Datasets:

namespace-Pt

/

natural-questions-nci

like 1

what do you get for winning the crossfit games

CrossFit Games

crossfit games

The CrossFit Games is an athletic competition sponsored by Crossfit Inc. and Reebok . The competition has been held every summer since 2007 . Athletes at the Games compete in workouts that they learn about hours or days beforehand , consisting mostly of an assortment of standard aerobic , weightlifting , and gymnastics movements , as well as some additional surprise elements that are not part of the typical CrossFit regimen such as obstacle courses , ocean swimming , softball throwing , or ascending a pegboard . The CrossFit Games stylizes their individual winners as the `` Fittest on Earth '' .

Contents 1 History 1.1 Sponsorship and prize money 2 Stages of qualification 2.1 The Open 2.2 Regionals 2.3 Games 3 Divisions 3.1 Individual 3.2 Team 3.3 Masters and Teens 4 Controversies 5 Broadcasting 6 Champions by year and category 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In 2007 , the first annual CrossFit Games were contested in Aromas , California , on a small ranch owned by the family of Games director Dave Castro . For the initial Games in 2007 and 2008 , participation was open to anyone who made it to Aromas . The Games would also award an Affiliate Cup to the group from one CrossFit gym that had the best combined individual standings . In 2009 , competitors had to qualify after over a hundred athletes had shown up in 2008 . The athletes earned an invitation through either placing high enough in the previous year or through placing in the top worldwide in a set of qualifying events called Regionals hosted at a few CrossFit gyms . The CrossFit Games also added a separate set of team - based events for the Affiliate Cup , marking the first use of a designated Team Division , with teams of four ( two men and two women ) . Interest and participation in the event continued to grow , and in 2010 , the qualification was adjusted to include hosting multiple Sectionals , a series of events open to all athletes in order to qualify for the one of the 17 Regionals . The 17 regions had Canada and the United States divided into 12 regions , with the remaining regions roughly corresponding the five other populated continents . The attendance at the Games also outgrew the ranch in Aromas and moved the Home Depot Center ( later called the StubHub Center ) in Carson , California . The Games also expanded the Team Division to groups of six athletes and added a Masters Division for individual men and women 55 - years - old and up . In 2011 , the open participation Sectionals were replaced by an online qualification called the Open . In 2011 , 26,000 athletes signed up to compete in the Open . In 2012 -- 2018 , participation was 69,000 , 138,000 , 209,000 , 273,000 , 324,307 , 380,000 , and 415,000 respectively . In 2015 , the qualification format changed from 17 regional events to eight . Each `` super-regional '' event included qualifiers from two or three of the previously defined regions , totaling 40 or 50 athletes at each event . Following seven years in Carson , the Games moved to the Alliant Energy Center in Madison , Wisconsin , in 2017 . The next year , the qualifying Regionals were once again realigned due to increased competitiveness and popularity outside of Canada and the US . In 2018 , there were nine Regionals hosted among 18 redefined regions with Europe increasing to three regions , Central America split from South America , while eliminating the Northern and Southern California regions . Sponsorship and prize money ( edit ) Participation and sponsorship have grown rapidly since the inception of the Games . The prize money awarded to each first - place male and female increased from $500 at the inaugural Games to $275,000 from 2013 to 2016 . The largest jump in prize money came from the first Games sponsored by Reebok in 2011 when first place went from $25,000 in 2010 to $250,000 in 2011 . The total prize payout in 2016 was $2,200,000 . Stages of qualification ( edit ) The CrossFit Games season comprises three stages of competition : the Open , Regionals , and the Games themselves . The Open ( edit ) The Open , introduced in 2011 and so called because participation is open to anyone , is held over five weeks in February -- March ; a new workout is released on each Thursday night ( Pacific Time ) and competitors complete the workout and submit their scores online by Monday evening , with either a video or validation by a CrossFit affiliate . Since 2013 , Open workout announcements have been broadcast live , and featured two or more past CrossFit Games athletes competing head - to - head immediately following the workout description . Regionals ( edit ) Each Open competitor is categorized into one of 18 regions according to primary training location ; North America is divided into 11 regions , Europe into three regions and the remaining regions roughly corresponding the five other populated continents After all Open workouts , the overall performance of competitors within each region is ranked , and the top few athletes ( currently between 10 and 30 depending on the region ) advance to the next stage : Regionals . Each Regional competition is made up of the top athletes from two of the 18 defined regions . Regional events last three days and are held two or three per week over three consecutive weekends in late ( boreal ) spring ; the workouts are the same for all regional events . Games ( edit ) The top athletes from each regional event advance to the CrossFit Games , which are held over three days in July or August . The men 's and women 's events each consist of 40 competitors vying for 3 podium positions and approximately $750,000 in total prize money ( the overall prize purse of $2.2 million , as of 2016 , includes payouts to other divisions ) . Divisions ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) The marquee events at the CrossFit Games are the men 's and women 's individual competitions . The first place prize for each currently stands at $300,000 . Team ( edit ) Teams have consisted of three men and three women , who must all primarily train at the same facility . Starting in the 2018 games , each team will have four members , two men and two women . Teams are subject to a similar qualification process as the individuals . Masters and teens ( edit ) The Games include age - based divisions for younger and older competitors . Masters divisions were introduced at the 2010 Games . There are currently six divisions each for women and men : 35 -- 39 , 40 -- 44 , 45 -- 49 , 50 -- 54 , 55 -- 59 , and 60 + . Divisions for teenagers were introduced in 2015 : the age ranges are 14 -- 15 and 16 -- 17 , for both boys and girls . Rather than regional events , masters and teen athletes qualify for the games by a second online competition following the Open . The top 200 athletes in each division worldwide are invited to compete in this qualifier , of which the top 20 advance to the Games . Prior to the introduction of these secondary online qualifiers , masters and teens competitors qualified for the Games directly from the Open . Controversies ( edit ) Due to CrossFit 's official partnership with Reebok , competitors at the 2015 Games were banned from wearing Nike footwear . Nike arranged for several trucks to be parked near the main entrance to the arena , which served as mobile billboards with the slogan `` Do n't ban our shoe , beat our shoe '' . The partnership also prohibits Nike from labeling its Metcon shoes as intended for CrossFit -- the brand uses the term `` high intensity training '' instead . CrossFit 's decision to award winners of the 2016 Games with handguns resulted in widespread criticism from members and sponsors . Resulting protests forced the temporary closure of two CrossFit locations in New York City . Broadcasting ( edit ) In 2011 , ESPN began to broadcast the CrossFit Games , with live coverage streamed through ESPN3 , and some television coverage on ESPN2 . As the event grew , ESPN expanded its television coverage ; in 2014 , the network entered into a multi-year deal to continue broadcasting the CrossFit Games , and coverage expanded to nine - and - a-half hours on ESPN and ESPN2 by 2015 . In 2017 , the event began a new broadcast arrangement with CBS Sports , with television coverage on CBS Sports Network , and a total of 40 hours of digital streaming coverage . CrossFit also streamed coverage through Facebook and their website . Champions by year and category ( edit ) Individual and Team champions Year Individual Men Individual Women Team 2007 James Fitzgerald Jolie Gentry CrossFit Santa Cruz 2008 Jason Khalipa Caity Matter CrossFit Oakland 2009 Mikko Salo Tanya Wagner Northwest CrossFit Graham Holmberg Kristan Clever CrossFit Fort Vancouver 2011 Rich Froning Jr . Annie Thorisdottir CrossFit New England 2012 Rich Froning Jr . Annie Thorisdottir Hack 's Pack UTE 2013 Rich Froning Jr . Samantha Briggs Hack 's Pack UTE 2014 Rich Froning Jr . Camille Leblanc - Bazinet CrossFit Invictus 2015 Ben Smith Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir CrossFit Mayhem Freedom 2016 Mathew Fraser Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir CrossFit Mayhem Freedom 2017 Mathew Fraser Tia - Clair Toomey Wasatch CrossFit 2018 Mathew Fraser Tia - Clair Toomey CrossFit Mayhem Freedom Masters men 's champions Year 35 -- 39 40 -- 44 45 -- 49 50 -- 54 55 -- 59 60 + -- Brian Curley 2011 -- Scott DeTore Gord MacKinnon Steve Anderson Greg Walker 2012 -- Gene LaMonica Gord MacKinnon Tim Anderson Scott Olson 2013 -- Michael Moseley Ron Ortiz Craig Howard Hilmar Hardarson Scott Olson 2014 -- Shawn Ramirez Jerry Hill Will Powell Steve Hamming Scott Olson 2015 -- Shawn Ramirez Matthew Swift Joe Ames Will Powell Steve Pollini 2016 -- Shawn Ramirez Ron Mathews Ron Ortiz Will Powell David Hippensteel 2017 Kyle Kasperbauer Shawn Ramirez Robert Davis Kevin Koester Shannon Aiken David Hippensteel 2018 Kyle Kasperbauer Neal Maddox Robert Davis Cliff Musgrave Brig Edwards David Hippensteel Masters women 's champions Year 35 -- 39 40 -- 44 45 -- 49 50 -- 54 55 -- 59 60 + -- Laurie Carver 2011 -- Susan Habbe Mary Beth Litsheim Shelley Noyce Betsy Finley 2012 -- Lisa Mikkelsen Susan Habbe Marnel King Mary Schwing 2013 -- Amanda Allen Lisa Mikkelsen Colleen Fahey Gabriele Schlicht Sharon Lapkoff 2014 -- Amanda Allen Kim Holway Mary Beth Litsheim Susan Clarke Karen Wattier 2015 -- Janet Black Kylie Massi Cindy Kelley Susan Clarke Rosalie Glenn 2016 -- Helen Harding Cheryl Brost Shellie Edington Mary Beth Prodromides ( née Litsheim ) Shaun Havard 2017 Stephanie Roy Helen Harding Cheryl Brost Marion Valkenburg Susan Clarke Patty Failla 2018 Anna Tobias Stephanie Roy Amanda Allen Eva Thornton Mary Beth Prodromides Shaun Havard Teens champions Year 14 -- 15 Boys 14 -- 15 Girls 16 -- 17 Boys 16 -- 17 Girls 2015 Angelo Dicicco Sydney Sullivan Nicholas Paladino Isabella Vallejo 2016 Vincent Ramirez Kaela Stephano Nicholas Paladino Allison Weiss 2017 Dallin Pepper Chloe Smith Angelo Dicicco Kaela Stephano 2018 Tudor Magda Olivia Sulek Dallin Pepper Haley Adams Jump up ^ Josée Sarda originally finished first but was later disqualified for testing positive for banned performance - enhancing substances . See also ( edit ) National Pro Grid League References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How CrossFit Embraced Fans and became the next great spectator sport '' . Forbes.com . June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Millington , Alison . `` Reebok in ' relaunch phase ' as it looks to become top fitness brand '' . Marketing Week . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Major Announcement for Individuals '' . CrossFit Games . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Pegboard Challenge at the CrossFit Games Was Such a Beast '' . Men 's Fitness . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CrossFit And BTWB Unite To Help Athletes And Affiliates Improve Health '' . PR Newswire . June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the CrossFit Games by Dave Castro '' . CrossFit Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Start Here : An Introduction to the CrossFit Games '' . 2009 CrossFit Games . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Games Tickets in 2015 '' . CrossFit Games . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ CrossFit ® ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) , Stats From the 2016 Open , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 Jump up ^ `` How Fast Are the CrossFit Games Growing ? The Numbers Tell the Story '' . Tabata Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 209,585 : Rise of the Open '' . CrossFit Games . March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` INSIDE THE LEADERBOARD : TO SCALE , OR NOT TO SCALE '' . CrossFit Games . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 OPEN RECAP '' . CrossFit Games . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Open Success Stories '' . CrossFit Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CrossFit Games moving to Madison '' . Wisconsin State Journal . November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHANGE IS COMING TO THE 2018 SEASON '' . CrossFit Games . November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CrossFit 's Relationship with Reebok Enhances Its Financial and Commercial Credibility '' . Forbes . July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CrossFit Games Prize Purse Grows '' . CrossFit Games . July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the Games '' . CrossFit Games . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Regionals '' . CrossFit Games . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 REEBOK CROSSFIT GAMES SEASON SCHEDULE '' . CrossFit Games . November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lydia Bailey ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` CrossFit bans Nike shoe '' . Men 's Fitness . Jump up ^ Brendan Dunne ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Nike Is n't Done Bullying Reebok Over CrossFit '' . Sole Collector . Jump up ^ Joseph Serna ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` CrossFit Games come under fire for awarding Glocks as prizes '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ JamesMichael Nichols ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-Gun LGBT Group Shuts Down Two CrossFit Locations Over Gun Giveaway '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` ESPN & the CrossFit Games : How It All Started & What It Means Now ( + the 2015 TV Schedule ) '' . BoxLife Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CrossFit Games Expand Pursuit of ' Fittest on Earth ' With New Network Partner , New Venue '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` CrossFit Games Leaderboard '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RICKY GARARD DISQUALIFIED '' . games.crossfit.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Leaderboard of previous competitions CrossFit Games 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CrossFit_Games&oldid=853813622 '' Categories : International sports competitions hosted by the United States CrossFit Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossFit%20Games

who is 30 seconds to mars touring with

On January 23 , 2018 , Thirty Seconds to Mars announced that `` Dangerous Night '' would be the second single from their upcoming fifth studio album . Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 25 , 2018 . On February 8 , 2018 , Thirty Seconds to Mars officially announced `` The Monolith Tour '' with Walk the Moon , Misterwives , K. Flay , Joywave , and Welshly Arms . On March 21 , 2018 Thirty Seconds to Mars confirmed America as title of their upcoming album , which was released on April 6 , 2018 .

Walk the Moon|Misterwives|K. Flay|Joywave|Welshly Arms

Thirty Seconds to Mars

thirty seconds to mars

Thirty Seconds to Mars ( commonly stylized as 30 Seconds to Mars ) is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California , formed in 1998 . The band consists of Jared Leto ( lead vocals , guitar , bass , keyboards ) , Shannon Leto ( drums , percussion ) and Tomo Miličević ( lead guitar , bass , violin , keyboards , other instruments ) .

