked in The Duellists . Scott brought Russell Crowe as the protagonist Max . The actor stated that it was a good opportunity for them to reunite after 2000 's Gladiator as `` it just seemed more fun to go into this smaller place , where the problems were n't as vast . '' The character was considered a change from Crowe 's usual roles , with some noting it may reflect `` maturity '' or `` contentment '' , with Australia 's Courier - Mail dubbing him `` A Mellow Fellow '' . Crowe said of his life at the time : `` ( I 'm ) relaxed ... Work is n't the most important thing in my life now . It 's not even in the top ten . '' The actor also stressed the importance of his family . Scott also stated one of the reasons for the project was that he had `` not done much in the way of comedy '' and it seemed to be a good opportunity to `` keep challenging yourself '' . Filming ( edit ) The film was shot throughout nine weeks in 2005 , mostly in locations Scott described as `` eight minutes from my house '' . French locations were filmed at Bonnieux , Cucuron and Gordes in Vaucluse , Marseille Provence Airport , and the rail station in Avignon . London locations included Albion Riverside in Battersea , Broadgate , the Bluebird Cafe on King 's Road in Chelsea , and Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus . The scene with the tennis match between Max and Duflot was added on the set , replacing an argument at the vines to provide `` a battle scene '' . As the swimming pool on Chateau La Canorgue did not fit the one Scott had envisioned from the scene , only the scenes outside the pool were filmed there . The one after Max had fallen was dug and concreted nearby , and the original one had its bottom replaced digitally to match . The production team could not film the wine cave from La Canorgue as they shot during the period where it was being used , so the wine cellar from a nearby hotel was turned into a cave . While southern France does not have clay courts as the weather makes them hard to maintain , Scott wanted one for its dirty and beaten up aspect , so the tennis court was built from scratch , including posts straight from the Wimbledon courts . Fanny 's cafe was shot in a Gordes restaurant , with designer Sonja Klaus decorating it with items bought from second - hand shops considering the character would have done the same . Klaus employed a kitsch decoration on Duflot 's estate to show it was `` a character keeping up with the Joneses -- if it was in America , he would drive a golden Cadillac with leopard skin print seats '' , and decorated the large water basin of Cucuron with floating candles to `` make it look like a fabulous event '' for Max 's dinner with Fanny . Music ( edit ) Marc Streitenfeld worked as a music editor on Hans Zimmer 's Remote Control Productions and was invited by Scott to make his debut as a film score composer . The soundtrack includes `` Moi Lolita '' by Alizée , `` Breezin ' Along with the Breeze '' by Josephine Baker , `` Gotta Get Up '' , `` Jump into the Fire '' , and `` How Can I Be Sure of You '' by Harry Nilsson , `` Hey Joe '' by Johnny Hallyday , `` Vous , qui passez sans me voir '' and `` J'attendrai '' by Jean Sablon , `` Le chant du gardien '' by Tino Rossi , `` Je chante '' by Charles Trenet , `` Old Cape Cod '' by Patti Page , `` Walk Right Back '' by the Everly Brothers , `` Boum ! '' by Adrien Chevalier , and `` Itsy Bitsy Petit Bikini '' by Richard Anthony . The CD includes only 15 songs from the film ; several are left out . Release ( edit ) Theatrical release ( edit ) A Good Year was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2006 and in the United States on November 10 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . Home media ( edit ) A Good Year was released on DVD on February 27 , 2007 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $42,061,749 . As of 2010 , it has earned over $7 million in US DVD sales . Fox chairman Rupert Murdoch dismissed A Good Year as a ' flop ' at a shareholders meeting https://bombreport.com/yearly-breakdowns/2006-3/a-good-year/ Critical response ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics . It holds a 26 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 129 reviews , with an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Good Year is a fine example of a top - notch director and actor out of their elements , in a sappy romantic comedy lacking in charm and humor . '' In Variety , Todd McCarthy wrote that the film is a `` divertissement '' that is easy to watch , but `` does n't amount to much '' . Stephen Holden 's review in The New York Times called it `` a three - P movie : pleasant , pretty and predictable . One might add piddling '' . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan said , `` the fact that we know exactly what will happen ( ... ) is not what 's wrong with A Good Year . After all , we go to films like this precisely because the satisfaction of emotional certainty is what we 're looking for . What we 're not looking for is a romantic comedy made by individuals with no special feeling for the genre who stretch a half hour 's worth of story to nearly two hours '' . Comparing it to Under the Tuscan Sun , Love Actually , and Roman Holiday , Jessica Reaves of the Chicago Tribune said The Good Year was `` unbearably sweet and emotionally lifeless '' . British film critic Peter Bradshaw wrote in The Guardian that it was `` a humourless cinematic slice of tourist gastro - porn '' . In a book - length study of Ridley Scott 's film career , Adam Barkman summarized the general critical response to A Good Year as `` lightweight as far as most critics were concerned '' and that it `` offer ( ed ) little in comparison to the combined commercial and critical success of the next venture , ( American Gangster ) , the biopic of Harlem drug lord Frank Lucas '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient Result EDA Special Mention Award Hall of Shame A Good Year Won Critics Choice Award Best Young Actor Freddie Highmore Nominated Satellite Award Best Cinematography Philippe Le Sourd Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Good Year ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Year '' . Entertainment Weekly . 10 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ridley Scott , Marc Klein ( 2007 ) . Audio commentary . A Good Year DVD . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` ' Year ' on Scott 's calendar '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Postcards from Provence . A Good Year DVD . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` DVD and Blu - ray rental '' . Lovefilm . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 23 June 2006 ) . `` R. and R '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Blair , Iain ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` Director 's Chair - Ridley Scott : ' A Good Year ' '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Good Year - Russell Crowe interview '' . IndieLondon . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Desbrosses , Olivier ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` A good year for Marc Streitenfeld '' . Underscores.fr . Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ A Good Year ( 2006 ) -- International Box Office Results . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ A Good Year -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information . The Numbers . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/good_year/ Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . Variety Reviews -- A Good Year -- Film Reviews . Variety . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 10 November 2006 ) . A Good Year ( 2006 ) Stopping to Smell the Vintner 's Bouquet . New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` Maybe not such a good ` Year ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 9 November 2006 ) , `` Movie review : ' A Good Year ' '' , Metromix Chicago , archived from the original on 14 January 2009 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` A Good Year Film '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Barkman ; Ashley Barkman ; Nancy Kang ( 8 March 2013 ) . The Culture and Philosophy of Ridley Scott . Lexington Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 7873 - 7 . 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write a note on kingship and religion in egypt

Ancient Egyptian religion

ancient egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals which were an integral part of ancient Egyptian society . It centered on the Egyptians ' interaction with many deities who were believed to be present in , and in control of , the forces of nature . Rituals such as prayers and offerings were efforts to provide for the gods and gain their favor . Formal religious practice centered on the pharaoh , the ruler of Egypt , who was believed to possess a divine power by virtue of their position . They acted as the intermediary between their people and the gods and was obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain order in the universe . The state dedicated enormous resources to Egyptian rituals and to the construction of the temples .

Individuals could interact with the gods for their own purposes , appealing for their help through prayer or compelling them to act through magic . These practices were distinct from , but closely linked with , the formal rituals and institutions . The popular religious tradition grew more prominent in the course of Egyptian history as the status of the Pharaoh declined . Another important aspect was the belief in the afterlife and funerary practices . The Egyptians made great efforts to ensure the survival of their souls after death , providing tombs , grave goods , and offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased . The religion had its roots in Egypt 's prehistory and lasted for more than 3,000 years . The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined , and their intricate relationships shifted . At various times , certain gods became preeminent over the others , including the sun god Ra , the creator god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . For a brief period , in the theology promulgated by the Pharaoh Akhenaten , a single god , the Aten , replaced the traditional pantheon . Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments , along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures . Contents 1 Theology 1.1 Deities 1.2 Associations between deities 1.3 Unifying tendencies 1.4 Atenism 2 Other important concepts 2.1 Cosmology 2.2 Divine pharaoh 2.3 Afterlife 2.4 Judgment 3 Writings 3.1 Mythology 3.2 Ritual and magical texts 3.3 Hymns and prayers 3.4 Funerary texts 4 Practices 4.1 Temples 4.2 Official rituals and festivals 4.3 Animal cults 4.4 Oracles 4.5 Popular religion 4.6 Magic 4.7 Funerary practices 5 History 5.1 Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods 5.2 Old and Middle Kingdoms 5.3 New Kingdom 5.4 Later periods 5.5 Legacy 5.5. 1 Modern times 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Theology ( edit ) The beliefs and rituals now referred to as `` ancient Egyptian religion '' were integral within every aspect of Egyptian culture . The Egyptian language possessed no single term corresponding to the modern European concept of religion . Ancient Egyptian religion was not a monolithic institution , but consisted of a vast and varying set of beliefs and practices , linked by their common focus on the interaction between the world of humans and the world of the divine . The characteristics of the gods who populated the divine realm were inextricably linked to the Egyptians ' understanding of the properties of the world in which they lived . Deities ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian deities The gods Osiris , Anubis , and Horus , in order from left to right The Egyptians believed that the phenomena of nature were divine forces in and of themselves . These deified forces included the elements , animal characteristics , or abstract forces . The Egyptians believed in a pantheon of gods , which were involved in all aspects of nature and human society . Their religious practices were efforts to sustain and placate these phenomena and turn them to human advantage . This polytheistic system was very complex , as some deities were believed to exist in many different manifestations , and some had multiple mythological roles . Conversely , many natural forces , such as the sun , were associated with multiple deities . The diverse pantheon ranged from gods with vital roles in the universe to minor deities or `` demons '' with very limited or localized functions . It could include gods adopted from foreign cultures , and sometimes humans : deceased Pharaohs were believed to be divine , and occasionally , distinguished commoners such as Imhotep also became deified . The depictions of the gods in art were not meant as literal representations of how the gods might appear if they were visible , as the gods ' true natures were believed to be mysterious . Instead , these depictions gave recognizable forms to the abstract deities by using symbolic imagery to indicate each god 's role in nature . Thus , for example , the funerary god Anubis was portrayed as a jackal , a creature whose scavenging habits threatened the preservation of the body , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black skin was symbolic of the color of mummified flesh and the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection . This iconography was not fixed , and many of the gods could be depicted in more than one form . Many gods were associated with particular regions in Egypt where their cults were most important . However , these associations changed over time , and they did not mean that the god associated with a place had originated there . For instance , the god Monthu was the original patron of the city of Thebes . Over the course of the Middle Kingdom , however , he was displaced in that role by Amun , who may have arisen elsewhere . The national popularity and importance of individual gods fluctuated in a similar way . Amun - Ra kamutef , wearing the plumed headdress of Amun and the sun disk representing Ra Associations between deities ( edit ) The Egyptian gods had complex interrelationships , which partly reflected the interaction of the forces they represented . The Egyptians often grouped gods together to reflect these relationships . Some groups of deities were of indeterminate size , and were linked by their similar functions . These often consisted of minor deities with little individual identity . Other combinations linked independent deities based on the symbolic meaning of numbers in Egyptian mythology ; for instance , pairs of deities usually represent the duality of opposite phenomena . One of the more common combinations was a family triad consisting of a father , mother , and child , who were worshipped together . Some groups had wide - ranging importance . One such group , the Ennead , assembled nine deities into a theological system that was involved in the mythological areas of creation , kingship , and the afterlife . The relationships between deities could also be expressed in the process of syncretism , in which two or more different gods were linked to form a composite deity . This process was a recognition of the presence of one god `` in '' another when the second god took on a role belonging to the first . These links between deities were fluid , and did not represent the permanent merging of two gods into one ; therefore , some gods could develop multiple syncretic connections . Sometimes , syncretism combined deities with very similar characteristics . At other times it joined gods with very different natures , as when Amun , the god of hidden power , was linked with Ra , the god of the sun . The resulting god , Amun - Ra , thus united the power that lay behind all things with the greatest and most visible force in nature . Unifying tendencies ( edit ) Many deities could be given epithets that seem to indicate that they were greater than any other god , suggesting some kind of unity beyond the multitude of natural forces . In particular , this is true of a few gods who , at various times in history , rose to supreme importance in Egyptian religion . These included the royal patron Horus , the sun god Ra , and the mother goddess Isis . During the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 -- 1070 BC ) , Amun held this position . The theology of the period described in particular detail Amun 's presence in and rule over all things , so that he , more than any other deity , embodied the all - encompassing power of the divine . Because of theological statements like this , many past Egyptologists , such as Siegfried Morenz ( de ) , believed that beneath the polytheistic traditions of Egyptian religion there was an increasing belief in a unity of the divine , moving toward monotheism . Instances in Egyptian literature where `` god '' is mentioned without reference to any specific deity would seem to give this view added weight . However , in 1971 Erik Hornung pointed out that the traits of an apparently supreme being could be attributed to many different gods , even in periods when other gods were preeminent , and further argued that references to an unspecified `` god '' are meant to refer flexibly to any deity . He therefore argued that , while some individuals may have henotheistically chosen one god to worship , Egyptian religion as a whole had no notion of a divine being beyond the immediate multitude of deities . Yet the debate did not end there ; Jan Assmann and James P. Allen have since asserted that the Egyptians did to some degree recognize a single divine force . In Allen 's view , the notion of an underlying unity of the divine coexisted inclusively with the polytheistic tradition . It is possible that only the Egyptian theologians fully recognized this underlying unity , but it is also possible that ordinary Egyptians identified the single divine force with a single god in particular situations . Atenism ( edit ) Main article : Atenism During the New Kingdom the pharaoh Akhenaten abolished the official worship of other gods in favor of the sun - disk Aten . This is often seen as the first instance of true monotheism in history , although the details of Atenist theology are still unclear and the suggestion that it was monotheistic is disputed . The exclusion of all but one god from worship was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition and some see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism , as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods ; he simply refrained from worshipping any but the Aten . Under Akhenaten 's successors Egypt reverted to its traditional religion , and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic . Other important concepts ( edit ) Cosmology ( edit ) The air god Shu , assisted by other gods , holds up Nut , the sky , as Geb , the earth , lies beneath . The Egyptian conception of the universe centered on Ma'at , a word that encompasses several concepts in English , including `` truth '' , `` justice '' , and `` order . '' It was the fixed , eternal order of the universe , both in the cosmos and in human society . It had existed since the creation of the world , and without it the world would lose its cohesion . In Egyptian belief , Ma'at was constantly under threat from the forces of disorder , so all of society was required to maintain it . On the human level this meant that all members of society should cooperate and coexist ; on the cosmic level it meant that all of the forces of nature -- the gods -- should continue to function in balance . This latter goal was central to Egyptian religion . The Egyptians sought to maintain Ma'at in the cosmos by sustaining the gods through offerings and by performing rituals which staved off disorder and perpetuated the cycles of nature . The most important part of the Egyptian view of the cosmos was the conception of time , which was greatly concerned with the maintenance of Ma'at . Throughout the linear passage of time , a cyclical pattern recurred , in which Ma'at was renewed by periodic events which echoed the original creation . Among these events were the annual Nile flood and the succession from one king to another , but the most important was the daily journey of the sun god Ra . When thinking of the shape of the cosmos , the Egyptians saw the earth as a flat expanse of land , personified by the god Geb , over which arched the sky goddess Nut . The two were separated by Shu , the god of air . Beneath the earth lay a parallel underworld and undersky , and beyond the skies lay the infinite expanse of Nu , the chaos that had existed before creation . The Egyptians also believed in a place called the Duat , a mysterious region associated with death and rebirth , that may have lain in the underworld or in the sky . Each day , Ra traveled over the earth across the underside of the sky , and at night he passed through the Duat to be reborn at dawn . In Egyptian belief , this cosmos was inhabited by three types of sentient beings . One was the gods ; another was the spirits of deceased humans , who existed in the divine realm and possessed many of the gods ' abilities . Living humans were the third category , and the most important among them was the pharaoh , who bridged the human and divine realms . Colossal statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses II Divine pharaoh ( edit ) See also : Pharaoh Egyptologists have long debated the degree to which the Pharaoh was considered a god . It seems most likely that the Egyptians viewed royal authority itself as a divine force . Therefore , although the Egyptians recognized that the Pharaoh was human and subject to human weakness , they simultaneously viewed him as a god , because the divine power of kingship was incarnated in him . He therefore acted as intermediary between Egypt 's people and the gods . He was key to upholding Ma'at , both by maintaining justice and harmony in human society and by sustaining the gods with temples and offerings . For these reasons , he oversaw all state religious activity . However , the Pharaoh 's real - life influence and prestige could differ from that depicted in official writings and depictions , and beginning in the late New Kingdom his religious importance declined drastically . The king was also associated with many specific deities . He was identified directly with Horus , who represented kingship itself , and he was seen as the son of Ra , who ruled and regulated nature as the Pharaoh ruled and regulated society . By the New Kingdom he was also associated with Amun , the supreme force in the cosmos . Upon his death , the king became fully deified . In this state , he was directly identified with Ra , and was also associated with Osiris , god of death and rebirth and the mythological father of Horus . Many mortuary temples were dedicated to the worship of deceased pharaohs as gods . Afterlife ( edit ) The Egyptians had elaborate beliefs about death and the afterlife . They believed that humans possessed a ka , or life - force , which left the body at the point of death . In life , the ka received its sustenance from food and drink , so it was believed that , to endure after death , the ka must continue to receive offerings of food , whose spiritual essence it could still consume . Each person also had a ba , the set of spiritual characteristics unique to each individual . Unlike the ka , the ba remained attached to the body after death . Egyptian funeral rituals were intended to release the ba from the body so that it could move freely , and to rejoin it with the ka so that it could live on as an akh . However , it was also important that the body of the deceased be preserved , as the Egyptians believed that the ba returned to its body each night to receive new life , before emerging in the morning as an akh . In early times the deceased pharaoh was believed to ascend to the sky and dwell among the stars . Over the course of the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) , however , he came to be more closely associated with the daily rebirth of the sun god Ra and with the underworld ruler Osiris as those deities grew more important . Judgment ( edit ) In the fully developed afterlife beliefs of the New Kingdom , the soul had to avoid a variety of supernatural dangers in the Duat , before undergoing a final judgment , known as the `` Weighing of the Heart '' , carried out by Osiris and by the Assessors of Maat . In this judgment , the gods compared the actions of the deceased while alive ( symbolized by the heart ) to Ma'at , to determine whether he or she had behaved in accordance with Ma'at . If the deceased was judged worthy , his or her ka and ba were united into an akh . Several beliefs coexisted about the akh 's destination . Often the dead were said to dwell in the realm of Osiris , a lush and pleasant land in the underworld . The solar vision of the afterlife , in which the deceased soul traveled with Ra on his daily journey , was still primarily associated with royalty , but could extend to other people as well . Over the course of the Middle and New Kingdoms , the notion that the akh could also travel in the world of the living , and to some degree magically affect events there , became increasingly prevalent . Writings ( edit ) See also : Ancient Egyptian literature While the Egyptians had no unified religious scripture , they produced many religious writings of various types . Together the disparate texts provide a very extensive , but still incomplete , understanding of Egyptian religious practices and beliefs . Mythology ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian mythology Ra ( at center ) travels through the underworld in his barque , accompanied by other gods Egyptian myths were metaphorical stories intended to illustrate and explain the gods ' actions and roles in nature . The details of the events they recounted could change to convey different symbolic perspectives on the mysterious divine events they described , so many myths exist in different and conflicting versions . Mythical narratives were rarely written in full , and more often texts only contain episodes from or allusions to a larger myth . Knowledge of Egyptian mythology , therefore , is derived mostly from hymns that detail the roles of specific deities , from ritual and magical texts which describe actions related to mythic events , and from funerary texts which mention the roles of many deities in the afterlife . Some information is also provided by allusions in secular texts . Finally , Greeks and Romans such as Plutarch recorded some of the extant myths late in Egyptian history . Among the significant Egyptian myths were the creation myths . According to these stories , the world emerged as a dry space in the primordial ocean of chaos . Because the sun is essential to life on earth , the first rising of Ra marked the moment of this emergence . Different forms of the myth describe the process of creation in various ways : a transformation of the primordial god Atum into the elements that form the world , as the creative speech of the intellectual god Ptah , and as an act of the hidden power of Amun . Regardless of these variations , the act of creation represented the initial establishment of maat and the pattern for the subsequent cycles of time . The most important of all Egyptian myths was the myth of Osiris and Isis . It tells of the divine ruler Osiris , who was murdered by his jealous brother Set , a god often associated with chaos . Osiris ' sister and wife Isis resurrected him so that he could conceive an heir , Horus . Osiris then entered the underworld and became the ruler of the dead . Once grown , Horus fought and defeated Set to become king himself . Set 's association with chaos , and the identification of Osiris and Horus as the rightful rulers , provided a rationale for Pharaonic succession and portrayed the Pharaohs as the upholders of order . At the same time , Osiris ' death and rebirth were related to the Egyptian agricultural cycle , in which crops grew in the wake of the Nile inundation , and provided a template for the resurrection of human souls after death . Another important mythic motif was the journey of Ra through the Duat each night . In the course of this journey , Ra met with Osiris , who again acted as an agent of regeneration , so that his life was renewed . He also fought each night with Apep , a serpentine god representing chaos . The defeat of Apep and the meeting with Osiris ensured the rising of the sun the next morning , an event that represented rebirth and the victory of order over chaos . Ritual and magical texts ( edit ) The procedures for religious rituals were frequently written on papyri , which were used as instructions for those performing the ritual . These ritual texts were kept mainly in the temple libraries . Temples themselves are also inscribed with such texts , often accompanied by illustrations . Unlike the ritual papyri , these inscriptions were not intended as instructions , but were meant to symbolically perpetuate the rituals even if , in reality , people ceased to perform them . Magical texts likewise describe rituals , although these rituals were part of the spells used for specific goals in everyday life . Despite their mundane purpose , many of these texts also originated in temple libraries and later became disseminated among the general populace . Hymns and prayers ( edit ) The Egyptians produced numerous prayers and hymns , written in the form of poetry . Hymns and prayers follow a similar structure and are distinguished mainly by the purposes they serve . Hymns were written to praise particular deities . Like ritual texts , they were written on papyri and on temple walls , and they were probably recited as part of the rituals they accompany in temple inscriptions . Most are structured according to a set literary formula , designed to expound on the nature , aspects , and mythological functions of a given deity . They tend to speak more explicitly about fundamental theology than other Egyptian religious writings , and became particularly important in the New Kingdom , a period of particularly active theological discourse . Prayers follow the same general pattern as hymns , but address the relevant god in a more personal way , asking for blessings , help , or forgiveness for wrongdoing . Such prayers are rare before the New Kingdom , indicating that in earlier periods such direct personal interaction with a deity was not believed possible , or at least was less likely to be expressed in writing . They are known mainly from inscriptions on statues and stelae left in sacred sites as votive offerings . Funerary texts ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian funerary texts Section of the Book of the Dead for the scribe Hunefer , depicting the Weighing of the Heart . Among the most significant and extensively preserved Egyptian writings are funerary texts designed to ensure that deceased souls reached a pleasant afterlife . The earliest of these are the Pyramid Texts . They are a loose collection of hundreds of spells inscribed on the walls of royal pyramids during the Old Kingdom , intended to magically provide pharaohs with the means to join the company of the gods in the afterlife . The spells appear in differing arrangements and combinations , and few of them appear in all of the pyramids . At the end of the Old Kingdom a new body of funerary spells , which included material from the Pyramid Texts , began appearing in tombs , inscribed primarily on coffins . This collection of writings is known as the Coffin Texts , and was not reserved for royalty , but appeared in the tombs of non-royal officials . In the New Kingdom , several new funerary texts emerged , of which the best - known is the Book of the Dead . Unlike the earlier books , it often contains extensive illustrations , or vignettes . The book was copied on papyrus and sold to commoners to be placed in their tombs . The Coffin Texts included sections with detailed descriptions of the underworld and instructions on how to overcome its hazards . In the New Kingdom , this material gave rise to several `` books of the netherworld '' , including the Book of Gates , the Book of Caverns , and the Amduat . Unlike the loose collections of spells , these netherworld books are structured depictions of Ra 's passage through the Duat , and by analogy , the journey of the deceased person 's soul through the realm of the dead . They were originally restricted to pharaonic tombs , but in the Third Intermediate Period they came to be used more widely . As Egypt became more modernized , its archaic practices were substituted with new and efficient scientific techniques . Some of these scientific advancements were related to the development of mummification . By enhancing their advanced practice of mummification , the Egyptians were able to reach a new level of excellency concerning afterlife . Practices ( edit ) First pylon and colonnade of the Temple of Isis at Philae . Temples ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian temple Temples existed from the beginning of Egyptian history , and at the height of the civilization they were present in most of its towns . They included both mortuary temples to serve the spirits of deceased pharaohs and temples dedicated to patron gods , although the distinction was blurred because divinity and kingship were so closely intertwined . The temples were not primarily intended as places for worship by the general populace , and the common people had a complex set of religious practices of their own . Instead , the state - run temples served as houses for the gods , in which physical images which served as their intermediaries were cared for and provided with offerings . This service was believed to be necessary to sustain the gods , so that they could in turn maintain the universe itself . Thus , temples were central to Egyptian society , and vast resources were devoted to their upkeep , including both donations from the monarchy and large estates of their own . Pharaohs often expanded them as part of their obligation to honor the gods , so that many temples grew to enormous size . However , not all gods had temples dedicated to them , as many gods who were important in official theology received only minimal worship , and many household gods were the focus of popular veneration rather than temple ritual . The earliest Egyptian temples were small , impermanent structures , but through the Old and Middle Kingdoms their designs grew more elaborate , and they were increasingly built out of stone . In the New Kingdom , a basic temple layout emerged , which had evolved from common elements in Old and Middle Kingdom temples . With variations , this plan was used for most of the temples built from then on , and most of those that survive today adhere to it . In this standard plan , the temple was built along a central processional way that led through a series of courts and halls to the sanctuary , which held a statue of the temple 's god . Access to this most sacred part of the temple was restricted to the pharaoh and the highest - ranking priests . The journey from the temple entrance to the sanctuary was seen as a journey from the human world to the divine realm , a point emphasized by the complex mythological symbolism present in temple architecture . Well beyond the temple building proper was the outermost wall . In the space between the two lay many subsidiary buildings , including workshops and storage areas to supply the temple 's needs , and the library where the temple 's sacred writings and mundane records were kept , and which also served as a center of learning on a multitude of subjects . Theoretically it was the duty of the pharaoh to carry out temple rituals , as he was Egypt 's official representative to the gods . In reality , ritual duties were almost always carried out by priests . During the Old and Middle Kingdoms , there was no separate class of priests ; instead , many government officials served in this capacity for several months out of the year before returning to their secular duties . Only in the New Kingdom did professional priesthood become widespread , although most lower - ranking priests were still part - time . All were still employed by the state , and the pharaoh had final say in their appointments . However , as the wealth of the temples grew , the influence of their priesthoods increased , until it rivaled that of the pharaoh . In the political fragmentation of the Third Intermediate Period ( c. 1070 -- 664 BC ) , the high priests of Amun at Karnak even became the effective rulers of Upper Egypt . The temple staff also included many people other than priests , such as musicians and chanters in temple ceremonies . Outside the temple were artisans and other laborers who helped supply the temple 's needs , as well as farmers who worked on temple estates . All were paid with portions of the temple 's income . Large temples were therefore very important centers of economic activity , sometimes employing thousands of people . Official rituals and festivals ( edit ) State religious practice included both temple rituals involved in the cult of a deity , and ceremonies related to divine kingship . Among the latter were coronation ceremonies and the sed festival , a ritual renewal of the pharaoh 's strength that took place periodically during his reign . There were numerous temple rituals , including rites that took place across the country and rites limited to single temples or to the temples of a single god . Some were performed daily , while others took place annually or on rarer occasions . The most common temple ritual was the morning offering ceremony , performed daily in temples across Egypt . In it , a high - ranking priest , or occasionally the pharaoh , washed , anointed , and elaborately dressed the god 's statue before presenting it with offerings . Afterward , when the god had consumed the spiritual essence of the offerings , the items themselves were taken to be distributed among the priests . The less frequent temple rituals , or festivals , were still numerous , with dozens occurring every year . These festivals often entailed actions beyond simple offerings to the gods , such as reenactments of particular myths or the symbolic destruction of the forces of disorder . Most of these events were probably celebrated only by the priests and took place only inside the temple . However , the most important temple festivals , like the Opet Festival celebrated at Karnak , usually involved a procession carrying the god 's image out of the sanctuary in a model barque to visit other significant sites , such as the temple of a related deity . Commoners gathered to watch the procession and sometimes received portions of the unusually large offerings given to the gods on these occasions . Animal cults ( edit ) The Apis bull At many sacred sites , the Egyptians worshipped individual animals which they believed to be manifestations of particular deities . These animals were selected based on specific sacred markings which were believed to indicate their fitness for the role . Some of these cult animals retained their positions for the rest of their lives , as with the Apis bull worshipped in Memphis as a manifestation of Ptah . Other animals were selected for much shorter periods . These cults grew more popular in later times , and many temples began raising stocks of such animals from which to choose a new divine manifestation . A separate practice developed in the Twenty - sixth Dynasty , when people began mummifying any member of a particular animal species as an offering to the god whom the species represented . Millions of mummified cats , birds , and other creatures were buried at temples honoring Egyptian deities . Worshippers paid the priests of a particular deity to obtain and mummify an animal associated with that deity , and the mummy was placed in a cemetery near the god 's cult center . Oracles ( edit ) The Egyptians used oracles to ask the gods for knowledge or guidance . Egyptian oracles are known mainly from the New Kingdom and afterward , though they probably appeared much earlier . People of all classes , including the king , asked questions of oracles , and , especially in the late New Kingdom their answers could be used to settle legal disputes or inform royal decisions . The most common means of consulting an oracle was to pose a question to the divine image while it was being carried in a festival procession , and interpret an answer from the barque 's movements . Other methods included interpreting the behavior of cult animals , drawing lots , or consulting statues through which a priest apparently spoke . The means of discerning the god 's will gave great influence to the priests who spoke and interpreted the god 's message . Popular religion ( edit ) While the state cults were meant to preserve the stability of the Egyptian world , lay individuals had their own religious practices that related more directly to daily life . This popular religion left less evidence than the official cults , and because this evidence was mostly produced by the wealthiest portion of the Egyptian population , it is uncertain to what degree it reflects the practices of the populace as a whole . Popular religious practice included ceremonies marking important transitions in life . These included birth , because of the danger involved in the process , and naming , because the name was held to be a crucial part of a person 's identity . The most important of these ceremonies were those surrounding death ( see `` Funerary practices '' below ) , because they ensured the soul 's survival beyond it . Other religious practices sought to discern the gods ' will or seek their knowledge . These included the interpretation of dreams , which could be seen as messages from the divine realm , and the consultation of oracles . People also sought to affect the gods ' behavior to their own benefit through magical rituals ( see `` Magic '' below ) . Individual Egyptians also prayed to gods and gave them private offerings . Evidence of this type of personal piety is sparse before the New Kingdom . This is probably due to cultural restrictions on depiction of nonroyal religious activity , which relaxed during the Middle and New Kingdoms . Personal piety became still more prominent in the late New Kingdom , when it was believed that the gods intervened directly in individual lives , punishing wrongdoers and saving the pious from disaster . Official temples were important venues for private prayer and offering , even though their central activities were closed to laypeople . Egyptians frequently donated goods to be offered to the temple deity and objects inscribed with prayers to be placed in temple courts . Often they prayed in person before temple statues or in shrines set aside for their use . Yet in addition to temples , the populace also used separate local chapels , smaller but more accessible than the formal temples . These chapels were very numerous , and probably staffed by members of the community . Households , too , often had their own small shrines for offering to gods or deceased relatives . The deities invoked in these situations differed somewhat from those at the center of state cults . Many of the important popular deities , such as the fertility goddess Taweret and the household protector Bes , had no temples of their own . However , many other gods , including Amun and Osiris , were very important in both popular and official religion . Some individuals might be particularly devoted to a single god . Often they favored deities affiliated with their own region , or with their role in life . The god Ptah , for instance , was particularly important in his cult center of Memphis , but as the patron of craftsmen he received the nationwide veneration of many in that occupation . Magic ( edit ) Main article : Heka The word `` magic '' could be used to translate the Egyptian term heka , which meant , as James P. Allen puts it , `` the ability to make things happen by indirect means '' . Heka was believed to be a natural phenomenon , the force which was used to create the universe and which the gods employed to work their will . Humans could also use it , however , and magical practices were closely intertwined with religion . In fact , even the regular rituals performed in temples were counted as magic . Individuals also frequently employed magical techniques for personal purposes . Although these ends could be harmful to other people , no form of magic was considered inimical in itself . Instead , magic was seen primarily as a way for humans to prevent or overcome negative events . Amulet in the shape of the Eye of Horus , a common magical symbol Magic was closely associated with the priesthood . Because temple libraries contained numerous magical texts , great magical knowledge was ascribed to the lector priests who studied these texts . These priests often worked outside their temples , hiring out their magical services to laymen . Other professions also commonly employed magic as part of their work , including doctors , scorpion - charmers , and makers of magical amulets . It is also likely that the peasantry used simple magic for their own purposes , but because this magical knowledge would have been passed down orally , there is limited evidence of it . Language was closely linked with heka , to such a degree that Thoth , the god of writing , was sometimes said to be the inventor of heka . Therefore , magic frequently involved written or spoken incantations , although these were usually accompanied by ritual actions . Often these rituals invoked the power of an appropriate deity to perform the desired action , using the power of heka to compel it to act . Sometimes this entailed casting the practitioner or subject of a ritual in the role of a character in mythology , thus inducing the god to act toward that person as it had in the myth . Rituals also employed sympathetic magic , using objects believed to have a magically significant resemblance to the subject of the rite . The Egyptians also commonly used objects believed to be imbued with heka of their own , such as the magically protective amulets worn in great numbers by ordinary Egyptians . Funerary practices ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian burial customs Because it was considered necessary for the survival of the soul , preservation of the body was a central part of Egyptian funerary practices . Originally the Egyptians buried their dead in the desert , where the arid conditions mummified the body naturally . In the Early Dynastic Period , however , they began using tombs for greater protection , and the body was insulated from the desiccating effect of the sand and was subject to natural decay . Thus the Egyptians developed their elaborate embalming practices , in which the corpse was artificially desiccated and wrapped to be placed in its coffin . The quality of the process varied according to cost , however , and those who could not afford it were still buried in desert graves . The Opening of the Mouth ceremony being performed before the tomb Once the mummification process was complete , the mummy was carried from the deceased person 's house to the tomb in a funeral procession that included his or her friends and relatives , along with a variety of priests . Before the burial , these priests performed several rituals , including the Opening of the mouth ceremony intended to restore the dead person 's senses and give him or her the ability to receive offerings . Then the mummy was buried and the tomb sealed . Afterward , relatives or hired priests gave food offerings to the deceased in a nearby mortuary chapel at regular intervals . Over time , families inevitably neglected offerings to long - dead relatives , so most mortuary cults only lasted one or two generations . However , while the cult lasted , the living sometimes wrote letters asking deceased relatives for help , in the belief that the dead could affect the world of the living as the gods did . The first Egyptian tombs were mastabas , rectangular brick structures where kings and nobles were entombed . Each of them contained a subterranean burial chamber and a separate , above ground chapel for mortuary rituals . In the Old Kingdom the mastaba developed into the pyramid , which symbolized the primeval mound of Egyptian myth . Pyramids were reserved for royalty , and were accompanied by large mortuary temples sitting at their base . Middle Kingdom pharaohs continued to build pyramids , but the popularity of mastabas waned . Increasingly , commoners with sufficient means were buried in rock - cut tombs with separate mortuary chapels nearby , an approach which was less vulnerable to tomb robbery . By the beginning of the New Kingdom even the pharaohs were buried in such tombs , and they continued to be used until the decline of the religion itself . Tombs could contain a great variety of other items , including statues of the deceased to serve as substitutes for the body in case it was damaged . Because it was believed that the deceased would have to do work in the afterlife , just as in life , burials often included small models of humans to do work in place of the deceased . The tombs of wealthier individuals could also contain furniture , clothing , and other everyday objects intended for use in the afterlife , along with amulets and other items intended to provide magical protection against the hazards of the spirit world . Further protection was provided by funerary texts included in the burial . The tomb walls also bore artwork , including images of the deceased eating food which were believed to allow him or her to magically receive sustenance even after the mortuary offerings had ceased . History ( edit ) Predynastic and early Dynastic periods ( edit ) Narmer , a Predynastic ruler , accompanied by men carrying the standards of various local gods The beginnings of Egyptian religion extend into prehistory , though evidence for them comes only from the sparse and ambiguous archaeological record . Careful burials during the Predynastic period imply that the people of this time believed in some form of an afterlife . At the same time , animals were ritually buried , a practice which may reflect the development of zoomorphic deities like those found in the later religion . The evidence is less clear for gods in human form , and this type of deity may have emerged more slowly than those in animal shape . Each region of Egypt originally had its own patron deity , but it is likely that as these small communities conquered or absorbed each other , the god of the defeated area was either incorporated into the other god 's mythology or entirely subsumed by it . This resulted in a complex pantheon in which some deities remained only locally important while others developed more universal significance . As the time changed and the shifting of the empires changed like the middle kingdom , new kingdom , and old kingdom , usually the religion followed stayed within the border of that territory . The Early Dynastic Period began with the unification of Egypt around 3000 BC . This event transformed Egyptian religion , as some deities rose to national importance and the cult of the divine pharaoh became the central focus of religious activity . Horus was identified with the king , and his cult center in the Upper Egyptian city of Nekhen was among the most important religious sites of the period . Another important center was Abydos , where the early rulers built large funerary complexes . Old and Middle Kingdoms ( edit ) During the Old Kingdom , the priesthoods of the major deities attempted to organize the complicated national pantheon into groups linked by their mythology and worshipped in a single cult center , such as the Ennead of Heliopolis which linked important deities such as Atum , Ra , Osiris , and Set in a single creation myth . Meanwhile , pyramids , accompanied by large mortuary temple complexes , replaced mastabas as the tombs of pharaohs . In contrast with the great size of the pyramid complexes , temples to gods remained comparatively small , suggesting that official religion in this period emphasized the cult of the divine king more than the direct worship of deities . The funerary rituals and architecture of this time greatly influenced the more elaborate temples and rituals used in worshipping the gods in later periods . The pyramid complex of Djedkare Isesi Early in the Old Kingdom , Ra grew in influence , and his cult center at Heliopolis became the nation 's most important religious site . By the Fifth Dynasty , Ra was the most prominent god in Egypt , and had developed the close links with kingship and the afterlife that he retained for the rest of Egyptian history . Around the same time , Osiris became an important afterlife deity . The Pyramid Texts , first written at this time , reflect the prominence of the solar and Osirian concepts of the afterlife , although they also contain remnants of much older traditions . The texts are an extremely important source for understanding early Egyptian theology . In the 22nd century BC , the Old Kingdom collapsed into the disorder of the First Intermediate Period , with important consequences for Egyptian religion . Old Kingdom officials had already begun to adopt the funerary rites originally reserved for royalty , but now , less rigid barriers between social classes meant that these practices and the accompanying beliefs gradually extended to all Egyptians , a process called the `` democratization of the afterlife '' . The Osirian view of the afterlife had the greatest appeal to commoners , and thus Osiris became one of the most important gods . Eventually rulers from Thebes reunified the Egyptian nation in the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 -- 1650 BC ) . These Theban pharaohs initially promoted their patron god Monthu to national importance , but during the Middle Kingdom , he was eclipsed by the rising popularity of Amun . In this new Egyptian state , personal piety grew more important and was expressed more freely in writing , a trend which continued in the New Kingdom . New Kingdom ( edit ) The Middle Kingdom crumbled in the Second Intermediate Period ( c. 1650 -- 1550 BC ) , but the country was again reunited by Theban rulers , who became the first pharaohs of the New Kingdom . Under the new regime , Amun became the supreme state god . He was syncretized with Ra , the long - established patron of kingship , and his temple at Karnak in Thebes became Egypt 's most important religious center . Amun 's elevation was partly due to the great importance of Thebes , but it was also due to the increasingly professional priesthood . Their sophisticated theological discussion produced detailed descriptions of Amun 's universal power . Increased contact with outside peoples in this period led to the adoption of many Near Eastern deities into the pantheon . At the same time , the subjugated Nubians absorbed Egyptian religious beliefs , and in particular , adopted Amun as their own . Akhenaten and his family worshipping the Aten The New Kingdom religious order was disrupted when Akhenaten acceded , and replaced Amun with the Aten as the state god . Eventually he eliminated the official worship of most other gods , and moved Egypt 's capital to a new city at Amarna . This part of Egyptian history , the Amarna period , is named after this . In doing so , Akhenaten claimed unprecedented status : only he could worship the Aten , and the populace directed their worship toward him . The Atenist system lacked well - developed mythology and afterlife beliefs , and the Aten seemed distant and impersonal , so the new order did not appeal to ordinary Egyptians . Thus , many probably continued to worship the traditional gods in private . Nevertheless , the withdrawal of state support for the other deities severely disrupted Egyptian society . Akhenaten 's successors restored the traditional religious system , and eventually they dismantled all Atenist monuments . Before the Amarna period , popular religion had trended toward more personal relationships between worshippers and their gods . Akhenaten 's changes had reversed this trend , but once the traditional religion was restored , there was a backlash . The populace began to believe that the gods were much more directly involved in daily life . Amun , the supreme god , was increasingly seen as the final arbiter of human destiny , the true ruler of Egypt . The pharaoh was correspondingly more human and less divine . The importance of oracles as a means of decision - making grew , as did the wealth and influence of the oracles ' interpreters , the priesthood . These trends undermined the traditional structure of society and contributed to the breakdown of the New Kingdom . Later periods ( edit ) Main article : Decline of ancient Egyptian religion In the 1st millennium BC , Egypt was significantly weaker than in earlier times , and in several periods foreigners seized the country and assumed the position of pharaoh . The importance of the pharaoh continued to decline , and the emphasis on popular piety continued to increase . Animal cults , a characteristically Egyptian form of worship , became increasingly popular in this period , possibly as a response to the uncertainty and foreign influence of the time . Isis grew more popular as a goddess of protection , magic , and personal salvation , and became the most important goddess in Egypt . Serapis In the 4th century BC , Egypt became a Hellenistic kingdom under the Ptolemaic dynasty ( 305 -- 30 BC ) , which assumed the pharaonic role , maintaining the traditional religion and building or rebuilding many temples . The kingdom 's Greek ruling class identified the Egyptian deities with their own . From this cross-cultural syncretism emerged Serapis , a god who combined Osiris and Apis with characteristics of Greek deities , and who became very popular among the Greek population . Nevertheless , for the most part the two belief systems remained separate , and the Egyptian deities remained Egyptian . Ptolemaic - era beliefs changed little after Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC , with the Ptolemaic kings replaced by distant emperors . The cult of Isis appealed even to Greeks and Romans outside Egypt , and in Hellenized form it spread across the empire . In Egypt itself , as the empire weakened , official temples fell into decay , and without their centralizing influence religious practice became fragmented and localized . Meanwhile , Christianity spread across Egypt , and in the third and fourth centuries AD , edicts by Christian emperors and iconoclasm by local Christians eroded traditional beliefs . While it persisted among the populace for some time , Egyptian religion slowly faded away . Legacy ( edit ) Altar to Thoth of a Kemetic follower . Egyptian religion produced the temples and tombs which are ancient Egypt 's most enduring monuments , but it also influenced other cultures . In pharaonic times many of its symbols , such as the sphinx and winged solar disk , were adopted by other cultures across the Mediterranean and Near East , as were some of its deities , such as Bes . Some of these connections are difficult to trace . The Greek concept of Elysium may have derived from the Egyptian vision of the afterlife . In late antiquity , the Christian conception of Hell was most likely influenced by some of the imagery of the Duat . Biblical accounts of Jesus and Mary may have been influenced by that of Isis and Osiris . Egyptian beliefs also influenced or gave rise to several esoteric belief systems developed by Greeks and Romans , who considered Egypt as a source of mystic wisdom . Hermeticism , for instance , derived from the tradition of secret magical knowledge associated with Thoth . Modern times ( edit ) Traces of ancient beliefs remained in Egyptian folk traditions into modern times , but its influence on modern societies greatly increased with the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria in 1798 and their seeing the monuments and images . As a result of it , Westerners began to study Egyptian beliefs firsthand , and Egyptian religious motifs were adopted into Western art . Egyptian religion has since had a significant influence in popular culture . Due to continued interest in Egyptian beliefs , in the late 20th century , several new religious groups going under the blanket term of Kemetism have formed based on different reconstructions of ancient Egyptian religion . See also ( edit ) Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul Ancient Egyptian deities Egyptian mythology Kemetism Index of Egyptian mythology articles Prehistoric religion Religions of the ancient Near East Traditional African religions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 1 -- 5 , 80 . Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 63 -- 64 , 82 . Jump up ^ Allen 2000 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 30 , 32 , 89 . Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , pp. 55 -- 58 . Jump up ^ David 2002 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 28 , 187 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Teeter 2001 , pp. 340 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2005 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 36 , 67 . 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ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8729 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 2005 ) ( 2001 ) . Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt . Lorton , David transl . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4241 - 9 . David , Rosalie ( 2002 ) . Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026252 - 0 . Dunand , Françoise ; Zivie - Coche , Christiane ( 2005 ) . Gods and Men in Egypt : 3000 BCE to 395 CE . Lorton , David transl . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8853 - 2 . Fleming , Fergus ; Lothian , Alan ( 1997 ) . The Way to Eternity : Egyptian Myth . Amsterdam : Duncan Baird . ISBN 0 - 7054 - 3503 - 2 . Foster , John L ( 2001 ) , Lyric in Redford 2001 , vol. II , pp. 312 -- 17 . Frankfurter , David ( 1998 ) . Religion in Roman Egypt : Assimilation and Resistance . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07054 - 7 . Hornung , Erik ( 1999 ) . The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife . Lorton , David transl . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8515 - 0 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) . The Secret Lore of Egypt : Its Impact on the West . Lorton , David transl . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3847 - 0 . Lesko , Leonard H ( 1991 ) , Ancient Egyptian Cosmogonies and Cosmology in Shafer 1991 , pp. 117 -- 21 . Malek , Jaromir ( 2000 ) , The Old Kingdom , in Shaw 2000 , pp. 92 -- 93 , 108 -- 9 . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of American Religions ( 8th ed . ) . Gale Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 9696 - X . Peacock , David ( 2000 ) , The Roman Period , in Shaw 2000 , pp. 437 -- 38 . Pinch , Geraldine ( 1995 ) . Magic in Ancient Egypt . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 76559 - 2 . Quirke , Stephen ; Spencer , Jeffrey ( 1992 ) . The British Museum Book of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27902 - 0 . Redford , Donald B , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510234 - 7 . Sadek , Ashraf Iskander ( 1988 ) . Popular Religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom . Hildesheim . ISBN 3 - 8067 - 8107 - 9 . Shafer , Byron E , ed. ( 1991 ) . Religion in Ancient Egypt : Gods , Myths , and Personal Practice . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9786 - 8 . Shafer , Byron E , ed. ( 1997 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . IB Tauris . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 945 - 1 . Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Silverman , David P ( 1991 ) , Divinity and Deities in Ancient Egypt in Shafer 1991 , pp. 55 -- 58 . Simpson , William Kelly , ed. ( 1989 ) . Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt . Yale Egyptological Seminar . ISBN 0 - 912532 - 18 - 1 . Taylor , John ( 2001 ) . Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 79164 - 5 . Teeter , Emily ( 2001 ) , Cults : Divine Cults in Redford 2001 , vol . I , pp. 340 -- 44 . Tobin , Vincent Arieh ( 2001 ) , Myths : An Overview , in Redford 2001 , vol. II , pp. 464 -- 68 . Traunecker , Claude ( 2001 ) ( 1992 ) . The Gods of Egypt . Lorton , David transl . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3834 - 9 . Van Dijk , Jacobus ( 2000 ) , The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom in Shaw 2000 , pp. 311 -- 12 . Wilkinson , Richard H ( 2000 ) . The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05100 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05120 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Clarysse , Willy ; Schoors , Antoon ; Willems , Harco ; Quaegebeur , Jan ( 1998 ) , Egyptian Religion : The Last Thousand Years : Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Jan Quaegebeur , Peeters , ISBN 90 - 429 - 0669 - 3 . Harris , Geraldine ; Sibbick , John ; O'Connor , David ( 1992 ) , Gods and Pharaohs from Egyptian Mythology , Bedrick , ISBN 0 - 87226 - 907 - 8 . Hart , George ( 1997 ) , Egyptian Myths , Legendary Past , University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 72076 - 9 . Hill , Marsha ( 2007 ) . Gifts for the gods : images from Egyptian temples . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9781588392312 . Bilolo , Mubabinge ( 2004 ) ( Kinshasa - Munich 1987 ) , Les cosmo - théologies philosophiques d'Héliopolis et d'Hermopolis . Essai de thématisation et de systématisation , Academy of African Thought ( in French ) , 2 , Munich - Paris , sec I . -- -- -- ( 2003 ) ( Kinshasa - Munich , 1986 ) , Les cosmo - théologies philosophiques de l'Égypte Antique . Problématique , prémisses herméneutiques et problèmes majeurs , Academy of African Thought ( in French ) , 1 , Munich - Paris , sec I . -- -- -- ( 2003 ) ( Kinshasa - Munich 1995 ) , Métaphysique Pharaonique IIIème millénaire av. J. - C. , Academy of African Thought ( in French ) , 4 , Munich - Paris : C.A. Diop - Center for Egyptological Studies - INADEP , sec I . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) ( Kinshasa - Munich 1988 ) , Le Créateur et la Création dans la pensée memphite et amarnienne . Approche synoptique du Document Philosophique de Memphis et du Grand Hymne Théologique d'Echnaton , Academy of African Thought ( in French ) , 2 , Munich - Paris , sec I . Pinch , Geraldine ( 2004 ) , Egyptian Mythology : A Guide to the Gods , Goddesses , and Traditions of ancient Egypt , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 517024 - 5 . Schulz , R ; Seidel , M ( 1998 ) , Egypt : The World of the Pharaohs , Cologne : Könemann , ISBN 3 - 89508 - 913 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Budge , EA Wallis , Legends of the Gods : readable HTML book with images and footnotes Egyptian Gods . `` Ideology and Belief in Ancient Egypt '' , Digital Egypt , UK : UCL . `` Ancient Egypt '' , The Internet Sacred Text Archive . Religion in the Lives of the Ancient Egyptians , U Chicago . Links to related articles Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Category Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Ancient Egyptian religion Beliefs Emanationism Isfet Maat Maa Kheru Mythology Numerology Paganism Pantheism Philosophy Polytheism Soul Practices Funerals Heku Mortuary temples Offering formula Temples Veneration of the dead Deities Ogdoad Amun Amunet Heh Hauhet Kek Kauket Nu Naunet Ennead Atum Shu Tefnut Geb Nut Osiris Isis Set Nephthys Aker Akhty Ammit Am - heh Anat Andjety Anhur Anput Anubis Anuket Apedemak Apep Apis Apt Aqen Arensnuphis Ash Assessors Astarte Aten Babi Banebdjedet Bastet Bat Bata Ba - 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who is running for govenor of south carolina

South Carolina gubernatorial Election , 2018

south carolina gubernatorial election, 2018

Nominee Henry McMaster James Smith Party Republican Democratic Running mate Pamela Evette Mandy Powers Norrell Incumbent Governor Henry McMaster Republican Elections in South Carolina Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2000 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1896 1902 1908 1912 1914 1918 1920 1924 1926 1930 1932 1936 1938 1942 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1972 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 United States House elections 1788 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections Senate , 1897 7th district , 1901 4th district , 1915 Senate , 1918 6th district , 1919 7th district , 1919 Senate , 1941 4th district , 1953 1st district , 1971 2nd district , 2001 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2014 5th district , 2017 Others State offices ( show ) General elections 2006 2014 Gubernatorial elections 1865 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State Senate elections 2008 State House elections 2008 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 1 2008 2012 2014 The 2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Governor of South Carolina . Incumbent Republican Governor Henry McMaster is currently running for election to a full term . The primary was held on June 12 , with the Democrats nominating James E. Smith Jr ... Governor McMaster , having failed to win a majority of the vote , defeated John Warren in the Republican runoff on June 26 . Contents 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 First round 1.3. 1 Polling 1.3. 2 Results 1.4 Runoff 1.4. 1 Polling 1.4. 2 Results 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Independents and Third Parties 3.1 Declared 4 General election 4.1 Predictions 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Polling 4.4 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kevin Bryant , incumbent Lieutenant Governor Yancey McGill , former Democratic Lieutenant Governor and former Democratic State Senator Henry McMaster , incumbent Governor Running mate : Pamela Evette , businesswoman Catherine Templeton , attorney , former Director of the Department of Health and Environmental Control and former Director of the Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation Running mate : Walt Wilkins , Greenville County Solicitor John Warren , businessman Running mate : Pat McKinney , businessman Declined ( edit ) Tom Davis , State Senator Jeff Duncan , U.S. Representative Mikee Johnson , businessman and former Chairman of the South Carolina Chamber of Commerce ( endorsed Catherine Templeton ) Tim Scott , U.S. Senator Joe Taylor , former South Carolina Secretary of Commerce Billy Wilkins , former Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Alan Wilson , Attorney General ( running for re-election ) Endorsements ( edit ) show Catherine Templeton State figures Ralph Norman , member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina . Wes Climer , State Senator Bobby Harrell , former Speaker of South Carolina House of Representatives Organizations Maggie 's List show John Warren State figures Ralph Norman , member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina . Knox H. White , Mayor of Greenville Pat McKinney , former chairman of the State Ports Authority , later chosen as Warren 's running mate Elise Bidwell , member of South Carolina Educational Television Commission Lance Byars Phil Robertson , star of Duck Dynasty Catherine Templeton , business woman and defeated candidate in gubernatorial Republican primary Kevin L. Bryant , 91st Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina and defeated candidate in gubernatorial Republican Primary Tom Davis , state senator First round ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Henry McMaster Kevin Bryant Yancey McGill Catherine Templeton John Warren Other Undecided Fabrizio , Lee and Associates ( R - Warren ) May 29 -- 31 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 33 % 5 % 2 % 17 % 19 % -- 24 % Target - Insyght May 29 -- 31 , 2018 400 ± 5.0 % 37 % 4 % 3 % 25 % 20 % -- 11 % Target - Insyght April 3 -- 5 , 2018 400 ± 5.0 % 46 % 6 % 4 % 22 % 1 % -- 22 % TargetPoint / GQR March 10 -- 17 , 2018 397 -- 41 % 5 % 3 % 10 % 2 % -- 35 % The Trafalgar Group ( R ) November 29 -- December 30 , 2017 2,223 ± 2.1 % 40 % 11 % 3 % 8 % -- 10 % 28 % Mason - Dixon December 6 -- 10 , 2017 400 ± 5.0 % 51 % 8 % 1 % 21 % -- -- 19 % South Carolina Public Affairs October 10 -- 11 , 2017 633 ± 4.0 % 33 % 5 % 5 % 7 % -- -- 50 % Results ( edit ) Map showing the results of the 2018 South Carolina Republican Gubernatorial Primary ( Round 1 ) by county Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry McMaster ( incumbent ) 155,723 42.32 Republican John Warren 102,390 27.82 Republican Catherine Templeton 78,705 21.39 Republican Kevin Bryant 24,790 6.74 Republican Yancey McGill 6,375 1.73 Total votes 367,983 100.0 Runoff ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Henry McMaster Warren Undecided The Trafalgar Group ( R ) June 19 -- 21 , 2018 1,650 ± 3.0 % 54 % 37 % 9 % Fabrizio , Lee and Associates ( R - Warren ) June 19 -- 20 , 2018 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 46 % 13 % The Trafalgar Group ( R ) June 13 -- 14 , 2018 1,000 ± 3.0 % 60 % 31 % 9 % Results ( edit ) Primary runoff results by county : McMaster ( show ) 80 -- 90 % 70 -- 80 % 60 -- 70 % 50 -- 60 % Warren ( show ) 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % Republican primary runoff results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry McMaster ( incumbent ) 184,286 53.63 Republican John Warren 159,349 46.37 Total votes 343,635 100.0 Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Phil Noble , business and technology consultant and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1994 Running mate : Gloria Bromell Tinubu , former Atlanta , Georgia City Councilwoman , former Georgia State Representative and nominee for SC - 07 in 2012 and 2014 James Smith , State Representative Running mate : Mandy Powers Norrell , State Representative Marguerite Willis , attorney Running mate : John Scott , State Senator Declined ( edit ) Steve Benjamin , Mayor of Columbia Marlon Kimpson , state senator Inez Tenenbaum , former State Superintendent of Education , former Chair of the Consumer Product Safety Commission and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2004 Endorsements ( edit ) show Phil Noble Doug Jones , U.S. Senator from Alabama Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Phil Noble James Smith Marguerite Willis Other Undecided Target - Insyght April 3 -- 5 , 2018 400 ± 5.0 % 27 % 27 % 21 % -- 25 % TargetPoint / GQR March 10 -- 17 , 2018 296 -- 7 % 18 % 11 % -- 57 % The Trafalgar Group ( R ) November 29 -- December 30 , 2017 2,223 ± 2.1 % 25 % 20 % -- 21 % 34 % Results ( edit ) Map showing the results of the 2018 South Carolina Democratic Gubernatorial Primary by county Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic James Smith 148,633 61.81 Democratic Marguerite Willis 66,248 27.55 Democratic Phil Noble 25,587 10.64 Total votes 240,468 100.0 Independents and Third Parties ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Phil Cheney ( independent ) , former Anderson City Councilman , candidate for SC - 03 in 2006 and write - in candidate for SC - 05 in 2017 Martin Barry ( American Party ) , medication researcher Running mate : James Cartee , theater director General Election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report Likely R June 29 , 2018 Rothenberg Political Report Solid R November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball Safe R November 14 , 2017 Daily Kos Likely R June 5 , 2018 Endorsements ( edit ) show Henry McMaster ( R ) U.S. Executive Branch officials Donald Trump , 45th President of The United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States . State figures Tom Rice , U.S. Representative ( SC - 7 ) Katrina Shealy , state senator Kevin Brackett , a South Carolina Circuit Solicitor Scarlett Wilson , a South Carolina Circuit Solicitor Organizations The National Rifle Association SC Citizens for Life show James Smith ( D ) Former U.S. Executive Branch officials Joe Biden , 47th Vice President of the United States U.S. Representatives James Clyburn , U.S. Representative ( D - SC ) Local and statewide politicians Robert Barber , former State Representative Steve Benjamin , current Mayor of Columbia Floyd Breeland , former State Representative Margie Bright Matthews , State Senator Robert Brown , State Representative Wendell Gilliard , State Representative Jim Hodges , former Governor of South Carolina Joe Jefferson , State Representative Marlon Kimpson , State Senator Marvin Pendarvis , State Representative Vic Rawl , Chairman of the Charleston County Council Richard Riley , former United States Secretary of Education and former Governor of South Carolina Leon Stavrinakis , State Representative Mary Tinkler , Charleston County Treasurer and former State Representative Joe Riley , former Mayor of Charleston , SC . Individuals Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association Organizations Conservation Voters of South Carolina Planned Parenthood Action Fund Sierra Club South Carolina chapter South Carolina Equality VoteVets.org Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Henry McMaster ( R ) James Smith ( D ) Undecided The Tarrance Group ( R - RGA ) August 11 -- 13 , 2018 601 ± 4.1 % 52 % 41 % 7 % Garin - Hart - Yang ( D - Smith ) August 6 -- 9 , 2018 605 ± 4.1 % 47 % 43 % 10 % Results ( edit ) South Carolina gubernatorial election , 2018 Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Henry McMaster ( incumbent ) American Martin Barry Democratic James Smith Majority Turnout See also ( edit ) South Carolina elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Carolina 2018 General Election '' . www.thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Andy ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' I am the right ' : South Carolina Lt. Gov. Kevin Bryant joins 2018 governor 's race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andrew ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Former Lt. Gov. McGill running for governor as a Republican '' . The State . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Gavin ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 governor 's race starts to loom large after November . So who 's going to run ? '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , Meg ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` McMaster is ' hoping to be in ' next South Carolina gov 's race '' . The Herald . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adcox , Seanna ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Political novice and newcomer joins Gov. Henry McMaster as 2018 running mate '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Emma ; Kropf , Schuyler ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Catherine Templeton running for governor '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ashain@postandcourier.com , Andy Shain . `` Greenville prosecutor will join South Carolina governor ticket '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ; Adcox , Seanna ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Upstate businessman exploring 2018 South Carolina governor 's run '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # SC2018 : John Warren Entering Governor 's Race '' . FITSNews . February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , Meg ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` SC Gov Hopeful Warren Picks Businessman as Running Mate '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Tom Davis opts out of running for South Carolina governor in 2018 '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brack , Andy ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Possible candidates already eyeing governor 's mansion '' . Statehouse Report . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kirk ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Duncan rules out running for S.C. governor '' . The Anderson Independent - Mail . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor 2018 : Mikee Johnson Is Out '' . FITS News . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courier , Andy Shain and Emma Dumain The Post and . `` Tim Scott , Trey Gowdy could team up for governor , lt . governor bid '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dumain , Emma ; Kropf , Schuyler ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Tim Scott leaning toward not running for South Carolina governor '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ edumain@postandcourier.com , Emma Dumain . `` South Carolina 2018 governor 's race : Sen. Tim Scott out , Catherine Templeton in '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Taylor Mulls 2018 Gubernatorial Bid '' . FITS News . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Templeton Backed By Joe Taylor '' . FITS News . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dykes , David ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Billy Wilkins considering run for governor in ' 18 '' . Greenville Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dykes , David ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wilkins wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Upstate Business Journal . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Palmetto Politics : All of South Carolina 's Republicans in Washington took gun lobby money last year '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kinnard , Meg ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` US Rep. Ralph Norman backing Templeton in SC governor 's race '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Anti-corruption candidate Catherine Templeton earns support from convicted former S.C. House speaker '' . The Post and Courier. 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maggie 's List Proudly Endorses Catherine Templeton for Governor of South Carolina '' . Maggie 's List . November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial candidate John Warren gains support from York County lawmakers '' . The Herald ( Rock Hill ) . June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SC governor candidate John Warren scores endorsement of Greenville Mayor Knox White '' . The Greenville News . 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2018/05/30/warren-chooses-charleston-businessman-pat-mckinney-his-running-mate/655897002/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/election/article213157169.html Jump up ^ http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article213444889.html Jump up ^ `` Official Results '' . South Carolina Election Commission . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results '' . South Carolina Election Commission . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` Charleston consultant Phil Noble joins Democratic Race for Governor '' . Charleston Post Courier . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovegrove , Jamie ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Democratic hopeful Phil Noble picks running mate in South Carolina governor 's race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Rep. James Smith becomes first Democrat to enter 2018 South Carolina governor 's race '' . Charleston Post Courier . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Maayan ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` Democrats Smith , Noble pick running mates in the governor 's race '' . The State . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Marchant , Bristow ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Another candidate jumps into the race for SC governor '' . The State . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovegrove , Jamie ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Democratic candidate for governor Marguerite Willis names state Sen. John Scott as running mate '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Self , Jamie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats running for SC governor ? It 's anyone 's guess '' . The State . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trainor , Chris ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Mayor Steve Benjamin Endorses James Smith for Governor '' . The Free Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Tyler ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 SC Governor 's Race - 8 Democrats to Watch '' . Speak Strategic . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shain , Andy ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` James Smith wins endorsements from Lowcountry politicians in S.C. governor 's race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ashain@postandcourier.com , Andy Shain . `` Alabama Sen. Doug Jones endorses Phil Noble for S.C. governor '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results '' . South Carolina Election Commission . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trainor , Chris ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Candidate for Governor Wants McLeod for Running Mate , Has n't Met Her '' . FreeTimes . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( 29 March 2018 ) . `` Third party candidate files to run for governor '' . WYFF4 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Trump endorsing Governor McMaster for re-election in 2018 '' . Live 5 News . WCSC - TV . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.wltx.com/article/news/local/president-and-vice-president-headed-to-sc/101-565796319 Jump up ^ Kinnard , Meg ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` US Rep. Tom Rice backs Gov. Henry McMaster 's GOP primary bid '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Barton , Tom ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Templeton , Bryant endorse Warren to unseat McMaster in GOP runoff for SC governor '' . The State . Jump up ^ http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article213251149.html Jump up ^ http://www.thestate.com/news/politics-government/article213251149.html Jump up ^ https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/south-carolina/2018/06/02/south-carolina-governor-endorsements-when-matters/662800002/ Jump up ^ Marchant , Bristow . `` Here 's who Joe Biden is backing in the SC governor 's race '' . The State . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # SC2018 : Jim Clyburn Joining James Smith For Campaign Events '' . March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Former Democratic Gov. Jim Hodges backs James Smith for South Carolina governor in 2018 '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrd , Caitlin ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat James Smith endorsed by former Gov. Dick Riley in 2018 South Carolina governor 's race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ cbyrd@postandcourier.com , Caitlin Byrd . `` Former Charleston Mayor Joe Riley endorses James Smith for governor : ' He can win ' '' . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jay Inslee . `` An Army combat veteran who received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his service in Afghanistan , @ JamesSmithSC has led a life of service to his country and to South Carolina . We 've got great Democratic candidates ready to lead their states across the country '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Williamson Pezé , Jennie ; Tynan , John ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Conservation Voters Back James Smith for Governor - Conservation Voters of South Carolina '' . Conservation Voters of South Carolina . Board of Directors of Conservation Voters of South Carolina . Jump up ^ Ringer , Vicki ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Planned Parenthood Votes ! South Atlantic Announces Endorsement of James Smith for South Carolina Governor '' . www.plannedparenthoodaction.org . Jump up ^ `` SC Sierra Club Endorses James Smith '' . FITSNews . March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # SC2018 : James Smith Gets Equality PAC Endorsement '' . FITSNews . Jump up ^ Hegdahl , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` VoteVets PAC Endorses James Smith for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . External links ( edit ) Candidates at Vote Smart Candidates at Ballotpedia Official campaign websites Henry McMaster ( R ) for Governor James Smith ( D ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special 7th and 15th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas 27th , special Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Newport News Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=857141498 '' Categories : South Carolina gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 South Carolina elections , 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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landmark supreme court cases dealing with the first amendment

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment

list of united states supreme court cases involving the first amendment

This is a list of cases that appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States involving the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .

Contents ( hide ) 1 The establishment of religion 1.1 Standing to sue 1.2 Tax exemption to religious institutions 1.3 Legislative chaplains 1.4 Government - sponsored religious displays 1.5 Religion in public education 1.5. 1 Prayer in public schools 1.5. 2 Teaching of creationism in public schools 1.6 Governmental aid to church - related schools 1.7 Blue laws 1.8 Religious institution functioning as a government agency 1.9 Unequal government treatment of religious groups 2 The free exercise of religion 2.1 Polygamy 2.2 Religion and the right to work 2.3 Religious tests for public service or benefits 2.4 Free exercise and free speech 2.5 Free exercise and public education 2.6 Free Exercise and public property 2.7 Solicitation by religious groups 2.8 Free exercise and eminent domain 2.9 Ritual sacrifice of animals 2.10 Government intervention in church controversies 3 Freedom of speech 3.1 Sedition and imminent danger 3.2 False speech 3.3 Fighting words and the heckler 's veto 3.4 Freedom of assembly and public forums 3.4. 1 Time , place and manner 3.5 Symbolic speech 3.6 Compelled speech 3.6. 1 Loyalty oaths and affirmations 3.7 School speech 3.8 Obscenity 3.8. 1 Generally 3.8. 2 As criminal offense 3.8. 3 Search , seizure and forfeiture 3.8. 4 Civil and administrative regulation 3.8. 5 Internet 3.9 Government - funded speech 3.10 Speech by public employees 3.10. 1 Political activity and Hatch Act 3.11 Commercial speech 4 Freedom of the press 4.1 Prior restraints and censorship 4.2 Privacy 4.3 Taxation and privileges 4.4 Defamation 4.5 Broadcast media 4.6 Government speech 5 Freedom of association 6 Further reading The establishment of religion ( edit ) Standing to sue ( edit ) Flast v. Cohen ( 1968 ) Valley Forges and people Christian high school v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State ( 1982 ) Tax exemption to religious institutions ( edit ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Legislative chaplains ( edit ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1984 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Government - sponsored religious displays ( edit ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) Religion in public education ( edit ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Prayer in public schools ( edit ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Teaching of creationism in public schools ( edit ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Governmental aid to church - related schools ( edit ) Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education ( 1930 ) Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Board of Education v. Allen ( 1968 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist ( 1973 ) Meek v. Pittenger ( 1975 ) Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland ( 1976 ) Wolman v. Walter ( 1977 ) Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan ( 1980 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Grand Rapids School District v. Ball ( 1985 ) Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District ( 1993 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Blue laws ( edit ) Main article : Blue laws in the United States McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass. , Inc. ( 1961 ) Thornton v. Caldor ( 1985 ) Religious institution functioning as a government agency ( edit ) Larkin v. Grendel 's Den ( 1982 ) Bowen v. Kendrick ( 1988 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Unequal government treatment of religious groups ( edit ) Larson v. Valente ( 1982 ) The free exercise of religion ( edit ) Polygamy ( edit ) Main article : List of polygamy court cases Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Religion and the right to work ( edit ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Trans World Airlines v. Hardison ( 1977 ) Ohio Civil Rights Commission v. Dayton Christian Schools ( 1986 ) Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints v. Amos ( 1987 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Religious tests for public service or benefits ( edit ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Free exercise and free speech ( edit ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal ( 2006 ) Good News Club v. Milford Central School ( 2001 ) Free exercise and public education ( edit ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens ( 1990 ) Lamb 's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District ( 1993 ) Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Free Exercise and public property ( edit ) Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette ( 1995 ) Solicitation by religious groups ( edit ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Cox v. New Hampshire ( 1941 ) Jones v. City of Opelika ( I ) ( 1942 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1942 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) Jones v. City of Opelika ( II ) ( 1943 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Prince v. Massachusetts ( 1944 ) Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( 1981 ) Free exercise and eminent domain ( edit ) Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association ( 1988 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Ritual sacrifice of animals ( edit ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) Government intervention in church controversies ( edit ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral ( 1952 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Jones v. Wolf ( 1979 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Freedom of speech ( edit ) Freedom of speech portal Sedition and imminent danger ( edit ) Debs v. United States ( 1919 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) False speech ( edit ) United States v. Ohio ( 2011 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto ( edit ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums ( edit ) Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Martin v. Struthers ( 1943 ) `` NAACP v. Alabama '' ( 1958 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Princess Anne ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Southeastern Promotions , Ltd. v. Conrad ( 1975 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Time , place and manner ( edit ) Cases concerning restrictions on the time , place , and manner of speech Chicago Police Dept . v. Mosley ( 1972 ) Grayned v. City of Rockford ( 1972 ) Ward v. Rock Against Racism ( 1989 ) Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York ( 1997 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Symbolic speech ( edit ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1972 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) City of Erie v. Pap 's A.M. ( 2000 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech ( edit ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society ( 2013 ) Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n ( 2016 ) Loyalty oaths and affirmations ( edit ) American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works , ( 1951 ) Adler v. Board of Ed. of City of New York , ( 1952 ) Wieman v. Updegraff , ( 1952 ) Speiser v. Randall , ( 1958 ) Cramp v. Board of Public Instruction , ( 1961 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents , ( 1965 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb , ( 1974 ) School speech ( edit ) Speech by students in public secondary schools ( for cases involving teachers ' free - speech rights , see Public employees , below ) . Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Board of Education v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Poling v. Murphy ( 1989 ) Guiles v. Marineau ( 2006 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity ( edit ) Generally ( edit ) Cases concerned with the definition of obscenity and whether a particular work or type of material is obscene . Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) Alberts v. California , ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen , ( 1958 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day , ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts , ( 1966 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) As criminal offense ( edit ) Appeals of criminal convictions for possessing , selling or distributing obscenity that focused on that issue Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) Butler v. Michigan ( 1957 ) Smith v. California , ( 1959 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Ginzburg v. United States , ( 1966 ) Mishkin v. New York , ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Blount v. Rizzi ( 1971 ) United States v. Reidel ( 1971 ) Heller v. New York ( 1973 ) United States v. Orito ( 1973 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Search , seizure and forfeiture ( edit ) Cases involving the search and seizure of allegedly obscene material Marcus v. Search Warrant , ( 1961 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Lee Art Theatre , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1968 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Roaden v. Kentucky ( 1973 ) Lo - Ji Sales , Inc. , v. New York ( 1979 ) Maryland v. Macon ( 1985 ) New York v. P.J. Video , Inc. ( 1986 ) Civil and administrative regulation ( edit ) Cases dealing with civil and administrative regulatory procedures aimed at suppressing or restricting obscenity , such as film - licensing boards or zoning regulations . Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Kingsley Books , Inc. v. Brown ( 1957 ) Kingsley Int'l Pictures Corp. v. Regents of Univ. of N.Y. ( 1959 ) Times Film Corp. v. Chicago ( 1961 ) Bantam Books v. Sullivan ( 1963 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Internet ( edit ) Cases involving laws meant to restrict obscenity online Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Government - funded speech ( edit ) Cases about restrictions on speech by third parties funded by the government . Rust v. Sullivan ( 1991 ) Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez ( 2001 ) Speech by public employees ( edit ) Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Madison School District v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission ( 1976 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Snepp v. United States ( 1980 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) United States v. National Treasury Employees Union ( 1995 ) San Diego v. Roe ( 2004 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2007 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Lane v. Franks ( 2014 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Political activity and Hatch Act ( edit ) Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Elrod v. Burns ( 1976 ) Branti v. Finkel ( 1979 ) Commercial speech ( edit ) Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Lehman v. Shaker Heights ( 1974 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn. ( 1978 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. ( 1983 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman ( 2017 ) Freedom of the press ( edit ) Prior restraints and censorship ( edit ) Near v. Minnesota ( 1937 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Assn . v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Houchins v. KQED , Inc. ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy ( edit ) Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Richmond Newspapers , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1980 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Wilson v. Layne ( 1999 ) Taxation and privileges ( edit ) Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation ( edit ) Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Garrison v. Louisiana ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1981 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Hoeper v. Air Wisconsin ( 2014 ) Broadcast media ( edit ) Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1968 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1989 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1995 ) Government speech ( edit ) Cases pertaining to whether or not extending protections to speech constitutes government endorsement of speech . Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Freedom of association ( edit ) Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) Sweezy v. New Hampshire ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Shelton v. Tucker ( 1960 ) Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee ( 1963 ) Abood v. Detroit Board of Education ( 1977 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Further reading ( edit ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Kermit L. Hall , ed . The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions . Kermit L. Hall , ed . Alley , Robert S. ( 1999 ) . The Constitution & Religion : Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State . Amherst , NY : Prometheus Books . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 703 - 1 . ( hide ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases List of cases by Court Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth Courts ( 1789 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 73 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 88 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 21 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 30 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 41 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 46 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 53 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Complete list Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume ( United States Reports ) By recent term 2017 By subject matter Capital punishment First Amendment Mental health Indian tribes Legal standing Copyright Jehovah 's Witnesses Other lists Landmark decisions United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Tilton v. Richardson ( 1971 ) Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist ( 1973 ) Sloan v. Lemon ( 1973 ) Wolman v. Walter ( 1977 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Larkin v. Grendel 's Den , Inc. ( 1982 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Vidal v. Girard 's Executors ( 1844 ) Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago ( 1979 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1965 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. 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when was the wizard of oz made in technicolor

Notable for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to generate profit for MGM , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to date .