The band 's debut album , 30 Seconds to Mars ( 2002 ) , was produced by Bob Ezrin and released to positive reviews but only to limited commercial success . The band achieved worldwide fame with the release of their second album A Beautiful Lie ( 2005 ) , which received multiple certifications all over the world , including platinum in the United States . Their next release , This Is War ( 2009 ) , showed a dramatic evolution in the band 's musical style , as they incorporated experimental music as well as eclectic influences . The recording process of the album was marked by a legal dispute with record label EMI that eventually became the subject of the documentary film Artifact ( 2012 ) . Thirty Seconds to Mars then moved to Universal Music and released the fourth album , Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams ( 2013 ) , to critical and commercial success . It was followed by America ( 2018 ) , which polarized critics upon release . As of September 2014 , the band had sold over 15 million albums worldwide . Thirty Seconds to Mars has consistently enjoyed sold out tours and numerous headlining festival slots . The band is noted for its energetic live performances and for fusing many music genres . They have been compared to the sounds of bands such as Pink Floyd , The Cure , Tool , and U2 , for their philosophical and spiritual lyrics , concept albums and their use of experimental music . Thirty Seconds to Mars has received several awards and accolades throughout their career , including a Guinness World Record , and has been included in the Kerrang ! list of best artists of the 2000s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1998 -- 2000 : Formation and first years 1.2 2001 -- 2003 : Debut album 1.3 2004 -- 2008 : A Beautiful Lie 1.4 2008 -- 2011 : EMI lawsuit and This Is War 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams 1.6 2015 -- present : America 2 Musical style 3 Activism 4 Band members 5 Discography 6 Concert tours 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History 1998 -- 2000 : formation and first years Thirty Seconds to Mars started in 1998 in Los Angeles , California , as a collaboration between brothers Jared Leto and Shannon Leto , who had been playing music together since their childhood . The duo later expanded to a four - piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line - up . Additional guitarist Kevin Drake , who first auditioned for the position of bassist , also joined the band as a touring musician . The band played its first concerts under different names , before finally settling on the name `` Thirty Seconds to Mars '' , which was taken from a rare manuscript titled Argus Apocraphex . Jared Leto described the name as `` a reference , a rough translation from the book . I think the idea is interesting , it 's a metaphor for the future , '' he explained . `` Thirty seconds to Mars -- the fact that we 're so close to something that 's not a tangible idea . Also Mars being the God of War makes it really interesting , as well . You could substitute that in there , but what 's important for my brother and I , is that it be imaginative and really represent the sound of our music in as unique a way as possible . '' He described it as a name that `` works on several different levels , a phrase that is lyrical , suggestive , cinematic , and filled with immediacy . '' When Thirty Seconds to Mars first started , Jared Leto did not allow his vocation as a Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band . By 1998 , the group performed gigs at small American venues and clubs . Their eponymous debut album had been in the works for a couple of years , with Leto writing the majority of the songs . During this period , the band recorded demo tracks such as `` Valhalla '' and `` Revolution '' , or `` Jupiter '' and `` Hero '' , which later appeared on the band 's debut album as `` Fallen '' and `` Year Zero '' respectively , but also `` Buddha for Mary '' . Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars , which eventually signed to Immortal Records . In 1999 , Virgin Records entered into the contract . 2001 -- 2003 : debut album `` Edge of the Earth '' `` Edge of the Earth '' , taken from the band 's self - titled debut album , mixes sounds from different genres and styles . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Thirty Seconds to Mars retreated to the isolation of Wyoming 's countryside in 2001 to record their debut album , working with Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue . They contacted Ezrin because they grew up listening to his work with Pink Floyd , Kiss and Alice Cooper and they felt he was the only one who could help them capture the size and scope of what they wanted to accomplish on their debut recording . The band chose an empty warehouse lot on 15,000 acres , striving for the precise location that would enhance their sound . Even before the album was released , Puddle of Mudd invited Thirty Seconds to Mars to open a six - week tour for them in the spring of 2002 . The band later embarked on a North American tour to support Incubus and began a club tour in August . The band released their first studio album , 30 Seconds to Mars , on August 27 , 2002 in the United States through Immortal and Virgin . Jared Leto described the record as a concept album that focuses on human struggle and self - determination , in which otherworldly elements and conceptual ideas are used to illustrate a truthful personal situation . The album reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers , selling 121,000 copies in the United States . It was preceded by the single `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' , which peaked at number 31 on the US Mainstream Rock chart . Upon its release , 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews ; music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band has `` managed to carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm . '' The album was a slow - burning success , and eventually sold two million copies worldwide as of March 2011 . In October 2002 , the band toured with I Mother Earth and Billy Talent on MTV Campus Invasion . The following month , Thirty Seconds to Mars made their first appearance on television on Last Call with Carson Daly and opened concerts for Our Lady Peace and Sevendust . Released in 2003 , `` Edge of the Earth '' became the second single from the album . In early 2003 , Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring . He was later replaced by Tomo Miličević , who successfully auditioned for the part of guitarist . The band later went on tour with Chevelle , Trust Company , and Pacifier , and took a slot on the 2003 Lollapalooza tour . 2004 -- 2008 : a Beautiful Lie `` The Kill '' `` The Kill '' was heavily influenced by ' 90s alternative rock . It was the second single from A Beautiful Lie . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Thirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in March 2004 to begin working on their second album A Beautiful Lie , with Josh Abraham producing . During the recording process , the band traveled to four different continents to accommodate Jared Leto 's acting career . A Beautiful Lie was notably different from the band 's debut album , from both musical and lyrical aspect . `` On the first record I created a world , then hid behind it , '' Leto said . `` With A Beautiful Lie , it was time to take a more personal and less cerebral approach . Although this record is still full of conceptual elements and thematic ideas it is ultimately much more wrapped around the heart than the head . It 's about brutal honesty , growth , change . It 's an incredibly intimate look into a life that is in the crossroads . A raw emotional journey . A story of life , love , death , pain , joy , and passion . Of what it is to be human . '' A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30 , 2005 in the United States . It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries , with a sales total of over four million . Its lead single , `` Attack '' , made its radio debut on June 6 , 2005 and became the most added track on American modern rock radio during its first week of release . During 2005 , Thirty Seconds to Mars went on tour with Chevelle , Audioslave and The Used . The group embarked on their first headlining tour Forever Night , Never Day in March 2006 . At the same time , the band released the album 's second single , `` The Kill '' , which set a record for the longest - running hit in the history of the US Modern Rock chart when it remained on the national chart for more than 50 weeks , following its number three peak in 2006 . Its music video , directed by Jared Leto under the pseudonym of Bartholomew Cubbins , received a largely positive response and numerous accolades , including an MTV Video Music Award . Thirty Seconds to Mars live in Germany during the A Beautiful Lie tour In October 2006 , the band began their Welcome to the Universe Tour , sponsored by MTV2 , and were supported by Head Automatica , The Receiving End of Sirens , Cobra Starship , and several other bands including Street Drum Corps . The third single from the album , `` From Yesterday '' , was released in November 2006 and became the band 's first number one on the Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks . Jared Leto directed a short film for the single , which became the first ever American music video shot in the People 's Republic of China in its entirety . A Beautiful Lie was released in Europe in February 2007 . During the year , Thirty Seconds to Mars toured extensively throughout Europe and played at several major festivals , including Roskilde , Pinkpop , Rock am Ring , and Download . In March 2007 , Matt Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher , performing live only . On November 1 , 2007 , Thirty Seconds to Mars won an MTV Europe Music Award in the category of Best Rock . The band also received the Kerrang ! Award for Best Single in two consecutive years for `` The Kill '' and `` From Yesterday '' in 2007 and 2008 , respectively . The album 's title track , `` A Beautiful Lie '' , was released as the fourth single in North America and selected European countries . Its music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland , and proceeds from the sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council . At the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 6 , Thirty Seconds to Mars earned their second Best Rock and Best Video for `` A Beautiful Lie '' . 2008 -- 2011 : EMI lawsuit and This is War Performing in Orlando , Florida during their Into the Wild Tour Thirty Seconds to Mars began recording their third studio album This Is War in August 2008 . To produce the record , the band worked with Flood and Steve Lillywhite . Thirty Seconds to Mars had attempted to sign with a new label after the A Beautiful Lie tour , prompting EMI ( the parent label of Virgin ) to file a lawsuit for $30 million . EMI claimed that the band had failed to produce three of the five records they were obligated to deliver under their 1999 contract , which Virgin entered into with the now - defunct Immortal Records . Jared Leto responded to some of the claims in the suit stating `` under California law , where we live and signed our deal , one can not be bound to a contract for more than seven years . '' Thirty Seconds to Mars had been contracted for nine years , so the band decided to exercise their `` legal right to terminate our old , out - of - date contract , which , according to the law is null and void . '' After nearly a year of the lawsuit battle , the band announced on April 28 , 2009 , that the case had been settled . The suit was resolved following a defense based on a contract case involving actress Olivia de Havilland decades before . Leto explained , `` The California Appeals Court ruled that no service contract in California is valid after seven years , and it became known as the De Havilland Law after she used it to get out of her contract with Warner Bros . '' Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI . Leto said the band had resolved their differences with EMI and the decision had been made because of `` the willingness and enthusiasm by EMI to address our major concerns and issues , ( and ) the opportunity to return to work with a team so committed and passionate about Thirty Seconds to Mars . '' In a bid to involve their fans for This Is War , Thirty Seconds to Mars held an event , called The Summit , at the Avalon Club in Los Angeles , where they invited fans to provide backing vocals and percussion . After the success of the initial Summit , the group repeated the event in eight countries and extended it digitally . The band also invited fans to submit close - up shots of their faces in order to make 2,000 different individual covers for the album . Leto described This Is War as a record about survival : `` It was a two - year creative battle that was ferocious and tough but creatively rewarding , and all of those adverse elements , in hindsight , made us stronger and made the record stronger . '' Thirty Seconds to Mars playing in Manchester , England in February 2010 Although the release date was changed many times , This Is War was eventually released in December 2009 . The album reached the top ten of several national album charts and entered the Billboard 200 at number 18 , with first - week sales of 67,000 in the United States . Its first two singles , `` Kings and Queens '' and `` This Is War '' , reached the number - one spot on the US Alternative Songs chart . After a promotional tour in winter 2009 , Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010 . At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , `` Kings and Queens '' received four nominations , including Video of the Year and Best Direction , and went on to win Best Rock Video . The album 's third single , `` Closer to the Edge '' , was the 2010 best - selling rock single in the United Kingdom , topping the UK Rock Chart for eight consecutive weeks . Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song `` Hurricane '' , which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album 's fourth single in some countries . On November 7 , Thirty Seconds to Mars and West performed `` Hurricane '' at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Puerta de Alcalá in Madrid , where the band also received their third Best Rock . On May 13 , 2011 , Thirty Seconds to Mars recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged . They performed with musicians from the Vitamin String Quartet and invited a gospel choir to join the group for a rendition of U2 's song `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' . A Songkick study indicated that , based on quantity of tour dates , Thirty Seconds to Mars was among the hardest - working touring artists in 2010 . On October 16 , 2011 , it was announced that the band would enter the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle , with 300 shows . The 300th show , called Tribus Centum Numerarae , took place on December 7 , 2011 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City and was followed by a special series of shows which marked the end of the Into the Wild Tour . 2012 -- 2015 : Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Thirty Seconds to Mars performing in Padova , Italy in July 2013 Thirty Seconds to Mars took a break from touring in 2012 and spent most of the year recording their fourth album , entitled Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams . The album was produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite . Leto said that the band took a new direction with Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams . He explained that the album `` is more than an evolution , it 's a brand new beginning . Creatively , we 've gone to an entirely new place , which is exciting , unexpected , and incredibly inspiring . '' In September 2012 , Artifact , a documentary about the band 's legal battle against the record label EMI and the making of This Is War , premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won the People 's Choice Documentary Award . In February 2013 , it was announced that `` Up in the Air '' would be the first single from the fourth album . In partnership with NASA , Thirty Seconds to Mars launched the first copy of `` Up in the Air '' aboard the Dragon spacecraft on SpaceX CRS - 2 . The mission was launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket on March 1 , 2013 , sending the first ever commercial copy of music into space . On March 18 , 2013 , the single premiered from the International Space Station , after a Q&A session with the band and Expedition 35 flight engineer Tom Marshburn , while Annise Parker , mayor of the city of Houston , proclaimed the Thirty Seconds to Mars Day . `` Up in the Air '' made its radio debut on March 18 and became commercially available for downloading the following day . The song reached number three on the US Alternative Songs chart and experienced success in international markets . Thirty Seconds to Mars released Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams on May 21 , 2013 , through Universal in the United States . The album received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries , including the United Kingdom and the United States . The band began their Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour in June , which included festival dates at Rock Werchter , Pinkpop , Rock in Rio , and Rock am Ring . The second single from the album , `` Do or Die '' , achieved a level of play on modern rock radio , while `` City of Angels '' , the third single , was released to rave reviews from critics and eventually reached number eight on the Alternative Songs chart in the US . At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards , held on August 25 , `` Up in the Air '' won the award for Best Rock Video . Thirty Seconds to Mars announced on April 25 , 2014 that they have parted from Virgin Records after tumultuous years with the label , with Leto telling Billboard , `` We 're free and clear and excited about the future . It 's the most wonderful place to be . '' In August 2014 , the group embarked on a double - headline tour , dubbed the Carnivores Tour , with American rock band Linkin Park , visiting arenas and stadiums throughout North America . Thirty Seconds to Mars then launched a music festival called Camp Mars . The first edition took place in Malibu , California , in August 2015 and included a series of activities in a semi-rustic setting and several DJ sets . 2015 -- present : America On November 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars are working on their fifth studio album . In August 2016 , the band revealed to have signed to Interscope Records . The group later unveiled that they would embark on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS , which took take place from May to September 2017 . In August 2017 , `` Walk on Water '' was announced as the lead single from the band 's fifth album . Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott . During the ceremony , Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell , who both died earlier that year . On January 23 , 2018 , Thirty Seconds to Mars announced that `` Dangerous Night '' would be the second single from their upcoming fifth studio album . Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on January 25 , 2018 . On February 8 , 2018 , Thirty Seconds to Mars officially announced `` The Monolith Tour '' with Walk the Moon , Misterwives , K. Flay , Joywave , and Welshly Arms . On March 21 , 2018 Thirty Seconds to Mars confirmed America as title of their upcoming album , which was released on April 6 , 2018 . Musical style The style of the band 's first studio album combined progressive metal and space rock with influences and elements from electronica , utilizing programming and synthesizers . Ryan Rayhill from Blender described the album as a `` high - minded space opera of epic scope befitting prog - rock prototypes Rush , '' and wrote that Thirty Seconds to Mars `` emerged with an eponymous debut that sounds like Tool on The Dark Side of the Moon , '' referring to the 1973 album by Pink Floyd . `` Kings and Queens '' From the album This Is War , `` Kings and Queens '' features influences and elements from arena rock . `` City of Angels '' `` City of Angels '' was cited as an example of variety and experimentation in Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Whereas the eponymous concept album 's lyrics focus on human struggle and self - determination , A Beautiful Lie 's lyrics are more personal and the music introduces screaming vocals . The transformation that resonates throughout the album reflects the personal and artistic changes experienced by the band members before and during the creation of the record . The album widened the band 's sound by combining elements from progressive rock , hard rock and emo . Such alternative rock style has been compared to bands like The Cure , U2 and The Smashing Pumpkins . Their third release This Is War was described as `` an extremely progressive rock sound with killer choruses , '' drawing inspirations from experimental Pink Floyd to melodic M83 . Chris Harris from Rolling Stone considered it `` an ambitious collection of experimental rock '' shaped by the band 's personal struggles and legal battle with their record label . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic acknowledged the band 's progression , referring to the overall style of the record as a mixture of synth rock , heavy metal , and progressive rock . In Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams the band experimented with different instruments and drew influences from a wider and more varied range of styles . The album mixes experimental instrumentation with elements both symphonic and electronic , and the music introduces a minimalist approach full of ethereal sonics . The record carries the concept album format of This Is War and expands the spectrum to revolve around the themes after which it is named . Activism Thirty Seconds to Mars launched a website , called abeautifullie.org , to provide information about environmental issues and ways to participate in environmental activities . People can make donations through the site to support the Natural Resources Defense Council . In 2006 , Jared Leto created the cover art for The 97X Green Room : Volume 2 , a compilation of live music that includes a Thirty Seconds to Mars song , which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy . During their Welcome to the Universe Tour , the group worked to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption to offset the impact that the tour would have had on the environment . In June 2008 , the band joined Habitat for Humanity to work on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area 's `` A Brush With Kindness '' programme . In advance of the build , the band organized an auction of `` build slots '' to give fans the opportunity to volunteer alongside them . In less than a week , six extra workers were enlisted and over $10,000 was raised to fund additional Habitat for Humanity projects . Thirty Seconds to Mars fans , termed as the Echelon , started several philanthropic organizations and projects with the purpose of supporting various charities and humanitarian causes . After the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Thirty Seconds to Mars raised $100,100 for Haitian relief through a charity auction . The band has also supported the Haitian population through the Echelon project `` House for Haiti '' and Hope For Haiti Now telethon special . The group auctioned a quantity of items raising funds to help the Red Cross assist people affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The band contributed one dollar per concert ticket sold on the Carnivores Tour to the charity Music for Relief to support disaster relief and programs to protect and restore the environment . Band members Current members Jared Leto -- lead vocals , guitars , bass guitar , keyboards ( 1998 -- present ) Shannon Leto -- drums , percussion ( 1998 -- present ) Tomo Miličević -- lead guitar , bass guitar , violin , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2003 -- present ) Current touring musicians Stevie Aiello -- bass guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2013 -- present ) Former members Solon Bixler -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Matt Wachter -- bass guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Former touring musicians Kevin Drake -- rhythm guitar ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Tim Kelleher -- bass guitar , keyboards ( 2007 -- 2010 , 2011 ) Matt McJunkins -- bass guitar ( 2011 ) Braxton Olita -- keyboards , guitars , backing vocals ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Discography Main articles : Thirty Seconds to Mars discography and List of songs recorded by Thirty Seconds to Mars Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars ( 2002 ) A Beautiful Lie ( 2005 ) This Is War ( 2009 ) Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams ( 2013 ) America ( 2018 ) Concert tours Forever Night , Never Day Tour ( 2006 ) Welcome to the Universe Tour ( 2006 ) A Beautiful Lie Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Into the Wild Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Carnivores Tour ( with Linkin Park ) ( 2014 ) The Monolith Tour ( 2018 ) See also Book : Thirty Seconds to Mars List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of awards and nominations received by Thirty Seconds to Mars References Jump up ^ Papadatos , Markos ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jared Leto performs new single ' Do or Die ' on ' Ellen ' '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Thirty Seconds to Mars '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Emily ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` The 60 Biggest Bands On The Planet Right Now '' . Kerrang ! . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kristin ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars Leads `` Forever Night , Never Day '' Tour `` . Houstonian . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Wachter , Tomo Milicevic -- 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Confront Magazine . June 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cray , Jen ( November 2005 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars '' . Ink 19 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Redmon , Jess ( May 10 , 2002 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars : Welcome To Their Universe '' . Shoutweb.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tagliaferro , Lauren ( June 23 , 2006 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . The Buffalo News . Not content to be defined merely as `` Jared Leto 's band , '' 30 Seconds to Mars has fought to be respected as a group of formidable musicians -- even refusing to play at venues that use Leto 's movie - star status to promote them . Jump up ^ Bento , Debbie ( April 1 , 2002 ) . `` Jared Leto : From Hollywood To Mars '' . ChartAttack . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Virgin Sues 30 Seconds To Mars For $30 Million '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars Interview '' . Bandchat.org . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Chris ( March 22 , 2002 ) . `` Puddle Of Mudd Deliver No - Frills Rock At Philly Date '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Myke ( October 3 , 2002 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Gauntlet . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Seconds to Mars : Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lear , Courtney ( August 26 , 2006 ) . `` Mission to Mars : Blasts Off Again '' . Billboard. 118 ( 34 ) : 34 . ^ Jump up to : Winwood , Ian ( February 18 , 2012 ) . `` 10 Years of Life on Mars '' . Kerrang ! ( 1402 ) : 22 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Megan ( September 26 , 2002 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . The Gazette. 96 ( 17 ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2003 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( March 2011 ) . `` Mars Attacks '' . What 's On . Motivate Publishing ( 395 ) : 29 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Philip ( April 19 , 2006 ) . `` Interview with Tomo Milicevic and Matt Wachter of 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Kaos2000 Magazine . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lollapalooza Tour Stops In Irvine '' . Rockdirt.com . August 19 , 2003 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roth , Kaj ( March 16 , 2004 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Working On Next Album '' . Melodic . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . USA Network . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Darryn ( August 4 , 2005 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars Comes to Montgomery 's Off the Wagon '' . Montgomery Advertiser . Jump up ^ Roth , Kaj ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` 30STM Breaks Modern Rock Record ! '' . Melodic . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds To Mars Video ' The Kill ' Wins Fan - Driven MTV2 Award at 2006 MTV Video Music Awards '' . PR Newswire . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars ' ' From Yesterday ' is # 1 at Modern Rock Radio for Two Weeks So Far '' . PR Newswire . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Visits China For New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascarella , Tony ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` Matt Wachter Leaves 30 Seconds to Mars '' . AbsolutePunk . Buzz Media . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Europe Music Awards winners '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kerrang Awards 2007 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Wins Two Kerrang ! Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds To Mars ' A Beautiful Lie ' '' . Rock Sound . January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Americans Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kanye West , 30 Seconds To Mars Dominate 2008 MTV EMAs '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spinelli , Tom ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Jared Leto Responds To Virgin Suing 30 Seconds To Mars '' . Melodic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Virgin / EMI Sue 30 Seconds to Mars for $30 Million , Leto Fights Back '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars ' Jared Leto Says $30 Million Lawsuit Against Band Is ' Ridiculously Overblown ' '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martens , Todd ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars and EMI make nice , new album due this fall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars soars '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Talk Settlement With EMI '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Talk Fan Summit '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benson , John ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Solicits Fan Input Via Twitter '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason S ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars Get Fans Involved With Album Artwork '' . Noisecreep . Townsquare Media . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Chris ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Sing About Survival on `` This Is War '' `` . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary , Graff ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Plans To ' Extend The Interactivity ' On Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stovin , Jack ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars New Single , `` This Is War '' Claims The # 1 Spot At Alternative Radio `` . AltSounds . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Talk Upcoming North American Tour '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars ' Amazed ' By VMA Best Rock Video Win '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Averc , Rhiannon ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` The 5 defining moments of 30 Seconds to Mars ' career '' . AXS . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles -- 28th August 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kanye West Storms 30 Seconds To Mars ' EMA Performance '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars ' Thrilled ' To Do ' MTV Unplugged ' '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anitai , Tamar ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars On Reworking Their Music , Involving Fans For ' MTV Unplugged ' '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crowder , Ryan ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Study Reveals Hardest Working Music Acts '' . Business Wire . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Go For Guinness World Record '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baltin , Steve ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Thirty Seconds to Mars Pause Touring to Record New LP '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds To Mars reveal new album title and tracklisting '' . NME . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars Documentary Wins People 's Choice Award in Toronto '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars To Launch New Single ... Into Outer Space '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars , ' Up In The Air ' To Be Sent Into Space By NASA '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Song Premieres In Space '' . Noise11 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty Seconds to Mars Launching New Single Into Space '' . Rolling Stone . February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Seconds to Mars : Artist Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maguire , Chris ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars ' Love Lust Faith + Dreams Out Today '' . AltSounds . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ryan ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars shine a light on the ' City of Angels ' '' . Kerrang ! ( 1492 ) . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars Win Best Rock Video VMA '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Jared Leto On Leaving Virgin , Thirty Seconds To Mars Doc ' Artifact ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Linkin Park , 30 Seconds to Mars , AFI to Tour Together '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thirty Seconds to Mars Plot ' Camp Mars ' Weekend This Summer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jared Leto Teases New Thirty Seconds to Mars Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars tease return with new video '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Graham ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Muse + Thirty Seconds to Mars To Embark on 2017 North American Tour '' . Loudwire . Townsquare Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maine , Samantha ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars have teased their new single '' . NME . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jared Leto Delivers Heartfelt Tribute to Chester Bennington , Chris Cornell at MTV Video Music Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10155321478762823.1073741859.5618127822&type=3 Jump up ^ Uhelszki , Jaan ( September 2002 ) . `` Rock Implosion '' . Alternative Press ( 170 ) : 79 . Jump up ^ Wippsson , Johan. `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Melodic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rayhill , Ryan ( September 2002 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Blender ( 9 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ Campagna , Cathy A. `` 30 Seconds To Mars : A Savory Reality '' . Shoutweb.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palm , Matthew J. ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` A 30 Seconds Love Affair '' . Orlando Sentinel : E9 . Jump up ^ Verrico , Lisa ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars '' . The Times . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rea , Mike . `` A Beautiful Lie '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review of `` A Beautiful Lie '' by 30 Seconds to Mars `` . Alternative Addiction . August 24 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D. ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars ' This Is War ' '' . AOL Radio . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` This Is War '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars Set To ' Unleash The Beast ' On Love Lust Faith + Dreams '' . MTV News . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sayce , Rob ( July 2013 ) . `` To Infinity & Beyond '' . Rock Sound : 62 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Thirty Seconds To Mars , ' Love Lust Faith + Dreams ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wippsson , Johan ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` Jared Leto Is Back With A New Video And Global Cause '' . Melodic . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 97X Green Room : Volume 2 '' . 97x . Cox Media Group . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zahlaway , Jon ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` 30 Seconds to Mars goes green on MTV2 tour '' . SoundSpike . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 30 Seconds To Mars And Hollywood For Habitat For Humanity Unite For One - Of - A-Kind Build '' . abeautifullie.org . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frucht , Becca ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Fans Give Back at International Echelon Conference '' . MTV Act . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sally , Catrina K. ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` 30 Seconds To Mars Raises $100,100 For Haiti '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stovin , Jack ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Artists and Songwriters from the EMI Family Unite for Japan '' . AltSounds . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Britton , Kymm ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Linkin Park , Thirty Seconds to Mars and AFI Join Forces on Carnivores Tour ; One Dollar per Ticket to Benefit Music for Relief '' . Marketwired . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thirty Seconds to Mars . Official website ( hide ) Thirty Seconds to Mars Jared Leto Shannon Leto Tomo Miličević Matt Wachter Solon Bixler Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie This Is War Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams America Extended plays AOL Sessions Undercover To the Edge of the Earth MTV Unplugged Singles `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' `` Edge of the Earth '' `` Attack '' `` The Kill '' `` From Yesterday '' `` A Beautiful Lie '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` This Is War '' `` Closer to the Edge '' `` Hurricane '' `` Up in the Air '' `` Do or Die '' `` City of Angels '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Dangerous Night '' Other songs `` Night of the Hunter '' `` Search and Destroy '' `` Conquistador '' Tours Forever Night , Never Day Tour Welcome to the Universe Tour A Beautiful Lie Tour Into the Wild Tour Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour Carnivores Tour The Monolith Tour Live personnel Stevie Aiello Kevin Drake Tim Kelleher Matt McJunkins Braxton Olita Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Artifact Into the Wild Bartholomew Cubbins 2006 -- 2014 VyRT Notes from the Outernet Angels & Airwaves Great Northern Morphic The Wondergirls Book VIAF : 132766838 LCCN : n2004077657 ISNI : 0000 0001 2161 3357 GND : 10337076 - 6 BNF : cb14244577t ( data ) MusicBrainz : d8354b38 - e942 - 4c89 - ba93 - 29323432abc3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars&oldid=836645199 '' Categories : Thirty Seconds to Mars 1998 establishments in California Alternative rock groups from California Interscope Records artists Kerrang ! Awards winners Musical groups established in 1998 Musical groups from Los Angeles American musical trios NME Awards winners Sibling musical groups Universal Music Group artists Virgin Records artists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams 粵語 中文 78 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty%20Seconds%20to%20Mars

what is the origin of the shih tzu

Shih Tzu

shih tzu

A Shih Tzu ( UK : / ˌʃiːˈtsuː / , US : / ˈʃiːˌtsuː / ; Chinese : 西施 犬 ; pinyin : xīshī quǎn ) , also known as the Chrysanthemum Dog , is a toy dog breed , weighing around 5 to 8.5 kilograms ( 10 -- 19 lbs ) when fully grown . The exact origins of the breed are unknown , but it is thought to have originated in Tibet and then been developed in China .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Temperament 3 Coat colors and quality 4 Etymology 5 History 6 Health 6.1 Hypothyroidism 6.2 Intervertebral disk disease 6.3 Breathing problems 6.4 Eye issues 6.5 Other health issues 6.6 Life span 7 Variations 7.1 Kennel club differences 7.1. 1 The AKC ( American Kennel Club ) Shih - Tzu 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Appearance ( edit ) A Tricolor ( black , white and gold ) Shih Tzu in show coat . The Shih Tzu is a sturdy little dog with a short muzzle and large dark eyes . They have a soft and long double coat . A Shih Tzu should stand no more than 28 cm ( 11 in . ) at the withers and with an ideal weight of 4.5 to 8.5 kg ( 10 to 19 lbs ) . Drop ears are covered with long fur , and the heavily furred tail is carried curled over the back . The coat may be of any color , though white and with blazes of grey are frequently seen . The Shih Tzu is slightly longer than tall , and bigger dogs ideally should carry themselves `` with distinctly arrogant carriage '' . A very noticeable feature is the underbite , which is required in the breed standard . The traditional long silky coat , which reaches the floor , requires daily brushing to avoid tangles . Because of their long coat and fast - growing hair , regular grooming is necessary , which may be expensive and should be taken into account when considering adopting one of this breed . Often the coat is clipped short to simplify care , but the coat still requires daily brushing . For conformation showing , the coat must be left in its natural state , though trimming for neatness around the feet and anus is allowed . The shorter cut is typically called a `` puppy cut '' or a `` teddy bear cut '' when the puppy cut is accompanied by a fuller , rounder face , resembling a stuffed animal . Temperament ( edit ) Although an individual Shih Tzu 's temperament varies from dog to dog , the breed has a personality and temperament that is loyal , affectionate , outgoing , and alert . Training and proper socializing must start at a young age for the Shih Tzu to obey basic commands , for the Shih Tzu is prone to stubbornness when it comes to training . While the Shih Tzu is an excellent watch dog because of its alert and active nature , it was not specifically bred for this purpose . Unlike the Lhasa Apso , which was bred to be a sentinel dog that enjoys high perches and is wary of strangers , the Shih Tzu prefers to be close to its companions and will often offer strangers its affection . Because of its friendly nature , the Shih Tzu tends to interact well with other dogs and with children and adults . Composer James Mumford described the Shih Tzu as `` ... a dash of lion , several teaspoons of rabbit , a couple of ounces of domestic cat , one part court jester , a dash of ballerina , a pinch of old man , a bit of beggar , a tablespoon of monkey , one part baby seal , ( and ) a dash of teddy bear . '' Coat colors and quality ( edit ) Two red and white haired Shih Tzu littermates . A female Shih Tzu at around 18 months of age . A Tricolor Shih Tzu with a black nose and grey ear tips . A mostly white Shih Tzu with a black head and ears The Shih Tzu comes in a range of colours that include various shades of gold , white , brown , and black . Other colours include black mask gold , black and white , solid black , solid liver , liver and white , brindle , white , red and white , and grey and white . Thus , when two Shih Tzu mate , there is a possibility that their offspring 's coat will be similar to the sire 's color , dam 's color , tricolor , or a mix of both parents ' color in one classification . An interesting point ( and often a point of confusion ) is that while the coat color of those with black pigmented skin ( nose , lips , pads , also referred to as `` leather '' ) is determined by the color of the coat itself ; the coat color on dogs with either liver or blue pigment is categorized by the color of the pigment . Thus , a parti colored ( white and another shade ) Shih Tzu with blue pigment is a `` blue and white '' regardless of the tint of the hair which might very well appear similar to a gold and white or other colors . The same principle applies to solid blue , silver , and silver and white . Sometimes you might see dark brown pigments near the shoulders and between the armpits . The typical fine , straight , and silky Shih Tzu coat has also been listed by many popular dog information websites as being hypoallergenic . In comparison with many other breeds , Shih Tzu do not shed to the same degree , only losing small amounts when bathed or brushed . It is the dog 's dander and saliva that trigger most allergic reactions . Allergists do recognize that , at times , a particular allergy patient will be able to tolerate a particular dog ; but they agree that `` the luck of the few with their pets can not be stretched to fit all allergic people and entire breeds of dogs . '' The Shih Tzu coat is said to fall out only when brushed or broken , or just said to shed . The coat may also be wavy or coarse . Etymology ( edit ) The name comes from the Chinese language word for `` lion '' because this kind of dog was bred to resemble `` the lion as depicted in traditional oriental art . '' ( The Pekingese breed is also called `` lion dog '' in Chinese . ) `` Shih Tzu '' is the Wade - Giles romanization of the Chinese characters 獅子 , meaning lion ; this romanization scheme was in use when the breed was first introduced in America . In contemporary China , Pinyin is the predominant system of romanization , which renders it as shīzi . The Mandarin Chinese pronunciation is approximately SHIRR - dzə . Though the Wade - Giles system is often regarded as less intuitive , `` Shih Tzu '' is a useful linguistic example of both of two cases where the Wade - Giles scheme reflects the use of a syllabic fricative after a corresponding consonant cluster ( retroflexes and sibilants ) in modern Mandarin . This is a unique phonological feature that does not appear in any other known modern language in their standardized form . Indeed , though the exact classification is still debated ( and dialectal variants exist ) , linguists generally agree that these sounds can not be represented by conventional symbols in the IPA ; hence an unorthodox approximation `` SHIRR '' was used earlier in this paragraph . However , the use of a syllabic fricative is often observed in informal English with the paralinguistic expression `` Shh ! '' , which may serve as a guide to the pronunciation of `` Shih '' . In modern Chinese language , the Shih Tzu is generally known as the `` Xi Shi dog '' ; Xi Shi was regarded as one of the most beautiful women of ancient China . The alternative name was adopted to avoid the confusion that stems from referring to the breed as a lion . Shih Tzu were nicknamed the Chrysanthemum Dog in England in the 1930s . The dog may also be called the Tibetan Lion Dog ; but whether the breed should be referred to as `` Tibetan '' or `` Chinese '' is a source of both historical and political contention , as the subsequent section notes . A book on the breed states that `` dog historians tend to have very strong opinions '' on the subject . History ( edit ) Chinese guardian lion at Mount Emei DNA analysis placed the ancestors of today 's Shih Tzu breed in the group of `` ancient '' breeds indicating `` close genetic relationship to wolves . '' Another branch coming down from the `` Kitchen Midden Dog '' gave rise to the Papillon and Long - haired Chihuahua and yet another `` Kitchen Midden Dog '' branch to the Pug and Shih Tzu . It is also said that the breed originated in China , hence the name `` Lion Dog '' , in 800 B.C. There are various theories of the origins of today 's breed . Theories relate that it stemmed from a cross between the Pekingese and Lhasa Apso , a Tibetan dog gifted by the Dalai Lama to Chinese emperors near the end of the 17th century . Dogs during ancient times were selectively bred and seen in Chinese paintings . The dogs were favorites of the Chinese royals and so prized that , for years , the Chinese refused to sell , trade , or give any away . The first dogs of the breed were imported into Europe ( England and Norway ) in 1930 and were classified by the Kennel Club as `` Apsos '' . The first European standard for the breed was written in England in 1935 by the Shih Tzu Club , and the dogs were recategorised as Shih Tzu . The breed spread throughout Europe , and was brought to the United States after World War II , when returning members of the U.S. military brought back dogs from Europe , in the mid 1950s . The Shih Tzu was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969 in the Toy Group . The breed is now recognized by all of the major kennel clubs in the English - speaking world . It is also recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale for international competition in Companion and Toy Dog Group , Section 5 , Tibetan breeds . In the United States , the Shih Tzu ranked the 15th most popular breed in 2013 , falling slightly in popularity since 2012 , when it was placed in 11th position . In 1934 the Shih Tzu Club of England was founded and the breed was officially recognised by the Kennel Club ( UK ) on 7 May 1940 when it became eligible for Challenge Certificates , none were awarded until 1949 . Health ( edit ) Shih Tzu puppy A number of health issues , some of them hereditary , have been found in individual Shih Tzu , and are listed below . A cream coloured Shih Tzu Shih Tzu puppy Hypothyroidism ( edit ) Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland malfunctions and stops producing a hormone responsible for proper metabolism . This malfunction is commonly attributed to immune system problems . It usually affects middle - aged dogs and is seen in all breeds . Symptoms include hair loss , weight gain , muscle loss , and lethargy . This disease is usually diagnosed through blood tests . It can be effectively treated with drug therapy . Intervertebral disk disease ( edit ) Intervertebral disk disease in the dog is a common chondrodystrophic disorder manifested by acute back pain , loss of coordination , paresis , and loss of the ability to feel deep pain sensations . IVDD commonly occurs in certain toy breeds , such as Dachshund , Pekingese , French Bulldog , Beagle , Basset Hound , American Cocker spaniel , Shih Tzu , Lhasa Apso , and Welsh Corgi . Breathing problems ( edit ) Shih Tzu have a number of respiratory problems related to the shape of their face and head . Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome is a common problem and mostly affects dogs with short noses ( brachycephalic breeds ) . An obstruction in the upper airways causes the dog to have laboured breathing . Not every brachycephalic dog will develop respiratory problems , but most will to some degree . Severe problems may require surgery . Eye issues ( edit ) It is very common for Shih Tzus to develop eye problems at any age , and even more so once they are older . Most veterinarians will recommend eye drops to assist with any eye irritations . Some dogs have allergies which causes excess discharge around the eye . Older Shih Tzu are known to develop cataracts which can be corrected with surgery . If not treated , the dog may become blind in the eye that has the cataract . The distinctive large eyes can easily be scratched which may cause an ulcer . The dog will normally have the injured eye closed or half closed and may have excessive tears . Other health issues ( edit ) Some health issues in the breed are portosystemic shunt of the liver and hip dysplasia in standard sizes . There have been cases of Shih Tzu being epileptic , which in turn may lead to shortening of the life span of the Shih Tzu if untreated . Many Shih Tzu dogs are also prone to ear infections . The Shih Tzu may be more prone than other breeds to get a blood disease called immune - mediated hemolytic anemia , which causes their immune system to attack itself and kill off their blood cells . This can be found through blood tests but among the signs are yellowing of the skin / gums , tiredness , loss of appetite , and loss of balance that occurs over two days . Life span ( edit ) The UK Kennel Club survey puts the median life span of a Shih Tzu at 13 years and 2 months , with most living 10 to 16 years . Variations ( edit ) Kennel Club differences ( edit ) There is a difference between the Shih Tzu of the American Kennel Club and the Kennel Club ( UK ) : The AKC ( American Kennel Club ) Shih - Tzu ( edit ) Their front legs ( forequarters ) are straight . Their hindquarters are muscular . Neither should be too short nor too long . The standard head is big and round and is set high with face looking forward or up . The neck and body are the most important and should not be exaggerated . The eyes are large and face the front . The shoulders of the American type of Shih - Tzu are frontal . See also ( edit ) Utility Group Dogs portal China portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Upton , Clive ; Kretzschmar , Jr. , William A. ( 2017 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 1231 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 12566 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federation Cynologique Internationale Breed Standard '' ( PDF ) . Fci.be . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Kennel Club : Shih Tzu '' . United Kennel Club . 2007 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shih Tzus - Temperament & Personality '' . Petwave.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shih Tzu Colors American Shih Tzu Club '' . americanshihtzuclub.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Dog Breeds that Do n't Shed '' . Dog-obedience-training-review.com . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shih Tzu '' . Purebredpups.org . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shih Tzu , by Jaime J. Sucher , pg 5 , Barron 's Educational Series , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1043 - 8 Jump up ^ Steve Allison . `` Shih Tzu '' . FindOutAboutDogBreeds.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shih Tzu For Dummies , by Eve Adamson , pg 257 , For Dummies , Publisher , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 08945 - 8 quote : `` Lady Brownrigg , who brought the first Shih Tzu into England , coined the phrase Chrysanthemum Dog . '' Jump up ^ Shih Tzu For Dummies , by Eve Adamson , pg 27 , For Dummies , Publisher , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 08945 - 8 quote : `` ... dogs related to the modern - day Shih Tzu probably came from Tibet , but how long they were there and how much influence they had on the present day Shih Tzu may never be known . '' The author then says `` dog historians tend to have very strong opinions . '' It is often mistakenly said that the Shih Tzu is Chinese royalty . Jump up ^ Derr , MARK ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` Collie or Pug ? Study Finds the Genetic Code '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Anne Rogers ; Andrew H. Brace ( 1995 ) . The International Encyclopedia of Dogs . Howell Book House . pp. 416 -- 417 . ISBN 0 - 87605 - 624 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deep , John . `` Shih Tzu '' . 2puppies . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The Shih Tzu , by Audrey Dadds , pg 29 , Howell Book House , 1975 , ISBN 0 - 87605 - 309 - 6 Jump up ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends , The American Kennel Club , Retrieved 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Kennel Club '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of - manchuweb '' . Manchushihtzusociety.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` AllShihTzu Shih Tzu Eye Care '' . www.allshihtzu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` All About Shih Tzu '' . Shih Tzu Fanciers of Southern CA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ New Boston Creative Group . `` Immune - mediated Hemolytic Anemia , Canine '' . Clinton Parkway Animal Hospital , Veterinary Health Services . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Purebred Dog Health Survey '' ( PDF ) . KC / BSAVA . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Illustrated Guide to the Shi Tzu Standard '' . American Shih Tzu Club . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Shih Tzu Dog Breed Information '' . Akc.org . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shih Tzu . Look up Shih Tzu in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Shih Tzu at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Dogs originating in China Extant Bone - mouth Chinese Chongqing Dog Chinese Crested Dog Chinese Imperial Dog Chow Chow Kunming wolfdog Pekingese Pug Shar Pei Shih Tzu Xiasi Dog Related articles Taiwan Dog Toy dogs Extant Affenpinscher Australian Silky Terrier Bichon Frisé Bolognese Bolonka Boston Terrier Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Chihuahua Chinese Crested Dog Coton de Tulear English Toy Terrier French Bulldog Griffon Bruxellois Havanese Italian Greyhound Japanese Chin King Charles Spaniel Löwchen Maltese Miniature Pinscher Miniature Poodle Miniature Schnauzer Morkie Papillon Pekingese Phalène Pomeranian Pug Russkiy Toy Shih Tzu Tibetan Spaniel Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Toy Poodle Yorkshire Terrier Extinct Toy Trawler Spaniel GND : 4274906 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shih_Tzu&oldid=826705351 '' Categories : Toy dogs Companion dogs Dog breeds Dog breeds originating in Tibet Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shih%20Tzu

which statement best describes the political position of great britain during the civil war

Home front during World war I

home front during world war i

The home front during World War I covers the domestic , economic , social and political histories of countries involved in that conflict . It covers the mobilization of armed forces and war supplies , but does not include the military history . For the nonmilitary interactions among the major players see Diplomatic history of World War I .