1939

The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film )

the wizard of oz ( 1939 film )

The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in American history , it is the best - known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale , alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins .

Notable for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind . It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to generate profit for MGM , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to date . The 1956 broadcast television premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the wider public and eventually made the presentation an annual tradition , making it one of the best known films in movie history . The film was named the most - viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress , which also included the film in its National Film Registry in its inaugural year in 1989 . Designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Munchkins 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Richard Thorpe as director 3.3. 2 George Cukor 's brief stint 3.3. 3 Victor Fleming , the main director 3.3. 4 King Vidor 's finishing work as director 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Song list 4.2 Underscoring 5 Release 5.1 Box office 6 Reception 7 Re-releases 8 Television 9 Home media 10 Awards and honors 10.1 Academy Awards 10.2 American Film Institute lists 10.3 Other honors 11 Differences from the novel 12 Sequels and reinterpretations 13 Cultural impact 13.1 Ruby slippers 13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links Plot ( edit ) Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog , as Toto Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale The film begins in Kansas , which is depicted in a sepia tone . Dorothy Gale lives with her dog , Toto , on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farm . Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor , Miss Almira Gulch , when he bites her . However , Dorothy 's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles . Miss Gulch produces an order from the sheriff allowing her to have Toto put down . She takes him away , but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who , fearing that Miss Gulch will return , decides to run away from home . After some miles Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel , a kindly fortune teller who , realizing Dorothy has run away , uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill . Dorothy races home just as a tornado approaches . Locked out of the storm cellar , she seeks safety in the house , where a wind - blown window sash knocks her out . She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky . Outside the window she sees farm animals , an old lady knitting in a chair , two men rowing a boat , and finally Miss Gulch , who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick . Dorothy ( Judy Garland , right ) with Glinda the Good Witch of the North ( Billie Burke ) Suddenly the house strikes the ground and all is quiet . As Dorothy opens the door the film changes to Technicolor -- she and Toto have landed in Munchkinland , part of the Land of Oz . Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine -- the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East , leaving only her feet poking out from under . In the middle of the celebration , the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister 's ruby slippers , but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy 's feet before the witch can get them . The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister 's death . Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City , where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home . On her way , Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow , who wants a brain , and invites him to join her on her journey . Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man , who desires a heart . After they invite him to come along , the Witch appears and makes threats to them . Deep in the woods , they meet a Cowardly Lion , who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well . After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field , they finally reach the Emerald City . Inside , after being initially rejected , they are permitted to see the Wizard , who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire . He agrees to grant their wishes when they bring him the Witch of the West 's broomstick , implying they must kill her to get it . On their journey to the Witch 's castle , they pass through the Haunted Forest , while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball . She sends her winged monkeys to attack them ; they capture Dorothy and Toto . At the castle , the Witch is refrained by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy 's feet , then remembers that she must be dead first . Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion to the castle . After ambushing three Winkie guards , they march inside wearing the stolen guards ' uniforms and free her , but the Witch discovers and traps them . The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape , being chased by the Witch and her guards , but are finally surrounded . The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her . The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude . Back at the Emerald City , they bring the broomstick to the Wizard . But when they ask him to keep his promises , the Wizard delays granting their requests much to their shock and frustration . During the argument , Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the `` Wizard '' as a normal middle - aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image ; he denies Dorothy 's accusation that he is a bad man , but admits to being a humbug . He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma , the Lion a medal and the Tin Man a ticking heart - shaped clock , making them realize that they had what they wanted all along . They just did not know it yet . He then prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off , and as she tries to get him back , the balloon leaves without them . Suddenly , Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers . After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends , Dorothy follows Glinda 's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats , `` There 's no place like home '' . She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas , surrounded by her family , the farmhands , Professor Marvel and Toto . Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream , she insists that it was all real , and that there is no place like home . Cast ( edit ) The film 's main characters ( left to right ) : the Cowardly Lion , Dorothy , Scarecrow , and the Tin Man Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel / The Wizard / Doorman / Cabbie / Guard Ray Bolger as Hunk / Scarecrow Jack Haley as Hickory / Tin Man Bert Lahr as Zeke / Cowardly Lion Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West Clara Blandick as Aunt Em Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry Pat Walshe as Nikko ( the Winged Monkey King ) Terry as Toto ( though credited as Toto ) Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain ( credited only in the IMAX version ) Bert Lahr as The Cowardly Lion Munchkins ( edit ) Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild / Munchkin Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin Harry Monty as Soldier / Winged Monkey Mickey Carroll as Fiddler / Town Crier / Soldier Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter / Soldier / `` Sleepyhead '' / Villager Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League Margaret Pellegrini as `` Sleepyhead '' Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers The Singer Midgets as the Munchkins William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) Development began when Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs showed that films adapted from popular children 's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful . In January 1938 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer bought the rights to the hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn , who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor , who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow . The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting . Mervyn LeRoy 's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four - page outline . Because recent fantasy films had not fared well , he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated . In his outline , the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields , and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity ; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind . His vision was similar to Larry Semon 's 1925 film adaptation of the story , in which the magical element is absent . After that , LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who soon delivered a 17 - page draft of the Kansas scenes , and a few weeks later , a further 56 pages . Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story . None of these three knew about the others , and this was not an uncommon procedure . Nash delivered a four - page outline , Langley turned in a 43 - page treatment and a full film script . He turned in three more , this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg . Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing . They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book . However , producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley . During filming , Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further , adding and cutting some scenes . In addition , Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence . The final draft of the script was completed on October 8 , 1938 , following numerous rewrites . All in all , it was a mish - mash of many creative minds , but Langley , Ryerson , and Woolf got the film credits . Along with the contributors already mentioned , others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include : Irving Brecher , Herbert Fields , Arthur Freed , Yip Harburg , Samuel Hoffenstein , Jack Mintz , Sid Silvers , Richard Thorpe , Cukor and Vidor . In addition , songwriter Harburg 's son ( and biographer ) Ernie Harburg reported : So anyhow , Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart , the brains , and the nerve , because he was the final script editor . And he -- there was eleven screenwriters on that -- and he pulled the whole thing together , wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art . But he does n't get credit for that . He gets lyrics by E.Y. Harburg , you see . But nevertheless , he put his influence on the thing . The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight - ahead fantasy ; therefore , it was reconceived as a lengthy , elaborate dream sequence . Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles , the score had featured a song called `` The Jitterbug '' , and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests . A spoiled , selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta , and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize . This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes . The plan was later dropped . Another scene , which was removed before final script approval and never filmed , was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy 's return . Hunk ( the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow ) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him . The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two , which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy 's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions . This plot idea was never totally dropped , but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy , just before she is to leave Oz , tells the Scarecrow , `` I think I 'll miss you most of all . '' In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Baum describes Kansas as being `` in shades of gray '' . Further , Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather , giving it an air of grayness . The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun . Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were `` gray with age '' . Effectively , the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside . Much attention was given to the use of color in the production , with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others . Consequently , it took the studio 's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road . Casting ( edit ) LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start ; however , evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy , on loan from 20th Century Fox . A persistent rumor also existed that Fox , in turn , was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM . The tale is almost certainly untrue , as Harlow died in 1937 , before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story . Despite this , the story appears in many film biographies ( including Temple 's own autobiography ) . The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple , then the most popular child star , but at an unofficial audition , MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed . Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks , `` There 's no place like home '' , suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time . A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place , but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal . Actress Deanna Durbin , who was under contract to Universal Studios , was also considered for the part of Dorothy . Durbin , at the time , far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two - reeler titled Every Sunday . The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin 's operatic style of singing against Garland 's jazzier style . Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes , also an operatic singer , to rival Garland 's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film . Buddy Ebsen 's first makeup test as the Tin Man Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow . Bolger , however , longed to play the Scarecrow , as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902 ; with that very performance , Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place . Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man ( reportedly claiming , `` I 'm not a tin performer ; I 'm fluid '' ) , Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired . Ebsen did not object ; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow 's distinctive gait with Bolger ( as a professional dancer , Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous `` wobbly - walk '' of Stone 's Scarecrow ) , he recorded all of his songs , went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast . Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25 , 1938 ; the next month , Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12 . W.C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard , a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small , but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields ' fee ; instead , another contract player , Frank Morgan , was cast on September 22 . Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch . She became unhappy when the witch 's persona shifted from sly and glamorous ( thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) into the familiar `` ugly hag '' . She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10 , 1938 , just three days before filming started , by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton . Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part , and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox 's version of Maurice Maeterlinck 's The Blue Bird in 1940 ; that same year , Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms . According to Aljean Harmetz , the `` gone - to - seed '' coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second - hand shop . According to legend , Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum , that Baum 's widow confirmed this , and that the coat was eventually presented to her . But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story ; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor . Filming ( edit ) Richard Thorpe as director ( edit ) Filming commenced October 13 , 1938 , on the MGM lot in Culver City , California , under the direction of Richard Thorpe ( replacing original director Norman Taurog , who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned ) . Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage ( nine days in total ) involving Dorothy 's first encounter with the Scarecrow , as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch 's castle , such as Dorothy 's rescue ( which , though unreleased , comprises the only footage of Ebsen 's Tin Man ) . According to most sources , ten days into the shoot , Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore . He was hospitalized in critical condition , and subsequently was forced to leave the project ; in a later interview ( included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz ) , he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital . Filming halted while a replacement for him was found . No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released -- only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos . His replacement , Jack Haley , simply assumed he had been fired . Author and screen - writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story , told to him by Burt Lancaster 's producing partner , Jim Hill , that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired . George Cukor 's brief stint ( edit ) LeRoy , after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production , adversely affecting the actors ' performances , had Thorpe replaced . During reorganization on the production , George Cukor temporarily took over , under LeRoy 's guidance . Initially , the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy `` baby - doll '' makeup , and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion ; now , Cukor changed Garland 's and Hamilton 's makeup and costumes , and told Garland to `` be herself '' . This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot . Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley , on loan from Fox , as the Tin Man . To keep down on production costs , Haley only rerecorded `` If I Only Had a Heart '' and solo lines during `` The Jitterbug '' and `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ; as such , Ebsen 's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals . The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste , with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin ; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley , he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it . In addition , Bolger 's original recording of `` If I Only Had a Brain '' had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film ; during this time , Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy 's initial meeting with the Scarecrow ( initially , it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe 's footage ) , and was rerecorded as such . At first thought to be lost for over seven decades , a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009 . Victor Fleming , the main director ( edit ) Director Victor Fleming on set with cast Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film , merely acting as something of a `` creative advisor '' to the troubled production , and , because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind , he left on November 3 , 1938 , when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility . As director , Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor 's creative realignment , as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking . Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and cumbersome process that ran for over six months , from October 1938 to March 1939 . Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 : 00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes , and often did not leave until 7 pm or later . Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight - bright lighting the early Technicolor process required , which could heat the set to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary ; the toxicity of Hamilton 's copper - based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days . It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road . All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three - strip Technicolor . The opening and closing credits , as well as the Kansas sequences , were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia - tone process . Sepia - toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch 's crystal ball . An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins ; this meant that most of the film 's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin . According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren , the little people were each paid over $125 a week . Meinhardt Raabe , who played the coroner , revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department , under the direction of designer Adrian , had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences . They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production . In Hamilton 's exit from the Munchkinland a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit . The first take ran well but in the second take the timing of the elevator was off ; the flames set fire to her greasy makeup , causing second - degree burns on her hands and face . She spent six weeks in the hospital . King Vidor 's finishing work as director ( edit ) On February 12 , 1939 , Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind ; the next day , King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz ( mainly the sepia - toned Kansas sequences , including Garland 's singing of `` Over the Rainbow '' and the tornado ) . In later years , when the film became firmly established as a classic , Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949 . Post-production ( edit ) Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16 , 1939 ; nonetheless , reshoots and pick - up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June , under the direction of producer LeRoy . After the deletion of the `` Over the Rainbow '' reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June , Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the `` Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' scene without the song ; the footage of Blandick 's Aunt Em , as shot by Vidor , had already been set aside for rear - projection work , and was simply reused . After Hamilton 's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator , she refused to do the pick - ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke , so LeRoy chose to have stand - in Betty Danko perform the scene , instead ; as a result , Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism . At this point , the film began a long arduous post-production . Herbert Stothart had to compose the film 's background score , while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required , including many of the rear projection shots . The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes . One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor . Each frame was to be hand - tinted to maintain the sepia tone ; however , because this was too expensive and labor - intensive , it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process . During the reshoots in May , the inside of the farm house was painted sepia , and when Dorothy opens the door , it is not Garland , but her stand - in , Bobbie Koshay , wearing a sepia gingham dress , who then backs out of frame ; once the camera moves through the door , Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress ( as noted in DVD extras ) , and the sepia - painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house 's shadow , into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting . This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland ; if one looks carefully , the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot , from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse - angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge . Test screenings of the film began on June 5 , 1939 . Oz initially ran nearly two hours long . LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least a quarter of an hour needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time ; the average film in 1939 running just about 90 minutes . Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara , Pomona and San Luis Obispo , California , helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting . Among the many cuts were `` The Jitterbug '' number , the Scarecrow 's elaborate dance sequence following `` If I Only Had a Brain '' , reprises of `` Over the Rainbow '' and `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' , and a number of smaller dialogue sequences . This left the final , mostly serious portion of the film with no songs , only the dramatic underscoring . One song that was almost deleted was `` Over the Rainbow '' . MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long , as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children . The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard . LeRoy , uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in , and they all eventually won . The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year , and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song . In 2004 , the song was ranked no . 1 by the American Film Institute on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list . After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July , the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101 - minute running time . Music ( edit ) Main article : Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz , which was recorded at the MGM studios . The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack . The music was composed by Harold Arlen , and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg , both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' . The song was ranked first in two lists : the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` 365 Songs of the Century '' . MGM composer Herbert Stothart , a well - known Hollywood composer and songwriter , won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score . Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman , Murray Cutter , Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements ( as usual , Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed . ) The song `` The Jitterbug '' , written in a swing style , was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch 's castle . Due to time constraints , the song was cut from the final theatrical version . The film footage for the song has been lost , although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived . The sound recording for the song , however , is intact and was included in the two - CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack , as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film . A reference to `` The Jitterbug '' remains in the film : the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because `` I 've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them . '' Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard . This was a reprise of `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( blended with `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' and `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) with the lyrics altered to `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' This started with the Witch 's guard saying `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard . Today , the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive , along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers . The entire audio still exists and is included on the two - CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack . In addition , a brief reprise of `` Over the Rainbow '' was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch 's castle , but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense . The original soundtrack recording still exists , however , and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 - onwards . The songs were recorded in the studio 's scoring stage before filming . Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast . Therefore , while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup , his singing voice remained in the soundtrack ( as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition ) . In the group vocals of `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' , his voice can be heard . Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent , thus did not pronounce the r in wizard . By contrast , Ebsen was a Midwesterner , like Garland , and pronounced it . Haley rerecorded Ebsen 's solo parts later . Judy Garland singing `` Over the Rainbow '' with Terry Song list ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out ... '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda , and the Munchkins `` It Really Was No Miracle '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins `` We Thank You Very Sweetly '' -- Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda ( speaking ) and the Munchkins `` As Mayor of the Munchkin City '' `` As Coroner , I Must Aver '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( Reprise ) -- The Munchkins `` The Lullaby League '' `` The Lollipop Guild '' `` We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- The Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road / You 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and the Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ( original recording ) -- Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 1 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 2 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man , and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- MGM Studio Chorus `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Frank Morgan as Cabby , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as Scarecrow , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople `` If I Were King of the Forest '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` The Jitterbug '' -- Although this song was removed from the final film , it is still available on some extended edition CDs . Underscoring ( edit ) Extensive edits in the film 's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film . However , the film was fully underscored , with instrumental snippets from the film 's various leitmotifs throughout . There was also some recognizable popular music , including : Excerpts from Schumann 's `` The Happy Farmer '' , at several points early in the film , including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch , when Toto escapes from her , and when the house is `` riding '' the tornado . An excerpt of Mendelssohn 's `` Opus 16 , # 2 '' , when Toto escapes from the Witch 's castle . An excerpt of Mussorgsky 's `` Night on Bald Mountain '' , when Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch 's castle . `` In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree '' , when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees . `` Gaudeamus Igitur '' during the Wizard 's presentation of awards to the group . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , in part of the underscore of the closing scene , at Dorothy 's house in Kansas . ( The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection . ) Release ( edit ) A memorial commemorating the film 's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin on August 12 , 1939 The film 's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino , California . The film was previewed in three test markets : on August 11 , 1939 , at Kenosha , Wisconsin and Cape Cod , Massachusetts , and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin , on August 12 . The Hollywood premiere was on August 15 , 1939 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The New York City premiere , held at Loew 's Capitol Theatre on August 17 , 1939 , was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney . They continued to perform there after each screening for a week , extended in Rooney 's case for a second week and in Garland 's to three ( with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week ) . The film opened nationwide on August 25 , 1939 . Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial release , it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world , resulting total earnings of $3,017,000 . While these were considerable earnings , the high production cost , in association with various distribution and other costs , meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio . It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million ( about $15 million today ) . However , for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film , it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be . According to Christopher Finch , author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland , `` Fantasy is always a risk at the box office . The film had been enormously successful as a book , and it had also been a major stage hit , but previous attempts to bring it the screen had been dismal failures . '' Finch also writes that after the success of the film , Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary , making her one of the top - ten box office stars in the United States . Reception ( edit ) The film received much acclaim upon its release . Frank Nugent considered the film a `` delightful piece of wonder - working which had the youngsters ' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters . Not since Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well . '' Nugent had issues with some of the film 's special effects , writing , `` with the best of will and ingenuity , they can not make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest , however vaguely , a Singer 's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade . Nor can they , without a few betraying jolts and split - screen overlappings , bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place . '' According to Nugent , `` Judy Garland 's Dorothy is a pert and fresh - faced miss with the wonder - lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales , but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Lion are on the move . '' Writing in Variety , John C. Flinn predicted that the film was `` likely to perform some record - breaking feats of box - office magic , '' noting , `` Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment . '' He also called Garland `` an appealing figure '' and the musical numbers `` gay and bright . '' Harrison 's Reports wrote , `` Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type , it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment . The performances are good , and the incidental music is of considerable aid . Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry . '' `` Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar - the one that comes from way down - for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh - and - blood , '' wrote Film Daily , adding that this `` handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor , with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy , its stimulus to the imagination , its procession of unforgettable settings , its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box - office . '' Not all reviews were positive . Some moviegoers felt that the 16 - year - old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be . Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed `` no trace of imagination , good taste , or ingenuity '' and declared it `` a stinkeroo , '' while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote , `` It has dwarfs , music , Technicolor , freak characters , and Judy Garland . It ca n't be expected to have a sense of humor , as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy , it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet . '' The film placed seventh on Film Daily 's year - end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939 . Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films , writing that `` The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music , special effects and excitement , but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood , stirs them and then reassures them . '' Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged `` The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence '' in his 2002 musings about the film . He has written : `` When I first saw The Wizard of Oz , it made a writer of me . '' His first short story , written at the age of 10 , was titled `` Over the Rainbow '' . In a 2009 retrospective article about the film , San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film 's `` entire Munchkinland sequence , from Dorothy 's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road , has to be one of the greatest in cinema history -- a masterpiece of set design , costuming , choreography , music , lyrics , storytelling , and sheer imagination . '' On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 99 % based on 109 reviews , with an average score of 9.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant , The Wizard of Oz is a must - see film for young and old . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100 , based on 4 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , which , as of August 2017 , is matched only by five other films . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , by L. Frank Baum Re-releases ( edit ) Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone , as in the original release , beginning with the 1955 re-issue , and continuing until the film 's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989 , these opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed . ( This includes television showings . ) The MGM `` Children 's Matinees '' series rereleased the film twice , in both 1970 and 1971 . It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA . For the film 's then - upcoming 60th anniversary , it was given a `` Special Edition '' rerelease in the fall of 1998 , digitally restored and with remastered audio . In 2002 , the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters , earning only $139,905 . On September 23 , 2009 , the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one - night - only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month . An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17 , 2009 . An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20 , 2013 , as part of the film 's 75th anniversary . Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising . The studio hosted a premiere of the film 's first IMAX 3D release on September 15 , 2013 , from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , the site of the film 's Hollywood premiere ) in Hollywood . It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood 's first 3D IMAX screen . It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office . In 2013 , in preparation for its IMAX 3D release , the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification . According to MPAA rules , a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification , as the 3 - D conversion fell within that guideline . Surprisingly , the 3D version received a PG rating for `` Some scary moments '' , although no change was made to the film 's original story content . The 2D version still retains its G rating . The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Wizard of Oz on television The film was first shown on television on November 3 , 1956 , by CBS , as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee . Home media ( edit ) The film was among the first videocassettes ( on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release ) by MGM / CBS Home Video in 1980 ; all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video ( via current rights holder Turner Entertainment ) . The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982 , with two versions of a second ( one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track ) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989 , a third in 1991 , a fourth in 1993 , a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11 , 1996 . Prior to the wide - home - video release in 1980 , the film was also released multiple times for the home - video commercial market ( on a limited scale ) on Super 8 film ( 8 mm format ) during the 1970s . These releases include an edited English version ( roughly 10 minutes , and roughly 20 minutes ) , as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic . Also , a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 ( on multiple reels ) that came out in the 1970s , as well , for the commercial market . In addition to VHS ( and later , LaserDisc ) , the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format , beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release . The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM / UA Home Video . Outside of the North American and European markets , the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia . The first DVD release was on March 26 , 1997 , by MGM / Turner and contained no special features or supplements . It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19 , 1999 , with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix . The monochrome - to - color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color . The DVD also contained a behind - the - scenes documentary , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic , produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury , which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film ; it had been featured in the 1993 `` Ultimate Oz '' LaserDisc release . Outtakes , the deleted `` Jitterbug '' musical number , clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations , trailers , newsreels , and a portrait gallery were also included , as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film . In 2005 , two DVD editions were released , both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track . One of the two DVD releases was a `` Two - Disc Special Edition '' , featuring production documentaries , trailers , various outtakes , newsreels , radio shows and still galleries . The other set , a `` Three - Disc Collector 's Edition '' , included these features , as well as the digitally restored 80th - anniversary edition of the 1925 feature - length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz , other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version . The film was released on Blu - ray on September 29 , 2009 , for its 70th anniversary in a four - disc `` Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' , including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector 's Edition DVD , new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins , the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story , and the miniseries MGM : When the Lion Roars . For this edition , Warner commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original film negatives . The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World . This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track . A DVD version was also released as a Two - Disc Special Edition and a Five - Disc Ultimate Collector 's Edition . On December 1 , 2009 , three Blu - ray discs of the Ultimate Collector 's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive `` Emerald Edition '' , with an Emerald Edition four - disc DVD arriving the following week . A single - disc Blu - ray , containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two - disc Special Edition DVD , also became available on March 16 , 2010 . In 2013 , the film was re-released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary . Also , multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film 's the 75th anniversary in 2013 , exclusively by both Best Buy ( a SteelBook of the 3D Blu - ray ) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Outcome Academy Awards February 29 , 1940 Best Picture Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Harold Rosson Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning Best Effects , Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer Best Music , Original Score Herbert Stothart Won Best Music , Original Song `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year . ( She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz ) . Honorary American film Institute lists ( edit ) The American Film Institute ( AFI ) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 6 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Wicked Witch of the West -- No. 4 villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Over the Rainbow '' -- No. 1 `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- No. 82 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Toto , I 've a feeling we 're not in Kansas anymore . '' ( Dorothy Gale ) -- No. 4 `` There 's no place like home . '' ( Dorothy ) -- No. 23 `` I 'll get you , my pretty -- and your little dog , too ! '' ( Wicked Witch of the West ) -- No. 99 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 26 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 10 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Fantasy film Other honors ( edit ) 1999 : Rolling Stone 's 100 Maverick Movies -- No. 20 . 1999 : Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 32 . 2000 : The Village Voice 's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century -- No. 14 . 2002 : Sight & Sound 's Greatest Film Poll of Directors -- No. 41 . 2005 : Total Film 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 83 . 2005 : ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . 2007 : Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films -- No. 1 . 2007 : The Observer ranked the film 's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation . Sequels and reinterpretations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz The film was dramatized as a one - hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre , which was broadcast on December 25 , 1950 , with Garland reprising her earlier role . In 1964 , a one - hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC . An official 1974 sequel , the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli , daughter of Garland , was produced to commemorate the original film 's 35th anniversary . In 1975 , the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway . It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage . It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards . Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder . Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978 , starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow . In 1985 , Walt Disney Productions released the live - action fantasy film Return to Oz , which starred ( and introduced ) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale . Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office , although it has since become a popular cult film , with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned . In 1995 , Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked . The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy 's arrival . For the film 's 56th anniversary , a 1987 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum . It toured from 1995 to 2012 , except for 2004 . In 2005 , The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , a television film for ABC , starring Ashanti as Dorothy , Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard , David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry , and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em . Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow , Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing ( Tin Man ) , Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West , East , North and South . In 2007 , The Sci - Fi Channel released the three - part miniseries Tin Man , a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG . Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name , which opened in 2011 at the West End 's London Palladium . It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice . Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show , Over the Rainbow . Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto . A reality TV show , also titled Over the Rainbow , found a Canadian girl , Danielle Wade , to play Dorothy . The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013 . An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017 , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney beginning December 2017 . An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video , incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy 's `` protectors '' . A sequel titled Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . Writer - director Hugh Gross ' independent film After the Wizard , produced in 2010 , relates events after those of the film . It was released to DVD on August 7 , 2012 . In 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled , Oz the Great and Powerful . It was directed by Sam Raimi , and starred James Franco , Mila Kunis , Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams . It was the second film based on Baum 's Oz series to be produced by Disney , after Return to Oz . It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception . In 2014 , now - defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big - budget animated musical film , Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , which follows Dorothy 's second trip to Oz . The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers . Cultural impact ( edit ) Regarding the original Baum storybook , it has been said that `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America 's greatest and best - loved home grown fairytale . The first totally American fantasy for children , it is one of the most - read children 's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes , including a wizard from Omaha , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal . '' The film also has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , which selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1989 . In June 2007 , the film was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film placed at number 86 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In 1977 , Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz , a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research ; it was updated in 1989 . Ruby slippers ( edit ) Main article : Ruby slippers Because of their iconic stature , the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history . The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process . Adrian , MGM 's chief costume designer , was responsible for the final design . A number of pairs were made , though no one knows exactly how many . After filming , the slippers were stored among the studio 's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention . They were found in the basement of MGM 's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970 . One pair was the highlight of the auction , going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer , who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979 . Four other pairs are known to exist ; one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000 . A pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids , Minnesota and remains missing . Another , differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 ( not including the buyer 's premium ) in June 2011 . Impact upon LGBT culture ( edit ) For information on the film 's impact on LGBT culture in America , see Friend of Dorothy . See also ( edit ) Oz portal Film portal List of films considered the best Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wizard of Oz festival Dark Side of the Rainbow The Wizard of Oz , the 2011 stage musical Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John ( 1989 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : All actors share equal billing ; the Singer Midgets are listed in the credits as `` The Munchkins '' . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; ' The Wizard of Oz , ' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen -- March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` How did ' Wizard of Oz ' fare on its 1939 release ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film '' . Library of Congress . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Victor Fleming 1939 ) , produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer '' . UNESCO Memory of the World Programme . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ; Scarfone , Jay ; Stillman , William ( 1986 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York , NY : Warner Books , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( 1990 ) . CBS Television , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . ^ Jump up to : Aljean Harmetz ( 2004 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . See the Chapter `` Special Effects . Jump up ^ Coan , Stephen ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` KZN 's very own screen wizard '' . The Witness . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros. `` Wizard of Oz Timeline '' . Warnerbros.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now . November 25 , 2004 Archived November 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1976 ) . World of Entertainment . City : Avon Books ( Mm ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 00754 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter , Oct. 20 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 2001 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . Delta . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 33515 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic . CBS Television , 1990 , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . Jump up ^ Cemetery Guide , Hollywood Remains to Be Seen , Mark Masek . Jump up ^ Fricke , John and Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ Hearn , Michael Patrick . Keynote address . The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention . Indiana University , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Smalling , Allen ( 1989 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacDonald Fraser , George ( 2003 ) . The Light 's on at Signpost. Harper - Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732563 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview of Ray Bolger ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : 50 Years of Magic . Jack Haley Jr Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leopold , Ted ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 75 : Did you know ... ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Margaret Hamilton 's copper - based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous , so she lived on a liquid diet during the film , and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day . Jump up ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz -- Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM -- and the Miracle of Production # 1060 , 10th Edition , Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group , Inc. / Random House , 1989 . Jump up ^ Jim 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Website Directory . `` '' The Wizard of Oz `` ... A Movie Timeline '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- The Deluxe Edition , 2 - CD set , original recording remastered , Rhino Records # 71964 ( July 18 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition , program notes and audio extras . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road : The Making of The Wizard Of Oz `` McClelland , 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications ( Harcourt Brace Jonavich ) Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Hello , yellow brick road '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . John Fricke , a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz , said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure , which cost nearly $3 million to produce . Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th , one day before Oconomowoc 's preview , on Cape Cod in Dennis , Massachusetts , and in another southeastern Wisconsin community , Kenosha . ^ Jump up to : Cisar , Katjusa ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` No Place Like Home : ' Wizard of Oz ' premiered here 70 years ago '' . Madison.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Oconomowoc 's Strand Theatre was one of three small - town movie theaters across the country where `` Oz '' premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15 , 1939 ... It 's possible that one of the other two test sites -- Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis , Massachusetts -- screened the film a day earlier , but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own . Jump up ^ `` Beloved movie 's premiere was far from L.A. limelight '' . Wisconsin State Journal . August 12 , 2009 . p. a2 . Jump up ^ `` Grauman 's Chinese Makeover : How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Finch , Christofer ( 1975 ) . Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland . Ballantine Books . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 28407 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz , Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flinn , John C. ( August 16 , 1939 ) . `` Review : ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 134 August 26 , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews : The Wizard of Oz '' . Film Daily : 6 . August 10 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Overbey , Erin ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Allure of Oz '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold ; Harburg , Ernie ( 1995 ) . Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , lyricist . University of Michigan Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08312 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ten Best '' of 1939 `` . Film Daily : 1 . January 12 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushdie , Salman ( 2000 ) . The Wizard of Oz . BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 300 - 3 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushdie , Salman ( 2003 ) . Step Across This Line . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 78349 - 0 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thoughts on ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 70 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz garners full approval at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Time . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 , U.S. ) '' . Kiddiematinee.com . November 3 , 1956 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 2002 re-issue ) ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event '' . Creative Loading . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wizard of Oz ' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 3D / IMAX ) ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hicks : ' The Wizard of Oz ' reissue could signal the end of the G rating '' . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2003 ) . `` Ford Star Jubilee '' . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 -- present . Ballantine Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Last telecast : November 3 , 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee , however , was really something special . It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition -- Garland 's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with Judy 's 10 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr ( the Cowardly Lion from the film ) on hand to introduce it . Jump up ^ `` MGM / CBS Home Video ad '' . Billboard . November 22 , 1980 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Julien WILK ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` LaserDisc Database -- Search : Wizard of Oz '' . Lddb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Super 8 '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Beta '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO CED Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO VCD '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 ) 3D '' . Prime Focus World . Jump up ^ `` Off To See The Wizards : HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of ' The Wizard of Oz ' ( UPDATED -- Before and After Pics ! ) '' . Highdefdigest.com . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration '' . ETonline.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Target Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Films -- Village Voice '' . Filmsite.org . January 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The rest of the directors ' list '' . BFI . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Total Film ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 films you should see by the age of 14 '' . Daily Mail . London . July 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests '' . Listsofbests.com. April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jahangir , Rumeana ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Secrets of the Wizard of Oz '' . BBC . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( January 2009 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Smithsonian. 39 ( 10 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline '' . The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released , an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests , Return to Oz ... is more of a grim variation . This time , in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum 's The Land of Oz ( sic ) and Ozma of Oz , a pint - sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks ; for instance , instead of traveling to Oz with Toto , Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation , Billina the Chicken . Once there , she meets a whole new set of friends ... Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch OVER THE RAINBOW Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : About the Show '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael and Andrew Gans . `` North American Tour of The Wizard of Oz , Starring Danielle Wade , Kicks Off Sept. 10 in Las Vegas '' Archived July 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . Wizard of Oz The Musical . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu - ray Blu - ray , Retrieved June 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ TOM AND JERRY : BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com , Retrieved June 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tampubolon , Rama ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` 3D Animated Movie , LEGENDS OF OZ : DOROTHY 'S RETURN , Voice Starring Lea Michele , Opens May 9 , 2014 And It 's Coming To Cannes '' . Rama 's Screen . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz : An American Fairy Tale '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA 's Memory of the World '' . UNESCO . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravotv.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 Jump up ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers ( January 2010 ) . `` The Ruby Slippers : Inventing an American Icon '' . The Lemelson Center . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Inside The Search For Dorothy 's Slippers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rhys ( 1989 ) . The Ruby Slippers of Oz . Tale Weaver Pub . ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Memories of a Munchkin : An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske ( Back Stage Books , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8230 - 9193 - 7 The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas ( Tale Weaver , 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 942139 - 09 - 9 The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic -- Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman ( Applause Books , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 20333 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 20333 - 0 The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox ( Cumberland House , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 269 - 4 `` Did these stories really happen ? '' by Michelle Bernier ( Createspace , 2010 ) ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wizard of Oz Official website The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes The Judy Garland Museum Finding aid author : John N. Gillespie ( 2013 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs '' . Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Provo , UT . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater : December 25 , 1950 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Judy Garland Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live ! `` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Discography Awards and honors Film , concert and television performances Biographies Recordings As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Related Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Busby Berkeley : Choreographer and director Broadway pre-Hollywood Holka Polka ( chor , 1925 ) The Wild Rose ( chor , 1926 ) Lady Do ( chor , 1927 ) A Connecticut Yankee ( chor , 1927 ) White Eagle ( chor , 1927 ) Present Arms ( chor , 1928 ) Earl Carroll 's Vanities ( 1928 ) ( chor , 1928 ) Good Boy ( chor , 1928 ) Rainbow ( chor , 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( chor , 1928 ) Pleasure Bound ( chor , 1929 ) A Night in Venice ( chor , 1929 ) Broadway Nights ( chor , 1929 ) The Street Singer ( dir & prod , 1929 ) Nine - Fifteen Revue ( chor , 1930 ) The International Review ( chor , 1930 ) Sweet and Low ( chor , 1930 ) 1930s Whoopee ! 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when did penny and leonard first get together

The Recombination Hypothesis

the recombination hypothesis

`` The Recombination Hypothesis '' The Big Bang Theory episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 13 Directed by Mark Cendrowski Story by Chuck Lorre Teleplay by Bill Prady Steven Molaro Production code 3X6863 Original air date January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jim Turner as Reverend White Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' Next → `` The Beta Test Initiation '' The Big Bang Theory ( season 5 ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' is the 100th episode of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 13th episode of the series ' fifth season . It premiered on CBS in the United States on January 19 , 2012 . In this episode , Leonard impulsively asks Penny out for dinner on a date . The story and concept of the episode was written by series co-creator Chuck Lorre . The teleplay was written by co-creator Bill Prady and writer Steven Molaro . `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' was directed by Mark Cendrowski . The episode received good reviews from television critics who spoke positive about Leonard and Penny trying to rework their relationship . Upon airing , `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' garnered 15.71 million viewers in the United States and 5.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode begins with Sheldon receiving a cardboard cut - out of Spock he ordered , however is dismayed to find it is not the Spock played by Leonard Nimoy but rather Zachary Quinto . While Sheldon complains , Leonard sees Penny and they exchange smiles . Leonard walks over asking her if she has any plans for dinner . Penny looks surprised about being asked out on a date and accepts . Penny is trying on clothes with Amy and Bernadette . Penny acts nervous and Bernadette tells her that everything will work out great since Leonard is crazy about her . Whilst playing Settlers of Catan , Sheldon keeps asking for `` wood '' to build a road causing Howard and Raj to laugh at him not realizing the sexual innuendo . The gang asks Leonard why he is putting himself through another relationship with Penny . During dinner Leonard asks Penny whether there is a name for a first - date with someone you used to date and Penny replies `` awkward . '' They decide to make - believe like they are on a real first date . Leonard tells Penny about his work and that he built a Bat - Signal . Penny laughs and asks him if he is some kind of nerd . Leonard says that he is the `` King of the Nerds '' . If anyone displeases him , he will not help them set - up their printer . Leonard then asks Penny whether they are going to get back together . Shocked Penny confesses that she will always have feelings for him and that he always over thinks everything . Back at the apartment , Leonard charges in as his buddies tease him about his date ending at 8 : 30 . Later Leonard is asleep and awakened by a text from Penny who meets him in the hallway , kisses him , takes him into her apartment and tells him to be quiet . Leonard wonders how a bad date ended in sex . Penny thought that things were great until he asked if they were getting back together . Leonard suggests that they treat their relationship like a new version of software , a `` Penny and Leonard 2.0 '' . They could try being together and not tell their friends until they know it is working . At The Cheesecake Factory , Bernadette is disappointed that things did not work out . Leonard sits down and starts a fight with Penny . Penny counters that he has to always be right . Sheldon thinks that Leonard is wrong more than anyone he knows . Leonard gets another early morning text . She demands to know why he was a jerk at work . They had agreed to be friends , not fight . Leonard heads toward her apartment because their new relationship was about sex after fighting . Later , Leonard asks Penny what exactly they are doing since every relationship scenario he plays out ends badly . Then Leonard hears Sheldon calling him . It turns out that Leonard was imagining everything , and he is still with Sheldon complaining about the Spock cardboard cut - out . Leonard decides that , despite the fact it seems that the relationship will once again end badly , he still wishes to ask Penny out . Penny asks whether he has thought things through . Leonard replies that he has and still thinks they should go ahead with it . Penny therefore agrees and then smiles . In Penny 's bedroom , she is again choosing an outfit for her date . Daydreaming she sees herself in a wedding dress and heavily pregnant . Penny rubs her belly and tells Leonard that it is too late to start saying no now . Penny wakes up , apologizes and the dream reminds her to go to the drugstore . Production ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' is the first episode of a two episode arc featuring Leonard and Penny attempting to restart their relationship that has been one of the major plot lines and driving forces of the series . The arc concludes with the next episode `` The Beta Test Initiation '' where Penny and Leonard return from their date . The first scene is a salute to the original pilot where Leonard and Sheldon climb the stairs wearing similar outfits and they spot Penny through her apartment door wearing the same shirt from the pilot . Sheldon is disappointed to discover that a Mr. Spock cardboard stand - up he ordered is a portrayal of Zachary Quinto 's Spock not Leonard Nimoy 's Spock . According to Bill Prady , the co-creator of The Big Bang Theory , approval from Paramount , J.J. Abrams ( producer of the new Star Trek series ) and Zachary Quinto was required in order to mock Spock . Also , this is the first time that an entire episode is a `` dream - sequence '' , a unique style of storytelling , and is the second Chuck Lorre show to achieve the `` dream - sequence '' story , after Two and a Half Men in the episode `` Frodo 's Headshots '' . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' was originally broadcast on January 19 , 2012 in the United States between 8 : 00 p.m. and 8 : 30 p.m. Upon airing , `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' garnered 15.71 million viewers with the best ever ratings in the adults 25 - 54 , adults 18 - 49 and adults 18 - 34 categories . Critical reception ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis ' '' received positive reviews from television commentators . R.L Shaffer of IGN gave the episode a `` really good '' review . The reviewer says the episode `` knocked it out of the park '' even though it started like `` another attempt to tease the anxiety of the Penny / Leonard relationship '' the final twist did show some growth in Leonard 's character that he must not over-think their relationship . Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a positive review . Day noted that revisiting Leonard and Penny on the 100th episode was the best way to honor the history of the series . Though she was happy to see `` Peonard or Lenny '' back together , she felt that the other guys had the best lines with the `` wood '' jokes . Overall she found the show `` brought us back to the origins of the comedy and what made us fall in love with these nerds and their gorgeous neighbor . '' The Editor Rating was 4.7 out of 5.0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' 100th Episode : Penny And Leonard 2.0 Software Defined '' . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Episode : `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' The Recombination Hypothesis ( 2012 ) `` . IMDb . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory - The Recombination Hypothesis '' . CBS Interactive . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' Tops `` American Idol '' in Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 in Common Half - Hour `` . The Futon Critic . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Recombination Hypothesis ( 2012 ) Did You Know ? '' . IMDb . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' Review `` . IGN . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Review : Penny and Leonard 2.0 '' . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' on IMDb `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' at TV.com The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Recombination_Hypothesis&oldid=848167949 '' Categories : The Big Bang Theory episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2012 TV.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 05 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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number of red card in world cup 2018

Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England

4

2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record

2018 fifa world cup disciplinary record

In the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 , the main disciplinary actions taken against players came in the form of red and yellow cards .

A player sanctioned with a red card was sent off from the pitch and could not be replaced . Furthermore , the player was automatically banned from his team 's next match . After a straight red card , FIFA conducted a hearing and considered extending this ban beyond one match . If the ban extended beyond the end of the World Cup finals ( for example , a player was sent off in his team 's last match ) , it had to be served in the team 's next competitive international match ( es ) . A player also received a one match ban if he picked up a single yellow card in two different games from the beginning of the group stage until the end of the quarter - finals , where single yellow cards were negated . However , such a ban did not carry over beyond the World Cup finals if the second yellow card was collected in his team 's last match . Contents 1 Disciplinary statistics 2 Sanctions 2.1 By match 2.2 By referee 2.3 By team 2.4 By player 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Disciplinary statistics ( edit ) Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Sanctions ( edit ) By match ( edit ) Day Home Score Away Round Referee Total cards Group stage Day 01 Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Group A Néstor Pitana 0 0 Day 02 Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Group A Björn Kuipers 0 0 Day 02 Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Group B Cüneyt Çakır 0 0 Day 02 Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Group B Gianluca Rocchi 0 0 Day 03 France 2 -- 1 Australia Group C Andrés Cunha 0 0 Day 03 Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Group D Szymon Marciniak 0 0 0 0 Day 03 Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Group C Bakary Gassama 0 0 Day 03 Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Group D Sandro Ricci 0 0 Day 04 Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Group E Malang Diedhiou 0 0 Day 04 Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Group F Alireza Faghani 0 0 Day 04 Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Group E César Arturo Ramos 0 0 Day 05 Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Group F Joel Aguilar 0 0 Day 05 Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Group G Janny Sikazwe 8 8 0 0 Day 05 Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Group G Wilmar Roldán 0 0 Day 06 Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Group H Damir Skomina 0 Day 06 Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Group H Nawaf Shukralla 0 0 Day 06 Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Group A Enrique Cáceres 0 0 Day 07 Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Group B Mark Geiger 0 0 Day 07 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Group A Clément Turpin 0 0 0 0 Day 07 Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Group B Andrés Cunha 0 0 Day 08 Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Group C Antonio Mateu Lahoz 0 0 Day 08 France 1 -- 0 Peru Group C Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed 0 0 Day 08 Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Group D Ravshan Irmatov 7 7 0 0 Day 09 Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Group E Björn Kuipers 0 0 Day 09 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Group D Matthew Conger 0 0 Day 09 Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Group E Felix Brych 5 5 0 0 Day 10 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia Group G Jair Marrufo 0 0 Day 10 South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Group F Milorad Mažić 0 0 Day 10 Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Group F Szymon Marciniak 0 Day 11 England 6 -- 1 Panama Group G Gehad Grisha 0 0 Day 11 Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Group H Gianluca Rocchi 5 5 0 0 Day 11 Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Group H César Arturo Ramos 0 0 Day 12 Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Group A Malang Diedhiou 0 Day 12 Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Group A Wilmar Roldán 0 0 Day 12 Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Group B Enrique Cáceres 6 6 0 0 Day 12 Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Group B Ravshan Irmatov 6 6 0 0 Day 13 Denmark 0 -- 0 France Group C Sandro Ricci 0 0 Day 13 Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Group C Sergei Karasev 6 6 0 0 Day 13 Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Group D Cüneyt Çakır 5 5 0 0 Day 13 Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia Group D Antonio Mateu Lahoz 5 5 0 0 Day 14 South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Group F Mark Geiger 0 0 Day 14 Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Group F Néstor Pitana 5 5 0 0 Day 14 Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Group E Alireza Faghani 0 0 Day 14 Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Group E Clément Turpin 6 6 0 0 Day 15 Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Group H Janny Sikazwe 0 0 Day 15 Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Group H Milorad Mažić 0 0 Day 15 England 0 -- 1 Belgium Group G Damir Skomina 0 0 Day 15 Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Group G Nawaf Shukralla 6 6 0 0 Knockout stage Day 16 France 4 -- 3 Argentina Round of 16 Alireza Faghani 8 8 0 0 Day 16 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Round of 16 César Arturo Ramos 0 0 Day 17 Spain 1 -- 1 aet ( 3 -- 4 p ) Russia Round of 16 Björn Kuipers 0 0 Day 17 Croatia 1 -- 1 aet ( 3 -- 2 p ) Denmark Round of 16 Néstor Pitana 0 0 Day 18 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Round of 16 Gianluca Rocchi 6 6 0 0 Day 18 Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Round of 16 Malang Diedhiou 0 0 Day 19 Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Round of 16 Damir Skomina 0 Day 19 Colombia 1 -- 1 aet ( 3 -- 4 p ) England Round of 16 Mark Geiger 8 8 0 0 Day 20 Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Quarter - finals Néstor Pitana 0 0 Day 20 Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Quarter - finals Milorad Mažić 0 0 Day 21 Sweden 0 -- 2 England Quarter - finals Björn Kuipers 0 0 Day 21 Russia 2 -- 2 aet ( 3 -- 4 p ) Croatia Quarter - finals Sandro Ricci 5 5 0 0 Day 22 France 1 -- 0 Belgium Semi-finals Andrés Cunha 5 5 0 0 Day 23 Croatia 2 -- 1 aet England Semi-finals Cüneyt Çakır 0 0 Day 24 Belgium 2 -- 0 England Third place play - off Alireza Faghani 0 0 Day 25 France 4 -- 2 Croatia Final Néstor Pitana 0 0 Source : By referee ( edit ) Referee Country Matches PKs awarded Damir Skomina Slovenia 0 8 Malang Diedhiou Senegal 0 7 0 Szymon Marciniak Poland 0 Alireza Faghani Iran 0 0 18 Néstor Pitana Argentina 5 0 0 15 Mark Geiger United States 0 0 14 Ravshan Irmatov Uzbekistan 0 0 13 0 Gianluca Rocchi Italy 0 0 13 Cüneyt Çakır Turkey 0 0 12 Andrés Cunha Uruguay 0 0 11 Björn Kuipers Netherlands 0 0 11 Milorad Mažić Serbia 0 0 10 Sandro Ricci Brazil 0 0 9 Nawaf Shukralla Bahrain 0 0 9 0 Janny Sikazwe Zambia 0 0 9 0 Enrique Cáceres Paraguay 0 0 8 Antonio Mateu Lahoz Spain 0 0 7 César Arturo Ramos Mexico 0 0 7 0 Sergei Karasev Russia 0 0 6 0 Clément Turpin France 0 0 6 Felix Brych Germany 0 0 5 0 Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 Gehad Grisha Egypt 0 0 Joel Aguilar El Salvador 0 0 Bakary Gassama Gambia 0 0 Wilmar Roldán Colombia 0 0 Matthew Conger New Zealand 0 0 Jair Marrufo United States 0 0 By team ( edit ) Team Red cards Players suspended for World Cup matches Colombia 0 9 Carlos Sánchez Moreno vs Japan ( GS ) ( denying a goal by handling ) Carlos Sánchez Moreno vs Poland ( GS ) Switzerland 0 9 Michael Lang vs Sweden ( R16 ) ( denying a goalscoring chance ) Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär vs Sweden ( R16 ) Russia 0 6 Igor Smolnikov vs Uruguay ( GS ) Igor Smolnikov vs Spain ( R16 ) Germany 0 Jérôme Boateng vs Sweden ( GS ) Jérôme Boateng vs South Korea ( GS ) Croatia 0 0 15 France 0 0 12 Blaise Matuidi vs Uruguay ( QF ) Argentina 0 0 11 Belgium 0 0 11 Thomas Meunier vs France ( SF ) Panama 0 0 11 Armando Cooper and Michael Amir Murillo vs Tunisia ( GS ) South Korea 0 0 10 Mexico 0 0 9 Héctor Moreno vs Brazil ( R16 ) Serbia 0 0 9 England 0 0 8 Morocco 0 0 8 Sweden 0 0 8 Sebastian Larsson vs Switzerland ( R16 ) Mikael Lustig vs England ( QF ) Australia 0 0 7 Brazil 0 0 7 Casemiro vs Belgium ( QF ) Iran 0 0 7 Portugal 0 0 7 Costa Rica 0 0 6 Denmark 0 0 6 Yussuf Poulsen vs France ( GS ) Senegal 0 0 6 Egypt 0 0 5 Japan 0 0 5 Peru 0 0 5 Nigeria 0 0 Tunisia 0 0 Iceland 0 0 Poland 0 0 Uruguay 0 0 Spain 0 0 Saudi Arabia 0 0 By player ( edit ) Name Team Suspended for match ( es ) : Carlos Sánchez Moreno Colombia 0 vs Poland ( GS ) Michael Lang Switzerland 0 0 Jérôme Boateng Germany 0 0 vs South Korea ( GS ) Igor Smolnikov Russia 0 0 vs Spain ( R16 ) Sebastian Larsson Sweden 0 0 vs Switzerland ( R16 ) Toby Alderweireld Belgium 0 0 Éver Banega Argentina 0 0 Wílmar Barrios Colombia 0 0 Valon Behrami Switzerland 0 0 Rodrigo Bentancur Uruguay 0 0 Casemiro Brazil 0 0 vs Belgium ( QF ) Armando Cooper Panama 0 0 vs Tunisia ( GS ) Karim El Ahmadi Morocco 0 0 Yury Gazinsky Russia 0 0 Lucas Hernández France 0 0 Héctor Herrera Mexico 0 0 Mathias Jørgensen Denmark 0 0 Jung Woo - young South Korea 0 0 N'Golo Kanté France 0 0 Stephan Lichtsteiner Switzerland 0 0 vs Sweden ( R16 ) Mikael Lustig Sweden 0 0 vs England ( QF ) Harry Maguire England 0 0 Mario Mandžukić Croatia 0 0 Javier Mascherano Argentina 0 0 Nemanja Matić Serbia 0 0 Blaise Matuidi France 0 0 vs Uruguay ( QF ) Kylian Mbappé France 0 0 Thomas Meunier Belgium 0 0 vs France ( SF ) Aleksandar Mitrović Serbia 0 0 Héctor Moreno Mexico 0 0 vs Brazil ( R16 ) Michael Amir Murillo Panama 0 0 vs Tunisia ( GS ) M'Baye Niang Senegal 0 0 Nicolás Otamendi Argentina 0 0 Yussuf Poulsen Denmark 0 0 vs France ( GS ) Ante Rebić Croatia 0 0 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 0 0 Ferjani Sassi Tunisia 0 0 Fabian Schär Switzerland 0 0 vs Sweden ( R16 ) Jan Vertonghen Belgium 0 0 Šime Vrsaljko Croatia 0 0 Kyle Walker England 0 0 Johnny Acosta Costa Rica 0 0 Marcos Acuña Argentina 0 0 Taisir Al - Jassim Saudi Arabia 0 0 Edson Álvarez Mexico 0 0 Vahid Amiri Iran 0 0 Nordin Amrabat Morocco 0 0 Karim Ansarifard Iran 0 0 Pedro Aquino Peru 0 0 Santiago Arias Colombia 0 0 Daniel Arzani Australia 0 0 Ricardo Ávila Panama 0 0 Sardar Azmoun Iran 0 0 Carlos Bacca Colombia 0 0 Anice Badri Tunisia 0 0 Leon Balogun Nigeria 0 0 Édgar Yoel Bárcenas Panama 0 0 Jan Bednarek Poland 0 0 Aziz Behich Australia 0 0 Medhi Benatia Morocco 0 0 Mbark Boussoufa Morocco 0 0 Marcelo Brozović Croatia 0 0 Sergio Busquets Spain 0 0 Francisco Calvo Costa Rica 0 0 Joel Campbell Costa Rica 0 0 Cédric Soares Portugal 0 0 Ghailene Chaalali Tunisia 0 0 Viktor Claesson Sweden 0 0 Vedran Ćorluka Croatia 0 0 Philippe Coutinho Brazil 0 0 Juan Cuadrado Colombia 0 0 Manuel da Costa Morocco 0 0 Erick Davis Panama 0 0 Kevin De Bruyne Belgium 0 0 Thomas Delaney Denmark 0 0 Leander Dendoncker Belgium 0 0 Omid Ebrahimi Iran 0 0 Albin Ekdal Sweden 0 0 Fidel Escobar Panama 0 0 Fagner Conserva Lemos Brazil 0 0 Radamel Falcao Colombia 0 0 Ahmed Fathy Egypt 0 0 Bruno Fernandes Portugal 0 0 Fernandinho Brazil 0 0 Filipe Luís Brazil 0 0 Alfreð Finnbogason Iceland 0 0 Ali Gabr Egypt 0 0 Jesús Gallardo Mexico 0 0 Cristian Gamboa Costa Rica 0 0 Olivier Giroud France 0 0 Aníbal Godoy Panama 0 0 Aleksandr Golovin Russia 0 0 Gabriel Gómez Panama 0 0 Jacek Góralski Poland 0 0 Andrés Guardado Mexico 0 0 Raphaël Guerreiro Portugal 0 0 Paolo Guerrero Peru 0 0 Idrissa Gueye Senegal 0 0 John Guidetti Sweden 0 0 David Guzmán Costa Rica 0 0 Ehsan Hajsafi Iran 0 0 Achraf Hakimi Morocco 0 0 Emil Hallfreðsson Iceland 0 0 Eden Hazard Belgium 0 0 Makoto Hasebe Japan 0 0 Ahmed Hegazi Egypt 0 0 Jordan Henderson England 0 0 Mats Hummels Germany 0 0 Paolo Hurtado Peru 0 0 Hwang Hee - chan South Korea 0 0 Brian Idowu Nigeria 0 0 Takashi Inui Japan 0 0 Branislav Ivanović Serbia 0 0 Alireza Jahanbakhsh Iran 0 0 Mile Jedinak Australia 0 0 Tin Jedvaj Croatia 0 0 Eiji Kawashima Japan 0 0 Kim Shin - wook South Korea 0 0 Kim Young - gwon South Korea 0 0 Grzegorz Krychowiak Poland 0 0 Ilya Kutepov Russia 0 0 Miguel Layún Mexico 0 0 Mathew Leckie Australia 0 0 Lee Jae - sung South Korea 0 0 Lee Seung - woo South Korea 0 0 Lee Yong South Korea 0 0 Jesse Lingard England 0 0 Adem Ljajić Serbia 0 0 Ruben Loftus - Cheek England 0 0 Dejan Lovren Croatia 0 0 Tomoaki Makino Japan 0 0 Gabriel Mercado Argentina 0 0 Lionel Messi Argentina 0 0 John Obi Mikel Nigeria 0 0 Mark Milligan Australia 0 0 Sergej Milinković - Savić Serbia 0 0 Luka Milivojević Serbia 0 0 Johan Mojica Colombia 0 0 Moon Seon - min South Korea 0 0 Sam Morsy Egypt 0 0 Thomas Müller Germany 0 0 Munir Mohand Mohamedi Morocco 0 0 Cheikh N'Doye Senegal 0 0 Neymar Brazil 0 0 Benjamin Pavard France 0 0 Gerard Piqué Spain 0 0 Josip Pivarić Croatia 0 0 Marko Pjaca Croatia 0 0 Paul Pogba France 0 0 Aleksandar Prijović Serbia 0 0 Ricardo Quaresma Portugal 0 0 Ivan Rakitić Croatia 0 0 Josh Risdon Australia 0 0 Cristian Rodríguez Uruguay 0 0 James Rodríguez Colombia 0 0 Tom Rogic Australia 0 0 Marcos Rojo Argentina 0 0 Youssouf Sabaly Senegal 0 0 Birkir Már Sævarsson Iceland 0 0 Carlos Salcedo Mexico 0 0 Salif Sané Senegal 0 0 Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland 0 0 Masoud Shojaei Iran 0 0 Gaku Shibasaki Japan 0 0 Adrien Silva Portugal 0 0 Pione Sisto Denmark 0 0 Fyodor Smolov Russia 0 0 Son Heung - min South Korea 0 0 John Stones England 0 0 Ivan Strinić Croatia 0 0 Nicolás Tagliafico Argentina 0 0 Renato Tapia Peru 0 0 Youri Tielemans Belgium 0 0 Luis Tejada Panama 0 0 Corentin Tolisso France 0 0 Trézéguet Egypt 0 0 William Troost - Ekong Nigeria 0 0 Domagoj Vida Croatia 0 0 Kendall Waston Costa Rica 0 0 Axel Witsel Belgium 0 0 Granit Xhaka Switzerland 0 0 Yoshimar Yotún Peru 0 0 Denis Zakaria Switzerland 0 0 Roman Zobnin Russia 0 0 Source : Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : As Lang was sent off in Switzerland 's last match of the tournament , he will serve a suspension during the next competitive game of Switzerland ( vs Iceland in 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What if ... ? '' . FIFA. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Disciplinary Code 2017 edition , art . 38 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Statistics '' . ESPN . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2018 . Official website 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_disciplinary_record&oldid=850906212 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup disciplinary records Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where did the name of the black panther party come from