About 10 million combatants and seven million civilians died during the entire war , including many weakened by years of malnutrition ; they fell in the worldwide Spanish Flu pandemic , which struck late in 1918 , just as the war was ending . The Allies had much more potential wealth that they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) , is that the Allies spent $147 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $61 billion . Among the Allies , Britain and its Empire spent $47 billion and the US $27 billion ; among the Central Powers , Germany spent $45 billion . Total war demanded total mobilization of all the nation 's resources for a common goal . Manpower had to be channeled into the front lines ( all the powers except the United States and Britain had large trained reserves designed for just that ) . Behind the lines labor power had to be redirected away from less necessary activities that were luxuries during a total war . In particular , vast munitions industries had to be built up to provide shells , guns , warships , uniforms , airplanes , and a hundred other weapons , both old and new . Agriculture had to be mobilized as well , to provide food for both civilians and for soldiers ( many of whom had been farmers and needed to be replaced by old men , boys and women ) and for horses to move supplies . Transportation in general was a challenge , especially when Britain and Germany each tried to intercept merchant ships headed for the enemy . Finance was a special challenge . Germany financed the Central Powers . Britain financed the Allies until 1916 , when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States . The US took over the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war . The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay `` reparations '' that would cover some of their costs . Above all , it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained , the long - term power of the political establishment was upheld , and the long - term economic health of the nation was preserved . For more details on economics see Economic history of World War I . World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents . Women played a major role on the homefronts and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war , including the United States , Britain , Canada ( except Quebec ) , Denmark , Austria , the Netherlands , Germany , Russia , Sweden and Ireland . France almost did so but stopped short . Contents ( hide ) 1 Financial costs 2 Britain 2.1 Scotland 2.2 Politics 2.3 Women 3 British Empire 3.1 Canada 3.2 Australia 3.2. 1 Internment of German aliens 3.2. 2 Economy 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 South Africa 3.5 India 4 Belgium 4.1 Belgian Congo 5 France 6 Russia 7 Italy 8 United States 9 Germany 9.1 Political revolution 10 Austria - Hungary 11 Ottoman Empire 12 Balkans 12.1 Serbia 12.2 Bulgaria 12.3 Greece 13 Asia 13.1 China 13.2 Japan 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Economics 16.2 Britain 16.2. 1 Year books 16.2. 2 Historiography 16.2. 3 Dominions , India 16.3 France 16.4 Russia 16.5 U.S. 16.6 Other Allies 16.7 Central Powers 16.8 Historiography 17 Primary sources and year books 18 External links Financial costs ( edit ) The total direct cost of war , for all participants including those not listed here , was about $80 billion ( in 1913 US dollars ) Since $1 billion in 1913 = about $25 billion in 2017 US dollars the total cost comes to about $2 trillion in 2017 dollars . Direct cost is figured as actual expenditures during war minus normal prewar spending . It excludes postwar costs such as pensions , interest , and veteran hospitals . Loans to / from allies are not included in `` direct cost '' . Repayment of loans after 1918 is not included . The total direct cost of the war as a percent of wartime national income : Allies : Britain , 37 % ; France , 26 % ; Italy , 19 % ; Russia , 24 % ; United States , 16 % . Central Powers : Austria - Hungary , 24 % ; Germany , 32 % ; Turkey unknown . The amounts listed below are presented in terms of 1913 US dollars , where $1 billion then equals about $25 billion in 2017 . Britain had a direct war cost about $21.2 billion ; it made loans to Allies and Dominions of $4.886 billion , and received loans from the United States of $2.909 billion . France had a direct war cost about $10.1 billion ; it made loans to Allies of $1.104 billion , and received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $2.909 billion . Italy had a direct war cost about $4.5 billion ; it received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $1.278 billion . The United States had a direct war cost about $12.3 billion ; it made loans to Allies of $5.041 billion . Russia had a direct war cost about $7.7 billion ; it received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $2.289 billion . The two governments agreed that financially Britain would support the weaker Allies and that France would take care of itself . In August 1914 , Henry Pomeroy Davison , a Morgan partner , traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France . The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co. , and vice versa . Over the course of the war , J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion ( approximately $21 billion in today 's dollars ) to the Allies to fight against the Germans . Morgan also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France , thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments . Britain made heavy loans to Tsarist Russia ; the Lenin government after 1920 refused to honor them , causing long - term issues . Britain ( edit ) Main article : History of the United Kingdom during World War I See also : Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War I At the outbreak of war , patriotic feelings spread throughout over the whole country , and many of the class barriers of Edwardian era faded during the years of combat . However , the Catholics in southern Ireland moved overnight to demands for complete immediate independence after the failed Easter Rebellion of 1916 . Northern Ireland remained loyal to the crown . In 1914 Britain had by far the largest and most efficient financial system in the world . Roger Lloyd - Jones and M.J. Lewis argue : To prosecute industrial war required the mobilisation of economic resources for the mass production of weapons and munitions , which necessarily entitled fundamental changes in the relationship between the state ( the procurer ) , business ( the provider ) , labour ( the key productive input ) , and the military ( the consumer ) . In this context , the industrial battlefields of France and Flanders intertwined with the home front that produced the materials to sustain a war over four long and bloody years . Economic sacrifices were made , however , in the name of defeating the enemy . In 1915 Liberal politician David Lloyd George took charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions . He dramatically increased the output of artillery shells -- the main weapon actually used in battle . In 1916 he became secretary for war . Prime Minister H.H. Asquith was a disappointment ; he formed a coalition government in 1915 but it was also ineffective . Asquith was replaced by Lloyd George in late 1916 . He had a strong hand in the managing of every affair , making many decisions himself . Historians credit Lloyd George with providing the driving energy and organisation that won the War . Although German were using Zeppelins to bomb the cities , morale remained relatively high due in part to the propaganda churned out by the national newspapers . With a severe shortage of skilled workers , industry redesigned work so that it could be done by unskilled men and women ( termed the `` dilution of labour '' ) so that war - related industries grew rapidly . Lloyd George cut a deal with the trades unions -- they approved the dilution ( since it would be temporary ) and threw their organizations into the war effort . Historian Arthur Marwick saw a radical transformation of British society , a deluge that swept away many old attitudes and brought in a more equalitarian society . He also saw the famous literary pessimism of the 1920s as misplaced , for there were major positive long - term consequences of the war . He pointed to new job opportunities and self - consciousness among workers that quickly built up the Labour Party , to the coming of partial woman suffrage , and to an acceleration of social reform and state control of the British economy . He found a decline of deference toward the aristocracy and established authority in general , and a weakening among youth of traditional restraints on individual moral behavior . Marwick concluded that class differentials softened , national cohesion increased , and British society became more equal . Scotland ( edit ) Scotland played a major role in the British effort in the First World War . It especially provided manpower , ships , machinery , food ( particularly fish ) and money , engaging with the conflict with some enthusiasm . With a population of 4.8 million in 1911 , Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war , of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease , and 150,000 were seriously wounded . Scottish urban centres , with their poverty and unemployment were favourite recruiting grounds of the regular British army , and Dundee , where the female dominated jute industry limited male employment had one of the highest proportion of reservists and serving soldiers than almost any other British city . Concern for their families ' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist ; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled . After the introduction of conscription from January 1916 every part of the country was affected . Occasionally Scottish troops made up large proportions of the active combatants , and suffered corresponding loses , as at the Battle of Loos , where there were three full Scots divisions and other Scottish units . Thus , although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population , they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead . Some areas , like the thinly populated Island of Lewis and Harris suffered some of the highest proportional losses of any part of Britain . Clydeside shipyards and the nearby engineering shops were the major centers of war industry in Scotland . In Glasgow , radical agitation led to industrial and political unrest that continued after the war ended . In Glasgow , the heavy demand for munitions and warships strengthened union power . There emerged a radical movement called `` Red Clydeside '' led by militant trades unionists . Formerly a Liberal Party stronghold , the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922 , with a base among the Irish Catholic working class districts . Women were especially active solidarity on housing issues . However , the `` Reds '' operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament ; the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s . Politics ( edit ) See also : David Lloyd George David Lloyd George became prime minister in December 1916 and immediately transformed the British war effort , taking firm control of both military and domestic policy . In rapid succession in spring 1918 came a series of military and political crises . The Germans , having moved troops from the Eastern front and retrained them in new tactics , now had more soldiers on the Western Front than the Allies . Germany launched a full scale Spring Offensive ( Operation Michael ) , starting March 21 against the British and French lines , with the hope of victory on the battlefield before the American troops arrived in numbers . The Allied armies fell back 40 miles in confusion , and facing defeat , London realized it needed more troops to fight a mobile war . Lloyd George found a half million soldiers and rushed them to France , asked American President Woodrow Wilson for immediate help , and agreed to the appointment of French General Foch as commander - in - chief on the Western Front so that Allied forces could be coordinated to handle the German offensive . Despite strong warnings it was a bad idea , the War Cabinet decided to impose conscription on Ireland . The main reason was that labour in Britain demanded it as the price for cutting back on exemptions for certain workers . Labour wanted the principle established that no one was exempt , but it did not demand that the draft actually take place in Ireland . The proposal was enacted but never enforced . The Catholic bishops for the first time entered the fray and called for open resistance to a draft . Many Irish Catholics and nationalists moved into the intransigent Sinn Féin movement . This proved a decisive moment , marking the end of Irish willingness to stay inside the UK . When on May 7 , 1918 , a senior army general on active duty , Major - General Sir Frederick Maurice went public with allegations that Lloyd George had lied to Parliament on military matters , a crisis was at hand . The German spring offensive had made unexpected major gains , and a scapegoat was needed . Asquith , the Liberal leader in the House , took up the allegations and attacked Lloyd George ( also a Liberal ) , which further split the Liberal Party . While Asquith 's presentation was poorly done , Lloyd George vigorously defended his position , treating the debate as a vote of confidence . He won over the House with a powerful refutation of Maurice 's allegations . The main results were to strengthen Lloyd George , weaken Asquith , end public criticism of overall strategy , and strengthen civilian control of the military . Meanwhile , the German offensive stalled . By summer the Americans were sending 10,000 fresh men a day to the Western Front , a more rapid response made possible by leaving their equipment behind and using British and French munitions . The German army had used up its last reserves and was steadily shrinking in number and weakening in resolve . Victory came on November 11 , 1918 . Women ( edit ) Prime Minister David Lloyd George was clear about how important the women were : It would have been utterly impossible for us to have waged a successful war had it not been for the skill and ardour , enthusiasm and industry which the women of this country have thrown into the war . The militant suffragette movement was suspended during the war , and at the time people credited the new patriotic roles women played as earning them the vote in 1918 . However , British historians no longer emphasize the granting of woman suffrage as a reward for women 's participation in war work . Pugh ( 1974 ) argues that enfranchising soldiers primarily and women secondarily was decided by senior politicians in 1916 . In the absence of major women 's groups demanding for equal suffrage , the government 's conference recommended limited , age - restricted women 's suffrage . The suffragettes had been weakened , Pugh argues , by repeated failures before 1914 and by the disorganizing effects of war mobilization ; therefore they quietly accepted these restrictions , which were approved in 1918 by a majority of the War Ministry and each political party in Parliament . More generally , Searle ( 2004 ) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s , and that granting the suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers . Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928 . British Empire ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Yiddish ( top ) and English versions of World War I recruitment posters directed at Canadian Jews . A Canadian recruiting poster featuring names of French battlefields ( but an English text ) Main article : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years § World War I The 620,000 men in service were most notable for combat in the trenches of the Western Front ; there were 67,000 war dead and 173,000 wounded . This total does not include the 2,000 deaths and 9,000 injuries in December 1917 when a munitions ship exploded in Halifax . Volunteering provided enough soldiers at first , but high casualties soon required conscription , which was strongly opposed by Francophones . The Conscription Crisis of 1917 saw the Liberal Party ripped apart , to the advantage of the Conservatives Prime Minister Robert Borden , who led a Unionist coalition to a landslide victory in 1917 . Distrusting the loyalties of Canadians of German ethnicity and , especially , recent immigrants from the Ukraine ( who were citizens of the Austro - Hungarian Empire ) , the government interned thousands of aliens . The war validated Canada 's new world role , in an almost - equal partnership with Britain in the Commonwealth of Nations . Arguing that Canada had become a true nation on the battlefields of Europe , Borden demanded and received a separate seat for Canada at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 . Canada 's military and civilian participation in the First World War strengthened a sense of British - Canadian nationhood among the Anglophones ( English speakers ) . The Francophones ( French speakers ) supported the war at first , but pulled back and stood aloof after 1915 because of language disputes at home . Heroic memories centered around the `` Canada 's Hundred Days '' battles of 1917 , especially the Battle of Vimy Ridge where 3,600 died . Australia ( edit ) An Australian Kookaburra active service postcard Billy Hughes , prime minister from October 1915 , expanded the government 's role in the economy , while dealing with intense debates over the issue of conscription . From a population of five million , 417,000 men enlisted ; 330,000 went overseas to fight during the First World War . They were all volunteers , since the political battle for compulsory conscription failed . Some 58,000 died and 156,000 were wounded . Fisher argues that the government aggressively promoted economic , industrial , and social modernization in the war years . However , he says it came through exclusion and repression . He says the war turned a peaceful nation into `` one that was violent , aggressive , angst - and conflict - ridden , torn apart by invisible front lines of sectarian division , ethnic conflict and socio - economic and political upheaval . '' The nation was fearful of enemy aliens -- especially Germans , regardless of how closely they identified with Australia . The government interred 2,900 German - born men ( 40 % of the total ) and deported 700 of them after the war . Irish nationalists and labor radicals were under suspicion as well . Racist hostility was high toward nonwhites , including Pacific Islanders , Chinese and Aborigines . The result , Fischer says , was a strengthening of conformity to imperial / British loyalties and an explicit preference for immigrants from the British Isles . The major military event involved sending 40,000 ANZAC ( Australia and New Zealand ) soldiers in 1915 to seize the Gallipoli peninsula near Constantinople to open an Allied route to Russia and weaken the Ottoman Empire . The campaign was a total failure militarily and 8,100 Australians died . However the memory was all - important , for it transformed the Australian mind and became an iconic element of the Australian identity and the founding moment of nationhood . Internment of German aliens ( edit ) The War Precautions Act 1914 of 1914 provided the Commonwealth government with wide - ranging powers for a period of up to six months after the duration of the war . It covered : the prevention of trade with hostile nations , issuing loans to pay for the war effort , the introduction of a national taxation scheme , the fixing of the prices of certain goods , the internment of people considered a danger to Australia , the compulsory purchase of strategic goods , and the censorship of the media . At the outbreak of the war there were about 35,000 people who had been born in either Germany or Austria - Hungary living in Australia . They had weak ties with Germany ( and almost none to Austria ) and many had enlisted in the Australian war effort . Nevertheless , fears ran high and internment camps were set up where those suspected of unpatriotic acts were sent . In total 4,500 people were interned under the provisions of the War Precautions Act , of which 700 were naturalised Australians and 70 Australian born . Following the end of the war , 6,150 were deported . Economy ( edit ) The Australian Honour Flag , awarded to subscribers of the Australian Government 's 7th War Loan in 1918 In 1914 the Australian economy was small but very nearly the most propserous in the world per capita ; it depended on the export of wool and mutton . London provided assurances that it would underwrite a large amount of the war risk insurance for shipping in order to allow trade amongst the Commonwealth nations to continue . London imposed controls so that no exports would wind up in German hands . The British government protected prices by buying Australian products , even though the shortage of shipping meant that there was no chance that they would ever receive them . On the whole , Australian commerce was expanded due to the war , although the cost of the war was quite considerable and the Australian government had to borrow considerably from overseas to fund the war effort . In terms of value , Australian exports rose almost 45 per cent , while the number of Australians employed in manufacturing industries increased over 11 per cent . Iron mining and steel manufacture grew enormously . Inflation became a factor as the prices of consumer goods went up , while the cost of exports was deliberately kept lower than market value in an effort to prevent further inflationary pressures worldwide . As a result , the cost of living for many average Australians was increased . The trade union movement , already powerful , grew rapidly , although the movement was split on the political question of conscription . It expelled the politicians , such as Hughes , who favoured conscription ( which was never passed into law ) . The government sought to stabilize wages , much to the anger of unionists . the average weekly wage during the war was increased by between 8 and 12 per cent , it was not enough to keep up with inflation . Angry workers launched a wave of strikes against both the wage freeze and the conscription proposal . Nevertheless , the result was very disruptive and it has been estimated that between 1914 and 1918 there were 1,945 industrial disputes , resulting in 8,533,061 working days being lost and a £ 4,785,607 deficit in wages . Overall , the war had a significantly negative impact on the Australia economy . Real aggregate Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) declined by 9.5 percent over the period 1914 to 1920 , while the mobilization of personnel resulted in a six percent decline in civilian employment . Meanwhile , although population growth continued during the war years , it was only half that of the prewar rate . Per capita incomes also declined sharply , failing by 16 percent . New Zealand ( edit ) The country remained an enthusiastic supporter of the Empire , enlisting 124,211 men and sending 100,444 to fight in World War I ( see New Zealand Expeditionary Force ) . Over 18,000 died in service . Conscription was introduced in mid 1916 and by the end of the war near 1 in four members of the NZEF was a conscript . As in Australia , involvement in the Gallipoli campaign became an iconic touchstone in New Zealand memory of the war and was commonly connected to imaginings of collective identity . The war divided the labour movement with numerous elements taking up roles in the war effort while others alleged the war was an imperial venture against the interests of the working class . Labour MPs frequently acted as critics of government policy during the war and opposition to conscription saw the modern Labour Party formed in 1916 . Maori tribes that had been close to the government sent their young men to volunteer . The mobilisation of women for war work / service was relatively slight compared to more industrialised countries . Though some 640 women served as nurses with 500 going overseas . New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war , and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962 . However many Samoans greatly resented the administration , and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on New Zealand rule . South Africa ( edit ) South Africa had a military role in the war , fighting the Germans in East Africa and on the Western Front . Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines . The British elements strongly supported the war and comprised the great majority of the 146,000 white soldiers . Nasson says , `` for many enthusiastic English - speaking Union recruits , going to war was anticipated as an exciting adventure , egged on by the itch of making a manly mark upon a heroic cause . '' Likewise the Indian element ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) , generally supported the war effort . Afrikaners were split , with some like Prime Minister Louis Botha and General Jan Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort . Their pro-British position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who favoured Germany and who launched the Maritz Rebellion , a small - scale open revolt against the government . The trade union movement was divided . Many urban blacks supported the war , expecting it would raise their status in society . Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights . The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France , also hoping to better their lot after the war . Those blacks and Coloureds who supported the war were embittered when the postwar era saw no easing of white domination and restrictive conditions . India ( edit ) The British controlled India ( including modern Pakistan and Bangladesh ) either directly through the British Raj or indirectly through local princes . The colonial government of India supported the war enthusiastically , and enlarged the British Indian army by a factor of 500 % to 1.4 million men . It sent 550,000 overseas , with 200,000 going as labourers to the Western Front and the rest to the Middle East theatre . Only a few hundred were allowed to become officers , but there were some 100,000 casualties . The main fighting of the latter group was in Iraq , where large numbers were killed and captured in the initial stages of the Mesopotamian campaign , most infamously during the Siege of Kut . The Indian contingent was entirely funded by the Indian taxpayers ( who had no vote and no voice in the matter ) . Although Germany and the Ottoman Empire tried to incite anti-British subversion with the help of Indian freedom fighters , such as Rash Bihari Bose or Bagha Jatin , they had virtually no success , apart from a localized 1915 Singapore Mutiny , which was a part of the Gadar conspiracy . The small Indian industrial base expanded dramatically to provide most of the supplies and munitions for the Middle East theatre . Indian nationalists became well organized for the first time during the war , and were stunned when they received little in the way of self - government in the aftermath of victory . In 1918 , India experienced an influenza epidemic and severe food shortages . Belgium ( edit ) Main articles : Belgium in World War I and Rape of Belgium Nearly all of Belgium was occupied by the Germans , but the government and army escaped and fought the war on a narrow slice of the Western Front . The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 - 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a refugee wave of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the US , while Berlin said it was legal and necessary because of the threat of `` franc - tireurs '' ( guerrillas ) like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the US , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . The Germans left Belgium stripped and barren . They shipped machinery to Germany while destroying factories . After the atrocities of the first few weeks , German civil servants took control and were generally correct , albeit strict and severe . There was no violent resistance movement , but there was a large - scale spontaneous passive resistance of a refusal to work for the benefit of German victory . Belgium was heavily industrialized ; while farms operated and small shops stayed open , most large establishments shut down or drastically reduced their output . The faculty closed the universities ; publishers shut down most newspapers . Most Belgians `` turned the four war years into a long and extremely dull vacation , says Kiossmann . Neutrals led by the United States set up the Commission for Relief in Belgium , headed by American engineer Herbert Hoover . It shipped in large quantities of food and medical supplies , which it tried to reserve for civilians and keep out of the hands of the Germans . Many businesses collaborated with the Germans , and some women cohabitated with them . They were treated roughly in a wave of popular violence in November and December 1918 . The government set up judicial proceedings to punish the collaborators . In 1919 the king organized a new ministry and introduced universal male suffrage . The Socialists -- mostly poor workers -- benefited more than the more middle class Catholics and Liberals . Belgian congo ( edit ) Rubber had long been the main export ; production levels held up but its importance fell from 77 % of exports ( by value ) to only 15 % . New resources were opened , especially copper mining in Katanga province . The British - owned Union Miniere company dominated the copper industry ; it used a direct rail line to the sea at Beira . The war caused a heavy demand for copper , production soared from 997 tons in 1911 to 27,000 tons in 1917 , then fell off to 19,000 tons in 1920 . Smelters operated at Lubumbashi ; before the war copper was sold to Germany ; the British purchased all the wartime output , with the revenues going to the Belgian government in exile . Diamond and gold mining expanded during the war . The British firm of Lever Bros. greatly expanded the palm oil business during the war , and there was an increased output of cocoa , rice and cotton . New rail and steamship lines opened to handle the expanded export traffic . France ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I and French Third Republic § First World War Many French intellectuals welcomed the war to avenge the humiliation of defeat and loss of territory to Germany following the Franco - Prussian War of 1871 . Only one major figure , novelist Romain Rolland retained his pacifist internationalist values ; he went to Switzerland . After Socialist leader Jean Jaurès , a pacifist , was assassinated at the start of the war , the French socialist movement abandoned its antimilitarist positions and joined the national war effort . Prime Minister Rene Viviani called for unity -- for a `` Union sacrée '' ( `` Sacred Union '' ) ; France had few dissenters . However , war - weariness was a major factor by 1917 , even reaching the army , as soldiers were reluctant to attack -- many threatened to mutiny -- saying it was best to wait for the arrival of millions of Americans . The soldiers were protesting not just the futility of frontal assaults in the face of German machine guns but also degraded conditions at the front lines and at home , especially infrequent leaves , poor food , the use of African and Asian colonials on the home front , and concerns about the welfare of their wives and children . The economy was hurt by the German invasion of major industrial areas in the northeast . While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14 % of France 's industrial workers , it produced 58 % of the steel , and 40 % of the coal . Considerable relief came with the influx of American food , money and raw materials in 1917 . The arrival of over a million American soldiers in 1918 brought heavy spending on food and construction materials . Labor shortages were in part alleviated by the use of volunteer workers from the colonies . The war damages amounted to about 113 % of the GDP of 1913 , chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing . The national debt rose from 66 % of GDP in 1913 to 170 % in 1919 , reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war . Inflation was severe , with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound . The World War ended a golden era for the press . Their younger staff members were drafted and male replacements could not be found ( women were not considered ) . Rail transportation was rationed and less paper and ink came in , and fewer copies could be shipped out . Inflation raised the price of newsprint , which was always in short supply . The cover price went up , circulation fell and many of the 242 dailies published outside Paris closed down . The government set up the Interministerial Press Commission to closely supervise newspapers . A separate agency imposed tight censorship that led to blank spaces where news reports or editorials were disallowed . The dailies sometimes were limited to only two pages instead of the usual four , leading one satirical paper to try to report the war news in the same spirit : War News . A half - zeppelin threw half its bombs on half - time combatants , resulting in one - quarter damaged . The zeppelin , halfways - attacked by a portion of half - anti aircraft guns , was half destroyed . '' Georges Clemenceau became prime minister in November 1917 , a time of defeatism and acrimony . Italy was on the defensive , Russia had surrendered . Civilians were angry , as rations fell short and the threat of German air raids grew . Clemenceau realized his first priority was to restore civilian morale . He arrested Joseph Caillaux , a former French prime minister , for openly advocating peace negotiations . He won all - party support to fight to victory calling for `` la guerre jusqu'au bout '' ( war until the end ) . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : History of Russia ( 1892 -- 1917 ) and Russian Revolution Tsarist Russia was being torn apart in 1914 and was not prepared to fight a modern war . The industrial sector was small , finances were poor , the rural areas could barely feed themselves . Repeated military failures and bureaucratic ineptitude soon turned large segments of the population against the government . Control of the Baltic Sea by the German fleet , and of the Black Sea by combined German and Ottoman forces prevented Russia from importing supplies or exporting goods . By the middle of 1915 the impact of the war was demoralizing . Food and fuel supplies grew scarce , war casualties kept climbing and inflation was mounting . Strikes increased among low - paid factory workers , and the peasants , who wanted land reforms , were restless . Meanwhile , elite distrust of the incompetent decision making at the highest levels was deepened when a semiliterate mystic , Grigory Rasputin , gained enormous influence over the Tsar and his wife until he was assassinated . Major strikes broke out early in 1917 and the army sided with the strikers in the February Revolution . The tsar abdicated . The liberal reformer Alexander Kerensky came to power in July , but in the October Revolution Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control . In early 1918 they signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that made Germany dominant in Eastern Europe , while Russia plunged into years of civil war . While the central bureaucracy was overwhelmed and under - led , Fallows shows that localities sprang into action motivated by patriotism , pragmatism , economic self - interest , and partisan politics . Food distribution was the main role of the largest network , called the `` Union of Zemstvos . '' It also set up hospitals and refugee stations . Italy ( edit ) See also : History of Italy § First World War , and Italy in World War I Italy decided not to honor its Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria , and remained neutral . Public opinion in Italy was sharply divided , with Catholics and socialists calling for peace . However nationalists saw their opportunity to gain their `` irredenta '' -- that is , the border regions that were controlled by Austria . The nationalists won out , and in April 1915 , the Italian government secretly agreed to the London Pact in which Britain and France promised that if Italy would declare war on Austria , it would receive its territorial rewards . The Italian army of 875,000 men was poorly led and lacked heavy artillery and machine guns . The industrial base was too small to provide adequate amounts of modern equipment , and the old - fashioned rural base did not produce much of a food surplus . The war stalemated with a dozen indecisive battles on a very narrow front along the Isonzo River , where the Austrians held the high ground . In 1916 , Italy declared war on Germany , which provided significant aid to the Austrians . Some 650,000 Italian soldiers died and 950,000 were wounded , while the economy required large - scale Allied funding to survive . Before the war the government had ignored labor issues , but now it had to intervene to mobilize war production . With the main working - class Socialist party reluctant to support the war effort , strikes were frequent and cooperation was minimal , especially in the Socialist strongholds of Piedmont and Lombardy . The government imposed high wage scales , as well as collective bargaining and insurance schemes . Many large firms expanded dramatically . For example , the workforce at the Ansaldo munitions company grew from 6,000 to 110,000 workers as it manufactured 10,900 artillery pieces , 3,800 warplanes , 95 warships and 10 million artillery shells . At Fiat the workforce grew from 4,000 to 40,000 . Inflation doubled the cost of living . Industrial wages kept pace but not wages for farm workers . Discontent was high in rural areas since so many men were taken for service , industrial jobs were unavailable , wages grew slowly and inflation was just as bad . Italy blocked serious peace negotiations , staying in the war primarily to gain new territory . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the victorious Italian nation the Southern half of the County of Tyrol , Trieste , Istria , and the city of Zadar . Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Pact of London , so this victory was considered `` mutilated '' . In 1922 Italy formally annexed the Dodecanese ( Possedimenti Italiani dell'Egeo ) , that she had occupied during the previous war with Turkey . United States ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships would mean war . Wilson 's mediation efforts failed ; likewise , the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain ; the US declared war in April 1917 . America had the largest industrial , financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers , but it took 12 -- 18 months to fully reorient it to the war effort . American money , food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917 , but troops arrived slowly . The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped . Navy poster by Howard Chandler Christy The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted . Four million men and thousands of women joined the services for the duration . By summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived in France at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was an Allied victory in November 1918 . Propaganda campaigns directed by the government shaped the public mood toward patriotism and voluntary purchases of war bonds . The Committee on Public Information ( CPI ) controlled war information and provide pro-war propaganda , with the assistance of the private American Protective League and tens of thousands of local speakers . The Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized any expression of opinion that used `` disloyal , profane , scurrilous or abusive language '' about the US government , flag or armed forces . The most prominent opponents of the war were Wobblies and Socialists , many of whom were convicted of deliberately impeding the war effort and were sentenced to prison , including the Socialist presidential candidate Eugene Debs . Woodrow Wilson played the central role in defining the Allied war aims in 1917 -- 1918 ( although the US never officially joined the Allies . ) He demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms , the Fourteen Points . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Germany ( edit ) Main article : History of Germany during World War I By 1915 the British naval blockade had cut - off food imports and conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas . The causes included the transfer of so many farmers and food workers into the military , combined with the overburdened railroad system , a shortage of coal , and the British blockade that cut off imports from abroad . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' ( de : Steckrübenwinter ) , because that vegetable , which was usually fed to livestock , was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers . Compared to peacetime , about 474,000 additional civilians died , chiefly because malnutrition had weakened the body . Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink , but using the slogan of `` sharing scarcity '' , the German bureaucracy ran an efficient rationing system nevertheless . Political Revolution ( edit ) The end of October 1918 saw the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 as units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost ( → Kiel mutiny ) . By 3 November , the revolt had spread to other cities and states of the country , in many of which workers ' and soldiers ' councils were established ( → German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 ) . Meanwhile , Hindenburg and the senior commanders had lost confidence in Kaiser Wilhelm II and his government . The Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated . On 9 November 1918 , the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann ( 1865 - 1939 ) proclaimed a Republic . On 11 November , the armistice ended the war with a total defeat for Germany . The Rhineland was occupied by the Allies ( until 1923 / 1930 ) ; Austria - Hungary ( edit ) See also : Hungary in World War I and Austria - Hungary § World War I The heavily rural Empire did have a small industrial base , but its major contribution was manpower and food . On the home front , food grew scarcer and scarcer , as did heating fuel . The hog population fell 90 percent , as the dwindling supplies of ham and bacon percent of the Army. Hungary , with its heavy agricultural base , was somewhat better fed . The Army conquered productive agricultural areas in Romania and elsewhere , but refused to allow food shipments to civilians back home . Morale fell every year , and the diverse nationalities gave up on the Empire and looked for ways to establish their own nation states . Inflation soared , from an index of 129 in 1914 to 1589 in 1918 , wiping out the cash savings of the middle - class . In terms of war damage to the economy , the war used up about 20 percent of the GDP . The dead soldiers amounted to about four percent of the 1914 labor force , and the wounded ones to another six percent . Compared all the major countries in the war , Austria 's death and casualty rate was toward the high - end . Whereas the German army realized it needed close cooperation from the homefront , Habsburg officers saw themselves as entirely separate from the civilian world , and superior to it . When they occupied productive areas , such as Romania , they seized food stocks and other supplies for their own purposes , and blocked any shipments intended for civilians back in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . The result was that the officers lived well , as the civilians began to starve . Vienna even transferred training units to Serbia and Poland for the sole purpose of feeding them . In all , the Army obtained about 15 percent of its cereal needs from occupied territories . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) See also : Ottoman Empire § World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , and Armenian Genocide The Ottoman Empire had long been the `` sick man of Europe '' and by 1914 it had been driven out of nearly all of Europe , and had lost its influence in North Africa . It still controlled 23 million people , of whom 17 million were in modern - day Turkey , three million in Syria , Lebanon and Palestine , and 2.5 million in Iraq . Another 5.5 million people were under nominal Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula . A Turkish revival movement , the Young Turks took control of the government in 1913 ; they mobilized the country 's society for war , employing numerous political and economic reforms . The Committee of Union and Progress , through its Committee of National Defense , fostered pan-Turkish nationalism based in Anatolia . The Young Turks created new organizations , such as the Ottoman Red Crescent Society , the Ottoman Navy League , and the Committee of National Defense , to extend their political influence to the middle class , to mobilize support for the war effort and to construct a Turkish identity . When the war broke out the sultan , in his capacity , as caliph , issued a jihad , calling all Muslims in Egypt , India and other Allied colonies to revolt against their Christian rulers . Very few listened . Meanwhile , many Arabs turned against the Turkish rulers of the Empire and collaborated with the British . Reacting to highly exaggerated fears that the Armenians were a tool of the Russians , the Young Turks forcibly evacuated the Armenians from eastern Anatolia , regardless of the 600,000 or more lives lost in the Armenian Genocide . The Young Turks lost control as the war ended and fled into exile . Balkans ( edit ) Serbia ( edit ) Despite its small size and population of 4.6 million , Serbia had the most effective manpower mobilization of the war , and had a highly professional officer corps . It called 350,000 men to arms , of whom 185,000 were in combat units . Nevertheless , the casualties and expenditure of munitions in the Balkan Wars left Serbia depleted and dependent on France for supplies . Austria invaded twice in 1914 and was turned back after both armies suffered very heavy losses . Many captured Austrian soldiers were Slavic and joined the Serbian cause . The year 1915 was peaceful in the sense there was no military action , but food supplies were dangerously low and a series of deadly epidemics hit , especially typhus . The death toll from epidemics was about 100,000 civilians , 35,000 soldiers , and 30,000 prisoners of war . In late 1915 , however , German generals were given control and invaded Serbia with Austrian and Bulgarian forces . The Serbian army hastily retreated west but only 70,000 made it through , and Serbia became an occupied land . Disease was rampant , but the Austrians were pragmatic and paid well for food supplies , so conditions were not harsh . Instead Austria tried to depoliticize Serbia , to minimize violence , and to integrate the country into the Empire . Nevertheless , Serbian nationalism remained defiant and many young men slipped out to help rebuild the Serbian army in exile . France proved an invaluable ally during the war and its armies , together with reorganized Serbian units , moved up from Greece in 1918 and liberated Serbia , Montenegro , and Vojvodina . The war ended the very heavy death toll , which saw 615,000 of Serbia 's 707,000 soldiers killed , along with 600,000 civilian dead . The death toll in Montenegro was also high . Serbia achieved its political goals by forming the new Kingdom of the Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) in 1918 . It proved more difficult to create the new - model `` Yugoslav '' as an exemplar of a united nation containing diverse ethnicities , languages and religions . For example , Montenegro was included but , fearful of losing its own cultural traditions , there was a revolt there that the Serbian army crushed . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Bulgaria during World War I Bulgaria , a poor rural nation of 4.5 million people , sought to acquire Macedonia , but when it tried it suffered defeat in 1913 in the Second Balkan War . In the Great War Bulgaria at first stayed neutral . However its leaders still hoped to acquire Macedonia , which was controlled by an Ally , Serbia . In 1915 , joining the Central Powers seemed the best route . Bulgaria mobilized a very large army of 800,000 men , using equipment supplied by Germany . The Bulgarian - German - Austrian invasion of Serbia in 1915 provided a quick victory , but by the end of that year Bulgaria was also fighting the British and French -- as well as the Romanians in 1916 and the Greeks in 1917 . Bulgaria was ill - prepared for a long war ; the absence of so many soldiers sharply reduced agricultural output . Much of its best food was smuggled out to feed lucrative black - markets elsewhere . By 1918 the soldiers were not only short of basic equipment like boots , but they were being fed mostly corn bread with a little meat . Germany increasingly took control , and Bulgarian relations with its ally the Ottoman Empire soured . The Allied offensive in September 1918 destroyed the remnants of Bulgarian military power and civilian morale . Troops mutinied and peasants revolted , demanding peace . By that month 's end Bulgaria signed an armistice , giving up its conquests and its military hardware . The Bulgarian Czar abdicated and Bulgaria 's war ended . The Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine in 1919 stripped Bulgaria of its conquests , reduced its army to 20,000 men , and demanded reparations of £ 100 million . Greece ( edit ) Greece had been exhausted by the Balkan wars and sought to remain neutral , but its strategic position as the gateway to the Balkans made that impossible . In the National Schism , King Constantine I , a traditionalist who had German ties , battled with his modernizing liberal Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who was sympathetic to the Allies . Venizélos with Allied support , set up the short - lived Greek `` state '' of Salonika , from October 1916 to June 1917 . An Allied blockade forced the king to abdicate in June 1917 . Venizélos was now in full control and Greece sided with the Allies and declared war . Greece served as a staging base for large numbers of French , Serbian and other Allied units . By war 's end the Greek army numbered 300,000 and had about 5,000 casualties . The schism between modernizers and traditionalists did not heal and for decades was the polarizing factor in Greek politics . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Main article : History of the Republic of China The warlord Duan Qirui was the most powerful leader in China . He dissolved the parliament and declared war on Germany and Austria - Hungary on August 13 , 1917 . Enemy nationals were detained and their assets seized . Around 175,000 Chinese workers volunteered for well - paid positions in the labor battalions that served the Allies behind the lines in France , and Africa and on supply ships . Some 10,000 died , including over 500 on ships sunk by U-boats . No soldiers were sent overseas . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japan during World War I Japan 's military seized German possessions in the Pacific and East Asia . but there was no large - scale mobilization of the economy . Foreign minister Kato Takaaki and Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu wanted to use the opportunity to expand Japanese influence in China . They enlisted Sun Yat - sen ( 1866 -- 1925 ) , then in exile in Japan , but they had little success . The Imperial Navy , a nearly autonomous bureaucratic institution , made its own decision to undertake expansion in the Pacific . It captured Germany 's Micronesian territories north of the equator , and ruled the islands until 1921 . The operation gave the navy a rationale for enlarging its budget to double the army budget and expanding the fleet . The Navy thus gained significant political influence over national and international affairs . Inflation caused rice prices to quadruple , leading to small - scale riots all across the country in 1918 . The government made thousands of arrests and prevented the newspapers from reporting the riots . Some 250,000 people died in the Spanish flu epidemic in late 1918 . The death rate was much lower than other major countries because some immunity had developed from a mild outbreak earlier ; public health officials successfully warned people to avoid contact ; and the use of inoculation , herbals , masks , and gargling . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Diplomatic history of World War I Economic history of World War I Propaganda in World War I British propaganda during World War I Italian propaganda during World War I Opposition to World War I World War I casualties World War I in popular culture World War I in literature Fiction based on World War I British women 's literature of World War I Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ H.E. Fisk , The Inter-Allied Debts ( 1924 ) pp 13 & 325 reprinted in Horst Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1943 edition ) , appendix table II Jump up ^ Hardach , First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Palm , Trineke ( March 2013 ) . `` Embedded in social cleavages : an explanation of the variation in timing of women 's suffrage '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.2012. 00294. x . Jump up ^ Harvey Fisk , The Inter-Ally Debts : An Analysis of War and Post-War Public Finance , 1914 - 1923 ( 1924 ) pp 1 , 21 - 37 . The book is online at Questia Jump up ^ Fisk , The Inter-Ally Debts pp 21 - 37 . Jump up ^ Peter Gatrell , Russia 's First World War : A Social and Economic History ( 2005 ) pp 132 - 53 Jump up ^ Martin Horn , Britain , France , and the financing of the First World War ( 2002 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wolff ( 2003 ) . Black Sun : The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby . New York Review of Books . ISBN 1 - 59017 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Siegel , For Peace and Money : French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ National Archives `` The war and the changing face of British society '' Jump up ^ Christopher Godden , `` The Business of War : Reflections on Recent Contributions to the Economic and Business Histories of the First World War . '' Œconomia . History , Methodology , Philosophy 6 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 549 - 556 . online Jump up ^ Roger Lloyd - Jones and M.J. Lewis , Arming the Western Front : War , Business and the State in Britain , 1900 -- 1920 ( Routledge , 2016 ) , p 1 . Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry and Peter Howlett , `` The United Kingdom during World War I : business as usual ? '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp. 34 -- 5 , 54 , 58 , 73 -- 76 Jump up ^ Ian F.W. Beckett , The Great war ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) pp 394 -- 395 Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp. 341 , 455 Jump up ^ Arthur Marwick , The Deluge : British Society and the First World War ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ C.M.M. Macdonald and E.W. McFarland , eds , Scotland and the Great War ( Edinburgh : Tuckwell Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ D. Daniel , `` Measures of enthusiasm : new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 - December 1915 '' , Local Population Studies , Spring 2005 , Issue 74 , pp. 16 -- 35 . Jump up ^ I.F.W. Beckett and K.R. Simpson , eds . A Nation in Arms : a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ R.A. Houston and W.W. Knox , eds , The New Penguin History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 2001 ) , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : B. Lenman and J. , Mackie , A History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 1991 ) Jump up ^ D. Coetzee , `` A life and death decision : the influence of trends in fertility , nuptiality and family economies on voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 to December 1915 '' , Family and Community History , Nov 2005 , vol. 8 ( 2 ) , pp. 77 -- 89 . Jump up ^ J. Buchanan , Scotland ( Langenscheidt , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Bruce Lenman , An Economic History of Modern Scotland : 1660 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) pp 206 -- 14 Jump up ^ Iain McLean , The Legend of Red Clydeside ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 1 -- 30 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 73 -- 99 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 478 -- 83 Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish Conscription Crisis , '' Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp. 107 -- 129 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Grigg , Lloyd George vol 4 pp 465 -- 88 Jump up ^ John Gooch , `` The Maurice Debate 1918 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1968 ) 3 # 4 pp. 211 -- 228 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( London : Penguin , 2002 ) , pp 489 -- 512 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 108 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bob Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . Heinemann . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) p. 29 , 94 Jump up ^ Martin D. Pugh , `` Politicians and the Woman 's Vote 1914 -- 1918 , '' History , ( 1974 ) , Vol. 59 Issue 197 , pp 358 -- 374 Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? Peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p 791 Jump up ^ War Office , Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( London , 1922 ) p. 237 Jump up ^ Robert Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook , Canada , 1896 -- 1921 A Nation Transformed ( 1974 ) ch 13 Jump up ^ Frances Swyripa and John Herd Thompson , eds . Loyalties in Conflict : Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jacqueline Hucker , `` ' Battle and Burial ' : Recapturing the Cultural Meaning of Canada 's National Memorial on Vimy Ridge , '' Public Historian , ( Feb 2009 ) 31 # 1 pp 89 -- 109 Jump up ^ Kosmas Tsokhas , `` The Forgotten Economy and Australia 's Involvement in the Great War , '' Diplomacy & Statecraft ( 1993 ) 4 # 2 331 - 357 Jump up ^ See `` First World War 1914 -- 18 '' from Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ Gerhard Fischer , `` ' Negative integration ' and an Australian road to modernity : Interpreting the Australian homefront experience in World War I , '' Australian Historical Studies , ( April 1995 ) 26 # 104 pp 452 -- 76 Jump up ^ Graeme Davidson et al. , The Oxford Companion to Australian History ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) p 283 -- 4 Jump up ^ Fischer , `` ' Negative integration ' and an Australian road to modernity '' p. 452 for quote Jump up ^ Joan Beaumont , Australia 's War 1914 -- 18 ( 1995 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Home front Powers 1914 -- 1918 '' . anzacday.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Ernest Scott , Australia During the War ( 7th ed. 1941 ) p 105 online Jump up ^ `` Internment in Australia during WWI '' . anzacday.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) p. 516 -- 18 , 539 . Jump up ^ Russel Ward , A nation for a continent : The history of Australia , 1901 -- 1975 ( 1977 ) p 110 Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre , The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 4 : 1901 -- 42 , the Succeeding Age ( 1987 ) pp 163 -- 75 Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) pp. 663 -- 65 Jump up ^ Russel Ward , A nation for a continent : The history of Australia , 1901 -- 1975 ( 1977 ) p 110 -- 11 Jump up ^ Ian W. McLean , Why Australia Prospered : The Shifting Sources of Economic Growth ( 2013 ) , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Steven Loveridge , Calls to Arms : New Zealand Society and Commitment to the Great War ( Wellington : Victoria University Press , 2014 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Gwen Parsons , `` The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two , '' History Compass ( 2013 ) 11 # 6 pp 419 -- 428 Jump up ^ Hermann Hiery , `` West Samoans between Germany and New Zealand 1914 -- 1921 , '' War and Society ( 1992 ) 10 # 1 pp 53 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bill Nasson , Springboks on the Somme : South Africa in the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) ; Anne Samson , Britain , South Africa and the East Africa Campaign , 1914 -- 1918 : The Union Comes of Age ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Nasson , Springboks on the Somme ch 8 Jump up ^ Bill Nasson , `` A Great Divide : Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa , '' War & Society ( 1994 ) 12 # 1 pp 47 -- 64 Jump up ^ Tucker , European Powers , pp 353 -- 4 Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2001 ) 1 : 791 - 814 Jump up ^ David Stevenson , With Our Backs to the Wall ( 2011 ) pp 257 -- 8 , 381 Jump up ^ John Horne and Alan Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ( Yale U.P. 2001 ) ch 1 - 2 , esp . p. 76 Jump up ^ Horne and Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ch 3 - 4 show there were no `` franc - tireurs '' in Belgium . Jump up ^ Horne and Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ch 5 - 8 Jump up ^ E.H. Kossmann . The Low Countries ( 1978 ) , p 523 -- 35 Jump up ^ Kossmann , p 525 Jump up ^ Johan den Hertog , `` The Commission for Relief in Belgium and the Political Diplomatic History of the First World War , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft , ( Dec 2010 ) 21 # 4 pp 593 -- 613 , Jump up ^ Laurence van Ypersele and Xavier Rousseaux , `` Leaving the War : Popular Violence and Judicial Repression of ' unpatriotic ' behaviour in Belgium ( 1918 -- 1921 ) , '' European Review of History ( Spring 2005 ) 12 # 3 pp 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Belgian Congo '' in Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1922 edition ) online Jump up ^ Martha Hanna , The mobilization of intellect : French scholars and writers during the Great War ( Harvard University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Greenhalgh , `` Writing about France 's Great War . '' ( 2005 ) : 601 - 612 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leonard V. Smith , `` War and ' Politics ' : The French Army Mutinies of 1917 , '' War in History , ( April 1995 ) 2 # 2 pp 180 -- 201 Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) pp 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Pierre - Cyrille Hautcoeur , `` Was the Great War a watershed ? The economics of World War I in France , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French depression in the 1930s . '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 # 1 pp : 73 - 99 . Jump up ^ Collins , `` The Business of Journalism in Provincial France during World War I , '' ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Hans Rogger , `` Russia in 1914 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1966 ) 1 # 4 pp. 95 -- 119 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter Gatrell , `` Poor Russia , poor show : mobilising a backward economy for war , 1914 -- 1917 , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ John M. Thompson , Revolutionary Russia , 1917 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Fallows , `` Politics and the War Effort in Russia : The Union of Zemstvos and the Organization of the Food Supply , 1914 -- 1916 , '' Slavic Review ( 1978 ) 37 # 1 pp. 70 -- 90 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Francesco Galassi and Mark Harrison , `` Italy at war , 1915 -- 1918 , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch. 9 Jump up ^ Thomas Nelson Page , Italy and the world war ( 1992 ) online at Google Jump up ^ Luigi Tomassini , `` Industrial Mobilization and the labour market in Italy during the First World War , '' Social History , ( Jan 1991 ) , 16 # 1 pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ Tucker , European Powers in the First World War , p 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Hugh Rockoff , `` Until it 's over , over there : the US economy in World War I , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , The United States in World War I ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Albrecht Ritschl , `` The pity of peace : Germany 's economy at war , 1914 -- 1918 and beyond , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . ' The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 2 Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 141 -- 42 Jump up ^ N.P. Howard , `` The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 , '' German History ( 1993 ) 11 # 2 pp 161 -- 88 online table p 166 , with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919 . Jump up ^ Keith Allen , `` Sharing scarcity : Bread rationing and the First World War in Berlin , 1914 -- 1923 , '' Journal of Social History , ( Winter 1998 ) 32 # 2 pp 371 -- 93 in JSTOR Jump up ^ A.J. Ryder , The German Revolution of 1918 : A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt ( 1st ed. 1967 / 2008 ) Jump up ^ Max - Stephan Schulze , `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 3 online Jump up ^ Robert A. Kann , et al. eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Maureen Healy , Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Schulze , `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I , '' Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel p 396 - 97 Jump up ^ Şevket Pamuk , `` The Ottoman Economy in World War I '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 4 , esp . p 112 Jump up ^ Feroz Ahmad , `` War and Society under the Young Turks , 1908 -- 18 , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center , ( 1988 ) 11 # 2 pp 265 -- 286 Jump up ^ Nadi _̇ r Özbek , `` Defining the public sphere during the late Ottoman Empire : War , mass mobilization and the young Turk regime ( 1908 -- 18 ) , '' Middle Eastern Studies , ( Sept 2007 ) 43 # 5 pp 795 -- 809 Jump up ^ see text of jihad Jump up ^ Mustafa Aksakal , `` ' Holy War Made in Germany ' ? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad , '' War in History ( April 2011 ) 18 # 2 pp 184 -- 199 Jump up ^ Hasan Kayali , Arabs and Young Turks : Ottomanism , Arabism , and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire , 1908 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ronald Grigor Suny , `` Truth in Telling : Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians , '' American Historical Review ( 2009 ) 114 # 4 pp. 930 -- 946 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stevenson , Cataclysm p 59 Jump up ^ Dragan Zivojinovic , `` Serbia and Montenegro : The Home Front '' in Béla K. Király , ed . East Central European society in World War I ( 1985 ) pp 253 -- 59 esp p 243 Jump up ^ Jonathan E. Gumz , The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Andrej Mitrovic , Serbia 's Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Zivojinovic , `` Serbia and Montenegro : The Home Front '' p 256 Jump up ^ Zdenko Zlatar , `` Nationalism in Serbia ( 1804 -- 1918 ) , '' Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism ( 1979 ) Vol. 6 , pp 100 -- 113 Jump up ^ Tucker , The European powers in the First World War ( 1996 ) . pp 149 -- 52 Jump up ^ Richard C. Hall , `` Bulgaria in the First World War , '' Historian , ( Summer 2011 ) 73 # 2 pp 300 -- 315 online Jump up ^ George B. Leontaritis , Greece and the First World War ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Mark Mazower , `` The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie : Venizelos and Politics in Greece , 1909 -- 1912 , '' Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 35 # 4 pp. 885 -- 904 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Guoqi Xu , China and the Great War : China 's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Frederick R. Dickinson , War and National Reinvention : Japan in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Albert A. Altman and Harold Z . Schiffrin , `` Sun Yat - Sen and the Japanese , 1914 -- 16 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( July 1972 ) 6 # 4 pp 385 -- 400 Jump up ^ J.C. Schencking , `` Bureaucratic Politics , Military Budgets and Japan 's Southern Advance : The Imperial Navy 's Seizure of German Micronesia in the First World War , '' War in History , ( July 1998 ) 5 # 3 pp 308 -- 326 Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Rice and Edwina Palmer , `` Pandemic influenza in Japan , 1918 -- 19 : Mortality patterns and official responses , '' Journal of Japanese Studies , ( Summer 1993 ) 19 # 2 pp 389 -- 420 Further reading ( edit ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . v. 30 - 31 - 32 partly online and list of article titles full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 The Cambridge History of the First World War Volume 3 : Civil Society ( 2014 ) online Fisk , H.E. The Inter-Ally Debts : An Analysis of War and Post-War Public Finance , 1914 - 1923 ( 1924 ) online Questia Godden , Christopher . `` The Business of War : Reflections on Recent Contributions to the Economic and Business Histories of the First World War . '' Œconomia . History , Methodology , Philosophy 6 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 549 - 556 . online Grayzel , Susan . Women and the First World War ( 2002 ) , worldwide coverage Herwig , Holger H. , and Neil M. Heyman , eds . Biographical Dictionary of World War I ( Greenwood , 1982 ) ; includes prime ministers and main civilian leaders . Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook ( 2003 ) , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , stressing military themes ; annotates over 1000 books -- mostly military but many on the homefront ; online edition Horne , John N. , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2010 ) , 38 essays by leading scholars covering all facets of the war excerpt and text search Horne , John N. State , Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War ( 2002 ) Proctor , Tammy M. Civilians in a World at War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2010 ) 410pp ; global coverage excerpt and text search Stevenson , David . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy ( 2005 ) 625pp ; excerpt and text search Stevenson , David . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search covers both the homefront and the battlefields for the major powers Strachen , Hew . The First World War ( vol 1 , 2005 ) 1225pp ; covers the battlefields and chief home fronts in 1914 -- 1917 excerpt and text search Tucker , Spencer , ed . European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Tucker , Spencer , ed . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol 2005 ) ; the most detailed reference source ; articles by specialists cover all aspects of the war Tucker , Spencer C. , ed . World War I : A Student Encyclopedia . 4 vol . ABC - CLIO , 2006 . 2454 pp . Winter , J.M. The Experience of World War I ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Economics ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of World War I § Further reading Broadberry , Stephen , and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 85212 - 9 . Covers France , Britain , USA , Russia , Italy , Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire , and the Netherlands , 362pp ; excerpt and text search ; online review Grayzel , Susan . Women and the First World War ( 2002 ) , worldwide coverage Stevenson , David . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search , pp 350 -- 438 , covers major countries Hardach , Gerd . The First World War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) , economic history of major powers Thorp , William Long . Business Annals : United States , England , France , Germany , Austria , Russia , Sweden Netherlands , Italy , Argentina , Brazil , Canada , South Africa , Australia , India , Japan , China ( 1926 ) capsule summary of conditions in each country for each quarter - year 1790 -- 1925 Britain ( edit ) Butler , Simon . The War Horses : The Tragic Fate of a Million Horses Sacrificed in the First World War ( 2011 ) Cassar , George . Lloyd George at War , 1916 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Cooksley , Peter . The Home Front : Civilian Life in World War One ( 2006 ) Dewey , P.E. `` Food Production and Policy in the United Kingdom , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ( 1980 ) . v. 30 , pp 71 -- 89 . in JSTOR Doyle , Peter . First World War Britain : 1914 -- 1919 ( 2012 ) Fairlie , John A. British War Administration ( 1919 ) online edition Ferguson , Niall The Pity of War ( 1999 ) , 563pp ; cultural and economic themes online edition French , David . The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition , 1916 -- 1918 Oxford University Press , 1995 Fry , Michael . `` Political Change in Britain , August 1914 to December 1916 : Lloyd George Replaces Asquith : The Issues Underlying the Drama , '' Historical Journal ( 1988 ) 31 # 3 pp. 609 -- 627 in JSTOR Goebel , Stefan and White , Jerry . ' London and the First World War ' . London Journal 41 : 3 ( 2016 ) , 1 -- 20 . Gregory , Adrian . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Grigg , John . Lloyd George : war leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) Havighurst , Alfred F. Twentieth - Century Britain . 1966 . standard survey online edition Hazlehurst , Cameron . `` Asquith as Prime Minister , 1908 -- 1916 , '' The English Historical Review Vol. 85 , No. 336 ( Jul. 1970 ) , pp. 502 -- 531 in JSTOR Johnson , Matthew . `` The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal Advocacy of Conscription in Britain , 1914 -- 1916 , '' Historical Journal , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ( June , 2008 ) , pp. 399 -- 420 in JSTOR Little , John Gordon . `` H.H. Asquith and Britain 's Manpower Problem , 1914 -- 1915 . '' History 1997 82 ( 267 ) : 397 -- 409 . ISSN 0018 - 2648 ; admits the problem was bad but exonerates Asquith Fulltext : in Ebsco Marwick , Arthur . The Deluge : British Society and the First World War , ( 1965 ) Matthew , H.C.G. `` Asquith , Herbert Henry , first earl of Oxford and Asquith ( 1852 -- 1928 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , online Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and Germany Paddock , Troy R.E. A call to arms : propaganda , public opinion , and newspapers in the Great War ( 2004 ) Silbey , David . The British Working Class and Enthusiasm for War , 1914 -- 1916 ( 2005 ) online edition Simmonds , Alan G.V. Britain and World War One ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Storey , Neil R. Women in the First World War ( 2010 ) Taylor , A.J.P. English History : 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 1 -- 119 Turner , John , ed . Britain and the First World War ( 1988 ) Wilson , Trevor . The Myriad Faces of War : Britain and the Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search 864pp ; covers both the homefront and the battlefields Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Whetham , Edith H. The Agrarian History of England and Wales : Volume VIII : 1914 - 39 ( Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) , pp 70 -- 123 Year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1915 Annual Register 1916 Annual Register 1917 Annual Register 1918 Annual Register 1919 Historiography ( edit ) Holbrook , Carolyn , and Nathan Wise . `` In the Shadow of Anzac : Labour Historiography of the First World War in Australia . '' History Compass 14.7 ( 2016 ) : 314 - 325 . link Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and the Empire , and Germany War Office . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( London , 1922 ) , 880pp online edition Dominions , India ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § First World War homefront Beaumont , Joan . Australia 's War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1995 ) . Condliffe , J.B. `` New Zealand during the War , '' Economic Journal ( 1919 ) 29 # 114 pp. 167 -- 185 in JSTOR , free , economic mobilisation Crawford , John , and Ian McGibbon , eds . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies and the First World War ( 2008 ) Keith , Arthur Berriedale ( 1921 ) . War government of the British dominions . Brown R.C. , and Ramsay Cook . Canada , 1896 -- 1921 A Nation Transformed. ( 1974 ) , a standard survey Grundlingh , Albert M. Fighting their own war : South African blacks and the First World War ( Ravan Pressof South Africa , 1987 ) . Loveridge , Steven , Calls to Arms : New Zealand Society and Commitment to the Great War ( 2014 ) Macintyre , Stuart . The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 4 : 1901 -- 42 , the Succeeding Age ( 1993 ) MacKenzie , David , ed . Canada and the First World War ( 2005 ) 16 essays by leading scholars excerpt and text search Morton , Desmond , and Jack Granatstein . Marching to Armageddon : Canadians and the Great War 1914 -- 1919 ( 1989 ) Nasson , Bill . Springboks on the Somme : South Africa in the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( Johannesburg and New York , Penguin , 2007 ) Samson , Anne . Britain , South Africa and the East Africa Campaign , 1914 -- 1918 : The Union Comes of Age ( 2006 ) 262pp Shaw , Amy . `` Expanding the Narrative : A First World War with Women , Children , and Grief , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2014 ) 95 # 3 pp 398 -- 406 . online Tinker , Hugh . `` India in the First World War and after . '' Journal of contemporary history 3.4 ( 1968 ) : 89 - 107 . in JSTOR Winegard , Timothy C. Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search , covers Canada , Australia , Newfoundland , New Zealand and South Africa France ( edit ) Audoin - Rouzeau , Stéphane , and Annette Becker. 14 - 18 : Understanding the Great War ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Becker , Jean Jacques . The Great War and the French People ( 1986 ) Darrow , Margaret H. French Women and the First World War : War Stories of the Home Front ( Berg , 2000 ) online edition Fridenson , Patrick . The French home front , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1992 ) Grayzel , Susan R. Women 's identities at war : gender , motherhood , and politics in Britain and France during the First World War ( 1999 ) . Greenhalgh , Elizabeth . `` Writing about France 's Great War . '' ( 2005 ) : 601 - 612 . in JSTOR McPhail , Helen . The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( 2014 ) Smith , Leonard V. et al. France and the Great War ( 2003 ) 222pp ; excerpt and text search Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Russia ( edit ) Badcock , Sarah . `` The Russian Revolution : Broadening Understandings of 1917 . '' History Compass 6.1 ( 2008 ) : 243 - 262 . Historiography online Gatrell , Peter . Russia 's First World War : A Social and Economic History ( 2005 ) . Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 4 ( 2015 ) 668 - 700 online Gaudin , Corinne . `` Rural Echoes of World War I : War Talk in the Russian Village . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas ( 2008 ) : 391 - 414 . in English . Jahn , Hubertus F. Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I ( 1998 ) Lincoln , W. Bruce . Passage through Armageddon : the Russians in war and revolution , 1914 - 1918 ( 1986 ) Sanborn , Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse : The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire ( 2014 ) . excerpt Sanborn , Joshua A. Drafting the Russian Nation : Military Conscription , Total War , and Mass Politics , 1905 - 1925 ( 2003 ) Sanborn , Joshua A . `` The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation : A Reexamination , '' Slavic Review 59 # 2 ( 2000 ) , pp. 267 -- 289 in JSTOR Wade , Rex A . The Russian Revolution , 1917 ( Cambridge UP , 2000 ) . excerpt Wood , Alan . The Origins of the Russian Revolution , 1861 -- 1917 ( Routledge , 2004 ) US ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the ' Forgotten War ' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 1997 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 online at ACLS e-books Scott , Emmett Jay . Scott 's Official History of the American Negro in the World War ( 1919 ) 511 pages online edition Slosson , Preston William . The Great Crusade and after , 1914 -- 1928 ( 1930 ) . social history online edition Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience . 2000 . 272 pp . Other Allies ( edit ) De Grand , Alexander . Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism , 1882 -- 1922 ( 2001 ) Dickinson , Frederick R. War and National Reinvention : Japan in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Krippner , Monica . The Quality of Mercy : Women at War Serbia 1915 -- 18 ( 1980 ) Mitrovic , Andrej . Serbia 's Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Page , Thomas Nelson . Italy and the world war ( 1992 ) online at Google Xu , Guoqi . China and the Great War : China 's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization ( 2011 ) Central Powers ( edit ) Bloxham , Donald . The Great Game of Genocide : Imperialism , Nationalism , and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) Chickering , R. Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1998 ) Daniel , Ute . The war from within : German working - class women in the First World War ( 1997 ) . Davis , Belinda Joy . Home Fires Burning : Food , Politics , and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Feldman , Gerald D. Army , industry , and labor in Germany , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1966 ) Healy , Maureen . Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Herwig , Holger H. The First World War : Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) Howard , N.P. `` The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 , '' German History ( 1993 ) 11 # 2 pp 161 -- 88 online Kann , Robert A. et al. , eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) online borrowing copy Kocka , Jürgen . Facing total war : German society , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1984 ) . online at ACLS e-books Lutz , Ralph Haswell , ed . Fall of the German Empire , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2 vol 1932 ) . 868pp online review , primary sources McCarthy , Justin . The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire ( 2001 ) . Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and Germany Osborne , Eric . Britain 's Economic Blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Verhey , Jeffrey . The Spirit of 1914 . Militarism , Myth and Mobilization in Germany ( Cambridge University Press 2000 ) Watson , Alexander . Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I ( 2014 ) Welch , David . Germany , Propaganda and Total War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2003 ) Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Ziemann , Benjamin . War Experiences in Rural Germany , 1914 -- 1923 ( Berg , 2007 ) online edition Historiography ( edit ) Rietzler , Katharina . `` The war as history : Writing the economic and social history of the First World War . '' Diplomatic History 38.4 ( 2014 ) : 826 - 839 . Winter , Jay and Antoine Prost . The Great War in History : Debates and Controversies , 1914 to the Present ( 2005 ) Winter , Jay M. `` Catastrophe and Culture : Recent Trends in the Historiography of the First World War , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1992 ) 64 # 3 525 - 532 in JSTOR Primary Sources and year Books ( edit ) Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomancy ( 1940 ) , 475pp summarizes published memoirs by main participants Marwick , Arthur , and W. Simpson , eds . War , Peace and Social Change - Europe 1900 - 1955 - Documents I : 1900 -- 1929 ( 1990 ) Pollard , Sidney and Colin Holmes , eds . Documents of European Economic History Volume 3 The End of the Old Europe 1914 -- 1939 ( 1973 ) pp 1 -- 89 ; 33 short excerpts Shevin - Coetzee , Marilyn , and Frans Coetzee , eds . World War One and European Society ( 1995 ) . Shevin - Coetzee , Marilyn , and Frans Coetzee , eds . World War I : A History in Documents ( 2002 ) online edition New International Year Book 1913 ( 1914 ) Comprehensive coverage of world affairs ; strong on economics ; 867pp New International Year Book 1914 ( 1915 ) , 913pp New International Year Book 1915 ( 1916 ) , 791pp New International Year Book 1916 ( 1917 ) , 938pp New International Year Book 1917 ( 1918 ) , 904 pp New International Year Book 1918 ( 1919 ) , 904 pp New International Year Book 1919 ( 1920 ) , 744pp New International Year Book 1920 ( 1921 ) , 844 pp New International Year Book 1921 ( 1922 ) , 848 pp External links ( edit ) Links to other sites , by county World War I . History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people ( Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , Pontic Greek genocide ) Blockade of Germany Women ( Australia ) Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary ( commemorations ) Portal World War I at Wiktionary WWI textbooks at Wikibooks WWI quotations at Wikiquote WWI source texts at Wikisource WWI images & media at Commons WWI news stories at Wikinews Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_front_during_World_War_I&oldid=798230437 '' Categories : Home front during World War I World War I Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20front%20during%20World%20War%20I

when was big brothers big sisters canada founded

Big Brothers Big Sisters is a non-profit federation with a focus on mentoring programs for youth since 1912 . The Big Brothers Big Sisters movement in Canada impacts over 40,000 youth in over 1,100 Canadian communities .

1912

Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada

big brothers big sisters of canada

Big Brothers Big Sisters is a non-profit federation with a focus on mentoring programs for youth since 1912 . The Big Brothers Big Sisters movement in Canada impacts over 40,000 youth in over 1,100 Canadian communities .

Many young people find themselves in vulnerable situations and facing adversities such as mental health issues , family violence , identity issues or poor living conditions , which put them at risk of not reaching their full potential . With the guidance and support of an adult mentor , these risks can be avoided , and these young people can gain the confidence to achieve more -- higher incomes , happier lives , more contributions to their communities . Mentors advise and challenge these young people , act as their champions , provide greater consistency in their lives , connect them to broader experiences , opportunities and networks , and provide safe , nonjudgmental environments in which the child or youth can confide anything . Contents ( hide ) 1 Programs 2 History 3 References 4 External links Programs ( edit ) Big Brothers Big Sisters mentoring programs continuously evolve to meet the changing needs of Canadian children and families - from the traditional one - to - one same gender matches between one adult mentor and one youth , to group programs and clubs for newcomer Canadians . History ( edit ) The youth mentoring movement began in the USA in 1904 , when a young New York City court clerk named Ernest Coulter was seeing more and more boys come through his courtroom . He recognized that caring adults could help many of these kids stay out of trouble , and he set out to find volunteers . He asked a number of his friends to spend some of their time -- lending a hand to youngsters , starting with 39 volunteers . That marked the beginning of the Big Brothers movement . By 1916 , Big Brothers had spread to 96 cities across the United States . In 1912 , similar events took place in Canada and the first Canadian Big Sister agency formed in Toronto . Closely afterwards , in 1913 , the first Canadian Big Brother program began in Toronto . Both groups continued to work independently until 1977 , when Big Brothers of America and Big Sisters International ( in America ) joined forces and became Big Brothers Big Sisters of America . In 2001 a similar merger occurred between the two Canadian organizations and Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada was formed . Interest grew from outside North America , spurring the formation of Big Brothers Big Sisters International to help other countries get started and facilitate communications between countries running similar programs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://bigbrothersbigsisters.ca/about-us/ Jump up ^ https://bigbrothersbigsisters.ca/what-we-do/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://bigbrothersbigsisters.ca/our-programs/ Jump up ^ Big Brothers Big Sisters of America Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of History '' . bbbst.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of History '' . bbbst.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada - Mission / Vision Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brothers_Big_Sisters_of_Canada&oldid=837818466 '' Categories : Mentorships Children 's charities based in Canada Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 06 : 46 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Brothers%20Big%20Sisters%20of%20Canada

how is the flag draped over a casket

The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded thirteen times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces .

Military funerals in the United States

military funerals in the united states

A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin .

In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded thirteen times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=842547204 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20funerals%20in%20the%20United%20States

who does the aicpa code of professional conduct apply to

The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is a collection of codified statements issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants that outline a CPA 's ethical and professional responsibilities . The code establishes standards for auditor independence , integrity and objectivity , responsibilities to clients and colleagues and acts discreditable to the accounting profession . The AICPA is responsible for drafting , revising and reissuing the code annually , on June 1 . The current Code is available at the AICPA Web site . For older versions of the Code , see the links below .

CPA 's

AICPA code of professional conduct

aicpa code of professional conduct

The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is a collection of codified statements issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants that outline a CPA 's ethical and professional responsibilities . The code establishes standards for auditor independence , integrity and objectivity , responsibilities to clients and colleagues and acts discreditable to the accounting profession . The AICPA is responsible for drafting , revising and reissuing the code annually , on June 1 . The current Code is available at the AICPA Web site . For older versions of the Code , see the links below .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable sections 2.1 Section 51 - Preamble 2.2 Section 101 - Independence 3 List of AICPA Code of Conduct and by - laws sections from AICPA Professional standards , 1974 - 2007 4 List of AICPA Code of Conduct and By - Laws Sections published as pamphlets , 1917 - 1997 5 References History ( edit ) Joseph Edmund Sterrett outlined the debate and issues in setting up a Code of Professional Conduct in his address to the annual meeting of the American Association of Public Accountants in 1907 The earliest `` official '' version of the code of professional conduct among American accountants was issued by the American Institute of Accountants on April 9 , 1917 . Notable sections ( edit ) Section 51 - preamble ( edit ) The opening principle of the code is that membership , and therefore adherence , to the code is voluntary . This means that an accountant is never under a legal responsibility to adhere to the code , and can renounce the code and membership in the AICPA at any time . Section 101 - independence ( edit ) Section 101 sets forth the various requirements to establish auditor independence and conditions that nullify it . Knowingly allowing a member who is not independent to continue to work on an engagement can result in disciplinary action from the AICPA , including possible revocation of the members status as a CPA . Generally , the following actions will impair auditor independence : Authorizing , executing or consummating a transaction , or otherwise exercising authority on behalf of a client or having the authority to do so . Preparing source documents , in electronic or other form , evidencing the occurrence of a transaction . Having custody of client assets . Supervising client employees in the performance of their normal recurring activities . Determining which recommendations of the member should be implemented . Reporting to the board of directors on behalf of management . Serving as a client 's stock transfer or escrow agent , registrar , general counsel or its equivalent . Establishing or maintaining internal controls , including performing ongoing monitoring activities . Auditor independence is impaired if a member on the engagement team has a direct or material indirect financial interest in the client . Member 's on the engagement team are not allowed to be on the board of trustees of a trust that owns , or has committed to owning more than 10 % of the client 's equity . A member or any of their immediate family are not allowed to own more than 5 % of the clients equity . For the period being audited , the auditor is not allowed to operate as an officer , director , manager , promoter , underwriter or voting trustee for the client . If a member leaves the auditing firm and is employed by the client , the entire firms independence is deemed to be impaired . If an audit member is made a job offer by the client and does not immediately report and remove themselves from the engagement , their independence is impaired . However , if the member does report the job offer and rejects it , and is no longer being considered for a position with the client , than their independence is not impaired . When the auditing member has a previous employment relationship with the client , barring certain exceptions , the auditor is required to liquidate any employee welfare programs that they have vested benefits in and collect or pay any loans outstanding to the client . The immediate family of the auditor is considered part of the test for impairment of independence . The exception to this is that the immediate family members of auditors are allowed to work for the client in non-management roles . If the auditor provides non-attest services such as tax support or consulting , they are required to adhere to the independence requirements of other regulatory bodies that govern those services . Failure to do so will impair their independence for their audit engagement as well . List of AICPA Code of Conduct and by - laws sections from AICPA Professional standards , 1974 - 2007 ( edit ) No . Date Official title September 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of September 1 , 1974 full - text September 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of September 1 , 1975 full - text 1976 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of July 1 , 1976 full - text 1977 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of July 1 , 1977 full - text 1978 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of July 1 , 1978 full - text 1979 July 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of July 1 , 1979 full - text 1980 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of June 1 , 1980 full - text 1981 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , Quality control , as of June 1 , 1981 full - text 1982 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1982 full - text June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1983 full - text 1984 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1984 full - text 1985 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1985 full - text 1986 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1986 full - text June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Ethics , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1987 full - text 1988 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1988 full - text October 1 AICPA Professional standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of October 1 , 1989 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1990 full - text 1991 June 1 AICPA Professional Standards : Code of Conduct , Bylaws , as of June 1 , 1991 full - text 1992 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and Bylaws as of June 1 , 1992 full - text 1993 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1993 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1994 full - text 1995 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1995 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 1996 full - text 1997 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct as of June 1 , 1997 full - text 1997 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Bylaws as of June 1 , 1997 full - text 1998 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct as of June 1 , 1998 full - text 1998 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Bylaws as of June 1 , 1998 full - text 1999 April 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of April 1 , 1999 full - text 2000 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2000 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2001 full - text 2002 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2002 full - text 2003 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2003 full - text June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2004 full - text 2005 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2005 full - text 2006 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2006 full - text 2007 June 1 AICPA professional standards : Code of professional conduct and bylaws as of June 1 , 2007 full - text List of AICPA Code of Conduct and By - Laws Sections published as pamphlets , 1917 - 1997 ( edit ) Year Date Official title 1917 April 9 Rules of professional conduct : prepared by the Committee on Professional Ethics and approved by the Council April 9 , 1917 full - text 1919 September 30 Rules of professional conduct : including amendments and additions prepared by the Committee on Professional Ethics and approved by the Council prior to September 30 , 1919 full - text 1931 - 1932 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1931 - 1932 full - text 1938 - 1939 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1938 - 1939 full - text 1940 By - laws and Rules of professional conduct , 1940 full - text 1942 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1942 full - text 1943 By - laws and rules of professional conduct , 1943 full - text 1944 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1944 full - text 1945 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1945 full - text 1948 By - laws and rules of professional conduct 1948 full - text 1950 December 18 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , as amended by vote of the membership December 19 , 1950 full - text 1952 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1952 full - text 1954 January 4 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1954 full - text 1956 January 9 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct 1956 full - text 1958 By - laws ; Rules of professional conduct ; Numbered opinions of the committee on professional ethics full - text 1959 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , 1959 full - text 1960 February 2 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , 1960 full - text 1961 By - laws , Rules of professional conduct , Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics , Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council , 1961 full - text 1964 By - laws ; Code of professional ethics ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council full - text 1965 By - laws ; Code of professional ethics ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council full - text 1965 Code of professional ethics & numbered opinions 1965 full - text 1967 March 20 Code of professional ethics as amended March 4 , 1965 ; By - laws as amended March 20 , 1967 ; Numbered opinions of the Committee on Professional Ethics ; Objectives of the Institute adopted by Council ; Description of the Professional Practice of Certified Public Accountants full - text 1969 December 30 Code of professional ethics as amended December 30 , 1969 , and interpretative opinions full - text 1970 Summaries of ethics rulings full - text 1972 Restatement of the code of professional conduct ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text 1973 March 1 Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 ; March 1974 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of Professional ethics ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text February 1 Bylaws as amended February 1 , 1974 ; Implementing resolutions of Council ; Objectives of the Institute ; Description of the professional practice of certified public accountants full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 , March 1975 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text March Code of professional ethics , Effective March 1 , 1973 , March 1975 edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct ; Interpretations of rules of conduct full - text 1976 March 1 Code of professional ethics , March 1 , 1976 , edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct , effective March 1 , 1973 ; Interpretations of rules of conduct ; Ethics rulings full - text 1977 May 1 Code of professional ethics , May 1 , 1977 , edition ; Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct , effective March 1 , 1973 ; Interpretations of rules of conduct ; Ethics rulings full - text 1978 March 31 Rules of conduct as amended March 31 , 1978 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended March 31 , 1978 full - text 1981 October 15 Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 15 , 1981 ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended March 31 , 1979 ( 1981 ) full - text May 10 Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 10 , 1983 ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 full - text 1984 Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 10 , 1983 ( 1984 ) 3 full - text 1985 May 15 Concepts of professional ethics ; Rules of conduct of the code of professional ethics as amended January 6 , 1983 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended May 15 , 1985 full - text 1988 January 12 Code of professional conduct as adopted January 12 , 1988 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 12 , 1988 full - text 1991 May 20 Code of professional conduct as amended May 20 , 1991 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 8 , 1990 full - text 1992 January 14 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended January 14 , 1992 full - text 1993 May 26 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions as amended May 26 , 1993 full - text June 17 Code of professional conduct as amended January 14 , 1992 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended June 17 , 1996 full - text 1997 October 28 Code of professional conduct and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 28 , 1997 ; Bylaws and implementing resolutions of Council as amended October 28 , 1997 full - text References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AICPA Code of Professional Conduct , Section ET 51.02 , American Institute of Certified Public Accountants , June 1st , 2011 Jump up ^ Sterrett , Joseph Edmund . `` Professional Ethics . In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting at St. Paul , Minn. , October Fourteenth -- Seventeenth , Nineteen Hundred and Seven . American Association of Public Accountants . Pp. 108 - 133 Jump up ^ Code of Professional Conduct , American Institute of Accountants , April 9 , 1917 Jump up ^ Marquette , R. Penny . `` Ethics , Professional . '' In History of Accounting : An International Encyclopedia , edited by Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch . New York : Garland Publishing , pp. 233 - 235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AICPA_Code_of_Professional_Conduct&oldid=792893289 '' Categories : Codes of conduct Accounting in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AICPA%20Code%20of%20Professional%20Conduct

where was the movie secrets in the walls filmed

Secrets in the Walls

secrets in the walls

Secrets in the Walls is an American made for television mystery horror drama film directed by Christopher Leitch and starring Jeri Ryan . It aired on October 24 , 2010 in the United States on the Lifetime Movie Network . It was released on DVD on September 20 , 2011 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Molly , Lizzie ( two sisters ) , and their mom , Rachel , move from the downtown Detroit to the Ferndale , Michigan , into a very old house . After many strange things begin to happen , Rachel does some research on the house 's history and finds out that the house was owned in the 1950s by a 17 - year - old German girl , Greta , and her abusive husband , and that while she lived there , she went missing and was never seen again . Upon searching the house , Rachel and her brother discover the girl 's skeleton boarded up inside the wall of Lizzie 's bedroom with scratch marks on the wood inside , suggesting she was locked in there while still alive . They assume that by releasing her remains , she can move on in peace to the spirit realm . However , after being locked up for so long and deprived of her life , Greta is n't so compliant . Lizzie is the same age as Greta was when she died , so Greta uses her powers to trade places with Lizzie by means of a necklace that belonged to her when she was alive . Molly sees right through Greta , knowing that she is n't Lizzie , but no one else believes her . Meanwhile , Rachel 's friend , who is skilled at dealing with spirits , has come to try to get rid of Greta 's presence , not knowing that her spirit and Lizzie 's have switched places . She almost banishes Lizzie 's spirit to the afterlife when Molly enters , disturbing the ritual , and explains to Rachel and her friend what is really going on . Rachel plays along the next day , acting as if she does n't know Lizzie 's body is inhabited by Greta , and lures her back to the house . While on the large staircase , she confronts Greta , asking if she knows why she named her daughter Lizzie , something the real Lizzie would know in an instant . Greta has no idea , and the two begin to fight . Rachel has Lizzie / Greta pinned , hanging over the banister of the stairs , and starts calling Lizzie to fight Greta off and take back her body . With a surge of strength , Greta tries to fight Rachel off one last time . Lizzie is finally able to get back in her body and she says `` Mom ? '' , but then she falls off the edge of the stairs . When she hits the ground , she is severely damaged . After several minutes , Lizzie regains consciousness with the words , `` You named me Elizabeth because she was strong '' referring to Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice , Rachel 's favorite book . Rachel moves out with Molly and Lizzie , only to discover the person who sold them the house already leading new potential buyers inside . Rachel feels morally obligated to warn the potential customers of the house 's past and her experience in it , but they write her off as crazy . She seems content to have tried , and drives off with her two daughters and her brother . The very last scene shows the buyers walking in as Rachel 's family drives away , and Greta 's ghost glaring after them out of an upstairs window , suggesting that she is not ready to give up the life she never had quite yet . Cast ( edit ) Jeri Ryan -- Rachel Easton Kay Panabaker -- Lizzie Easton Peyton Roi List -- Molly Easton Ian Kahn -- Marty Marianne Jean - Baptiste -- Belle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Secrets in the Walls on IMDb External links ( edit ) Secrets in the Walls on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secrets_in_the_Walls&oldid=788989134 '' Categories : 2010 films 2010 television films American films English - language films Ghost films Lifetime ( TV network ) films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 17 : 24 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets%20in%20the%20Walls

where does the name pg tips come from

In the 1930s , Brooke Bond launched PG Tips in the tea market in the United Kingdom under the name Pre-Gestee - a variant of the original name ' Digestive Tea ' . The name implied that it could be drunk prior to eating food , as a digestive aid . Grocers and salesmen abbreviated it to PG .

Pre-Gestee - a variant of the original name ' Digestive Tea '

PG Tips

pg tips

PG Tips is a brand of tea in the United Kingdom , manufactured by Unilever UK .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Brand name 2 Products 3 Advertising 3.1 The Tipps family 3.2 The T - Birds 3.3 Monkey 3.4 A Tale of Two Continents 4 PG Tips and sustainability 5 See also 6 Slogans 7 Notes 8 External links Brand name ( edit ) In the 1930s , Brooke Bond launched PG Tips in the tea market in the United Kingdom under the name Pre-Gestee - a variant of the original name ' Digestive Tea ' . The name implied that it could be drunk prior to eating food , as a digestive aid . Grocers and salesmen abbreviated it to PG . After the Second World War , labelling regulations ruled out describing tea as aiding digestion -- a property that had been attributed to tea -- and by 1950 / 1 the PG name was adopted . The company added `` Tips '' referring to the fact that only the tips ( the top two leaves and bud ) of the tea plants are used in the blend . Products ( edit ) The Brooke Bond name has now been dropped from all packaging , and the product is now known as PG Tips . PG Tips is available as loose tea , tea bags , and in vending formats . A `` Special Blend '' tea , which is the same as the tea blended for the brand 's 75th anniversary , is available in tea bag form only . The tea used in PG Tips is imported in bulk as single estate teas from around the world and blended in precise proportions set by the tea tasters to make blend 777 , which can contain between 12 and 35 single estate teas at any one time ( depending on season , etc . ) at the Trafford Park factory in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford , Greater Manchester . PG Tags , tea bags with a string , were launched in 1985 , and tetrahedron - shaped tea bags in 1996 ( branded as Pyramid Bags ) . The tetrahedral bag was designed to help the tea leaves move more freely , as loose tea moves in a teapot , and supposedly create a better infusion . One 2011 version of the product packaging makes the claim : `` The PG Tips pyramid tea bag gives the tea leaves 50 % more room to move around than a flat conventional tea bag . So the tea bag works more like a miniature tea pot . This allows for all the freshness to be released for the best tasting cup of PG . '' During the T - Birds era , the tetrahedral tea bags were remade with a `` freeflow '' material , to allow further infusion of the tea . In Scotland , Unilever sells a specially developed blend of PG called Scottish Blend . Scottish Blend is a version of PG Tips marketed in Scotland , as being specially blended to optimise taste in the soft waters of Scotland . PG Tips , Scottish Blend and Lyons teas are exported by Unilever International , based in Leatherhead , United Kingdom and Singapore , through a worldwide network of food distributors . Unilever North America manage PG Tips in the United States since 2011 . In Ireland , Unilever sells tea under the Lyons brand . As of 2011 , a `` Special Moments '' range was released , initially as the `` New Ones '' . These teas were made by pressing the leaves at different stages . In 2014 , Unilever have introduced a new range of fruit , herbal and green teas under the PG Tips brand . Advertising ( edit ) Unlike the blended teas many companies were producing , Brooke 's teas were pure , high quality teas from India and China . Brooke realized the importance of advertising early on , introducing the slogan , `` Good tea unites good company , exhilarates the spirits , banishes restraint from conversation and promotes the happiest purposes of social intercourse . '' The Tipps family ( edit ) In 1956 , PG Tips began using anthropomorphic chimpanzees in their television advertisements . These were dressed in human clothes and were known as the ' Tipps family ' . Their voices were often provided by celebrities , such as Peter Sellers and Bob Monkhouse . By 1958 , PG Tips had risen from fourth to first place in the British tea market . The chimpanzees were from Twycross Zoo in Leicestershire . These advertisements were stopped in the 1970s , after complaints by animal rights organisations . However , sales dropped , and the chimps were bought back 18 months later . The last ' Tipps family ' advert was broadcast in January 2002 . The PG Tips chimps spawned a spin off in memorabilia , including trading cards and figurines . The T - Birds ( edit ) The ' Tipps family ' were replaced in January 2002 , with a house sharing group of claymation birds called the T - Birds ( which consisted of Tom the owl , Maggie the pigeon , Pete the starling and Holly the blue tit ) , animated by Aardman , the company behind Wallace and Gromit and Chicken Run . In Ireland , these commercials were still airing by the end of 2006 , though advertising Lyons Tea ( another Unilever brand ) . This led to PG Tips becoming a major partner with Wallace and Gromit 's first film The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , launched in October 2005 . PG offered `` Gromit '' mugs on pack in the supermarket . According to The Grocer magazine , Unilever reported that during this `` Gromit '' mug promotion , PG Tips sales increased 600 % . Wallace and Gromit also appeared in an advert with Lady Tottington ( another character from the film ) around the same time . PG Tips also produced a long running series of trade cards as give aways . These cards ceased production in 1999 , after a survey of customers showed that they were not contributing to developing the business . In 2005 , PG Tips celebrated its 75th anniversary with special packs , including a limited edition Golden pack , and a one off Diamond tea bag . The Diamond tea bag cost £ 7,500 , and was made by Boodles jewelers and used Makaibari Silver Tips ( Imperial ) . Monkey ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2007 , PG Tips reunited Johnny Vegas as Al and the ITV Digital Monkey character puppeteered by Nigel Plaskitt and Susan Beattie , voiced by Ben Miller and made by Paul Jomain , following a holiday TV special about bad decisions ( ITV Digital 's launch ) where they featured briefly . The Monkey character pointedly explains he 's not a chimpanzee , he 's a monkey , a nod to PG Tips ' chimpanzee family . One of the adverts was a spoof of the `` deli scene '' from the movie When Harry Met Sally ; in the advert Monkey describes the taste of PG Tips by saying `` Oh Yes '' repeatedly like in the movie , finishing with a woman at a table nearby asking the waiter `` I 'll have whatever he 's having '' . The ad ends with the tagline `` How would you describe the taste ? '' . It was first shown on 3 February 2010 . Another advert , promoting the naturally occurring theanine in PG Tips , featured Monkey and Al playing the characters of Captain Mainwaring and Private Pike from the popular sitcom Dad 's Army . When PG Tips released the `` Special Moments '' range ( initially `` The New Ones '' ) , another advert was released to advertise the `` Fresh '' one . It featured Monkey and Al out rambling . Monkey says to Al that they need a cup of the `` Fresh '' one . Al takes so long to decide how the tea tastes that before he can come to a conclusion , Monkey has been swept away by an eagle . This advert was later modified showing Monkey being dropped off in the eagle 's nest with the four flavours of the Special Moments range , as well as two eagle chicks next to him . After the US federal decision in support of same - sex marriage in 2015 , PG Tips depicted its Monkey character under the rainbow flag in a message of support for the LGBT community . In 2015 , as part of a rebrand , adverts now feature Monkey observing absurd things and deciding to `` Keep it tea . '' In 2017 , PG tips , Unilever , and ubisend worked together to bring the Monkey persona to life , through a Facebook Messenger chatbot for the Red Nose Day charity . For over three weeks leading up to Red Nose Day , Messenger users could message Monkey and interact with him through his chatbot . Monkey also delivered one daily joke to each of his chatbot users at tea time , with the goal of raising One Million Laughs for Comic Relief . A Tale of two Continents ( edit ) A Tale of Two Continents Directed by `` Monkey '' Release date 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) ( cinema ) Running time 9 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English A short film entitled A Tale of Two Continents was released in March 2008 . It is an adventure film parody , starring Monkey `` wanting to change the world one tea at a time '' . It was shown in cinemas from 21 March 2008 until 10 April , before the showings of family films such as The Spiderwick Chronicles and Horton Hears a Who ! . It was also given free in special limited edition versions of PG Tips in early 2008 as an EcoDisc , a type of DVD that is thinner and more flexible due to it being made of a single layer of polycarbonate , instead of two layers . The limited edition package also featured a teatowel of the EcoDisc cover , described as the `` official merchandise '' of the film . PG Tips and sustainability ( edit ) In May 2007 , Unilever became the first company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner . To that end , the company asked the Rainforest Alliance , an international environmental NGO to start certifying tea estates in East Africa . Since April 2012 all of the tea used in PG Tips has been Rainforest Alliance certified . In February 2011 , the maker of PG Tips stated it is to stop testing its teas on animals . See also ( edit ) Tetley , PG Tips ' main competitor Lipton , another brand of tea also owned / made by the same company ( Unilever ) as PG tips . Typhoo , UK 's third leading brand . Slogans ( edit ) `` Keep it tea '' ( Monkey ) `` How would you describe the taste ? '' ( Al and Monkey ) `` Do your bit , put the kettle on '' ( Al and Monkey ) `` We All Need a PG Moment '' ( used during the T - Birds era ) `` There 's no other tea to beat PG '' ( later chimp ads ) , followed by `` It 's the taste ! '' spoken by a chimp `` Dad , do you know the piano 's on my foot ? '' Mr Shifter : You hum it son , I 'll play it ! `` Avez - vous un cuppa ? '' ( Tour De France ) `` It 's the Tea you can really Taste '' ( Earlier chimp ads ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PG Tips : A Manchester brew '' . BBC . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of PG Tips '' . English Tea Store . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PG Tips Tea , Popular Brands '' . FamousFoods.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Praveen Reddy ( 27 August 2014 ) . Tea . Budynan . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Blend Tea '' . Tea Dog . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PG Tips History '' . englishteastore.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Story : The PG Tips ads '' . The Independent . London . 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Tom ( 12 January 2002 ) . `` After 45 years the PG Tips chimps retire '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 1 February 2010 ) . `` PG Tips spoofs When Harry Met Sally in latest Monkey ad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Keep It Tea ' is the message from PG tips - Scottish Local Retailer Magazine '' . www.slrmag.co.uk. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unilever raises 1 million laughs for Comic Relief with ubisend '' . ubisend . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 4 March 2008 ) . `` Advertising ( media ) , Media , UK news '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortished , Carl ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Unilever seeks approval of its tea 's green credentials '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Button , Martin ( 12 August 2009 ) . `` Unilever recently announced plans to source our entire tea supply sustainably '' . News Vendor -- The Blog of UK Vending Ltd . WordPress.com . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unilever commits to sourcing all its tea from sustainable ethical sources '' . Unilever PLC ( Press release ) . Newsfood.com. 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time to brew up a sustainable cuppa '' . The Independent . London . 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PG Tips tea - sustainable tea certified by the Rainforest Alliance '' . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Foley , Stephen ( 3 February 2011 ) . The Independent . London https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/pg-tips-maker-agrees-to-halt-animal-tests-on-its-tea-2202615.html . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official PG tips website Unilever Subsidiaries Current Alberto - Culver Hindustan Unilever Maille Unilever Australasia Unilever Bangladesh Unilever Ghana Unilever Indonesia Unilever Nepal Unilever Philippines Unilever Pakistan Former Elizabeth Arden , Inc . BiFi Calvin Klein ( Fragrances only ) Fabergé Gorton 's of Gloucester Mac Fisheries Palm Line United Africa Company Brands Beverages Brooke Bond Lipton PG Tips Scottish Blend Food Becel Ben & Jerry 's Bertolli ( except olive oil and U.S. frozen foods ) Bovril Colman 's Conimex Continental Country Crock Cup - a-Soup Flora Grom Hellmann 's / Best Foods Hertog I Ca n't Believe It 's Not Butter ! Imperial Margarine Kibon Knorr Chicken Tonight ( Netherlands ) Lady 's Choice Maille Marmite Pot Noodle Pot Rice Rafhan Sana Selecta Spry Stork Talenti Unox Heartbrand Ice Cream Division Calippo Cornetto GB Glace Glidat Strauss HB Kibon Kwality Wall 's Langnese Magnum Olá Selecta Solero Streets Golden Gaytime Paddle Pop Viennetta Wall 's HB Wall 's Good Humor - Breyers ( Good Humor , Breyers , Klondike , ( Choco Taco ) , Popsicle , Dickie Dee ) Home products Bio-Tex Cif Comfort Closan Domestos Finitex Lever 2000 Neutral Omo Persil ( Persil Power & Persil Service ) ( brand owned by Henkel ) Probat Rinso ( except the United States ) Seventh Generation Sunlight Surf ( except for North America ) Personal care Axe / Lynx Bed Head Brylcreem Clear Close - Up Degree Dove Dollar Shave Club Faberge Helene Curtis Impulse Lakmé Lifebuoy Lux Mentadent ( except for North America ) Noxzema Pears soap Pepsodent Pond 's Prince Matchabelli Q - tips Radox Rexona Salon Selectives Signal Simple Suave Sunsilk Sure Timotei TRESemmé Twink VO5 ( except the United States ) Vaseline zendium Predecessors Lever Brothers Margarine Unie W.H. Burford & Son Places Colworth House Lever Brothers Factory Lever House Lipton Institute of Tea Port Sunlight Unilever House Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory People Antonius Johannes Jurgens William Lever , 1st Viscount Leverhulme Paul Polman Morris Tabaksblat Samuel van den Bergh Sidney J. van den Bergh Simon van den Bergh Eugenio Minvielle Lagos Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PG_Tips&oldid=805071073 '' Categories : English - language films Tea brands in United Kingdom Unilever brands Products introduced in 1930 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PG%20Tips