Black Panther Party

black panther party

The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black Panther Party Leader Huey Newton Founded 1966 ; 52 years ago ( 1966 ) Dissolved 1982 ( 1982 ) Ideology Anti-fascism Anti-imperialism Anti-racism Black nationalism ( later renounced ) Maoism Marxism -- Leninism Revolutionary socialism Political position Far - left This article is part of a series about Black Power History ( show ) Black Arts Movement Black is beautiful Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Kwanzaa Raised fist events of 1968 and 1972 Ideologies ( show ) Africana womanism Afrocentrism Black anarchism Black feminism Black leftism Black nationalism Black pride Black separatism New Left Pan-Africanism Organizations ( show ) Black Liberation Army Black Panther Party Black Radical Congress Black Revolutionary Assault Team George Jackson Brigade Huey P. Newton Gun Club League of Revolutionary Black Workers May 19th Communist Organization MOVE New Black Panther Party Republic of New Afrika Revolutionary Action Movement SNCC SDS US Organization Weather Underground White Panther Party People ( show ) Angela Davis Assata Shakur Donald DeFreeze Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Fay Bellamy Powell Fred Hampton Gloria Richardson Huey P. Newton John Africa Malcolm X Marcus Garvey Maulana Karenga Malik Zulu Shabazz Obi Egbuna Robert F. Williams Rosa Parks Stokely Carmichael Wadsworth Jarrell Works ( show ) A Taste of Power Black Power and the American Myth Ten - Point Program The Diary of Malcolm X Revolutionary Suicide Related ( show ) Black Lives Matter Chicano Movement Civil Rights Movement Feminism Political hip hop Red Power movement Socialism The Troubles White Power Youth rights African American portal Politics portal The Black Panther Party ( BPP ) , originally the Black Panther Party for Self - Defense , was a political organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966 . The party was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982 , with international chapters operating in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s , and in Algeria from 1969 until 1972 . At its inception on October 15 , 1966 , the Black Panther Party 's core practice was its armed citizens ' patrols to monitor the behavior of officers of the Oakland Police Department and challenge police brutality in Oakland , California . In 1969 , community social programs became a core activity of party members . The Black Panther Party instituted a variety of community social programs , most extensively the Free Breakfast for Children Programs , and community health clinics to address issues like food injustice . The party enrolled the largest number of members and made the greatest impact in the Oakland - San Francisco Bay Area , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , Seattle , and Philadelphia . Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover called the party `` the greatest threat to the internal security of the country '' , and he supervised an extensive counterintelligence program ( COINTELPRO ) of surveillance , infiltration , perjury , police harassment , and many other tactics designed to undermine Panther leadership , incriminate party members , discredit and criminalize the Party , and drain the organization of resources and manpower . The program was also accused of assassinating Black Panther members . Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police including Huey Newton allegedly killing officer John Frey in 1967 and the 1968 Eldridge Cleaver led ambush of Oakland police officers which wounded two officers and killed Panther Bobby Hutton . The party was also involved in many internal conflicts including the murders of Alex Rackley and Betty Van Patter . Government oppression initially contributed to the party 's growth , as killings and arrests of Panthers increased its support among African Americans and on the broad political left , both of whom valued the Panthers as a powerful force opposed to de facto segregation and the military draft . Black Panther Party membership reached a peak in 1970 , with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members , then suffered a series of contractions . After being vilified by the mainstream press , public support for the party waned , and the group became more isolated . In - fighting among Party leadership , caused largely by the FBI 's COINTELPRO operation , led to expulsions and defections that decimated the membership . Popular support for the Party declined further after reports appeared detailing the group 's involvement in illegal activities such as drug dealing and extortion schemes directed against Oakland merchants . By 1972 most Panther activity centered on the national headquarters and a school in Oakland , where the party continued to influence local politics . Though under constant police surveillance , the Chicago chapter remained active and maintained their community programs until 1974 . The Seattle chapter lasted longer than most , with a breakfast program and medical clinics that continued even after the chapter disbanded in 1977 . Party contractions continued throughout the 1970s , and by 1980 , the Black Panther Party had just 27 members . The history of the Black Panther Party is controversial . Scholars have characterized the Black Panther Party as the most influential black movement organization of the late 1960s , and `` the strongest link between the domestic Black Liberation Struggle and global opponents of American imperialism '' . Other commentators have described the Party as more criminal than political , characterized by `` defiant posturing over substance '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Late 1966 to early 1967 1.2. 1 Chronology 1.2. 2 Oakland patrols of police 1.2. 3 Rallies in Richmond , California 1.2. 4 Protest at the Statehouse 1.2. 5 Ten - point program 1.3 Late 1967 to early 1968 1.3. 1 Chronology 1.3. 2 COINTELPRO 1.3. 3 Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey 1.3. 4 Free Huey ! campaign 1.3. 5 Founding of the L.A. Chapter 1.3. 6 Killing of Bobby Hutton 1.4 Late 1968 1.4. 1 Chronology 1.4. 2 Survival programs 1.4. 3 Political activities 1.5 1969 1.5. 1 Chronology 1.5. 2 Shoot - out with the US Organization 1.5. 3 Black Panther Party Liberation Schools 1.5. 4 Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark 1.5. 5 Torture - murder of Alex Rackley 1.5. 6 International ties 1.6 1970 1.6. 1 Chronology 1.7 1971 1.7. 1 Chronology 1.7. 2 Split 1.7. 3 Delegation to China 1.8 1972 -- 74 1.8. 1 Chronology 1.8. 2 Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland 1.8. 3 Newton indicted for violent crimes 1.9 1974 -- 77 1.9. 1 The Panthers under Elaine Brown 1.9. 2 Death of Betty van Patter 1.10 1977 -- 82 1.10. 1 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party 1.10. 2 Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton 2 Women and womanism 2.1 Gender Dynamics 2.2 Women 's Accomplishments 2.3 Elaine Brown 2.4 Gwen Robinson 3 Aftermath and legacy 3.1 Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers 3.2 New Black Panther Party 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Bibliography 6 Further reading and resources 7 External links History Origins Original six members of the Black Panther Party ( 1966 ) Top left to right : Elbert `` Big Man '' Howard , Huey P. Newton ( Defense Minister ) , Sherwin Forte , Bobby Seale ( Chairman ) Bottom : Reggie Forte and Little Bobby Hutton ( Treasurer ) . Play media Newsreel in which Kathleen Cleaver spoke at Hutton Memorial Park in Alameda County , California . The footage also shows a student protest demonstration at Alameda County Courthouse , Oakland , California . Black Panther Party leaders Huey P. Newton , Eldridge Cleaver , and Bobby Seale spoke on a 10 - point program they wanted from the administration which was to include full employment , decent housing and education , an end to police brutality , and blacks to be exempt from the military . Black Panther Party members are shown as they marched in uniform . Students at rally marched , sang , clapped hands , and carried protest signs . Police in riot gear controlled marchers . The sweeping migration of black families out of the South during World War II transformed Oakland and cities throughout the West and the North . A new generation of young blacks growing up in these cities faced new conditions , new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents , and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them . Black Panther Party membership `` consisted of recent migrants whose families traveled north and west to escape the southern racial regime , only to be confronted with new forms of segregation and repression '' . In the early 1960s , the insurgent Civil Rights Movement had dismantled the Jim Crow system of racial caste subordination using the tactics of non-violent civil disobedience , and demanding full citizenship rights for black people . But not much changed in the cities of the North and West . As the wartime jobs which drew much of the black migration `` fled to the suburbs along with white residents '' , the black population was concentrated in poor `` urban ghettos '' with high unemployment , and substandard housing , mostly excluded from political representation , top universities , and the middle class . Police departments were almost all white . In 1966 , only 16 of Oakland 's 661 police officers were African American , representing less than 2.5 % of the force . Insurgent civil rights practices proved incapable of redressing these conditions , and the organizations that had `` led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience '' such as SNCC and CORE went into decline . By 1966 a `` Black Power ferment '' emerged , consisting largely of young urban blacks , posing a question the Civil Rights Movement could not answer : `` how would black people in America win not only formal citizenship rights , but actual economic and political power ? '' Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed a rich ferment of study groups and political organizations , and it is out of this ferment that the Black Panther Party emerged . In late October 1966 , Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party ( originally the Black Panther Party for Self - Defense ) . In formulating a new politics , they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations . Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College . They joined Donald Warden 's Afro - American Association , where they read widely , debated , and organized in an emergent black nationalist tradition inspired by Malcolm X and others . Eventually dissatisfied with Warden 's accommodation - ism , they developed a revolutionary anti-imperialist perspective working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the Revolutionary Action Movement . While bringing in a paycheck , jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service , later a key element in the Black Panther Party 's `` community survival programs . '' Dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge police brutality and appeal to the `` brothers on the block '' , Huey and Bobby sought to take matters into their own hands . After the police killed Matthew Johnson , an unarmed young black man in San Francisco , Newton observed the violent rebellion that followed . He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party from the multitude of organizations seeking to build Black Power . Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a force , and believed that if he could stand up to the police , he could organize that force into political power . Inspired by Robert F. Williams ' armed resistance to the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) and Williams ' book Negroes with Guns , Newton studied gun laws in California until he knew it better than many police officers . Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion , he decided to organize patrols to follow the police around to monitor for incidents of brutality . But with a crucial difference : his patrols would carry loaded guns . Huey and Bobby raised enough money to buy two shotguns by buying bulk quantities of the recently publicized Little Red Book and reselling them to leftist radicals and liberal intellectuals on the UC Berkeley campus at three times the price . According to Bobby Seale , they would `` sell the books , make the money , buy the guns , and go on the streets with the guns . We 'll protect a mother , protect a brother , and protect the community from the racist cops . '' On October 29 , 1966 , Stokely Carmichael -- a leader of SNCC -- championed the call for `` Black Power '' and came to Berkeley to keynote a Black Power conference . At the time , he was promoting the armed organizing efforts of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) in Alabama and their use of the Black Panther symbol . Newton and Seale decided to adopt the Black Panther logo and form their own organization called the Black Panther Party for Self - Defense . Newton and Seale decided on a uniform of blue shirts , black pants , black leather jackets , black berets . Sixteen - year - old Bobby Hutton was their first recruit . Late 1966 to early 1967 Chronology Black Panther Party founders Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton standing in the street , armed with a Colt . 45 and a shotgun . October 15 , 1966 : The BPP is founded . A few months later , they began their first `` police '' patrols . January 1967 : The BPP opens its first official headquarters in an Oakland storefront , and published the first issue of The Black Panther : Black Community News Service . February 1967 : BPP members serve as security escorts for Betty Shabazz . April 1967 : Denzil Dowell protest in Richmond . May 2 , 1967 : Thirty people representing the BPP go to state capitol with guns , and achieve the Party 's first national media attention . Oakland patrols of police The initial tactic of the party utilized contemporary open - carry gun laws to protect Party members when policing the police . This act was done in order to record incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods . When confronted by a police officer , Party members cited laws proving they have done nothing wrong and threatened to take to court any officer that violated their constitutional rights . Between the end of 1966 to the start of 1967 , the Black Panther Party for Self - Defense 's armed police patrols in Oakland black communities attracted a small handful of members . Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967 , when the party provided an armed escort at the San Francisco airport for Betty Shabazz , Malcolm X 's widow and keynote speaker for a conference held in his honor . The Black Panther Party 's focus on militancy was often construed as open hostility , feeding a reputation of violence even though early efforts by the Panthers focused primarily on promoting social issues and the exercise of their legal right to carry arms . The Panthers employed a California law that permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one . Generally this was done while monitoring and observing police behavior in their neighborhoods , with the Panthers arguing that this emphasis on active militancy and openly carrying their weapons was necessary to protect individuals from police violence . For example , chants like `` The Revolution has come , it 's time to pick up the gun . Off the pigs ! '' , helped create the Panthers ' reputation as a violent organization . Rallies in Richmond , California The black community of Richmond , California , wanted protection against police brutality . With only three main streets for entering and exiting the neighborhood , it was easy for police to control , contain , and suppress the majority African - American community . On April 1 , 1967 , a black , unarmed twenty - two - year - old construction worker named Denzil Dowell was shot dead by police in North Richmond . Dowell 's family contacted the Black Panther Party for assistance after county officials refused to investigate the case . The Party held rallies in North Richmond that educated the community on armed self - defense and the Denzil Dowell incident . Police seldom interfered at these rallies because every Panther was armed and no laws were broken . The Party 's ideals resonated with several community members , who then brought their own guns to the next rallies . Protest at the statehouse Awareness of the Black Panther Party for Self - Defense grew rapidly after their May 2 , 1967 , protest at the California State Assembly . On May 2 , 1967 , the California State Assembly Committee on Criminal Procedure was scheduled to convene to discuss what was known as the `` Mulford Act '' , which would make the public carrying of loaded firearms illegal . Eldridge Cleaver and Newton put together a plan to send a group of 26 armed Panthers led by Seale from Oakland to Sacramento to protest the bill . The group entered the assembly carrying their weapons , an incident which was widely publicized , and which prompted police to arrest Seale and five others . The group pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of disrupting a legislative session . Black Panther convention , Lincoln Memorial , June 19 , 1970 . In May 1967 , the Panthers invaded the State Assembly Chamber in Sacramento , guns in hand , in what appears to have been a publicity stunt . Still , they scared a lot of important people that day . At the time , the Panthers had almost no following . Now , ( a year later ) however , their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather , and many whites wear `` Honkeys for Huey '' buttons , supporting the fight to free Newton , who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 ( 1967 ) on the charge that he killed a policeman ... Ten - Point program Main article : Ten - Point Program The Black Panther Party first publicized its original Ten - Point program on May 15 , 1967 , following the Sacramento action , in the second issue of The Black Panther newspaper . The original ten points of `` What We Want Now ! '' follow : We want freedom . We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community . We want full employment for our people . We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community . We want decent housing , fit for shelter of human beings . We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society . We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society . We want all Black men to be exempt from military service . We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people . We want freedom for all Black men held in federal , state , county and city prisons and jails . We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities , as defined by the Constitution of the United States . We want land , bread , housing , education , clothing , justice and peace . Late 1967 to early 1968 Chronology August 1967 : The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) directs its program `` COINTELPRO '' to `` neutralize '' what they call `` black nationalist hate groups '' . October 28 , 1967 : Huey Newton allegedly kills police officer John Frey . At this time there were fewer than one hundred Party members . Early Spring 1968 : Eldridge Cleaver 's Soul on Ice is published . April 4 , 1968 : Martin Luther King is assassinated . Riots break out nationwide . April 6 , 1968 : A team of Panthers led by Eldridge Cleaver ambushes Oakland police officers . Panther Bobby Hutton is killed . COINTELPRO COINTELPRO document outlining the FBI 's plans to ' neutralize ' Jean Seberg for her support for the Black Panther Party , by attempting to publicly `` cause her embarrassment '' and `` tarnish her image '' . In August 1967 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) instructed its program `` COINTELPRO '' to `` neutralize '' what the FBI called `` black nationalist hate groups '' and other dissident groups . In September 1968 , FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as `` the greatest threat to the internal security of the country '' . By 1969 , the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets , singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized `` Black Nationalist '' COINTELPRO actions . The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant black nationalist groups and to weaken the power of their leaders , as well as to discredit the groups to reduce their support and growth . The initial targets included the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , the Revolutionary Action Movement and the Nation of Islam . Leaders who were targeted included the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. , Stokely Carmichael , H. Rap Brown , Maxwell Stanford and Elijah Muhammad . Part of the COINTELPRO actions were directed at creating and exploiting existing rivalries between black nationalist factions . One such attempt was to `` intensify the degree of animosity '' between the Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers , a Chicago street gang . They sent an anonymous letter to the Ranger 's gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life , a letter whose intent was to induce `` reprisals '' against Panther leadership . In Southern California similar actions were taken to exacerbate a `` gang war '' between the Black Panther Party and a group called the US Organization . It was alleged that the FBI had sent a provocative letter to the US Organization in an attempt to increase existing antagonism between US and the Panthers . COINTELPRO also aimed to dismantle the Black Panther Party by targeting the social / community programs they endorsed , one of the most influential being the Free Breakfast for Children Program . The success of the Free Breakfast for Children Program served to `` shed light on the government 's failure to address child poverty and hunger -- pointing to the limits of the nation 's War on Poverty '' . The ability of the Party to organize and provide for children more effectively than the U.S. government led the FBI to criticize the program as a means of exposing children to Panther Propaganda . In response to this , as an effort of disassembling the program , `` Police and Federal Agents regularly harassed and intimidated program participants , supporters , and Party workers and sought to scare away donors and organizations that housed the programs like churches and community centers '' . Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey On October 28 , 1967 , Oakland police officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with Huey P. Newton during a traffic stop . In the stop , Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also suffered gunshot wounds . Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter at trial , but the conviction was later overturned . In his book Shadow of the Panther , writer Hugh Pearson alleges that Newton , while intoxicated in the hours before he was shot and killed , claimed to have willfully killed John Frey . Free Huey ! Campaign At the time , Newton claimed that he had been falsely accused , leading to the `` Free Huey '' campaign . This incident gained the party even wider recognition by the radical American left . Newton was released after three years , when his conviction was reversed on appeal . As Newton awaited trial , the Black Panther party 's `` Free Huey '' campaign developed alliances with numerous individuals , students and anti-war activists , `` advancing an anti-imperialist political ideology that linked the oppression of antiwar protestors to the oppression of blacks and Vietnamese '' . The `` Free Huey '' campaign attracted black power organizations , New Left groups , and other activist groups such as the Progressive Labor Party , Bob Avakian of the Community for New Politics , and the Red Guard . For example , the Black Panther Party collaborated with the Peace and Freedom Party , which sought to promote a strong antiwar and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment democratic party . The Black Panther Party provided needed legitimacy to the Peace and Freedom Party 's racial politics and in return received invaluable support for the `` Free Huey '' campaign . Founding of the LA chapter In 1968 the southern California chapter was founded by Alprentice `` Bunchy '' Carter in Los Angeles . Carter was the leader of the Slauson street gang , and many of the LA chapter 's early recruits were Slausons . Killing of Bobby Hutton On April 7 , 1968 , seventeen - year - old Panther national treasurer Bobby Hutton was killed , and Eldridge Cleaver , Black Panther Party Minister of Information , was wounded in a shootout with the Oakland police . Two police officers were also shot . Although at the time the BPP claimed that the police had ambushed them , several party members later admitted that Cleaver had led the Panther group on a deliberate ambush of the police officers , provoking the shoot - out . Seven other Panthers , including chief of staff David Hilliard , were also arrested . Hutton 's death became a rallying issue for Panther supporters . Late 1968 Chronology April to mid-June 1968 : Cleaver is in jail . Mid-July 1968 : Huey Newton 's murder trial commences . Panthers hold `` Free Huey '' rallies outside the courthouse daily . August 5 , 1968 : Three Panthers were killed in a gun battle with police at a Los Angeles gas station . Early September 1968 : Newton is convicted of manslaughter . Late September 1968 : days before he is due to return to prison to serve out a rape conviction , Cleaver flees to Cuba and later Algeria . October 5 , 1968 : a Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Los Angeles . November 1968 : the BPP finds numerous supporters , establishing relationships with the Peace and Freedom Party and SNCC . Monetary contributions are flowing in , and BPP leadership begins embezzling donated funds . In 1968 , the group shortened its name to the Black Panther Party and sought to focus directly on political action . Members were encouraged to carry guns and to defend themselves against violence . An influx of college students joined the group , which had consisted chiefly of `` brothers off the block '' . This created some tension in the group . Some members were more interested in supporting the Panthers ' social programs , while others wanted to maintain their `` street mentality '' . By 1968 , the party had expanded into many cities throughout the United States , among them , Atlanta , Baltimore , Boston , Chicago , Cleveland , Dallas , Denver , Detroit , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Newark , New Orleans , New York City , Omaha , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , San Diego , San Francisco , Seattle , Toledo , and Washington , D.C. Peak membership was near 10,000 by 1969 , and their newspaper , under the editorial leadership of Eldridge Cleaver , had a circulation of 250,000 . The group created a Ten - Point Program , a document that called for `` Land , Bread , Housing , Education , Clothing , Justice and Peace '' , as well as exemption from conscription for black men , among other demands . With the Ten - Point program , `` What We Want , What We Believe '' , the Black Panther Party expressed its economic and political grievances . Curtis Austin states that by late 1968 , Black Panther Party ideology had evolved to the point where they began to reject black nationalism and became more a `` revolutionary internationalist movement '' : ( The Party ) dropped its wholesale attacks against whites and began to emphasize more of a class analysis of society . Its emphasis on Marxist -- Leninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group 's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist movement . Every Party member had to study Mao Tse - tung 's `` Little Red Book '' to advance his or her knowledge of peoples ' struggle and the revolutionary process . Panther slogans and iconography spread . At the 1968 Summer Olympics , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , two American medalists , gave the black power salute during the playing of the American national anthem . The International Olympic Committee banned them from the Olympic Games for life . Hollywood celebrity Jane Fonda publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers during the early 1970s . She actually ended up informally adopting the daughter of two Black Panther members , Mary Luana Williams . Fonda and other Hollywood celebrities became involved in the Panthers ' leftist programs . The Panthers attracted a wide variety of left - wing revolutionaries and political activists , including writer Jean Genet , former Ramparts magazine editor David Horowitz ( who later became a major critic of what he describes as Panther criminality ) and left - wing lawyer Charles R. Garry , who acted as counsel in the Panthers ' many legal battles . The BPP adopted a `` Serve the People '' program , which at first involved a free breakfast program for children . By the end of 1968 , the BPP had established 38 chapters and branches , claiming more than five thousand members . Eldridge and Kathleen Cleaver left the country days before Cleaver was to turn himself in to serve the remainder of a thirteen - year sentence for a 1958 rape conviction . They settled in Algeria . By the end of the year , Party membership peaked at around 2,000 . Party members engaged in criminal activities such as extortion , stealing , violent discipline of BPP members , and robberies . The BPP leadership took one third of the proceeds from robberies committed by BPP members . Survival programs Inspired by Mao Zedong 's advice to revolutionaries in The Little Red Book , Newton called on the Panthers to `` serve the people '' and to make `` survival programs '' a priority within its branches . The most famous of their programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program , initially run out of an Oakland church . The Free Breakfast For Children program was especially significant because it served as a space for educating youth about the current condition of the Black community , and the actions that the Party was taking to address that condition . `` While the children ate their meal ( s ) , members ( of the Party ) taught them liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history . '' Through this program , the Party was able to influence young minds , and strengthen their ties to communities as well as gain widespread support for their ideologies . The breakfast program became so popular that the Panthers Party claimed to have fed twenty thousand children in the 1968 - 69 school year . Other survival programs were free services such as clothing distribution , classes on politics and economics , free medical clinics , lessons on self - defense and first aid , transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates , an emergency - response ambulance program , drug and alcohol rehabilitation , and testing for sickle - cell disease . Political activities In 1968 , BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for Presidential office on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket . They were a big influence on the White Panther Party , that was tied to the Detroit / Ann Arbor band MC5 and their manager John Sinclair , author of the book Guitar Army that also promulgated a ten - point program . 1969 Chronology Early 1969 : In late 1968 and January 1969 , the BPP began to purge members due to fears about law enforcement infiltration and various petty disagreements . January 14 , 1969 : The Los Angeles chapter gets into a shootout with members of the competing US Organization , and two Panthers are killed . January 1969 : The Oakland BPP begins the first free breakfast program for children . March 1969 : There is a second purge of BPP members . April 1969 : Twenty - one members of the New York chapter are indicted and jailed for a bombing conspiracy . May 1969 : Two more southern California Panthers are killed in violent disputes with US Organization members . May 1969 : Members of the New Haven chapter torture and murder Alex Rackley , who they suspected of being an informant . July 17 , 1969 : Two policemen are shot and a Panther is killed in a gun battle in Chicago . Late July 1969 : The BPP ideology undergoes a shift , with a turn toward self - discipline and anti-racism . August 1969 : Bobby Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the Rackley murder . October 18 , 1969 : A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police outside a Los Angeles restaurant . Mid-to - late 1969 : COINTELPRO activity increases . November 13 , 1969 : A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Chicago . December 4 , 1969 : Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are killed by law enforcement in Chicago . Late 1969 : David Hilliard , current BPP head , advocates violent revolution . Panther membership is down significantly from the late 1968 peak . Shoot - out with the US organization Violent conflict between the Panther chapter in LA and the US Organization , a rival group , resulted in shootings and beatings , and led to the murders of at least four Black Panther Party members . On January 17 , 1969 , Los Angeles Panther Captain Bunchy Carter and Deputy Minister John Huggins were killed in Campbell Hall on the UCLA campus , in a gun battle with members of the US Organization . Another shootout between the two groups on March 17 led to further injuries . Two more Panthers died . Black Panther Party Liberation schools Paramount to their beliefs regarding the need for individual agency in order to catalyze community change , the Black Panther Party ( BPP ) strongly supported the education of the masses . As part of their Ten - Point Program which set forth the ideals and goals of the party , they demanded an equitable education for all black people . Number 5 of the `` What We Want Now ! '' section of the program reads : `` We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society . We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society . '' In order to ensure that this occurred , the Black Panther Party took the education of their youth in their own hands by first establishing after - school programs and then opening up Liberation Schools in a variety of locations throughout the country which focused their curriculum on Black history , writing skills , and political science . Intercommunal Youth Institute The first Liberation School was opened by the Richmond Black Panthers in July 1969 with brunch served and snacks provided to students . Another school was opened in Mt . Vernon New York on July 17 of the subsequent year . These schools were informal in nature and more closely resembled after - school or summer programs . While these campuses were the first to open , the first full - time and longest - running Liberation school was opened in January 1971 in Oakland in response to the inequitable conditions in the Oakland Unified School District which was ranked one of the lowest scoring districts in California . Named the Intercommunal Youth Institute ( IYI ) , this school , under the directorship of Brenda Bay , and later , Ericka Huggins , enrolled twenty - eight students in its first year , with the majority being the children of Black Panther parents . This number grew to fifty by the 1973 - 1974 school year . In order to provide full support for Black Panther parents whose time was spent organizing , some of the students and faculty members lived together year around . The school itself was dissimilar to traditional schools in a variety of ways including the fact that students were separated by academic performance rather than age and students were often provided one on one support as the faculty to student ratio was 1 : 10 . The Panther 's goal in opening Liberation Schools , and specifically the Intercommunal Youth Institute , was to provide students with an education that was n't being provided in the `` white '' schools , as the public schools in the district employed a eurocentric assimilationist curriculum with little to no attention to black history and culture . While students were provided with traditional courses such as English , Math , and Science , they were also exposed to activities focused on class structure and the prevalence of institutional racism . The overall goal of the school was to instill a sense of revolutionary consciousness in the students . With a strong belief in experiential learning , students had the opportunity to participate in community service projects as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to political prisoners associated with the Black Panther Party . Huggins is noted as saying , `` I think that the school 's principles came from the socialist principles we tried to live in the Black Panther Party . One of them being critical thinking - that children should learn not what to think but how to think ... the school was an expression of the collective wisdom of the people who envisioned it . And it was ... a living thing ( that ) changed every year . Funding for the Intercommunal Youth Institute was provided through a combination of Black Panther fundraising and community support . Oakland Community School In 1974 , due to increased interest in enrolling in the school , school officials decided to move to a larger facility and subsequently changed the school 's name to Oakland Community School . During this year , the school graduated its first class . Although the student population continued to grow ranging between 50 and 150 between 1974 - 1977 , the original core values of individualized instruction remained . In September 1977 , the school received a special award from Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and the California Legislature for `` having set the standard for the highest level of elementary education in the state . The school eventually closed in 1982 due to governmental pressure on party leadership which caused insufficient membership and funds to continue running the school . Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark In Chicago , on December 4 , 1969 , two Panthers were killed when the Chicago Police raided the home of Panther leader Fred Hampton . The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI . Hampton was shot and killed , as was Panther guard Mark Clark . A federal investigation reported that only one shot was fired by the Panthers , and police fired at least 80 shots . The only shot fired by the Panthers was from Mark Clark , who appeared to fire a single round determined to be the result of a reflexive death convulsion after he was immediately struck in the chest by shots from the police at the start of the raid . Hampton was sleeping next to his pregnant fiancée , and was subsequently shot twice in the head at point blank range while unconscious . Coroner reports show that Hampton was drugged with a powerful barbiturate that night , and would have been unable to have been awoken by the sounds of the police raid . His body was then dragged into the hallway . He was 21 years old and unarmed at the time of his death . Seven other Panthers sleeping at the house at the time of the raid were then beaten and seriously wounded , then arrested under charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers involved in the raid . These charges would later be dropped . Former FBI agent Wesley Swearingen asserts that the Bureau was guilty of a `` plot to murder '' the Panthers . Hampton had been slipped the barbiturates which had left him unconscious by William O'Neal , who had been working as an FBI informant . Cook County State 's Attorney Edward Hanrahan , his assistant and eight Chicago police officers were indicted by a federal grand jury over the raid , but the charges were later dismissed . In 1979 civil action , Hampton 's family won $1.85 million from the city of Chicago in a wrongful death settlement . Torture - murder of Alex Rackley In May 1969 , three members of the New Haven chapter tortured and murdered Alex Rackley , a 19 - year - old member of the New York chapter , because they suspected him of being a police informant . Three party officers -- Warren Kimbro , George Sams Jr. , and Lonnie McLucas -- later admitted taking part . Sams , who gave the order to shoot Rackley at the murder scene , turned state 's evidence and testified that he had received orders personally from Bobby Seale to carry out the execution . Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an agent provocateur employed by the FBI . The case resulted in the New Haven Black Panther trials of 1970 . Kimbro and Sams were convicted of the murder , but the trials of Seale and Ericka Huggins ended with a hung jury , and the prosecution chose not to seek another trial . International ties Activists from many countries around the globe supported the Panthers and their cause . In Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Finland , for example , left - wing activists organized a tour for Bobby Seale and Masai Hewitt in 1969 . At each destination along the tour , the Panthers talked about their goals and the `` Free Huey ! '' campaign . Seale and Hewitt made a stop in Germany as well , gaining support for the `` Free Huey ! '' campaign . 1970 Chronology January 1970 : Leonard Bernstein holds a fundraiser for the BPP , which was notoriously mocked by Tom Wolfe in Radical Chic & Mau - Mauing the Flak Catchers . Spring 1970 : The Oakland BPP engages in another ambush of police officers with guns and fragmentation bombs . Two officers are wounded . May 1970 : Huey Newton 's conviction is overturned , but he remains incarcerated . July 1970 : Newton tells The New York Times that `` we 've never advocated violence '' . August 1970 : Newton is released from prison . In 1970 , a group of Panthers traveled through Asia and they were welcomed as guests of the governments of North Vietnam , North Korea , and China . The group 's first stop was in North Korea , where the Panthers met with local officials in order to discuss ways in which they could help each other fight against American imperialism . Eldridge Cleaver traveled to Pyongyang twice in 1969 and 1970 , and following these trips he made an effort to publicize the writings and works of North Korean leader Kim Il - sung in the United States . After leaving North Korea , the group traveled to North Vietnam with the same agenda in mind : finding ways to put an end to American imperialism . Eldridge Cleaver was invited to speak to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government . He encouraged them to join the Black Liberation Struggle by arguing that the United States government was only using them for its own purposes . Instead of risking their lives on the battlefield for a country that continued to oppress them , Cleaver believed that the black GIs should risk their lives in support of their own liberation . After leaving Vietnam , Cleaver met with the Chinese ambassador to Algeria in order to express their mutual animosity towards the American government . When Algeria held its first Pan-African Cultural Festival , they invited many important figures from the United States . Among the important figures invited to the festival were Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver . The cultural festival allowed Black Panthers to network with representatives of various international anti-imperialist movements . This was a significant time , which lead to the formation of the International Section of the Party . It is at this festival that Cleaver met with the ambassador of North Korea , who later invited him to an International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists in Pyongyang . Eldridge also met with Yasser Arafat , and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation . 1971 Chronology January 1971 : Newton expels Geronimo Pratt who , since 1970 , had been in jail facing a pending murder charge . Newton also expels two of the New York 21 and his own secretary , who flee the country . February 1971 : a fall - out between Newton and Cleaver ensues after they argue during a live broadcast link - up . Newton expels Cleaver and the entire international section from the party . Spring 1971 : the Newton and Cleaver factions engage in retaliatory assassinations of each other 's members , resulting in the deaths of four people . May 1971 : Bobby Seale is acquitted of ordering the Rackley murder , and returns to Oakland . Mid-to - late 1971 : nationally , hundreds of Party members quit the BPP . Late - September 1971 : Newton visits and stays in China for 10 days . Newton focuses the BPP on the Party 's Oakland school and various other social service programs . In early 1971 , the BPP founded the `` Intercommunal Youth Institute '' in January 1971 , with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated . Ericka Huggins was the director of the school and Regina Davis was an administrator . The school was unique in that it did not have grade levels but instead had different skill levels so an 11 - year - old could be in second - level English and fifth - level science . Elaine Brown taught reading and writing to a group of 10 - to 11 - year - olds deemed `` uneducable '' by the system . The school children were given free busing ; breakfast , lunch , and dinner ; books and school supplies ; children were taken to have medical checkups ; many children were given free clothes . Split Significant disagreements among the Party 's leaders over how to confront ideological differences led to a split within the party . Certain members felt that the Black Panthers should participate in local government and social services , while others encouraged constant conflict with the police . For some of the Party 's supporters , the separations among political action , criminal activity , social services , access to power , and grass - roots identity became confusing and contradictory as the Panthers ' political momentum was bogged down in the criminal justice system . These ( and other ) disagreements led to a split . Some Panther leaders , such as Huey Newton and David Hilliard , favored a focus on community service coupled with self - defense ; others , such as Eldridge Cleaver , embraced a more confrontational strategy . Eldridge Cleaver deepened the schism in the party when he publicly criticized the Party for adopting a `` reformist '' rather than `` revolutionary '' agenda and called for Hilliard 's removal . Cleaver was expelled from the Central Committee but went on to lead a splinter group , the Black Liberation Army , which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the Party . The split turned violent , as the Newton and Cleaver factions carried out retaliatory assassinations of each other 's members , resulting in the deaths of four people . Delegation to China In late September 1971 , Huey P Newton led a delegation to China and stayed for 10 days . At every airport in China , Huey was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the Little Red Book and displaying signs that said `` we support the Black Panther Party , down with US imperialism '' or `` we support the american people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown '' . During the trip the Chinese arranged for him to meet and have dinner with a DPRK ambassador , a Tanzanian ambassador , and delegations from both North Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam . Huey was under the impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong , but instead had two meetings with the first Premier of the People 's Republic of China Zhou Enlai . One of these meetings also included Mao Zedong 's wife Jiang Qing . Huey described China as `` a free and liberated territory with a socialist government '' . 1972 -- 74 Chronology Early 1972 : Newton shuts down chapters around the country , and calls the key members to Oakland . Mid-1972 : BPP members or supporters win a number of minor offices in the Oakland city elections . 1973 : The BPP focuses nearly all of its resources on winning political power in the Oakland city government . Seale runs for mayor ; Elaine Brown runs for city council . Both lose , and many Party members resign after the losses . Early 1974 : Newton embarks on a major purge , expelling Bobby and John Seale , David and June Hilliard , Robert Bay , and numerous other top party leaders . Dozens of other Panthers loyal to Seale resigned or deserted . August 1974 : Newton murders Kathleen Smith , a teenage prostitute . He flees to Cuba . Elaine Brown takes over the leadership in his absence . December 1974 : Accountant Betty van Patter is murdered , after threatening to disclose irregularities in the Party 's finances . Newton solidifies control and centralizes Power in Oakland In 1972 , the party began closing down dozens of chapters and branches all over the country , and bringing members and operations to Oakland . The political arm of the southern California chapter was shut down and its members moved to Oakland , although the underground military arm remained for a time . The underground remnants of the LA chapter , which had emerged from the Slausons street gang , eventually re-emerged as the Crips , a street gang who at first advocated social reform before devolving into racketeering . The party developed a five - year plan to take over the city of Oakland politically . Bobby Seale ran for mayor , Elaine Brown ran for city council , and other Panthers ran for minor offices . Neither Seale nor Brown were elected . A few Panthers won seats on local government commissions . Minister of Education Ray `` Masai '' Hewitt created the Buddha Samurai , the party 's underground security cadre in Oakland . Newton expelled Hewitt from the party later in 1972 , but the security cadre remained in operation under the leadership of Flores Forbes . One of the cadre 's main functions was to extort and rob drug dealers and after - hours clubs . Newton indicted for violent crimes In 1974 , Huey Newton and eight other Panthers were arrested and charged with assault on police officers . Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith , an eighteen - year - old prostitute . Newton was also indicted for pistol - whipping his tailor , Preston Callins . Although Newton confided to friends that Kathleen Smith was his `` first nonpolitical murder '' , he was ultimately acquitted , after one witness 's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had been smoking marijuana on the night of the murder , and another prostitute witness recanted her testimony . Newton was also acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges . 1974 -- 77 The Panthers under Elaine Brown In 1974 , as Huey Newton prepared to go into exile in Cuba , he appointed Elaine Brown as the first Chairwoman of the Party . Under Brown 's leadership , the Party became involved in organizing for more radical electoral campaigns , including Brown 's 1975 unsuccessful run for Oakland City Council . The Party supported Lionel Wilson in his successful election as the first black mayor of Oakland , in exchange for Wilson 's assistance in having criminal charges dropped against Party member Flores Forbes , leader of the Buddha Samurai cadre . In addition to changing the Party 's direction towards more involvement in the electoral arena , Brown also increased the influence of women Panthers by placing them in more visible roles within the previously male - dominated organization . Death of Betty Van Patter Panther leader Elaine Brown hired Betty Van Patter in 1974 as a bookkeeper . Van Patter had previously served as a bookkeeper for Ramparts magazine , and was introduced to the Panther leadership by David Horowitz , who had been Ramparts ' editor and a major fundraiser and board member for the Panther school . Later that year , after a dispute with Brown over financial irregularities , Van Patter went missing on December 13 , 1974 . Some weeks later , her severely beaten corpse was found on a San Francisco Bay beach . There was insufficient evidence for police to charge anyone with van Patter 's murder , but the Black Panther Party leadership was `` almost universally believed to be responsible '' . Huey Newton later allegedly confessed to a friend that he had ordered Van Patter 's murder , and that Van Patter had been tortured and raped before being killed . 1977 -- 82 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the Party In 1977 , Newton returned from exile in Cuba , and found that some men in the party were concerned about the increased power delegated to women , who now outnumbered men in the organization . According to Elaine Brown , Newton authorized the disciplining of school administrator Regina Davis as punishment for reprimanding a male coworker . Davis was hospitalized with a broken jaw . Brown said `` The beating of Regina would be taken as a clear signal that the words ' Panther ' and ' comrade ' had taken a gender on gender connotation , denoting an inferiority in the female half of us . '' Brown resigned from the party and fled to LA . Although many scholars and activists date the Party 's downfall to the period before Brown became the leader , an increasingly smaller cadre of Panthers continued to exist through the 1970s . By 1980 , Panther membership had dwindled to 27 , and the Panther - sponsored school closed in 1982 after it became known that Newton was embezzling funds from the school to pay for his drug addiction . Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton In October 1977 Flores Forbes , the party 's assistant chief of staff , led a botched attempt to assassinate Crystal Gray , a key prosecution witness in Newton 's upcoming trial who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith 's murder . Unbeknownst to the assailants , they attacked the wrong house and the occupant returned fire . During the shootout one of the Panthers , Louis Johnson , was killed and the other two assailants escaped . One of the two surviving assassins , Flores Forbes , fled to Las Vegas , Nevada , with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy . Fearing that Malloy would discover the truth behind the botched assassination attempt , Newton allegedly ordered a `` house cleaning '' , and Malloy was shot and buried alive in the desert . Although permanently paralyzed from the waist down , Malloy recovered from the assault and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder . Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events `` might have been the result of overzealous party members '' . Newton was ultimately acquitted of the murder of Kathleen Smith , after Crystal Gray 's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had smoked marijuana on the night of the murder , and acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges . Women and Womanism At its beginnings , the Black Panther Party reclaimed black masculinity and traditional gender roles . A notice in the first issue of The Black Panther , the Panthers ' newspaper , applauded the Panthers -- by then an all -- male organization -- as `` the cream of Black Manhood ... there for the protection and defense of our Black community '' . Scholars consider the Party 's stance of armed resistance highly masculine , with the use of guns and violence affirming proof of manhood . In 1968 , the Black Panther Party newspaper stated in several articles that the role of female Panthers was to `` stand behind black men '' and be supportive . The first black woman to join the party was Joan Tarika Lewis , in 1967 . Nevertheless , women were present in the party from the early days and expanded their roles throughout the life of the party . Women often joined the party because they were trying to fight against gender unequal gender norms . By 1969 , the Black Panther Party newspaper officially stated that men and women are equal and instructed male Panthers to treat female Party members as equals , a drastic change from the idea of the female Panther as subordinate . That same year , Deputy Chairman Fred Hampton of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism . After 1969 , the Party considered sexism counter-revolutionary . The Black Panthers adopted a womanist ideology in consideration of the unique experiences of African - American women , affirming the belief that racism is more oppressive than sexism . Womanism was a mix of black nationalism and the vindication of women , putting race and community struggle before the gender issue . Womanism posited that traditional feminism failed to include race and class struggle in its denunciation of male sexism and was therefore part of white hegemony . In opposition to some feminist viewpoints , womanism promoted a gender role point of view that men are not above women , but hold a different position in the home and community , so men and women must work together for the preservation of African - American culture and community . From this point forward , the Black Panther Party newspaper portrayed women as revolutionaries , using the example of party members such as Kathleen Cleaver , Angela Davis and Erika Huggins , all political and intelligent women . The Black Panther Party newspaper often showed women as active participants in the armed self - defense movement , picturing them with children and guns as protectors of the home , the family and the community . Police killed or incarcerated many male leaders , but female Panthers were less targeted in the party for much of the 1960s and 1970s . By 1968 , women made up two - thirds of the party , while many male members were out of duty . In the absence of much of the original male leadership women moved into all parts of the organization . Roles included leadership positions , implementing community programs , and uplifting the black community . Women in the group called attention to sexism within the Black Panther Party , and worked to make changes from within . From 1968 to the end of its publication in 1982 , the head editors of the Black Panther Party newspaper were all women . In 1970 , approximately 40 % to 70 % of Party members were women , and several chapters , like the Des Moines , Iowa , and New Haven , Connecticut , were headed by women . During the 1970s , recognizing the limited access poor women had to abortion , the Party officially supported women 's reproductive rights , including abortion . That same year , the Party condemned and opposed prostitution . Many African - American women Panthers began to demand childcare in order to be able to fully participate in the organization . The Black Panther Party responded to the women by establishing on - site child development centers in multiple chapters across the United States . `` Childcare became largely a group activity '' , the children would be raised collectively during the week . This was following the Panther 's commitment to collectivism and an extension of the African - American extended family tradition . Childcare allowed women Panthers to still be able to embrace motherhood , while at the same time allowing them to fully participate in the Party . Creating Childcare to the Party allowed women Panthers to not to have to make the choice between motherhood and activism . The Black Panther Party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression , particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender division were common . When Oakland Panthers arrived to bolster the New York City Panther chapter after twenty one New York leaders were incarcerated , they displayed such chauvinistic attitudes towards New York Panther women that they had to be fended off at gunpoint . Some Party leaders thought the fight for gender equality was a threat to men and a distraction from the struggle for racial equality . In response , the Chicago and New York chapters , among others , established equal gender rights as a priority and tried to eradicate sexist attitudes . By the time the Black Panther Party disbanded , official policy was to reprimand men who violated the rules of gender equality . Gender Dynamics In the beginning , recruiting women was not at the forefront to Huey Newton 's and Bobby Seale 's minds . In an interview with Seale , he stated that Newton targeted `` brothers who had been pimping , brothers who had been peddling dope , brothers who ai n't gon na take no shit , brothers who had been fighting the pigs '' . Also , they did n't realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about `` female leadership . '' Regina Jennings recalls that many men in leadership positions had an `` unchecked '' sexism problem and her task was to `` lift the bedroom out of their minds . '' She even remembers overhearing a conversation between some Panthers when were was being recruited : `` Some concluded that the FBI sent me , but the captain assured them with salty good humor that , ' She 's too stupid to be from the FBI . ' He thought my cover and my comments too honest , too loud , and too ridiculous to be serious . '' She recalls her days in Oakland , California as a teenager looking for something to do to add purpose to her life and to her community . She grew up around police brutality , so it was nothing new . Her goal in joining was `` smashing racism '' because she viewed herself as Black before she was a women . In her community , that identity is what she felt held her back the most . Women 's accomplishments The Black Panther Party was involved in many community projects as part of their organization . These projects included community outreach , like the breakfast program , education , and health programs . In many cases women were the ones primarily involved with administering these types of programs . From the beginning of the Black Panther Party education was a fundamental goal of the organization . This was highlighted in the Ten Point Platform , the newspaper that was distributed by the party , and the public commentary shared by the Panthers . The newspaper was one of the primary and original consciousness raising and educational measures taken by the party . Despite the fact that men were out distributing the newspaper , women like Elaine Brown and Kathleen Cleaver were behind the scenes working on those papers . Elaine Brown Elaine Brown rose to power within the BPP by filling the position of minister of information , after Eldridge Cleaver fled the country . In 1974 Elaine Brown took the seat of chair for the Black Panther Party in Oakland . She was appointed by Huey Newton , the previous chair , while Newton and other high ranking members were dealing with legal issues . From the beginning of her tenure as chair , she faced opposition within the party and warned against a coup . During her time as chair she appointed many female officials , and faced backlash for her policies focused on equality within the organization . When Huey Newton returned from exile and approved of the beating of one of the female leaders of a panther school , Brown decided to leave the organization . Gwen Robinson In an interview conducted by Judson Jeffries , Gwen Robinson reflects and relays stories and her experiences before and during her time in the Black Panther Party Detroit Division . She explains that she joined the Party in October 1969 with a little push back from her mother , who participated in a march with Dr. King in the early part of the decade . She chose the Black Panther Party ( BBP ) because `` ( She ) felt a closeness and a bond with them '' that she did n't feel with other organizations around at the time , like the `` SNCC , NAACP , the Urban League , the Nation of Islam , Shrines of Madonna , Eastside Voice of Independent Detroit ( ESVID ) , the Republic of New Africa , and the Revolutionary Action Movement . '' She dropped out of high school in the 12th grade because at this point she had a good standing with the Party and the environment of her high school education was n't the best for black folks at the time . She attended Denby High School in Detroit . `` There were some students who would use the N word freely '' and `` a P.E. instructor accused ( her ) of stealing her keys . '' She was also `` shoved '' into the pool when she refused to swim in fear of getting her hair wet and her White teacher who taught Afro - American history would kick people out of the class `` if you challenged his position on certain Black leaders . '' In conclusion , dropping out of school was a means to an ends . She continued her work in the BBP and `` was living as part of a collective '' where all the work was shared and she enjoyed her time selling newspapers all day long . She climbed the ranks and became the branch 's Communications Secretary for the next to the last year of her membership in January 1971 . She was placed in this position after the former left due to `` some issues related to sexism '' . In this branch , unlike the average BBP divisions , the ways of thinking of the `` brothers '' never turned violent or physical . She claims , `` that kind of thing did n't take place in Detroit . '' She left the organization in 1973 , but she still had a link to the group through her husband . He was their Circulation Manager . The legacy she wishes to leave behind is collective work can take you anywhere . When asked , `` what is the legacy of the Detroit branch , in your opinion ? '' She answers , `` It 's crucial that people realize that the strength of the organization was rooted in discipline , deep commitment , and a genuine love for the people . '' Aftermath and legacy New York City Councilman Charles Barron is one of numerous former Panthers to have held elected office in the US There is considerable debate about what impact the Black Panther Party had on the wider society , or even on their local environment . Author Jama Lazerow writes : As inheritors of the discipline , pride , and calm self - assurance preached by Malcolm X , the Panthers became national heroes in black communities by infusing abstract nationalism with street toughness -- by joining the rhythms of black working - class youth culture to the interracial élan and effervescence of Bay Area New Left politics ... In 1966 , the Panthers defined Oakland 's ghetto as a territory , the police as interlopers , and the Panther mission as the defense of community . The Panthers ' famous `` policing the police '' drew attention to the spatial remove that White Americans enjoyed from the police brutality that had come to characterize life in black urban communities . Professor Judson L. Jeffries of Purdue University calls the Panthers `` the most effective black revolutionary organization in the 20th century '' . The Los Angeles Times , in a 2013 review of Black Against Empire , an `` authoritative '' history of the BPP published by University of California Press , call the organization a `` serious political and cultural force '' and `` a movement of intelligent , explosive dreamers '' . The Black Panther Party is featured in the exhibits and curriculum of the National Civil Rights Museum . Numerous former Panthers have held elected office in the United States , some into the 21st century ; these include Charles Barron ( New York City Council ) , Nelson Malloy ( Winston - Salem City Council ) , and Bobby Rush ( US House of Representatives ) . Most of these officials hold positive assessments of the BPP 's overall contribution to black liberation and American democracy . In 1990 , the Chicago City Council passed a resolution declaring `` Fred Hampton Day '' in honor of the slain leader . In Winston - Salem in 2012 , a large contingent of local officials and community leaders came together to install a historic marker of the local BPP headquarters ; State Representative Earline Parmone declared `` ( The Black Panther Party ) dared to stand up and say , ' We 're fed up and we 're not taking it anymore ' ... Because they had courage , today I stand as ... the first African American ever to represent Forsyth County in the state Senate '' . In October 2006 , the Black Panther Party held a 40 - year reunion in Oakland . Black Panther 40th Reunion , 2006 . In January 2007 , a joint California state and Federal task force charged eight men with the August 29 , 1971 , murder of California police officer Sgt . John Young . The defendants have been identified as former members of the Black Liberation Army . Two have been linked to the Black Panthers . In 1975 a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence through the use of torture . On June 29 , 2009 , Herman Bell pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in the death of Sgt . Young . In July 2009 , charges were dropped against four of the accused : Ray Boudreaux , Henry W. Jones , Richard Brown and Harold Taylor . Also that month Jalil Muntaquim pleaded no contest to conspiracy to commit voluntary manslaughter becoming the second person to be convicted in this case . Since the 1990s , former Panther chief of staff David Hilliard has offered tours of sites in Oakland that are historically significant to the Black Panther Party . Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers Various groups and movements have picked names inspired by the Black Panthers : Assata 's Daughters , an all - black activist group in Chicago , was founded in 2015 by Page May ; the group is named after Black Panther Assata Shakur and has objectives similar to the Black Panther 's 10 - Point Program . Gray Panthers , often used to refer to advocates for the rights of seniors ( Gray Panthers in the United States , The Grays -- Gray Panthers in Germany ) . Polynesian Panthers , an advocacy group for Māori and Pacific Islander people in New Zealand . Black Panthers , a protest movement that advocates social justice and fights for the rights of Mizrahi Jews in Israel . White Panthers , used to refer to both the White Panther Party , a far - left , anti-racist , white American political party of the 1970s , as well as the White Panthers UK , an unaffiliated group started by Mick Farren . The Pink Panthers , used to refer to two LGBT rights organizations . Dalit Panthers , an Indian social reform movement , which fights against Caste Oppression in Indian Society . The British Black Panther movement , which flourished in London in the late 1960s and early 1970s , was not affiliated with the American organization although it fought for many of the same rights . The French Black Dragons , a black antifascist group closely linked to the punk rock and rockabilly scene . Thw Young Lords Huey P. Newton Gun Club , a gun club named after the Black Panther Party 's founder . Memphis Black Autonomy Federation In April 1977 Panthers were key supporters of the 504 Sit - In , the longest of which was the 25 - day occupation of the San Francisco Federal Building by over 120 people with disabilities . Panthers provided daily home - cooked meals and support of the people that proved essential to the protest 's success , which in turn inspired a movement that was instrumental in getting the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) passed thirteen years later . New Black Panther Party See also : New Black Panther Party In 1989 , a group calling itself the `` New Black Panther Party '' was formed in Dallas , Texas . Ten years later , the NBPP became home to many former Nation of Islam members when its chairmanship was taken by Khalid Abdul Muhammad . The Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center include the New Black Panthers on their lists of designated hate groups . The Huey Newton Foundation , former chairman and co-founder Bobby Seale , and members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that this New Black Panther Party is illegitimate and they have strongly objected to it by stating that there `` is no new Black Panther Party '' . See also Angela Davis Assata Shakur Black feminism Black Panther Party , Winston - Salem , North Carolina Chapter Black Panthers ( Israel ) Counterculture of the 1960s Dalit Panthers Denis Walker George Jackson Brigade Gun Control Act of 1968 I Wor Kuen Jose Cha Cha Jimenez List of members of the Black Panther Party Mark Essex New Communist movement New Left Patriot Party ( 1960s -- 1980s ) Polynesian Panthers Protests of 1968 Rainbow Coalition ( Fred Hampton ) Red Guard Party Red Power movement Rice / Poindexter case Renault Robinson Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project Soledad Brothers Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Students for a Democratic Society Symbionese Liberation Army The Revolutionary Black Panther Party US Organization Up Against the Wall Motherfucker Weather Underground White Panther Party World communism Young Lords References Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel ( 2006 ) . Waiting ' Til the Midnight Hour : A Narrative History of Black Power in America . Henry Holt . p. 219 . Jump up ^ Van Deburg , William L. New Day in Babylon : The Black Power Movement and American Culture , 1965 - 1975 . University of Chicago Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Britain 's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten , say historians '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Meghelli , Samir ( 2009 ) , `` '' From Harlem to Algiers : Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria , 1962 - 1978 `` '' , in Marable , Manning , Black Routes to Islam , Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 99 -- 119 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 15 , 1966 : The Black Panther Party Is Founded '' . The Nation . ISSN 0027 - 8378 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Austin 2006 ; Bloom & Martin 2013 ; March 2010 ; Joseph 2006 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , chapter 7 Jump up ^ Nelson , Alondra ( 2011 ) . Body and Soul : The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination . University of Minnesota Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities '' . Mapping American Social Movements . Jump up ^ `` Hoover and the F.B.I. '' Luna Ray Films , LLC . PBS.org . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security '' . The Washington Post . WP Company LLC d / b / a The Washington Post . 16 July 1969 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers ' threaten ' U.S. , Hoover says '' . Afro - American . Afro - American Company of Baltimore City . Jul 26 , 1969 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , United States Senate . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Kenneth . Racial Matters : The FBI 's Secret File on Black America , 1960 - 1972 . Free Press . Jump up ^ Churchill and Vander Wall ( 2002 ) . The COINTELPRO Papers : Documents from the FBI 's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States . South End Press . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2010 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton : How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther . Chicago Review Press . Jump up ^ Barker 2015 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , conclusion Jump up ^ Philip Foner , The Black Panthers Speak , Da Capo Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ Austin 2006 , p. 331 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 340 Jump up ^ Murch 2010 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Murch 2010 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Murch 2010 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 12 Jump up ^ McElrath , Jessica . The Black Panthers . afroamhistory.about.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murch 2010 , pp. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Seale 1970 , part I ; Newton 1973 , parts 2 - 3 ; Bloom & Martin 2013 , chapter 1 ; Murch 2010 , part II and chapter 5 Jump up ^ Seale 1970 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Murch 2010 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Robin D.G. Kelley `` Black Like Mao : Red China and Black Revolution '' , Souls : A Critical Journal of Black Politics , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Fall 1999 ( Columbia University Press ) . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 30 -- 36 Jump up ^ Seale 1970 , chapters 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Negroes With Guns - Description '' , Wayne State University Press website . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 30 -- 39 Jump up ^ Seale , Bobby . Seize the Time : The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton . pp. 79 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 933121 - 30 - X . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 39 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Pearson 1994 , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Party '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Black Panther Newspaper , May 15 , 1967 , p. 3 ; Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ Austin 2006 , pp. x-xxiii Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 108 -- 120 Jump up ^ David Farber . The Age of Great Dreams : America in the 1960s . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Black Panthers : A Taut , Violent Drama '' . St. Petersburg Times . July 21 , 1968 . Jump up ^ Stohl , 249 . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO '' A Huey P. Newton Story , Public Broadcasting System website . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther Party Pieces of History : 1966 -- 1969 '' . Itsabouttimebpp.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 186 Jump up ^ `` History of the Black Panther Party , Part Two '' Civilrightsteaching.org/Teaching for Change . Archived October 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Police Officer John F. Frey '' . The Officer Down Memorial Page ( ODMP ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 7 , 221 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 3 Jump up ^ December 15 , 1971 . `` Case Against Newton Dropped '' . The Dispatch ( Lexington , North Carolina ) via UPI . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Gerald Horne , Fire this Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s , University of Virginia Press , 1995 . Jump up ^ Kate Coleman , 1980 , `` Souled Out : Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops '' . New West Magazine . Jump up ^ Austin 2006 , p. 166 Jump up ^ David Hilliard , This Side of Glory Jump up ^ `` Interview With Eldridge Cleaver ; The Two Nations Of Black America '' . PBS . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward Jay ( February 13 , 1971 ) . `` The Black Panthers and the Police : A Pattern of Genocide ? '' . The New Yorker . p. 4 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 152 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Edward Jay ( February 13 , 1971 ) . `` The Black Panthers and the Police : A Pattern of Genocide ? '' . New Yorker . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 185 , 191 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Asante , Molefi K. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Sage Publications Inc . pp. 135 -- 137 . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2762 - X . Jump up ^ Newton , Huey ( October 15 , 1966 ) . `` The Ten - Point Program '' . War Against the Panthers . Marxist.org . Retrieved June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lazerow & Williams 2006 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Austin 2006 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Horowitz , David ( 13 December 1999 ) . `` Black Murder Inc '' . FrontPage Magazine . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Editor , Lilly Workneh Black Voices Senior ; Editor , The Huffington Post Taryn Finley Black Voices Associate ; Post , The Huffington ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) . `` 27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 173 , 176 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 186 -- 187 , 191 Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Black Panther Party Community Programs 1966 - 1982 Jump up ^ Westneat , Danny ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Reunion of Black Panthers stirs memories of aggression , activism '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at 62 '' . latimes . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wahad , D.B. , Abu - Jamal , M. , Shakur , A. , Fletcher , J. , Jones , T. , & Lotringer , S. ( 1993 ) . Still Black , still strong : Survivors of the U.S. war against Black revolutionaries . Semiotexte . pp. 221 - 242 ^ Jump up to : Murch , D.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Living for the city : Migration , education , and the rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland , California '' . pp. 171 - 185 ^ Jump up to : Woodard , K. , Theoharis , J. , & Gore , D.F. ( 2009 ) . Want to start a revolution ? : Radical women in the black freedom struggle . New York University Press . pp. 168 - 181 ^ Jump up to : Programs . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from https://nhdblackpantherparty.weebly.com/programs.html ^ Jump up to : Liberation Schools . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from http://scalar.usc.edu/works/pictures-and-progress-the-black-panther-1966-2016/liberation-schools Jump up ^ Ted Gregory , `` Black Panther Raid and the Death of Fred Hampton '' , Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` BPP , Chicago Branch '' , Encyclopedia of African - American History ( ABC - CLIO ) , p. 672 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Swearigen on FBI Assassination of Fred Hampton '' . colorado.edu . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Newton , The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Kunstler : Disturbing the Universe '' https://www.pbs.org/pov/disturbingtheuniverse/ , PBS website . Jump up ^ Edward Jay Epstein , `` The Black Panthers and the Police : A Pattern of Genocide ? '' New Yorker , February 13 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 313 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Young , Benjamin . `` North Korea and the American Radical Left '' . NKIDP e-Dossier no . 14 . Woodrow Wilson Center . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 318 -- 321 Jump up ^ Marable , Manning ; Agard - Jones , Vanessa ( 2008 ) . Transnational Blackness : Navigating the Global Color Line . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 183 . ISBN 9780230602687 . https://books.google.com/books?id=OEJaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=barbara+easley+cox+algiers&source=bl&ots=1lhCgQK37V&sig=MuxMKAEjWvL0w-AhGakpbIPdSXE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP97T387TZAhVIG6wKHbWBD9Y4ChDoAQg7MAM#v=onepage&q=barbara%20easley%20cox%20algiers&f=false Jump up ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 314 -- 317 ^ Jump up to : Donald Cox , `` Split in the Party '' , New Political Science , Vol. 21 , No. 2 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Peniel Joseph , p. 268 ^ Jump up to : Revolutionary Suicide Penguin classics Delux Edition '' page 349 Jump up ^ Jones , Charles Earl , The Black Panther Reconsidered , Black Classic Press , 1998 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 1993 , p. 391 Jump up ^ Brown 1993 , p. 392 Jump up ^ Brown 1993 , p. 393 Jump up ^ Brian Baggins . `` Black Panther Party '' . marxists.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Revolutionary Suicide Penguin classics Deluxe Edition '' page 351 Jump up ^ Revolutionary Suicide Penguin classics Delux Edition '' page 352 ^ Jump up to : Forbes 2006 Jump up ^ Virginia Heffernan , `` The Gangs of Los Angeles : Roots , Branches and Bloods '' , THE New York Times , February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 265 , 286 , 328 ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Ken . September 15 , 1989 . `` Huey Newton : I 'll Never Forget '' . East Bay Express , Volume 11 , No. 49 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Margo V. Autobiography As Activism : Three Black Women of the Sixties. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2000 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , David ( December 13 , 1999 ) `` Who killed Betty Van Patter ? '' http://www.salon.com/1999/12/13/betty/ Salon.com . Archived December 19 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown 1993 , pp. 363 -- 367 Jump up ^ Frank Browning . The Strange Journey of David Horowitz . Mother Jones Magazine , May 1987 , p. 34 ( on Google books ) Jump up ^ Christopher Hitchens , `` Left - leaving , left - leaning '' , Los Angeles Times , November 16 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Ryder , Ulli Kira ( December 2008 ) . `` As Shelters Against the Cold '' : Women Poets of the Black Arts and Chicano Movements , 1965 -- 1978 ( Dissertation ) . ProQuest . p. 124 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClendon III , John H. ( 1996 ) . `` Elaine Brown '' . In Smith , Jessie Carney . Notable Black American Women , Book 2 . VNR AG . pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Brown 1993 , p. 444 Jump up ^ Keating , Fiona ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` Women of the revolution : More than 50 % of the Black Panther Party were women and carried guns '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Brown 1993 , pp. 444 -- 450 Jump up ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 299 Jump up ^ `` Gunmen Try To Kill Witness Against Black Panther Leader '' . The Leader - Post . October 25 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Turner , Wallace ( December 14 , 1977 ) . `` Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target ; Murder , Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Odyssey of Huey Newton '' . Time Magazine . November 13 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Lumsden , Linda ( 2009 ) . `` Good Mothers With Guns : Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther , 1968 -- 1980 '' . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly . 86 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Spencer , Robyn Ceanne ( 2008 ) . `` Engendering the Black Freedom Struggle : Revolutionary Black Womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area , California '' . Journal of Women History . 20 ( 1 ) : 92 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Jakobi ( 2012 ) . `` ' Do n't no woman have to do nothing she do n't want to do ' : Gender , Activism , and the Illinois Black Panther Party '' . Black Women , Gender & Families . 6 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ The Black Panther party ( reconsidered ) . Jones , Charles E. ( Charles Earl ) , 1953 - . Baltimore : Black Classic Press . 1998 . ISBN 0933121962 . OCLC 39228699 . ^ Jump up to : 1936 - , Seale , Bobby , ( 1991 ) . Seize the time : the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton . Baltimore , Md. : Black Classic Press . ISBN 9780933121300 . OCLC 24636234 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Kathleen Neal ( 1999 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Women , power , and revolution '' . New Political Science . 21 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 236 . doi : 10.1080 / 07393149908429865 . ISSN 0739 - 3148 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmon 2008 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Blackmon 2008 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Whose Revolution is This - Gender 's Divisive Role in the Black Panther Party Ninth Symposium Issue of Gender and Sexuality Law : Note 9 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 2008 '' . heinonline.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Say It Loud : 9 Black Women in the Black Power Movement Everyone Should Know '' . For Harriet Celebrating the Fullness of Black Womanhood . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Kari ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` No Revolution Without Us : Feminists of the Black Panther Party , with Lynn C. French and Salamishah Tillet '' . Urban Democracy Lab . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Regina Jennings , `` Africana Womanism in the Black Panthers Party : a Personal story '' , The Western Journal of Black Study 25 / 3 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Austin 2006 , pp. 300 -- 301 Jump up ^ Alameen - Shavers , Antwanisha ( Fall 2016 ) . `` The Woman Question : Gender Dynamics within the Black Panther Party '' . Spectrum : A Journal on Black Men . 5 : 33 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Regina ( 2001 ) . `` Africana Womanism in The Black Panther Party : A Personal Story '' . The Western Journal of Black Studies . 25 : 146 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Kathleen ; Katsiaficas ( 2001 ) . Liberation , Imagination and the Black Panther Party : A new look at the Panthers and their legacy . New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ Brown , DeNeen L. ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) . `` ' I have all the guns and money ' : When a woman led the Black Panther Party '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brown , DeNeen L. ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) . `` ' I have all the guns and money ' : When a woman led the Black Panther Party '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Judson L. ( Fall 2016 ) . `` Conversing with Gwen Robinson '' . Spectrum : A Journal of Black Men . 5 : 137 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Judson ( Fall 2016 ) . `` Conversing with Gwen Robinson '' . Spectrum : A Journal on Black Men . 5 : 137 -- 145 -- via Project Muse . Jump up ^ Lazerow & Williams ( 2006 ) . p. 37 Jump up ^ Jordan Green , `` The strange history of the Black Panthers in the Triad '' Archived September 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yes ! Weekly , April 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hector Tobar `` ' Black Against Empire ' tells the history of Black Panthers '' , The Los Angeles Times , January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Do We Want ? Black Power '' National Civil Rights Museum . Jump up ^ National Civil Rights Museum Curriculum Guide Archived October 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Black Power - Questions to Consider '' Archived October 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , National Civil Rights Museum . Jump up ^ Layla Garms , `` Black Panther Legacy Honored with Marker '' , The Chronicle of Winston - Salem , October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Photos of the Black Panther Party , Oakland 2006 . Jump up ^ Ex-militants charged in S.F. police officer 's ' 71 slaying at station ( via SFGate ) Jump up ^ See Black Liberation Army tied to 1971 slaying and Suspects arrested in police officer 's 1971 shooting had settled into quiet lives . USA Today . Jump up ^ Wohlsen , Marcus ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` 8 arrested in 1971 cop - killing tied to Black Panthers '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd guilty plea in 1971 killing of S.F. officer '' ( via SFGate ) . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Rick ( October 25 , 1997 ) . `` Tour of Black Panther Sites : Former member shows how party grew in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Assata 's Daughters '' . Zed Collective. 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Holly Williams , `` Power struggle : A new exhibition looks back at the rise of the British Black Panthers '' , The Independent , October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hazelann Williams , `` Reliving The British Black Panther Movement '' , The Voice , January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schweik , Susan ( 2011 ) . `` Lomax 's Matrix The Black Power of 504 '' . Disability Studies Quarterly . 31 : 1 . Jump up ^ `` Active U.S. Hate Groups : Black Separatist '' . Splcenter.org . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation . `` There Is No New Black Panther Party : An Open Letter From the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation '' . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Bibliography Austin , Curtis J. ( 2006 ) . Up Against the Wall : Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party . University of Arkansas Press . ISBN 1 - 55728 - 827 - 5 . Alkebulan , Paul ( 2007 ) . Survival Pending Revolution : The History of the Black Panther Party . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . Barker , Thomas ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Black and White : The Liberal Media and the Ideology of Black Victimhood '' . CounterPunch . Blackmon , Janiece L. ( 2008 ) . I Am Because We Are : Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence . Blacksburg : Virginia Polytechnic Institute . Bloom , Joshua ; Martin , Waldo E. Jr. ( 2013 ) . Black against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . University of California Press . p. 315 . ISBN 9780520953543 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Brown , Elaine ( 1993 ) . A Taste of Power : A Black Woman 's Story . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41944 - 6 . Churchill , Ward ; Vander Wall , Jim ( 1988 ) . Agents of Repression : The FBI 's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement . South End Press . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 294 - 6 . Dooley , Brian ( 1998 ) . Black and Green : The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America . Pluto Press . Forbes , Flores A. ( 2006 ) . Will You Die With Me ? My Life and the Black Panther Party . Atria Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 8266 - 2 . Hilliard , David ; Cole , Lewis ( 1993 ) . This Side of Glory : The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party . Little , Brown and Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 36421 - 5 . Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking with the Wind . Simon and Schuster . p. 353 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81065 - 4 . Lazerow , Jama ; Williams , Yohuru , eds. ( 2006 ) . In Search of the Black Panther Party : New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3890 - 1 . Murch , Donna ( 2010 ) . Living for the City : Migration , Education , and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland , California . University of North Carolina . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7113 - 3 . Pearson , Hugh ( 1994 ) . The Shadow of the Panther : Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America . De Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 201 - 48341 - 6 . Rhodes , Jane ( 2007 ) . Framing the Black Panthers : The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon . New York : The New Press . Shames , Stephen ( 2006 ) . `` The Black Panthers '' . Aperture . A photographic essay of the organization , allegedly suppressed due to Spiro Agnew 's intervention in 1970 . Swirski , Peter ( 2010 ) . `` 1960s The Return of the Black Panther : Irving Wallace 's The Man '' . Ars Americana Ars Politica . Montreal , London : McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 26 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3766 - 8 . JSTOR j. ctt80bj0 . Further reading and resources `` The Black Panthers : Vanguard of the Revolution Documentary about Black Panther Party Independent Lens PBS '' . Independent Lens . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Black Panther Party Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Panthers . Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project The largest collection of materials on any single chapter . Mapping American Social Movements : Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities tracks the geography of the BPP , including offices , facilities , and locations of key events in six cities . ( 1 ) official website according to the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation . FBI file on the BPP https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181939/https://vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database Young Lords in Lincoln Park FBI Docs Contains FBI Files on BPP members , information on destroyed BPP FBI files , and inventories of BPP FBI files held by the National Archives Archives UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings : The Black Panther Party Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents The Black Panther Party Newspaper , Electronic Archive , Published in Black Thought and Culture , Alexander Street Press , Alexandria , VA 2005 . Wayne Au , `` ' What We Want , What We Believe ' : Teaching with the Black Panthers ' Ten Point Program '' , 7 - page lesson plan for high school students , 2001 , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools . The Party 's Over , a 1978 profile and history of the Party by New Times magazine . Benjamin R. Young , `` ' Our Common Struggle against Our Common Enemy ' : North Korea and the American Radical Left '' , NKIDP e-Dossier no . 14 , Woodrow Wilson Center . An essay and selection of primary sources on the Black Panther Party 's ties with North Korea in the late 1960s . Berger , Maurice ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos '' . The New York Times . Black Panther Party Founders Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Other members Ashanti Alston Richard Aoki Charles Barron William Lee Brent Elaine Brown Joan Tarika Lewis Safiya Bukhari Stokely Carmichael Bunchy Carter Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Donald Cox Angela Davis Aaron Dixon Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin James Forman David Hilliard Ericka Huggins John Huggins George Jackson Jamal Joseph Chaka Khan Robert Hillary King Pete O'Neal Geronimo Pratt Larry Pinkney Alex Rackley Malik Rahim Nile Rodgers Bobby Rush Afeni Shakur Robert Trivers Mumia Abu - Jamal H. Rap Brown Marshall `` Eddie '' Conway Warren Kimbro Lonnie McLucas George W. Sams Jr . Assata Shakur Russell Melvin Shoats Veronza Bowers , Jr . Robert Hillary King Dhoruba bin Wahad Herman Wallace Albert Woodfox Mark Clark Fred Hampton Bobby Hutton Influences Black Power Deacons for Defense and Justice Frantz Fanon Lowndes County Freedom Organization Maoism Socialism Malcolm X Robert F. 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where does the solar eclipse start and end

The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula .

Pacific to the Atlantic coasts

Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017

solar eclipse of august 21, 2017

The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula .

Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Missouri 4.6 Illinois 4.7 Kansas 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 West Africa 5.5 Europe 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Planning 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems 11 Impact on solar power 12 Commemorative stamp 13 Videos 14 Gallery 14.1 Totality 14.2 Transition 14.3 Partial 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes 14.5 Views outside of the US 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W  /  37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W  / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W  /  36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W  / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse . Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond Ring effect at the end of totality in Oregon . Some prominences can also be seen . Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering dubbed Oregon Eclipse . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Total Eclipse seen from Weiser , Idaho . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Kentucky ( edit ) Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality as seen from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27 , 82 % . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , the eclipse was only visible partially , in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line in the map , the eclipse was not visible . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Illustration showing shadow as seen from space . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Transition ( edit ) ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Partial ( edit ) ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Newberry , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the US ( edit ) Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Related eclipses ( edit ) Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' -- via www.newyorker.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Eclipse viewing party at Canada Aviation and Space Museum CTV News '' . ctvnews.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Photos and videos Space.com Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=805009813 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 13 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20eclipse%20of%20August%2021%2C%202017

who sings nobody loves you like i do

Nobody Loves Me Like you Do

nobody loves me like you do

`` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' is a song written by James Dunne and Pamela Phillips , and recorded by Canadian Country music artist Anne Murray and singer - songwriter Dave Loggins as a duet . It was released in August 1984 as the first single from the album Heart Over Mind .

The song was Dave Loggins ' only hit on the Country chart . It was Anne 's ninth American # 1 Country hit and also hit the Top 10 of Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart . The track was covered by Whitney Houston and Jermaine Jackson on Houston 's 1985 self - titled debut album . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 79 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 204 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for November 24 , 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles for November 17 , 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Adult Contemporary for November 10 , 1984 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Murray Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 291 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Murray - Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Preceded by `` Chance of Lovin ' You '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single December 15 , 1984 Succeeded by `` Why Not Me '' by The Judds Preceded by `` I 've Been Around Enough to Know '' by John Schneider RPM Country Tracks number - one single November 24 , 1984 Succeeded by `` Give Me One More Chance '' by Exile External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No. 1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' `` I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book : Anne Murray This 1984 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody_Loves_Me_Like_You_Do&oldid=790694647 '' Categories : 1984 singles Anne Murray songs Dave Loggins songs Whitney Houston songs Jermaine Jackson songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman Capitol Records singles 1984 songs 1984 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 13 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where is the movie call me by your name filmed

Call Me by Your Name ( film )

call me by your name ( film )

Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming - of - age drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino and written by James Ivory , based on the 2007 novel of the same name by André Aciman . It is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Set in Northern Italy in 1983 , Call Me by Your Name chronicles the romantic relationship between Elio Perlman ( Timothée Chalamet ) , a 17 - year - old living in Italy , and his father 's 24 - year - old American assistant , Oliver ( Armie Hammer ) . The film also stars Michael Stuhlbarg , Amira Casar , Esther Garrel , and Victoire Du Bois .

Call Me by Your Name began development in 2007 , when producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman optioned the screen rights to Aciman 's novel . Ivory had been set to co-direct the film , but ended up writing the script and producing instead . Guadagnino , who came on board as a location consultant , eventually became director and producer . The film was financed by several international companies , and principal photography mainly took place in Crema , Italy in May and June 2016 . Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom shot the film on 35 - mm film . Call Me by Your Name was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics before its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . It began a limited release in the United States on 24 November 2017 , before going wide on 19 January 2018 . The film received numerous accolades and praise for its performances , screenplay , direction , and music . At the 90th Academy Awards , it won for Best Adapted Screenplay , and was also nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) and Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) . Ivory also won awards for his screenplay at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , the 70th Writers Guild of America Awards and the 71st British Academy Film Awards . Chalamet was also nominated for a British Academy Film Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Adaptation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming and post-production 3.5 Production design and costume 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Elio , a 17 - year - old Jewish American - Italian boy , lives in the northern Italian countryside with his parents . His father , a professor of archaeology , invites a 24 - year - old Jewish American graduate student , Oliver , to live with his family during the summer of 1983 and help with his academic paperwork . Elio , an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy , finds little in common with Oliver 's carefree and exuberant personality . Elio also resents vacating his bedroom for the duration of Oliver 's stay . Elio spends much of the summer reading books and hanging out with his girlfriend , Marzia , while Oliver is attracted to one of the local girls , much to Elio 's chagrin . Elio and Oliver begin to spend time with each other , and a seductive courtship emerges -- they swim together , go for long walks in the town , and accompany Elio 's father on an archaeological trip . Although Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction , he increasingly finds himself attracted to Oliver . He sneaks into Oliver 's room to smell his bathing suit and thinks about him while masturbating . During a trip to the post office , Elio subtly confesses his feelings to Oliver , who gently tells him that he should not act on them . Later that day , Elio and Oliver kiss , though Oliver is reluctant to go further . The pair subsequently grow distant during the next few days . In response to a note from Elio , Oliver leaves a note on Elio 's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight . Elio spends the day with Marzia , all the while longing to see Oliver . Finally , at midnight , he approaches Oliver on the patio . The two make love for the first time . They grow closer over the next few days , having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret . In bed , Oliver tells Elio , `` Call me by your name and I 'll call you by mine '' . They become more intimate both physically and emotionally . On one occasion , Elio ejaculates into a peach that he has split open , and when Oliver discovers it , he tries to take a bite of the peach in front of a humiliated Elio , who begs him not to . Completely smitten with Oliver by this point , Elio starts avoiding Marzia . With the end of Oliver 's stay imminent , the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing . Elio 's parents , conscious of the bond between the two , recommend they take a trip to Bergamo together before Oliver goes back to the United States . After they spend three romantic days together , a heartbroken Elio calls his mother to pick him up and take him home . He encounters a sympathetic Marzia , who still wants to be his friend , and his father , seeing how forlorn his son is , tells him that he was aware of Elio 's affair with Oliver . He confesses to having come close to his own love affair with a friend in his youth , and urges Elio to find pleasure in the grief , since true love of the kind Elio and Oliver shared is rare . During Hanukkah , Elio receives a phone call from Oliver , who tells Elio and his family that he is engaged to be married . Oliver tells Elio that he remembers everything as they call each other by their names a final time . After the phone call , a pained Elio sits by the fireplace . A parade of emotions crosses his face as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner . Cast ( edit ) Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman Armie Hammer as Oliver Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman Amira Casar as Annella Perlman Esther Garrel as Marzia Victoire Du Bois as Chiara Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise Elena Bucci as Bambi Marco Sgrosso as Nico André Aciman as Mounir Peter Spears as Isaac Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) James Ivory ( pictured in 1991 ) , who took six to nine months to write the script , was once set to co-direct the film . After seeing an early galley of André Aciman 's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007 , American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published . Before developing it into a film , the two invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the adaptation , which he accepted . Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008 . They soon found themselves in development hell : they met with three different sets of directors and writers -- including Gabriele Muccino , Ferzan Özpetek and Sam Taylor - Johnson -- but could not find anyone who would commit to the project . Scheduling around the need to shoot in Italy during the summer also proved difficult . The producers reached out to Luca Guadagnino and lined him up as their first choice to direct , but he declined , citing a busy schedule . Living in northern Italy , he was first hired as a location consultant instead , to help `` put the movie together from the Italian side . '' Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory -- without any contractual agreement yet in place . Ivory accepted the offer , and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay . Guadagnino , who has described the novel as `` a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things , '' wrote the adaptation with Ivory , while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to `` really fine - tune it '' . It took place at Ivory 's house , Guadagnino 's kitchen table in Crema , and sometimes in New York . Ivory hardly met the director during the process , as Guadagnino was busy making A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . Completed in late 2015 and early 2016 , the screenplay was approved by Aciman , who commended the adaptation as `` direct , ... real and persuasive . '' He added , `` as the writer I found myself saying , ' Wow , they 've done better than the book ' '' . The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film 's production . Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture ( France ) ; Frenesy Film Company ( Italy , owned by Guadagnino ) ; M.Y.R.A. Entertainment ( United States ) ; RT Features ( Brazil ) , and Water 's End Productions ( United States ) -- along with the support of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism . During negotiations , the production budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million . In 2016 , Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts , leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone . According to Ivory , financiers from Memento Films International did not want to have two directors involved in the project , as they `` thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer , it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set , and so on . '' Guadagnino has said that Ivory 's version would have likely been `` a much more costly ( and ) different film '' -- one which , in fact , could not have been made , because of `` market realities '' . Ivory became the solely credited screenwriter , and subsequently sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino 's company . It marks Ivory 's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce ( 2003 ) , and the only narrative feature that he has only written , not directed . Despite that , Ivory was `` very much involved '' with other aspects of the production . Guadagnino chose to dedicate the film to Bill Paxton -- a friend of the director , Spears and his husband , Brian Swardstrom -- after his death in February 2017 . Adaptation ( edit ) Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino 's thematic Desire trilogy , following I Am Love ( 2009 ) and A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) . The film represents a departure from his previous work , as on it he took a `` non-aggressive '' and simple approach ; he has said this is `` the most calm '' movie he has made . Despite being a literary adaptation , many scenes in the film play out wordlessly . `` Words are part of what 's going on , but it 's not necessarily what 's going on underneath . I think this film celebrates the underneath , '' he said . Guadagnino considers the film an `` homage to fathers , '' referring both to his own father and to four filmmakers who have inspired him -- Jean Renoir , Jacques Rivette , Éric Rohmer , and Bernardo Bertolucci . Guadagnino has described Call Me by Your Name as a family - oriented film for the purpose of `` transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together . '' He never saw it as a `` gay '' movie , but rather calls it a film about the `` beauty of the newborn idea of desire , unbiased and uncynical , '' and reflecting his motto of living `` with a sense of joie de vivre '' , in which `` we should always be very earnest with one 's feelings , instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves '' . The director attempted to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming - of - age films , in which growth is often portrayed as a result of resolving certain preconceived dilemmas -- such as having to choose between two lovers . He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment , rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy , a specific approach inspired by À nos amours ( 1983 ) , directed by Maurice Pialat . As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters ' behavior and identity , Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film , in order to keep the tone as planned , saying , `` I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ... It was important to me to create this powerful universality , because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful -- enlightens you , elevates you . '' Villa Albergoni ( pictured in 2011 ) was the main filming location The film differs from its source material in a number of ways . While the novel serves as a memory - piece from Elio 's perspective , the filmmakers chose to set the movie entirely in the present timeline , a `` much more efficient '' solution , to help the audience understand the characters and `` reflect the essence of the book . '' The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema , Lombardy , where Guadagnino lives . He decided to push up the original setting from 1987 to 1983 -- which he explained was a year , `` in Italy at least , when everything that was great about the ' 70s is definitely shut down '' , and one in which the characters `` are in a way untouched by the corruption of the ' 80s -- in the U.S. , Reagan , and in the UK , Thatcher '' . Mr. Perlman 's profession was refined by Ivory from a classics scholar to `` an art historian / archeologist type . '' Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach , as he thought it was a metaphor for `` sexual impulses and energy '' , and that it was too explicit . Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene , describing it as the key to illuminating the character 's `` overabundant sexual energy '' . Despite their reservations , Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves , and both agreed that it worked , so the scene stayed in the film . A scene featuring Elio and Oliver 's `` enthusiastic '' dancing to The Psychedelic Furs ' `` Love My Way '' in a small bar is not drawn from the book , but inspired by the time Guadagnino danced by himself in a bedroom when he was young . In revising Ivory 's draft of the script , Guadagnino removed the voice - over narration and a considerable amount of nudity . The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively , stating that `` it kills the surprise '' . Toward the end of the novel , the two protagonists go off on a trip to Rome together , which lasts an entire chapter with new characters in multiple locations . Because of the limited budget , Ivory and the producers came up with several variations , including the idea to have `` everyone else leave and they are alone in the house '' ; and changed into `` another kind of a little trip '' , where they spend `` some time together away from the house '' . In his original script , Ivory depicted Elio in the final scene when he was decorating a Christmas tree with candles in his family 's home . Ivory also had to cut down Mr. Perlman 's speech , which was longer in the novel , but was committed to keeping it in the script . He described the scene where Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the most important moments , capturing the `` euphoric passion and nervousness '' of their first love . Casting ( edit ) In 2015 , Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film . In September 2016 , Ivory confirmed that LaBeouf and Scacchi were no longer involved in the project . According to Ivory , LaBeouf had gone to New York City to do a reading for the film , but the production company later felt he was unsuitable due to his `` various troubles '' ; although Ivory thought the two `` had good scenes together '' and could have made it into the film , the company disagreed . Hammer and Chalamet during the press conference for Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival After seeing Armie Hammer 's performance in The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Guadagnino `` fell in love '' with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards . The director found him to be a `` sophisticated actor , with a great range '' and had him in mind for the role of Oliver . Hammer , who had expressed interest in Guadagnino 's A Bigger Splash , met with the director years before the film went into production . When the actor got the script , he almost turned down the role because of the nudity that had been in that draft . `` I did want to pass ; it scared me , '' he said . `` There 's a lot of stuff here that I 've never done on film before . But there 's no way I ca n't do this ( film ) , mostly because it scares me so much . '' According to Guadagnino , Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent , but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation . This is the third film in which Hammer has played a homosexual character , following J. Edgar ( 2011 ) and Final Portrait ( 2017 ) . Chalamet has acted since he was a child and co-starred on Showtime 's Homeland in 2012 . The following year , Swardstrom -- Spears ' husband and agent -- introduced the then 17 - year - old Chalamet to Guadagnino , who immediately felt the actor had `` the ambition , the intelligence , the sensitivity , the naivety , and the artistry '' to play Elio . Chalamet read Aciman 's novel by the time he was seventeen , and described it as `` a window into a young person '' . Chalamet , who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years , arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian , piano , and guitar . Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman , Elio 's father . The actor did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production . He was moved by the `` many beautiful sentiments expressed '' in the script when he first read it , including Mr. Perlman 's `` sense of generosity and love and understanding '' . Amira Casar , Esther Garrel and Victoire Du Bois feature in supporting roles as Annella , Marzia and Chiara respectively . Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was biking in the countryside . The non-actor was later cast for the role of the maid , Mafalda . Aciman and Spears themselves also appear briefly in the roles of Mounir and Isaac , a gay couple who attend a dinner party . Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable . `` It was a last - minute decision , '' Spears recalled , `` Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor ! So comfortable , not nervous at all . His wife was sitting there and said , ' I had no idea ! ' '' Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full - frontal nudity . Ivory , whose original screenplay had contained `` all sorts of nudity , '' was dismayed by the decision , criticizing what he saw as an `` American '' attitude . `` Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman . It 's the men , '' he said . Guadagnino , who remained involved in the casting , chose actors based on their performances and chemistry , rather than choosing to `` investigate or label '' their sexuality . He said , `` The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills , and worse , a certain gender identity in any role : that 's oppressive to me '' . Filming and post-production ( edit ) The arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral , where the filming process was postponed due to bad weather Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted between 32 -- 34 days . It began on 9 May 2016 , shortly after A Bigger Splash was released in the United States , and completed in June 2016 . The process occurred quietly , with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks . The director 's first cut of the film was four hours long . Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano took only a month -- between June and July , the fastest Guadagnino had edited . The film was shot primarily in Crema and the province of Cremona . It was shot during an unexpected historic rainstorm in Italy , described by the weather reports as a `` once - in - century rain . '' The pre-production in Crema was fast : a search for extras began there in March and April . Scenes from the nearby villages of Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from 17 May , before moving to Crema on 1 June . Additional outdoor scenes were shot on 4 December 2016 . Several historical locations in the surrounding streets in Crema and Pandino were chosen during production , including the arch of Torrazzo at the Crema Cathedral . Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure , scheduled for 30 and 31 May . Two days ' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to the weather . Production in Crema cost € 18,000 , with a promotion campaign that cost € 7,500 . Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica , and two small towns in the immediate vicinity of Crema : Montodine and Ripalta . The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus in Sirmione , on the Brescian shores of Lake Garda . The trip to Bergamo was shot in multiple historical buildings , including the Bergamo Cathedral , the Santa Maria Maggiore , and the University of Sciences , Letters and Arts . The production team was only able to secure permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour , owing to concerns about security . The actors lived in Crema and were able to absorb the rhythm of small - town life . Guadagnino engaged deeply with the cast and filmmakers , and often cooked and showed films for them in his house . Hammer and Chalamet , who did not have to do a screen test together , met for the first time during the production in Crema . They spent a month together before filming began , watching Mike Tyson documentaries and going to local restaurants to build character development . `` We 'd hang out with each other all the time , because we were pretty much the only Americans there , and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another , '' Chalamet recalled . In the first two days of production , Guadagnino sat down with the cast to read through the script . Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal . The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before shooting , and spent several days shooting nude . `` I 've never been so intimately involved with a director before . Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me , '' Hammer said . The Grottoes of Catullus , on the Brescian shore of Lake Garda , is one of the chosen filming locations . Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order , which allowed the filmmakers to `` witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor '' . The scene where Mr. Perlman delivered an educational speech to Elio was filmed the day before shooting wrapped . Stuhlbarg spent months to prepare for the scene , one that Guadagnino wanted to make `` as simple as possible '' by taking less setups and `` let the actors be . '' According to Fasano , the scene took three takes , where Stuhlbarg was `` on three different levels of getting emotional . '' During the dancing sequence , Hammer had to perform in front of `` 50 extras off camera , '' with the music being turned down to record the dialogue . `` That was not fun , I do n't really enjoy dancing , '' Hammer said . The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and shot the scene where Elio conveys his feelings for Oliver in one take , to provide the flexibility and the `` flow of emotion '' that a cut scene could not . Chalamet was listening to `` Visions of Gideon '' , one of the original songs written for the film , in an earpiece , while filming the final sequence , in which the director asked him to perform for three variations , one per take . Sayombhu Mukdeeprom , who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino 's Antonia ( 2015 ) , served as the director of photography . He read Aciman 's novel before receiving the script , and spent time walking around filming locations to `` get a feeling for everything ... to see the color , to see how the light changed during the day , and input it into my data . '' Lighting is an important factor in Mukdeeprom 's work , as he needs the light to be engaged with the characters . In order to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name , he had to create completely artificial light due to the heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot . He also connected to the actors during the scene ; when they finished shooting the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio , Mukdeeprom was crying in a corner of the room . The film was shot using 35 mm film and a single lens , a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg in order to `` solidif ( y ) the point of view , '' and make `` the tension of the performance come off the screen . '' Production design and costume ( edit ) The scene where Elio conveys his feelings for Oliver was shot at the war monument at Piazza Vittorio Emanuele , Pandino ( pictured ) in one take The main location for the Perlmans ' residence was Villa Albergoni , an uninhabited 17th - century mansion in Moscazzano . The director initially wanted to buy the house but could not afford it , so he made a film at the place instead . A landscape designer was hired to organize an orchard in the mansion 's garden . A pergola was shown on the patio , along with apricot and peach trees in the garden , which are not native to Lombardy . Six weeks before production , the crew -- including production designer Samuel Dehors and first - time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone -- gradually decorated the house with furniture , objects , and decoration inspired by the characters . Much of the furniture , including the dishes and glassware from the 1950s , belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone 's parents . `` That made it cozy and personal , '' di Modrone said , `` I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by . '' The Asian - inspired paintings , maps , and mirrors mostly came from an antiques store in Milan . Books used in background were published before 1982 . The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area . In public places , the filmmakers set up faded political billboards to reflect the Italian general election in 1983 , and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that particular time . Guadagnino did not want the film to `` look like a reflection on the 80s , ... when it becomes period . '' His team performed extensive research , with an assist from the residents of Crema , by entering people 's houses and collecting their pictures of the 1980s . Chen Li , a Chinese woman who lives in Milan , served as graphic designer . She wrote the titles in the opening credits , in which the director used Xerox images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman 's personal items . Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes , and wanted to provide `` a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality , summer heat and sexual awakening '' to the characters . Several costume pieces from the film were made from scratch . The costumes were influenced by the work in French films Pauline at the Beach ( 1983 ) , A Tale of Springtime ( 1990 ) , and A Summer 's Tale ( 1996 ) . She took inspiration from her parents ' photo albums for the Perlmans ' wardrobe . For Oliver 's `` sexy , healthy American '' image , Piersanti referred to `` some of Bruce Weber 's earliest photographs . '' His clothes change throughout the film as `` he 's more able to free himself . '' Aiming to emphasize Elio 's confident style , she chose several Lacoste costumes , and a distinctive New Romantic - looking shirt in the final scene . Elio 's polo shirt and Fido Dido T - shirt came from her husband 's closet . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Call Me by Your Name : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Stevens contributed three songs to soundtrack . Guadagnino normally selects the music for his films himself . The director wanted to find an `` emotional narrator to the film '' through music , a `` less heavy , less present , and more enveloping '' way than voice and text . He was inspired by the work in Barry Lyndon ( 1975 ) , The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , and The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) . Guadagnino wanted the film 's music to be connected to Elio , a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt pieces , in order to get close to Oliver . The music is used to reflect the time , the characters ' family , level of education , and `` the kind of canon they would be a part of '' . Guadagnino also researched what was popular on the radio that summer , so as to stay true to the time period . Guadagnino found that the lyricism of Sufjan Stevens ' work resonated with him . The director initially asked Stevens to narrate the film through the older Elio 's perspective , and record an original song for Call Me by Your Name , `` almost as a break in the narrative '' . Stevens declined the voiceover role , and eventually contributed three songs to the soundtrack : `` Mystery of Love '' , `` Visions of Gideon '' , and a new rendition of `` Futile Devices '' with piano . Stevens took inspiration from the script , the book , and conversations with the director about the characters . He submitted the songs a few days before shooting began . Surprised by the result , the director listened to them with the actors and Fasano on - set . It marks Stevens ' first original songs written for a feature film soundtrack . A soundtrack album was digitally released under Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on 3 November 2017 and physically on 17 November . It features songs by Stevens , The Psychedelic Furs , Franco Battiato , Loredana Bertè , Bandolero , Giorgio Moroder , Joe Esposito , and F.R. David , with compositions by John Adams , Erik Satie , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Johann Sebastian Bach , and Maurice Ravel . Release ( edit ) From left to right : Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Vanda Capriolo , Amira Casar , André Aciman , Esther Garrel , Victoire du Bois , and Peter Spears at the screening of Call Me by Your Name at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2017 . Prior to its premiere , Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million . The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group . International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International , a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016 . It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on 13 February 2017 , Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2017 , and New York Film Festival on 3 October 2017 . The film was originally scheduled to show on Beijing International Film Festival in April 2018 , but it was later dropped from the official program with no explanation . Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on 27 October 2017 , and United States on 24 November 2017 . It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on 15 December 2017 , and then to 114 theaters on 22 December . It hit 174 theaters on 12 January 2018 , before going into wide release , just days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony , on 19 January 2018 , reaching 815 theaters . On the Oscars weekend , the film opened in 914 theaters , its widest in the country . In Italy , Warner Bros. Entertainment released the film on 25 January in less than 150 theaters , before expanding to nearly 200 theaters on February 2 . Special screenings and a public meet - and - greet with Guadagnino , Hammer and Chalamet took place in Crema on 27 -- 30 January , The film was opened in Brazil on 18 January , and in France on 28 February 2018 . In March 2018 , distributor in Tunisia reported that the Ministry of Culture has banned the film as an `` attack on liberties '' motivated by its subject . Along with Last Flag Flying , and fellow Oscar nominees I , Tonya and Lady Bird , a pirated copy of awards - screener DVD of Call Me by Your Name was leaked onto piracy file - sharing websites by the hacker group `` Hive - CM8 '' on December 24 , 2017 . The film was officially released for digital download on 27 February 2018 . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD on 13 March 2018 . Disc format bonus included a making - of featurette , a Q&A interview from the cast and filmmakers , an audio commentary track by Chalamet and Stuhlbarg , and a music video for `` Mystery of Love '' . In the United Kingdom , the DVD debut charted at number 7 and the Blu - ray at number 4 of `` Top 100 '' sales for both formats . Marketing ( edit ) Sony Pictures Classics debuted an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on 27 July 2017 . The first theatrical trailer was released on 1 August 2017 . On 11 October 2017 , Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled `` Dance Party '' to celebrate National Coming Out Day . The 42 - second clip , which consists of one continuous shot of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to `` Love My Way '' at a bar , became a meme on Twitter . Due to its placement in the snippet , `` Love My Way '' also gained streaming popularity , rose 13 % on on - demand streams during two months before the film release . In the week ending 30 November 2017 , the song collected 177,000 on - demand streams , its biggest streaming week in the country . Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative , largely for Sony Pictures ' `` misleading '' use of a still of Chalamet and Garrel instead of focusing on the protagonist 's relationship . Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as `` an attempt to ' straight - wash ' the movie 's predominant same - sex romance '' , while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a `` disastrous attempt to push Oscar - buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story , '' and said the advert `` belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness '' . Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its nationwide expansion on 19 January 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 7 , 2018 , Call Me by Your Name has grossed $18 million in the United States and Canada , and $20.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $38.9 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . The film was Sony Pictures Classics third - highest grossing 2017 release . In the United States , the film began its limited run on 24 November 2017 at four theaters : The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City , and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles . The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend -- a per - theater average of $101,219 . It was the highest average of 2017 , the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December , and had the best per - screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) . In its second weekend , the film grossed $281,288 , with an `` excellent '' per - screen average of $70,320 . The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend , grossing $291,101 for a `` solid '' $32,345 per - theater average . It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend , averaging $16,398 . The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736 , averaging $7,463 per screen . It crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend , earning $758,726 from 115 locations . It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eighth weekend , averaging $4,185 per screen . In its nationwide release week -- ninth weekend overall -- the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters , an underperformance compared to `` some of its competition with similar theater counts '' . The following weekend , following the announcement of its four Oscar nominations , the film dropped 6 % to $1.3 million . With the total grossing of $9,370,359 by the week of January 23 , 2018 , the film was the second lowest - grossing among Best Picture nominees . It grossed $919,926 , averaging $1,006 , from 914 theaters during the Oscar weekend , and went on to earn $304,228 from 309 theaters in its sixteenth weekend . The film opened to number 7 in Italy with £ 781,000 from less than 150 theaters , and obtained the best per - theater average of the week ( almost £ 5,500 ) . It had made a total of £ 1.5 million in its first ten days of screening , before exceeding £ 2 million on February 7 . As of March 13 , the film has grossed £ 2.8 million in the country . In Brazil , the film debuted at number 9 at the box office with $696,000 , and earned another $554,000 in the following weekend . It gathered 17,152 viewers in France in its first day of screening , with an `` excellent '' per - theater average of 184 entries . It went on to attract 108,500 viewers in the opening weekend , earning the second - best average of the week ( 1,167 entries ) . In the United Kingdom , the film earned £ 231,995 ( $306,000 ) from 112 screens in its opening weekend , including £ 4,000 from previews . After ten days , it had made a total of £ 568,000 ( $745,000 ) , before reaching the $1 million mark ( £ 767,000 ) in its third weekend . As of 13 March 2018 , the film has grossed $2,240,216 in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) At its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , Call Me by Your Name received a standing ovation , followed by a ten - minute ovation at its New York Film Festival screening at the Alice Tully Hall , the longest recorded in the festival 's history . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 278 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy , powerfully affecting portrait of first love , empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer . '' It was the best - reviewed limited release and second best - reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site . On Metacritic , the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was the year 's fifth - best rated film on Metacritic . Luca Guadagnino 's direction was praised by critics . Writing in The Hollywood Reporter , Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an `` extremely sensual ( ... ) intimate and piercingly honest '' adaptation of Aciman 's novel . He further called Chalamet 's performance `` the true breakout of the film '' . Peter Debruge of Variety said the film `` advances the canon of gay cinema '' by portraying `` a story of first love ( ... ) that transcends the same - sex dynamic of its central couple . '' He compared Guadagnino 's `` sensual '' direction to the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon , while putting the film `` on par with the best of their work . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised his direction , which helps the film in `` match ( ing ) the artistry and empathy '' of Carol ( 2015 ) and Moonlight ( 2016 ) . Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg 's performance `` puts a frame around the movie 's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore , '' and called it `` one of his finest '' to date . He extolled the film as one of `` many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars , commended the director for `` broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss , '' and wrote that the film `` may be a fantasy but it 's one that 's lovely and wise . '' David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography , production design and costuming for `` making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again . '' He also applauded Stuhlbarg 's character as `` the most forward - thinking parent in movie history . '' Richard Lawson felt that Guadagnino 's adaptation `` was made with real love , with good intentions , with a clarity of heart and purposeful , unpretentious intellect '' and hailed it as a `` modern gay classic '' in his Vanity Fair review . Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips was pleased by the `` wonderfully paradoxical '' visual interests from the director , and called Stevens ' songs `` work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio 's emotional awakening . '' He praised Hammer 's performance as one of `` the most easy - breathing and relaxed best work of his career . '' The Economist noted the tension `` between pain and pleasure '' in the film , and praised Chalamet , specifying that he `` evokes so many shades of humanity , portraying a path of youthful self - discovery that is more raw , unhinged , and ultimately honest than many actors could manage . '' Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail , who gave the film two and a half stars , also enjoyed his effort in capturing `` first love and its inevitable heartbreak '' , but felt that the `` multilingual , almost - pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity '' . Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned its central message , and said that the film can `` alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous . '' In a negative review , Kyle Turner of Paste wrote `` The details of the film are too small for anyone , perhaps particularly a queer person , to see ( ... ) It never gets over that hesitation . '' Armond White of Out calls the movie a `` super-bourgeois fantasy , '' the `` craven commercialism '' of which `` exploit ( s ) the queer audience 's romantic needs by packaging them and falsifying them . '' Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an `` excruciatingly boring travelogue . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Call Me by Your Name ( film ) Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year . At the 90th Academy Awards , it was nominated for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Chalamet ) , Best Original Song ( `` Mystery of Love '' ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay , winning the latter . Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939 , while Ivory became the oldest - ever winner in any competitive category . The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Direction , and winning Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet , and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer . It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards , with Ivory winning Best Adapted Screenplay . The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with six nominations , winning Best Male Lead for Chalamet , and Best Cinematography for Mukdeeprom . At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . The National Board of Review , the Gotham Independent Film Awards and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film 's premiere at Sundance , when he realized the characters `` could go beyond the boundaries of the film . '' In October 2017 , he stated that he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 , suggesting it might be in the style of François Truffaut 's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series , while telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they aged . `` If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée , in three years ' time , Timothée will be 25 , as would Elio by the time the second story was set , '' he said . In the novel , Elio and Oliver reunited 15 years later , when Oliver is married . Guadagnino specified that in the sequel , `` I do n't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man . He has n't found his place yet . I can tell you that I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again . '' Guadagnino is also interested in the politics of the 1990s , saying `` it would be the beginning of the Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the war of Iraq . '' In November 2017 , Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films , where the audience could `` see those actors grow older , embodying those characters . '' A month later , he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel , one that would reveal more about Oliver and resembles Michael Apted 's Up series . Hammer and Chalamet have both expressed interest in participating in a sequel , while Ivory has no interest to the material , saying `` that 's fine , good . But I do n't know how they 're going to get a 40 - year - old ( Chalamet ) ! '' . In January 2018 , Guadagnino revealed the setting will be `` right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of ( ... ) the USSR , '' and what could be the first scene in the film , is where Elio watching Paul Vecchiali 's Once More ( 1988 ) , the first French film to deal with AIDS , in a movie theater . In March 2018 , Guadagnino confirmed working with Aciman on the sequel , which will take place `` five or six years afterwards '' with `` a different tone '' than the first film . Hammer also revealed that he was pitched by the director about the script , `` it 's not a finished script , but he 's got all the ideas for it , '' he said . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Film Festival 2017 Program by Memento Films '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grater , Tom ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' director Luca Guadagnino : shooting on digital is ' laziness ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Mr. Perlman 's full name is mentioned in the film as Samuel `` Sammy '' Perlman . ^ Jump up to : Hicklin , Aaron ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` The Art of Seduction : Armie Hammer & the Hottest Movie of the Season '' . Out . Archived from the original on 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on Screenwriting '' . Creative Screenwriting . CS Publications . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mongrel Presents : Call Me by Your Name '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Toronto , Ontario . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and Why American Male Actors Wo n't Do Nude Scenes ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Santoni , Simona ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Chiamami col tuo nome : perché Luca Guadagnino piace agli americani '' ( Call me with your name : because Luca Guadagnino likes Americans ) . Panorama ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Ma poi , quando sono stati accantonati nomi come Gabriele Muccino , Ferzan Özpetek e Sam Taylor - Johnson , Guadagnino ha accettato la sfida di girare due film nello stesso anno . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : A Global Effort to Create a Simple , Well - Told Tale '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tara ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` ' Why do people want to see other people 's penises ? ' '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Jack ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Screenwriter is Disappointed There 's No Male Full Frontal Nudity '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blessing , Joe ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' : Luca Guadagnino Discusses Avoiding Cliches , Costumes & Narration ( NYFF ) '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vivarelli , Nick ( 13 February 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Strikes Such Deep Chords '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roxborough , Scott ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` James Ivory on His Film Legacy and Adapting ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gilligan , Meghan ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Discusses ' Call Me By Your Name ' at the 55th New York Film Festival '' . Screenprism . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meza , Ed ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` Berlinale : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was a ' Universal Effort ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Could Land ( at Least ) Seven Oscar Nominations : Here 's Why '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marco , Camillo de ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name by Luca Guadagnino at Sundance '' . Cineuropa . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grater , Tom ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino on the 10 - year journey behind ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brunamonti , Filippo ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Toronto , ' Call me by your name ' : Guadagnino racconta l'estate di Elio e Oliver '' ( Toronto , ' Call me by your name ' : Guadagnino tells the story of Elio and Oliver ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . GEDI Gruppo Editoriale . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Screenwriter James Ivory Loves the Story Too Much to Think About Sequels '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Emma ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name producer gives beautiful reason why the film is dedicated to Bill Paxton '' . Metro . Archived from the original on 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Patrick ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Critics fall for Armie Hammer gay romance ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . USA Today . Park City , Utah . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olivier , Martine ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Talks ' Call Me By Your Name ' And ' Suspiria ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellaway , Kate ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Oscar - tipped double act on their summer of love '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Encinias , Joshua ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Team on Romance , Sufjan Stevens , Maurice Pialat , and Sequel Potential '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley Lee ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Why Luca Guadagnino Did n't Include Gay Actors or Explicit Sex Scenes in ' Call Me by Your Name ' ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 6 March 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Author Opens Up About the Film Adaptation '' . Graduate Center . City University of New York . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Stephen ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on Why ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Making Everyone Cry '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Director Luca Guadagnino on Armie Hammer , Sequels , and Screen Intimacy '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet on His Racy Sex Scene in ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Mike ( 4 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Director Breaks Down the Film 's Intimate Peach Scene '' . People . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Munzenrieder , Kyle ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer 's Call Me By Your Name Dance Scene Has Been Meme 'd '' . W. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Oscars : How Scene - Stealing Speeches in ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' The Post ' Came to Be '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Coming - of - Age Dramas Make Mad Dash for Awards Season Glory '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hass , Nancy ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` James Ivory 's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life '' . The New York Times Style Magazine ( T ) ( published 13 September 2015 ) . p . M2191 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Teodorczuk , Tom ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` James Ivory on ' Howards End ' , Not Being Able to Work with Shia LaBeouf and Tom Hiddleston '' . Heat Street . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschberg , Lynn ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer and Timothée Chalamet on Call Me By Your Name , the Year 's Most Sensual Love Story '' . W. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Toronto : Armie Hammer Says He Almost Turned Down Gay Romance Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on His Steamy New Movie , a Charmed Upbringing and Oscar 's ' Double Standards ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on gay romance Call Me By Your Name : ' There were fetishes I did n't understand ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McConaughey , Matthew ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Timothee Chalamet '' . Interview . Archived from the original on 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : Archive : Annual Archives : 2017 : Programme -- Call Me by Your Name '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Utichi , Joe ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg Plays The Parent Everyone Wishes They Had In ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ; Galupp , Mia ; Lee , Ashley ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` What This Year 's Awards Contenders Can Teach About Parenthood '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Shares How His ' Call Me by Your Name ' Crew Created ' 80s Love Story Look '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Best Picture Contenders on Staging Car Chases and How to Pivot When Plans Go Awry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Falt , Chris ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Looks So Incredible You 'd Never Guess It Was Shot During a Historic Rainstorm '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Maleszka , Jamie ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` Interview : Luca Guadagnino Talks ' A Bigger Splash , ' Stanley Kubrick , Leaving Room For The Audience , And More '' . The Playlist . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . We start shooting on May 9th . I am doing a movie from the novel by André Aciman called ' Call Me By Your Name . ' ^ Jump up to : Ellwood , Gregory ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Steals TIFF 2017 Opening Night Buzz '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance First Look : Jason Segel In ' The Discovery ' & Armie Hammer In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Luca Guadagnino ( ... ) quietly shot ' Call Me By Your Name ' over the summer ( ... ) with the film keeping its secrets close to the vest . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Now Filming ' Call Me By Your Name ' Starring Michael Stuhlbarg & Armie Hammer '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Michael Stuhlbarg , Armie Hammer & More Leading Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( 18 September 2017 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino Reveals His First Cut of ' Call Me by Your Name ' Was 4 Hours Long '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girato alle cascate del Serio il film in pista per 7 Oscar '' ( The film on track for 7 Oscars was shot at the Serio Falls ) . Bergamo News ( in Italian ) . 15 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film girato alle cascate del Serio e in Città Alta : 4 nomination agli Oscar '' ( Film shot at the Serio Falls and in the Upper Town : 4 Oscar nominations ) . Bergamo News ( in Italian ) . 23 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Casting per un ' ciak ' in città a Crema a marzo '' ( Casting for a ' ciak ' in town in Crema in March ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. 24 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino : Nuovo casting giovedì 7 aprile a Crema '' ( Guadagnino 's movie : New casting Thursday , 7 April in Crema ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Set cinematografico , centro chiuso due giorni '' ( Cinematography set , the center closed for two days ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 11 May 2016 ) . 10 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tozzi , Silvia ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Call me by your name , Guadagnino gira anche a Pandino . Le reazioni '' ( Call Me by Your Name , Guadagnino also turns to Pandino . The reactions ) . Crema Online ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crema , ciak si gira '' ( Crema , ciak turns ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Pandino : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 1 June 2016 ) . 31 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Riprese a Villa Albergoni , ancora ciak ma ' niente compensi ' '' ( He resumed at Palazzo Albergoni , still silent but ' no compensation ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Moscazzano : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 December 2016 ) . 7 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film di Guadagnino , saldati i conti '' ( Guadagnino 's film , sold out ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 20 January 2017 ) . 19 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spagnuolo , Eugenio ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` Chiamami col tuo nome : i luoghi dove è stato girato il film di Guadagnino '' ( Call me with your name : the places where the film by Guadagnino was filmed ) . Panorama ( in Italian ) . Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza Duomo diventa un set , i commercianti vogliono un indennizzo '' ( Piazza Duomo becomes a set , traders want a compensation ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 8 May 2016 ) . 7 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La pioggia ferma il set cinematografico '' ( The rain stops the movie set ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 28 May 2016 ) . 27 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crema set cinematografico : ' Ma ci costa 18mila euro ' '' ( Movie Set in Crema : ' But it costs us 18,000 euros ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A. 29 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Il lancio è negli Usa e Crema resta in attesa della ' prima ' '' ( The launch is in the US and Crema is waiting for the ' first ' ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 23 October 2016 ) . 23 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Sirmione il set cinematografico del regista Guadagnino '' ( In Sirmione the film set by the director Guadagnino ) . Gardanotizie ( in Italian ) . Sirmione. 15 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Carolina ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Berlinale : Call me by your name made in Lombardia '' . Cinema & Video International . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Blasts Mike Pence for Anti-Gay Policies '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer on Getting Naked in ' Call Me By Your Name , ' Playing Hunks , and His James Woods Feud '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Trey ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` The Untold Story Of Michael Stuhlbarg 's Emotional Call Me By Your Name Speech '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Editing Was Crucial to the Year 's Best Love Story '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Director Luca Guadagnino on ' Call Me by Your Name ' and the Possibility of Sequels '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` How ' Call Me by Your Name ' Captured a Pivotal Love Confession in One Take '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Nearly Played The Narrator In Luca Guadagnino 's ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tiffany ( 10 September 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothee Chalamet , Luca Guadagnino talk ' Call Me By Your Name ' in Toronto '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In erotic ' Call Me By Your Name , ' sunshine and summer love '' . New York : ABC News . Associated Press . 21 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Cinematographer Sayombhu Mukdeeprom On The Decision To Shoot ' Call Me By Your Name ' With Only One Lens '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wrigley , Tish ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` A Closer Look at the Sets of New Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Another . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Hilary ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` The Making of a Family Home in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The New York Times Style Magazine . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laffly , Tomris ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Relied on a Pair of Longtime Friends for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Decor , Costumes '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Finos , Arianna ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino : ' Vi racconto l'amore gay nell'Italia di Craxi ' '' ( Luca Guadagnino : ' I 'll tell you about gay love in Craxi 's Italy ' ) . la Repubblica ( in Italian ) . Berlin : GEDI Gruppo Editoriale . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Atkinson , Katie ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Pop Shop Podcast : Director Luca Guadagnino on Music 's Vital Role in ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisinger , Dale ( 8 January 2017 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens Soundtracks Upcoming Film Call Me By Your Name '' . Spin . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens on How His Wary Dance With Hollywood Led to an ' Outrageous ' Oscar Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Soundtrack : Sufjan Stevens , the Psychedelic Furs , and More Lend Their Musical Stylings -- Listen '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - CD Available November 17 '' ( Press release ) . Sony Classical . PR Newswire. 6 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Listen : Full Soundtrack for ' Call Me by Your Name ' Featuring New Songs by Sufjan Stevens '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Sundance 2017 : Robert Redford , New Rashida Jones Netflix Series , ' Rebel In The Rye ' & More On Premiere , Docu , Midnight & Kids Slates '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance Film Review : ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Reviewed at Sundance Film Festival ( Premieres ) , Jan. 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ Seetodeh , Ramin ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Gay Love Story ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sells to Sony Pictures Classics ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Sundance : Sony Classics Takes Gay Love Story ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFM 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Memento Films International . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Opening - Night Premieres ' Borg / McEnroe ' And ' Call Me By Your Name ' Are A Love Match As Toronto Gets Underway '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name '' . New York Film Festival . Archived from the original on 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` Beijing Film Festival Drops ' Call Me by Your Name ' As China Tightens Grip on Media '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Li , Pei ; Jourdan , Adam ( March 6 , 2018 ) . Macfie , Nick , ed . `` Beijing festival pulls award - winning gay film amid content squeeze '' . Beijing , Shanghai : Reuters . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 17 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Ices Robust Weekend ; ' Disaster Artist ' , ' Shape of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 24 December 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' Scoops Into Top Ten In Best 3 - Day Averages of 2017 ; Holdovers Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 14 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes Winners ' Three Billboards ' & ' Lady Bird ' Cash In ; ' Phantom Thread ' Expands Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops $41 M , ' The Shape of Water ' Crosses $30 M , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expands -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brueggemann , Tom ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` With Oscar Nominations Ahead , Specialized Releases Hold Their Breath at the Box Office '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Oscar Hopefuls Cross Thresholds : ' Shape Of Water ' At $57 M , ' Darkest Hour ' At $55 M , ' Three Billboards ' At $52 M , ' Lady Bird ' At $48 M -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiamami col tuo Nome '' ( Call Me by Your Name ) ( in Italian ) . Warner Bros. Entertainment Italia . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino , Timothée Chalamet , Armie Hammer Talk Oscar Noms in Italy '' . Variety . Rome , Italy . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il film di Luca Guadagnino il 29 gennaio al Multisala '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 19 January 2018 ) . 18 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Berni , Andrea Francesco ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Italia : Made in Italy vince il weekend , Chiamami col tuo Nome miglior media '' ( Box - Office Italia : ' Made in Italy ' wins the weekend , ' Call Me by Your Name ' best media ) . Badtaste ( in Italian ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berni , Andrea Francesco ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Italia : The Post subito in testa giovedì '' ( Box - Office Italy : ' The Post ' immediately in the head Thursday ) . Badtaste ( in Italian ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guadagnino , il 27 è la serata cremasca '' ( The film by Luca Guadagnino on 29 January at the Multisala ) . La Provincia di Cremona ( in Italian ) . Crema : Soc . Editoriale Cremonese S.P.A ( published 10 January 2018 ) . 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Read , Bridget ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer Dance in the Streets Where Call Me by Your Name Was Filmed With Fans '' . Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Beatriz ( 18 January 2018 ) . `` ' Me Chame Pelo Seu Nome ' , o filme para o qual o Oscar não está preparado '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . El País ( in Portugues ) . Ediciones El País , S.L. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Martínez , Edouard ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Découvrez la bande - annonce envoûtante de Call Me by Your Name '' ( Check out the mesmerizing trailer of Call Me by Your Name ) . Premiere ( in French ) . Hildegarde . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar - nominated ' Call Me By Your Name ' Has Been Banned In Tunisia '' . Attitude. 2 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia bans Oscar - nominated ' gay ' film '' . Al - Araby Al - Jadeed. 1 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' , ' Lady Bird ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Awards Screeners Leak Online '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lady Bird , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' I , Tonya ' Screener Copies Leaked to Piracy Networks '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hackers Leak ' Lady Bird , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and More Online , But Still Encourage You to See Them in Theaters '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Timothée Chalamet on Seducing Armie Hammer with ' Piano Playing ' in Call Me By Your Name '' . People . Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Origins of ' Call Me by Your Name ' Revealed in New Blu - ray Clip '' . Collider . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official DVD Chart Top 100 ( 11 March 2018 - 17 March 2018 ) '' . The Official UK Charts Company . 11 March 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Blu - Ray Chart Top 100 ( 11 March 2018 - 17 March 2018 ) '' . The Official UK Charts Company . 11 March 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tangcay , Jazz ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` First ' Call Me By Your Name ' Poster '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Watch the Call Me by Your Name Trailer '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet spark passion in stunning Call Me by Your Name trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Eric ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Watch Armie Hammer Dance in New Clip From ' Call Me By Your Name ' '' . Paste . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Be Soothed By the Armie Hammer Viral Dance Bringing Delight to the Masses '' . Time . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer Will Dance to Any Song in the ' Call Me By Your Name ' Meme of Our Dreams -- Watch '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Spurs Biggest Streaming Week Ever for The Psychedelic Furs ' ' Love My Way ' '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikel , Ryan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Straight Washes Call Me By Your Name '' . Out . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mariah ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for straight - washing ' Call Me By Your Name ' tweet '' . Washington Blade . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Megarry , Daniel ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Sony slammed for ' straight - washing ' gay romance Call Me By Your Name '' . Gay Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( 8 November 2017 ) . `` Call me by the wrong name : how studios are still trying to straight - wash gay films '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Performance for Sony Pictures Classics in 2017 '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' , ' Call Me By Your Name ' , ' Man Who Invented Christmas ' Usher Holiday -- Specialty B.O. Preview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Brian ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Scores Year 's Best Average Opener At $101 K ; ' Darkest Hour ' Has Robust Start -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving Box Office : ' Coco ' Gobbles Up ' Justice League ' With $71.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Is Best Opener of 2017 ; ' Darkest Hour ' Launches Well '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays No. 1 With $26.1 M ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Impresses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Record Opener ' Disaster Artist ' and ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Specialty Box Office Surge '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Dade ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Bows with 4th Best PTA of 2017 ; ' The Disaster Artist ' Sizzles : Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jack ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Coco Tops Box Office for 2nd Week with $26.1 M '' . Time . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Blades To Robust Bow ; ' The Shape Of Water ' & ' Call Me By Your Name ' Expand Solidly -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya ' Expands Strong , ' Call Me By Your Name ' Crosses $6 M As Golden Globe Noms Score -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Gets Oscar Boost as ' Hostiles ' Lures Crowds '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Death of Stalin ' Has Best Specialty Debut of 2018 ; ' The Shape of Water ' Crosses $61 M Post-Oscar -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chirichelli , Andrea ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chiamami Col Tuo Nome ' Ottiene La Miglior Media Sala Del Weekend '' ( ' Call Me by Your Name ' Gets The Best Average Room Of Weekend ) . Mymovies ( in Italian ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berni , Andrea Francesco ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Italia : The Post stacca tutti sabato '' ( Box - Office Italy : ' The Post ' off all Saturday ) . Badtaste ( in Italian ) . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chirichelli , Andrea ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chiamami Col Tuo Nome ' Punta Ai 2 Milioni Di Euro '' ( ' Call Me by Your Name ' Points To 2 Million Euro ) . Mymovies ( in Italian ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berni , Andrea Francesco ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Italia : Cinquanta Sfumature di Rosso domina la classifica sabato '' ( Box - Office Italy : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' dominates the ranking Saturday ) . Badtaste ( in Italian ) . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berni , Andrea Francesco ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Italia : La Forma dell'Acqua vince il weekend '' ( Box - Office Italy : La Forma dell'Acqua wins the weekend ) . Badtaste ( in Italian ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viana , Por Thamires ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Bilheteria Brasil : Jumanji - Bem - Vindo à Selva assume a liderança mais uma vez '' ( Brazil Box Office : ' Jumanji - Welcome to the Jungle ' takes the lead once again ) . Cineclick ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Viana , Por Thamires ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Bilheteria Brasil : Maze Runner - A Cura Mortal lidera em sua primeira semana '' ( Brazil Box Office : ' Maze Runner - The Mortal Cure ' leads in its first week ) . Cineclick ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Champalaune , Mathieu ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Box office : Malgré la déferlante `` Ch'tite famille '' , `` Call Me By Your Name '' et `` Les Garçons sauvages '' séduisent le public '' ( Box office : In spite of the breaking ' Ch'tite family ' , ' Call Me by Your Name ' and ' The wild Boys ' seduce the public ) . Les Inrockuptibles . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Champalaune , Mathieu ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Box office : `` Mme Mills '' en tête , Isabelle Huppert omniprésente '' ( Box office : ' Mrs. Mills ' in the lead , Isabelle Huppert ubiquitous ) . Les Inrockuptibles . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' scores biggest non-Bond October debut '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok hammers the opposition at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Murder On The Orient Express ' derails ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` UK box office : ' Paddington 2 ' scores record - breaking bow '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 makes marmalade of the UK box office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Why Sundance Fell in Love With the Gay Romance Call Me by Your Name '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Timothée Chalamet is Learning How to Be a Man , Onscreen and Off '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Movies 2017 > Limited Releases '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards : Best - reviewed Romance Movies 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 4 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Best Movies of 2017 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoeij , Boyd van ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' : Film Review Sundance 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me By Your Name ' Review : Luca Guadagnino Delivers A Queer Masterpiece -- Sundance 2017 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Film review : Call Me By Your Name will make you swoon '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' is full of light and landscape and unstoppable beauty '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Armie Hammer in the coming - of - age film `` Call Me By Your Name '' `` . CBS . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` The Gorgeous Call Me by Your Name Makes Sundance Swoon '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' review : At long last , first love '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` '' Call Me By Your Name '' is a work of beauty `` . The Economist . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` The Globe 's Guide to TIFF 2017 Movies '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Ken ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name suffers from an excess of beauty '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Kyle ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name : 2017 New York Film Festival Review '' . Paste . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name 's Sex Lives of the Rich and Immodest '' . Out . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke Y. ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Most Overrated Films Of 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Film Institute Announces AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : American Film Institute . 7 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : National Board of Review . 28 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2018 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Chow , Andrew R. ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : The Winners '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` James Ivory becomes Oscar 's oldest winner with ' Call Me by Your Name ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the EE British Academy Film Awards in 2018 ( Plain Text ) '' ( Press release ) . British Academy Film Award. 9 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Madeline ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : The Full List Of Winners '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape Of Water ' Named Best Picture , Takes Four Awards At 23rd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , CA : Broadcast Film Critics Association / Broadcast Television Journalists Association . 11 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Film Independent Spirits Nominations Announced '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : Independent Spirit Awards . 21 November 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Film Independent Spirit Awards Winners Announced '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : Independent Spirit Awards . March 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name takes top prize at 2017 Gotham Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees '' . Hollywood Film Awards . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino plots ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ( exclusive ) '' . Screendaily . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Is Planning Call Me by Your Name Sequels , Before Sunrise Style '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Call Me By Your Name 's Director Would Like to Do a Sequel , Please '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shraf , Zack ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino Planning ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sequel For 2020 '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Friend , David ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Reflections on ' Call Me By Your Name ' spur Armie Hammer to consider a sequel '' . Times Colonist . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Luca Guadagnino on Call Me By Your Name : ' It 's a step inside my teenage dreams ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Will Armie Hammer , Timothée Chalamet return for a ' Call Me By Your Name ' sequel ? '' . Metro New York . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Director Reveals Details of the Planned Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' director Luca Guadagnino confirms film 's sequel , details plot '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Armie Hammer Confirms He 's Been Pitched the ' Call Me By Your Name ' Sequel : ' We 're All Gung - Ho About It ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Call Me by Your Name . Official website Call Me by Your Name on IMDb Call Me by Your Name at Rotten Tomatoes Call Me by Your Name at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Luca Guadagnino The Protagonists ( 1999 ) Melissa P. ( 2005 ) I Am Love ( 2009 ) A Bigger Splash ( 2015 ) Call Me by Your Name ( 2017 ) Suspiria ( 2018 ) Italy portal Film portal LGBT portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)&oldid=835637708 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s independent films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American erotic films American films American independent films American romantic drama films American teen LGBT - related films Brazilian coming - of - age films Brazilian erotic films Brazilian films Brazilian independent films Brazilian LGBT - related films Brazilian romantic drama films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films English - language films Erotic romance films Films based on American novels Films directed by Luca Guadagnino Films set in 1983 Films set in Italy Films shot in Italy French coming - of - age films French erotic films French films French independent films French LGBT - related films French romantic drama films French - language films Gay - related films Italian coming - of - age films Italian erotic films Italian films Italian independent films Italian LGBT - related films Italian romantic drama films Italian - language films LGBT romance films LGBT - related coming - of - age films LGBT - related drama films LGBT - related films about Jews and Judaism Male bisexuality in film Screenplays by James Ivory Sony Pictures Classics films Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20Me%20by%20Your%20Name%20%28film%29

where did the laguna cast go to college

Laguna Beach : the Real Orange County

laguna beach : the real orange county

Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County is an American reality television series that originally aired on MTV from September 28 , 2004 until November 15 , 2006 . The series aired for three seasons and was primarily focused on the personal lives of several students attending Laguna Beach High School . Its premise was originated with Liz Gateley , while Tony DiSanto served as the executive producer .

The series was originally narrated by Lauren Conrad as she completed her senior year of high school . It additionally placed emphasis on her classmates Lo Bosworth , Stephen Colletti , Morgan Olsen , Trey Phillips , Christina Schuller , and juniors Kristin Cavallari and Talan Torriero . The second season was narrated by Cavallari , and saw the additions of Taylor Cole , Alex Murrel , Jessica Smith , and Jason Wahler . Upon its conclusion , all cast members departed from the series and were replaced by a group of current students . The third season was narrated by Tessa Keller , and also showcased Cameron Brinkman , Breanna Conrad , Lexie Contursi , Raquel Donatelli , Cami Edwards , Kelan Hurley , Chase Johnson , and Kyndra Mayo . Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County received moderately favorable reviews from critics , and has been recognized as a `` guilty pleasure '' by several media outlets . However , the series was often criticized for tending towards a narrative format more commonly seen in scripted genres including soap operas , and appearing to fabricate much of its storyline . The show has produced several spin - offs , most notably The Hills , which chronicled Lauren Conrad 's personal and professional life after moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry . The first two seasons of Laguna Beach were released on DVD ; the third season was only available in Australia and the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Series synopsis 2.1 Overview and casting 2.2 Storylines 3 Reception 3.1 Criticism 3.2 Scripting allegations 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast history 5.1 The Hills 5.2 Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County 6 Distribution 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Conception ( edit ) Created by Liz Gateley in 2004 , Laguna Beach was originally planned to document a group of students ' on - campus lives as they completed their secondary education at Laguna Beach High School . However , after an incident during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII briefly exposed the breast of performer Janet Jackson , the school board questioned if the network , who produced the event , held the care necessary to operate in an academic setting . Subsequently , their contract was ended , effectively jeopardizing the feasibility of the series ' concept . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview and casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County cast members Kristin Cavallari served as the series ' narrator during the second season . Laguna Beach chronicles the lives of several students attending Laguna Beach High School . Every installment commences with a voice - over narrative from series leads Lauren Conrad ( season 1 ) , Kristin Cavallari ( season 2 ) , and Tessa Keller ( season 3 ) foreshadowing the theme of the episode . Each season concludes with a finale , typically involving a major event such as a progressing relationship or a personnel departure . Most installments revolve around the students ' everyday lives , but the show puts emphasis on their personal , rather than academic , lives . Throughout its run , the series was led by seven ( season 1 ) , eight ( season 2 ) , and nine ( season 3 ) primary cast members , who were credited by their first names . Its original main cast members were Conrad , Cavallari , Lo Bosworth , Stephen Colletti , Morgan Olsen , Trey Phillips , Christina Schuller , and Talan Torriero . The second season saw the additions of Taylor Cole , Alex Murrel , Jessica Smith , and Jason Wahler . By the conclusion of the season , all students had graduated high school , and departed the series before production of the third season began . Consequentially , the program was revamped to showcase an entirely new group of current students . Storylines ( edit ) In its series premiere , Laguna Beach first introduces Lauren Conrad , who with friends Lo Bosworth , Stephen Colletti , Morgan Olsen , Trey Phillips , and Christina Schuller was completing her senior year at Laguna Beach High School . Younger students Kristin Cavallari and Talan Torriero were shown to be finishing their junior year . The first season highlighted the love triangle involving rivals Conrad and Cavallari and their shared love interest Colletti . The latter two eventually began a turbulent romantic relationship . Meanwhile , the close friendship between Bosworth and Conrad provided both with a stabilizing influence , similar to the bond between Olsen and Schuller . Phillips , an advocate for youth community involvement , coordinated a fashion show benefiting the Active Young America organization . Upon the seniors ' graduation nearing the season finale , they prepared to leave Laguna Beach as they began their college studies . By the beginning of the second season , Cavallari became the series ' narrator and focal point . She and her friends Jessica Smith and Alex Hooser were involved in a conflict with Alex Murrel and Taylor Cole , though they appeared to have reconciled as the season progressed . Despite preferring to remain single during her senior year , Cavallari wished to continue her friendship with Colletti , though the latter faced difficulty coming to terms with their changed dynamic . Shortly after , Torriero developed romantic feelings for both Cavallari and Cole , though both women were uninterested in beginning a relationship with him . Meanwhile , Jason Wahler dated Smith , Murrel , and Conrad in separate periods during production , though his womanizing tendencies placed a strain on each failed relationship . The season concluded as the recently graduated students prepared to leave for college . Additionally , Conrad was offered and accepted a role on a spin - off series titled , The Hills in which , she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry . During the third season , Tessa Keller is established as the series ' new narrator and lead position , who is involved in a turbulent relationship with Derek LeBon . She and her friend Rocky Donatelli are feuding with Kyndra Mayo , Cami Edwards , and Nikki Dowers . Keller remains close with Chase Johnson , however , after Donatelli reconciles with her former best friend Breanna Conrad , she becomes estranged from Keller . Johnson and his band Open Air Stereo eventually sign a recording contract with Epic Records . Meanwhile , Smith finds herself in an on - again / off - again relationship with Cameron Brinkman . Reception ( edit ) Criticism ( edit ) The Parents Television Council ( PTC ) argued that the sexually explicit and profane content in the series makes the show inappropriate for its intended audience . It included the series in its 2004 study on profanity , violence , and sexual content on cable television . Although much of the profane language throughout the series is censored , the PTC pointed out that the context in which the censored words were used made them discernible , which in their view rendered the censorship useless . The PTC also criticized MTV for not including content indicators such as `` L '' ( language ) or `` S '' ( sexual content ) in addition to its television ratings for the show , a move that prevents viewers from being able to effectively use the V - chip feature found on some televisions to control the broadcast of the show into their homes . MTV airs the show several times during daytime hours in addition to its regular timeslots around 10 : 00 PM ( ET ) , and the PTC claimed that the adolescents whom MTV is targeting are being exposed to `` excessive sexual and profane content through inaccurately rated programs . '' A 2010 study in the journal Economics Letters demonstrated that Laguna Beach caused an increase in crime in the Laguna Beach area . Not only had MTV 's show caused an increase in crime , but residents also believed it glorified violence , drug and alcohol abuse , objectification of women and superficiality . Charles Ahlers , the President of the Orange County Visitor and Convention Bureau , argue that the show is positive because it has helped boom the local economy and make Laguna Beach a desirable destination . But these positive aspects seem to be dominated by rejection and negativity from residents . Locals claim that their town is not being depicted how it should be - by the art and culture . The down town strip of ice cream shops and art galleries are being overshadowed by teen drama and partying . During filming days , streets would be stopped with traffic jams and tourists swarming local stores trying to get a glimpse of the teenage cast members . Scripting allegations ( edit ) Laguna Beach was often criticized for appearing to fabricate much of its storyline . In one instance , Cavallari claimed that producers exploited Colletti and Conrad 's friendship to exaggerate the love triangle highlighted during the first season . She also alleged that she was treated poorly by producers , which `` forced ( her ) to be a bitch '' , but stated that her distaste for Conrad was not fabricated . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 September 28 , 2004 December 14 , 2004 18 July 25 , 2005 November 14 , 2005 16 August 16 , 2006 November 15 , 2006 Broadcast history ( edit ) The first season of Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County premiered on September 28 , 2004 . The series continued to air on Tuesday evenings until its conclusion on December 7 , 2004 , at which point it had aired eleven episodes . The second season was expanded to seventeen episodes and premiered on July 11 , 2005 , in its new timeslot on Mondays . The finale aired on November 14 , 2005 . The third and final season premiered on August 16 , 2006 , and aired a total of fifteen episodes by its end on November 15 , 2006 . In July 2012 , MTV aired a month - long morning marathon of Laguna Beach , titled `` Retro Mania '' . The following year , the marathon was renamed `` RetroMTV Brunch '' . On August 13 , 2016 , reruns started to air on MTV 's new sister channel MTV Classic . As of December 30 , 2016 , the series has been removed from the schedule . The Hills ( edit ) Main article : The Hills ( TV series ) Lauren Conrad served as the central focus of The Hills for its first five seasons . In 2006 , cast member Lauren Conrad was commissioned her own spin - off series The Hills . The program premiered on May 31 , 2006 , immediately after the second - season finale of Laguna Beach . For the first five seasons , the series focused on Conrad as she moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry . It additionally placed emphasis on her housemate Heidi Montag and their friends Audrina Patridge and Whitney Port . Initially , Conrad and Montag attended the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising together , though the latter left the college after receiving employment with Bolthouse Productions . Their friendship suffered after Montag began dating and eventually moved into an apartment with Spencer Pratt during the second season ; it ended after Conrad suspected that Pratt circulated rumors of a sex tape involving herself and ex-boyfriend Jason Wahler . In the third season , Lo Bosworth became housemates with Conrad and Patridge , which became a distancing factor between the latter two . By the conclusion of the fourth season , Conrad and Montag appeared to come to common terms , though the former 's suspicions continued to inhibit a reconciliation . Meanwhile , Port relocated to New York City to accept a position with Diane von Fürstenberg , at which point she was commissioned the short - lived spin - off series The City . Prior to production of the fifth season , rumors were widespread that Conrad wished to leave the series to pursue other career opportunities . However , producers persuaded her to film ten additional episodes in the following season to close her storylines . She made her final appearance on the series during the midseason finale , where she reconciled with Montag at her wedding to Pratt . Kristin Cavallari assumed the series ' lead from the second half of the seasons onward . After airing six seasons and 102 episodes , The Hills ended its run on July 13 , 2010 . That September , supporting cast member Brody Jenner stated that he had filmed an alternate ending to the series that featured Conrad . Newport Harbor : the Real Orange County ( edit ) Main article : Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County After the third season of the revamped Laguna Beach failed to attain the success of the original format , producers began to search elsewhere for a potential fourth installment of the series . Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County premiered on August 13 , 2007 , and showcased a group of students attending Newport Harbor High School . The series was narrated by Chrissy Schwartz , and additionally emphasized classmates Clay Adler , Chase Cornwell , Sasha Dunlap , Grant Newman , and Allie Stockton . After the cast and storylines failed to achieve viewer interest , the program was cancelled on January 2 , 2008 , after broadcasting twelve episodes . Distribution ( edit ) Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County episodes aired regularly on MTV in the United States . Most episodes are approximately thirty minutes , and were broadcast in standard definition . The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store . Episodes were previously available for viewing through the official MTV website , though they have since become unavailable since the series ' conclusion . The series , in addition to The Hills , were premiered in syndication in fall 2009 . Since its debut , Paramount Pictures has released the first two seasons of Laguna Beach onto DVD , to regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . Each product includes all episodes of the respective season , in addition to deleted scenes and interviews of series personnel . See also ( edit ) The Hills The City Baldwin Hills Audrina Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County Freshwater Blue Harlem Heights Living on the Edge The O.C. Laguna Beach ( Season 3 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( June 26 , 2004 ) . `` ' Laguna ' Matata '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 101 : A Black and White Affair '' . MTV . Viacom . September 28 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 102 : The Bonfire '' . MTV . Viacom . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 107 : The Last Dance '' . MTV . Viacom . November 9 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 104 : 18 Candles '' . MTV . Viacom . October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 106 : The Best Part of Breaking Up ... '' . MTV . Viacom . November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach ( Season 1 ) Ep. 109 : Graduation Day '' . MTV . Viacom . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cable TV Study - Violence , sex and profanity on cable - Basic Cable Awash in Raunch , ParentsTV.org Jump up ^ ParentsTV.org Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Smith , Lynn ( 5 November 2005 ) . `` There 's Laguna , Then There 's MTV 's ' Laguna ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` LA_Times '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( 8 November 2006 ) . `` Real ' OC ' Starts Objecting to Its MTV Portrayal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` NY_Times '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Cavallari Admits : ' Almost All of The Hills Was Scripted ' '' . Reality Tea . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Cavallari : I Was Forced To Be a `` B * tch '' on Laguna Beach and The Hills `` . Gossip Cop . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Cavallari Admits ' The Hills ' was Fake , Girl Fights with ' Laguna Beach ' Frenemy Lauren Conrad were Definitely Real '' . MStarz . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County on MTV '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Daria , ' ' Laguna Beach ' And ' The Hills ' Are Headed Back To MTV '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hills ' Alternate Ending : MTV To Air Series Finale With New Closing '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 1 ) Ep. 101 : New City , New Drama '' . MTV . Viacom . May 31 , 2006 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 1 ) : Meet the Cast '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 1 ) Ep. 102 : A Change Of Plans '' . MTV . Viacom . June 7 , 2006 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 2 ) Ep. 212 : Goodbye For Now '' . MTV . Viacom . April 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 3 ) Ep. 301 : You Know What You Did '' . MTV . Viacom . August 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 3 ) Ep. 328 : The Next Move Is Yours '' . MTV . Viacom . May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 4 ) Ep. 420 : I Heidi Take Thee Spencer '' . MTV . Viacom . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 4 ) Ep. 418 : Dream Boy , Dream Job '' . MTV . Viacom . December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LC : I 'm Kind of Ready to Walk Away from ' The Hills ' '' . Extra . Warner Bros. Television Distribution . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 5 ) Ep. 510 : Something Old , Something New '' . MTV . Viacom . May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Cavallari to Replace Lauren Conrad on The Hills '' . People . Time Inc . May 14 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills ( Season 6 ) Ep. 612 : All Good Things ... '' . MTV . Viacom . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Vena ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Brody Jenner Reveals Alternate ' Hills ' Ending With Lauren Conrad '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County Ep. 101 : Crush ... Interrupted '' . MTV . Viacom . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County : Meet the Cast '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County : Episode guide '' . Yahoo ! TV . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - TV Shows - Laguna Beach , Season 1 '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . September 28 , 2004 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach Full Episodes '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Krukowski . `` Trifecta Sets ' Laguna ' as Syndie Strip for ' 09 '' . TVWeek . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laguna Beach '' . MTV Shop . MTVN Direct . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County Official website Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County on IMDb Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laguna_Beach:_The_Real_Orange_County&oldid=800037489 '' Categories : 2000s American reality television series Laguna Beach , California 2004 American television series debuts 2006 American television series endings English - language television programs MTV television series Teen dramas Television shows set in Orange County , California The Hills ( TV series ) American high school television series Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%20Beach%3A%20The%20Real%20Orange%20County

when was the last time ferrari won at monza

Italian Grand Prix

italian grand prix

The Italian Grand Prix ( Italian : Gran Premio d'Italia ) is one of the longest running events on the Formula One calendar . The Italian and British Grands Prix are the only Formula One World Championship Grands Prix staged continuously since the championship was introduced in 1950 , as the Monaco and Belgian Grands Prix have missed a few seasons since hosting races in the 1950 inaugural season .