can minors drink with their parents in wisconsin

The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21 . Those under the legal drinking age may be served , possess , or consume alcohol if they are with a parent , legal guardian , or spouse who is of legal drinking age . Those age 18 to 20 may also possess ( but not consume ) alcohol as part of their employment .

Alcohol laws of Wisconsin

alcohol laws of wisconsin

The alcohol laws of Wisconsin consist of both statewide statutes and local ordinances governing the sale of alcohol .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Retail sale of alcohol 3 Beverage sale of alcohol 4 Drinking age 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) When Wisconsin became a state , settlers from the eastern United States ( known as Yankees ) took issue with the consumption of alcohol by German immigrants on Sunday , as well as the prevalence of alcoholism . The Wisconsin legislature passed a law in 1849 that made liquor sellers liable for the costs incurred by local governments in supporting alcoholics . Ten years later , the state prohibited liquor sales on Sundays . In 1872 , alcohol regulation reached new heights in the state with the passage of the Graham Law . This legislation prohibited drunkenness and the sale of alcohol to minors , and required all liquor sellers to post a $2,000 bond ( more than $30,000 in 2007 U.S. dollars ) . German - Americans fought the new law in the courts and at the ballot box . Although they lost challenges in the courts , they were able to elect a legislature friendlier to alcohol consumption . In 1874 , the new lawmakers passed less restrictive laws that lowered the bond to $500 , allowed Sunday liquor sales , and created certain safe havens for liquor sellers to escape liability for alcoholics . Alcohol consumption was banned in Wisconsin during Prohibition ( 1920 - 1933 ) . But even before Prohibition ended , Wisconsin created work - arounds . In 1926 , voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer , if not its consumption . The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929 . Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution , ending Prohibition . The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25 , 1933 . Retail sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. , and beer between midnight and 6 : 00 a.m. State law allows local municipalities to further restrict retail sales of alcohol , or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether . Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9 : 00 p.m. At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently : the city of Sparta , and the village of Ephraim . In the April 1 , 2014 Wisconsin spring election , voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores . The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect . In the April 5 , 2016 , voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses . Beverage sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law requires that bars be closed between 2 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2 : 30 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday . Exceptions are made on New Year 's Eve , when no closing is required , and for changes in Daylight Saving Time . State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed . Municipalities may elect , however , to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses , making the municipality effectively dry . Drinking age ( edit ) The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21 . Those under the legal drinking age may be served , possess , or consume alcohol if they are with a parent , legal guardian , or spouse who is of legal drinking age . Those age 18 to 20 may also possess ( but not consume ) alcohol as part of their employment . The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74 , effective July 1 , 1984 , created a drinking age of 19 . Meeting in special session at the call of the governor , the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337 , which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA ( National Minimum Drinking Age ) on September 1 , 1986 . The NMDA law was amended to permit an exception for those persons who were between ages 18 and 21 on the effective date of the law . Wisconsin 19 - and 20 - year - olds were `` grandfathered in '' by this exception after enactment of Act 337 . In effect , the state did not have a uniform age of 21 until September 1 , 1988 . See also ( edit ) Dry county List of dry communities by U.S. state # Wisconsin Tavern League of Wisconsin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Ranney , ' Aliens and `` Real Americans '' : Law & Ethnic Assimilation in Wisconsin , 1846 - 1920 ' , Wisconsin Lawyer . Jump up ^ Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) Conversion Factors 1774 to estimated 2019 to Convert to Dollars of 2007 http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/cv2007.pdf Jump up ^ Joseph A. Ranney . `` Demon rum and Sunday lager : The temperence movemenet ( sic ) in Wisconsin '' . Jump up ^ Wisconsin Historical Society . Brewing and Prohibition . http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-051/?action=more_essay Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution http://www.house.gov/house/Constitution/Amend.html ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Department of Revenue . Wisconsin Alcohol Beverage and Tobacco Laws for Retailers . May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wis . Stat . 125.05 http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0125.pdf Jump up ^ ' Referendum on beer , alcohol sales fails , ' La Crosse Tribune , April 6 , 2011 , p . B2 . Jump up ^ Chris Hubbuch , `` Sparta again says no to alcohol sales , '' La Crosse Tribune , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.spartanewspapers.com/headlines.html Jump up ^ http://www.ephraim-wisconsin.com/ephraim/ephraim+history/default.asp Jump up ^ City of Oshkosh , Wisconsin Resolution , July 25 , 2006 http://www.ci.oshkosh.wi.us/weblink8/0/doc/430545/Page1.aspx Jump up ^ City of Sparta beer referendum narrowly passes Jump up ^ ' Ephraim dry no more , ' Samantha Hernandez , Green Bay Press - Gazette , April 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin State Statutes section 125.07 ( 1 ) '' . Wisconsin State Statutes . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau , Brief 95 - 3 : The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Wisconsin&oldid=773711281 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Wisconsin law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2017 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20laws%20of%20Wisconsin

discuss the four main features that give rise to perception

Perception

perception

Perception ( from the Latin perceptio ) is the organization , identification , and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information , or the environment .