Every Formula One Italian Grand Prix since 1950 has been held at Monza except in 1980 , when it was held at Imola . The Italian Grand Prix counted toward the European Championship from 1935 to 1938 . It was designated the European Grand Prix seven times between 1923 and 1967 , when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.1. 1 Autodromo Nazionale Monza 1.1. 2 The Florio circuit and other locations 1.1. 3 Monza 's redevelopments ( 1949 -- 1979 ) 1.1. 4 Imola 1980 and Monza 's further redevelopments 2 Sponsors 3 Winners of the Italian Grand Prix 3.1 Multiple winners ( drivers ) 3.2 Multiple winners ( constructors ) 3.3 Year by year 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Motor racing has always been extremely popular in Italy , the first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship took place on 4 September 1921 at a 10.7 - mile ( 17.3 km ) circuit near Brescia , which had been the site of the Gordon Bennett races in the early 1900s . However , the race is more closely associated with the course at Monza , a racing facility just outside the northern city of Milan , which was built in 1922 in time for that year 's race , and has been the location for most of the races over the years . Autodromo Nazionale Monza ( edit ) Further information : Autodromo Nazionale Monza An aerial photograph of the Autodromo Nazionale Monza . The Autodromo Nazionale Monza was completed in 1922 and was just the third permanent autodrome in the world at that time ; Brooklands in England and Indianapolis in the United States were the two others . European motor racing pioneers Vincenzo Lancia and Felice Nazzaro laid the last two bricks at Monza . The circuit was 10 km ( 6.25 miles ) long , with a flat banked section and a road circuit combined into one . It was fast , and always provided excitement . The 1923 race included one of Harry A. Miller 's rare European appearances with his single seat `` American Miller 122 '' driven by Count Louis Zborowski of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang fame . The 1928 race was the first of many tragedies that befell this venue . Italians Emilio Materassi in a Talbot and Giulio Foresti in a Bugatti were battling around this fast circuit . As they came off the banking onto the left side of the pit straight , one of the front wheels of Materassi 's overtaking Talbot touched one of the rear wheels of the Bugatti . Materassi lost control of the car , the car then swerved left , cleared a 10 - foot wide ditch and ploughed into the unprotected grandstand opposite the pits , killing Materassi and 27 spectators , and injuring another 26 . It was the worst accident in motor racing history and would remain so until the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans . The Italian Grand Prix went on a three - year hiatus ( but the alternative non-championship Monza Grand Prix was run in 1929 and 1930 ) until the 1931 race , held in late May instead of the traditional early September , was won by Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari , sharing an Alfa Romeo . The race was something of an endurance race in those days ; it took ten hours to complete the race . The great Nuvolari won again in a shortened 1932 race , this time held in early June . In 1933 , with the race being held this time at the traditional timeframe of early September , disaster struck again . Three top drivers were killed during three heat races . There was a reported patch of oil on the south banking that had come from a Duesenberg , driven by Count Carlo Felice Trossi , and Giuseppe Campari in a Ferrari - entered Alfa Romeo and his protege Baconin Borzacchini in a Maserati were already battling ferociously ; and Borzacchini and Campari went through the south banking on the first lap , wheel to wheel . Borzacchini went through the oily patch , lost control , spun wildly and the Maserati then overturned and violently flipped multiple times , and by the time the wrecked car came to a stop , Borzacchini was pinned underneath his car , not having been thrown out . While Borzacchini 's Maserati was crashing all over the track , Campari swerved to avoid him , and by doing this , his car went up and flew off the banking and crashed into trees situated right next to the track . Campari broke his neck and was killed instantly , and Borzacchini died later that day in a Monza hospital . 1931 GP race start Prior to the third heat , there was a drivers meeting to discuss the oil patch and it was cleaned up . on the eighth lap , Polish aristocrat Count Stanislas Czaykowski was on the south banking when his Bugatti 's engine blew up , a fuel line broke , the fuel caught fire after touching the very hot front section of the Bugatti where the engine and gearbox were and the burning fuel sprayed onto Czaykowski . Blinded by the smoke and flames on him , he went up and flew off the banking - at the same spot where Campari and Borzacchini had crashed . The Polish driver , unable to put out the flames on his body which was fueled by the fuel from his wrecked Bugatti , then burned to death . Italian Luigi Fagioli was declared the winner of the event . Enzo Ferrari , who had been close to Campari and Borzacchini ; the former deciding to defect from Ferrari 's team to Maserati , became hardened by this tragedy . Today , racing historians conclude that the events of this race marked a watershed , notably for Enzo Ferrari . It was the end to the joyful era of racing and the beginning of a harsher new age . Safety in those days was completely non-existent . The circuit 's condition was virtually identical of that to an ordinary town and country road , except instead of the surface being made of dirt and / or tarmac , it was made of tarmac , concrete and / or bricks . Spectators often stood very close to or even next to the track and they had no protection of any kind other than common sense . What was particularly tragic about Campari 's death was that he had announced his retirement at the French Grand Prix two months earlier , to focus on his opera singing exploits . The florio circuit and other locations ( edit ) After the disastrous 1933 race , something had to be done to Monza . There were chicanes added at certain points on the circuit and only most of the road circuit and part of the high speed oval was used . These races were at a time when Mercedes and Auto Union became involved in motor racing ; the German Silver Arrows won all of these races ; with superstar Rudolf Caracciola winning in 1934 and in 1937 when the Italian Grand Prix was held at a street circuit in Livorno. 1938 saw a return to Monza , which was won by Nuvolari driving a mid-engined Auto Union , and the banking had been dismantled after the race was held . In 1939 World War II broke out and the Italian Grand Prix did not return until 1947 . 1947 saw the Italian Grand Prix being held at a fairgrounds park in the city of Milan ( not far from Monza ) , and this race was won by Italian Carlo Felice Trossi driving an Alfa Romeo . Italian Giovanni Bracco went off the road in his Delage and crashed into a group of spectators , killing five . This venue was never used again for racing , and 1948 saw it being held in Valentino Park , a public park in Turin . The 1949 race returned to Monza where it stayed for the next 30 years . Monza 's redevelopments ( 1949 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Monza 's banking had been abandoned and only the road circuit was used , which had been modified slightly . The long , fluid final corner was now two 90 - degree corners . 1949 saw Italian new - boy Alberto Ascari , son of the late 1924 Italian Grand Prix winner Antonio Ascari , win in his Ferrari ; Enzo Ferrari was now building his own cars instead of running Alfa Romeos. 1950 saw the new Formula One Championship being established . The race and the first championship was won by Giuseppe `` Nino '' Farina , driving a supercharged Alfa Romeo 158 . 1951 saw Ascari win again , after the competitive Alfas of Farina and Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio ran into engine problems . 1952 saw Ascari complete his domination of that season . 1953 Fangio won in a Maserati ; although Ascari had already won the championship at the Swiss Grand Prix. 1954 turned out to be an interesting race ; as up - and - comer Stirling Moss in a Maserati passed both Fangio 's Mercedes and Ascari 's Ferrari . The furious pace saw the retirement of Moss and Ascari and Fangio went on to win while Moss pushed his Maserati 250F over the line . 1953 GP race start After the 1954 running , work began on entirely revamping the circuit . New facilities were built and a new corner , the Parabolica , was built in place of the double right - handed sequence right before the pits Extra track used for a short course was eliminated . The biggest change was the reconstruction of the new Monza banking . Built on top of where the almost flat , narrow original banking was , these huge concrete bankings , called the sopraelevata curves , were built in the same shape as the original banking had been . This course was combined with the road course for the 1955 event , which was won by Fangio and was the last race contested by a full - fledged Mercedes factory effort in Formula One until 2010 . The 10 km Monza circuit was now so fast that F1 cars were averaging 135 + mph per lap - though rather unremarkable by today 's standards , these average speeds were even faster than the Indianapolis Speedway oval in the United States . 1956 saw an exciting race , with championship contenders Fangio , Briton Peter Collins ( both in Ferraris ) and Frenchman Jean Behra in a Maserati fight over the win . Stirling Moss was already out of championship contention ; and Fangio retired with a broken steering arm . The Ferrari team called for Italian Luigi Musso to hand his car over to Fangio . Musso ignored the order so Collins came in and handed his car and his championship chances to Fangio . Behra had retired early with a magneto problem in his own car and took over his teammate Umberto Maglioli 's car ; but he retired that car , too . Musso ended up leading after Moss ran out of fuel coming through Vialone . Moss was able to refuel his car and storm off after Musso and eventually the Italian retired with steering problems , and Moss , with Fangio catching him up fast , stormed round the track to take victory . Fangio took second and his fourth Drivers ' Championship . 1957 saw the organizers choose to use the road circuit only , as the rough , poorly constructed banking had caused problems for the Ferrari and Maserati cars the year before . Moss won again in a Vanwall , and Briton Tony Brooks won next year 's race , and Moss won the 1959 event in a Cooper - Climax. 1960 , however was not so straightforward . Ferrari with their front - engined cars , had lost out to the advanced mid-engined British cars . Seeing an opportunity , the Italian organizers decided to re-include the banking with the road circuit , making Monza even faster and more in favor to the powerful Ferraris . The British teams were unhappy as they cited the fragility of the banking , which was extremely rough and was supported by stilts rather than earth surface ; and that it was too dangerous for Formula One cars . The British teams boycotted the race , so Ferrari had no competition . American Phil Hill took victory , in what was the last victory for a front - engined Formula One car . 1961 saw a return to the combined circuit , but it was to see yet another tragedy . Two Ferrari drivers , Hill and German count Wolfgang von Trips , came into the race with a chance at winning the championship . Fighting for fourth place while Hill was leading and while von Trips approached the Parabolica , the German moved over into the path of Briton Jim Clark and the two collided . Von Trips crashed into an embankement next to the road and then went flying into a crowd of people standing on the embankment . Von Trips was thrown out of his car and was killed , as were 14 spectators . Clark survived but was hounded by Italian police for months after the incident . Hill won the race and the championship by one point . The race was not stopped , allegedly to assist rescue work for the injured . The end of 1971 GP 1962 saw a return to the road circuit only and the banking was never used again for Formula One . It still stands , but in decrepit condition ; the last time it was used was in 1969 for the 1000 kilometer sports car race that year . Briton Graham Hill won the race , and would go on to win the Drivers ' Championship in South Africa soon after . 1963 saw an attempted use of the extremely fast full circuit again , and the drivers ran the course during Friday practice but the concrete banking was so rough and bumpy that cars were being mechanically torn apart . It was feared that there would be no finishers for the actual race itself . Briton Bob Anderson 's Lola crashed after losing a wheel on the banking ( he was not injured ) ; the drivers then threatened to walk off unless they raced on the road circuit only , which is what happened . Jim Clark won the race in a Lotus . Ferrari driver John Surtees won in 1964 , and Briton Jackie Stewart won his first of 27 Grand Prix victories in 1965 , driving for BRM . Against team orders , he fought hard with his teammate Graham Hill , Hill made a mistake at the Parabolica and Stewart was in command ; this was all to the chagrin of team boss Tony Rudd. 1966 saw Italian Ludovico Scarfiotti win , and no other Italian has won the race since . 1967 was to be a race of interest and was to produce the first of three close finishes on the fast Monza circuit over the next four years . Surtees , now driving for Honda , battled with Australian Jack Brabham , and Surtees won the race by two - tenths of a second ; and Clark , who had problems at the beginning of the race and lost a whole lap , stormed around the circuit , equalled his pole position time and unlapped himself to take the lead - but his fuel pump broke and he coasted over the line to finish third . 1969 saw four drivers ; Stewart , Austrian Jochen Rindt , Frenchman Jean - Pierre Beltoise and New Zealander Bruce McLaren battle right down to the line . Stewart came out on top and beat Rindt by eight - hundredths of a second . The four drivers were all within two - tenths of a second of each other . With this win , Stewart won his first of three championships. 1970 saw Rindt 's fatal crash during qualifying at the wheel of his rear wing-less Lotus . He would become the only posthuomous world champion , after Ferrari driver Jacky Ickx failed to overhaul Rindt . Ickx 's teammate Clay Regazzoni won the race , which saw 28 lead changes . 1971 was to see the third close finish in four years . Briton Peter Gethin , Swede Ronnie Peterson , Frenchman François Cevert , Briton Mike Hailwood and New Zealander Howden Ganley battled for the lead all race . On the last lap , Peterson got the inside line for the Parabolica , but Gethin got in front going alongside Peterson through the long right - hand corner , and beat Peterson to the checkered flag by the slimmest of margins ; one - one hundredth of a second . Cevert and Hailwood finished within two - tenths and Ganley was half a second behind . 1972 saw changes to Monza . The 1971 race was the fastest Formula One race ever at that point in time . It was really just a bunch of straights and fast corners and F1 cars had become increasingly advanced and much faster , and the drivers were constantly slipstreaming each other around the circuit . Chicanes were put at the end of the pit straight and at the Vialone curve ; Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi won that race and his first Drivers ' Championship at only 25 years of age . His chief rival Jackie Stewart went out at the start with a broken gearbox . In 1973 , Stewart punctured a tire early in the race and went into the pits to have it changed ; he came out in 20th place and finished fourth in the race while Fittipaldi finished second ; this was enough for Stewart to win his third and final Drivers ' Championship. 1974 saw further changes with the Vialone chicane changed and renamed Variante Ascari , which was the place where Alberto Ascari was killed in 1955 testing a Ferrari sportscar . Like the year before , Peterson won and Fittipaldi finished second , now driving for McLaren. 1975 , however , was an event to remember . Ferrari , which had regrouped completely under the leadership of Luca di Montezemolo , reached the high point of its resurgence . 1975 GP race start The Ferrari camp was feeling relaxed while rising star and championship leader Niki Lauda was leading the Drivers ' Championship , and the team was leading the Constructors ' Championship . Fittipaldi and Argentine Carlos Reutemann had to win in order to have a chance at staying in the championship chase . When the race started , Lauda 's teammate Clay Regazzoni took the lead , with Lauda following ; and Fittipaldi stormed round the circuit in an effort to catch the two Ferraris . Fittipaldi passed Lauda for second but this did not matter as Lauda only needed fifth to secure the drivers ' title . Regazzoni took victory , followed by Fittipaldi and Lauda , who won his first drivers ' title and Ferrari also won the Constructors ' Championship at the same event. 1976 saw further changes to Monza 's layout . Two chicanes , called Variante Rettifilo were installed just before the Curva Grande , and another chicane was installed just before the Lesmo bends . Lauda , who had come back to racing only six weeks after his horrendous crash at the Nürburgring ; finished fourth while Peterson won . 1977 saw Italian - American Mario Andretti win in a Lotus ; but the next year 's race was to add another page of tragedy to Monza 's history . Peterson had re-joined Lotus at the beginning of the 1978 season and had challenged his teammate Andretti all the way . Peterson had crashed his car in practice , and had to use Andretti 's spare car , not a comfortable fit for the tall Swede , in contrast to the diminutive American . As the race started , there was a huge , fiery multi-car pile - up on the approach to the first corner . One of the victims was Peterson ; his car slammed head - on into the Armco barriers and had caught fire . Instead of the ill - equipped marshals , Briton James Hunt , with the help of Frenchman Patrick Depailler and Regazzoni ran towards Peterson 's aid and pulled him out of the burning Lotus . Peterson suffered severe leg injuries , and he died from embolism complications a day later . With Peterson 's retirement from the race , Andretti won the Drivers ' Championship . The race itself was an interesting one ; during the parade lap South African Jody Scheckter lost a wheel from his Wolf at the second Lesmo curve and hit an Armco barrier right next to the track . Andretti , Hunt , Lauda , Fittipaldi and Reutemann went to inspect the damage , and they refused to start until it had been repaired ; and it was repaired in time ; although the race started well after it was supposed to . The cars were shown the green light while the back half of the field was still in motion ( this often happened at Monza and it had happened during the first start ) ; and due to the visible excitement of the start official Andretti and Canadian Gilles Villeneuve jumped the start and were penalized a minute ; Lauda went on to take victory in his Alfa - powered Brabham in a shortened race distance ; it was getting dark by the time the checkered flag was shown to the Austrian driver . 1979 saw changes to Monza , run off areas were added to the Curva Grande and Lesmo corners and the track was upgraded . Scheckter , now driving for Ferrari , won the race and the Drivers ' Championship . Imola 1980 and Monza 's further redevelopments ( edit ) In 1979 , it was announced that the Autodromo Dino Ferrari , also known as Imola , would host the Italian Grand Prix for 1980 while Monza underwent a major upgrade , including building a new pit complex . The Imola circuit had been used for a non-championship event in 1979 , and this running of the Italian GP was won by Nelson Piquet . The podium ceremony at the 1995 GP The Italian Grand Prix returned to Monza for 1981 , and it has stayed there ever since . The Imola circuit was not to leave Formula One , it hosted the San Marino Grand Prix from 1981 to 2006 . The 1981 Italian Grand Prix was won by rising star Alain Prost , and that race saw Briton John Watson have a huge accident at the second Lesmo Curve which also took out Italian Michele Alboreto . Watson was uninjured in his carbon - fibre McLaren. 1982 was won by Prost 's teammate Rene Arnoux ; and Prost also won the exciting 1985 event , this time driving a McLaren . Prost 's championship rivals Alboreto ( now driving a Ferrari ) and Finn Keke Rosberg in a Williams both retired . 1988 saw a memorable win ; as McLaren had won every race up to the Italian Grand Prix ; Prost had gone out with engine problems and his teammate Ayrton Senna had crashed into a backmarker with two laps to go - and Austrian Gerhard Berger in a Ferrari took victory , followed by Alboreto to make it a Ferrari 1 - 2 . This was particularly memorable because Enzo Ferrari had died a month before this event . 1989 saw Prost win after the Honda engine in Senna 's McLaren expired ; but Senna took victory the following year . 1991 saw a battle between Senna and the two Williams drivers of Nigel Mansell and Riccardo Patrese . Mansell won , Senna finished 2nd and Patrese went out with gearbox problems . Senna won again in 1992 , and 1993 saw Williams drivers Alain Prost and Damon Hill battle hard , and while leading , Prost 's engine failed and Hill went on to take victory . In response to the Imola tragedies in 1994 , the second Lesmo curve was slowed down . 1996 saw Michael Schumacher win for Ferrari , and 1999 saw championship leader Mika Hakkinen crash and the Finn , false to temperament , went behind a few bushes in the circuit and broke down crying . 2000 saw further changes to the circuit , which have stayed since . The Variante Rettifilo was made into a two corner sequence instead of a three corner sequence . The race that year started off tragically , as an accident during the start at the Variante della Roggia resulted in a marshal being struck in the head and chest by a loose wheel from German Heinz - Harald Frentzen 's Jordan . 33 - year - old Paolo Gislimberti was given a heart massage at the scene , but later died from his injuries . On a more positive note , the decade also started off with a romp of Ferrari victories , winning in 2000 and 2002 - 2004 . The 2004 race saw the fastest ever qualifying lap , set by Juan Pablo Montoya in a Williams at 262.242 km / h . The fans ' invasion at the end of 2011 GP After winning the 2006 Italian Grand Prix , Michael Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1 racing at the end of the 2006 season . Kimi Räikkönen replaced him at Ferrari from the start of the 2007 season . At the 2008 Italian Grand Prix , Sebastian Vettel became the youngest driver in history to win a Formula One Grand Prix . Aged 21 years and 74 days , Vettel broke the record set by Fernando Alonso at the 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix by 317 days as he won in wet conditions at Monza . Vettel led for the majority of the Grand Prix and crossed the finish line 12.5 seconds ahead of McLaren 's Heikki Kovalainen . Earlier in the weekend , he had already become the youngest polesitter , after setting the fastest times in both Q2 and Q3 qualifying stages . His win also gave him the record of youngest podium - finisher . Vettel also won in 2011 , after a spectacular pass at the Curva Grande , passing Fernando Alonso on the outside of the big , long curve . Uncertainty grew over the fact that Monza would continue to host the race as Rome had signed a deal to host Formula One from 2012 . On 18 March 2010 however , Bernie Ecclestone and the Monza track managers signed a deal which meant that the race will be held there until at least 2016 . A total of twelve Italian drivers have won the Italian Grand Prix ; ten before World War II and three when it was part of the Formula One world championship . Alberto Ascari won the race three times ( once before Formula One and twice during the Formula One championship ) . Elio de Angelis and Riccardo Patrese both won the San Marino Grand Prix in 1985 and 1990 , which was held not in the small principlaity , but at Imola near Bologna in Italy . Michael Schumacher has won it five times and both Nelson Piquet and Lewis Hamilton have won it four times . Ferrari have won their home Grand Prix 19 times . Sponsors ( edit ) 1988 -- 1991 : Coca - Cola Gran Premio d'Italia 1992 -- 1996 : Pioneer Gran Premio d'Italia 1997 -- 2001 : Gran Premio Campari d'Italia 2002 -- 2006 : Gran Premio Vodafone d'Italia 2007 -- 2012 : Gran Premio Santander d'Italia 2016 -- 2017 : Gran Premio Heineken d'Italia Winners of the Italian Grand Prix ( edit ) Multiple winners ( drivers ) ( edit ) Embolded drivers are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season . A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship . A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship . Number of wins Driver Years 5 Michael Schumacher 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 Nelson Piquet 1980 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 Lewis Hamilton 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Tazio Nuvolari 1931 , 1932 , 1938 Alberto Ascari 1949 , 1951 , 1952 Juan Manuel Fangio 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Stirling Moss 1956 , 1957 , 1959 Ronnie Peterson 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Alain Prost 1981 , 1985 , 1989 Rubens Barrichello 2002 , 2004 , 2009 Sebastian Vettel 2008 , 2011 , 2013 Luigi Fagioli 1933 , 1934 Rudolf Caracciola 1934 , 1937 Phil Hill 1960 , 1961 John Surtees 1964 , 1967 Jackie Stewart 1965 , 1969 Clay Regazzoni 1970 , 1975 Niki Lauda 1978 , 1984 Ayrton Senna 1990 , 1992 Damon Hill 1993 , 1994 Juan Pablo Montoya 2001 , 2005 Fernando Alonso 2007 , 2010 Multiple winners ( Constructors ) ( edit ) Embolded teams are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season . A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship . A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Grand Prix Championship . # of wins Constructor Years won 19 Ferrari 1949 , 1951 , 1952 , 1960 , 1961 , 1964 , 1966 , 1970 , 1975 , 1979 , 1988 , 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 10 McLaren 1968 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 , 2005 , 2007 , 2012 8 Alfa Romeo 1924 , 1925 , 1931 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1950 Mercedes 1934 , 1937 , 1954 , 1955 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 6 Williams 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 2001 5 Lotus 1963 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 Auto Union 1935 , 1936 , 1938 BRM 1962 , 1965 , 1971 Brabham 1978 , 1980 , 1983 Fiat 1922 , 1923 Bugatti 1926 , 1928 Maserati 1953 , 1956 Vanwall 1957 , 1958 Renault 1981 , 1982 Red Bull 2011 , 2013 Year by year ( edit ) Imola used in 1980 Monza ( albeit some changes ) used in 1976 -- 1999 Monza ( with re-profiling of the Variante Ascari ) used in 1972 -- 1975 Monza used from 1957 -- 1959 and 1962 -- 1971 The combined Monza circuit , used in 1955 -- 1956 and 1960 -- 1961 Monza used in 1950 -- 1954 Monza used in 1935 -- 1937 Monza used in 1922 -- 1933 A map of all the locations of the Italian Grand Prix . A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship . A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship . Year Driver Constructor Location Report 2017 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Monza Road Circuit Report 2016 Nico Rosberg Mercedes Report 2015 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2014 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Report 2013 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report 2012 Lewis Hamilton McLaren - Mercedes Report 2011 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull - Renault Report Fernando Alonso Ferrari Report 2009 Rubens Barrichello Brawn - Mercedes Report 2008 Sebastian Vettel Toro Rosso - Ferrari Report 2007 Fernando Alonso McLaren - Mercedes Report 2006 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 2005 Juan Pablo Montoya McLaren - Mercedes Report Rubens Barrichello Ferrari Report 2003 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 2002 Rubens Barrichello Ferrari Report 2001 Juan Pablo Montoya Williams - BMW Report 2000 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 1999 Heinz - Harald Frentzen Jordan - Mugen - Honda Report 1998 Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 1997 David Coulthard McLaren - Mercedes Report Michael Schumacher Ferrari Report 1995 Johnny Herbert Benetton - Renault Report 1994 Damon Hill Williams - Renault Report 1993 Damon Hill Williams - Renault Report 1992 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda Report 1991 Nigel Mansell Williams - Renault Report 1990 Ayrton Senna McLaren - Honda Report 1989 Alain Prost McLaren - Honda Report 1988 Gerhard Berger Ferrari Report Nelson Piquet Williams - Honda Report 1986 Nelson Piquet Williams - Honda Report 1985 Alain Prost McLaren - TAG Report 1984 Niki Lauda McLaren - TAG Report Nelson Piquet Brabham - BMW Report 1982 René Arnoux Renault Report 1981 Alain Prost Renault Report 1980 Nelson Piquet Brabham - Ford Imola Report 1979 Jody Scheckter Ferrari Monza Road Circuit Report 1978 Niki Lauda Brabham - Alfa Romeo Report 1977 Mario Andretti Lotus - Ford Report 1976 Ronnie Peterson March - Ford Report Clay Regazzoni Ferrari Report Ronnie Peterson Lotus - Ford Report 1973 Ronnie Peterson Lotus - Ford Report 1972 Emerson Fittipaldi Lotus - Ford Report 1971 Peter Gethin BRM Report 1970 Clay Regazzoni Ferrari Report 1969 Jackie Stewart Matra - Ford Report 1968 Denny Hulme McLaren - Ford Report 1967 John Surtees Honda Report 1966 Ludovico Scarfiotti Ferrari Report 1965 Jackie Stewart BRM Report 1964 John Surtees Ferrari Report 1963 Jim Clark Lotus - Climax Report 1962 Graham Hill BRM Report 1961 Phil Hill Ferrari Monza Full Circuit Report 1960 Phil Hill Ferrari Report 1959 Stirling Moss Cooper - Climax Monza Road Circuit Report 1958 Tony Brooks Vanwall Report 1957 Stirling Moss Vanwall Report 1956 Stirling Moss Maserati Monza Full Circuit Report 1955 Juan Manuel Fangio Mercedes Report 1954 Juan Manuel Fangio Mercedes Monza Road Circuit Report 1953 Juan Manuel Fangio Maserati Report 1952 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Report 1951 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Report 1950 Giuseppe Farina Alfa Romeo Report 1949 Alberto Ascari Ferrari Monza Road Circuit Report 1948 Jean - Pierre Wimille Alfa Romeo Valentino Park Report 1947 Carlo Felice Trossi Alfa Romeo Milan Report 1946 -- 1939 Not held 1938 Tazio Nuvolari Auto Union Monza Florio Circuit Report 1937 Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes - Benz Livorno Report 1936 Bernd Rosemeyer Auto Union Monza Florio Circuit Report 1935 Hans Stuck Auto Union Report 1934 Luigi Fagioli Rudolf Caracciola Mercedes - Benz Monza Florio Circuit Report 1933 Luigi Fagioli Alfa Romeo Monza Full Circuit Report 1932 Tazio Nuvolari Alfa Romeo Monza Full Circuit Report 1931 Giuseppe Campari Tazio Nuvolari Alfa Romeo Report 1930 -- 1929 Not held 1928 Louis Chiron Bugatti Monza Full Circuit Report 1927 Robert Benoist Delage Report 1926 Louis Charavel Bugatti Report 1925 Gastone Brilli - Peri Alfa Romeo Report 1924 Antonio Ascari Alfa Romeo Report 1923 Carlo Salamano Fiat Report 1922 Pietro Bordino Fiat Report 1921 Jules Goux Ballot Brescia Report References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colin Goodwin . The Racing Driver 's Pocket -- Book . p. 9 . ISBN 9781844861347 . Jump up ^ `` The 1933 Monza Grand Prix '' . grandprix.com . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monza to keep Formula 1 's Italian Grand Prix '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heineken announces global partnership with Formula One Management '' . Formula1.com . Formula One World Championship Ltd. 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Italian Grand Prix . Official Website of the Italian Formula One Grand Prix ( hide ) Formula One Grands Prix 2018 season Australian Bahrain Chinese Azerbaijan Spanish Monaco Canadian French Austrian British German Hungarian Belgian Italian Singapore Russian Japanese United States Mexican Brazilian Abu Dhabi Former Argentine Caesars Palace Dallas Detroit Dutch European Indian Indianapolis 500 Korean Luxembourg Malaysian Moroccan Pacific Pescara Portuguese San Marino South African Swedish Swiss Turkish United States West Proposed America Coordinates : 45 ° 37 ′ 01 '' N 9 ° 16 ′ 57 '' E  /  45.61694 ° N 9.28250 ° E  / 45.61694 ; 9.28250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Grand_Prix&oldid=818645056 '' Categories : Italian Grand Prix Formula One Grands Prix National Grands Prix Sport in Monza Recurring sporting events established in 1921 1921 establishments in Italy Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Italian - language text Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 19 : 24 . 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Lab Rats : Elite Force

lab rats : elite force

Lab Rats : Elite Force Genre Comedy Created by Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore Based on Characters created by Andy Schwartz & Jim Bernstein Starring William Brent Bradley Steven Perry Jake Short Paris Berelc Kelli Berglund Theme music composer Niclas Molinder Joacim Persson Johan Alkenäs Composer ( s ) Bert Selen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 15 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore Producer ( s ) Ken Blankstein Cinematography Scott Winig Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Britelite Productions It 's a Laugh Productions Release Original network Disney XD Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release March 2 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) -- October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) Chronology Related shows Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) External links Website Lab Rats : Elite Force is an American comedy television series created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore that aired on Disney XD from March 2 to October 22 , 2016 . The series is a combined spinoff of Lab Rats and Mighty Med and stars William Brent , Bradley Steven Perry , Jake Short , Paris Berelc , and Kelli Berglund . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Notable guest stars 3 Production 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 Episodes 7 Ratings 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Davenport has come up with a plan to form an elite team of bionic heroes and superheroes to fight a common threat from their headquarters in Centium City . He puts his plan into action after villains have destroyed Mighty Med Hospital . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Lab Rats characters and List of Mighty Med characters Main ( edit ) William Brent as Chase Bradley Steven Perry as Kaz Jake Short as Oliver Paris Berelc as Skylar Kelli Berglund as Bree Notable guest stars ( edit ) Hal Sparks as Davenport Booboo Stewart as Roman Ryan Potter as Riker Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas Johnathan McClain as Tony Maile Flanagan as Perry Brandon Salgado - Telis as Bob Angel Parker as Tasha Production ( edit ) Lab Rats : Elite Force is created by Chris Peterson and Bryan Moore , the duo who created Lab Rats . It is produced by Britelite Productions and It 's a Laugh Productions for Disney XD . On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Lab Rats and Mighty Med would have a joint spinoff series called Lab Rats : Elite Force . Only William Brent , formerly credited as Billy Unger , and Kelli Berglund from Lab Rats and Bradley Steven Perry , Jake Short , and Paris Berelc from Mighty Med were announced as returning for the new spinoff series . Production on the series began in October 2015 . It was subsequently announced that Lab Rats : Elite Force would premiere on Disney XD broadcast services on March 2 , 2016 , and will be available for earlier viewing on the channel 's video - on - demand services on February 29 , 2016 . In October 2016 , actress Kelli Berglund reported on Twitter that there would not be a second season of Lab Rats : Elite Force . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Canada on Disney XD on March 2 , 2016 , and on Disney Channel on March 6 , 2016 . On October 13 , 2016 , series co-creator Bryan Moore posted on Twitter that there would be a Lab Rats marathon followed by the finale of Lab Rats : Elite Force , `` The Attack '' , which aired on October 22 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series four out of five stars . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Lab Rats episodes and List of Mighty Med episodes No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Rise of Five '' Guy Distad Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 101 0.52 Following the events of the Lab Rats series finale , Davenport introduces Chase and Bree to their new team 's headquarters and teammates , Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar , in Centium City , who together form the Elite Force . Kaz immediately wants to find the people who recently destroyed Mighty Med , while the others want to come up with a plan first . A mysterious box then breaks through the window , which contains a flash drive that shows a video of the people responsible for the destruction of Mighty Med , who declare that Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar will be eliminated as well as anyone else who protects them . Kaz runs off to find the culprits and meets them in an alley , but he is surprised to find out that they are shapeshifters Roman and Riker , the sons of a former superhero named Rodissius , whose superpowers Kaz and Oliver had earlier taken away in order to save his life . As such , Roman and Riker want to eliminate Kaz and Oliver to get revenge . A confrontation between them and the Elite Force ensues , but the Elite Force is eventually knocked out cold and Roman and Riker take Skylar away . The rest of the team later locates Skylar , Roman , and Riker , and Oliver freezes the cloud that Roman and Riker form with his cryo blast ; however , as the Elite Force celebrates with a team selfie , Roman and Riker escape . Special guest star : Hal Sparks as Davenport Guest stars : Booboo Stewart as Roman , Ryan Potter as Riker `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Guy Distad Mark Brazill March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 102 0.64 Oliver works to master his superpowers after being outshined by Kaz during superhero training . Meanwhile , when Bree says Skylar is like a sister to her , they work out their new sisterhood . Later , Kaz discovers a new superpower which enables him to shoot fire out of his mouth , which impresses Chase and Davenport ; however , Oliver feels intimidated as he is still struggling with controlling his new superpowers . Meanwhile , Bree is having trouble bonding with Skylar as a sister because on her planet all girls are like brothers and roughhouse with their siblings as a way of having fun and showing love to them . Later , Oliver discovers a new superpower that he calls cyclone fingers , but when he shows Davenport his new superpower , things go awry and he knocks him off his feet and Davenport is sent flying in the air , going over the terrace railing . Rather than plummeting to the ground below , Davenport is able to hang off a bust of his head on the side of the skyscraper . Oliver goes to save him , while Chase and Kaz watch him with no backup plan . Still not in complete control of his ability to fly , Oliver crash lands and also hangs from Davenport 's bust , but he eventually saves Davenport . Later , Skylar and Bree finally form a bond . Special guest star : Hal Sparks as Davenport `` Power Play '' Guy Distad Andy Schwartz March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 103 0.58 Oliver has always had a major crush on Skylar , and now that he has superpowers , she does not like it because she has lost her superpowers . Chase decides to come up with a solution to give Skylar her superpowers back , but he must inject coal into her body , her one weakness . Oliver gets jealous because he wants to be the one to give Skylar her superpowers back , so Chase decides to let him take the credit despite being reluctant to it . After injecting the cure , Skylar starts to become weak and ill from the coal , coughing up vapor that can kill everyone in the building . However , Skylar pulls through and gets her superpowers back and learns that the illness was just a side effect . Meanwhile , Kaz goes behind Bree 's back and agrees to babysit Mrs. Ramsey 's pig ; however , this is all just a scheme for the woman impersonating their neighbor to rob the penthouse . Later , the pig outsmarts both Kaz and Bree and locks them out on the balcony , while Kaz and Bree watch Mrs. Ramsey steal everything without being able to do anything shortly thereafter until Kaz notices an open window above them and flies back into the penthouse . Chase , Oliver , and Skylar come upstairs and Skylar stops Mrs. Ramsey with her newly restored superpowers . Guest star : Patrika Darbo as Mrs. Ramsey `` The Superhero Code '' Victor Gonzalez Julia Miranda March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 106 0.44 When Kaz 's little brother Kyle visits , Kaz becomes jealous that Kyle seems to like Chase more than him , and Kaz can not reveal his identity as a superhero due to the superhero code . Chase 's controlling attitude gets on Kaz 's nerves and he and Kyle explore the unauthorized areas of the base . However , Kyle ends up trapped after messing with the mainframe computer and Chase attempts to get him out of the cage , but he is knocked out by a shock from the cage . Kaz is forced to reveal his superhero identity and uses his firepower to break the cage open . As Kaz is about to reveal the truth , Kyle thinks they made Kaz bionic , with which he goes along . Oliver and Skylar agree they will also have to pass themselves off as bionic in public so that they can use their superpowers freely . Guest star : Tristan DeVan as Kyle 5 `` Need for Speed '' Victor Gonzalez Greg Schaffer March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 104 0.50 Douglas comes to see the team and wants to start making the mission suits for them . Chase initially competes with Douglas to make the mission suits for the team and Chase and Kaz work together to make their version of mission suits while Oliver and Douglas work together to make their version of the mission suits . When Kaz and Oliver test out their mission suits , they fail to catch a fly , which proves their suits ' impracticality . Later , Chase and Douglas decide to put their differences aside and work together to make the best mission suits for the team . Meanwhile , Bree is filming a shoe commercial and she and Skylar compete in a super speed race . However , the shoe commercial is not successful as Skylar and Bree end up sabotaging each other in the race . Guest stars : Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas , Johnathan McClain as Tony 6 `` Follow the Leader '' Guy Distad Ken Blankstein April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 105 0.58 After Chase is left behind during a mission because Perry shot out the controls of the hyperlift , Skylar steps in as mission leader ; however , this makes Chase jealous , and on the next mission , when Skylar is downstairs with Perry , Chase disables the hyperlift . Perry helps Skylar out of headquarters and to the mission site through the underground tunnels that Perry used to break into headquarters . At the mission site , one of the tunnels becomes unstable and almost collapses on Skylar and Perry , but Chase pushes them out of the way ; however , it traps them in the process . Perry tells Skylar that Chase disabled the hyperlift before the mission so that he could be mission leader again , and Chase later admits that he feared losing the respect of the entire team . On the other side of the rubble , Kaz manages to make a stable tunnel to where Chase , Skylar , and Perry are trapped and rescues them . Later , when Skylar is asked by the rest of the team as to why she missed the mission , she tells them that the hyperlift malfunctioned again . When Chase asks why she did not say anything about the incident , she explains it is the exact same way she felt when she lost her superpowers and that she would not wish that to happen to anyone . Perry uses this opportunity to blackmail Chase into getting her a penthouse next to theirs . Guest star : Maile Flanagan as Perry 7 `` The List '' Victor Gonzalez Kenny Byerly April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) 107 0.62 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The team receives a box from Davenport with all the gadgets they used back at Mission Creek . Later , Chase hosts a team meeting and compiles a list of all the superheroes from Mighty Med and warns them that they are being hunted , including Crossbow , Skylar 's mentor and first friend . Skylar wants to see Crossbow again , but Chase says it is not safe ; however , Skylar is worried that Crossbow did not get the message and she and Oliver set out to find her . When they leave , it is discovered that Roman and Riker had been eavesdropping on them . As soon as they start to leave after finding and warning Crossbow , Roman shows up and attacks Crossbow . At headquarters , when Bree talks about the dolls that Kaz was playing with earlier , Kaz does not remember due to the fact that he is Riker is disguise , who is looking for the list . At the park , Oliver tries to attack Roman , but he is easily defeated ; then Skylar attacks him , but she is defeated as well . As Roman tries to walk away with Crossbow , Riker shows up and informs him that the other superheroes know of their presence . Chase and Bree follow Riker to the park and Roman and Riker try to form their swarm which fails . Bree informs Roman that Riker is locked in a freezer , causing Roman to make a deal , to which Skylar agrees and Bree brings back Riker ; however , when Roman tosses the list to Riker , Crossbow destroys it and is defeated in the process . Skylar becomes upset and attacks Roman and Riker and defeats them , forcing them to retreat . Later , Kaz and Oliver are able to revive Crossbow by putting her gloves on inside out as they are powered by horologian pearls , just like the self - regeneration paddles at Mighty Med . Guest stars : Booboo Stewart as Roman , Ryan Potter as Riker , Eric Steinberg as Rodissius , Pepi Sonuga as Crossbow 8 `` Coming Through in the Clutch '' Hal Sparks Jason Dorris July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 109 0.44 When Oliver 's hero Clutch is in town , he gets excited and wants to meet him at the Olympics Sendoff Celebration at the park . Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar go to meet Clutch while Chase and Bree go to a mini-Olympics competition for children , where they run into Bob . Later , when Clutch arrives , he shows off his skills , impressing Oliver ; however , things go wrong when Oliver asks Kaz to hold his sign and Clutch notices Kaz instead and asks Kaz to be his spotter . Clutch attempts to lift 1,000 pounds , but he quickly starts struggling ; when Oliver attempts to help , he drops the weight on Clutch 's foot . Later , Oliver feels sorry for hurting his hero and Skylar runs to the hospital and abducts Clutch and brings him back to the penthouse . After a pep talk from Skylar , Kaz and Oliver are able to heal Clutch 's foot . Meanwhile , Bree has found a child named Zoe who was originally going to compete in the competition with her dad ; however , something had come up and Bree decides to become her new coach , though her plan is also to use her bionics . When Chase sees that Zoe is winning , he cheats and uses his bionics to hold Zoe back , so Bree uses her bionics and pushes Bob back . Chase and Bree start fighting while Bob and Zoe run to the finish line . Guest stars : Brandon Salgado - Telis as Bob , Justin Lopez as Clutch , Sanai Victoria as Zoe 9 `` The Intruder '' Jody Margolin Hahn Ken Blankstein September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) 112 0.41 A ten - year - old computer genius boy manages to break into the penthouse , so Chase improves the security system by installing retina scanners , but the boy manages to get back in after hacking Chase 's bionic chip and having him disable the security system . Meanwhile , the others are having a boys versus girls contest to determine who can go longer without using bionics or superpowers . Bree uses her super speed when Oliver lies and says he sees Harry Styles from One Direction in front of their building . In retaliation , Bree asks to borrow Oliver 's phone and throws it off from the terrace , forcing him to fly and go after it . Bree tries the same trick with Kaz 's valuables , but he resists using his superpowers . Meanwhile , Chase 's magnetism app glitches because of what AJ did and every metal object starts flying toward Chase . As a result , Kaz and Skylar have to put the contest on hold to help Chase . AJ then realizes that Chase 's capsule can reset his operating system and fix the glitch , and Oliver and Bree quickly bring down his capsule . With Chase rescued , the contest is back on and Bree manages to trick Kaz into using his superpowers by using her cyber cloak to pretend to be Oliver ; as a result , the girls win the contest . Guest stars : Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas , Elisha Henig as AJ 10 `` The Rock '' Hal Sparks Mark Brazill September 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) 114 0.46 AJ reveals that he knows that Kaz , Oliver , and Skylar are superheroes and compiles a list of the team 's usefulness , causing hurt feelings with Chase and Bree . Meanwhile , Oliver discovers that Kaz has been keeping the Arcturion in storage , though he was not aware of it , and Chase tells Kaz and Oliver to take the Arcturion to Facility Y , which is one of Davenport 's secure storage locations . However , they later discover it is missing and suspect AJ . Chase kicks AJ out of the penthouse in anger , but the team later realizes that Bree had taken it because she was jealous of the others . Meanwhile , Bree plans on touching the Arcturion to get more powers , but Skylar blasts the Arcturion before Bree can grab it as direct contact with it can prove fatal ; however , the blast redirects and hits Bree . Later , Chase is determined to raise his rank and builds a hoverbike with AJ in order to get to missions faster ; however , when the bike goes missing and it is discovered that AJ has taken it , Chase , Kaz , and Oliver go to his rescue . Meanwhile , Bree grows weak from the Arcturion 's blast and Skylar is forced to touch the Arcturion to redirect its healing energy into Bree , with her superpowers protecting her ; however , it comes at the cost of Skylar losing a few of her superpowers . Since Bree made indirect contact with the Arcturion , she gains new superpowers known as thermo touch and proton ring generation . Guest star : Elisha Henig as AJ 11 `` Home Sweet Home '' Victor Gonzalez Greg Schaffer and Andy Schwartz September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 110 -- 111 0.54 When Skylar 's friend Scarlett from Caldera visits , she attempts to convince Skylar to come back to Caldera , but when she refuses , Scarlett kidnaps her and takes her to Caldera and imprisons her . Scarlett reveals that Caldera is having a civil war with the old government , who wants to help others , and the opposition , who wants to help themselves . Scarlett is part of the opposition . Bree and Oliver find out about Skylar and head to Caldera to rescue her , where Bree reveals her new superpowers to Oliver when they are attacked by Scarlett . Oliver and Bree find Skylar , but are also imprisoned with Skylar . Scarlett threatens to keep Oliver and Bree locked up unless Skylar joins her . Skylar agrees and is stripped of her ability to travel to Earth . Later , Bree is able to send an email to Chase and Kaz for help . Meanwhile , Chase creates a robotic girlfriend named Sabrina , but she falls in love with Kaz . Chase creates multiple girlfriends , but they all also fall in love with Kaz . When Chase and Kaz get Bree 's message , they head for Caldera . After Oliver and Bree are releases , Oliver refuses to leave Skylar , but is attacked by Scarlett , who imprisons him as well as Skylar and Bree in a metal cage hovering over lava . Chase and Kaz arrive , where Bree reveals her superpowers to them when she uses them to defeat Scarlett . Scarlett attempts to kill the group , but falls to her death trying to do so . Later , Skylar is depressed over Caldera 's civil war , but Bree tells her that Earth is her home . Meanwhile , Chase and Kaz play a prank on Oliver , using the robotic girls . Guest stars : Angeline Appel as Christina , Alexxis Lemire as Scarlett Double , Melissa Christine as Skylar Double Note : This is a double - length special episode . 12 `` Sheep - Shifting '' Bradley Steven Perry Maxwell Theodore Vivian October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 115 0.41 Chase attempts to learn more about Roman and Riker 's shapeshifting abilities by developing a potion . While Chase is not around , Kaz drinks the potion to test it out on himself and gains shapeshifting abilities . While demonstrating his abilities to Oliver and Skylar , Kaz turns himself into a sheep , but is unable to revert to his human appearance . Chase discovers that Kaz drank the potion and explains that when he became a sheep , he also took on its mental capacity , preventing him from knowing how to change back . The effects of the potion eventually wear off and Kaz returns to his former self . Meanwhile , Perry reveals to Bree that she starred on a television series when she was a child and that a cast or crew member has died on every Halloween since the series ended and she is the last surviving member and fears for her life , so she has Bree protect her . Guest star : Maile Flanagan as Perry 13 `` Game of Drones '' Guy Distad Mark Brazill October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 108 0.34 Oliver becomes jealous when Kaz begins spending time with Chase to build a drone for a drone race . Chase agrees to implement Kaz 's unusual ideas into the drone design , but reveals to Oliver that he plans to remove the designs before the competition to increase the chances of winning . After Oliver tells Kaz about Chase 's plans , he and Kaz decide to take one of Davenport 's drones and enter it in the competition against Chase . At the competition , Chase tells Kaz and Oliver that the drone they activated is an attack drone designed to destroy any threat it senses . Chase also reveals that he had chosen to leave Kaz 's design ideas intact . Meanwhile , Perry reveals that she comes from a family of circus people and that the women in her family were skilled tightrope walkers . Perry , feeling the need to achieve an accomplishment of her own , decides to tightrope walk between two skyscrapers , which makes Bree nervous for Perry 's safety . Later , Perry unfortunately slips from the tightrope after the attack drone flies past her , though she manages to grab onto the rope before falling . The attack drone targets Perry , who destroys it with her umbrella . Guest star : Maile Flanagan as Perry 14 `` They Grow Up So Fast '' Paul Hoen Julia Miranda October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 113 0.27 Chase becomes obsessed with developing an age - reversal device after Kaz uses a mobile phone app to show him a picture of what he will look like when he is older . Meanwhile , Tasha brings her baby daughter Naomi to visit the Elite Force . Naomi cries whenever she is held by Bree , who becomes jealous when she sees that Naomi likes being held by Skylar . Tasha says she has had little free time since Naomi was born and asks the team if they will watch the baby for a while . Despite that she is not well - liked by Naomi , Bree insists on taking care of the baby to show Tasha that she can be trusted . While Bree is distracted by cleaning baby food off of her shirt , Naomi wanders away and finds the mission command center , where she uses Chase 's anti-aging device ; however , the device is not finished and instead ages Naomi to a 16 - year - old . Tasha returns and meets the older Naomi , who Skylar and Bree say is actually a friend of theirs . When Chase is unable to turn Naomi back into a baby , Bree realizes she must confess to Tasha . As Bree is about to tell Tasha , Chase realizes how to turn Naomi back and successfully does so without Tasha finding out what happened . Guest stars : Angel Parker as Tasha , Camille Hyde as Naomi 15 `` The Attack '' William Brent Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 116 0.55 The Elite Force is surprised to see that Chase now has a girlfriend named Reese , who he just met at a library . They later learn that Roman and Riker are using their shapeshifting abilities to terrorize the city . Later , power goes out all over the city , and the Elite Force goes out to stop Roman and Riker . Reese is left at the penthouse with Douglas , and Perry comes to be with Douglas as she is afraid of the chaos outside . Douglas leaves to activate the skyscraper 's emergency generator , while Perry insists on her and Reese giving each other makeovers . The Elite Force arrives on the city streets to battle Roman and Riker , but they realize that they are actually up against a lot of shapeshifters . Rodissius arrives and reveals that the shapeshifters are his children , who are avenging him and the loss of his powers by attacking the city . Rodissius reveals that Reese is one of his children and that his plan is for her to obtain the superhero list from the mission command center while it is unprotected . After learning that Reese was just using Chase , Bree becomes upset and uses a new superhero ability to attack Rodissius . While Reese is obtaining the superhero list at the mission command center , Douglas comes in , where he is attacked by her . Reese escapes with the superhero list and then rescues her father . Perry and the Elite Force find Douglas badly injured and discover that communications have been blocked , preventing them from warning the superheroes of Rodissius ' plan , so Chase declares war against Rodissius and his children . Guest stars : Maile Flanagan as Perry , Jeremy Kent Jackson as Douglas , Eric Steinberg as Rodissius , Fivel Stewart as Reese Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 15 March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 0.52 October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 0.55 0.49 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : William Brent and Bradley Steven Perry are given equal billing as lead actors in the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD Greenlights Lab Rats and Mighty Med Spinoff Series '' . Variety . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD 's New Spinoff Series Lab Rats : Elite Force Premieres Wednesday , March 2 , 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Disney XD . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Jennifer Maldonado ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Kelli Berglund Confirms Lab Rats : Elite Force Is Ending '' . M Magazine . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corina Galdamez ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Lab Rats : Elite Force : Fact Sheet '' . Disney XD . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lab Rats : Elite Force , a Spinoff of Popular Comedy Series Lab Rats and Mighty Med , Premieres Wednesday , March 2 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Moore ( @ MooreBryan ) ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Next week get ready for the ultimate # LabRats marathon ! And it all leads up to the finale of # LabRatsEliteForce ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Emily Ashby . `` Lab Rats : Elite Force TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lab Rats : Elite Force Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Lab Rats : Elite Force '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ From the United States Copyright Office catalog : `` Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) - Basic Search ( search : `` Disney Lab Rats : Elite Force '' ) `` . United States Copyright Office . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lab Rats : Elite Force on IMDb Disney XD original programming Current Avengers Assemble ( since 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! 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( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lab_Rats:_Elite_Force&oldid=856213333 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 American television series endings Disney XD shows Television series by Disney Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Română Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 17 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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where does the last name vigil come from

Vigil ( Vee - HILL ) is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include :

Vigil ( surname )

vigil ( surname )

Vigil ( Vee - HILL ) is a Spanish surname . Notable people with the surname include :

Constancio C. Vigil ( 1876 -- 1954 ) , Uruguayan - Argentine writer and prominent publisher Olga Vigil ( born 1970 ) , Cuban basketball player Robert Vigil ( born 1953 ) , American state treasurer Sergio Vigil ( born 1965 ) , Argentine field hockey player and coach Tim Vigil , American comics artist Surname list This page lists people with the surname Vigil . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vigil_(surname)&oldid=821246312 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 07 : 45 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigil%20%28surname%29

who has laid in state at the capitol

1852 -- Henry Clay , long - serving Senator and Representative , Secretary of State , Speaker of the House , and three - time presidential candidate 1865 -- President Abraham Lincoln , assassinated in office 1868 -- Thaddeus Stevens , Representative from Pennsylvania 1874 -- Charles Sumner , Senator from Massachusetts 1875 -- Vice President Henry Wilson , served under Grant , died in office 1881 -- President James Garfield , assassinated in office 1886 -- John A. Logan , Senator from Illinois 1901 -- President William McKinley , assassinated while in office 1909 -- Pierre L'Enfant -- although he died in 1825 , his remains were disinterred ; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery 1917 -- Admiral George Dewey , Admiral of the Navy 1921 -- The Unknown Soldier for World War I 1923 -- President Warren Harding , died in office 1930 -- President William Howard Taft , President 1909 -- 13 , also Chief Justice 1921 -- 30 1948 -- John J. Pershing , General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after 1953 -- Robert A. Taft , U.S. Senator and Majority Leader 1958 -- The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War 1963 -- President John F. Kennedy , assassinated in office 1964 -- General Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army 1964 -- President Herbert Hoover , serving 1929 -- 33 1969 -- President Dwight Eisenhower , President 1953 -- 1961 , Supreme Allied Commander during World War II 1969 -- Everett Dirksen , Illinois Senator , Senate Minority Leader 1959 -- 1969 1972 -- J. Edgar Hoover , FBI Director 1929 -- 1972 1973 -- President Lyndon B. Johnson , President 1963 -- 1969 1978 -- Hubert Humphrey , Vice President 1965 -- 1969 , Minnesota Senator 1984 -- The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( later identified as 1st . Lt. Michael J. Blassie ) 1989 -- Claude Pepper , long - serving Senator and Representative 2004 -- President Ronald Reagan , President 1981 -- 1989 2006 -- 07 -- President Gerald Ford , President 1974 -- 1977 2012 -- Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate , Senator from Hawaii , and recipient of the Medal of Honor

Lying in state

lying in state

Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building , either outside or inside a coffin , to allow the public to pay their respects . It traditionally takes place in the principal government building of a country , state , or city . While the practice differs among countries , a viewing in a location other than the principal government building may be referred to as lying in repose .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Canada 2 North Korea 3 Russia 4 Singapore 5 South Africa 6 United Kingdom 7 United States 8 Vatican City 9 Coptic Patriarchate 10 Other notable funerals 11 See also 12 References Canada ( edit ) In Canada , official lying in state is a part of a state funeral , an honor generally reserved for former Governors General and former Prime Ministers . It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill , in the national capital , Ottawa . Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour . During the period of lying in state , the coffins are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour , made up of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as members of the Governor General 's Foot Guards for former governors general , and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers . Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ( resting on Arms reversed ) with their backs turned towards the casket . Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident . For instance , Maurice Richard , nationally known hockey player , was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000 ; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre . This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens legend Jean Béliveau in December 2014 . Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians . North Korea ( edit ) In North Korea , the body of the late leader Kim Jong - il was displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral , which began and ended at the palace . An honor guard armed with AK - 47s was present . Jong - il 's father Kim Il - sung , the founding president , is on display elsewhere in the palace . Russia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Russia , during the time of the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) , the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders , such as Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov , and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline . They took place in Moscow , beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions , and ending with an interment at Red Square . For the lying in state at the House of the Unions , the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall , which would be decorated by flowers , numerous red flags and other communist symbols . The mourners , which usually would be brought in by the thousands , shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze . On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall , a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music . The deceased 's embalmed body , dressed in a black suit , white shirt and a tie , was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations , red roses and tulips , facing the queue of mourners . A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background . At the right side of the hall , seats were placed for guests of honour , with the front row reserved for the dead leader 's family . On the day of the funeral , a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place . Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum , while Brezhnev , Andropov , and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Singapore ( edit ) At state funerals in Singapore , the national flag is put on the coffin . The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House . The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased . Similar to British traditions , the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) and Singapore Police Force ( SPF ) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes . One of the five officers stands facing outward at each of the four corners of the casket , while the fifth and most senior one stands in front and faces inward . Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted . Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010 , Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015 as well as SR Nathan in August 2016 . South Africa ( edit ) Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa . The event took place at the Union Buildings , the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on May 10 , 1994 . The body of Mandela was lying in State for three days , starting on Wednesday , December 11 , 2013 and ending Friday , December 13 . The body was viewed by thousands of South Africans before it was airlifted to Qunu in the Eastern Cape where Mandela was buried on December 15 , 2013 . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United Kingdom and Vigil of the Princes In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom , the lying - in - state takes place in Westminster Hall . The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded , around the clock , by detachments , each of four men , from the following units : Sovereign 's Bodyguard Her Majesty 's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen - at - Arms The Queen 's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard The Royal Company of Archers , The Queen 's Bodyguard for Scotland Household Cavalry The Life Guards The Blues and Royals ( Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons ) Foot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards Each unit mans the guard for a total of six hours , with each detachment standing post for twenty minutes . The four men stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ; their backs are turned towards the coffin . On two occasions , the guard has been mounted by four male members of the Royal Family . At the lying in state of King George V in 1936 , the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII , the Duke of York ( George VI ) , the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent . For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 's lying - in - state in 2002 , the guard was mounted by her four grandsons , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of York , the Earl of Wessex , and Viscount Linley . United States ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States Representative Thaddeus Stevens lying in state in the Capitol rotunda on August 13 , 1868 . Because of his prominence as an abolitionist , members of the Butler Zouaves , an African - American company of the District of Columbia , served as honor guards . A plaster statue of President Abraham Lincoln , likely submitted for a commission , was credited to Henry J. Ellicott . John J. Pershing saluting the Unknown Soldier of World War I , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 9 , 1921 . Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress honor President John F. Kennedy , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 24 , 1963 . Richard Nixon and members of Congress honor Lyndon B. Johnson who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on January 24 , 1973 . The U.S. Joint Service Color Guard and members of Congress honor President Ronald Reagan , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on June 10 , 2004 . Dick Cheney and members of Congress honor President Gerald Ford , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on December 30 , 2006 . Lying in state is the rare honor granted by the United States to a deceased official whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. , for public viewing . The casket is guarded by members of the armed forces . By regulation and custom , only Presidents , military commanders , and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state . Except for Presidents and former Presidents , the honor is not automatic . Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors . The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay , former Speaker of the House of Representatives , when he died in 1852 . Since then , the honor has been extended to thirty - one people , including eleven Presidents . The process of lying in state at the Capitol is as follows . The coffin or casket is usually placed on a catafalque , usually the Lincoln catafalque , so named as it was constructed for lying in state upon the death of Abraham Lincoln , after his assassination in 1865 . The casket is guarded at each of its corners by a serviceperson from each of the branches of the armed forces . In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth , guards at the Capitol face the casket , hold their rifles with their right hand , and keep the rifle butt resting on the floor . After the viewing and ceremony at the Capitol , the remains are taken to the burial location . Those who have lain in state are as follows : 1852 -- Henry Clay , long - serving Senator and Representative , Secretary of State , Speaker of the House , and three - time presidential candidate 1865 -- President Abraham Lincoln , assassinated in office 1868 -- Thaddeus Stevens , Representative from Pennsylvania 1874 -- Charles Sumner , Senator from Massachusetts 1875 -- Vice President Henry Wilson , served under Grant , died in office 1881 -- President James Garfield , assassinated in office 1886 -- John A. Logan , Senator from Illinois 1901 -- President William McKinley , assassinated while in office 1909 -- Pierre L'Enfant -- although he died in 1825 , his remains were disinterred ; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery 1917 -- Admiral George Dewey , Admiral of the Navy 1921 -- The Unknown Soldier for World War I 1923 -- President Warren Harding , died in office 1930 -- President William Howard Taft , President 1909 -- 13 , also Chief Justice 1921 -- 30 1948 -- John J. Pershing , General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after 1953 -- Robert A. Taft , U.S. Senator and Majority Leader 1958 -- The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War 1963 -- President John F. Kennedy , assassinated in office 1964 -- General Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army 1964 -- President Herbert Hoover , serving 1929 -- 33 1969 -- President Dwight Eisenhower , President 1953 -- 1961 , Supreme Allied Commander during World War II 1969 -- Everett Dirksen , Illinois Senator , Senate Minority Leader 1959 -- 1969 1972 -- J. Edgar Hoover , FBI Director 1929 -- 1972 1973 -- President Lyndon B. Johnson , President 1963 -- 1969 1978 -- Hubert Humphrey , Vice President 1965 -- 1969 , Minnesota Senator 1984 -- The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( later identified as 1st . Lt. Michael J. Blassie ) 1989 -- Claude Pepper , long - serving Senator and Representative 2004 -- President Ronald Reagan , President 1981 -- 1989 2006 -- 07 -- President Gerald Ford , President 1974 -- 1977 2012 -- Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate , Senator from Hawaii , and recipient of the Medal of Honor The United States Congress has created a similar -- though not identical -- privilege for distinguished Americans who do not qualify for a lying in state designation . In the process of `` lying in honor , '' the honor guard in the Rotunda is provided by the Capitol Police or another suitable source . Those who have lain in honor are as follows : 1998 -- United States Capitol Police Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson , killed on duty 2005 -- Rosa Parks , civil rights activist In 1998 , Chestnut and Gibson were killed while defending the Capitol against Russell Eugene Weston Jr . Congress approved their remains to lie in honor in the Rotunda . Chestnut was the first African American to lie in honor . In 2005 , upon the death of civil rights activist Rosa Parks , Congress authorized her remains to lie in honor at the Rotunda ; Parks was the second African American and the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda . Supreme Court Justices `` lie in repose '' in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building . Justices who have been awarded this honor include : 1974 -- Chief Justice Earl Warren 1993 -- Justice Thurgood Marshall 1995 -- Chief Justice Warren E. Burger 1997 -- Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . 1999 -- Justice Harry A. Blackmun 2005 -- Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist , the first so - honored to have died in office . 2016 -- Justice Antonin Scalia In the state of Hawaii , three people have been laid in state at the Hawaii State Capitol , among which famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997 , and the aforementioned Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate and Senator from Hawaii . The City of San Francisco , a grateful city , celebrates the life of the Honorable Edwin Mah Lee , 43rd Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco on December 15 , 2017 from 8 am to 7 pm in the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall . Vatican City ( edit ) Pope John Paul II 's body lying in state . A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace and then in St. Peter 's Basilica , between the holding of a Mass of Visitation and a Mass of Requiem . The funeral of Pope John Paul II was an example of this custom . Coptic patriarchate ( edit ) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time . This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church . Other notable funerals ( edit ) Death and funeral of Josip Broz Tito ( the largest state funeral in history ) Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska See also ( edit ) Caisson Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan Catafalque Death and funeral of Richard Nixon Funeral train Lying in repose Lincoln Catafalque Missing man formation Riderless horse State funeral State funeral of John F. Kennedy State funerals in the United States Vigil of the Princes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rocket to get state funeral '' . CBC News . May 28 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Kim 's body on show in North Korea amid mass mourning '' . AFP . The West Australian . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheong , Danson ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` ' An honour to stand vigil for Mr Lee Kuan Yew ' '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Of state funerals and state - assisted funerals '' . Public Opinion . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guard , highest form of respect , accorded to Lee Kuan Yew during lying in state '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guards to be mounted for SR Nathan 's Lying - in - State '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Those Who Have Lain In State or In Honor in the Capitol Rotunda , US Architect of the Capitol . Jump up ^ Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda ( PDF ) , U.S. Senate Historical Office from the Architect of the Capitol . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks Lies in Honor in Capitol Rotunda '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lying in State Architect of the Capitol United States Capitol '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Boulos Ayad Ayad , Phd : `` Ancient Egyptian Civilization and the Coptic Church '' , Coptic Church Review , Volume 9 , Number 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lying_in_state&oldid=815300634 '' Categories : Death customs State ritual and ceremonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 01 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who was president of the united states in 1938

President : Franklin D. Roosevelt ( D - New York )

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1938 in the United States

1938 in the united states

Events from the year 1938 in the United States .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal Government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 January -- March 2.2 April -- June 2.3 July -- September 2.4 October -- December 2.5 Ongoing 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal Government ( edit ) President : Franklin D. Roosevelt ( D - New York ) Vice President : John Nance Garner ( D - Texas ) Chief Justice : Charles Evans Hughes ( New York ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : William B. Bankhead ( D - Alabama ) Senate Majority Leader : Alben W. Barkley ( D - Kentucky ) Congress : 75th show Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : Bibb Graves ( Democratic ) Governor of Arizona : Rawghlie Clement Stanford ( Democratic ) Governor of Arkansas : Carl Edward Bailey ( Democratic ) Governor of California : Frank Merriam ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Teller Ammons ( Democratic ) Governor of Connecticut : Wilbur Lucius Cross ( Democratic ) Governor of Delaware : Richard C. McMullen ( Democratic ) Governor of Florida : Fred P. Cone ( Democratic ) Governor of Georgia : Eurith D. Rivers ( Democratic ) Governor of Idaho : Barzilla W. Clark ( Democratic ) Governor of Illinois : Henry Horner ( Democratic ) Governor of Indiana : M. Clifford Townsend ( Democratic ) Governor of Iowa : Nelson G. Kraschel ( Democratic ) Governor of Kansas : Walter A. Huxman ( Democratic ) Governor of Kentucky : Happy Chandler ( Democratic ) Governor of Louisiana : Richard W. Leche ( Democratic ) Governor of Maine : Lewis O. Barrows ( Republican ) Governor of Maryland : Harry W. Nice ( Republican ) Governor of Massachusetts : Charles F. Hurley ( Democratic ) Governor of Michigan : Frank Murphy ( Democratic ) Governor of Minnesota : Elmer A. Benson ( Farmer - Labor ) Governor of Mississippi : Hugh L. White ( Democratic ) Governor of Missouri : Lloyd C. Stark ( Democratic ) Governor of Montana : Roy E. Ayers ( Democratic ) Governor of Nebraska : Robert Leroy Cochran ( Democratic ) Governor of Nevada : Richard Kirman , Sr. ( Democratic ) Governor of New Hampshire : Francis P. Murphy ( Republican ) Governor of New Jersey : Harold G. Hoffman ( Republican ) ( until January 18 ) , A. Harry Moore ( Democratic ) ( starting January 18 ) Governor of New Mexico : Clyde Tingley ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : Herbert H. Lehman ( Democratic ) Governor of North Carolina : Clyde R. Hoey ( Democratic ) Governor of North Dakota : William Langer ( Republican ) Governor of Ohio : Martin L. Davey ( Democratic ) Governor of Oklahoma : Ernest W. Marland ( Democratic ) Governor of Oregon : Charles H. Martin ( Democratic ) Governor of Pennsylvania : George Howard Earle III ( Democratic ) Governor of Rhode Island : Robert E. Quinn ( Democratic ) Governor of South Carolina : Olin D. Johnston ( Democratic ) Governor of South Dakota : Leslie Jensen ( Republican ) Governor of Tennessee : Gordon Browning ( Democratic ) Governor of Texas : James Allred ( Democratic ) Governor of Utah : Henry H. Blood ( Democratic ) Governor of Vermont : George David Aiken ( Republican ) Governor of Virginia : George C. Peery ( Democratic ) ( until January 15 ) , James H. Price ( Democratic ) ( starting January 15 ) Governor of Washington : Clarence D. Martin ( Democratic ) Governor of West Virginia : Homer A. Holt ( Democratic ) Governor of Wisconsin : Philip La Follette ( Wisconsin Progressive ) Governor of Wyoming : Leslie A. Miller ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : Thomas E. Knight ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Robert L. Bailey ( political party unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of California : George J. Hatfield ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Frank J. Hayes ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : T. Frank Hayes ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : Edward W. Cooch ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : Charles C. Gossett ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : John H. Stelle ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Henry F. Schricker ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : John K. Valentine ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : William M. Lindsay ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Keen Johnson ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Earl K. Long ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Francis E. Kelly ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Leo J. Nowicki ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Gottfrid Lindsten ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Jacob Buehler Snider ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Frank Gaines Harris ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Montana : Hugh R. Adair ( political party unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Walter H. Jurgensen ( Democratic ) ( until November 8 ) , Nate M. Parsons ( Democratic ) ( starting November 8 ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Fred S. Alward ( political party unknown ) Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Hiram M. Dow ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : M. William Bray ( Democratic ) ( until end of December 31 ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Wilkins P. Horton ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Thorstein H.H. Thoresen ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : Paul P. Yoder ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : James E. Berry ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Thomas Kennedy ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Raymond E. Jordan ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : Joseph Emile Harley ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Donald McMurchie ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : Bryan Pope ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : Walter Frank Woodul ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : William H. Wills ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : James H. Price ( Democratic ) ( until January 15 ) , Saxon W. Holt ( Democratic ) ( starting January 15 ) Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Victor A. Meyers ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : vacant ( until May 16 ) , Herman L. Ekern ( Progressive ) ( starting May 16 ) Events ( edit ) January -- March ( edit ) January 3 -- The March of Dimes is established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . January 16 -- The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert is recorded live when Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City . January 22 -- Thornton Wilder 's play Our Town is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton , New Jersey . It premieres in New York City on February 4 . January 27 -- The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls , New York collapses due to an ice jam . January 28 -- The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont . March 3 -- The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter , killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs . April -- June ( edit ) April 18 -- First appearance of comic book superhero Superman ( as a backup story ) , in Action Comics # 1 ( cover date June ) . April 25 -- Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins : The U.S. Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law . April 28 -- The towns of Dana , Enfield , Greenwich , and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir . April 30 -- The first cartoon to feature a prototypical Bugs Bunny , Porky 's Hare Hunt , is released . May 17 -- Information Please debuts on NBC Radio . June 22 -- Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium in New York City . June 23 The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law , forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the U.S. Marineland opens near St. Augustine , Florida . June 24 -- A 450 - metric - ton ( 496 - short - ton ) meteorite explodes about 12 miles ( 19 km ) above the earth near Chicora , Pennsylvania . June 25 -- Food , Drug and Cosmetic Act is signed into law by president Franklin D. Roosevelt July -- september ( edit ) July 3 -- The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . July 5 -- The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War . The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers , notably by those from England and the United States , but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy . July 18 -- Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York City , ostensibly heading for California . He lands in Ireland instead . August 6 -- The Looney Tunes animated short Porky & Daffy is released . August 18 -- The Thousand Islands Bridge , connecting the United States with Canada , is dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt . August 31 -- Winston Churchill , still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression , suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty 's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including the United States ( specifically mentioning U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea ) and the Soviet Union . September 1 -- Haggar debuts a new pant concept , `` Slacks '' , as the appropriate pant to wear during a man 's `` Slack Time . '' September 4 -- During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave , France celebrating Franco - American friendship , American Ambassador William Bullitt in a speech states , `` France and the United States were united in war and peace '' , leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia , then the United States would join the war on the Allied side . September 9 -- U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt 's speech at a press conference at the White House . Roosevelt states it is `` 100 % wrong '' the U.S. would join a `` stop - Hitler bloc '' under any circumstances , and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia , the U.S. would remain neutral . September 12 -- Hitler makes his much - anticipated closing address at Nuremberg , in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš . American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitler 's address . September 21 -- The New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes Long Island and southern New England , killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and approximately 600 in total . September 22 -- Olsen and Johnson 's musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin ' begins its 3 - year run on Broadway . October -- december ( edit ) October 10 -- The Blue Water Bridge opens , connecting Port Huron , Michigan and Sarnia , Ontario . October 16 -- Winston Churchill , in a broadcast address to the United States , condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Adolf Hitler . October 24 -- The minimum wage is established by law in the United States . October 30 -- Orson Welles 's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast , causing panic in various parts of the United States . October 31 -- Great Depression : In an effort to try restore investor confidence , the New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15 - point program intended to upgrade protection for the investing public . November 1 -- Horse Racing : Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore , Maryland . November 10 -- On the eve of Armistice Day , Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin 's `` God Bless America '' for the first time on her weekly radio show . December -- President Franklin Roosevelt agrees to lend $25 million to Chiang Kai - shek , cementing the Sino - American relationship and angering the Japanese government . Ongoing ( edit ) New Deal ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Recession of 1937 -- 1938 ( 1937 -- 1938 ) The Dictionary of Occupational Titles was established . It would run until 1998 , when it was replaced with O * Net OnLine Births ( edit ) January 2 -- Dana Ulery , computer scientist January 4 -- Eddie Southern , hurdler January 14 -- Allen Toussaint , R&B musician , songwriter / composer and record producer ( died 2015 ) January 18 -- Paul G. Kirk , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010 February 4 -- Donald W. Riegle , Jr. , U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1976 to 1995 March 5 -- Lynn Margulis , biologist ( died 2011 ) March 7 -- David Baltimore , biologist , recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975 April 3 -- John Darley , social psychologist April 7 -- Jerry Brown , Governor of California April 13 -- Frederic Rzewski , composer April 23 -- Steve Symms , U.S. Senator from Idaho from 1981 to 1993 April 25 -- Roger Boisjoly , rocket engineer ( died 2012 ) May 10 -- Henry Fambrough , soul singer May 11 -- Bruce Langhorne , guitarist ( died 2017 ) June 3 -- David L. Mills , computer scientist and engineer June 7 -- Goose Gonsoulin , American football player ( died 2014 ) June 16 -- Joyce Carol Oates , novelist June 24 -- Lawrence Block , crime writer June 28 -- Leon Panetta , 23rd United States Secretary of Defense July 20 -- Natalie Wood , actress ( died 1981 ) July 21 -- Janet Reno , United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001 ( died 2016 ) August 15 -- Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U.S. from 1994 August 20 -- Kaneaster Hodges , Jr. , U.S. Senator from Arkansas from 1977 to 1979 August 21 -- Kenny Rogers , country singer September 6 -- Dennis Oppenheim , artist ( died 2011 ) September 8 -- Sam Nunn , U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1972 to 1997 October 6 -- Peter F. Donnelly , arts patron , vice-chairman of Americans for the Arts ( died 2009 ) October 7 -- Mary Ann Glendon , academic lawyer and bioethicist October 22 -- Christopher Lloyd , actor and entrepreneur November 12 -- Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , American singer - songwriter and music producer ( The Flamingos ) November 16 -- Robert Nozick , philosopher ( died 2002 ) November 19 -- Ted Turner , entrepreneur November 24 -- Charles Starkweather , spree killer ( died 1959 ) December 23 -- Bob Kahn , Internet pioneer December 29 -- Jon Voight , actor Undated -- Bruce Langhorne , folk musician ( died 2017 ) Deaths ( edit ) January 8 -- Johnny Gruelle , cartoonist and children 's book author ( b . 1880 ) February 2 -- Frederick William Vanderbilt , railway magnate ( b . 1856 ) February 7 -- Harvey Firestone , tire manufacturer ( b . 1868 ) February 10 -- Richard A. Whiting , composer ( b . 1890 ) February 18 -- David King Udall , politician ( b . 1851 ) March 2 -- Ben Harney , American composer and pianist ( b . 1871 ) March 6 -- Walt McDougall , American cartoonist ( b . 1858 ) March 13 -- Clarence Darrow , American attorney ( b . 1857 ) March 21 -- Oscar Apfel , American actor and director ( b . 1878 ) April 8 -- Joe `` King '' Oliver , American jazz musician ( b . 1885 ) May 23 -- Frederick Ruple , American painter ( b . 1871 ) May 22 -- William Glackens , American painter ( b . 1870 ) May 26 -- John Jacob Abel , American pharmacologist ( b . 1857 ) June 26 -- James Weldon Johnson , American author , politician , and diplomat ( b . 1871 ) July 9 -- Benjamin N. Cardozo , United States Supreme Court Justice ( b . 1870 ) August 1 -- Edmund Charles Tarbell , American artist ( b . 1862 ) August 4 -- Pearl White , American actress ( b . 1889 ) August 16 -- Robert Johnson , American blues singer ( b . 1911 ) September 15 -- Thomas Wolfe , American author ( b . 1900 ) September 19 -- Pauline Frederick , American stage & screen actress , ( b . 1883 ) September 28 -- Con Conrad , American composer ( b . 1891 ) October 13 -- E.C. Segar , American comics artist and creator of Popeye ( b . 1894 ) October 27 -- Alma Gluck , American soprano ( b . 1884 ) October 28 -- Fred Kohler , American actor ( b . 1888 ) October 30 -- Robert Woolsey , American film comedian ( b . 1888 ) November 1 -- Charles Weeghman , American restaurateur and owner of Chicago Cubs ( b . 1874 ) November 4 -- Samuel W. Bryant , American admiral ( b . 1877 ) December 20 -- Annie Armstrong , American missionary leader ( b . 1850 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1938 Timeline of United States history ( 1930 -- 1949 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Look Back : Flood of ' 38 was county 's worst natural disaster '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ The date is established in court documents released during a legal battle over the rights to the character . External links ( edit ) Media related to 1938 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Timeline of United States history Period Before 1760 American Revolution ( 1760 -- 1789 ) 1790 -- 1819 1820 -- 1859 1860 -- 1899 1900 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- present Topic Diplomatic history Military operations Related History of the United States Outline of United States history Years in the United States United States history timelines 1938 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938_in_the_United_States&oldid=840944242 '' Categories : 1938 in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 02 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of the name melanesia

The name Melanesia ( in French Mélanésie ) was first used by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1832 to denote an ethnic and geographical grouping of islands whose inhabitants he thought were distinct from those of Micronesia and Polynesia .

Melanesia

melanesia

Melanesia ( UK : / ˌmɛləˈniːziə / , US : / ˌmɛləˈniːʒə / ) is a subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea , and eastward to Fiji .

The region includes the four independent countries of Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , and Papua New Guinea , as well as the French special collectivity of New Caledonia , and the Indonesian region of Western New Guinea . Most of the region is in the Southern Hemisphere , with a few small northwestern islands of Western New Guinea in the Northern Hemisphere . The name Melanesia ( in French Mélanésie ) was first used by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1832 to denote an ethnic and geographical grouping of islands whose inhabitants he thought were distinct from those of Micronesia and Polynesia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Languages 4 Geography 5 Political geography 6 Genetic studies 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Distribution of Melanesians according to Meyers Konversations - Lexikon The name Melanesia , from Greek μέλας , black , and νῆσος , islands , etymologically means `` islands of black ( people ) '' , in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants . The concept among Europeans of Melanesia as a distinct region evolved gradually over time as their expeditions mapped and explored the Pacific . Early European explorers noted the physical differences among groups of Pacific Islanders . In 1756 Charles de Brosses theorized that there was an `` old black race '' in the Pacific who were conquered or defeated by the peoples of what is now called Polynesia , whom he distinguished as having lighter skin . In the first half of the nineteenth century Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint - Vincent and Jules Dumont d'Urville identified Melanesians as a distinct racial group . Over time , however , Europeans increasingly viewed Melanesia as a distinct cultural , rather than racial , area . Scholars and other commentators disagreed on its boundaries , which were fluid . In the nineteenth century Robert Codrington , a British missionary , produced a series of monographs on `` the Melanesians '' based on his long - time residence in the region . In works including The Melanesian Languages ( 1885 ) and The Melanesians : Studies in Their Anthropology and Folk - lore ( 1891 ) , Codrington defined Melanesia as including Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands , New Caledonia , and Fiji . He did not include the islands of New Guinea because only some of its people were Melanesians . Like Bory de Saint - Vincent , he excluded Australia from Melanesia . It was in these works that Codrington introduced the cultural concept of mana to the West . A pan flute from the Solomon Islands , 19th century Uncertainty about the delineation and definition of the region continues . The scholarly consensus now includes New Guinea within Melanesia . Ann Chowning wrote in her 1977 textbook on Melanesia that there is no general agreement even among anthropologists about the geographical boundaries of Melanesia . Many apply the term only to the smaller islands , excluding New Guinea ; Fiji has frequently been treated as an anomalous border region or even assigned wholly to Polynesia ; and the people of the Torres Straits Islands are often simply classified as Australian aborigines . In 1998 Paul Sillitoe wrote of Melanesia : `` it is not easy to define precisely , on geographical , cultural , biological , or any other grounds , where Melanesia ends and the neighbouring regions ... begins '' . He ultimately concludes that the region is a historical category which evolved in the nineteenth century from the discoveries made in the Pacific and has been legitimated by use and further research in the region . It covers populations that have a certain linguistic , biological and cultural affinity -- a certain ill - defined sameness , which shades off at its margins into difference . Both Sillitoe and Chowning include the island of New Guinea in the definition of Melanesia , and both exclude Australia . Most of the peoples in Melanesia have established independent countries , are administered by France or have active independence movements ( in the case of West Papua ) . Many have recently taken up the term ' Melanesia ' as a source of identity and `` empowerment '' . Stephanie Lawson writes that the term `` moved from a term of denigration to one of affirmation , providing a positive basis for contemporary subregional identity as well as a formal organisation '' . For instance , the author Bernard Narokobi wrote about the `` Melanesian Way '' as a distinct form of culture that could empower the people of this region . The concept is also used in geopolitics . For instance , the Melanesian Spearhead Group preferential trade agreement is a regional trade treaty among Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands , Papua New Guinea , and Fiji . History ( edit ) Sailors of Melanesia in the Pacific Ocean , 1846 Main article : Melanesians The people of Melanesia have a distinctive ancestry . Along with the aboriginal inhabitants of Australia , they are believed to derive from the Proto - Australoids who emigrated from Africa between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago and dispersed along the southern edge of Asia , giving rise to Australoid populations in various places , including South India , Sri Lanka , the Andaman Islands , the Philippines , and others . The limit of this ancient migration was Sahul , the continent formed when Australia and New Guinea were united by a land bridge as a result of low sea levels . The first migration into Sahul came over 40,000 years ago . A further expansion into the eastern islands of Melanesia came much later , probably between 4000 B.C. and 3000 B.C. A Melanesian child from Vanuatu Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea , the Austronesian people , who had migrated into the area somewhat more than 3,000 years ago , came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan - speaking peoples . In the late 20th century , some scholars theorized a long period of interaction , which resulted in many complex changes in genetics , languages , and culture among the peoples . This Polynesian theory , however , is contradicted by the findings of a genetic study published by Temple University in 2008 . It found that neither Polynesians nor Micronesians have much genetic relation to Melanesians . It appeared that , having developed their sailing outrigger canoes , the ancestors of the Polynesians migrated from East Asia , moved through the Melanesian area quickly on their way , and kept going to eastern areas , where they settled . They left little genetic evidence in Melanesia . Languages ( edit ) Further information : Melanesian languages Most of the languages of Melanesia are members of the Austronesian or Papuan language families . By one count , there are 1,319 languages in Melanesia , scattered across a small amount of land . The proportion of 716 square kilometers per language is by far the most dense rate of languages in relation to land mass in the Earth , almost three times as dense as in Nigeria , a country famous for its high number of languages in a compact area . In addition to the many indigenous languages , pidgins and creole languages have developed , often from trade and cultural interaction centuries before European encounter . Most notable among these are Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu in Papua New Guinea . They are now both considered distinct creole languages . Use of Tok Pisin is growing . It is sometimes learned as a first language , above all by multi-cultural families . Other creoles include Solomon Islands Pijin , Bislama , Papuan Malay and other related languages . Geography ( edit ) Mount Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea Aerial view of the Solomon Islands . Cinder plain of Mount Yasur in Vanuatu New Caledonia A distinction is often made between the islands of New Guinea and what is known as Island Melanesia , which consists of `` the chain of archipelagos , islands , atolls , and reefs forming the outer bounds of the sheltered oval - shaped coral sea '' . This includes the Louisiade archipelago ( part of Papua New Guinea ) , the Bismarck Archipelago ( part of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands ) , and the Santa Cruz Islands ( part of the country called Solomon Islands ) . The country of Vanuatu is composed of the New Hebrides island chain ( and in the past ' New Hebrides ' has also been the name of the political unit located on the islands ) . New Caledonia is composed of one large island and several smaller chains , including the Loyalty Islands . The nation of Fiji is composed of two main islands , Viti Levu and Vanua Levu , and smaller islands , including the Lau Islands . The names of islands in Melanesia can be confusing : they have both indigenous and European names . National boundaries sometimes cut across archipelagos . The names of the political units in the region have changed over time , and sometimes have included geographical terms . For example , the island of Makira was once known as San Cristobal , the name given to it by Spanish explorers . It is in the country Solomon Islands , which is a nation - state and not a contiguous archipelago . The border of Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands separates the island of Bougainville from nearby islands like Choiseul , although Bougainville is geographically part of the chain of islands that includes Choiseul and much of the Solomons . In addition to the islands mentioned here , there are many smaller islands and atolls in Melanesia . These include Amphlett Islands , Papua New Guinea d'Entrecasteaux Islands , Papua New Guinea Norfolk Island , Australia ( geographically only ) Raja Ampat Islands , West Papua Aru Islands , Maluku Rotuma , Fiji Schouten Islands Torres Strait Islands , politically divided between Australia and Papua New Guinea Trobriand Islands , Papua New Guinea Woodlark Island , Papua New Guinea Norfolk Island , listed above , has archaeological evidence of East Polynesian rather than Melanesian settlement . Rotuma in Fiji has strong affinities culturally and ethnologically to Polynesia . Based on ethnological factors , some of the islands to the west of the Moluccas , such as Nusa Tenggara , Celebes , Luzon , Visayas , Mindanao , Borneo , Palawan Island , Malaya , Java , Sumatra , and Pantar , can also be considered to be part of Melanesia . Most people in this area do not identify with this term or use it in daily talk . Political geography ( edit ) The following countries are considered part of Melanesia : Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Melanesia also includes : New Caledonia -- a dependency of France . West Papua and Papua -- The western half of the island of New Guinea ( West Papua ( region ) is politically part of the nation state of Indonesia . Europeans have always recognized it as geographically part of Melanesia . An independence movement , the Free Papua Movement , is active in this area . Several Melanesian states are members of intergovernmental organizations . Papua New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , and Vanuatu are members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Fiji , Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands , and Vanuatu are also members of the Melanesian Spearhead Group . Genetic Studies ( edit ) Melanesians were found to have a mysterious third archaic Homo species along with their Denisovan ( 3 -- 4 % ) and Neanderthal ( 2 % ) ancestors in a genetic admixture with their otherwise modern Homo sapiens sapiens genomes . Their most common Y - chromosome haplogroup is M - P256 . The high occurrence of blond hair is due to a specific random mutation , so DNA and phenotype for blonds appeared at least twice in human history . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal Denisova hominin Melanesian Brotherhood Negrito ( of Leyte , Agusan del Norte and Surigao ) Papuan peoples Wallacea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tcherkezoff , Serge ( 2003 ) . `` A Long and Unfortunate Voyage Toward the Invention of the Melanesia - Polynesia Distinction 1595 -- 1832 '' . Journal of Pacific History . 38 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 196 . doi : 10.1080 / 0022334032000120521 . Jump up ^ `` MAPS AND NOTES to illustrate the history of the European ' invention ' of the Melanesia / Polynesia distinction '' . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Durmont D'Urville , Jules - Sebastian - Cesar ( 2003 ) . `` On The Islands of The Great Ocean '' . Journal of Pacific History . 38 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 174 . doi : 10.1080 / 0022334032000120512 . Jump up ^ Codrington , Robert ( 1915 ) . `` Melanesians '' . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics . Edinburgh : T & T Clark . pp. 528 -- 535 . Jump up ^ Chowning , Ann ( 1977 ) . An Introduction to the Peoples and Cultures of Melanesia . Menlo Park : Cummings Publishing Company . ^ Jump up to : Sillitoe , Paul ( 1998 ) . An Introduction to the Anthropology of Melanesia . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Lawson , Stephanie ( 2013 ) . `` ' Melanesia ' : The History and Politics of an Idea '' . Journal of Pacific History . 48 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223344.2012. 760839 . ^ Jump up to : `` Genome Scans Show Polynesians Have Little Genetic Relationship to Melanesians '' , Press Release , Temple University , 17 January 2008 , accessed 19 July 2015 Jump up ^ Spriggs , Matthew ( 1997 ) . The Island Melanesians . Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 16727 - 7 . Jump up ^ Landweer , M. Lynn ; Unseth , Peter ( 2012 ) . `` An introduction to language use in Melanesia '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . 214 : 1 -- 3 . doi : 10.1515 / ijsl - 2012 - 0017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Clive ( 2003 ) . New Guinea : Crossing Boundaries and History . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ The Origin of Blond Afros in Melanesia http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2012/05/origin-blond-afros-melanesia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melanesia . Polynesian origins : Insights from the Y chromosome Independent Histories of Human Y Chromosomes from Melanesia and Australia A site about West Melanesia Bird checklists for Melanesian islands New Guinea : Crossing Boundaries and History -- a general history of New Guinea Anglican historical texts related to Melanesia Ancient humans , dubbed ' Denisovans ' , interbred with us BBC News online ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) report ( with video ) on study that shows that Denisovans interbred with the ancestors of the present day people of the Melanesian region north and north - east of Australia . Melanesian DNA comprises between 4 % and 6 % Denisovan DNA . 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who played warren in orange is the new black

Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba ( / ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10 , 1981 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015 . She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role , the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant .

Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba

Uzo Aduba

uzo aduba

Uzoamaka Nwanneka `` Uzo '' Aduba ( / ˈuːzoʊ əˈduːbə / ; born February 10 , 1981 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) , for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015 . She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award recognition in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role , the other being Ed Asner for the character Lou Grant .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Advocacy 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Stage credits 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Aduba was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the daughter of Nigerian parents , of Igbo origin , from Achi in Enugu State . She grew up in Medfield , Massachusetts , and graduated from Medfield High School in 1999 . She attended Boston University , where she studied classical voice and competed in track and field . She describes her family as a `` sports family '' . Her younger brother , Obi , played hockey at the University of Massachusetts and went on to play six seasons professionally . Career ( edit ) Aduba first garnered recognition for her acting in 2003 , when her performance in Translations of Xhosa at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts earned her a Helen Hayes Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Play . Aduba played the character Amphiarus in 2006 at New York Theatre Workshop and again in 2008 at La Jolla Playhouse . In 2007 , she made her Broadway debut , portraying Toby in Helen Edmundson 's adaptation of Coram Boy at the Imperial Theatre . From 2011 through 2012 , she sang `` By My Side '' as part of the original revival cast of Godspell at the Circle in the Square Theatre . Her first television appearance was as a nurse on Blue Bloods in 2012 . She also played the mother of the title character of Venice at The Public Theater in New York . In 2013 , Aduba began portraying Suzanne Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren in the Netflix comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black . On being cast , Aduba said : I auditioned for the show back in late July or early August of ( 2012 ) . I had been auditioning that summer for more television and film ( after doing much theater ) . I 'd read a lot of scripts and I remember reading Orange Is the New Black , and it was at the head of the pack . I remember thinking , ' Wow , that is really good , I would love to be a part of that . ' I went in and auditioned for another part , and my representatives called me about a month later and they were like , `` Hi , we have some really good news . You remember that audition you went on for Orange Is the New Black ? You did n't get it . '' I go , `` So ... okay , what 's the good news ? '' They said they wanted to offer me another part , Crazy Eyes . I was like , `` What in my audition would make someone think I 'd be right for a part called Crazy Eyes ? '' But to be honest , when I got the script for it , it felt like the right fit . Casting director Jennifer Euston explains the selection of Aduba for the role thus : `` Uzo Aduba ... had her hair in those knots for the audition ... They saw something amazing in her and were able to connect it to what they were looking for in Crazy Eyes . '' In joining the series , Aduba obtained her Screen Actors Guild card , about which she says , `` I was just like , ' Wow , this means I 'm a full actor now . ' It was such a big deal , and I remember being so thankful and feeling so proud . '' She has been recognized for her performance as `` Crazy Eyes '' : Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season one performance . Aduba 's season two performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . Aduba won a second Primetime Emmy at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2015 , winning the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . This makes her the first actress to win both a drama and comedy Emmy for the same role . Aduba 's performance in the third season also earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . She also earned a Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In March 2014 , Aduba performed at Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit concert Broadway Backwards . Aduba teamed with Rachel Bay Jones for a rendition of the song `` Lily 's Eyes '' from the musical The Secret Garden . Aduba plays a major role in My Little Pony : The Movie , where she voices Queen Novo , leader of the Hippogriff / Seaponies . Advocacy ( edit ) In April 2017 , Aduba received the Point Courage Award from the Point Foundation for her support of the LGBT community . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Pearly Gates Corrie Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip TSA Officer 2016 Tallulah Detective Kinnie American Pastoral Vicky Showing Roots Pearl 2017 My Little Pony : The Movie Queen Novo ( voice ) Candy Jar Julia Russell Post-production TBA We Are Boats Sir Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Project Runway : All Stars Herself Episode : `` Putting On The Glitz '' Blue Bloods Nurse Episode : `` Nightmares '' 2013 How to Live Like a Lady Acting Teacher Television film 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren 62 episodes 2014 Saturday Night Live Daughter Dudley Episode : `` Woody Harrelson / Kendrick Lamar '' Hell 's Kitchen Herself Season 13 Episode 10 : `` 9 Chefs Compete '' 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Uzo Aduba Wears a White Blouse and Royal Blue Heels '' The Wiz Live ! Glinda the Good Witch Television special 2016 Steven Universe Bismuth ( voice ) Episode : `` Bismuth '' Stage credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Seven Amphiarus New York Theatre Workshop 2007 Coram Boy Toby Imperial Theatre 2008 The Seven Amphiarus La Jolla Playhouse 2009 Eclipsed Helena Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company 2009 A Civil War Christmas Hannah Huntington Theatre 2011 Godspell Company Circle in the Square Theatre 2013 Venice Anna Monroe The Public Theater 2016 The Maids Solange Trafalgar Studios Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2013 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2015 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2016 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Glamour Awards Comedy Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Pending Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Godspell Talk Back -- Uzo Aduba '' . Reviewing The Drama . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , Celine ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black 's ' Uzo Aduba on a good road as Crazy Eyes '' . Los Angeles Times . 32 - year - old Aduba Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list . CNN.com ( September 21 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Watch ' OITNB ' actress speak Igbo , reveal her favourite Nigerian dish , '' . Pulse.ng . Chidumga Izuzu . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aduba , Uzo ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba : My Road to ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Daily Beast Jump up ^ `` Medfield Native Uzo Aduba Attends White House Correspondents Dinner '' . medfield.patch.com . May 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Behind the Breakout Role : Orange is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Creating Crazy Eyes '' . Co. Create . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 Women 's Track Roster '' . Boston University . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston University Meet Results '' . UMassAthletics.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obi Aduba player profile '' . hockeydb.com . Jump up ^ `` Translations of Xhosa - Washington , DC - Tickets , Reviews , Info and More '' . theatermania . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Supporting Actress , Resident Play -- 2004 '' . Awards and nominations Theatre Washington . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Orphans of the Storm , Assailed by Lurid Evildoers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Cast : Uzo Aduba '' . Godspell.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` Of Shakespeare and Superheroes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Venice , review , Off - Broadway , New York Theatre '' . newyorktheatreguide.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black 's Uzo Aduba on Crazy Eyes , Flirting Techniques , and Peeing on the Floor '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crazy Eyes ' From ' Orange Is The New Black ' Talks Flirting , Jodie Foster And That Infamous Scene '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Melinda ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` # 1 Reason Seeing Potential Beyond the Audition Created an Outstanding Ensemble for ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . Backstage . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Rob ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` How I Got My SAG - AFTRA Card '' , TV Guide . p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards '' . PR Newswire . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Kate ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : The winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : ' Birdman ' feathers its nest as Oscars nears '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uzo Aduba Is ' Grateful ' After Tearful Emmy Win '' . ExtraTV.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2016 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Uzo Aduba and Rachel Bay Jones Join Lineup for Broadway Backwards ; Rush Tickets Will Be Available Day of Performance '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` BROADWAY BACKWARDS '' . Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS . March 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Uzo Aduba honored in New York '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Steven Universe ' : Uzo Aduba plays a new Crystal Gem -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glamour Women of the Year voting 2016 '' . demographix.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Uzo Aduba on IMDb Uzo Aduba at the Internet Broadway Database Uzo Aduba at Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Uzo Aduba Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Paul Rudd ( 2012 ) Patton Oswalt ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Timothy Olyphant ( 2016 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 1975 -- 2000 Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Beah Richards ( 1988 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1989 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1990 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1991 ) No award ( 1992 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1993 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1994 ) Cyndi Lauper ( 1995 ) Betty White ( 1996 ) Carol Burnett ( 1997 ) Emma Thompson ( 1998 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1999 ) Jean Smart ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jean Smart ( 2001 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2002 ) Christina Applegate ( 2003 ) Laura Linney ( 2004 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2005 ) Cloris Leachman ( 2006 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2007 ) Kathryn Joosten ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2011 ) Kathy Bates ( 2012 ) Melissa Leo ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Joan Cusack ( 2015 ) Tina Fey & Amy Poehler ( 2016 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Barbara Hale ( 1959 ) Pamela Brown ( 1962 ) Glenda Farrell ( 1963 ) Ruth White ( 1964 ) Lee Grant ( 1966 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1967 ) Barbara Anderson ( 1968 ) Susan Saint James ( 1969 ) Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Joanna Miles ( 1974 ) Ellen Corby ( 1975 ) Ellen Corby ( 1976 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1977 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1978 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1979 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1980 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1981 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1982 ) Doris Roberts ( 1983 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1984 ) Betty Thomas ( 1985 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1986 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1987 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1988 ) Melanie Mayron ( 1989 ) Marg Helgenberger ( 1990 ) Madge Sinclair ( 1991 ) Valerie Mahaffey ( 1992 ) Mary Alice ( 1993 ) Leigh Taylor - Young ( 1994 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1995 ) Tyne Daly ( 1996 ) Kim Delaney ( 1997 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Holland Taylor ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Tyne Daly ( 2003 ) Drea de Matteo ( 2004 ) Blythe Danner ( 2005 ) Blythe Danner ( 2006 ) Katherine Heigl ( 2007 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2008 ) Cherry Jones ( 2009 ) Archie Panjabi ( 2010 ) Margo Martindale ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Anna Gunn ( 2013 ) Anna Gunn ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Maggie Smith ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 232573537 LCCN : no2012030028 GND : 113350955X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uzo_Aduba&oldid=815299615 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people 21st - century American actresses American television actresses American film actresses Actresses from Boston Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni American people of Nigerian descent Primetime Emmy Award winners American people of Igbo descent LGBT rights activists from the United States Igbo actresses Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Medfield , Massachusetts Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Igbo Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 01 : 05 . 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who played tre in boyz in the hood

Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10 Ice Cube as Darrin `` Doughboy '' Baker Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10 Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10 Laurence Fishburne ( credited as Larry Fishburne ) as Jason `` Furious '' Styles Jr . Nia Long as Brandi Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10 Angela Bassett as Reva Styles Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker Redge Green as Chris Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10 Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster Tracey Lewis - Sinclair as Shaniqua Alysia Rogers as Shanice Regina King as Shalika Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog Raymond Turner as Ferris Lloyd Avery II as Ferris ' Triggerman ( Knucklehead # 2 )

Boyz n the Hood

boyz n the hood

Boyz n the Hood is a 1991 American teen hood drama film written and directed by John Singleton in his directorial debut , and starring Cuba Gooding Jr. , Ice Cube , Morris Chestnut , Laurence Fishburne , Nia Long , Regina King and Angela Bassett . This film was the acting debut for both Ice Cube and Morris Chestnut .

Boyz n the Hood was filmed in ( the - then district of ) South Central Los Angeles , California from October 1 to November 28 , 1990 and was released cinematically in the United States on July 12 , 1991 . It was nominated for both Best Director and Best Original Screenplay during the 64th Academy Awards , making Singleton the youngest person ever nominated for Best Director and the first African - American to be nominated for the award . The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival . In 2002 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 1984 1.2 1991 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception and legacy 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Cultural impact 5 Awards and accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) 1984 ( edit ) Ten - year old Tre Styles lives with his single mother , Reva in Inglewood , California . After Tre gets into a fight at school , his teacher informs Reva that Tre is highly intelligent but has a volatile temper and lacks respect . Worried about Tre 's future , Reva sends him to live in the Crenshaw neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles with his father , Jason `` Furious '' Styles , from whom she hopes Tre will learn valuable life lessons and to be able to mature , but assures him he will be permitted to return to her one day . In Crenshaw , Tre reunites with his friends , Darrin `` Doughboy '' Baker , Doughboy 's maternal half - brother Ricky , and Chris , their mutual friend . After chatting for a bit , Furious immediately has Tre rake the leaves off the front lawn . That night , Furious tells Tre that he has him work to teach him how to be responsible . That night , Tre hears his father shooting at a burglar who tries to rob the house . Two policemen arrive an hour later , and while the white officer is civil and courteous , the black one is disrespectful towards Furious . The next day , Tre and his friends go out with Chris who shows them a dead body . While there , a group of older boys in a Watts Crip gang steal Ricky 's football and Doughboy tries to retrieve it , but is defeated . While the older boys walk away , one of them gives Ricky his ball back . Later in the day , Furious spends father / son bonding time with Tre , taking him fishing by the seaside and tells the boy more about his life prior to having him , including his military experience in the Vietnam War , in hopes of making his son proud of him . He concludes his story by advising Tre to never join the army , stating that a black man has no place in the army . When returning home , they see Doughboy and Chris being arrested for shoplifting ( Doughboy had said earlier on that they were going to the store , but had no money ) , while Ricky and Tre look on . 1991 ( edit ) At a barbecue , Doughboy is now a Crip gang member and is celebrating his recent release from jail , along with most of his friends , including Chris , who is now paralysed and uses a wheelchair as a result of a gun wound , and new friends Dooky and Monster , also Crip members . Ricky , now a star running back for Crenshaw High School , lives with his single mother Brenda , girlfriend Shanice , and their infant son . Tre has grown into a mature and responsible teenager , works at a clothes shop at the Fox Hills Mall , and aspires to attend college with his girlfriend , Brandi , but their relationship is somehow deteriorating over Tre 's desire to have sex , while Brandi , a devout Catholic , wishes to wait until after marriage . Ricky hopes to win a scholarship from USC . After a visit from a recruiter , a mildly embarrassing experience for Ricky due to his unkempt home and his brother 's rudeness , he is informed that he must score a 700 or higher on the SATs test in order to qualify . Ricky and Tre take the test on the same day . Afterwards , they go to see Furious at his office to unwind . Furious takes Tre and Ricky to Compton , California to talk about the dangers of decreasing property values in the black community . That night , during a local street racing gathering , Ricky is provoked by Ferris , a member of the Crenshaw Mafia Gangsters . In response , Doughboy brandishes his handgun , leading to a brief argument between the two gangs . When the two gangs are finished arguing , Ferris fires his own gun in the air causing everyone to leave . While Tre talks about leaving Los Angeles , he and Ricky are pulled over by the police . The cop is the exact same one who was disrespectful towards his father seven years earlier ; he intimidates and threatens Tre with his gun , knowing he ca n't do anything . Distraught , Tre goes to Brandi 's house , where he finally breaks down . After she consoles him , they have sex for the first time . The following day , Ricky has a fight with Doughboy . While Ricky and Tre walk to a nearby store , they see Ferris and his gang driving around the neighborhood and in an attempt to avoid them , the pair cut through back alleyways and split up . As Tre turns back to Ricky , Ferris ' car pulls up . Ricky turns to run but one of Ferris ' men shoots Ricky in the leg with a shotgun . A second shot hits Ricky in the back through the chest , killing him . Doughboy and his gang , who had sensed that Tre and Ricky were in trouble , catch up with them , but are too late . Devastated and helpless , the boys carry Ricky 's lifeless body back home . When Brenda and Shanice see Ricky 's corpse , they break down in tears and blame Doughboy , who unsuccessfully tries to comfort them and explain the truth . That night , a distraught Brenda reads Ricky 's SAT results , discovering he scored a 710 , enough to qualify for the scholarship he wanted . The remaining boys vow vengeance on Ferris and his crew . Furious finds Tre preparing to take his . 357 Magnum , but convinces Tre to abandon his plans for revenge . However , Brandi and Furious catch Tre sneaking out of his bedroom window to join Doughboy . That night , as the gang drives across the city , Tre asks to be let out of the car and returns home , realizing that his father was right to keep him from falling into an endless cycle of violence . When Tre gets home , Furious is waiting for him . They both look at each other without saying a word , and Furious retreats into his bedroom . Meanwhile , Doughboy finds Ferris ' gang at a local fast - food outlet , and Monster opens fire on them , killing one and wounding the other two . Doughboy gets out and kills the other wounded gang member and executes Ferris . The next day , Doughboy visits Tre , now understanding Tre 's reasons for leaving the gang . Doughboy knows that he will soon face retaliation for Ferris ' death , and accepts the consequences of his crime - ridden lifestyle . He plaintively questions why America does n't care about the life in the ghetto . He sorrowfully says that he has no family left now after Ricky 's death and Brenda 's disownment of him , but is embraced by Tre , who says to Doughboy that he has a brother in him . The epilogue reveals that Doughboy saw Ricky buried the next day and was murdered two weeks later . Tre and Brandi resume their relationship , and go on to attend Morehouse and Spelman Colleges in Atlanta , respectively . Cast ( edit ) Cuba Gooding Jr. as Tre Styles Desi Arnez Hines II as Tre age 10 Ice Cube as Darrin `` Doughboy '' Baker Baha Jackson as Doughboy age 10 Morris Chestnut as Ricky Baker Donovan McCrary as Ricky age 10 Laurence Fishburne ( credited as Larry Fishburne ) as Jason `` Furious '' Styles Jr . Nia Long as Brandi Nicole Brown as Brandi age 10 Angela Bassett as Reva Styles Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker Redge Green as Chris Kenneth A. Brown as Chris age 10 Dedrick D. Gobert as Dooky Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster Tracey Lewis - Sinclair as Shaniqua Alysia Rogers as Shanice Regina King as Shalika Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog Raymond Turner as Ferris Lloyd Avery II as Ferris ' Triggerman ( Knucklehead # 2 ) Production ( edit ) Singleton wrote the film based around his life growing up and events that either happened to him , or people he knew . When applying for film school , one of the questions on the application form was to describe `` three ideas for films '' . One of the ideas Singleton wrote was a movie to be titled Summer of 84 , which would later evolve into Boyz n the Hood . Singleton was protective of his script , insisting that he be the one to direct the project , later explaining at a retrospective screening of the film , `` I was n't going to have somebody from Idaho or Encino direct this movie . '' The role of Doughboy was specifically written for Ice Cube whom Singleton met while working as an intern at The Arsenio Hall Show . Singleton claims that the other two leads , Cuba Gooding Jr. and Morris Chestnut , were cast simply because they were the first ones who showed up to the casting auditions . Despite having a member of one of the best - selling rap groups , N.W.A , this , at least according to Singleton , was not a selling point to the studio who were not aware of them . Rather , Singleton opined , the studio greenlit the film in the interest of making a film similar to the Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing . The film was shot in sequence , with Singleton later noting that , as the film goes on , the camera work gets better as Singleton was finding his foothold as a director . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 96 % based on 69 reviews and an average score of 8.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and thematically rich , Boyz N the Hood observes urban America with far more depth and compassion than many of the like - minded films its success inspired . '' At Metacritic , the film received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 18 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) The film has been referenced many times in other works , including works by Lupe Fiasco , Game , and Ice Cube himself . In 1994 , British jungle DJ duo Remarc and Lewi produced a song titled `` Ricky '' . The song itself is built up of various sound bites from the movie , particularly the scene where Ricky is murdered . Ice Cube 's song , `` Check Yo Self '' , also references the film . On the July 12 , 2011 episode of her self - titled talk show , Mo'Nique celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of Boyz n the Hood with director John Singleton , Cuba Gooding Jr. , Yo - Yo , and Regina King . In Vince Staple 's hit song ' Norf Norf ' ( 2016 ) , Staples references the scene where Ricky gets shot in the back , letting the listener know how much of an impact the movie had on his upbringing . In the 2015 American comedy film Get Hard , Kevin Hart 's character is asked to talk about the reason for his fabricated incarceration years earlier . Fumbling for a story , he describes the final scene of Boyz n the Hood , passing it off as his own experience to Will Ferrell 's character . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Academy Awards : 1992 Nominee , Best Director , John Singleton Nominee , Best Original Screenplay , John Singleton BMI Film Music Award : 1992 Winner , Stanley Clarke Image Award : 1993 Winner , Outstanding Motion Picture , Boyz n the Hood MTV Movie Award : 1992 Nominee , Best Movie , Boyz n the Hood Winner , Best New Filmmaker , John Singleton National Film Preservation Board , USA : 2002 National Film Registry , Boyz n the Hood New York Film Critics Circle Award : 1991 Winner , Best New Director , John Singleton Political Film Society , USA : 1992 Winner , PFS Award , Peace Nominee , PFS Award , Exposé Nominee , PFS Award , Human Rights Writers Guild of America , USA : 1992 Nominee , WGA Award ( Screen ) , Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen , John Singleton Young Artist Awards : 1992 Winner , Young Artist Award , Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture In 2007 , Boyz n the Hood was selected as one of the 50 Films To See in your lifetime by Channel 4 . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications U.S. U.S. R&B 1991 Boyz n the Hood Released : July 9 , 1991 Label : Qwest / Warner Bros. Records 12 US : Gold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Boyz N the Hood '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boyz n the Hood '' . Cannes Film Festival . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . National Film Preservation Board . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Will ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Talking ' Boyz N the Hood ' with Its Director John Singleton '' . Vice UK . Vice Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Nigel M ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` John Singleton reflects on Boyz N the Hood : ' I did n't know anything ' '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boyz n the Hood Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards : 1990 - 1991 '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) African American portal 1990s portal Film in the United States portal Greater Los Angeles portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Boyz n the Hood Boyz n the Hood on IMDb Boyz n the Hood at AllMovie Boyz n the Hood at Box Office Mojo Boyz n the Hood at Rotten Tomatoes Boyz n the Hood at Metacritic Films directed by John Singleton Boyz n the Hood ( 1991 ) Poetic Justice ( 1993 ) Higher Learning ( 1995 ) Rosewood ( 1997 ) Shaft ( 2000 ) Baby Boy ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Four Brothers ( 2005 ) Abduction ( 2011 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boyz_n_the_Hood&oldid=854435905 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s crime drama films 1990s gang films 1990s romance films 1990s teen drama films American films American coming - of - age films American crime drama films American gang films American teen drama films American teen romance films African - American films Bloods Crips Directorial debut films Films about families Films about racism Films set in 1984 Films set in 1991 Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Hip hop films Hood films United States National Film Registry films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Stanley Clarke Films directed by John Singleton Screenplays by John Singleton Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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limit of one to the power of infinity

Indeterminate form

indeterminate form

In calculus and other branches of mathematical analysis , limits involving an algebraic combination of functions in an independent variable may often be evaluated by replacing these functions by their limits ; if the expression obtained after this substitution does not give enough information to determine the original limit , it is said to take on an indeterminate form . The term was originally introduced by Cauchy 's student Moigno in the middle of the 19th century .

The indeterminate forms typically considered in the literature are denoted : 0 / 0 , ∞ / ∞ , 0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , 0 0 , 1 ∞ and ∞ 0 . ( \ displaystyle 0 / 0 , ~ \ infty / \ infty , ~ 0 \ times \ infty , ~ \ infty - \ infty , ~ 0 ^ ( 0 ) , ~ 1 ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ text ( and ) ) \ infty ^ ( 0 ) . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Discussion 2 Some examples and non-examples 2.1 Indeterminate form 0 / 0 2.2 Indeterminate form 0 2.3 Expressions that are not indeterminate forms 3 Evaluating indeterminate forms 3.1 Equivalent infinitesimal 3.2 L'Hôpital's rule 4 List of indeterminate forms 5 See also 6 References Discussion ( edit ) The most common example of an indeterminate form occurs as the ratio of two functions , in which both of these functions tend to zero in the limit , and is referred to as `` the indeterminate form 0 / 0 '' . As x approaches 0 , the ratios x / x , x / x , and x / x go to ∞ , 1 , and 0 respectively . In each case , if the limits of the numerator and denominator are substituted , the resulting expression is 0 / 0 , which is undefined . So , in a manner of speaking , 0 / 0 can take on the values 0 , 1 , or ∞ , and it is possible to construct similar examples for which the limit is any particular value . More formally , the fact that the functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) both approach 0 as x approaches some limit point c is not enough information to evaluate the limit lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ). \ ! ) Not every undefined algebraic expression corresponds to an indeterminate form . For example , the expression 1 / 0 is undefined as a real number but does not correspond to an indeterminate form , because any limit that gives rise to this form will diverge to infinity . An indeterminate form expression may have a value in some contexts . For example , if κ is an infinite cardinal number , then expressions 0 , 0 , 1 and κ are well defined in the context of cardinal arithmetic . See also § Zero to the power of zero . Note that zero to the power infinity is not an indeterminate form . Some examples and non-examples ( edit ) Indeterminate form 0 / 0 ( edit ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) The indeterminate form 0 / 0 is particularly common in calculus because it often arises in the evaluation of derivatives using their limit definition . As mentioned above , lim x → 0 x x = 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( x ) ( x ) ) = 1 , \ qquad ) ( see fig. 1 ) while lim x → 0 x 2 x = 0 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( x ) ) = 0 , \ qquad ) ( see fig. 2 ) This is enough to show that 0 / 0 is an indeterminate form . Other examples with this indeterminate form include lim x → 0 sin ⁡ ( x ) x = 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ sin ( x ) ) ( x ) ) = 1 , \ qquad ) ( see fig. 3 ) and lim x → 49 x − 49 x − 7 = 14 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 49 ) ( \ frac ( x-49 ) ( ( \ sqrt ( x ) ) \ , - 7 ) ) = 14 , \ qquad ) ( see fig. 4 ) Direct substitution of the number that x approaches into any of these expressions shows that these are examples of the indeterminate form 0 / 0 , but these limits take many different values . Any desired value a can be obtained for this indeterminate form as follows : lim x → 0 a x x = a . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( ax ) ( x ) ) = a. \ qquad ) ( see fig. 5 ) The value infinity can also be obtained ( in the sense of divergence to infinity ) : lim x → 0 x x 3 = ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( x ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = \ infty . \ qquad ) ( see fig. 6 ) Indeterminate form 0 ( edit ) Main article : Zero to the power of zero ( 7 ) ( 8 ) The following limits illustrate that the expression 0 is an indeterminate form : lim x → 0 x 0 = 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) x ^ ( 0 ) = 1 , \ qquad ) ( see fig. 7 ) lim x → 0 + 0 x = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) 0 ^ ( x ) = 0. \ qquad ) ( see fig. 8 ) Thus , in general , knowing that lim x → c f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) \ ; = \ ; 0 \ ! ) and lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) \ ; = \ ; 0 ) is not sufficient to calculate the limit lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) . ) If the functions f and g are analytic at c , and f is positive for x sufficiently close ( but not equal ) to c , then the limit of f ( x ) will be 1 . Otherwise , use the transformation in the table below to evaluate the limit . Expressions that are not indeterminate forms ( edit ) The expression 1 / 0 is not commonly regarded as an indeterminate form because there is not an infinite range of values that f / g could approach . Specifically , if f approaches 1 and g approaches 0 , then f and g may be chosen so that ( 1 ) f / g approaches + ∞ , ( 2 ) f / g approaches − ∞ , or ( 3 ) the limit fails to exist . In each case the absolute value f / g approaches + ∞ , and so the quotient f / g must diverge , in the sense of the extended real numbers . ( In the framework of the projectively extended real line , the limit is the unsigned infinity ∞ in all three cases . ) Similarly , any expression of the form a / 0 , with a ≠ 0 ( including a = + ∞ and a = − ∞ ) , is not an indeterminate form since a quotient giving rise to such an expression will always diverge . The expression 0 is not an indeterminate form . The expression 0 has the limiting value 0 for the given individual limits , and the expression 0 is equivalent to 1 / 0 . Evaluating indeterminate forms ( edit ) The adjective indeterminate does not imply that the limit does not exist , as many of the examples above show . In many cases , algebraic elimination , L'Hôpital's rule , or other methods can be used to manipulate the expression so that the limit can be evaluated . For example , the expression x / x can be simplified to x at any point other than x = 0 . Thus , the limit of this expression as x approaches 0 ( which depends only on points near 0 , not at x = 0 itself ) is the limit of x , which is 0 . Most of the other examples above can also be evaluated using algebraic simplification . Equivalent infinitesimal ( edit ) When two variables α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) converge to zero at the same point and lim β α = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta ) ( \ alpha ) ) = 1 ) , they are called equivalent infinitesimal . For the evaluation of the indeterminate form 0 / 0 , we can use the following equivalent infinitesimals : x ∼ sin ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ sin x , ) x ∼ arcsin ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ arcsin x , ) x ∼ sinh ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ sinh x , ) x ∼ π 2 − arccos ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) - \ arccos x , ) x ∼ tan ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ tan x , ) x ∼ arctan ⁡ x , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ arctan x , ) x ∼ ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) , ( \ displaystyle x \ sim \ ln ( 1 + x ) , ) 1 − cos ⁡ x ∼ x 2 2 , ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ cos x \ sim ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) , ) cosh ⁡ x − 1 ∼ x 2 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ cosh x-1 \ sim ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) , ) a x − 1 ∼ x ln ⁡ a , ( \ displaystyle a ^ ( x ) - 1 \ sim x \ ln a , ) e x − 1 ∼ x , ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( x ) - 1 \ sim x , ) ( 1 + x ) a − 1 ∼ a x . ( \ displaystyle ( 1 + x ) ^ ( a ) - 1 \ sim ax . ) For example : lim x → 0 1 x 3 ( ( 2 + cos ⁡ x 3 ) x − 1 ) = lim x → 0 e x ln ⁡ 2 + cos ⁡ x 3 − 1 x 3 = lim x → 0 1 x 2 ln ⁡ 2 + cos ⁡ x 3 = lim x → 0 1 x 2 ln ⁡ ( cos ⁡ x − 1 3 + 1 ) = lim x → 0 cos ⁡ x − 1 3 x 2 = − 1 6 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( ( ( \ frac ( 2 + \ cos x ) ( 3 ) ) ) ^ ( x ) - 1 ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x \ ln ( \ frac ( 2 + \ cos x ) ( 3 ) ) ) - 1 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ ln ( \ frac ( 2 + \ cos x ) ( 3 ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ ln ( ( \ frac ( \ cos x-1 ) ( 3 ) ) + 1 ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ cos x-1 ) ( 3x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ) ) Here is a brief proof : Suppose there are two equivalent infinitesimals α ∼ α ′ ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sim \ alpha ' ) and β ∼ β ′ ( \ displaystyle \ beta \ sim \ beta ' ) . lim β α = lim β β ′ α ′ β ′ α ′ α = lim β β ′ lim α ′ α lim β ′ α ′ = lim β ′ α ′ ( \ displaystyle \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta ) ( \ alpha ) ) = \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta \ beta ' \ alpha ' ) ( \ beta ' \ alpha ' \ alpha ) ) = \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta ) ( \ beta ' ) ) \ lim ( \ frac ( \ alpha ' ) ( \ alpha ) ) \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta ' ) ( \ alpha ' ) ) = \ lim ( \ frac ( \ beta ' ) ( \ alpha ' ) ) ) L'Hôpital's rule ( edit ) Main article : L'Hôpital's rule L'Hôpital's rule is a general method for evaluating the indeterminate forms 0 / 0 and ∞ / ∞ . This rule states that ( under appropriate conditions ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( g ' ( x ) ) ) , \ ! ) where f ' and g ' are the derivatives of f and g . ( Note that this rule does not apply to expressions ∞ / 0 , 1 / 0 , and so on ; these expressions are not indeterminate forms . ) These derivatives will allow one to perform algebraic simplification and eventually evaluate the limit . L'Hôpital's rule can also be applied to other indeterminate forms , using first an appropriate algebraic transformation . For example , to evaluate the form 0 : ln ⁡ lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c ln ⁡ f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ ln \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( \ ln f ( x ) ) ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ). \ ! ) The right - hand side is of the form ∞ / ∞ , so L'Hôpital's rule applies to it . Note that this equation is valid ( as long as the right - hand side is defined ) because the natural logarithm ( ln ) is a continuous function ; it is irrelevant how well - behaved f and g may ( or may not ) be as long as f is asymptotically positive . Although L'Hôpital's rule applies both to 0 / 0 and to ∞ / ∞ , one of these forms may be more useful than the other in a particular case ( because of the possibility of algebraic simplification afterwards ) . One can change between these forms , if necessary , by transforming f / g to ( 1 / g ) / ( 1 / f ) . List of indeterminate forms ( edit ) The following table lists the most common indeterminate forms and the transformations for applying l'Hôpital's rule . Indeterminate form Conditions Transformation to 0 / 0 Transformation to ∞ / ∞ 0 / 0 lim x → c f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = 0 , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = 0 \ ! ) -- lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c 1 / g ( x ) 1 / f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ( 1 / f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) ∞ / ∞ lim x → c f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → c g ( x ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = \ infty , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = \ infty \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c 1 / g ( x ) 1 / f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ( 1 / f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) -- 0 × ∞ lim x → c f ( x ) = 0 , lim x → c g ( x ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = 0 , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = \ infty \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) g ( x ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c g ( x ) 1 / f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) g ( x ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( g ( x ) ) ( 1 / f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) ∞ − ∞ lim x → c f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → c g ( x ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = \ infty , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = \ infty \ ! ) lim x → c ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) = lim x → c 1 / g ( x ) − 1 / f ( x ) 1 / ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( 1 / g ( x ) - 1 / f ( x ) ) ( 1 / ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) = ln ⁡ lim x → c e f ( x ) e g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) ) = \ ln \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( f ( x ) ) ) ( e ^ ( g ( x ) ) ) ) \ ! ) 0 lim x → c f ( x ) = 0 + , lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = 0 ^ ( + ) , \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = 0 \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c g ( x ) 1 / ln ⁡ f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( g ( x ) ) ( 1 / \ ln f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c ln ⁡ f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( \ ln f ( x ) ) ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) = 1 , lim x → c g ( x ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = 1 , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = \ infty \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c ln ⁡ f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( \ ln f ( x ) ) ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c g ( x ) 1 / ln ⁡ f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( g ( x ) ) ( 1 / \ ln f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) ∞ lim x → c f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = \ infty , \ \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = 0 \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c g ( x ) 1 / ln ⁡ f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( g ( x ) ) ( 1 / \ ln f ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = exp ⁡ lim x → c ln ⁡ f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) ^ ( g ( x ) ) = \ exp \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( \ ln f ( x ) ) ( 1 / g ( x ) ) ) \ ! ) See also ( edit ) Defined and undefined Division by zero Extended real number line L'Hôpital's rule References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Louis M. Rotando ; Henry Korn ( January 1977 ) . `` The indeterminate form 0 '' . Mathematics Magazine . 50 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 2689754 . Jump up ^ `` Table of equivalent infinitesimals '' ( PDF ) . Vaxa Software . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indeterminate_form&oldid=808590400 '' Categories : Limits ( mathematics ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Polski Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who proposed the coordinate system to describe the position of a point in a plane accurately

Coordinate system

coordinate system

In geometry , a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers , or coordinates , to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space . The order of the coordinates is significant , and they are sometimes identified by their position in an ordered tuple and sometimes by a letter , as in `` the x-coordinate '' . The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics , but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring . The use of a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers and vice versa ; this is the basis of analytic geometry .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Common coordinate systems 1.1 Number line 1.2 Cartesian coordinate system 1.3 Polar coordinate system 1.4 Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems 1.5 Homogeneous coordinate system 1.6 Other commonly used systems 2 Coordinates of geometric objects 3 Transformations 4 Coordinate lines / curves and planes / surfaces 5 Coordinate maps 6 Orientation - based coordinates 7 See also 7.1 Relativistic Coordinate Systems 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Common coordinate systems ( edit ) Number line ( edit ) Main article : Number line The simplest example of a coordinate system is the identification of points on a line with real numbers using the number line . In this system , an arbitrary point O ( the origin ) is chosen on a given line . The coordinate of a point P is defined as the signed distance from O to P , where the signed distance is the distance taken as positive or negative depending on which side of the line P lies . Each point is given a unique coordinate and each real number is the coordinate of a unique point . Cartesian coordinate system ( edit ) Main article : Cartesian coordinate system The Cartesian coordinate system in the plane . The prototypical example of a coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system . In the plane , two perpendicular lines are chosen and the coordinates of a point are taken to be the signed distances to the lines . In three dimensions , three perpendicular planes are chosen and the three coordinates of a point are the signed distances to each of the planes . This can be generalized to create n coordinates for any point in n - dimensional Euclidean space . Depending on the direction and order of the coordinate axis the system may be a right - hand or a left - hand system . This is one of many coordinate systems . Polar coordinate system ( edit ) Main article : Polar coordinate system Another common coordinate system for the plane is the polar coordinate system . A point is chosen as the pole and a ray from this point is taken as the polar axis . For a given angle θ , there is a single line through the pole whose angle with the polar axis is θ ( measured counterclockwise from the axis to the line ) . Then there is a unique point on this line whose signed distance from the origin is r for given number r . For a given pair of coordinates ( r , θ ) there is a single point , but any point is represented by many pairs of coordinates . For example , ( r , θ ) , ( r , θ + 2π ) and ( − r , θ + π ) are all polar coordinates for the same point . The pole is represented by ( 0 , θ ) for any value of θ . Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems ( edit ) Main articles : Cylindrical coordinate system and Spherical coordinate system There are two common methods for extending the polar coordinate system to three dimensions . In the cylindrical coordinate system , a z - coordinate with the same meaning as in Cartesian coordinates is added to the r and θ polar coordinates giving a triple ( r , θ , z ) . Spherical coordinates take this a step further by converting the pair of cylindrical coordinates ( r , z ) to polar coordinates ( ρ , φ ) giving a triple ( ρ , θ , φ ) . Homogeneous coordinate system ( edit ) Main article : Homogeneous coordinates A point in the plane may be represented in homogeneous coordinates by a triple ( x , y , z ) where x / z and y / z are the Cartesian coordinates of the point . This introduces an `` extra '' coordinate since only two are needed to specify a point on the plane , but this system is useful in that it represents any point on the projective plane without the use of infinity . In general , a homogeneous coordinate system is one where only the ratios of the coordinates are significant and not the actual values . Other commonly used systems ( edit ) Some other common coordinate systems are the following : Curvilinear coordinates are a generalization of coordinate systems generally ; the system is based on the intersection of curves . Orthogonal coordinates : coordinate surfaces meet at right angles Skew coordinates : coordinate surfaces are not orthogonal The log - polar coordinate system represents a point in the plane by the logarithm of the distance from the origin and an angle measured from a reference line intersecting the origin . Plücker coordinates are a way of representing lines in 3D Euclidean space using a six - tuple of numbers as homogeneous coordinates . Generalized coordinates are used in the Lagrangian treatment of mechanics . Canonical coordinates are used in the Hamiltonian treatment of mechanics . Barycentric coordinates as used for ternary plots and more generally in the analysis of triangles . Trilinear coordinates are used in the context of triangles . There are ways of describing curves without coordinates , using intrinsic equations that use invariant quantities such as curvature and arc length . These include : The Whewell equation relates arc length and the tangential angle . The Cesàro equation relates arc length and curvature . Coordinates of geometric objects ( edit ) Coordinates systems are often used to specify the position of a point , but they may also be used to specify the position of more complex figures such as lines , planes , circles or spheres . For example , Plücker coordinates are used to determine the position of a line in space . When there is a need , the type of figure being described is used to distinguish the type of coordinate system , for example the term line coordinates is used for any coordinate system that specifies the position of a line . It may occur that systems of coordinates for two different sets of geometric figures are equivalent in terms of their analysis . An example of this is the systems of homogeneous coordinates for points and lines in the projective plane . The two systems in a case like this are said to be dualistic . Dualistic systems have the property that results from one system can be carried over to the other since these results are only different interpretations of the same analytical result ; this is known as the principle of duality . Transformations ( edit ) See also : Active and passive transformation Main article : List of common coordinate transformations Because there are often many different possible coordinate systems for describing geometrical figures , it is important to understand how they are related . Such relations are described by coordinate transformations which give formulas for the coordinates in one system in terms of the coordinates in another system . For example , in the plane , if Cartesian coordinates ( x , y ) and polar coordinates ( r , θ ) have the same origin , and the polar axis is the positive x axis , then the coordinate transformation from polar to Cartesian coordinates is given by x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ . With every bijection from the space to itself two coordinate transformations can be associated : such that the new coordinates of the image of each point are the same as the old coordinates of the original point ( the formulas for the mapping are the inverse of those for the coordinate transformation ) such that the old coordinates of the image of each point are the same as the new coordinates of the original point ( the formulas for the mapping are the same as those for the coordinate transformation ) For example , in 1D , if the mapping is a translation of 3 to the right , the first moves the origin from 0 to 3 , so that the coordinate of each point becomes 3 less , while the second moves the origin from 0 to − 3 , so that the coordinate of each point becomes 3 more . Coordinate lines / curves and planes / surfaces ( edit ) `` Coordinate line '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Line coordinates . `` Coordinate plane '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Plane coordinates . In two dimensions , if one of the coordinates in a point coordinate system is held constant and the other coordinate is allowed to vary , then the resulting curve is called a coordinate curve . In the Cartesian coordinate system the coordinate curves are , in fact , straight lines , thus coordinate lines . Specifically , they are the lines parallel to one of the coordinate axes . For other coordinate systems the coordinates curves may be general curves . For example , the coordinate curves in polar coordinates obtained by holding r constant are the circles with center at the origin . Coordinates systems for Euclidean space other than the Cartesian coordinate system are called curvilinear coordinate systems . This procedure does not always make sense , for example there are no coordinate curves in a homogeneous coordinate system . Coordinate surfaces of the three - dimensional paraboloidal coordinates . In three - dimensional space , if one coordinate is held constant and the other two are allowed to vary , then the resulting surface is called a coordinate surface . For example , the coordinate surfaces obtained by holding ρ constant in the spherical coordinate system are the spheres with center at the origin . In three - dimensional space the intersection of two coordinate surfaces is a coordinate curve . In the Cartesian coordinate system we may speak of coordinate planes . Similarly , coordinate hypersurfaces are the ( n − 1 ) - dimensional spaces resulting from fixing a single coordinate of an n - dimensional coordinate system . Coordinate maps ( edit ) Main article : Coordinate map Further information : Manifold The concept of a coordinate map , or coordinate chart is central to the theory of manifolds . A coordinate map is essentially a coordinate system for a subset of a given space with the property that each point has exactly one set of coordinates . More precisely , a coordinate map is a homeomorphism from an open subset of a space X to an open subset of R. It is often not possible to provide one consistent coordinate system for an entire space . In this case , a collection of coordinate maps are put together to form an atlas covering the space . A space equipped with such an atlas is called a manifold and additional structure can be defined on a manifold if the structure is consistent where the coordinate maps overlap . For example , a differentiable manifold is a manifold where the change of coordinates from one coordinate map to another is always a differentiable function . Orientation - based coordinates ( edit ) In geometry and kinematics , coordinate systems are used not only to describe the ( linear ) position of points , but also to describe the angular position of axes , planes , and rigid bodies . In the latter case , the orientation of a second ( typically referred to as `` local '' ) coordinate system , fixed to the node , is defined based on the first ( typically referred to as `` global '' or `` world '' coordinate system ) . For instance , the orientation of a rigid body can be represented by an orientation matrix , which includes , in its three columns , the Cartesian coordinates of three points . These points are used to define the orientation of the axes of the local system ; they are the tips of three unit vectors aligned with those axes . See also ( edit ) Absolute angular momentum Alpha - numeric grid Analytic geometry Astronomical coordinate systems Axes conventions in engineering Coordinate - free Fractional coordinates Frame of reference Galilean transformation Geographic coordinate system Nomogram , graphical representations of different coordinate systems Rotation of axes Translation of axes Relativistic Coordinate Systems ( edit ) Eddington -- Finkelstein coordinates Gaussian polar coordinates Gullstrand -- Painlevé coordinates Isotropic coordinates Kruskal -- Szekeres coordinates Schwarzschild coordinates ( hide ) Orthogonal coordinate systems Two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Polar coordinate system Parabolic coordinate system Bipolar coordinates Elliptic coordinates Three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system Spherical coordinate system Parabolic cylindrical coordinates Paraboloidal coordinates Oblate spheroidal coordinates Prolate spheroidal coordinates Ellipsoidal coordinates Elliptic cylindrical coordinates Toroidal coordinates Bispherical coordinates Bipolar cylindrical coordinates Conical coordinates 6 - sphere coordinates Flat - ring cyclide coordinates Flat - disk cyclide coordinates Bi-cyclide coordinates Cap - cyclide coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal single - centered coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal double - centered coordinates Convex inverted - sinusoidal spherically aligned coordinates Quasi-random - intersection cartesian coordinates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods p. 1 Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Coordinate System '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Coordinates '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ; Redlin , Lothar ; Watson , Saleem ( 2008 ) . College Algebra ( 5th ed . ) . Brooks Cole . pp. 13 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 56521 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moon P , Spencer DE ( 1988 ) . `` Rectangular Coordinates ( x , y , z ) '' . Field Theory Handbook , Including Coordinate Systems , Differential Equations , and Their Solutions ( corrected 2nd , 3rd print ed . ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 9 -- 11 ( Table 1.01 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 18430 - 2 . Jump up ^ Finney , Ross ; George Thomas ; Franklin Demana ; Bert Waits ( June 1994 ) . Calculus : Graphical , Numerical , Algebraic ( Single Variable Version ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 201 - 55478 - X . Jump up ^ Margenau , Henry ; Murphy , George M. ( 1956 ) . The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry . New York City : D. van Nostrand . p. 178 . ISBN 9780882754239 . LCCN 55010911 . OCLC 3017486 . Jump up ^ Morse PM , Feshbach H ( 1953 ) . Methods of Theoretical Physics , Part I. New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 658 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 043316 - X . LCCN 52011515 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alfred Clement ( 1912 ) . An Introduction to Algebraical Geometry . Clarendon . Jump up ^ Hodge , W.V.D. ; D. Pedoe ( 1994 ) ( 1947 ) . Methods of Algebraic Geometry , Volume I ( Book II ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46900 - 5 . Jump up ^ Woods p. 2 Jump up ^ Tang , K.T. ( 2006 ) . Mathematical Methods for Engineers and Scientists . 2 . Springer . p. 13 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 30268 - 9 . Jump up ^ Liseikin , Vladimir D. ( 2007 ) . A Computational Differential Geometry Approach to Grid Generation . Springer . p. 38 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 34235 - 4 . Jump up ^ Munkres , James R. ( 2000 ) Topology . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 181629 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hanspeter Schaub ; John L. Junkins ( 2003 ) . `` Rigid body kinematics '' . Analytical Mechanics of Space Systems . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . p. 71 . ISBN 1 - 56347 - 563 - 4 . References ( edit ) Voitsekhovskii , M.I. ; Ivanov , A.B. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Coordinates '' , in Hazewinkel , Michiel , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Woods , Frederick S. ( 1922 ) . Higher Geometry . Ginn and Co. pp. 1ff . Shigeyuki Morita ; Teruko Nagase ; Katsumi Nomizu ( 2001 ) . Geometry of Differential Forms . AMS Bookstore . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 1045 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Look up coordinate in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coordinate systems . Hexagonal Coordinate Systems GND : 4165251 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinate_system&oldid=816663645 '' Categories : Coordinate systems Analytic geometry Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 21 : 21 . 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who plays marka nichols on orange is the new black

Year Title Role Notes 1981 Texas Meredith Episode : `` 1.339 '' 1983 -- 1984 Loving Merrill Vochek Series regular 1985 Brass Lori Cartwright TV pilot 1985 The Equalizer Carlene Randall Episode : `` Pilot '' 1986 Kay O'Brien Dr. Kay ' Kayo ' O'Brien Series regular , 13 episodes The Equalizer Dr. Stephanie Davis Episode : `` Coal Black Soul '' 1988 Just in Time Joanna Farrell Series regular , 6 episodes 1988 ABC Afterschool Special Maria Acero Episode : `` Date Rape '' 1989 -- 1991 thirtysomething Susannah Hart Recurring role , 15 episodes 1991 -- 1996 Sisters Georgiana ' Georgie ' Reed Whitsig Series regular , 127 episodes 1997 Early Edition Dr. Price Episode : `` Love Is Blind '' 1997 Michael Hayes Dr. Claire Solomon Episode : `` The Doctor 's Tale '' Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Leslie DeSantis Episode : `` Folly '' 2002 Touched by an Angel Janice Lowry Episode : `` Secreets and Lies '' 2004 -- 2010 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Judge Taten Recurring role , 9 episodes 2008 Gossip Girl Mrs. Boardman Episode : `` There Might be Blood '' The Good Wife Julie Bowers Episode : `` Painkiller '' 2011 Weekends at Bellevue Lucinda TV pilot 2011 Blue Bloods Dr. Keller Recurring role , 3 episodes 2012 White Collar Ms. Holloman Episode : `` Judgment Day '' 2013 - 2018 Orange Is the New Black Marka Nichols Recurring role , 4 episodes 2014 Olive Kitteridge Joyce HBO miniseries ; Episode : `` Incoming Tide '' 2014 `` Power '' Kate Egan 2018 `` The Blacklist '' Episode : `` The Invisible Hand ''

Patricia Kalember

patricia kalember

Patricia Kathryn Kalember ( born December 30 , 1956 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Georgiana `` Georgie '' Reed Whitsig in the NBC drama series , Sisters ( 1991 -- 1996 ) . Kalember also had the leading roles in the number of television films , co-starred in the feature films , including Fletch Lives ( 1989 ) , Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) , A Far Off Place ( 1993 ) , Signs ( 2002 ) , The Company Men ( 2010 ) , and Limitless ( 2011 ) , and recurring roles in thirtysomething ( 1989 -- 1991 ) and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 2004 -- 2010 ) .

Contents 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Kalember was born in Schenectady , New York , the daughter of Vivian Daisy ( née Wright ) and Robert James Kalember . She was raised in Westport , Connecticut , and Louisville , Kentucky . Kalember has been married to British actor Daniel Gerroll since 1986 . They have three children . She was previously married to Mark Torres , an actor . Kalember made her television debut in 1981 , on the daytime soap opera Texas . She later was a regular cast member on Loving . She was nominated for a Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance in the play The Foreigner ( 1986 ) . In 1986 , she had the leading role in the short - lived CBS drama series , Kay O'Brien . She also starred alongside Tim Matheson in the short - lived ABC sitcom Just in Time ( 1988 ) . From 1989 to 1991 , she appeared in a recurring role on thirtysomething . Kalember may be best known for her role as Georgiana `` Georgie '' Reed Whitsig in the NBC drama series , Sisters , alongside Swoosie Kurtz , Sela Ward , and Julianne Phillips , from 1991 to 1996 . She later had the leading roles in a number of made - for - television films . Kalember had roles in such films as Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) , Fletch Lives ( 1989 ) , Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) , Big Girls Do n't Cry ... They Get Even ( 1992 ) , and A Far Off Place ( 1993 ) . She played the role of Margaret Craig McNamara in the HBO biographical film Path to War ( 2002 ) and appeared as Mel Gibson 's character 's wife in the science - fiction thriller , Signs that same year . She had guest roles on such television series as Touched by an Angel , Gossip Girl , The Good Wife , Blue Bloods , and Orange Is the New Black . Kalember played two different characters in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ; in 2001 , she appeared in an episode of the second season , and from 2004 to 2010 , she played Judge Karen Taten . Kalember co-starred in such films as The Girl in the Park , The Company Men , Rabbit Hole , and Limitless . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Cat 's Eye Marcia 1988 Little Girl Lost Andrea Newman Television film Fletch Lives Amanda Ray Ross 1990 Kaleidoscope Alexandra Television film 1990 Jacob 's Ladder Sarah Big Girls Do n't Cry ... They Get Even Barbara 1993 A Far Off Place Elizabeth Parker 1993 Shattered Trust : The Shari Karney Story Linda Karney Television film 1995 The Unspoken Truth Margaret Trainor Television film 1995 Degree of Guilt Judge Caroline Masters Television film Angel Flight Down Teresa Bagshaw Television film 1997 Home Before Dark Dolores James 1998 When Husbands Cheat Tess McCall Television film 1999 Jump Mother 1999 Final Run Connie Phipps - Singer Television film 2000 Killing Cinderella Cinderella 2000 Labor Pains Delia 2000 A Time for Dancing Sandra Michaels 2002 Path to War Margaret Craig McNamara 2002 Signs Colleen Hess 2003 Straight from the Heart Laurie Woods Television film Fatal Lessons : The Good Teacher Samantha Stephens Television film 2007 Ben 's Plan Shelly Stephens 2007 The Girl in the Park Amanda The Company Men Cynthia McClary Rabbit Hole Peg Kalamity Terry Klepack 2011 Limitless Mrs. Atwood 2012 Girl Most Likely Virginia 2015 Run All Night Rose Maguire Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Texas Meredith Episode : `` 1.339 '' 1983 -- 1984 Loving Merrill Vochek Series regular 1985 Brass Lori Cartwright TV pilot 1985 The Equalizer Carlene Randall Episode : `` Pilot '' 1986 Kay O'Brien Dr. Kay ' Kayo ' O'Brien Series regular , 13 episodes The Equalizer Dr. Stephanie Davis Episode : `` Coal Black Soul '' 1988 Just in Time Joanna Farrell Series regular , 6 episodes 1988 ABC Afterschool Special Maria Acero Episode : `` Date Rape '' 1989 -- 1991 thirtysomething Susannah Hart Recurring role , 15 episodes 1991 -- 1996 Sisters Georgiana ' Georgie ' Reed Whitsig Series regular , 127 episodes 1997 Early Edition Dr. Price Episode : `` Love Is Blind '' 1997 Michael Hayes Dr. Claire Solomon Episode : `` The Doctor 's Tale '' Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Leslie DeSantis Episode : `` Folly '' 2002 Touched by an Angel Janice Lowry Episode : `` Secreets and Lies '' 2004 -- 2010 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Judge Taten Recurring role , 9 episodes 2008 Gossip Girl Mrs. Boardman Episode : `` There Might be Blood '' The Good Wife Julie Bowers Episode : `` Painkiller '' 2011 Weekends at Bellevue Lucinda TV pilot 2011 Blue Bloods Dr. Keller Recurring role , 3 episodes 2012 White Collar Ms. Holloman Episode : `` Judgment Day '' 2013 - 2018 Orange Is the New Black Marka Nichols Recurring role , 4 episodes 2014 Olive Kitteridge Joyce HBO miniseries ; Episode : `` Incoming Tide '' 2014 `` Power '' Kate Egan 2018 `` The Blacklist '' Episode : `` The Invisible Hand '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Patricia Kalember '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Kalember profile '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography at Kalember website '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Kalember profile at Yahoo ! '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Patricia Kalember on IMDb Patricia Kalember at the Internet Off - Broadway Database BNF : cb14192004m ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 0121 1134 VIAF : 61756918 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Kalember&oldid=852699323 '' Categories : 1956 births American film actresses American television actresses Living people Actresses from Louisville , Kentucky People from Westport , Connecticut Actors from Schenectady , New York 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Kentucky Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 19 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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where does progesterone come from in the body

Progesterone

progesterone

Progesterone ( P4 ) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle , pregnancy , and embryogenesis of humans and other species . It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens , and is the major progestogen in the body . Progesterone has a variety of important functions in the body . It is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids , including the sex hormones and the corticosteroids , and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid .

In addition to its role as a natural hormone , progesterone is used as a medication , for instance in menopausal hormone therapy ; for information on progesterone as a medication , see the progesterone ( medication ) article . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biological activity 2 Biological function 2.1 Hormonal interactions 2.2 Reproductive system 2.3 Breasts 2.3. 1 Lobuloalveolar development 2.3. 2 Ductal development 2.3. 3 Breast cancer risk 2.4 Skin health 2.5 Sexuality 2.5. 1 Libido 2.5. 2 Homosexuality 2.6 Nervous system 2.7 Aging 2.8 Brain damage 2.8. 1 Proposed mechanism 2.9 Addiction 2.10 Other effects 3 Biochemistry 3.1 Biosynthesis 3.2 Distribution 3.3 Metabolism 3.4 Levels 3.5 Sources 3.5. 1 Animal 3.5. 2 Plants 4 Medical use 4.1 Veterinary use 5 Chemistry 5.1 Synthesis 5.1. 1 Semisynthesis 1 5.1. 1.1 Semisynthesis 2 5.1. 2 Total synthesis 6 History 7 References 8 External links Biological activity ( edit ) Progesterone is the most important progestogen in the body , the result of its action as a potent agonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor ( nPR ) ( with an affinity of K = 1 nM ) . In addition , progesterone is an agonist of the more recently discovered membrane progesterone receptors ( mPRs ) , as well as a ligand of the PGRMC1 ( progesterone receptor membrane component 1 ) . Moreover , progesterone is also known to be an antagonist of the sigma σ receptor , a negative allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , and a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) . Progesterone prevents MR activation by binding to this receptor with an affinity exceeding even those of aldosterone and glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone , and produces antimineralocorticoid effects , such as natriuresis , at physiological concentrations . In addition , progesterone binds to and behaves as a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) , albeit with very low potency ( EC > 100-fold less relative to cortisol ) . Progesterone , through its neurosteroid active metabolites such as 5α - dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone , acts indirectly as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor . Progesterone and some of its metabolites , such as 5β - dihydroprogesterone , are agonists of the pregnane X receptor ( PXR ) , albeit weakly so ( EC > 10 μM ) . In accordance , progesterone induces several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes , such as CYP3A4 , especially during pregnancy when concentrations are much higher than usual . Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women , and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women . Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper ( cation channels of sperm ) voltage - gated Ca channels . Since eggs release progesterone , sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs ( chemotaxis ) . As a result , it has been suggested that substances that block the progesterone binding site on CatSper channels could potentially be used in male contraception . Biological function ( edit ) Hormonal interactions ( edit ) Progesterone has a number of physiological effects that are amplified in the presence of estrogens . Estrogens through estrogen receptors ( ERs ) induce or upregulate the expression of the PR . One example of this is in breast tissue , where estrogens allow progesterone to mediate lobuloalveolar development . Elevated levels of progesterone potently reduce the sodium - retaining activity of aldosterone , resulting in natriuresis and a reduction in extracellular fluid volume . Progesterone withdrawal , on the other hand , is associated with a temporary increase in sodium retention ( reduced natriuresis , with an increase in extracellular fluid volume ) due to the compensatory increase in aldosterone production , which combats the blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor by the previously elevated level of progesterone . Reproductive system ( edit ) Micrograph showing changes to the endometrium due to progesterone ( decidualization ) H&E stain . Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs , though the receptor ( s ) as yet remain unidentified . Detailed characterisation of the events occurring in sperm in response to progesterone has elucidated certain events including intracellular calcium transients and maintained changes , slow calcium oscillations , now thought to possibly regulate motility . It is produced by the ovaries . Interestingly , progesterone has also been shown to demonstrate effects on octopus spermatozoa . Progesterone is sometimes called the `` hormone of pregnancy '' , and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus : Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation . At the same time progesterone affects the vaginal epithelium and cervical mucus , making it thick and impenetrable to sperm . Progesterone is anti-mitogenic in endometrial epithelial cells , and as such , mitigates the tropic effects of estrogen . If pregnancy does not occur , progesterone levels will decrease , leading , in the human , to menstruation . Normal menstrual bleeding is progesterone - withdrawal bleeding . If ovulation does not occur and the corpus luteum does not develop , levels of progesterone may be low , leading to anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding . During implantation and gestation , progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy . Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle . In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy . The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production . A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor . The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal steroids . Breasts ( edit ) See also : Breast development § Biochemistry Lobuloalveolar development ( edit ) Progesterone plays an important role in breast development in women . In conjunction with prolactin , it mediates lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy to allow for milk production and thus lactation and breastfeeding of offspring following parturition ( childbirth ) . Estrogen induces expression of the PR in breast tissue and hence progesterone is dependent on estrogen to mediate lobuloalveolar development . It has been found that RANKL is a critical downstream mediator of progesterone - induced lobuloalveolar maturation . RANKL knockout mice show an almost identical mammary phenotype to PR knockout mice , including normal mammary ductal development but complete failure of the development of lobuloalveolar structures . Ductal development ( edit ) Though to a far lesser extent than estrogen , which is the major mediator of mammary ductal development ( via the ERα ) , progesterone has been found to be involved in ductal development of the mammary glands to some extent as well . PR knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed although otherwise normal mammary ductal development at puberty . In addition , mice modified to have overexpression of PRA display ductal hyperplasia , and progesterone induces ductal growth in the mouse mammary gland . Progesterone mediates ductal development mainly via induction of the expression of amphiregulin , the same growth factor that estrogen primarily induces the expression of to mediate ductal development . These animal findings suggest that , while not essential for full mammary ductal development , progesterone seems to play a potentiating or accelerating role in estrogen - mediated mammary ductal development . Breast cancer risk ( edit ) Progesterone also appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of breast cancer , though its role , and whether it is a promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer risk , has not been fully elucidated . In any case , while most synthetic progestins like medroxyprogesterone acetate have been found to significantly increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in combination with estrogen as a component of hormone replacement therapy , the combination of natural progesterone ( or the atypical progestin dydrogesterone ) with estrogen has been found not to do so . Skin Health ( edit ) The estrogen receptor , as well as the progesterone receptor , have been detected in the skin , including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts . At menopause and thereafter , decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy , thinning , and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity , firmness , and strength . These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content , irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells , decreased ground substance between skin fibers , and reduced capillaries and blood flow . The skin also becomes more dry during menopause , which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids ( sebum production ) . Along with chronological aging and photoaging , estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging . HRT , consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen , has well - documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women . These benefits include increased skin collagen content , skin thickness and elasticity , and skin hydration and surface lipids . Topical estrogen has been found to have similar beneficial effects on the skin . In addition , a study has found that topical 2 % progesterone cream significantly increases skin elasticity and firmness and observably decreases wrinkles in peri - and postmenopausal women . Skin hydration and surface lipids , on the other hand , did not significantly change with topical progesterone . These findings suggest that progesterone , like estrogen , also has beneficial effects on the skin , and may be independently protective against skin aging . Sexuality ( edit ) Libido ( edit ) See also : Sexual motivation and hormones Progesterone and its neurosteroid active metabolite allopregnanolone appear to be importantly involved in libido in females . Homosexuality ( edit ) Dr. Diana Fleischman , of the University of Portsmouth , and colleagues examined the relationship between progesterone and sexual attitudes . Their research was published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior . They found that women who have higher levels of progesterone are more likely to be open to the idea of engaging in sexual behaviour with other women . A parallel pattern of openness to homosexual behaviour is particularly dramatic in men who have high levels of progesterone . Nervous system ( edit ) Progesterone , like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) , belongs to an important group of endogenous steroids called neurosteroids . It can be metabolized within all parts of the central nervous system . Neurosteroids are neuromodulators , and are neuroprotective , neurogenic , and regulate neurotransmission and myelination . The effects of progesterone as a neurosteroid are mediated predominantly through its interactions with non-nuclear PRs , namely the mPRs and PGRMC1 , as well as certain other receptors , such as the σ and nACh receptors . Aging ( edit ) Since most progesterone in males is created during testicular production of testosterone , and most in females by the ovaries , the shutting down ( whether by natural or chemical means ) , or removal , of those inevitably causes a considerable reduction in progesterone levels . Previous concentration upon the role of progestogens in female reproduction , when progesterone was simply considered a `` female hormone '' , obscured the significance of progesterone elsewhere in both sexes . The tendency for progesterone to have a regulatory effect , the presence of progesterone receptors in many types of body tissue , and the pattern of deterioration ( or tumor formation ) in many of those increasing in later years when progesterone levels have dropped , is prompting widespread research into the potential value of maintaining progesterone levels in both males and females . Brain damage ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Brain damage Previous studies have shown that progesterone supports the normal development of neurons in the brain , and that the hormone has a protective effect on damaged brain tissue . It has been observed in animal models that females have reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury and this protective effect has been hypothesized to be caused by increased circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females . Proposed mechanism ( edit ) The mechanism of progesterone protective effects may be the reduction of inflammation that follows brain trauma and hemorrhage . Damage incurred by traumatic brain injury is believed to be caused in part by mass depolarization leading to excitotoxicity . One way in which progesterone helps to alleviate some of this excitotoxicity is by blocking the voltage - dependent calcium channels that trigger neurotransmitter release . It does so by manipulating the signaling pathways of transcription factors involved in this release . Another method for reducing the excitotoxicity is by up - regulating the GABA , a widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor . Progesterone has also been shown to prevent apoptosis in neurons , a common consequence of brain injury . It does so by inhibiting enzymes involved in the apoptosis pathway specifically concerning the mitochondria , such as activated caspase 3 and cytochrome c . Not only does progesterone help prevent further damage , it has also been shown to aid in neuroregeneration . One of the serious effects of traumatic brain injury includes edema . Animal studies show that progesterone treatment leads to a decrease in edema levels by increasing the concentration of macrophages and microglia sent to the injured tissue . This was observed in the form of reduced leakage from the blood brain barrier in secondary recovery in progesterone treated rats . In addition , progesterone was observed to have antioxidant properties , reducing the concentration of oxygen free radicals faster than without . There is also evidence that the addition of progesterone can also help re myelinate damaged axons due to trauma , restoring some lost neural signal conduction . Another way progesterone aids in regeneration includes increasing the circulation of endothelial progenitor cells in the brain . This helps new vasculature to grow around scar tissue which helps repair the area of insult . Addiction ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Addiction Progesterone enhances the function of serotonin receptors in the brain , so an excess or deficit of progesterone has the potential to result in significant neurochemical issues . This provides an explanation for why some people resort to substances that enhance serotonin activity such as nicotine , alcohol , and cannabis when their progesterone levels fall below optimal levels . Sex differences in hormone levels may induce women to respond differently than men to nicotine . When women undergo cyclic changes or different hormonal transition phases ( menopause , pregnancy , adolescence ) , there are changes in their progesterone levels . Therefore , females have an increased biological vulnerability to nicotine 's reinforcing effects compared to males and progesterone may be used to counter this enhanced vulnerability . This information supports the idea that progesterone can affect behavior . Similar to nicotine , cocaine also increases the release of dopamine in the brain . The neurotransmitter is involved in the reward center and is one of the main neurotransmitters involved with substance abuse and reliance . In a study of cocaine users , it was reported that progesterone reduced craving and the feeling of being stimulated by cocaine . Thus , progesterone was suggested as an agent that decreases cocaine craving by reducing the dopaminergic properties of the drug . Other effects ( edit ) Progesterone also has a role in skin elasticity and bone strength , in respiration , in nerve tissue and in female sexuality , and the presence of progesterone receptors in certain muscle and fat tissue may hint at a role in sexually dimorphic proportions of those . During pregnancy , progesterone is said to decrease irritability . During pregnancy , progesterone helps to suppress immune responses of the mother to fetal antigens , which prevents rejection of the fetus . Progesterone raises epidermal growth factor - 1 ( EGF - 1 ) levels , a factor often used to induce proliferation , and used to sustain cultures , of stem cells . Progesterone increases core temperature ( thermogenic function ) during ovulation . Progesterone reduces spasm and relaxes smooth muscle . Bronchi are widened and mucus regulated . ( PRs are widely present in submucosal tissue . ) Progesterone acts as an antiinflammatory agent and regulates the immune response . Progesterone reduces gall - bladder activity . Progesterone normalizes blood clotting and vascular tone , zinc and copper levels , cell oxygen levels , and use of fat stores for energy . Progesterone may affect gum health , increasing risk of gingivitis ( gum inflammation ) . Progesterone appears to prevent endometrial cancer ( involving the uterine lining ) by regulating the effects of estrogen . Progesterone plays an important role in the signaling of insulin release and pancreatic function , and may affect the susceptibility to diabetes or gestational diabetes . Biochemistry ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Steroidogenesis , showing progesterone among the progestogens in yellow area . In mammals , progesterone , like all other steroid hormones , is synthesized from pregnenolone , which itself is derived from cholesterol . Cholesterol undergoes double oxidation to produce 22R - hydroxycholesterol and then 20α , 22R - dihydroxycholesterol . This vicinal diol is then further oxidized with loss of the side chain starting at position C22 to produce pregnenolone . This reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc . The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone takes place in two steps . First , the 3β - hydroxyl group is oxidized to a keto group and second , the double bond is moved to C4 , from C5 through a keto / enol tautomerization reaction . This reaction is catalyzed by 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / δ - isomerase . Progesterone in turn is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone , and after conversion to 17α - hydroxyprogesterone , of cortisol and androstenedione . Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone , estrone , and estradiol . Pregnenolone and progesterone can also be synthesized by yeast . Distribution ( edit ) Progesterone binds extensively to plasma proteins , including albumin ( 50 -- 54 % ) and transcortin ( 43 -- 48 % ) . It has similar affinity for albumin relative to the PR . Metabolism ( edit ) The metabolism of progesterone is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver , though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain , skin , and various other extrahepatic tissues . Progesterone has a terminal half - life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation . The metabolism of progesterone is complex , and it may form as many as 35 different unconjugated metabolites when it is ingested orally . Progesterone is highly susceptible to enzymatic reduction via reductases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases due to its double bond ( between the C4 and C5 positions ) and its two ketones ( at the C3 and C20 positions ) . The major metabolic pathway of progesterone is reduction by 5α - reductase and 5β - reductase into the dihydrogenated 5α - dihydroprogesterone and 5β - dihydroprogesterone , respectively . This is followed by the further reduction of these metabolites via 3α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into the tetrahydrogenated allopregnanolone , pregnanolone , isopregnanolone , and epipregnanolone . Subsequently , 20α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reduce these metabolites to form the corresponding hexahydrogenated pregnanediols ( eight different isomers in total ) , which are then conjugated via glucuronidation and / or sulfation , released from the liver into circulation , and excreted by the kidneys into the urine . The major metabolite of progesterone in the urine is the 3α , 5β , 20α isomer of pregnanediol glucuronide , which has been found to constitute 15 to 30 % of an injection of progesterone . Other metabolites of progesterone formed by the enzymes in this pathway include 3α - dihydroprogesterone , 3β - dihydroprogesterone , 20α - dihydroprogesterone , and 20β - dihydroprogesterone , as well as various combination products of the enzymes aside from those already mentioned . Progesterone can also first be hydroxylated ( see below ) and then reduced . Relatively small portions of progesterone are hydroxylated via 17α - hydroxylase ( CYP17A1 ) and 21 - hydroxylase ( CYP21A2 ) into 17α - hydroxyprogesterone and 11 - deoxycorticosterone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) , respectively , and pregnanetriols are formed secondarily to 17α - hydroxylation . In addition , progesterone can be hydroxylated in the liver by other cytochrome P450 enzymes which are not steroid - specific . 6β - Hydroxylation , which is catalyzed mainly by CYP3A4 , is the major transformation , and is responsible for approximately 70 % of cytochrome P450 - mediated progesterone metabolism . Other routes include 6α - , 16α - , and 16β - hydroxylation . However , treatment of women with ketoconazole , a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor , had minimal effects on progesterone levels , producing only a slight and non-significant increase , and this suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes play only a small role in progesterone metabolism . Levels ( edit ) Person type Reference range for blood test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Female - menstrual cycle ( see diagram below ) Female - postmenopausal < 0.2 ng / mL < 0.6 nmol / L Female on oral contraceptives 0.34 0.92 ng / mL 2.9 nmol / L Males ≥ 16 years 0.27 0.9 ng / mL 0.86 2.9 nmol / L Female or male 1 -- 9 years 0.1 4.1 or 4.5 ng / mL 0.3 13 nmol / L In women , progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle , rise after ovulation , and are elevated during the luteal phase , as shown in diagram below . Progesterone levels tend to be 5 ng / ml after ovulation . If pregnancy occurs , human chorionic gonadotropin is released maintaining the corpus luteum allowing it to maintain levels of progesterone . Between 7 -- 9 weeks the placenta begins to produce progesterone in place of the corpus luteum , this process is named the luteal - placental shift . After the luteal - placental shift progesterone levels start to rise further and may reach 100 -- 200 ng / ml at term . Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labor has been argued and may be species - specific . After delivery of the placenta and during lactation , progesterone levels are very low . Progesterone levels are relatively low in children and postmenopausal women . Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle . Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the results . Example reference ranges are listed below . Progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle . The ranges denoted By biological stage may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower , respectively , the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle . The ranges denoted Inter-cycle variability are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known , but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation , and that they are somewhat averagely regular , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a woman 's average cycle length is shorter or longer , respectively , than the average of the population . The ranges denoted Inter-woman variability are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown , but only the beginning of menstruation is given . Sources ( edit ) Animal ( edit ) Progesterone is produced in high amounts in the ovaries ( by the corpus luteum ) from the onset of puberty to menopause , and is also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands after the onset of adrenarche in both males and females . To a lesser extent , progesterone is produced in nervous tissue , especially in the brain , and in adipose ( fat ) tissue , as well . During human pregnancy , progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta . At first , the source is the corpus luteum that has been `` rescued '' by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) from the conceptus . However , after the 8th week , production of progesterone shifts to the placenta . The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate , and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation , but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids . At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day . An additional animal source of progesterone is milk products . After consumption of milk products the level of bioavailable progesterone goes up . Plants ( edit ) In at least one plant , Juglans regia , progesterone has been detected . In addition , progesterone - like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana . Dioscorea mexicana is a plant that is part of the yam family native to Mexico . It contains a steroid called diosgenin that is taken from the plant and is converted into progesterone . Diosgenin and progesterone are also found in other Dioscorea species , as well as in other plants that are not closely related , such as fenugreek . Another plant that contains substances readily convertible to progesterone is Dioscorea pseudojaponica native to Taiwan . Research has shown that the Taiwanese yam contains saponins -- steroids that can be converted to diosgenin and thence to progesterone . Many other Dioscorea species of the yam family contain steroidal substances from which progesterone can be produced . Among the more notable of these are Dioscorea villosa and Dioscorea polygonoides . One study showed that the Dioscorea villosa contains 3.5 % diosgenin . Dioscorea polygonoides has been found to contain 2.64 % diosgenin as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . Many of the Dioscorea species that originate from the yam family grow in countries that have tropical and subtropical climates . Medical use ( edit ) Main article : Progesterone ( medication ) Progesterone is used as a medication , mainly in hormone replacement therapy . Veterinary use ( edit ) The use of progesterone in tests dog breeding to pinpoint ovulation is becoming more widely used . There are several tests available but the most reliable test is a blood test with blood drawn by a veterinarian and sent to a lab for processing . Results can usually be obtained with 24 to 72 hours . The rational for using progesterone tests is that increased numbers begin in close proximity to preovulatory surge in gonadotrophins and continue through ovulation and estrus . When progesterone levels reach certain levels they can signal the stage of estrus the female is . Prediction of birth date of the pending litter can be very accurate if ovulation date is known . Puppies deliver with a day or two of 9 weeks gestation in most cases . It is not possible to determine pregnancy using progesterone tests once a breeding has taken place however . This is due to the fact that , in dogs , progestrone levels remain elevated throughout the estrus period . Chemistry ( edit ) A sample of progesterone . See also : List of neurosteroids Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione . It has a double bond ( 4 - ene ) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups ( 3 , 20 - dione ) , one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position . Synthesis ( edit ) Semisynthesis 1 ( edit ) An economical semisynthesis of progesterone from the plant steroid diosgenin isolated from yams was developed by Russell Marker in 1940 for the Parke - Davis pharmaceutical company . This synthesis is known as the Marker degradation . Additional semisyntheses of progesterone have also been reported starting from a variety of steroids . For the example , cortisone can be simultaneously deoxygenated at the C - 17 and C - 21 position by treatment with iodotrimethylsilane in chloroform to produce 11 - keto - progesterone ( ketogestin ) , which in turn can be reduced at position - 11 to yield progesterone . The Marker semisynthesis of progesterone from diosgenin . Semisynthesis 2 ( edit ) Progesterone can also be made from the stigmasterol found in soybean oil also . c.f. Percy Julian . Stigmasterol to progesterone synthesis . Total synthesis ( edit ) The Johnson total synthesis of progesterone . A total synthesis of progesterone was reported in 1971 by W.S. Johnson . The synthesis begins with reacting the phosphonium salt 7 with phenyl lithium to produce the phosphonium ylide 8 . The ylide 8 is reacted with an aldehyde to produce the alkene 9 . The ketal protecting groups of 9 are hydrolyzed to produce the diketone 10 , which in turn is cyclized to form the cyclopentenone 11 . The ketone of 11 is reacted with methyl lithium to yield the tertiary alcohol 12 , which in turn is treated with acid to produce the tertiary cation 13 . The key step of the synthesis is the π - cation cyclization of 13 in which the B - , C - , and D - rings of the steroid are simultaneously formed to produce 14 . This step resembles the cationic cyclization reaction used in the biosynthesis of steroids and hence is referred to as biomimetic . In the next step the enol orthoester is hydrolyzed to produce the ketone 15 . The cyclopentene A-ring is then opened by oxidizing with ozone to produce 16 . Finally , the diketone 17 undergoes an intramolecular aldol condensation by treating with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce progesterone . History ( edit ) The hormonal action of progesterone was discovered in 1929 , following that of estrogen in 1923 . By 1931 -- 1932 , nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the corpus luteum of animals , and by 1934 , pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the chemical structure of progesterone was determined . This was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the Chemisches Institut of Technical University in Gdańsk , who extracted this new compound from several thousand liters of urine . Chemical synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol and pregnanediol was accomplished later that year . 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Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R - Hydroxycholesterol 20α , 22R - Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 21 - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α , 21 - Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Ketoprogesterone 21 - Deoxycortisol 21 - Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α - Dihydroaldosterone 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone ( 21 - deoxycorticosterone ) 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone 11 - Ketotestosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α - Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstanediol glucuronide 3β - Androstanediol 3α , 5β - Androstanediol 3β , 5β - Androstanediol 5β - Androstanedione 5β - Dihydrotestosterone Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes : Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 17α - Estradiol 16β - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxyestradiol ) 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 16β , 17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestriol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestriol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 16α - Hydroxyestrone Others : 27 - Hydroxycholesterol 3α - Androstanediol 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenedione 5 - Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA Metabolites : 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol ( e.g. , estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 5α - DHDOC Metabolites : Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes : 3α - Dihydroprogesterone 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone Corticosterone DHC DHDOC 11 - Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstenol 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol / Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others : 7α - Hydroxycholesterol 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Progestogens and antiprogestogens Progestogens ( and progestins ) PR agonists Progesterone derivatives : Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Trengestone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( and closely related ) derivatives : 17α - Hydroxylated : Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone acetophenide ( dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide ) Anagestone acetate Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Flumedroxone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate Medroxyprogesterone acetate ( + conjugated estrogens ) Megestrol acetate Melengestrol acetate Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone acetate Proligestone ; 17α - Methylated : Medrogestone ; Others : Haloprogesterone 19 - Norprogesterone derivatives : 17α - Hydroxylated : Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet Segesterone acetate ( nestorone , elcometrine ) ; 17α - Methylated : Demegestone Promegestone Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives : Estranes : Danazol Dimethisterone Ethisterone 19 - Nortestosterone derivatives : Estranes : Allylestrenol Altrenogest Dienogest Etynodiol diacetate Lynestrenol Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestrienone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone ) Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol acetate Tibolone ; Gonanes : Desogestrel Etonogestrel Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Norelgestromin Norgestimate Norgestrel Spirolactone derivatives : Drospirenone Others : Anabolic -- androgenic steroids ( e.g. , nandrolone and esters , trenbolone and esters , ethylestrenol , norethandrolone , others ) Antiprogestogens SPRMs Telapristone Ulipristal acetate PR antagonists Aglepristone Mifepristone WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Progesterone receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens List of progestogens Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids ( H02 ) Mineralocorticoids Desoxycortone ( desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters Hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) Hydrocortisone esters Fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone acetate Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prednisolone Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antimineralocorticoids Steroidal : Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Medrogestone Progesterone Spironolactone Trimegestone Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine Synthesis modifiers Acetoxolone Aminoglutethimide Carbenoxolone Enoxolone Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Trilostane WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids List of corticosteroids Biological activity GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7 , 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5 , 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7 , 8 - Dihydrokavain 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5 , 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7 , 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g. , 4 - O - methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) , tetronal , trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362 Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Danazol Delmadinone acetate Desogestrel Etonogestrel Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone RU - 2309 Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Metapristone ( RU - 42633 ) Miconazole Mifepristone ( RU - 486 ) Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate Others Antisense oligonucleotides : IONIS - GCCR ( ISIS - 426115 ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators MR Agonists 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone 16α , 18 - Dihydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 17α - Hydroxyaldosterone 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 19 - Norprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antagonists Steroidal : 6β - Hydroxy - 7α - thiomethylspironolactone 7α - Acetylthio - 17α - hydroxyprogesterone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone ( SC - 26519 ) 7α - Thioprogesterone ( SC - 8365 ) 7α - Thiospironolactone ( SC - 24813 ) 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( hydroxyprogesterone ) 18 - Deoxyaldosterone 18 , 19 - Dinorprogesterone Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenoic acid ( canrenoate ) Canrenone ( canrenoate y - lactone ) Dicirenone Dimethisterone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Guggulsterone Hydroxyprogesterone caproate Medrogestone Mespirenone Metribolone Mexrenoate potassium Mexrenoic acid ( mexrenoate ) Mexrenone Oxprenoic acid ( oxprenoate ) Oxprenoate potassium ( RU - 28318 ) Pregnenolone Progesterone Prorenoate potassium Prorenoic acid ( prorenoate ) Prorenone RO - 14 - 9012 RU - 26752 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 SC - 11927 ( CS - 1 ) SC - 19886 SC - 27169 Spirorenone Spironolactone Spiroxasone Tibolone Trimegestone ZK - 91587 ZK - 97894 Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine BR - 4628 Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine PF - 03882845 SM - 368229 See also Receptor / signaling modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists ( and PAMs ) 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ - 39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists ( and NAMs ) 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , α - cobratoxin , α - conotoxin , many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Progesterone receptor modulators PR Agonists Progesterone derivatives : 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 9α - Bromo - 11 - ketoprogesterone 11 - Dehydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydrodydrogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 20α - Dihydrotrengestone Dimepregnen Diosgenin P1 - 185 Progesterone Progesterone 3 - acetyl enol ether Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Retroprogesterone Ro 6 - 3129 Trengestone 17α - Substituted progesterone derivatives : 6α - Methyl - 17α - bromoprogesterone 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( hydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Methylprogesterone Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone Algestone acetonide Algestone acetophenide Anagestone Anagestone acetate Butagest ( buterol ) Chlormadinone Chlormadinone acetate Cismadinone Cismadinone acetate Clogestone Clogestone acetate Clomegestone Clomegestone acetate Cymegesolate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone Delmadinone acetate Edogestrone Flugestone Flugestone acetate Flumedroxone Flumedroxone acetate Gestaclone Haloprogesterone Hydromadinone Hydromadinone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate ( hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate ) Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate ( hydroxyprogesterone enanthate ) Mecigestone ( pentarane B) Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol Megestrol acetate Megestrol caproate Melengestrol Melengestrol acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Osaterone Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone Pentagestrone acetate Pentarane A Proligestone 19 - Norprogesterone derivatives : 17α - Methyl - 19 - norprogesterone 18 - Methylsegesterone acetate 19 - Norprogesterone Amadinone Amadinone acetate Demegestone Gestadienol Gestadienol acetate Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Gestronol ( gestonorone ) Nomegestrol Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet ORG - 2058 Oxogestone Oxogestone phenpropionate ( xinogestone ) Promegestone Segesterone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives : Progestins : 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone acetate 17α - Allyl - 19 - nortestosterone Allylestrenol Altrenogest Chloroethynylnorgestrel Cingestol Danazol Desogestrel Dienogest Ethisterone Ethynerone Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel acetate Levonorgestrel butanoate Lynestrenol Metynodiol Metynodiol diacetate Norelgestromin Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone acetate oxime Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestimate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Tigestol Tosagestin ; Anabolic -- androgenic steroids : 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenediol 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenedione 19 - Nordehydroepiandrosterone Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione Dimethisterone Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate Dimethyldienolone Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol ( ethylnandrol ) Methyldienolone Metribolone ( R - 1881 ) Methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone esters ( e.g. , nandrolone decanoate , nandrolone phenylpropionate ) Norethandrolone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone , normethandrolone , normethisterone ) RU - 2309 Tetrahydrogestrinone Trenbolone ( trienolone ) Trenbolone esters ( e.g. , trenbolone acetate , trenbolone enanthate ) Trendione Trestolone Trestolone acetate Spirolactone derivatives : Canrenoic acid Canrenone Drospirenone Mespirenone Potassium canrenoate SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 Spironolactone Spirorenone Nonsteroidal : 3 , 8 - Dihydrodiligustilide LG - 100128 Riligustilide RWJ - 26819 RWJ - 49853 RWJ - 60130 Tanaproget ZM - 182345 Mixed ( SPRMs ) Steroidal : 5α - Dihydrolevonorgestrel 5α - Dihydronorethisterone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate Guggulsterone J1042 LG - 120838 Metapristone ( RU - 42633 ) Mifepristone ( RU - 486 ) ORG - 31710 ORG - 33628 Telapristone Ulipristal acetate Vilaprisan ZK - 137316 Nonsteroidal : Apigenin Kaempferol LG - 120920 Naringenin PRA - 910 Syringic acid Antagonists Steroidal : Aglepristone Lilopristone Lonaprisan Onapristone ORG - 31710 ORG - 31806 ORG - 33628 RTI 3021 -- 022 Toripristone Zanoterone Nonsteroidal : LG - 001447 LG - 100127 LG - 100128 LG - 120830 LG - 121046 Valproic acid ZM - 150271 ZM - 172406 mPR ( PAQR ) Agonists 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycortisone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol ( 17α , 21 - dihydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Allopregnanolone Mifepristone Pregnenolone Progesterone Antagonists Mifepristone See also Receptor / signaling modulators Progestogens and antiprogestogens Androgen receptor modulators Estrogen receptor modulators List of progestogens Sigma receptor modulators σ Agonists : 3 - PPP 4 - PPBP 5 - MeO - DMT Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine ANAVEX2 - 73 Arketamine BD - 737 BD - 1052 Captodiame Citalopram CGRP Cloperastine Cocaine Cutamesine ( SA - 4503 ) Cyclazocine Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) ( prasterone ) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( DHEA - S ) ( prasterone sulfate ) Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan ( DXM ) Dextrorphan ( DXO ) Dimemorfan Dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) Donepezil Eliprodil Escitalopram Fabomotizole ( afobazole ) Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Ifenprodil Igmesine ( JO - 1784 ) IPAB Ketamine L - 687384 MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Memantine Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Nepinalone Neuropeptide Y Noscapine OPC - 14523 Opipramol Pentazocine Pentoxyverine ( carbetapentane ) PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Pridopidine Racemethorphan ( methorphan ) Racemorphan ( morphanol ) UMB - 23 UMB - 82 Antagonists : 3 - PPP AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1031 BD - 1047 BD - 1060 BD - 1063 BD - 1067 BMY - 14802 ( BMS - 181100 ) CM - 156 Dup - 734 E-5842 E-52862 ( S1RA ) Haloperidol LR - 132 LR - 172 MS - 377 NE - 100 NPC - 16377 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) PD - 144418 Pentazocine Progesterone Rimcazole ( BW - 234U ) Sertraline SR - 31742A Allosteric modulators : Phenytoin ; Positive : Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL - 668 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCP 4C - T - 2 4 - IBP 4 - IPBS 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Amitriptyline Azidopamil Chlorpromazine Clemastine Clomipramine Clorgiline D - Deprenyl DiPT DPT Ibogaine Imipramine KCR - 12 - 83.1 Nemonapride Noribogaine RHL - 033 RS - 67,333 RTI - 55 Saffron Safinamide Selegiline Spipethiane Trifluoperazine W - 18 YKP10A σ Agonists : 3 - PPP Arketamine BD - 1047 BD1063 Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) DKR - 1005 DKR - 1051 Haloperidol Ifenprodil Ketamine MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Methamphetamine OPC - 14523 Opipramol PB - 28 Phencyclidine Siramesine ( Lu 28 - 179 ) UKH - 1114 Antagonists : AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1067 CM - 156 CT - 1812 LR - 172 MIN - 101 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) SAS - 0132 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCE 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Clemastine DiPT DPT Ibogaine Nemonapride Nepinalone Noribogaine Pentazocine RS - 67,333 Safinamide TMA UMB - 23 UMB - 82 W - 18 Unsorted Agonists : Berberine Ethylketazocine Fourphit Metaphit Nalbuphine Naluzotan Tapentadol Tenocyclidine Antagonists : AHD1 AZ66 Lamotrigine Naloxone SM - 21 UMB - 100 UMB - 101 UMB - 103 UMB - 116 YZ - 011 YZ - 069 YZ - 185 Allosteric modulators : SKF - 83959 Unknown / unsorted : 18 - Methoxycoronaridine BMY - 13980 Butaclamol Caramiphen Carvotroline Chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) Chlorpromazine Cinnarizine Cinuperone Clocapramine Dezocine EMD - 59983 Hypericin ( St. John 's wort ) Fluphenazine Gevotroline ( WY - 47384 ) Mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) Molindone Perphenazine Pimozide Proadifen Promethazine Propranolol Quinidine Remoxipride SL 82.0715 SR - 31747A Tiospirone ( BMY - 13859 ) Venlafaxine See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Xenobiotic - sensing receptor modulators CAR Agonists : 6 , 7 - Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb Carbamazepine Carvedilol Chlorpromazine Chrysin CITCO Clotrimazole Cyclophosphamide Cypermethrin DHEA ( prasterone ) Efavirenz Ellagic acid Griseofulvin Methoxychlor Mifepristone Nefazodone Nevirapine Nicardipine Octicizer Permethrin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Reserpine TCPOBOP Telmisartan Tolnaftate Troglitazone Valproic acid Antagonists : 3 , 17β - Estradiol 3α - Androstanol 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstanol 17 - Androstanol AITC Ethinylestradiol Meclizine Nigramide J Okadaic acid PK - 11195 S - 07662 T - 0901317 PXR Agonists : 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Δ - Androstenedione Δ - Androstenediol Δ - Androstenedione AA - 861 Allopregnanediol Allopregnanedione ( 5α - dihydroprogesterone ) Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alpha - Lipoic acid Ambrisentan AMI - 193 Amlodipine besylate Antimycotics Artemisinin Aurothioglucose Bile acids Bithionol Bosentan Bumecaine Cafestol Cephaloridine Cephradine Chlorpromazine Ciglitazone Clindamycin Clofenvinfos Chloroxine Clotrimazole Colforsin Corticosterone Cyclophosphamide Cyproterone acetate Demecolcine Dexamethasone DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA - S ( prasterone sulfate ) Dibunate sodium Diclazuril Dicloxacillin Dimercaprol Dinaline Docetaxel Docusate calcium Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dronabinol Droxidopa Eburnamonine Ecopipam Enzacamene Epothilone B Erythromycin Famprofazone Febantel Felodipine Fenbendazole Fentanyl Flucloxacillin Fluorometholone Griseofulvin Guggulsterone Haloprogin Hetacillin potassium Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum ( St John 's wort ) Indinavir sulfate Lasalocid sodium Levothyroxine Linolenic acid LOE - 908 Loratadine Lovastatin Meclizine Metacycline Methylprednisolone Metyrapone Mevastatin Mifepristone Nafcillin Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilvadipine Nisoldipine Norelgestromin Omeprazole Orlistat Oxatomide Paclitaxel Phenobarbital Piperine Plicamycin Prednisolone Pregnanediol Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Proadifen Progesterone Quingestrone Reserpine Reverse triiodothyronine Rifampicin Rifaximin Rimexolone Riodipine Ritonavir Simvastatin Sirolimus Spironolactone Spiroxatrine SR - 12813 Suberoylanilide Sulfisoxazole Suramin Tacrolimus Tenylidone Terconazole Testosterone isocaproate Tetracycline Thiamylal sodium Thiothixene Thonzonium bromide Tianeptine Troglitazone Troleandomycin Tropanyl 3 , 5 - dimethulbenzoate Zafirlukast Zeranol Antagonists : Ketoconazole Sesamin See also Receptor / signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progesterone&oldid=834289173 '' Categories : 5α - Reductase inhibitors 11β - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors Alkenes Antimineralocorticoids Diketones GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glucocorticoids Glycine receptor antagonists Neurosteroids Hepatotoxins Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonad axis Hormones of the hypothalamic - pituitary - prolactin axis Hormones of the ovary Hormones of the placenta Hormones of the suprarenal cortex Hormones of the brain Hormones of the pregnant female Human female endocrine system Human hormones Pregnane X receptor agonists Pregnanes Progestogens Prolactin releasers Sex hormones Sigma antagonists Steroid hormones Total synthesis Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Articles with changed InChI identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles containing links to copyright violations Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 22 : 20 . 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when was the last wolf killed in scotland

The wolves later caused such damage to the cattle herds of Sutherland that in 1577 , James VI made it compulsory to hunt wolves three times a year . Stories of the killing of the alleged last wolf of Scotland vary . Official records indicate that the last Scottish wolf was killed by Sir Ewen Cameron in 1680 in Killiecrankie ( Perthshire ) , but there are reports that wolves survived in Scotland up until the 18th century , and a tale even exists of one being seen as late as 1888 .

Wolves in Great Britain

wolves in great britain

Wolves were once present in Great Britain . Early writing from Roman and later Saxon chronicles indicate that wolves appear to have been extraordinarily numerous on the island . Unlike other British animals , wolves were unaffected by island dwarfism , with certain skeletal remains indicating that they may have grown as large as Arctic wolves . The species , which frequently desecrated burial sites and was a threat to livestock and human life , was exterminated from Britain through a combination of deforestation and active hunting through bounty systems .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Past presence and extinction 1.1 England and Wales 1.2 Scotland 2 Folklore and literature 3 Fossil finds 4 Proposed reintroduction to Scotland and England 5 See also 6 References Past presence and extinction ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) An Anglo Saxon wolf hunt , as illustrated in The British wolf - hunters : A Tale of England in the Olden Time by Thomas Miller . Humphrey Head , a limestone outcrop which juts into the sea at the entrance to the Kent estuary and is allegedly the place where the last wolf in England was killed in the 14th century . Certain historians write that in 950 , King Athelstan imposed an annual tribute of 300 wolf skins on Welsh king Hywel Dda , while William of Malmesbury states that Athelstan requested gold and silver , and that it was his nephew Edgar the Peaceful who gave up that fine and instead demanded a tribute of wolf skins on King Constantine of Wales . Wolves at that time were especially numerous in the districts bordering Wales , which were heavily forested . This imposition was maintained until the Norman conquest of England . At the time , several criminals , rather than being put to death , would be ordered to provide a certain number of wolf tongues annually . The monk Galfrid , whilst writing about the miracles of St. Cuthbert seven centuries earlier , observed that wolves were so numerous in Northumbria , that it was virtually impossible for even the richest flock - masters to protect their sheep , despite employing many men for the job . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle states that the month of January was known as `` Wolf manoth '' , as this was the first full month of wolf hunting by the nobility . Officially , this hunting season would end on March 25 ; thus it encompassed the cubbing season , when wolves were at their most vulnerable , and their fur was of greater quality . The Norman kings ( reigning from 1066 to 1154 ) employed servants as wolf hunters and many held lands granted on condition that they fulfilled this duty . William the Conqueror granted the lordship of Riddesdale in Northumberland to Robert de Umfraville on condition that he defend that land from enemies and wolves . There were no restrictions on or penalties for the hunting of wolves , except in royal game reserves , under the reasoning that the temptation for a commoner to shoot a deer there would be too great . English wolves were more often trapped than hunted . Indeed , the Wolfhunt family , who resided in Peak forest in the 13th century , would march into the forest in March and December , and place pitch in the areas wolves frequented . At that time of year , wolves would have had greater difficulty in smelling the pitch than at others . During the dry summers , they would enter the forest to destroy cubs . Gerald of Wales wrote of how wolves in Holywell ate the corpses resulting from Henry II 's punitive expedition to Wales in 1165 . King John gave a premium of 10 shillings for the capture of two wolves . King Edward I , who reigned from 1272 to 1307 , ordered the total extermination of all wolves in his kingdom and personally employed one Peter Corbet , with instructions to destroy wolves in the counties of Gloucestershire , Herefordshire , Worcestershire , Shropshire and Staffordshire -- areas near to and including some of the Welsh Marches , where wolves were more common than in the southern areas of England . In the forty - third year of Edward III 's rule , a Thomas Engaine held lands in Pytchley in the county of Northampton , on the condition that he find special hunting dogs to kill wolves in the counties of Northampton , Rutland , Oxford , Essex and Buckingham . In the eleventh year of Henry VI 's reign ( 1433 ) , a Sir Robert Plumpton held a bovate of land called `` Wolf hunt land '' in Nottingham , by service of winding a horn and chasing or frightening the wolves in Sherwood Forest . The wolf is generally thought to have become extinct in England during the reign of Henry VII ( 1485 -- 1509 ) , or at least very rare . By this time , wolves had become limited to the Lancashire forests of Blackburnshire and Bowland , the wilder parts of the Derbyshire Peak District , and the Yorkshire Wolds . Indeed , wolf bounties were still maintained in the East Riding until the early 19th century . Scotland ( edit ) A small sea stack on Handa , where the Scots once buried their dead to prevent their graves from being desecrated by wolves In Scotland , during the reign of James VI , wolves were considered such a threat to travellers that special houses called spittals were erected on the highways for protection . In Sutherland , wolves dug up graves so frequently that the inhabitants of Eddrachillis resorted to burying their dead on the island of Handa , Scotland . On Ederachillis ' shore The grey wolf lies in wait - Woe to the broken door , Woe to the loosened gate , And the groping wretch whom sleety fogs On the trackless moor belate . The lean and hungry wolf , With his fangs so sharp and white , His starveling body pinched By the frost of a northern night , And his pitiless eyes that scare the dark With their green and threatening light . ( ... ) He climeth the guarding dyke , He leapeth the hurdle bars , He steals the sheep from the pen , And the fish from the boat - house spars , And he digs the dead from out of the sod , And gnaws them under the stars . ( ... ) Thus every grave we dug The hungry wolf uptore , And every morn the sod Was strewn with bones and gore : Our mother - earth had denied us rest On Ederchaillis ' shore -- The Book of Highland Minstrelsy , 1846 , pp. 256 - 258 Island burial was a practice also adopted on Tanera Mòr and on Inishail , while in Atholl , coffins were made wolf - proof by building them out of five flagstones . Wolves likely became extinct in the Scottish Lowlands during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries , when immense tracts of forest were cleared . James I passed a law in 1427 requiring three wolf hunts a year between 25 April and 1 August , coinciding with the wolf 's cubbing season . Scottish wolf populations reached a peak during the second half of the 16th century . Mary , Queen of Scots is known to have hunted wolves in the forest of Atholl in 1563 . The wolves later caused such damage to the cattle herds of Sutherland that in 1577 , James VI made it compulsory to hunt wolves three times a year . Stories of the killing of the alleged last wolf of Scotland vary . Official records indicate that the last Scottish wolf was killed by Sir Ewen Cameron in 1680 in Killiecrankie ( Perthshire ) , but there are reports that wolves survived in Scotland up until the 18th century , and a tale even exists of one being seen as late as 1888 . Folklore and literature ( edit ) Gelert by Charles Burton Barber ( 1845 - 1894 ) In the Welsh tale of Gelert , Llywelyn the Great , Prince of Gwynedd , killed his faithful dog Gelert after finding him covered in blood which he presumed belonged to his baby son . Only later does he discover that his son is still alive , and that the blood belonged to a wolf which Gelert killed in defence of the young prince . In Welsh mythology , both St. Ciwa the `` Wolf Girl '' and Bairre ( an ancestor of Amergin Glúingel ) are said to have been suckled by wolves . Scottish folklore tells of how an old man in Morayshire named MacQueen of Findhorn killed the last wolf in 1743 . Fossil finds ( edit ) Illustration of the diseased jawbone of a young wolf from Oreston Illustration of a wolf skull excavated from Kents Cavern Wolf remains in the Kirkdale Cave were noted to be scanty when compared with the prominence of cave hyena bones . Cuvier later pointed out that the number of wolf bones in Kirkdale was even lower than originally thought , as a lot of teeth first referred to as belonging to wolves turned out to be those of juvenile hyenas . The few positively identified wolf remains were thought to have been transported to the cave system by hyenas for consumption . William Buckland , in his Reliquiae Diluvianae , wrote that he only found one molar tooth which could be positively identified as being that of a wolf , while other bone fragments were indistinguishable from those of domestic dogs . In the Paviland limestone caves of the Gower Peninsula in south Wales , the jaw , a heel bone and several metatarsals were found of a large canid , though it was impossible to definitively prove that they belonged to a wolf rather than a large dog . In a series of caves discovered in a quarry in Oreston , Plymouth , a Mr. Whidbey found several bones and teeth of a species of canis indistinguishable from modern wolves . Richard Owen examined a jaw bone excavated from Oreston , which he remarked was from a subadult animal with evidence of having been enlarged by exotosis and ulceration , probably due to a fight with another wolf . The other bones showed evidence of having been gnawed by small animals , and many were further damaged by workmen in their efforts to extricate them from the clay . Unlike those of the Kirkdale wolves , the Oreston remains showed no evidence of having been gnawed on by hyenas . An almost entire skull with missing teeth was discovered in Kents Cavern by a Mr. Mac Enery . The skull was exactly equal in size to that of an Arctic wolf , the only notable differences being that the sectorial molar was slightly larger and the lower border of the jaw was more convex . It was positively identified as being that of a wolf by its low and contracted forehead . Proposed reintroduction to Scotland and England ( edit ) In 1999 , Dr. Martyn Gorman , senior lecturer in zoology at Aberdeen University and vice chairman of the UK Mammal Society , called for a reintroduction of wolves to the Scottish Highlands and English countryside in order to deal with the then 350,000 red deer damaging young trees in commercial forests . Scottish National Heritage considered re-establishing carefully controlled colonies of wolves , but shelved the idea following an outcry from sheep farmers . In 2002 , Paul van Vlissingen , a wealthy landowner at Letterewe , Achnasheen , Ross - shire , in the western Highlands , proposed the reintroduction of both wolves and lynxes to Scotland and England , stating that current deer - culling methods were inadequate , and that wolves would boost the Scottish tourist industry . In 2007 , British and Norwegian researchers who included experts from the Imperial College London said that wolf reintroduction into the Scottish Highlands and English countryside would aid in the re-establishment of plants and birds currently hampered by the deer population . Their study also assessed people 's attitudes towards the idea of releasing wolves into the wild . While the public were generally positive , people living in rural areas were more sensitive , though they were open to the idea provided they would be reimbursed for livestock losses . Richard Morley , of the Wolves and Humans Foundation ( formerly The Wolf Society of Great Britain ) , forecast in 2007 that public support for wolf reintroduction would grow over the next 15 years , though he criticised previous talks as being too `` simple or romantic '' . He stated that although wolves would be good for tourism , farmers and crofters had serious concerns about the effect wolves could have on their livestock , particularly sheep , that had to be acknowledged . See also ( edit ) Wolves in Ireland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wildlife in Britain and Ireland by Richard Perry , published by Taylor and Francis , 1978 Jump up ^ British Animals Extinct Within Historic Times with Some Account of British Wild White Cattle by James Edmund Harting , published by BiblioBazaar , LLC , 2009 ^ Jump up to : A history of British fossil mammals , and birds by Richard Owen , published by J. Van Voorst , 1846 ^ Jump up to : Buczacki , Stefan ( 2005 ) . Fauna Britanica . p. 528 . ISBN 0 - 600 - 61392 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period : including the rural and domestic recreations , May games , mummeries , pageants , processions and pompous spectacles by Joseph Strutt , published by Methuen & co. , 1801 ^ Jump up to : The Progressive English reading books , by Nelson Thomas and sons , ltd , 1862 Jump up ^ Griffin , Emma ( 2007 ) . Blood Sport : Hunting in Britain Since 1066 . p. 296 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11628 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Disappearance of Wolves in the British Isles '' . Ivy Stanmore . Wolf Song of Alaska . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Richard ( 1995 ) . Nightmares of Nature . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 220015 - 5 . Jump up ^ Natural History of Quadrupeds , by Frederic Shoberl , published by J. Harris , 1834 Jump up ^ `` The Dionard Wolf '' . Lastwolf.net . Retrieved 25 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthews , John & Berk , Ari , Celtic Totem Animals , Red Wheel , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Call for return of Scottish wolves '' , BBC News , 17 September 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Call for wolves to be reintroduced '' , BBC News , 25 June 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Wild wolves ' good for ecosystems ' '' , BBC News , 31 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves debate turned into a play '' , BBC News , 18 October 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolves_in_Great_Britain&oldid=806696356 '' Categories : Wolves by country Mammal extinctions since 1500 Mammals of Europe Fauna of Great Britain Animals in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves%20in%20Great%20Britain

when was last time england were in a world cup semi final

Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27

2018

England at the FIFA World Cup

england at the fifa world cup

The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War .

The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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what is the value of null in c

In C , two null pointers of any type are guaranteed to compare equal . The preprocessor macro NULL is defined as an implementation - defined null pointer constant , which in C99 can be portably expressed as the integer value 0 converted implicitly or explicitly to the type void * ( pointer to void ) . The C standard does not say that the null pointer is the same as the pointer to memory address 0 , though that may be the case in practice . Dereferencing a null pointer is undefined behavior in C , and a conforming implementation is allowed to assume that any pointer that is dereferenced is not null .

Null pointer

null pointer

In computing , a null pointer has a value reserved for indicating that the pointer does not refer to a valid object . Programs routinely use null pointers to represent conditions such as the end of a list of unknown length or the failure to perform some action ; this use of null pointers can be compared to nullable types and to the Nothing value in an option type .

A null pointer should not be confused with an uninitialized pointer : A null pointer is guaranteed to compare unequal to any pointer that points to a valid object . However , depending on the language and implementation , an uninitialized pointer may not have any such guarantee . It might compare equal to other , valid pointers ; or it might compare equal to null pointers . It might do both at different times . Contents ( hide ) 2 C++ 3 Other languages 4 Dereferencing 5 History 6 See also 7 References In C , two null pointers of any type are guaranteed to compare equal . The preprocessor macro NULL is defined as an implementation - defined null pointer constant , which in C99 can be portably expressed as the integer value 0 converted implicitly or explicitly to the type void * ( pointer to void ) . The C standard does not say that the null pointer is the same as the pointer to memory address 0 , though that may be the case in practice . Dereferencing a null pointer is undefined behavior in C , and a conforming implementation is allowed to assume that any pointer that is dereferenced is not null . In practice , dereferencing a null pointer may result in an attempted read or write from memory that is not mapped , triggering a segmentation fault or memory access violation . This may manifest itself as a program crash , or be transformed into a software exception that can be caught by program code . There are , however , certain circumstances where this is not the case . For example , in x86 real mode , the address 0000 : 0000 is readable and also usually writable , and dereferencing a pointer to that address is a perfectly valid but typically unwanted action that may lead to undefined but non-crashing behavior in the application . There are occasions when dereferencing the pointer to address zero is intentional and well - defined ; for example , BIOS code written in C for 16 - bit real - mode x86 devices may write the IDT at physical address 0 of the machine by dereferencing a null pointer for writing . It is also possible for the compiler to optimize away the null pointer dereference , avoiding a segmentation fault but causing other undesired behavior . C++ ( edit ) In C++ , while the NULL macro was inherited from C , the integer literal for zero has been traditionally preferred to represent a null pointer constant . However , C + + 11 has introduced an explicit nullptr constant to be used instead . Other languages ( edit ) In some programming language environments ( at least one proprietary Lisp implementation , for example ) , the value used as the null pointer ( called nil in Lisp ) may actually be a pointer to a block of internal data useful to the implementation ( but not explicitly reachable from user programs ) , thus allowing the same register to be used as a useful constant and a quick way of accessing implementation internals . This is known as the nil vector . In languages with a tagged architecture , a possibly null pointer can be replaced with a tagged union which enforces explicit handling of the exceptional case ; in fact , a possibly null pointer can be seen as a tagged pointer with a computed tag . Programming languages use different names for a null pointer . In Python , for example , a null value is called None . In Pascal and Swift , a null pointer is called nil . In Eiffel , it is called a void reference . Object - oriented languages use the term null reference , while older third - generation languages use the term null pointer or even null address . Dereferencing ( edit ) Because a null pointer does not point to a meaningful object , an attempt to dereference ( ie . access the data stored at that memory location ) a null pointer usually ( but not always ) causes a run - time error or immediate program crash . In C , the behavior of dereferencing a null pointer is undefined . Many implementations cause such code to result in the program being halted with a segmentation fault , because the null pointer representation is chosen to be an address that is never allocated by the system for storing objects . However , this behavior is not universal . In Java , access to a null reference triggers a NullPointerException ( NPE ) , which can be caught by error handling code , but the preferred practice is to ensure that such exceptions never occur . In . NET , access to null reference triggers a NullReferenceException to be thrown . Although catching these is generally considered bad practice , this exception type can be caught and handled by the program . In Objective - C , messages may be sent to a nil object ( which is a null pointer ) without causing the program to be interrupted ; the message is simply ignored , and the return value ( if any ) is nil or 0 , depending on the type . History ( edit ) In 2009 Tony Hoare ( C.A.R. Hoare ) stated that he invented the null reference in 1965 as part of the ALGOL W language . In that 2009 reference Hoare describes his invention as a `` billion - dollar mistake '' : I call it my billion - dollar mistake . It was the invention of the null reference in 1965 . At that time , I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language ( ALGOL W ) . My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe , with checking performed automatically by the compiler . But I could n't resist the temptation to put in a null reference , simply because it was so easy to implement . This has led to innumerable errors , vulnerabilities , and system crashes , which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years . See also ( edit ) Memory debugger Zero page References ( edit ) Joint Technical Committee ISO / IEC JTC 1 , Subcommittee SC 22 , Working Group WG 14 ( 2007 - 09 - 08 ) . International Standard ISO / IEC 9899 ( PDF ; Committee Draft ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 9899 , clause 6.3. 2.3 , paragraph 4 . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 9899 , clause 7.17 , paragraph 3 : NULL ... which expands to an implementation - defined null pointer constant ... Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 9899 , clause 6.3. 2.3 , paragraph 3 . Jump up ^ Stroustrup , Bjarne ( March 2001 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Pointers , Arrays , and Structures : 5.1. 1 : Zero '' . The C++ Programming Language ( 14th printing of 3rd ed . ) . United States and Canada : Addison -- Wesley . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 88954 - 4 . In C , it has been popular to define a macro NULL to represent the zero pointer . Because of C + + 's tighter type checking , the use of plain 0 , rather than any suggested NULL macro , leads to fewer problems . If you feel you must define NULL . use const int NULL = 0 ; The const qualifier ( § 5.4 ) prevents accidental redefinition of NULL and ensures that NULL can be used where a constant is required . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 9899 , clause 6.5. 3.2 , paragraph 4 . Jump up ^ The Objective - C 2.0 Programming Language , section `` Sending Messages to nil '' . Jump up ^ Tony Hoare ( 2009 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Null References : The Billion Dollar Mistake '' . InfoQ.com . hide Nulls in computing Null character Null device Null function Null object pattern Null pointer Null in SQL Null string Null coalescing operator See also : Null coalescing operator Nullable type Undefined value Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Null_pointer&oldid=850547253 '' Categories : Data types Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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where did the bataan death march take place

The Bataan Death March ( Filipino : Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan ; Japanese : バターン 死 の 行進 , Hepburn : Batān Shi no Kōshin ) was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000 -- 80,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from Saysain Point , Bagac , Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell , Capas , Tarlac , via San Fernando , Pampanga , where the prisoners were loaded onto trains . The transfer began on April 9 , 1942 , after the three - month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II . The total distance marched from Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to Camp O'Donnell is variously reported by differing sources as between 60 and 69.6 miles ( 96.6 and 112.0 km ) . Differing sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell : from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march . The march was characterized by severe physical abuse and wanton killings , and was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime .

from Saysain Point , Bagac , Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell , Capas , Tarlac , via San Fernando , Pampanga , where the prisoners were loaded onto trains

Bataan Death March

bataan death march

The Bataan Death March ( Filipino : Martsa ng Kamatayan sa Bataan ; Japanese : バターン 死 の 行進 , Hepburn : Batān Shi no Kōshin ) was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000 -- 80,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from Saysain Point , Bagac , Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O'Donnell , Capas , Tarlac , via San Fernando , Pampanga , where the prisoners were loaded onto trains . The transfer began on April 9 , 1942 , after the three - month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World War II . The total distance marched from Mariveles to San Fernando and from the Capas Train Station to Camp O'Donnell is variously reported by differing sources as between 60 and 69.6 miles ( 96.6 and 112.0 km ) . Differing sources also report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching Camp O'Donnell : from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march . The march was characterized by severe physical abuse and wanton killings , and was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime .

Contents 1 Background 1.1 Prelude 1.2 Surrender 2 The march 2.1 Casualty estimates 3 Wartime public responses 3.1 United States 3.2 Japanese 4 War crimes trial 5 Post-war commemorations , apologies , and memorials 6 Notable survivors and captives 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Bataan When General MacArthur returned to active duty , the latest revision of plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands -- called WPO - 3 -- was politically unrealistic , assuming a conflict only involving the United States and Japan , not the combined Axis powers . However , the plan was tactically sound , and its provisions for defense were applicable under any local situation . Under WPO - 3 , the mission of the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces . If the enemy prevailed , the Americans were to make every attempt to hold back the Japanese advance while withdrawing to the Bataan Peninsula , which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay . It was to be defended to the `` last extremity . '' General MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO - 3 as defeatist , preferring a more aggressive course of action . He recommended -- among other things -- a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago . His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved . The main force of General Masaharu Homma 's 14th Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December . The defenders failed to hold the beaches . By the end of the day , the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain . Late on the afternoon of the 23rd Wainwright telephoned General MacArthur 's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was `` impracticable . '' He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River . MacArthur decided to abandon his own plan for defense and revert to WPO - 3 , evacuating President Manuel L. Quezon , High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre , their families , and his own headquarters to Corregidor on the 24th . A rear echelon , headed by the deputy chief of staff , Brig. Gen. Richard J. Marshall , remained behind in Manila to close out the headquarters and to supervise the shipment of supplies and the evacuation of the remaining troops . On December 26 Manila was officially declared an open city and MacArthur 's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio . The Battle of Bataan began January 7 , 1942 , and continued until April 9 , when the USAFFE commander , Maj. Gen. Edward King , Jr. , surrendered to Col. Mootoo Nakayama of the 14th Japanese Army . Surrender ( edit ) Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma and his staff encountered almost twice as many captives as his reports had estimated , creating an enormous logistical challenge : the transport and movement of over sixty - thousand starved , sick , and debilitated prisoners and over thirty eight thousand equally weakened civilian noncombatants that had been caught up in the battle . The prisoners and refugees had to be moved north to get them out of the way of Homma 's final assault on Corregidor , but there was simply not enough mechanized transport to move the masses of wounded , sick , and weakened remainder of troops . The March ( edit ) Route of the death march ; the section from San Fernando to Capas was by rail cars . Dead soldiers on the Bataan Death March Death March ( 95th km ) marker , Bacolor , Pampanga ( where the Filipinos passed ) Following the surrender of Bataan on April 9 , 1942 , to the Imperial Japanese Army , prisoners were massed in Mariveles and Bagac town . As the defeated defenders were massed in preparation for the march , they were ordered to turn over their possessions . American Lieutenant Kermit Lay recounted how this was done : They pulled us off into a rice paddy and began shaking us down . There ( were ) about a hundred of us so it took time to get to all of us . Everyone had pulled their pockets wrong side out and laid all their things out in front . They were taking jewelry and doing a lot of slapping . I laid out my New Testament ... After the shakedown , the Japs took an officer and two enlisted men behind a rice shack and shot them . The men who had been next to them said they had Japanese souvenirs and money . Word quickly spread among the prisoners to conceal or destroy any Japanese money or mementos , as the captors assumed it had been stolen from dead Japanese soldiers . Prisoners started out from Mariveles on April 10 , and Bagac on April 11 , converging in Pilar , Bataan , and heading north to the San Fernando railhead . At the beginning of capture there were rare instances of kindness by Japanese officers and those Japanese soldiers who spoke English , such as sharing of food and cigarettes and permitting personal possessions to be kept . This was fast followed by unrelenting brutality , theft , and even knocking men 's teeth out for gold fillings , as the common Japanese soldier had also suffered in the Battle for Bataan and had nothing but disgust and hatred for his `` captives '' ( Japan did not recognize these people as POWs ) . The first atrocity -- attributed to Colonel Masanobu Tsuji -- occurred when approximately 350 to 400 Filipino officers and NCOs under his supervision were summarily executed in the Pantingan River massacre after they had surrendered . Tsuji -- acting against General Homma 's wishes that the prisoners be transferred peacefully -- had issued clandestine orders to Japanese officers to summarily execute all American `` captives . '' Although some Japanese officers ignored the orders , others were receptive to the idea of murdering POWs . During the march , prisoners received little food or water , and many died . Prisoners were subjected to severe physical abuse , including being beaten and tortured . On the march , the `` sun treatment '' was a common form of torture . Prisoners were forced to sit in sweltering direct sunlight , without helmets or other head covering . Anyone who asked for water was shot dead . Some men were told to strip naked or sit within sight of fresh , cool water . Trucks drove over some of those who fell or succumbed to fatigue , and `` cleanup crews '' put to death those too weak to continue , though some trucks picked up some of those too fatigued to continue . Some marchers were randomly stabbed by bayonets or beaten . The Death March was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime . Once the surviving prisoners arrived in Balanga , the overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene caused dysentery and other diseases to spread rapidly . The Japanese did not provide the prisoners with medical care , so U.S. medical personnel tended to the sick and wounded with few or no supplies . Upon arrival at the San Fernando railhead , prisoners were stuffed into sweltering , brutally hot metal box cars for the one - hour trip to Capas , in 43 ° C ( 110 ° F ) heat . At least 100 prisoners were pushed into each of the trains ' unventilated boxcars . The trains had no sanitation facilities , and disease continued to take a heavy toll on the prisoners . According to Staff Sergeant Alf Larson : The train consisted of six or seven World War I - era boxcars ... They packed us in the cars like sardines , so tight you could n't sit down . Then they shut the door . If you passed out , you could n't fall down . If someone had to go to the toilet , you went right there where you were . It was close to summer and the weather was hot and humid , hotter than Billy Blazes ! We were on the train from early morning to late afternoon without getting out . People died in the railroad cars . Upon arrival at the Capas train station , they were forced to walk the final 14 km ( 9 mi ) to Camp O'Donnell . Even after arriving at Camp O'Donnell , the survivors of the march continued to die at rates of up to several hundred per day , which amounted to a death toll of as many as 20,000 Filipino and American deaths . Most of the dead were buried in mass graves that the Japanese had dug behind the barbed wire surrounding the compound . Of the estimated 80,000 POWs at the march , only 54,000 made it to Camp O'Donnell . The total distance of the march from Mariveles to San Fernando and from Capas to Camp O'Donnell ( which ultimately became the U.S. Naval Radio Transmitter Facility in Capas , Tarlac ; 1962 - 1989 ) is variously reported by differing sources as between 96.6 and 112.0 km ( 60 and 69.6 mi ) . Casualty estimates ( edit ) Credible sources report widely differing prisoner of war casualties prior to reaching their destination : from 5,000 to 18,000 Filipino deaths and 500 to 650 American deaths during the march . Wartime public responses ( edit ) News of the Bataan Death March sparked outrage in the US , as reflected in this poster . United States ( edit ) It was not until January 27 , 1944 , that the U.S. government informed the American public about the march , when it released sworn statements of military officers who had escaped . Shortly thereafter the stories of these officers were featured in a LIFE magazine article . The Bataan Death March and other Japanese actions were used to arouse fury in the United States . General George Marshall made the following statement : These brutal reprisals upon helpless victims evidence the shallow advance from savagery which the Japanese people have made ... We serve notice upon the Japanese military and political leaders as well as the Japanese people that the future of the Japanese race itself , depends entirely and irrevocably upon their capacity to progress beyond their aboriginal barbaric instincts . Japanese ( edit ) In an attempt to counter the American propaganda value of the march , the Japanese had The Manila Times report that the prisoners were treated humanely and their death rate had to be attributed to the intransigence of the American commanders who did not surrender until the men were on the verge of death . War crimes trial ( edit ) Portion of Bataan disinterment map highlighting the site of the 1942 Pantingan Massacre In September 1945 , General Masaharu Homma was arrested by Allied troops and indicted for war crimes . Homma was charged with 43 different counts of crimes against humanity . Homma was found guilty of permitting members of his command to commit `` brutal atrocities and other high crimes '' . The general , who had been absorbed in his efforts to capture Corregidor after the fall of Bataan , claimed in his defense that he remained ignorant of the high death toll of the death march until two months after the event . Homma 's verdict was predicated on respondeat superior but with the added liability standard , since the latter could not be rebutted . On February 26 , 1946 , he was sentenced to death by firing squad , and was executed on April 3 , 1946 , outside Manila . Masanobu Tsuji , who directly ordered the killing of POWs , fled to China from Thailand when the war ended to escape the British authorities . Also in Japan , Generals Hideki Tōjō ( later Prime Minister ) , Kenji Doihara , Seishirō Itagaki , Heitarō Kimura , Iwane Matsui , and Akira Mutō , along with Baron Kōki Hirota , were found guilty and responsible for the maltreatment of American and Filipino POWs . They were executed by hanging at Sugamo Prison in Ikebukuro on December 23 , 1948 . Several others were sentenced to imprisonment between 7 and 22 years . Post-war commemorations , apologies , and memorials ( edit ) U.S. Army personnel toiled to identify the charred remains of Americans captured at Bataan and Corregidor and burned alive on Palawan . Picture shows charred remains being interred in grave . March 20 , 1945 . Main article : Memorials to Bataan Death March victims In 2012 , film producer Jan Thompson created a film documentary about the Death March , POW camps , and Japanese hell ships titled Never the Same : The Prisoner - of - War Experience . The film reproduced scenes of the camps and ships showed drawings and writings of the prisoners , and featured Loretta Swit as the narrator . On September 13 , 2010 , Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada apologized to a group of six former American soldiers who , during World War II were held as prisoners of war by the Japanese , including 90 - year - old Lester Tenney and Robert Rosendahl , both survivors of the Bataan Death March . The six , their families , and the families of two deceased soldiers were invited to visit Japan at the expense of the Japanese government . Dozens of memorials ( including monuments , plaques , and schools ) dedicated to the prisoners who died during the Bataan Death March exist across the United States and in the Philippines . A wide variety of commemorative events are held to honor the victims , including holidays , athletic events such as ultramarathons , and memorial ceremonies held at military cemeteries . On April 3 , 2002 , the memorial `` Heroes of Bataan '' was dedicated at Veteran 's Park , Las Cruces , New Mexico . It depicts three soldiers assisting each other during the Bataan Death March . Two of the soldiers are modeled after the uncles of Las Cruces resident J. Joe Martinez , with the Filipino soldier modeled after a NCO stationed at WSMR ( White Sands Missile Range ) whose grandfather was killed during the March . Leading up to the statue is an area where footprints of survivors were cast in concrete . Bataan Death March Memorial featuring Filipino and American soldiers , Las Cruces , New Mexico Footprints of survivors of the Bataan Death March leading up to statue , `` Heroes of Bataan '' , Veteran 's Park , Las Cruces , New Mexico The Bataan Death March had a large impact on the U.S. state of New Mexico , given that many of the U.S. soldiers in Bataan were from New Mexico , specifically from the 200th / 515th Coast Artillery of the National Guard . The New Mexico National Guard Bataan Memorial Museum is located in the Armory where the soldiers of the 200th and 515th were processed before their deployment to the Philippines in 1941 . Every year , in early spring , the Bataan Memorial Death March , a 42.2 km ( 26.2 mi ) march / run is conducted at White Sands Missile Range , New Mexico . On March 19th 2017 , over 6,300 participants queued up at the starting line for the 28th annual event , breaking not only all previous records of attendance but also the amount of non-perishable food collected for local food pantries and overall charitable goods donated . Out of all the veterans from New Mexico that survived the Bataan Death March , only four are still alive today . As of 2012 , there were fewer than 1,000 survivors of the March still living . The old state capitol building of New Mexico was renamed the Bataan Memorial Building and now houses several state government agency offices . Notable survivors and captives ( edit ) José Agdamag Ramon Bagatsing Bert Bank Lewis C. Beebe Clifford Bluemel James J. Bollich Albert Braun Thomas F. Breslin William E. Brougher Albert Brown Jose Calugas Virgilio N. Cordero , Jr . Charles C. Drake William Dyess Alva R. Fitch Arnold J. Funk Martin Gison Samuel A. Goldblith Samuel Grashio Samuel L. Howard Ray C. Hunt Harold Keith Johnson Albert M. Jones Joe Kieyoomia Edward P. King Jesse Monroe Knowles Charles S. Lawrence Maxon S. Lough Robert W. Levering Joe Lingad Allan C. McBride George F. Moore John E. Olson George M. Parker Clinton A. Pierce Salvador A. Rodolfo , Sr . Robert Sheats Austin Shofner Wilburn Snyder James C. Spencer Benigno G. Tabora Robert P. Taylor Mario Tonelli Thomas J.H. Trapnell James R.N. Weaver Edgar Whitcomb Manuel T. Yan Teófilo Yldefonso Edward W. Stewart See also ( edit ) World War II portal Philippines portal Battle of the Philippines ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma Railway Manila massacre Pantingan River massacre Raid at Cabanatuan Sandakan Death Marches The Great Raid ( 2005 ) The March ( 1945 ) USS Bataan ( CVL - 29 ) USS Bataan ( LHD - 5 ) Women of Valor ( 1986 ) References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Morton , Louis ( 1953 ) . The Fall of the Philippines . US Army Center of Military History . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Kevin C. ( 2014 ) . Inside the Bataan Death March : Defeat , Travail and Memory . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . p. 328 . ISBN 978 - 0786496815 . ^ Jump up to : Esconde , Ernie B. ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` WW2 historical markers remind Pinoys of Bataan 's role on Day of Valor '' . GMA Network . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , Jr. , Raymond G. ( 2016 ) . The Doomed Horse Soldiers of Bataan : The Incredible Stand of the 26th Cavalry . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 1442245341 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Preston John ( 1990 ) . Apocalypse Undone : My Survival of Japanese Imprisonment During World War II . Vanderbilt University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8265 - 1401 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bilek , Anton ( Tony ) ( 2003 ) . No Uncle Sam : The Forgotten of Bataan . Kent State University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 768 - 6 . Jump up ^ Falk , Stanley L. ( 1962 ) . Bataan : The March of Death . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . OCLC 1084550 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger , Robert ( 2009 ) . The Bataan Death March : World War II Prisoners in the Pacific . Compass Point Books . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0756540951 . Jump up ^ `` The Causes of the Bataan Death March Revisited '' . ^ Jump up to : Norman , Michael & Norman , Elizabeth . Tears in the Darkness ( revised ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374272609 . Jump up ^ Lansford , Tom ( 2001 ) . `` Bataan Death March '' . In Sandler , Stanley . World War II in the Pacific : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 157 -- 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Bataan Death March : Defeat , Travail and Memory '' Kevin C. Murphy p. 29 - 30 ^ Jump up to : Lansford , Tom ( 2001 ) . `` Bataan Death March '' . In Sandler , Stanley . World War II in the Pacific : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 159 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , John E. ( 1985 ) . O'Donell : Andersonville of the Pacific . John E. Olson . ISBN 978 - 9996986208 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bataan Death March . Britannica Encyclopedia Online '' . Britannica.com. 1942 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( 2009 ) . The Bataan Death March : World War II Prisoners in the Pacific . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert C. ( 2010 ) . The enemy in our hands : America 's treatment of enemy prisoners of war from the Revolution to the War on Terror . University Press of Kentucky . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2589 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Eugene P. ( 2004 ) . Bataan : a survivor 's story . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3582 - 3 . Jump up ^ * Stewart , Sidney . Give Us This Day ( revised ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31921 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` O'Donnell Provost Marshal Report '' . www.mansell.com . Jump up ^ Downs , William David ( 2004 ) . The Fighting Tigers : the untold stories behind the names on the Ouachita Baptist University WWII memorial . University of Arkansas Press . pp. 106 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9713470 - 5 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bataan Death March '' . Interaksyon. April 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://navy-transmitter-facility-capas.com/ ^ Jump up to : Ornauer , Dave ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` American walks Bataan Death March to raise awareness of Philippine involvement '' . Stars & Stripes . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahn , Tony ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hiking the Bataan Death March 2015 '' . MSN Lifestyle . Microsoft Network . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bataan History '' . New Mexico Guard National Museum . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur ( 2016 ) . Douglas McArthur : American Warrior . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0812994892 . Jump up ^ Horner , David Murray ; Robert John O'Neill ( 2010 ) . World War II : The Pacific . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 1435891333 . Jump up ^ Darman , Peter ( 2012 ) . Attack on Pearl Harbor : America Enters World War II . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 1448892333 . Jump up ^ Friedland , Roger & Mohr , John ( 2004 ) . Matters of culture : cultural sociology in practice . Cambridge University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79545 - 6 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Melvin ; Mellnik , S.M. ; Kelley , Welbourn ( February 7 , 1944 ) . `` Prisoners of Japan : Ten Americans Who Escaped Recently from the Philippines Report on the Atrocities Committed by the Japanese in Their Prisoner - War - Camps '' . LIFE . Chicago : Time , Inc. 16 ( 6 ) : 26 -- 31 , 96 -- 98 , 105 -- 106 , 108 , 111 . Jump up ^ `` LIFE '' . Time Inc. 7 February 1944 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Jansen , Marius B. ( 2000 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . p. 655 . Jump up ^ Chappell , John David ( 1997 ) . Before the bomb : how America approached the end of the Pacific War . University of Kentucky Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1987 - 8 . Jump up ^ Toland , John ( 1970 ) . The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936 -- 1945 . New York : Random House . p. 300 . ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Homma Masaharu ( 1887 -- 1946 ) '' . World War II in the Pacific : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maga , Timothy P. ( 2001 ) . Judgment at Tokyo : the Japanese war crimes trials . University Press of Kentucky . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Solis , Gary D. ( 2010 ) . The law of armed conflict : international humanitarian law in war . Cambridge University Press . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87088 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Trial Of General Homma '' . Jump up ^ Solis , Gary D. ( 2010 ) . The law of armed conflict : international humanitarian law in war . Cambridge University Press . pp. 384 , 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87088 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Bataan Death March : Defeat , Travail and Memory '' : Kevin C. Murphy p. 30 - 31 Jump up ^ Brotman , Barbara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` From Death March to Hell Ships '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. Lifestyles . Jump up ^ Among others , additional narration was provided by Ed Asner , Alec Baldwin , Kathleen Turner , and Robert Wagner . `` Never the Same : The Prisoner of War Experience '' . Gene Siskal Film Center . School of the Art Institute of Chicago . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese / American POW Friendship Program '' . www.us-japandialogueonpows.org. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Memorial Park - Live - City of Las Cruces '' . www.las-cruces.org . Jump up ^ Lauren E. Toney ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Bataan survivors attend rededication of monument Saturday '' . Las Cruces Sun - News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Battle for Bataan ! . New Mexico State University . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , R. Cody ( 2005 ) . The Guide to U.S. Army Museums . Government Printing Office . p. 82 . ISBN 9780160872822 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USA Marathons & Marathoners 2007 '' . marathonguide.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schurtz , Christopher ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Record Number Gather To Honor Bataan Death March '' . Las Cruces Sun - News . p. 1 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` History of Bataan Death March - New Mexico National Guard Museum '' . www.bataanmuseum.com . Jump up ^ `` Central Complex '' . www.generalservices.state.nm.us . Jump up ^ Shofner was an American officer , captured on Corregidor , who escaped DaPeCol in 1943 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Abie ( 1997 ) . `` Oh God Where Are You ? '' . Vantage Press . ISBN 978 - 0533119875 Abraham , Abie ( 2001 ) . Ghost of Bataan Speaks . Beaver Pond . ASIN B004L73AXC Falk , Stanley L. ( 1962 ) . Bataan : The March of Death . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . OCLC 1084550 . Harrison , Thomas R. ( 1989 ) . Survivor : Memoir of Defeat and Captivity -- Bataan , 1942 . Western Epics , Inc. , Salt Lake City , Utah . ISBN 0916095290 . Jackson , Charles ; Norton , Bruce H. ( 2003 ) . I Am Alive ! : A United States Marine 's Story of Survival in a World War II Japanese POW Camp . Presidio Press . ISBN 0345449118 . Jansen , Marius B ( 2000 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 654 -- 655 . ISBN 978 - 0674003347 . OCLC 44090600 . Levering , Robert ( 1948 ) . Horror trek ; a true story of Bataan , the death march and three and one - half years in Japanese prison camps . Horstman Printing . ISBN 1258206307 . OCLC 1168285 . Lukacs , John D. ( 2010 ) . Escape from Davao . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0743262781 . OCLC 464593097 . Machi , Mario ( 1994 ) . Under the Rising Sun , Memories of a Japanese Prisoner of War . Wolfenden , USA . ISBN 0964252104 . Masuda , Hiroshi ( 2012 ) . MacArthur in Asia : The General and His Staff in the Philippines , Japan , and Korea . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801449390 . Moody , Samuel B. ; Allen , Maury ( 1961 ) . Reprieve from Hell . New York : Pageant Press . OCLC 14924946 . Morrow , Don ; Moore , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Forsaken Heroes of the Pacific War : One Man 's True Story . Roanoke , VA : Wounded Warrior Project . ISBN 978 - 1565924796 . OCLC 725827438 . Murphy , Kevin C. ( 2012 ) . `` ' Raw Individualists ' : American Soldiers on the Bataan Death March Reconsidered '' . War & Society . 31 : 42 -- 63 . doi : 10.1179 / 204243411X13201386799172 . Murphy , Kevin C. ( October 13 , 2014 ) . Inside the Bataan Death March : Defeat , Travail and Memory . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786496815 . Olson , John E. ( 1985 ) . O'Donell : Andersonville of the Pacific . John E. Olson . ISBN 978 - 9996986208 . Norman , Michael & Norman , Elizabeth . Tears in the Darkness ( revised ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0374272609 . Also see : Webcast interview with the authors at the Pritzker Military Library on September 24 , 2009 Resa , Jolinda Bull ( 2011 ) . Honor Them Always : For the Sacrifice of Their Youth at Bataan . Outskirts Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1432775551 . OCLC 782073328 . Sides , Hampton ( 2001 ) . Ghost Soldiers . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 1299076518 . OCLC 842990576 . Stephens , Harold ( October 16 , 1994 ) . `` Memories of the War '' . Humboldt Co. , CA. : `` Times - Standard , '' Sect . Style / potpourri . Stewart , Sidney . Give Us This Day ( revised ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393319210 . Tenney , Lester ( 2000 ) . My Hitch in Hell . Brassey 's . ISBN 978 - 1574882988 . OCLC 557622115 . Young , Donald J. ( 1992 ) . The Battle of Bataan : A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War . McFarland . ISBN 0899507573 . By the grace of God ... Author = Erwin Johnson . Survivor of the death martch External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bataan Death March . Tragedy of Bataan No Uncle Sam : The Forgotten of Bataan -- A link to the book 's page on the publisher 's website Hell 's Guest author Colonel Glenn Frazier , Bataan Death March Survivor `` Back to Bataan , A Survivor 's Story '' -- A narrative recounting one soldier 's journey through Bataan , the march , prison camp , Japan , and back home to the United States . Includes a map of the march . The Bataan Death March -- Information , maps , and pictures on the march itself and in - depth information on Japanese POW camps . `` Technical Sergeant Jim Brown U.S. Army Air Corps ( ret ) Bataan Death March Survivor Presentation to EAA Chapter 108 May 16 , 2000 '' Proviso East High School Bataan Commemorative Research Project -- Comprehensive history of the Battle for Bataan , the Death March and the role of the 192nd Tank Battalion 4th Marines at Corregidor and Bataan Death March 1200 Days , A Bataan POW Survivor 's Story A biography of Russell A. Grokett 's survival of the Bataan Death March , including three years as a Japanese Prisoner of War . Japan Focus 2008 Bataan Death March and POW Camps and Bataan Survivors Recall Horrors , Borderlands articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataan_Death_March&oldid=861756114 '' Categories : Bataan Death March Philippines in World War II Japanese war crimes Massacres committed by Japan Forced marches World War II prisoners of war massacres 1942 in the Philippines History of Bataan United States Marine Corps in World War II World War II sites in the Philippines World War II sites of the United States April 1942 events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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who made up the first second and third estates

Estates of the realm

estates of the realm

The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time .

The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and clergy into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents 1 Social Mobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social mobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some ennoblements were necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests , monks , and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Further information : Parliament of the United Kingdom Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility ( Lords Temporal ) in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . Their representatives to the Diet were elected indirectly : each municipality sent electors to elect the representative of an electoral district . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . They had no political rights and could not vote . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social cleansing Social exclusion Social mobility Social orphan Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Chhetri Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Plebian Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Global elite Gentry Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy Nepal New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=864259816 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Feudalism Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 03 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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vince carter career high points in a game

Points : 51 ( 2 times )

51

Vince Carter

vince carter

Vincent Lamar Carter ( born January 26 , 1977 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He is 6 feet 6 inches ( 1.98 m ) tall and plays both shooting guard and small forward . Carter is one of only seven players ever to play at least 20 seasons in the NBA .

A high school McDonald 's All - American , Carter played three years at the University of North Carolina . While there , he twice reached the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament before being selected as the fifth overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors , who traded him to the Toronto Raptors . He won the 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Award and won the Slam Dunk Contest at the 2000 NBA All - Star Weekend . That summer , he represented the United States in the Summer Olympics , winning a gold medal . Carter emerged as a star in Toronto , entertaining crowds with his leaping ability and slam dunks , earning him nicknames such as `` Vinsanity '' , `` Air Canada '' , and `` Half - Man , Half - Amazing '' . In December 2004 , he was traded to the New Jersey Nets , where he continued to put up big numbers . In June 2009 , Carter was traded to the Orlando Magic . In his first season with the Magic , he appeared in his first and so far only Conference Finals series . In December 2010 , he was traded to the Phoenix Suns . He joined the Dallas Mavericks in 2011 and the Memphis Grizzlies in 2014 . In 2017 , he signed with the Kings . Carter is an eight - time NBA All - Star . He is one of six players in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 4 rebounds and 3 assists per game in 10 straight seasons . He is also one of six players in league history to record 24,000 points , 6,000 rebounds , 2,500 assists , 1,000 steals and 1,000 3 - point field goals . Off the court , Carter established his Embassy of Hope Foundation , assisting children and their families in Florida , New Jersey and Toronto . He was recognized in 2000 as Child Advocate of the Year by the Children 's Home Society , and received the Florida Governor 's Points of Light award in 2007 for his philanthropy in his home state . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career and college career 2 Professional career 2.1 Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2004 ) 2.1. 1 Trade to the Nets 2.1. 2 Raptors ' 20th anniversary 2.2 New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) 2.3 Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 2.4 Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 2.5 Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 2.6 Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 2.7 Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) 3 National team career 4 Awards and achievements 5 Video game , TV and film appearances 6 Personal life 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 See also 9 References 10 External links High School career and college career ( edit ) Born in Daytona Beach , Florida , Carter was a 1995 McDonald 's All - American at Mainland High School in Daytona Beach , leading Mainland to its first Class 6A state title in 56 years before spending three seasons playing college basketball at North Carolina under Dean Smith and later , Bill Guthridge . During the 1997 -- 98 season , he was a member of new coach Guthridge 's `` Six Starters '' system that featured Antawn Jamison , Shammond Williams , Ed Cota , Ademola Okulaja , and Makhtar N'Diaye . During his sophomore and junior seasons , Carter helped North Carolina to consecutive ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament titles and Final Four appearances . He finished the 1997 -- 98 season with a 15.6 points per game average and was named second - team All - American , First - Team All - ACC , and to the fan 's guide third - annual Coaches ACC All - Defensive Team . In May 1998 , Carter declared for the 1998 NBA draft , following his classmate Jamison , who had declared earlier that spring . During his NBA career , Carter continued his coursework at North Carolina , and in August 2000 , he graduated with a degree in African - American studies . On January 31 , 2012 , Carter was honored as one of the 35 greatest McDonald 's All - Americans , and on February 23 , 2012 , President Obama , an avid NCAA and NBA basketball fan , gave praise to Carter at a fundraiser event , referring to Carter 's game as a `` huge treat for me ever since he 's been playing for the Tar Heels . '' Professional career ( edit ) Toronto Raptors ( 1998 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Carter was initially drafted by the Golden State Warriors with the fifth overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft . He was then traded to the Toronto Raptors for the fourth overall pick , Antawn Jamison -- Carter 's college teammate and good friend . The Raptors had struggled in their first three years as a franchise . Carter was instrumental in leading the Raptors to their first ever playoff appearance in 2000 before going on to lead them to a 47 - win season and their first ever playoff series win in 2001 , advancing them to the Eastern Conference Semifinals . Due to the NBA lockout , Carter 's rookie season did not start until January 1999 . Carter quickly became a fan favourite with a soaring offensive game that earned him the nickname `` Air Canada '' . He won NBA Rookie of the Year Award after averaging 18.3 points and throwing down countless highlight - reel dunks . Carter ascended to full - fledged stardom in his second season -- he averaged 25.7 points per game ( fourth - highest in the league ) and lifted Toronto to its first playoff appearance in franchise history . He subsequently earned his first NBA All - Star selection and was named to the All - NBA Third Team . During the 2000 NBA All - Star Weekend , Carter showcased arguably the most memorable Slam Dunk Contest event in its history . He won the contest by performing an array of dunks including a 360 ° windmill , a between the legs bounce dunk , and an `` elbow in the rim '' dunk ( also known as a `` cookie jar '' dunk or the `` honey dip '' ) . Carter and his distant cousin Tracy McGrady formed a formidable one - two punch as teammates in Toronto during 1998 and 2000 . However , McGrady was dealt to the Orlando Magic in August 2000 , leaving Carter as the Raptors ' franchise player . It is believed that the Raptors could have won championships if McGrady and Carter stayed together in Toronto . Carter with the Raptors in November 2000 In 2000 -- 01 , his third season , Carter averaged a career - high 27.6 points per game , made the All - NBA Second Team , and was voted in as a starter for the 2001 NBA All - Star Game . The Raptors also finished the regular season with a then franchise - record 47 wins . In the playoffs , the Raptors beat the New York Knicks 3 -- 2 in the first round , and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals to face off against the Philadelphia 76ers . Carter and Allen Iverson played in a seven - game series that see - sawed back and forth . Carter scored 50 points in Game 3 and set an NBA playoff record for most three - point field goals made in one game . Television ratings for Game 7 soared as one of the highest watched in NBC 's history for a non-finals game . As the Sixers and Raptors increased their double team pressures on Carter and Iverson respectively , the game winning shot came down to Carter who missed with 2.0 seconds remaining . Iverson said of the series in July 2011 : `` It was incredible . ( Carter ) had great games at home and I had some great games at home , but both of us were just trying to put our teams on our back and win basketball games . It is great just having those memories and being a part of something like that . '' In August 2001 , Carter signed a six - year contract extension worth as much as $94 million . However , Carter began showing the effects of what would become career - altering problems with his knees in the wake of his big contract . He earned a reputation as a fragile player after suffering a series of knee and hamstring injuries . Carter missed the final 22 games of the 2001 -- 02 regular season due to injury . He started in 60 games and averaged 24.7 points per game . On December 7 , 2001 , Carter recorded 42 points , 15 rebounds , 6 assists and 5 steals against the Denver Nuggets . He joined Charles Barkley ( 1988 ) as the only two players to have ever posted a game with 40 points , 15 rebounds , five steals and five assists , dating back to the 1973 -- 74 season , when the league officially began tracking steals . He was voted into the 2002 NBA All - Star Game , but he could not participate due to injury . Without Carter during the 2002 NBA Playoffs , the Raptors were defeated in five games by the Detroit Pistons in the first round . Following off - season surgery , Carter only managed 43 games during the 2002 -- 03 season . In February 2003 , Carter gave up his starting spot in the 2003 NBA All - Star Game to Michael Jordan to allow Jordan to make his final start as an All - Star . Carter played in 73 games during the 2003 -- 04 season , but the Raptors fell three games short of making the playoffs . Trade to the Nets ( edit ) During the 2004 off - season , general manager Glen Grunwald and the entire coaching staff were fired following the team 's failure to reach the playoffs . Carter became frustrated with the Raptors ' upper management . In particular , Carter was unhappy with Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment ( MLSE ) and Raptors president Richard Peddie . In a private meeting , Peddie reassured Carter that MLSE was serious in building a contender in Toronto and that he would pursue established players like point guard Steve Nash and center Jamaal Magloire . Carter was also given the impression that Peddie would consider Julius Erving as a serious candidate for general manager ; however , it was later disclosed that Erving was never really in the mix . Peddie instead hired Rob Babcock as general manager , whose first priority in rebuilding the Raptors was to `` establish our philosophy '' , stating `` we are not really worried about how many wins we get right away , or whether we make the playoffs within the first year or two . '' He then hired Sam Mitchell as head coach . Consequently , much speculation arose whether Carter wanted to be traded . The Toronto Sun reported that Carter felt misled and felt the Raptors would never be an elite team under the current MLSE structure with Peddie as Raptors president . Some fans raised money to fly a `` Keep Vince , Trade Peddie '' banner over the Air Canada Centre just before Carter 's annual charity game . When Rob Babcock was questioned about the trade speculations , he denied Carter asked for a trade but indiscreetly revealed Carter 's agent had approached him for a trade request . During the 2004 -- 05 season , coach Mitchell often benched Carter in the fourth quarter to emphasize the new team philosophy he and Babcock wanted players to adapt to , spurring rumors of fights between Carter and Mitchell and new point guard Rafer Alston . Carter 's trade wish was finally granted on December 17 , 2004 , when he was dealt to the New Jersey Nets . In his first game back in Toronto , on April 15 , 2005 , Carter was heavily booed and jeered by Raptors fans ; some fans were found burning Vince Carter jerseys , while many donned No. 15 baby bibs , ' FUVC ' T - shirts , and other merchandise that labelled Carter as `` Wince '' or as `` immature '' , alluding to Carter 's knee and ankle injuries and his dissent . Much like former Raptors teammate Tracy McGrady , Carter received such treatment for years to come in the town that once embraced him . In January 2005 , Carter was asked if he had pushed himself as hard as he should have in Toronto . Carter replied , `` In years past , no . I was fortunate to have the talent ... you get spoiled when you 're able to do a lot of things . You see that you do n't have to work at it . Now , with the all the injuries , I have to work harder . I 'm a little hungrier . Getting a fresh start has made me want to attack the basket . '' Though Carter 's comments were perceived by Raptors fans as his confession of quitting on the Raptors , Thompson said the comments were misinterpreted , saying , `` That boy never said to me , ' Coach , I just laid down and quit . ' ... I was embarrassed and felt awful about it for his sake , because I knew what he was communicating to me ... he was more expressing a desire of wanting to do better , as we all do . '' Despite Thompson 's defense of Carter , the Toronto Star 's Dave Feschuk in 2007 wrote that Carter `` cheated on ( the Raptors ) . He quit on the floor . '' Carter later stated his comments were misconstrued . On the eve of the Raptors -- Nets playoff series in 2007 , Carter told New York 's WFAN radio station , `` One day , maybe the fans will understand how it all went down . That 's all I can say . '' In November 2011 , Carter , along with his cousin Tracy McGrady and Charles Oakley , addressed the Toronto audience in an interview on Off the Record with Michael Landsberg . When asked about being booed in Toronto , Carter said , `` They watched myself and Tracy grow up . And when we left they still got to see ( us ) flourish and become ( who we are ) . For me , I looked at it as , a young child growing up into a grown man and moving on . And I get it . Leaving , hurt a lot of people . It hurt me because I tell you what ... I accomplished a lot , I learned a lot , I became the person and player of who I am today because of that experience , through the coaches , players , and everything else . I get it ... but regardless I still love the city . I have friends there and my heart is still there because that 's where it all started . '' Later in the interview , when asked about any words to the Toronto fans , Carter said , `` I appreciate the fans and whether you cheer for me , boo me , or hate me , I still love you . Toronto 's one of the best kept secrets ... puts one of the best products on the floor and one of the top places to play in . '' On November 6 , 2012 , in an interview with TSN Radio 1050 , Carter reiterated his love for the city and his appreciation for the Toronto Raptors organization . The next day , Sam Mitchell and Rob Babcock revealed on Sportsnet 590 , The Fan that the night before Carter was traded to New Jersey , Carter phoned Mitchell to express his desire to stay in Toronto and commit to their vision for the team . However , Babcock said it was too late and the trade had already been verbally agreed upon . Looking back on it , Mitchell feels he should have personally contacted the MLSE chairman , Larry Tanenbaum , but was reluctant because he did not want to break the chain of command . Raptors general manager Masai Ujiri referred to Carter in April 2014 as `` one of the symbols of the Toronto Raptors . '' To this day , Carter remains the Raptors ' all - time leader in points per game with 23.4 , having amassed 9,420 points during his ​ 6 ⁄ - year run in Toronto . Raptors ' 20th anniversary ( edit ) On November 19 , 2014 , nearly a decade after the trade , as a part of the Raptors ' 20th anniversary celebration , the team paid tribute to Carter with a video montage during the first quarter of the Raptors - Grizzlies game . Leading up to the game , questions were raised about how Raptors fans would receive the planned video tribute . As the sellout crowd watched the video tribute featuring highlights of Carter 's high - flying Raptors days , what began as the usual booing turned into an overwhelmingly positive standing ovation . An emotional Carter used his warm - up shirt to wipe tears running down his face as he pointed to his heart and waved to the fans in appreciation . He later stated , `` It was a great feeling , I could n't write it any better . '' New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Carter with the Nets in January 2006 Carter was acquired by the New Jersey Nets on December 17 , 2004 , playing five seasons for them before departing in June 2009 . Carter produced some of his highest numbers with the Nets , surpassing his 23.4 points per game with the Raptors to average 23.6 points per game over his tenure in New Jersey . He missed just 11 games in his four full seasons and helped lead the Nets to three straight playoff runs between 2005 and 2007 . Carter joined a Nets team with Jason Kidd and Richard Jefferson as the leading players . However , the trio never got to play together at full strength during the 2004 -- 05 season . Carter and Kidd carried a shallow roster on a 15 -- 4 run to end the season to make the playoffs . Carter with the Nets in March 2009 In the 2005 -- 06 season , the Carter - Kidd duo co-led the Nets to 49 wins , an Atlantic Division title , and the No. 3 seed in the playoffs . Carter helped lead the Nets to the second round of the playoffs before losing to the eventual NBA champions Miami Heat in five games . Carter averaged 29.6 points , 7.0 rebounds and 5.3 assists in 11 playoff games . Carter was named an Eastern Conference All - Star in 2006 . On November 7 , 2005 , Carter threw down a very memorable dunk against the Miami Heat , over defensive stalwart , Alonzo Mourning . On December 23 , 2005 , Carter set an NBA record for the most free throws made in a quarter ( 4th quarter ) with 16 against Miami . He tied his career high of 51 points in the same game . In the 2006 -- 07 season , Carter was named as a reserve to the 2007 NBA All - Star Game , marking his eighth All - Star appearance . In a 120 -- 114 overtime win over the Washington Wizards on April 7 , 2007 , Carter and Kidd became the first teammates in over 18 years to record triple - doubles in the same game since the Chicago Bulls ' Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen achieved this feat against the Los Angeles Clippers in 1989 . Carter finished with 46 points , a career - high 16 rebounds , and 10 assists . Kidd finished with 10 points , tied a career high with 16 rebounds , and tied a season high with 18 assists . Carter finished the 2006 -- 07 season playing all 82 games , averaging over 25 points with a 21 PER . In July 2007 , Carter re-signed with the Nets to a four - year , $61.8 million contract . During the 2007 -- 08 season , Kidd was traded to the Dallas Mavericks . Carter was credited for becoming a leader following the All - Star break . He became captain of the Nets , and in 2008 -- 09 , he and teammate Devin Harris were the highest - scoring starting backcourt in the league . On November 21 , 2008 , Carter scored a season - high 39 points , including a game winning two - handed reverse dunk , as the Nets battled back from an 18 - point deficit to defeat the Toronto Raptors 129 -- 127 in overtime at the Air Canada Center . He hit a 29 - foot , game tying three - pointer to send the game into overtime and then scored the winning basket in the extra period . On February 3 , 2009 , Carter recorded his fifth career triple - double with 15 points , 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 99 -- 85 win over the Milwaukee Bucks . Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Carter with the Magic in March 2010 On June 25 , 2009 , Carter was traded , along with Ryan Anderson , to the Orlando Magic in exchange for Rafer Alston , Tony Battie and Courtney Lee . Orlando hoped Carter would provide center Dwight Howard with a perimeter scorer who can create his own shot -- something the Magic lacked in losing the NBA Finals to the Los Angeles Lakers . On February 8 , 2010 , he had a season - high 48 points , 34 in the second half , when the Magic rallied from a 17 - point deficit to defeat the New Orleans Hornets 123 -- 117 . Carter helped the Magic reach the Eastern Conference Finals , where they were defeated 4 -- 2 by the Boston Celtics . It marked his first and so far only Conference Finals series . Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Carter ( right ) in January 2011 , being defended by former teammate Rashard Lewis On December 18 , 2010 , Carter was acquired by the Phoenix Suns in a six - player trade with the Magic . On January 17 , 2011 , Carter recorded 29 points and 12 rebounds in a 129 -- 121 win over the New York Knicks . He reached 20,000 career points during the game , becoming the 37th NBA player to reach that plateau . On December 9 , 2011 , following the conclusion of the NBA lockout , Carter was waived by the Suns , meaning the team only had to fork over $4 million of the $18 million he was due for the 2011 -- 12 season . Carter had a short - lived run in Phoenix , playing 51 games with 41 starts while averaging 13.5 points while shooting 42 percent . Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Carter with the Mavericks in October 2012 On December 12 , 2011 , Carter signed a three - year contract with the Dallas Mavericks . This move reunited Carter with former Nets teammate Jason Kidd . On April 20 , 2012 against the Golden State Warriors , Carter became the eighth player in NBA history with 1,500 3 - pointers when he made one in the closing minutes . While known early on in his career for his circus dunks , Carter became known for his 3 - point shooting with the Mavericks . On February 13 , 2013 , in a 123 -- 100 win over the Sacramento Kings , Carter scored 26 points to pass Larry Bird on the NBA 's career scoring list , moving him into 29th place . Carter turned aside a Sacramento rally in the third quarter by going 5 of 7 from long range and scoring 17 of Dallas ' last 21 points in the period . He ended the night with 21,796 career points for 29th on the all - time list , five ahead of Bird . He also became the 11th NBA player with at least 1,600 3 - pointers . He finished the season ranked 27th on the NBA 's all - time scoring list with 22,223 career points . His 162 3 - pointers tied his career high for 3s made in a season ( 162 - of - 397 , . 408 , with Toronto in 2000 -- 01 ) . Over the course of the season , he advanced from 17th place to 11th place on the NBA 's all - time 3 - point field goals made list ( passing Nick Van Exel , Tim Hardaway , Eddie Jones , Glen Rice , Jason Richardson and Kobe Bryant ) , finishing the year with 1,663 career 3 - pointers . Prior to the 2013 -- 14 season , Carter established himself as the Mavericks ' sixth man , after the departure of Jason Terry . He averaged just 10.5 points and shot 37.6 % from the field during the fist 22 games of the season due to increased responsibilities and pressure to be the team 's lone scoring punch off of the bench . He saw his numbers improve in December , averaging 12.5 points and shooting 44.3 % from the field during an 18 - game stretch . On March 16 , 2014 against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Carter raised his career total to 23,010 points , becoming the 27th NBA player to pass the 23,000 - point mark with a 3 - pointer with 2 : 17 left in the third quarter . In Game 3 of the Mavericks ' first round playoff series against the San Antonio Spurs , Carter drilled the game - winning 3 - pointer with no time remaining on the clock to give the eighth - seeded Mavericks a 109 -- 108 win and a 2 -- 1 series edge over the top - seeded Spurs . The Mavericks went on to lose the series in seven games . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) On July 12 , 2014 , Carter signed a multi-year deal with the Memphis Grizzlies . On November 13 , 2014 , he made a game winning alley - oop assist from the sideline to teammate Courtney Lee at the buzzer to win the game 111 -- 110 over the Sacramento Kings . On December 17 , 2014 , Carter scored a season - high 18 points in a 117 -- 116 triple overtime win over the San Antonio Spurs . Carter moved into 25th in all - time NBA scoring during the game , passing Robert Parish ( 23,334 ) . Carter appeared in just one of the Grizzlies ' first 12 games of the 2015 -- 16 season . On February 24 , 2016 , with nine points scored against the Los Angeles Lakers , Carter passed Charles Barkley ( 23,757 ) for 24th in career points scored . Two days later , he scored a season - high 19 points in a 112 -- 95 win over the Lakers . For the latter half of April and the whole first round series against the Spurs , Carter was inserted in the starting lineup and played well . In Game 1 of the Grizzlies ' playoff series against the Spurs , Carter scored a team - high 16 points in a 106 -- 74 loss . The Grizzlies went on to lose the series in four games . After finishing second behind Tim Duncan in the 2014 -- 15 season , Carter was awarded with the Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award for the 2015 -- 16 season . The award recognizes the player deemed the best teammate based on selfless play , on - and off - court leadership as a mentor and role model to other NBA players , and commitment and dedication to team . On November 1 , 2016 , Carter played in his 1,278 th NBA game , tying him with A.C. Green for 25th on the NBA 's career list . He also became the 24th player in NBA history to surpass 24,000 career points . On November 8 , he scored 20 points against the Denver Nuggets and became the oldest player in the NBA to post a 20 - point game since Michael Jordan scored 25 for the Washington Wizards in April 2003 , at age 40 . It was also Carter 's first 20 - point game since April 30 , 2014 . On November 12 , Carter made seven field goals against the Milwaukee Bucks to pass Gary Payton ( 8,708 ) for 21st in NBA history . Carter also passed Charles Oakley for 24th on the NBA 's career games played list with 1,283 . On November 14 , in a win over the Utah Jazz , Carter had his second 20 - point game of the season , joining Michael Jordan and Patrick Ewing as the only players in NBA history to put up 20 points and 5 + rebounds off the bench at the age of 39 , with Carter being the oldest at 39 years and 287 days . Carter missed seven games in early December with a right hip flexor strain . On January 11 , Carter hit his 1,989 th career three - pointer to move ahead of Jason Kidd and into fifth on the all - time list . On February 1 , in a game against the Denver Nuggets , Carter hit his 2,000 th career three - pointer , making him only the fifth player to ever reach that mark . On February 6 against San Antonio , Carter joined Karl Malone , Dikembe Mutombo , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and Robert Parish as the only 40 - year old players to record at least four blocks in a game . On February 15 , in a game against the New Orleans Pelicans , Carter passed Allen Iverson for 23rd on the NBA all - time scoring list . On March 13 , Carter made his first start of the season and made all eight of his shots , including six from beyond the arc , to score a season - high 24 points and lead the Grizzlies past the Milwaukee Bucks 113 -- 93 . He became the first 40 - year - old in NBA history to hit six triples in one game . At 40 years , 46 days old , Carter also became the oldest player to start an NBA game since Juwan Howard in April 2013 . On March 29 against the Indiana Pacers , Carter passed Ray Allen for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . In the Grizzlies ' regular - season finale on April 12 against the Dallas Mavericks , Carter played in his 1,347 th game and passed Kobe Bryant for 13th in regular - season games played . On April 22 , Carter became the first 40 - year - old to make three or more 3 - pointers in a playoff game during Game 4 of the Grizzlies ' first - round series against the San Antonio Spurs . Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 10 , 2017 , Carter signed a one - year , $8 million contract with the Sacramento Kings . On August 18 , 2017 , during the Players Voice Awards , Carter was named by the NBA Players Association as the Most Influential Veteran . Carter missed seven games early in the season with a kidney stone . National team career ( edit ) During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Carter performed a memorable dunk when he jumped over 7 - foot - 2 - inch ( 2.18 m ) French center Frédéric Weis . Teammate Jason Kidd said it was `` One of the best plays I 've ever seen . '' The French media later dubbed it `` le dunk de la mort '' ( `` the Dunk of Death '' ) . The U.S. team went on to win the gold medal that year and Carter led the team with 14.8 points per game . Carter admitted he channeled his frustrations in his personal life and Tracy McGrady leaving the Raptors before the Olympics . Carter replaced Kobe Bryant on the USA roster for the 2003 FIBA Americas Tournament while Bryant was undergoing surgeries on his knee and shoulder . He wore Bryant 's jersey number 8 . Carter 's selection was only for the 2003 FIBA Americas Tournament . However , Bryant later on withdrew due to a legal case he was going through at that time . Carter did not take over the Olympic spot as he felt he needed to take some time off during the summer to rest and heal and he was also getting married at that time . Awards and achievements ( edit ) 8 × NBA All - Star selection : 2000 -- 07 ( did not play in 2002 due to injury ) Olympic gold medal : 2000 2 × All - NBA : Second Team : 2001 Third Team : 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Champion : 2000 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 1999 NBA Rookie of the Year Award : 1999 The Sporting News NBA Rookie of the Year : 1999 Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award : 2016 NBA playoff records Most three - point field goals made in one half : 8 ( May 11 , 2001 vs. Philadelphia 76ers , Eastern Conference Semifinals ) Most consecutive three - point field goals made in one game : 8 ( same game as above ) Most consecutive three - point field goals made in one half : 8 ( same game as above ) First 40 - year old player to hit at least three 3 - pointers in a playoff game : 3 ( April 22 , 2017 vs. San Antonio Spurs , Western Conference 1st round ) New Jersey Nets franchise records Most three - point field goals made in one game : 9 ( December 11 , 2006 vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) Most points scored in one season : 2,070 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most consecutive 20 or more point games : 23 ( 2005 -- 06 ) First Net to score at least 2,000 points in a single season ( 2006 -- 07 ) Career highs Points : 51 ( 2 times ) Field goals made : 20 vs. Milwaukee 01 / 14 / 2000 Three point field goals made : 9 vs. Memphis 12 / 11 / 2006 Free throws made : 23 vs. Miami 12 / 23 / 2005 Rebounds : 16 vs. Washington 04 / 07 / 2007 Assists : 14 vs. Milwaukee 01 / 09 / 2009 Steals : 6 ( 5 times ) Blocks : 6 vs. Chicago 03 / 28 / 1999 Video game , TV and film appearances ( edit ) Appeared on the cover of NBA Live 2004 . Appeared on the cover of NBA Inside Drive 2002 . Appeared in the 2002 film Like Mike , where the fictional Los Angeles Knights had to beat Carter and the Toronto Raptors in order to gain the 8th seed in the playoffs . Appeared in Fabolous ' 2002 music video for `` This Is My Party '' , and Glenn Lewis ' 2003 music video for `` Back for More '' . Appeared in the TV Series Moesha as himself in the episode Mis - Directed Study in 1999 . A 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect by Sean Menard will play in the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival about Carter 's impact in the Canadian basketball scene . Personal life ( edit ) Carter has donated to his high school , Mainland , as well as the foundation he established upon being drafted into the NBA in 1998 , The Embassy of Hope . On February 3 , 2007 , a statue of Carter was unveiled at Mainland . Carter visited with the Duquesne University basketball team in Pittsburgh as a show of support after its shooting incident in September 2006 . He is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity . Carter married Ellen Rucker , a chiropractor , in July 2004 ; the couple divorced in 2006 . They have one daughter , Kai Michelle Carter . While with the Nets , Carter lived in Saddle River , New Jersey on the same street as Jason Kidd , and the two played ping pong and went bowling together . In January 2010 , Carter opened a restaurant called `` Vince Carter 's '' in Daytona , Florida . It closed in February 2016 . Throughout his career , Carter has been known for not only his dunks and scoring acumen , but for his celebrations and emotion . He celebrated explosive dunks with his patented `` Crank it up '' celebration , which is expressed by rolling his wrists as if revving the engine of a motorcycle . As his dunks became more scarce later in his career , the move has served as a tongue in cheek rallying cry , as he and other infrequently dunking players `` crank it up '' after routine dunks . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1998 -- 99 Toronto 50 49 35.2 . 450 . 288 . 761 5.7 3.0 1.1 1.5 18.3 1999 -- 00 Toronto 82 82 38.1 . 465 . 403 . 791 5.8 3.9 1.3 1.1 25.7 2000 -- 01 Toronto 75 75 39.7 . 460 . 408 . 765 5.5 3.9 1.5 1.1 27.6 2001 -- 02 Toronto 60 60 39.8 . 428 . 387 . 798 5.2 4.0 1.6 . 7 24.7 2002 -- 03 Toronto 43 42 34.2 . 467 . 344 . 806 4.4 3.3 1.1 1.0 20.6 2003 -- 04 Toronto 73 73 38.2 . 417 . 383 . 806 4.8 4.8 1.2 . 9 22.5 2004 -- 05 Toronto 20 20 30.4 . 411 . 322 . 694 3.3 3.1 1.3 . 8 15.9 2004 -- 05 New Jersey 57 56 38.9 . 462 . 425 . 817 5.9 4.7 1.5 . 6 27.5 2005 -- 06 New Jersey 79 79 36.8 . 430 . 341 . 799 5.8 4.3 1.2 . 7 24.2 2006 -- 07 New Jersey 82 82 38.1 . 454 . 357 . 802 6.0 4.8 1.0 . 4 25.2 2007 -- 08 New Jersey 76 72 38.9 . 456 . 359 . 816 6.0 5.1 1.2 . 4 21.3 2008 -- 09 New Jersey 80 80 36.8 . 437 . 385 . 817 5.1 4.7 1.0 . 5 20.8 2009 -- 10 Orlando 75 74 30.8 . 428 . 367 . 840 3.9 3.1 . 7 . 2 16.6 2010 -- 11 Orlando 22 22 30.2 . 470 . 346 . 747 4.1 2.9 . 9 . 1 15.1 2010 -- 11 Phoenix 51 41 27.2 . 422 . 366 . 735 3.6 1.6 . 9 . 3 13.5 2011 -- 12 Dallas 61 40 25.3 . 411 . 361 . 826 3.4 2.3 . 9 . 4 10.1 2012 -- 13 Dallas 81 25.8 . 435 . 406 . 816 4.1 2.4 . 9 . 5 13.4 2013 -- 14 Dallas 81 0 24.4 . 407 . 394 . 821 3.5 2.6 . 8 . 4 11.9 2014 -- 15 Memphis 66 16.5 . 333 . 297 . 789 2.0 1.2 . 7 . 2 5.8 2015 -- 16 Memphis 60 16.8 . 388 . 349 . 833 2.4 . 9 . 6 . 3 6.6 2016 -- 17 Memphis 73 15 24.6 . 394 . 378 . 765 3.1 1.8 . 8 . 5 8.0 Career 1,347 969 32.0 . 438 . 374 . 799 4.6 3.3 1.1 . 6 18.2 All - Star 7 5 18.0 . 477 . 375 . 600 2.6 1.9 . 9 . 1 10.1 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2000 Toronto 39.7 . 300 . 100 . 871 6.0 6.3 1.0 1.3 19.3 2001 Toronto 12 12 44.9 . 436 . 410 . 784 6.5 4.7 1.7 1.7 27.3 2005 New Jersey 44.8 . 365 . 316 . 861 8.5 5.8 2.3 . 0 26.8 2006 New Jersey 11 11 40.9 . 463 . 241 . 796 7.0 5.3 1.8 . 5 29.6 2007 New Jersey 12 12 40.6 . 396 . 389 . 693 6.8 5.3 . 9 . 6 22.3 Orlando 14 14 34.4 . 402 . 235 . 826 4.2 2.3 . 9 . 2 15.5 2012 Dallas 0 26.8 . 293 . 300 . 750 5.5 . 3 1.2 . 5 8.3 2014 Dallas 7 0 27.1 . 456 . 484 . 786 3.6 2.4 . 4 . 3 12.6 2015 Memphis 11 0 17.8 . 403 . 250 . 889 4.3 1.0 . 6 . 2 6.3 2016 Memphis 22.8 . 455 . 700 1.000 3.8 1.3 . 5 . 3 11.3 2017 Memphis 6 6 32.5 . 476 . 400 1.000 3.3 1.5 . 3 . 0 9.2 Career 88 66 34.5 . 416 . 338 . 796 5.4 3.4 1.1 . 5 18.1 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players List of Olympic medalists in basketball NBA regular season records NBA post-season records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Ryan ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Is Vince Carter a Hall of Famer ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Augustus , Luke ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Carmelo Anthony joins Oklahoma City Thunder in a New York Knicks trade '' . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's All American Alumni '' ( PDF ) . McDonald 's . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Chansky , Art ; Dick Vitale ( 2006 ) . Blue Blood : Duke - Carolina : Inside the Most Storied Rivalry in College Hoops . Macmillan . pp. 292 -- 294 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32788 - 9 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Follows Jamison in Declaring for the NBA '' . Los Angeles Times . May 1 , 1998 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Carter gets his diploma '' . CBC Sports . 2001 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Vince Carter , Jason Kidd honored as all - timers -- Dallas Mavericks Blog -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . 2012 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff ( 2010 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Vince Carter to host Obama fundraiser -- Dallas Mavericks Blog -- ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Obama , DNC chair raise $2.1 M at NBA star 's mansion WashingtonExaminer.com '' . Campaign2012.washingtonexaminer.com. 2012 - 02 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Velasco , Dennis . `` Vince Carter Player Profile '' . About Basketball . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Campigotto , Jesse ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Carter : His rise and fall with the Raptors '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video : T - Mac , Vince and Oakley Look Back '' . slamonline.com . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barr , Josh ( 2001 - 05 - 21 ) . `` 76ers Duck Raptors ' Last Punch ; Carter Misses at Buzzer , Philadelphia Takes Game 7 '' . Jump up ^ `` No one should blame Carter '' . Toronto Star . 2001 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Rapts Up Series With Toronto '' . NBA.com. 2001 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Dei ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Lynam : Iverson still an icon in twilight of career '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carter nets 55 in charity game '' . cbc.ca . August 4 , 2001 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vince Carter and the Raptors : 15 memorable moments '' . cbc.ca . December 17 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter 2001 - 02 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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Sports -- Basketball Toronto Raptors -- No bullying Babcock '' . Slam.canoe.ca. 2004 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors fans have raised enough money to fly a `` KEEP VINCE , TRADE PEDDIE '' banner over the Air Canada Centre before the Vince Carter Charity All - Star Game `` . TrenDigg. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Vince does n't owe us a thing '' . Jump up ^ `` SLAM ! Sports -- Basketball Toronto Raptors -- Vince speaks , but says little '' . Slam.canoe.ca. 2004 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NBA RUMOR MILL -- The Vince Carter Update HOOPSWORLD Basketball News & NBA Rumors '' . Hoopsworld. 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mitchell has much to learn as Raptors coach '' . cbc.ca. 2007 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Discussing Vince Carter '' . cbc.ca. 2007 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . 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Jump up ^ `` Blair : Time for Raptors to bury the hatchet with Vince Carter '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ NBA ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Vince Carter : Should the Raptors honor him ? -- The Starters '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ NBA ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Vince Carter Receives Emotional Tribute in Toronto '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Highlights : Vince Carter Tribute - November 19 , 2014 '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies at Raptors '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter moved to tears by Toronto video tribute '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Acquire Five - Time NBA All - Star Vince Carter '' . NBA.com . December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Season Preview : New Jersey Nets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter Dunks on Alonzo Mourning ( Sportscenter Highlights ) '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Nets vs. Miami Heat - Play By Play - December 23 , 2005 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas edges Carter for starting nod ; LeBron is top pick '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd and Vince Carter named to 2007 Eastern Conference All - Star Team '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kidd , Carter match feat not done since Jordan , Pippen in 1989 '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency : The final chance for Vince Carter 's redemption ProBasketballTalk '' . Probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Carter reportedly agrees to $61.8 million contract '' . ESPN.com . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Rod Thorn views Vince Carter as playoff team leader for Nets '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Caught in Nets ' growing pains , Carter adapts to a new position '' . sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter Breaks Toronto Raptors Hearts ... Again '' . bleacherreport.com . November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Brook Lopez , Vince Carter and Nets beat Bucks and former teammate Richard Jefferson '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Acquires Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson From New Jersey '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carter traded to hometown Magic '' . ESPN.com . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter scores 48 points to rally Magic past Hornets , 123 - 117 '' . latimes.com . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns , Magic Complete Six - Player Trade '' . NBA.com . December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter gets 20,000 th point of career in Suns ' win '' . ESPN.com . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter reaches 20,000 points in NBA '' . foxsports.com . January 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns waive Vince Carter '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks sign eight - time All - Star Vince Carter to three - year contract '' . dallasnews.com . December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Stephen ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mavericks beat Golden State 104 - 94 in home finale '' . NewsOK.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Schuyler ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Carter passes Bird as Mavs put away Kings 123 - 100 '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies outlast Spurs 117 - 116 in 3 overtimes '' . NBA.com . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Chris ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Carter moves into Top 25 of All - Time NBA Scoring '' . grizzlybearblues.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter 2015 - 16 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes has 25 as Grizzlies defeat Lakers 128 - 119 '' . NBA.com . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carter scores 19 for Grizzlies in 112 - 95 win over Lakers '' . NBA.com . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Corban ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` 2015 - 2016 Memphis Grizzlies Player Reviews : Vince Carter '' . grizzlybearblues.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard leads Spurs to 32 - point victory over Grizzlies '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Tied at 2 : Gasol lifts Grizzlies past Spurs 110 - 108 in OT '' . ESPN.com. April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Sign Vince Carter '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vince Carter , Kings have agreed to a 1 - year , $8 million deal , per report '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Jason ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Carter Named Most Influential Veteran '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings keep rolling at home , beat Lakers 113 - 102 '' . ESPN.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hench , Kevin ( 2006 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Top 10 ' Best Damn ' dunks '' . Fox Sports ( USA ) . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ PS ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) , Carter to Weis : ' I 'm sorry ' , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Carter replaces Bryant on Olympic qualifying team '' . Chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Carter shuns Olympics '' . 18 March 2004 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter -- NBA Players '' . Sportsnet.ca . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Records : 3 - pt Field Goals -- Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Walker , Teresa . `` Tied at 2 : Gasol lifts Grizzlies past Spurs 110 - 108 in OT '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nets Notes '' ( PDF ) . Nets.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vince Carter '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Live 2004 cover art '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Inside Drive 2002 cover art '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mis - Directed Study '' . 13 September 1999 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Daniel ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Vince Carter documentary `` The Carter Effect '' to play at TIFF17 `` . RaptorsHQ.com . Raptors HQ . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Carter Effect '' . tiff.net . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site of Vince Carter '' . VinceCarter15.com. 1977 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mainland High School : : Listed Calendar . Retrieved on April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Star Visits Duquesne To Support Shooting Victims '' . Wpxi.com. 2006 - 09 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Omega Men '' . www.oppf.org . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Vince -- Biography '' . vincecarter15.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` A Lot Of Stars , But Not Much Power '' , Daily News ( New York ) , November 1 , 2005 . Accessed September 20 , 2011 . `` Is there a better backcourt in the league than the one that resides on the same street in Saddle River , N.J. ? The two neighbors bowl and play Ping - Pong together when they are n't connecting on alley - oops . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , Heather ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Orlando Magic 's Vince Carter opens new restaurant near Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Park , Clayton ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Last chance : Vince Carter 's closes Sunday '' . news-journalonline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Carter Crank it Up '' . youtube.com. 2012 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki ' revving it up ' like Vince Carter after a dunk ( 2012.01. 10 ) '' . youtube.com. 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vince Carter . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Carter 's official website Sacramento Kings current roster 00 Cauley - Stein 3 Hill 5 Fox 7 Labissière 8 Bogdanović 10 Mason 13 Papagiannis 15 Carter 17 Temple 20 Giles 23 Richardson 24 Hield 25 Jackson 29 Sampson ( TW ) 41 Koufos 45 Cooley ( TW ) 50 Randolph Head coach : Joerger Assistant coaches : Gates Lieberman March Thornton Ticknor Turner Links to related articles 1998 NBA draft First round Michael Olowokandi Mike Bibby Raef LaFrentz Antawn Jamison Vince Carter Robert Traylor Jason Williams Larry Hughes Dirk Nowitzki Paul Pierce Bonzi Wells Michael Doleac Keon Clark Michael Dickerson Matt Harpring Bryce Drew Radoslav Nesterović Mirsad Türkcan Pat Garrity Roshown McLeod Ricky Davis Brian Skinner Tyronn Lue Felipe López Al Harrington Sam Jacobson Vladimir Stepania Corey Benjamin Nazr Mohammed Second round Ansu Sesay Ruben Patterson Rashard Lewis Jelani McCoy Shammond Williams Bruno Šundov Jerome James Casey Shaw DeMarco Johnson Rafer Alston Korleone Young Cuttino Mobley Miles Simon Jahidi White Sean Marks Toby Bailey Andrae Patterson Tyson Wheeler Ryan Stack Cory Carr Andrew Betts Corey Brewer Derrick Dial Greg Buckner Tremaine Fowlkes Ryan Bowen J.R. 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where do they put the chip in dogs

In dogs and cats , chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline . According to one reference , continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck . The chip can often be felt under the skin . Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place .

usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline

Microchip implant ( animal )

microchip implant ( animal )

A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal . The chip , about the size of a large grain of rice , uses passive RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) technology , and is also known as a PIT ( Passive Integrated Transponder ) tag .

Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals , with the exception of horses . Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses and benefits 2 Usage 3 Components of a microchip 4 Implant location 5 Animal species 6 Worldwide use 7 Cross-compatibility and standards issues 8 Reported adverse reactions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Uses and benefits ( edit ) Animal shelters , animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners , avoiding expenses for housing , food , medical care , outplacing and euthanasia . Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals . Microchips are also used by kennels , breeders , brokers , trainers , registries , rescue groups , humane societies , clinics , farms , stables , animal clubs and associations , researchers , and pet stores . Some pet doors can be programmed to be activated by the microchips of specific animals , allowing only certain animals to use the door . Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records . Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES - regulated international trade in certain endangered animals : for example , Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive - bred fish . Also , birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable . Usage ( edit ) Information about the implant is often imprinted on a collar tag worn by a pet Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter . After checking that the animal does not already have a chip , the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip 's unique ID . No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort : the pain is minimal and short - lived . A test scan ensures correct operation . An enrollment form is completed with chip ID , owner contact information , pet name and description , shelter and / or veterinarian contact information , and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner . Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place . The form is sent to a registry , who may be the chip manufacturer , distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service . Some countries have a single official national database . For a fee , the registry typically provides 24 - hour , toll - free telephone service for the life of the pet . Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner , usually done online , but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless . The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information . The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal . Like an automobile title , the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded ; an animal without a certificate could be stolen . Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips , providing the recovery service with the ID number , description and location so they may notify the owner or contact . If the pet is wearing the collar tag , the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry . An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service , as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen . Many veterinarians scan an animal 's chip on every visit to verify correct operation . Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts , test results , vaccination certifications and other records . Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal , and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo . Components of a microchip ( edit ) A microchip implant is a passive RFID device . Lacking an internal power source , it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner . Most implants contain three elements : a ' chip ' or integrated circuit ; a coil inductor , possibly with a ferrite core ; and a capacitor . The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information . The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer , receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner . The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner 's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip . The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner . Example of an RFID scanner used with animal microchip implants . These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed . Barring rare complications , dogs and cats are unaffected by them . Implant location ( edit ) In dogs and cats , chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline . According to one reference , continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck . The chip can often be felt under the skin . Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place . Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck , halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane , into the nuchal ligament . Birds are implanted in their breast muscles . Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people ( an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician ) or general anesthesia . Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging ( MRIs ) , including those of the spinal cord . Animal species ( edit ) Horse microchipping Many animal species have been microchipped , including cockatiels and other parrots , horses , llamas , alpacas , goats , sheep , miniature pigs , rabbits , deer , ferrets , penguins , sharks , snakes , lizards , alligators , turtles , toads , frogs , rare fish , chimpanzees , mice , and prairie dogs -- even whales and elephants . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison , black - footed ferrets , grizzly bears , elk , white - tailed deer , giant land tortoises and armadillos . Worldwide use ( edit ) Microchips are not yet universal , but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales , Australia and the United Kingdom ( for dogs , since 6 April 2016 ) . Some countries , such as Japan , require ISO - compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats . In New Zealand , all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped . Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt , drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898 . Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006 . A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock . In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs . Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016 . In Israel , microchips in dogs are mandatory . Australia has a National Livestock Identification System . The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats . In most species except horses , an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip . Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used . Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840 . Cross-compatibility and standards issues ( edit ) In most countries , pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners . In the United States , however , three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard . Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types . Scanners with quad - read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment . Older scanner models will be in use for some time , so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard . The four types include : The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance . It is common in many countries including Europe ( since the late 1990s ) and Canada . It is one of two chip protocol types ( along with the `` Half Duplex '' type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals ) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785 . To support international / multivendor application , the 3 - digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number . In the United States , distribution of this type has been controversial . When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 ( and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004 ) many shelter scanners could n't read them . ( Some still ca n't ; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea . ) At least one Banfield - chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized . The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States . Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan 's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States , although Trovan 's original registry database `` infopet.biz '' remained in operation . In early 2007 , the American Kennel Club 's chip registration service , AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp , which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron / Digital Angel , began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter . These chips are read by the Trovan , HomeAgain ( Destron Fearing ) , and Bayer ( Black Label ) readers . Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID to license the technology to read the Trovan chips , AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips . A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron is available under various brand names . These include , in the United States , `` Avid Eurochip '' , the common current 24PetWatch chips , and the original ( and still popular ) style of HomeAgain chips . ( HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can now supply the true ISO chip instead on request . ) Chips of this type have 10 digit ( hexadecimal ) chip numbers . This `` FECAVA '' type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial , although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions . The ISO standard has an annex ( appendix ) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners , including a 35 - bit `` FECAVA '' / `` Destron '' type . The common Eurochip / HomeAgain chips do n't agree perfectly with the annex description , although the differences are sometimes considered minor . But the ISO standard also makes it clear that only its 64 - bit `` full - duplex '' and `` half - duplex '' types are `` conformant '' ; even chips ( e.g. , the Trovan Unique ) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not . More visibly , FECAVA can not support the ISO standard 's required country / manufacturer codes . They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO - standard chips are the norm , but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance . Finally , there 's the AVID brand Friendchip type , which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics . Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome ; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number `` in the clear '' for anyone to read , along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips , but the authentication in `` Friendchips '' has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner . Although no authentication encryption is involved , obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code . Well into 2006 , scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron / Digital Angel ; Destron / Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some , but not all , of its scanners , possibly as early as 1996 . ( For years , its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption , while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found . ) Well into 2006 , both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO - compliant chips . Some complained that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States . By keeping them out of the United States , it could be considered partly culpable in the missed - ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield . In 2006 , the European manufacturer Datamars , a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others , gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers . This `` Black Label '' scanner was the first four - standard full - multi pet scanner in the United States market . Later in 2006 , Digital Angel announced that it would supply a full - multi scanner in the United States . In 2008 AVID announced a `` breakthrough '' scanner , although as of October 2010 AVID 's is still so uncommon that it 's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip . Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier , and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC - CAR . ( Some are quad - read , but others lack full ISO support . ) Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of `` frequency '' . One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers ' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a `` different frequency '' from the local shelter 's scanner , or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change . These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips , although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation . In fact , all chips operate at the scanner 's frequency . Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz , in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the `` 125 kHz '' chips are readable at 134.2 kHz . Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed `` multi-frequency '' scanners now commonly available are really single - frequency scanners operating at 125 , 134.2 or 128 kHz . In particular , the United States HomeAgain scanner did n't change excitation frequency when ISO - read capability was added ; it 's still a single frequency , 125 kHz scanner . Expected results for chip type ( OK = Good read NR = No read DO = Detect Only with no number given ) Scanner to test ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip AVID Encrypted `` FriendChip '' Original U.S. HomeAgain , AVID Eurochip , or FECAVA `` Trovan Unique '' and current AKC CAR chips Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner ( also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags ) OK NR NR NR AVID Basic U.S. Scanner NR OK NR NR AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner NR OK OK NR AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S. OK OK OK NR Assumed AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008 OK OK OK NR according to some ( Few have seen one . ) Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain `` Universal '' Shelter Scanners by Destron / Digital Angel Corp . NR , DO , or OK OK OK Possibly all OK Typical Destron / Digital Angel Corp . U.S. Veterinarian 's scanner pre-2007 NR DO OK DO Trovan LID - 560 - MULTI per mfr . specifications on Web OK OK OK OK U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC - CAR Web Site DO OK OK OK U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC - CAR Web Site OK OK OK OK Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner OK OK OK OK but Reliability Questioned Datamars Black Label Scanner `` classypets '' model OK NR or DO ? OK OK but Reliability Questioned Banfield - Distributed 2004 - 2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners OK Possibly all DO OK Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned ( Undocumented Feature ) Datamars Minimax and Micromax OK NR NR NR Typical Homemade Scanner OK OK but extra step required ( web - based decryption service ) OK OK Microchip ID Systems `` Hero '' Scanner OK OK OK NR Microchip ID Systems `` Pocket Hero '' Scanner OK NR NR NR ( For users requiring Shelter - Grade certainty , this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips . One study cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner . In general , the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency . The study predates the most recent scanner models , however . ) Reported adverse reactions ( edit ) RFID chips are used in animal research , and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats . Noted veterinary associations responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs , pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K. , which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs . A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength . In 2011 a microchip - associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9 - year old , neutered - male cat . Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma , but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs . See also ( edit ) Microchip implant ( human ) PositiveID Proximity card Pet recovery service Remote - controlled animal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For display , typically the three country / manufacturer code digits are followed by twelve digits of serial number to make a 15 - digit numeric string . Jump up ^ Curiously , an actual matching descriptive specification from the Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations , or one from Destron Corporation , remains illusive . Jump up ^ The differences are obvious and easily surmounted by someone trying to make a scanner for a FECAVA chip specimen , so the Annex is still quite useful . ( The actual FECAVA frequency - modulated signals are inverted ( backwards ) from the Annex specification . ) Jump up ^ This is found in clauses 2 and 6 of ISO 11785 ; the two actual conformant 64 - bit types are described in clauses 6.1 and 6.2 . Jump up ^ Few of the petitioners bothered to ask AVID to add Trovan - chip compatibility at that time , as these chips would remain uncommon and obscure until 2007 in the U.S. Jump up ^ In addition to its current scanners with full support for ISO full duplex chips , and maybe ten years production of earlier scanners with no ISO support , Destron / Digital Angel Corp. is also reported to have made in - between models circa 2006 , one that gives a detection indication , but no number for ISO chips , and one model that gives either simple detection or full number readout , depending perhaps on the chip 's manufacturer or some other factor . These models may be hard to discern without many specimen chips ; upgrades may be available , especially to current customer partners of HomeAgain . Jump up ^ A mention of a chip type called `` AVID Travelchip '' has been removed from this heading . It appears that `` Travelchip '' was actually a trademark not of AVID itself but of a chip distributor , which used it as a blanket term for several different chip types sold in value - added kits - firstly AVID Eurochips , later HomeAgain types both regular and ISO . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lomas , Natasha ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Now you can quantify your cat 's comings and goings too '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped ? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase '' . kb.rspca.org.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Microchip Implantation Sites ( World Small Animal Veterinary Association ) . Jump up ^ Saito M , Ono S , Kayanuma H , Honnami M , Muto M , Une Y ( May 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of the susceptibility artifacts and tissue injury caused by implanted microchips in dogs on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging '' . J. Vet . Med . Sci. 72 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 81 . doi : 10.1292 / jvms. 09 - 0386 . PMID 20086326 . Jump up ^ `` WSAVA - Australian Microchip Standard '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping law brings fines risk '' . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Entering Japan : Dogs & Cats . Jump up ^ Masters , Catherine ( 25 March 2006 ) . `` The year of the dog war '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Farm Dogs Exempted from Microchipping Jump up ^ `` NI first on law to microchip dogs '' . 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping becomes compulsory across UK '' . BBC News . 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News Jump up ^ Trovan Chips Adopted by Los Angeles in 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Hannis Stoddard '' . www.rfidnews.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B '' Country List ( Search for `` Home Again microchips are ISO compatible '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Discussion ( Search for `` as compliant '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ The TRAVELchip Single ( Search for `` Complies with '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Combined Text ( `` FECAVA '' discussion starts on page 16 of the PDF file . ) Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News ( Search for `` best '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ APHIS Comment Submission from Digital Angel Corp ( page 2 , item 4 in the referenced . doc file . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner to Reunite More Lost Pets with Their Families Jump up ^ U.S. FCC database search form ( Submit the form with `` Grantee Code '' and `` Product Code '' for each individual scanner ; for the new universal Digital Angel / HomeAgain Scanner , still operating at 125 kHz codes `` C5S '' and `` HS9250L '' ; for a recent AVID scanner , operating at 134.2 kHz , codes `` IOL '' and `` - 134 - AV1034I '' . ) Jump up ^ Descriptions of AVID Scanners ( Search for `` only the AVID '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` in use in canada '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner . Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` unless vet is with a shelter '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Trovan Multi Scanner specifications ( Apparently applies to models sold outside U.S. ) Jump up ^ Using The AKC - CAR Multi-System Pocket Scanner ( U.S. Model says `` Detect Only '' on ISO chip type . ) Jump up ^ AKC CAR Scanners Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Scanner Descriptions . Jump up ^ Software for Homemade Scanners - Chip Type Listing . Jump up ^ `` NEW ! Hero TM Advanced Reader Microchip ID Systems '' . www.microchipidsystems.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pocket HERO TM Microchip ID Systems '' . www.microchipidsystems.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nov. 2007 Scanner Evaluation from EID Limited . Jump up ^ Lewan , Todd . `` Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Position Statement from World Small Animal Veterinary Association . Jump up ^ Baker , Martin A. ; MacDonald , Iain ( 2011 ) . `` Evaluation of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices at 1T '' . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 52 ( 2 ) : 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1740 - 8261.2010. 01762. x . Jump up ^ Carminato A , Vascellari M , Marchioro W , Melchiotti E , Mutinelli F ( December 2011 ) . `` Microchip - associated fibrosarcoma in a cat '' . Vet . Dermatol. 22 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3164.2011. 00975. x . PMID 21535253 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microchip implant . Lost Pet Found After 13 Years ( Apparently the current record for this type of story ) `` Injunction on Microchip Sales '' . Pet Age . January 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchip_implant_(animal)&oldid=845141206 '' Categories : Cat equipment Dog equipment Dogs as pets Radio - frequency identification Identification of domesticated animals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what is the meaning of spectacle in drama

Spectacle

spectacle

In general , spectacle refers to an event that is memorable for the appearance it creates . Derived in Middle English from c. 1340 as `` specially prepared or arranged display '' it was borrowed from Old French spectacle , itself a reflection of the Latin spectaculum `` a show '' from spectare `` to view , watch '' frequentative form of specere `` to look at . '' The word spectacle has also been a term of art in theater dating from the 17th century in English drama .

Contents ( hide ) 1 The masque and spectacle 2 The Hollywood spectacular 3 Spectacle and society 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The masque and spectacle ( edit ) Court masques and masques of the nobility were most popular in the Jacobean and Caroline era . Such masques , as their name implies , relied heavily upon a non-verbal theater . The character lists for masques would be quite small , in keeping with the ability of a small family of patrons to act , but the costumes and theatrical effects would be lavish . Reading the text of masques , such as The Masque at Ludlow ( most often referred to as Comus ) , the writing is spare , philosophical , and grandiose , with very few marks of traditional dramatic structure . This is partially due to the purpose of the masque being family entertainment and spectacle . Unlike The Masque at Ludlow , most masques were recreations of well - known mythological or religious scenes . Some masques would derive from tableau . For example , Edmund Spenser ( Fairie Queene I , iv ) describes a masque of The Seven Deadly Sins . Masques were multimedia , for they almost always involved costuming and music as a method of conveying the story or narrative . Ben Jonson , for example , wrote masques with the architect Inigo Jones . William Davenant , who would become one of the major impresarios of the English Restoration , also wrote pre-Revolutionary masques with Inigo Jones . The role of the architect was that of designer of the staging , which would be elaborate and often culminate in a fireworks show . The hollywood spectacular ( edit ) When the zoetrope and nickelodeon technology first appeared , the earliest films were spectacles . They caught the attention of common people . They showed things people would rarely see , and they showed it to the wide audience . Thomas Edison filmed Eiffel Tower , actual American Indians in a simulated attack , and even celebrated beauty queens . Louis Lumière filmed a train pulling into a station in 1895 ( L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat ) . The camera was in front of the train , and the train `` came '' directly at the viewer . It astonished people unaccustomed to the illusion created by moving images . Spectacle and society ( edit ) Within industrial and post-industrial cultural and state formations , spectacle has been appropriated to describe appearances that are purported to be simultaneously enticing , deceptive , distracting and superficial . ( Jonathan Crary : 2005 ) Current academic theories of spectacle `` highlight how the productive forces of marketing , often associated with media and Internet proliferation , create symbolic forms of practice that are emblematic of everyday situations '' . Spectacle can also refer to a society that critics describe as dominated by electronic media , consumption , and surveillance , reducing citizens to spectators by political neutralization . Recently the word has been associated with the many ways in which a capitalist structure is purported to create play - like celebrations of its products and leisure time consumption . The work of French Marxist thinker Guy Debord is perhaps the best - known example of this critical analysis ; see his The Society of the Spectacle ( 1967 ) See also ( edit ) Guy Debord Entertainment Extravaganza Michel Foucault Performance The Society of the Spectacle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Online Etymological Dictionary Jump up ^ Thompson , Alex ; Stringfellow , Lindsay ; Maclean , Mairi ; MacLaren , Andrew ; O'Gorman , Kevin ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Puppets of necessity ? Celebritisation in structured reality television '' . Journal of Marketing Management . 31 ( 5 - 6 ) : 478 -- 501 . doi : 10.1080 / 0267257X. 2014.988282 . ISSN 0267 - 257X . External links ( edit ) Holonet on the Lumière Brothers retrieved August 1 , 2005 . Milton , John . An online critical edition of Comus retrieved July 30 , 2005 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectacle&oldid=831266158 '' Categories : Theatre Social events Popular culture Spectacle Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Հայերեն Ido Mirandés 日本 語 Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 17 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what do you call the top of a column

At the top of the shaft is a capital , upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest . In the case of Doric columns , the capital usually consists of a round , tapering cushion , or echinus , supporting a square slab , known as an abax or abacus . Ionic capitals feature a pair of volutes , or scrolls , while Corinthian capitals are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves . Either type of capital could be accompanied by the same moldings as the base . In the case of free - standing columns , the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a finial .

Column

column

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits , through compression , the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below . In other words , a column is a compression member . The term column applies especially to a large round support ( the shaft of the column ) with a capital and a base or pedestal which is made of stone , or appearing to be so . A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post , and supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers . For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering , columns may be designed to resist lateral forces . Other compression members are often termed `` columns '' because of the similar stress conditions . Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest . In architecture , `` column '' refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features . A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes ; many columns are `` engaged '' , that is to say form part of a wall .

Contents 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Nomenclature 2.2 Equilibrium , instability , and loads 2.3 Extensions 2.4 Foundations 3 Classical orders 3.1 Doric order 3.2 Tuscan order 3.3 Ionic order 3.4 Corinthian order 3.5 Composite order 3.6 Solomonic 4 Pillar tombs 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Illustration of Doric ( left three ) , Ionic ( middle three ) and Corinthian ( right two ) columns . All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made some use of columns . In Ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds ; in later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common . Egyptian columns are famously present in the Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak ( ca . 1224 BC ) , where 134 columns are lined up in 16 rows , with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres . Plan , front view and side view of a typical Persepolis column , of Persia ( Iran ) Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians , especially the massive stone columns erected in Persepolis . They included double - bull structures in their capitals . The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis , measuring 70 × 70 metres , was built by the Achaemenid king Darius I ( 524 -- 486 BC ) . Many of the ancient Persian columns are standing , some being more than 30 metres tall . The Minoans used whole tree - trunks , usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth , stood on a base set in the stylobate ( floor base ) and topped by a simple round capital . These were then painted as in the most famous Minoan palace of Knossos . The Minoans employed columns to create large open - plan spaces , light - wells and as a focal point for religious rituals . These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization , particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces . The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous lion-gate of Mycenae where two lions stand each side of a column . Being made of wood these early columns have not survived , but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings . The Egyptians , Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building , preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting , but the Ancient Greeks , followed by the Romans , loved to use them on the outside as well , and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture , in buildings like the Parthenon . The Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture , which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements . Their Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders were expanded by the Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders ( see below ) . Columns , or at least large structural exterior ones , became much less significant in the architecture of the Middle Ages . The classical forms were abandoned in both Byzantine architecture and the Romanesque and Gothic architecture of Europe in favour of more flexible forms , with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration , and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief . Renaissance architecture was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles , and the informed use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of architects throughout Baroque , Rococo and Neo-classical architecture . Structure ( edit ) Early columns were constructed of stone , some out of a single piece of stone . Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture . Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone , mortared or dry - fit together . In many classical sites , sectioned columns were carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together , using stone or metal pins . The design of most classical columns incorporates entasis ( the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides ) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column , so that the top is as little as 83 % of the bottom diameter . This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see , and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect . Nomenclature ( edit ) Most classical columns arise from a basis , or base , that rests on the stylobate , or foundation , except for those of the Doric order , which usually rest directly on the stylobate . The basis may consist of several elements , beginning with a wide , square slab known as a plinth . The simplest bases consist of the plinth alone , sometimes separated from the column by a convex circular cushion known as a torus . More elaborate bases include two toruses , separated by a concave section or channel known as a scotia or trochilus . Scotiae could also occur in pairs , separated by a convex section called an astragal , or bead , narrower than a torus . Sometimes these sections were accompanied by still narrower convex sections , known as annulets or fillets . At the top of the shaft is a capital , upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest . In the case of Doric columns , the capital usually consists of a round , tapering cushion , or echinus , supporting a square slab , known as an abax or abacus . Ionic capitals feature a pair of volutes , or scrolls , while Corinthian capitals are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves . Either type of capital could be accompanied by the same moldings as the base . In the case of free - standing columns , the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a finial . Modern columns may be constructed out of steel , poured or precast concrete , or brick , left bare or clad in an architectural covering , or veneer . Used to support an arch , an impost , or pier , is the topmost member of a column . The bottom-most part of the arch , called the springing , rests on the impost . Equilibrium , instability , and loads ( edit ) Main article : Buckling § columns Mechanical failure modes Buckling Corrosion Corrosion fatigue Creep Fatigue Fouling Fracture Hydrogen embrittlement Impact Mechanical overload Stress corrosion cracking Thermal shock Wear Yielding Table showing values of K for structural columns of various end conditions ( adapted from Manual of Steel Construction , 8th edition , American Institute of Steel Construction , Table C1. 8.1 ) As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude , this ideal column passes through three states : stable equilibrium , neutral equilibrium , and instability . The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force , applied between the two ends of the column , produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed . If the column load is gradually increased , a condition is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes so - called neutral equilibrium , and a small lateral force will produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is removed . The load at which neutral equilibrium of a column is reached is called the critical or buckling load . The state of instability is reached when a slight increase of the column load causes uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete collapse . For an axially loaded straight column with any end support conditions , the equation of static equilibrium , in the form of a differential equation , can be solved for the deflected shape and critical load of the column . With hinged , fixed or free end support conditions the deflected shape in neutral equilibrium of an initially straight column with uniform cross section throughout its length always follows a partial or composite sinusoidal curve shape , and the critical load is given by f c r ≡ π 2 E I m i n L 2 ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( cr ) \ equiv ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ( \ textit ( E ) ) I_ ( min ) ) ( ( L ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ qquad ( 1 ) ) where E = elastic modulus of the material , I = the minimal moment of inertia of the cross section , and L = actual length of the column between its two end supports . A variant of ( 1 ) is given by f c r ≡ π 2 E T ( K L r ) 2 ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( cr ) \ equiv ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) E_ ( T ) ) ( ( ( \ frac ( KL ) ( r ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ qquad ( 2 ) ) where r = radius of gyration of ( column ) cross-section which is equal to the square root of ( I / A ) , K = ratio of the longest half sine wave to the actual column length , and KL = effective length ( length of an equivalent hinged - hinged column ) . From Equation ( 2 ) it can be noted that the buckling strength of a column is inversely proportional to the square of its length . When the critical stress , F ( F = P / A , where A = cross-sectional area of the column ) , is greater than the proportional limit of the material , the column is experiencing inelastic buckling . Since at this stress the slope of the material 's stress - strain curve , E ( called the tangent modulus ) , is smaller than that below the proportional limit , the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced . More complex formulas and procedures apply for such cases , but in its simplest form the critical buckling load formula is given as Equation ( 3 ) , f c r ≡ F y − F y 2 4 π 2 E ( K L r 2 ) ( 3 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( cr ) \ equiv ( F_ ( y ) ) - ( \ frac ( F_ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) E ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( KL ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ qquad ( 3 ) ) where E = tangent modulus at the stress F A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling ( sudden twisting ) before , or in combination with , lateral buckling . The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex . Eccentricity of the load , or imperfections such as initial crookedness , decreases column strength . If the axial load on the column is not concentric , that is , its line of action is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column , the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded . The eccentricity of the load , or an initial curvature , subjects the column to immediate bending . The increased stresses due to the combined axial - plus - flexural stresses result in a reduced load - carrying ability . Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension is equal to or more than 400 mm . Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods ( even during periods of heavy load ) . Taking into account the fact , that possible structural loads may increase over time as well ( and also the threat of progressive failure ) , massive columns have an advantage compared to non-massive ones . Extensions ( edit ) When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece , it has to be extended or spliced at the construction site . A reinforced concrete column is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude a few inches or feet above the top of the concrete , then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to overlap , and pouring the concrete of the next level . A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from the upper to the lower column section . A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped - around sheet - metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections . Foundations ( edit ) A column that carries the load down to a foundation must have means to transfer the load without overstressing the foundation material . Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations . When seated on a concrete foundation , a steel column must have a base plate to spread the load over a larger area , and thereby reduce the bearing pressure . The base plate is a thick , rectangular steel plate usually welded to the bottom end of the column . Classical orders ( edit ) Main article : Classical order The Roman author Vitruvius , relying on the writings ( now lost ) of Greek authors , tells us that the ancient Greeks believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood . The earlier smoothed tree - trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder . Doric order ( edit ) Main article : Doric order The Doric order is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders . It is composed of a vertical cylinder that is wider at the bottom . It generally has neither a base nor a detailed capital . It is instead often topped with an inverted frustum of a shallow cone or a cylindrical band of carvings . It is often referred to as the masculine order because it is represented in the bottom level of the Colosseum and the Parthenon , and was therefore considered to be able to hold more weight . The height - to - thickness ratio is about 8 : 1 . The shaft of a Doric Column is almost always fluted . The Greek Doric , developed in the western Dorian region of Greece , is the heaviest and most massive of the orders . It rises from the stylobate without any base ; it is from four to six times as tall as its diameter ; it has twenty broad flutes ; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus , which carries a flat square abacus ; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest , being about one - fourth the height column . The Greek Doric order was not used after c. 100 B.C. until its `` rediscovery '' in the mid-eighteenth century . Tuscan order ( edit ) Main article : Tuscan order The Tuscan order , also known as Roman Doric , is also a simple design , the base and capital both being series of cylindrical disks of alternating diameter . The shaft is almost never fluted . The proportions vary , but are generally similar to Doric columns . Height to width ratio is about 7 : 1 . Ionic order ( edit ) Main article : Ionic order The Ionic column is considerably more complex than the Doric or Tuscan . It usually has a base and the shaft is often fluted ( it has grooves carved up its length ) . The capital features a volute , an ornament shaped like a scroll , at the four corners . The height - to - thickness ratio is around 9 : 1 . Due to the more refined proportions and scroll capitals , the Ionic column is sometimes associated with academic buildings . Ionic style columns were used on the second level of the Colosseum . Corinthian order ( edit ) Main article : Corinthian order The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city - state of Corinth , to which it was connected in the period . However , according to the architectural historian Vitruvius , the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus , probably an Athenian , who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket . In fact , the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in Bassae , dated at 427 BC . It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up the least weight , and also has the slenderest ratio of thickness to height . Height to width ratio is about 10 : 1 . Composite order ( edit ) The Composite order draws its name from the capital being a composite of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals . The acanthus of the Corinthian column already has a scroll - like element , so the distinction is sometimes subtle . Generally the Composite is similar to the Corinthian in proportion and employment , often in the upper tiers of colonnades . Height to width ratio is about 11 : 1 or 12 : 1 . Solomonic ( edit ) A Solomonic column , sometimes called `` barley sugar '' , begins on a base and ends in a capital , which may be of any order , but the shaft twists in a tight spiral , producing a dramatic , serpentine effect of movement . Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world , but remained rare there . A famous marble set , probably 2nd century , was brought to St Peter 's , Rome by Constantine I , and placed round the saint 's shrine , and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages , by which time they were thought to have been removed from the Temple of Jerusalem . The style was used in bronze by Bernini for his spectacular St. Peter 's baldachin , actually a ciborium ( which displaced Constantine 's columns ) , and thereafter became very popular with Baroque and Rococo church architects , above all in Latin America , where they were very often used , especially on a small scale , as they are easy to produce in wood by turning on a lathe ( hence also the style 's popularity for spindles on furniture and stairs ) . Pillar tombs ( edit ) Pillar tombs are monumental graves , which typically feature a single , prominent pillar or column , often made of stone . A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures . In the Ancient Greek colony of Lycia in Anatolia , one of these edifices is located at the tomb of Xanthos . In the town of Hannassa in southern Somalia , ruins of houses with archways and courtyards have also been found along with other pillar tombs , including a rare octagonal tomb . Gallery ( edit ) Great Hypostyle Hall , Karnak , Egypt ' Columns found at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi Modern column grid in a car park or parking garage At right , two of the Solomonic columns brought to Rome by Constantine , in their present - day location on a pier in St. Peter 's Basilica , Rome . In the foreground at left is part of Bernini 's Baldachin , inspired by the original columns . Ionic capital Tuscan columns can be seen at the University of Virginia . Church of San Prospero , Reggio Emilia , Italy Construction of Sigismund 's Column in Warsaw , detail of the 1646 engraving . These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the Corinthian style ( Temple of Bel , Syria ) The pillars of Bankstown Reservoir , Sydney Reused Roman columns and capitals in the Great Mosque of Kairouan See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columns . Capital Entasis Huabiao Marian and Holy Trinity columns Pilaster Pole ( disambiguation ) Spur ( architecture ) Stanchion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Column - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . Merriam-webster.com. 2012 - 08 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hewson Clarke and John Dougall , The Cabinet of Arts , T. Kinnersley , London ( 1817 ) , pp. 271 , 272 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architectural Glossary '' , in The Universal Decorator , Francis Benjamin Thompson , Ed. , vol . III ( 1859 ) . Jump up ^ J. Ward - Perkins , `` The shrine of St. Peter 's and its twelve spiral columns '' Journal of Roman Studies 42 ( 1952 ) p 21ff . Jump up ^ Sanseverino , Hilary Costa ( 1983 ) . `` Archaeological Remains on the Southern Somali Coast '' . Azania : Archaeological Research in Africa . 18 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 164 . doi : 10.1080 / 00672708309511319 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Rooms and spaces of a house Shared residential rooms Billiard room Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Ell Family room Garret Great room Hearth room Home cinema Home office Kitchen Dirty kitchen Kitchenette Living room Man cave Recreation room Shrine Study Sunroom Spaces Atrium Balcony Breezeway Catio Conversation pit Deck Elevator Entryway / Genkan Foyer Hallway Lanai Loft Loggia Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs Terrace Veranda Vestibule Utility and storage Attic Basement Box room Carport Cloakroom Closet Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Spear closet Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Subbasement Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet / Demarcation point Workshop Private rooms Bathroom Bedroom / Guest room Boudoir Cabinet Jack and Jill bathroom Nursery Suite Toilet Walk - in closet Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Butler 's pantry Buttery Conservatory Courtyard Drawing room Fainting room Great chamber Great hall Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Porte - cochère Saucery Sauna Scullery Servants ' hall Servants ' quarters Smoking room Solar Spicery State room Still room Swimming pool Undercroft Other Building Furniture House plan Multi-family residential Secondary suite Single - family detached home Studio apartment Architectural elements Arch Baluster Ceiling Colonnade Column Floor Gate Lighting Medallion Ornament Portico Roof Vault GND : 4178902 - 7 LCCN : sh85028763 NDL : 00562992 NKC : ph292469 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Column&oldid=843505045 '' Categories : Columns and entablature Architectural elements Structural system Egyptian artefact types Earthquake engineering Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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