All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system , which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system . For example , vision involves light striking the retina of the eye , smell is mediated by odor molecules , and hearing involves pressure waves . Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals , but it 's also shaped by the recipient 's learning , memory , expectation , and attention . Perception can be split into two processes , ( 1 ) processing the sensory input , which transforms these low - level information to higher - level information ( e.g. , extracts shapes for object recognition ) , ( 2 ) processing which is connected with a person 's concepts and expectations ( or knowledge ) , restorative and selective mechanisms ( such as attention ) that influence perception . Perception depends on complex functions of the nervous system , but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside conscious awareness . Since the rise of experimental psychology in the 19th Century , psychology 's understanding of perception has progressed by combining a variety of techniques . Psychophysics quantitatively describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception . Sensory neuroscience studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception . Perceptual systems can also be studied computationally , in terms of the information they process . Perceptual issues in philosophy include the extent to which sensory qualities such as sound , smell or color exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver . Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors , the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain 's perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input . There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing , analogous to science , or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary . The perceptual systems of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable , even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying . Human and animal brains are structured in a modular way , with different areas processing different kinds of sensory information . Some of these modules take the form of sensory maps , mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain 's surface . These different modules are interconnected and influence each other . For instance , taste is strongly influenced by smell . Contents 1 Process and terminology 2 Reality 3 Features 3.1 Constancy 3.2 Grouping 3.3 Contrast effects 4 Effect of experience 5 Effect of motivation and expectation 6 Theories 6.1 Perception as direct perception 6.2 Perception - in - action 6.3 Evolutionary psychology ( EP ) and perception 6.4 Theories of perception 7 Physiology 8 Types 8.1 Vision 8.2 Sound 8.3 Touch 8.4 Taste 8.5 Smell 8.6 Social 8.6. 1 Speech 8.6. 2 Faces 8.6. 3 Social touch 8.7 Other senses 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Process and terminology ( edit ) The process of perception begins with an object in the real world , termed the distal stimulus or distal object . By means of light , sound or another physical process , the object stimulates the body 's sensory organs . These sensory organs transform the input energy into neural activity -- a process called transduction . This raw pattern of neural activity is called the proximal stimulus . These neural signals are transmitted to the brain and processed . The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the percept . An example would be a shoe . The shoe itself is the distal stimulus . When light from the shoe enters a person 's eye and stimulates the retina , that stimulation is the proximal stimulus . The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is the percept . Another example would be a telephone ringing . The ringing of the telephone is the distal stimulus . The sound stimulating a person 's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus , and the brain 's interpretation of this as the ringing of a telephone is the percept . The different kinds of sensation such as warmth , sound , and taste are called sensory modalities . Psychologist Jerome Bruner has developed a model of perception . According to him , people go through the following process to form opinions : When we encounter an unfamiliar target , we are open to different informational cues and want to learn more about the target . In the second step , we try to collect more information about the target . Gradually , we encounter some familiar cues which help us categorize the target . At this stage , the cues become less open and selective . We try to search for more cues that confirm the categorization of the target . We also actively ignore and even distort cues that violate our initial perceptions . Our perception becomes more selective and we finally paint a consistent picture of the target . According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns , there are three components to perception . The Perceiver , the person who becomes aware about something and comes to a final understanding . There are 3 factors that can influence his or her perceptions : experience , motivational state and finally emotional state . In different motivational or emotional states , the perceiver will react to or perceive something in different ways . Also in different situations he or she might employ a `` perceptual defence '' where they tend to `` see what they want to see '' . The Target . This is the person who is being perceived or judged . `` Ambiguity or lack of information about a target leads to a greater need for interpretation and addition . '' The Situation also greatly influences perceptions because different situations may call for additional information about the target . Stimuli are not necessarily translated into a percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept . An ambiguous stimulus may be translated into multiple percepts , experienced randomly , one at a time , in what is called multistable perception . And the same stimuli , or absence of them , may result in different percepts depending on subject 's culture and previous experiences . Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept ; for example the Rubin vase which can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces . The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole . A picture of a talking person on a television screen , for example , is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person . `` Percept '' is also a term used by Leibniz , Bergson , Deleuze , and Guattari to define perception independent from perceivers . Reality ( edit ) In the case of visual perception , some people can actually see the percept shift in their mind 's eye . Others , who are not picture thinkers , may not necessarily perceive the ' shape - shifting ' as their world changes . The ' esemplastic ' nature has been shown by experiment : an ambiguous image has multiple interpretations on the perceptual level . This confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as camouflage , and also in biological mimicry , for example by European peacock butterflies , whose wings bear eyespots that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator . There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight `` delay '' , to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals . Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology . The oldest quantitative laws in psychology are Weber 's law -- which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference -- and Fechner 's law which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart ( for example , testing how much darker a computer screen can get before the viewer actually notices ) . The study of perception gave rise to the Gestalt school of psychology , with its emphasis on holistic approach . Features ( edit ) Constancy ( edit ) Main article : Subjective constancy Perceptual constancy is the ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs . For example , individual people can be recognized from views , such as frontal and profile , which form very different shapes on the retina . A coin looked at face - on makes a circular image on the retina , but when held at angle it makes an elliptical image . In normal perception these are recognized as a single three - dimensional object . Without this correction process , an animal approaching from the distance would appear to gain in size . One kind of perceptual constancy is color constancy : for example , a white piece of paper can be recognized as such under different colors and intensities of light . Another example is roughness constancy : when a hand is drawn quickly across a surface , the touch nerves are stimulated more intensely . The brain compensates for this , so the speed of contact does not affect the perceived roughness . Other constancies include melody , odor , brightness and words . These constancies are not always total , but the variation in the percept is much less than the variation in the physical stimulus . The perceptual systems of the brain achieve perceptual constancy in a variety of ways , each specialized for the kind of information being processed , with phonemic restoration as a notable example from hearing . Grouping ( edit ) Main article : Principles of grouping Law of Closure . The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete . The principles of grouping ( or Gestalt laws of grouping ) are a set of principles in psychology , first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to explain how humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects . Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to perceive patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules . These principles are organized into six categories : proximity , similarity , closure , good continuation , common fate and good form . The principle of proximity states that , all else being equal , perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object , and stimuli that are far apart as two separate objects . The principle of similarity states that , all else being equal , perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object , and stimuli that are different as part of a different object . This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their visual texture and resemblance . The principle of closure refers to the mind 's tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete , partially hidden by other objects , or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing . For example , if part of a shape 's border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps . The principle of good continuation makes sense of stimuli that overlap : when there is an intersection between two or more objects , people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted object . The principle of common fate groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement . When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate , perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus . This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details , such as color or outline , are obscured . The principle of good form refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape , pattern , color , etc . Later research has identified additional grouping principles . Contrast effects ( edit ) Main article : Contrast effect A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context . If one object is extreme on some dimension , then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme . `` Simultaneous contrast effect '' is the term used when stimuli are presented at the same time , whereas `` successive contrast '' applies when stimuli are presented one after another . The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher John Locke , who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold , depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water . In the early 20th Century , Wilhelm Wundt identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception , and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas . These effects shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness , but other kinds of perception , including how heavy an object feels . One experiment found that thinking of the name `` Hitler '' led to subjects rating a person as more hostile . Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was pleasant or unpleasant . For the effect to work , the objects being compared need to be similar to each other : a television reporter can seem smaller when interviewing a tall basketball player , but not when standing next to a tall building . In the brain , brightness contrast exerts effects on both neuronal firing rates and neuronal synchrony . Effect of experience ( edit ) Main article : Perceptual learning With experience , organisms can learn to make finer perceptual distinctions , and learn new kinds of categorization . Wine - tasting , the reading of X-ray images and music appreciation are applications of this process in the human sphere . Research has focused on the relation of this to other kinds of learning , and whether it takes place in peripheral sensory systems or in the brain 's processing of sense information . Empirical research show that specific practices ( such as yoga , mindfulness , Tai Chi , meditation , Daoshi and other mind - body disciplines ) can modify human perceptual modality . Specifically , these practices enable perception skills to switch from the external ( exteroceptive field ) towards a higher ability to focus on internal signals ( proprioception ) . Also , when asked to provide verticality judgments , highly self - transcendent yoga practitioners were significantly less influenced by a misleading visual context . Increasing self - transcendence may enable yoga practitioners to optimize verticality judgment tasks by relying more on internal ( vestibular and proprioceptive ) signals coming from their own body , rather than on exteroceptive , visual cues . Effect of motivation and expectation ( edit ) Main article : Set ( psychology ) A perceptual set , also called perceptual expectancy or just set is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way . It is an example of how perception can be shaped by `` top - down '' processes such as drives and expectations . Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses . They can be long term , such as a special sensitivity to hearing one 's own name in a crowded room , or short term , as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food . A simple demonstration of the effect involved very brief presentations of non-words such as `` sael '' . Subjects who were told to expect words about animals read it as `` seal '' , but others who were expecting boat - related words read it as `` sail '' . Sets can be created by motivation and so can result in people interpreting ambiguous figures so that they see what they want to see . For instance , how someone perceives what unfolds during a sports game can be biased if they strongly support one of the teams . In one experiment , students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks by a computer . They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste an orange juice drink or an unpleasant - tasting health drink . In fact , an ambiguous figure was flashed on screen , which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13 . When the letters were associated with the pleasant task , subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B , and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number 13 . Perceptual set has been demonstrated in many social contexts . People who are primed to think of someone as `` warm '' are more likely to perceive a variety of positive characteristics in them , than if the word `` warm '' is replaced by `` cold '' . When someone has a reputation for being funny , an audience is more likely to find them amusing . Individual 's perceptual sets reflect their own personality traits . For example , people with an aggressive personality are quicker to correctly identify aggressive words or situations . One classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of playing cards reversed the color of the suit symbol for some cards ( e.g. red spades and black hearts ) . Philosopher Andy Clark explains that perception , although it occurs quickly , is not simply a bottom - up process ( where minute details are put together to form larger wholes ) . Instead , our brains use what he calls ' predictive coding ' . It starts with very broad constraints and expectations for the state of the world , and as expectations are met , it makes more detailed predictions ( errors lead to new predictions , or learning processes ) . Clark says this research has various implications ; not only can there be no completely `` unbiased , unfiltered '' perception , but this means that there is a great deal of feedback between perception and expectation ( perceptual experiences often shape our beliefs , but those perceptions were based on existing beliefs ) . Indeed , predictive coding provides an account where this type of feedback assists in stabilizing our inference - making process about the physical world , such as with perceptual constancy examples . Theories ( edit ) Perception as direct perception ( edit ) Cognitive theories of perception assume there is a poverty of stimulus . This ( with reference to perception ) is the claim that sensations are , by themselves , unable to provide a unique description of the world . Sensations require ' enriching ' , which is the role of the mental model . A different type of theory is the perceptual ecology approach of James J. Gibson . Gibson rejected the assumption of a poverty of stimulus by rejecting the notion that perception is based upon sensations -- instead , he investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems . His theory `` assumes the existence of stable , unbounded , and permanent stimulus - information in the ambient optic array . And it supposes that the visual system can explore and detect this information . The theory is information - based , not sensation - based . '' He and the psychologists who work within this paradigm detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile , exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays . `` Specification '' would be a 1 : 1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array ; given such a mapping , no enrichment is required and perception is direct perception . Perception - in - action ( edit ) An ecological understanding of perception derived from Gibson 's early work is that of `` perception - in - action '' , the notion that perception is a requisite property of animate action ; that without perception , action would be unguided , and without action , perception would serve no purpose . Animate actions require both perception and motion , and perception and movement can be described as `` two sides of the same coin , the coin is action '' . Gibson works from the assumption that singular entities , which he calls `` invariants '' , already exist in the real world and that all that the perception process does is to home in upon them . A view known as constructivism ( held by such philosophers as Ernst von Glasersfeld ) regards the continual adjustment of perception and action to the external input as precisely what constitutes the `` entity '' , which is therefore far from being invariant . Glasersfeld considers an `` invariant '' as a target to be homed in upon , and a pragmatic necessity to allow an initial measure of understanding to be established prior to the updating that a statement aims to achieve . The invariant does not and need not represent an actuality , and Glasersfeld describes it as extremely unlikely that what is desired or feared by an organism will never suffer change as time goes on . This social constructionist theory thus allows for a needful evolutionary adjustment . A mathematical theory of perception - in - action has been devised and investigated in many forms of controlled movement , and has been described in many different species of organism using the General Tau Theory . According to this theory , tau information , or time - to - goal information is the fundamental ' percept ' in perception . Evolutionary psychology ( ep ) and perception ( edit ) Many philosophers , such as Jerry Fodor , write that the purpose of perception is knowledge , but evolutionary psychologists hold that its primary purpose is to guide action . For example , they say , depth perception seems to have evolved not to help us know the distances to other objects but rather to help us move around in space . Evolutionary psychologists say that animals from fiddler crabs to humans use eyesight for collision avoidance , suggesting that vision is basically for directing action , not providing knowledge . Building and maintaining sense organs is metabolically expensive , so these organs evolve only when they improve an organism 's fitness . More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory information , and the brain itself consumes roughly one - fourth of one 's metabolic resources , so the senses must provide exceptional benefits to fitness . Perception accurately mirrors the world ; animals get useful , accurate information through their senses . Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations . Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues , each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world . Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromagnetic energy that is plentiful and that does not pass through objects . Sound waves provide useful information about the sources of and distances to objects , with larger animals making and hearing lower - frequency sounds and smaller animals making and hearing higher - frequency sounds . Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that were significant for fitness in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness . The sense of touch is actually many senses , including pressure , heat , cold , tickle , and pain . Pain , while unpleasant , is adaptive . An important adaptation for senses is range shifting , by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation . For example , one 's eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light . Sensory abilities of different organisms often coevolve , as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats and that of the moths that have evolved to respond to the sounds that the bats make . Evolutionary psychologists claim that perception demonstrates the principle of modularity , with specialized mechanisms handling particular perception tasks . For example , people with damage to a particular part of the brain suffer from the specific defect of not being able to recognize faces ( prospagnosia ) . EP suggests that this indicates a so - called face - reading module . Theories of perception ( edit ) Empirical theories of perception Enactivism Anne Treisman 's feature integration theory Interactive activation and competition Irving Biederman 's recognition by components theory Physiology ( edit ) Main article : Sensory system A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information . A sensory system consists of sensory receptors , neural pathways , and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception . Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision , hearing , somatic sensation ( touch ) , taste and olfaction ( smell ) . It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality . In short , senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind . The receptive field is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond . For instance , the part of the world an eye can see , is its receptive field ; the light that each rod or cone can see , is its receptive field . Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system , auditory system and somatosensory system , so far . Research attention is currently focused not only on external perception processes , but also to `` Interoception '' , considered as the process of receiving , accessing and appraising internal bodily signals . Maintaining desired physiological states is critical for an organism 's well being and survival . Interoception is an iterative process , requiring the interplay between perception of body states and awareness of these states to generate proper self - regulation . Afferent sensory signals continuously interact with higher order cognitive representations of goals , history , and environment , shaping emotional experience and motivating regulatory behavior . Types ( edit ) Vision ( edit ) Main article : Visual perception In many ways , vision is the primary human sense . Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on the retina according to direction of origin . A dense surface of photosensitive cells , including rods , cones , and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells captures information about the intensity , color , and position of incoming light . Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain . In total , about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to the brain proper via the optic nerve . Sound ( edit ) Anatomy of the human ear . ( The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image ) Main article : Hearing ( sense ) Hearing ( or audition ) is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations . Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called audio or sonic . The range is typically considered to be between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz . Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as ultrasonic , while frequencies below audio are referred to as infrasonic . The auditory system includes the outer ears which collect and filter sound waves , the middle ear for transforming the sound pressure ( impedance matching ) , and the inner ear which produces neural signals in response to the sound . By the ascending auditory pathway these are led to the primary auditory cortex within the temporal lobe of the human brain , which is where the auditory information arrives in the cerebral cortex and is further processed there . Sound does not usually come from a single source : in real situations , sounds from multiple sources and directions are superimposed as they arrive at the ears . Hearing involves the computationally complex task of separating out the sources of interest , often estimating their distance and direction as well as identifying them . Touch ( edit ) Main article : Haptic perception Haptic perception is the process of recognizing objects through touch . It involves a combination of somatosensory perception of patterns on the skin surface ( e.g. , edges , curvature , and texture ) and proprioception of hand position and conformation . People can rapidly and accurately identify three - dimensional objects by touch . This involves exploratory procedures , such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand . Haptic perception relies on the forces experienced during touch . Gibson defined the haptic system as `` The sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body '' . Gibson and others emphasized the close link between haptic perception and body movement : haptic perception is active exploration . The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of extended physiological proprioception according to which , when using a tool such as a stick , perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool . Taste ( edit ) Main article : Taste Taste ( or , the more formal term , gustation ) is the ability to perceive the flavor of substances including , but not limited to , food . Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds , or gustatory calyculi , concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue . The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly ten thousand taste buds . There are five primary tastes : sweetness , bitterness , sourness , saltiness , and umami . Other tastes can be mimicked by combining these basic tastes . The recognition and awareness of umami is a relatively recent development in Western cuisine . The basic tastes contribute only partially to the sensation and flavor of food in the mouth -- other factors include smell , detected by the olfactory epithelium of the nose ; texture , detected through a variety of mechanoreceptors , muscle nerves , etc. ; and temperature , detected by thermoreceptors . All basic tastes are classified as either appetitive or aversive , depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial . Smell ( edit ) Social ( edit ) Main article : Social perception Social perception is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world , and thus an element of social cognition . Speech ( edit ) Main article : Speech perception Though the phrase `` I owe you '' can be heard as three distinct words , a spectrogram reveals no clear boundaries . Speech perception is the process by which spoken languages are heard , interpreted and understood . Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language . The sound of a word can vary widely according to words around it and the tempo of the speech , as well as the physical characteristics , accent and mood of the speaker . Listeners manage to perceive words across this wide range of different conditions . Another variation is that reverberation can make a large difference in sound between a word spoken from the far side of a room and the same word spoken up close . Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech . The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of audition . The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information -- primarily lip movement -- to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information . It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well . This speech information can then be used for higher - level language processes , such as word recognition . Speech perception is not necessarily uni-directional . That is , higher - level language processes connected with morphology , syntax , or semantics may interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds . It may be the case that it is not necessary and maybe even not possible for a listener to recognize phonemes before recognizing higher units , like words for example . In one experiment , Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of a word with a cough - like sound . His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty and what is more , they were not able to identify accurately which phoneme had been disturbed . Faces ( edit ) Main article : Face perception Facial perception refers to cognitive processes specialized for handling human faces , including perceiving the identity of an individual , and facial expressions such as emotional cues . Social touch ( edit ) Main article : Somatosensory system § Neural processing of social touch The somatosensory cortex encodes incoming sensory information from receptors all over the body . Affective touch is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature , such as a physical human touch . This type of information is actually coded differently than other sensory information . Intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex , but the feeling of pleasantness associated with affective touch activates the anterior cingulate cortex more than the primary somatosensory cortex . Functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) data shows that increased blood oxygen level contrast ( BOLD ) signal in the anterior cingulate cortex as well as the prefrontal cortex is highly correlated with pleasantness scores of an affective touch . Inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits the perception of affective touch intensity , but not affective touch pleasantness . Therefore , the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness , but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity . Other senses ( edit ) Main article : Sense Other senses enable perception of body balance , acceleration , gravity , position of body parts , temperature , pain , time , and perception of internal senses such as suffocation , gag reflex , intestinal distension , fullness of rectum and urinary bladder , and sensations felt in the throat and lungs . See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Psychology portal Action - specific perception Alice in Wonderland syndrome Apophenia Change blindness Ideasthesia Introspection Model - dependent realism Multisensory integration Near sets Neural correlates of consciousness Pareidolia Perceptual paradox Philosophy of perception Proprioception Qualia Recept Samjñā , the Buddhist concept of perception Simulated reality Simulation Visual routine Transsaccadic memory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soltani , A.A. , Huang , H. , Wu , J. , Kulkarni , T.D. , & Tenenbaum , J.B. Synthesizing 3D Shapes via Modeling Multi-View Depth Maps and Silhouettes With Deep Generative Networks . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ( pp. 1511 - 1519 ) . '' Archived from the original on 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Psychology . Worth Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein ( 2009 ) pp. 5 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Richard . `` Perception '' in Gregory , Zangwill ( 1987 ) pp. 598 -- 601 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Douglas A. ( 5 March 2010 ) . Essentials of Psychology . Cengage Learning . pp. 123 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 90693 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gustav Theodor Fechner . Elemente der Psychophysik . Leipzig 1860 ^ Jump up to : DeVere , Ronald ; Calvert , Marjorie ( 31 August 2010 ) . Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders . Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 33 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932603 - 96 - 5 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz , James R. ( 2003 ) : `` Perception : Overview '' . In : Lynn Nadel ( Ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science , Vol. 3 , London : Nature Publishing Group , pp. 527 -- 537 Jump up ^ `` Sensation and Perception '' . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Willis , William D. ; Coggeshall , Richard E. ( 31 January 2004 ) . Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord : Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn . Springer . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 48033 - 1 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Alan S. & Gary J. ( 2011 ) . Perception , Attribution , and Judgment of Others . Organizational Behaviour : Understanding and Managing Life at Work Vol. 7 Jump up ^ Leibniz ' Monadology Jump up ^ Deleuze and Guattari 's What is Philosophy ? Jump up ^ Wettlaufer , Alexandra K. ( 2003 ) . In the mind 's eye : the visual impulse in Diderot , Baudelaire and Ruskin , pg. 257 . Amsterdam : Rodopi . ISBN 90 - 420 - 1035 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Secret Advantage Of Being Short Archived 21 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . by Robert Krulwich . All Things Considered , NPR. 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Rita L. ; Atkinson , Richard C. ; Smith , Edward E. ( March 1990 ) . Introduction to psychology . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 177 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 543689 - 3 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Brian C.J. ( 15 October 2009 ) . `` Audition '' . In Goldstein , E. Bruce . Encyclopedia of Perception . Sage . pp. 136 -- 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 4081 - 8 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sonderegger , Theo ( 16 October 1998 ) . Psychology . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 43 -- 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8220 - 5327 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , E. Bruce ( 15 October 2009 ) . `` Constancy '' . In Goldstein , E. Bruce . Encyclopedia of Perception . Sage . pp. 309 -- 313 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 4081 - 8 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Roeckelein , Jon E. ( 2006 ) . Elsevier 's dictionary of psychological theories . Elsevier . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51750 - 0 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Yantis , Steven ( 2001 ) . Visual perception : essential readings . Psychology Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86377 - 598 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Peter O. ( 2006 ) : Psychology , 5th ed. , New York : Worth , p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 0617 - 5 Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jeremy M. ; Kluender , Keith R. ; Levi , Dennis M. ; Bartoshuk , Linda M. ; Herz , Rachel S. ; Klatzky , Roberta L. ; Lederman , Susan J. ( 2008 ) . `` Gestalt Grouping Principles '' . Sensation and Perception ( 2nd ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . pp. 78 , 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 938 - 1 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein ( 2009 ) . pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Banerjee , J.C. ( 1994 ) . `` Gestalt Theory of Perception '' . Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms . M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85880 - 28 - 0 . Jump up ^ Weiten , Wayne ( 1998 ) . Psychology : themes and variations ( 4th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole Pub. Co. p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 34014 - 8 . Jump up ^ Corsini , Raymond J. ( 2002 ) . The dictionary of psychology . Psychology Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58391 - 328 - 4 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , Laura H. ( 2008 ) . Contrast in judgments of mental health . ProQuest . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 91314 - 6 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Plous , Scott ( 1993 ) . The psychology of judgment and decision making . McGraw - Hill . pp. 38 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050477 - 6 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz , Gordon B. ( 2005 ) . Social cognition : understanding self and others . Guilford Press . p. 421 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59385 - 085 - 2 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Popper , Arthur N. ( 30 November 2010 ) . Music Perception . Springer . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 6113 - 6 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Biederlack , J. ; Castelo - Branco , M. ; Neuenschwander , S. ; Wheeler , D.W. ; Singer , W. ; Nikolić , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Brightness induction : Rate enhancement and neuronal synchronization as complementary codes '' . Neuron. 52 : 1073 -- 1083 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2006.11. 012 . PMID 17178409 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Meghan . The Effect of Experience on the Perception and Representation of Dialect Variants ( PDF ) . Journal of Memory and Language . Elsevier Inc. , 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiori , Francesca ; David , Nicole ; Aglioti , Salvatore Maria ( 2014 ) . `` Processing of proprioceptive and vestibular body signals and self - transcendence in Ashtanga yoga practitioners '' . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 8 . doi : 10.3389 / fnhum. 2014.00734 . ^ Jump up to : Weiten , Wayne ( 17 December 2008 ) . Psychology : Themes and Variations . Cengage Learning . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 60197 - 5 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Dennis ; Mitterer , John O. ( 29 December 2008 ) . Introduction to Psychology : Gateways to Mind and Behavior . Cengage Learning . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 59911 - 1 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , Malcolm ; Heyes , Steve ( 2 December 1999 ) . Beginning Psychology . Oxford University Press . pp. 24 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 832821 - 6 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , J.R. ; Yuker , Harold E. ( 1 October 2002 ) . Can You Believe Your Eyes ? : Over 250 Illusions and Other Visual Oddities . Robson . pp. 173 -- 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 586 - 6 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On the Perception of Incongruity : A Paradigm '' by Jerome S. Bruner and Leo Postman . Journal of Personality , 18 , pp. 206 - 223 . 1949 . Yorku.ca Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Predictive Coding '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , James V. ( 2012 ) : `` Vision and Brain : How we perceive the world '' , Cambridge , MIT Press , pp. 155 - 178 . Jump up ^ Gibson , James J. ( 2002 ) : `` A Theory of Direct Visual Perception '' . In : Alva Noë / Evan Thompson ( Eds . ) , Vision and Mind . Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception , Cambridge , MIT Press , pp. 77 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Sokolowski , Robert ( 2008 ) . Phenomenology of the Human Person . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 0521717663 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Robert J. ( December 1976 ) . `` James Gibson 's Passive Theory of Perception : A Rejection of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies '' ( PDF ) . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . 37 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 233 . doi : 10.2307 / 2107193 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Consciousness in Action , S.L. Hurley , illustrated , Harvard University Press , 2002 , 0674007964 , pp. 430 -- 432 . Jump up ^ Glasersfeld , Ernst von ( 1995 ) , Radical Constructivism : A Way of Knowing and Learning , London : RoutledgeFalmer ; Poerksen , Bernhard ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) , The Certainty of Uncertainty : Dialogues Introducing Constructivism , Exeter : Imprint Academic ; Wright . Edmond ( 2005 ) . Narrative , Perception , Language , and Faith , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ^ Jump up to : Gaulin , Steven J.C. and Donald H. McBurney . Evolutionary Psychology . Prentice Hall . 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 111529 - 3 , Chapter 4 , pp. 81 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Bedford , F.L. ( 2011 ) . `` The missing sensory modality : the immune system '' . Perception. 40 : 1265 -- 1267 . doi : 10.1068 / p7119 . Jump up ^ Kolb & Whishaw : Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Farb N. ; Daubenmier J. ; Price C.J. ; Gard T. ; Kerr C. ; Dunn B.D. ; Mehling W.E. ( 2015 ) . `` Interoception , contemplative practice , and health '' . Frontiers in Psychology . 6 : 763 . doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg. 2015.00763 . Jump up ^ Gollisch , Tim ; Meister , Markus ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Eye Smarter than Scientists Believed : Neural Computations in Circuits of the Retina '' . Neuron. 65 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 164 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2009.12. 009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency Range of Human Hearing '' . The Physics Factbook . Archived from the original on 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Klatzky , R.L. ; Lederman , S.J. ; Metzger , V.A. ( 1985 ) . `` Identifying objects by touch : An `` expert system . '' `` . Perception & Psychophysics. 37 ( 4 ) : 299 -- 302 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03211351 . Jump up ^ Lederman , S.J. ; Klatzky , R.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Hand movements : A window into haptic object recognition '' . Cognitive Psychology . 19 ( 3 ) : 342 -- 368 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 87 ) 90008 - 9 . PMID 3608405 . Jump up ^ Robles - de-la - torre , Gabriel ; Hayward , Vincent ( 2001 ) . `` Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch '' . Nature . 412 ( 6845 ) : 445 -- 448 . doi : 10.1038 / 35086588 . PMID 11473320 . Jump up ^ Gibson , J.J. ( 1966 ) . The senses considered as perceptual systems . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23961 - 4 . Jump up ^ Human biology ( Page 201 / 464 ) Archived 2 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Daniel D. Chiras . Jones & Bartlett Learning , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : DeVere , Ronald ; Calvert , Marjorie ( 31 August 2010 ) . Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders . Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 39 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932603 - 96 - 5 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , George J. ; Albers , R. Wayne ( 2006 ) . Basic neurochemistry : molecular , cellular , and medical aspects . Academic Press . p. 825 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088397 - 4 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Umami Dearest : The mysterious fifth taste has officially infiltrated the food scene '' . trendcentral.com. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 8 Food Trend for 2010 : I Want My Umami '' . foodchannel.com. 6 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Food texture : measurement and perception ( page 3 -- 4 / 311 ) Archived 2 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Andrew J. Rosenthal . Springer , 1999 . Jump up ^ Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together ? Archived 28 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . scientificamerican.com . Dr. Tim Jacob , Cardiff University . 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ E.R. Smith , D.M. Mackie ( 2000 ) . Social Psychology . Psychology Press , 2nd ed. , p. 20 Jump up ^ Watkins , Anthony J. ; Raimond , Andrew ; Makin , Simon J. ( 23 March 2010 ) . `` Room reflection and constancy in speech - like sounds : Within - band effects '' . In Lopez - Poveda , Enrique A . The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception . Springer . p. 440 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5685 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenblum , Lawrence D. `` Primacy of Multimodal Speech Perception '' . In Pisoni , David ; Remez , Robert . The Handbook of Speech Perception . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Warren , R.M. ( 1970 ) . `` Restoration of missing speech sounds '' . Science . 167 ( 3917 ) : 392 -- 393 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 167.3917. 392 . PMID 5409744 . Jump up ^ Case , LK ; Laubacher , CM ; Olausson , H ; Wang , B ; Spagnolo , PA ; Bushnell , MC . `` Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex '' . J Neurosci. 36 : 5850 -- 60 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1130 - 15.2016 . PMC 4879201 . PMID 27225773 . References ( edit ) Goldstein , E. Bruce ( 13 February 2009a ) . Sensation and Perception . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 60149 - 4 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Gregory , Richard L. ; Zangwill , O.L. ( 1987 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Mind . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnheim , R. ( 1969 ) . Visual Thinking . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24226 - 5 . Flanagan , J.R. , & Lederman , S.J. ( 2001 ) . `` ' Neurobiology : Feeling bumps and holes . News and Views '' , Nature , 412 ( 6845 ) : 389 -- 91 . ( PDF ) Gibson , J.J. ( 1966 ) . The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems , Houghton Mifflin . Gibson , J.J. ( 1987 ) . The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 89859 - 959 - 8 Robles - De-La - Torre , G. ( 2006 ) . `` The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments '' . IEEE Multimedia , 13 ( 3 ) , Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems , pp. 24 -- 30 . ( PDF ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPerceptionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Theories of Perception Several different aspects on perception Richard L Gregory Theories of Richard . L. Gregory . Comprehensive set of optical illusions , presented by Michael Bach . Optical Illusions Examples of well - known optical illusions . Articles and topics related to Perception Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W.F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Joseph Maréchal Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell Dorothy Emmet G.E. Moore Jean - Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P.F. Strawson R.G. Collingwood Adolph Stöhr Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke Willard V.O. Quine G.E.M. Anscombe Donald Davidson Michael Dummett David Malet Armstrong David Lewis Alvin Plantinga Peter van Inwagen Derek Parfit more ... Theories Abstract object theory Action theory Anti-realism Determinism Dualism Enactivism Essentialism Existentialism Free will Idealism Libertarianism Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Monism Naturalism Nihilism Phenomenalism Realism Physicalism Pirsig 's metaphysics of Quality Platonic idealism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Concepts Abstract object Anima mundi Being Category of being Causality Choice Cogito ergo sum Concept Embodied cognition Entity Essence Existence Experience Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Information Insight Intelligence Intention Linguistic modality Matter Meaning Memetics Mental representation Mind Motion Nature Necessity Notion Object Pattern Perception Physical body Principle Property Qualia Quality Reality Soul Subject Substantial form Thought Time Truth Type -- token distinction Universal Unobservable Value more ... Related topics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Feminist metaphysics Interpretations of quantum mechanics Meta - Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theoretical physics Category Portal Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A.J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Roger Gibson Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Saul Kripke David Lewis John Locke G.E. Moore Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Hilary Putnam Thomas Reid Gilbert Ryle P.F. Strawson Willard Van Orman Quine Bertrand Russell Baruch Spinoza Timothy Williamson Ludwig Wittgenstein Nicholas Wolterstorff Vienna Circle Theories Coherentism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Determinism Empiricism Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Genetic epistemology Hierarchical epistemology Holism Infinitism Innatism Internalism and externalism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Reductionism Reliabilism Representative realism Rationalism Skepticism Theory of forms Transcendental idealism Uniformitarianism Concepts A priori knowledge Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction Belief Causality Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Gettier problem Justification Knowledge Induction Objectivity Problem of induction Problem of other minds Perception Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth more ... Related articles Outline of epistemology Alethiology Faith and rationality Formal epistemology Meta - epistemology Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Social epistemology Portal Category Task Force Stubs Discussion Aesthetics topics Philosophers Abhinavagupta Theodor W. Adorno Leon Battista Alberti Thomas Aquinas Hans Urs von Balthasar Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R.G. Collingwood Ananda Coomaraswamy Arthur Danto John Dewey Denis Diderot Hubert Dreyfus Curt John Ducasse Thierry de Duve Roger Fry Nelson Goodman Clement Greenberg Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume Immanuel Kant Paul Klee Susanne Langer Theodor Lipps György Lukács Jean - François Lyotard Joseph Margolis Jacques Maritain Thomas Munro Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Dewitt H. Parker Stephen Pepper David Prall Jacques Rancière Ayn Rand George Lansing Raymond I.A. Richards George Santayana Friedrich Schiller Arthur Schopenhauer Roger Scruton Irving Singer Rabindranath Tagore Giorgio Vasari Morris Weitz Johann Joachim Winckelmann Richard Wollheim more ... Theories Classicism Evolutionary aesthetics Historicism Modernism New Classical Postmodernism Psychoanalytic theory Romanticism Symbolism more ... Concepts Aesthetic emotions Aesthetic interpretation Art manifesto Avant - garde Axiology Beauty Boredom Camp Comedy Creativity Cuteness Disgust Ecstasy Elegance Entertainment Eroticism Gaze Harmony Judgement Kama Kitsch Life imitating art Magnificence Mimesis Perception Quality Rasa Reverence Style Sublime Taste Work of art Related topics Aesthetics of music Applied aesthetics Architecture Art Arts criticism Feminist aesthetics Gastronomy History of painting Humour Japanese aesthetics Literary merit Mathematical beauty Mathematics and architecture Mathematics and art Music theory Neuroesthetics Painting Patterns in nature Philosophy of design Philosophy of film Philosophy of music Poetry Sculpture Theory of painting Theory of art Tragedy Visual arts Index Outline Category Portal Mental processes Cognition Awareness Cognitive dissonance Comprehension Consciousness Imagination Intuition Perception Amodal Haptic ( touch ) Sound pitch harmonics speech Social Perception as interpretation Visual Color RGB model Peripheral Depth Form Memory Encoding Storage Recall Consolidation Other Attention Higher nervous activity Intention Learning Mental fatigue Mental set Thinking Volition Mental processes Cognition Awareness Cognitive dissonance Comprehension Consciousness Imagination Intuition Perception Amodal Haptic ( touch ) Sound pitch harmonics speech Social Perception as interpretation Visual Color RGB model Peripheral Depth Form Memory Encoding Storage Recall Consolidation Other Attention Higher nervous activity Intention Learning Mental fatigue Mental set Thinking Volition GND : 4064317 - 7 NDL : 00573001 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perception&oldid=848568846 '' Categories : Experimental psychology Sensory systems Subjective experience Concepts in epistemology Cognitive science Mental processes Neuropsychological assessment Perception Sources of knowledge Unsolved problems in neuroscience Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception

who was saint patrick's day named after

Saint Patrick 's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , `` the Day of the Festival of Patrick '' ) , is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March , the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c . AD 385 -- 461 ) , the foremost patron saint of Ireland .

Saint Patrick

Saint Patrick 's Day

saint patrick's day

Saint Patrick 's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , `` the Day of the Festival of Patrick '' ) , is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March , the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c . AD 385 -- 461 ) , the foremost patron saint of Ireland .

Saint Patrick 's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion ( especially the Church of Ireland ) , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general . Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals , cèilidhs , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day , which has encouraged and propagated the holiday 's tradition of alcohol consumption . Saint Patrick 's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , Northern Ireland , the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador ( for provincial government employees ) , and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world , especially in the United Kingdom , Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand . Saint Patrick 's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora , particularly those that developed in North America . In recent years , there has been criticism of Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people . Contents ( hide ) 1 Saint Patrick 2 Celebration and traditions 2.1 Wearing green 3 Celebrations by region 3.1 Ireland 3.2 Elsewhere in Europe 3.2. 1 England 3.2. 2 Malta 3.2. 3 Russia 3.2. 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.2. 5 Scotland 3.2. 6 Switzerland 3.3 Asia 3.3. 1 Japan 3.3. 2 Korea 3.3. 3 Malaysia 3.4 Caribbean 3.4. 1 Montserrat 3.5 International Space Station 3.6 North America 3.6. 1 Canada 3.6. 2 United States 3.7 South America 3.7. 1 Argentina 4 Criticism 5 Sports events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Saint Patrick ( edit ) Main article : Saint Patrick Patrick was a 5th - century Romano - British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland . Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself . It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century , into a wealthy Romano - British family . His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church . According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen , he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he `` found God '' . The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast , where a ship would be waiting to take him home . After making his way home , Patrick went on to become a priest . According to tradition , Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity . The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted `` thousands '' . Patrick 's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove `` snakes '' out of Ireland ( Ireland never had any snakes ) . Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick . Over the following centuries , many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland 's foremost saint . Celebration and traditions ( edit ) According to legend , Saint Patrick used the three - leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans . Traditional St Patrick 's Day badges from the early 20th century , Museum of Country Life in County Mayo St. Patrick 's Day greetings card from the early 20th century Today 's St Patrick 's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora , especially in North America . Until the late 20th century , St Patrick 's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland . Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals , Irish traditional music sessions ( céilithe ) , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances , although these were more common in the past . St Patrick 's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century . The participants generally include marching bands , the military , fire brigades , cultural organisations , charitable organisations , voluntary associations , youth groups , fraternities , and so on . However , over time , many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival . More effort is made to use the Irish language , especially in Ireland , where the week of St Patrick 's Day is `` Irish language week '' . Recently , famous landmarks have been lit up in green on St Patrick 's Day . Christians may also attend church services , and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day . Perhaps because of this , drinking alcohol -- particularly Irish whiskey , beer , or cider -- has become an integral part of the celebrations . The St Patrick 's Day custom of `` drowning the shamrock '' or `` wetting the shamrock '' was historically popular , especially in Ireland . At the end of the celebrations , a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup , which is then filled with whiskey , beer , or cider . It is then drunk as a toast to St Patrick , Ireland , or those present . The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck . Wearing green ( edit ) On St Patrick 's Day , it is customary to wear shamrocks , green clothing or green accessories . St Patrick is said to have used the shamrock , a three - leaved plant , to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish . This story first appears in writing in 1726 , though it may be older . In pagan Ireland , three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities , a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts . Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish . However , Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature , and was recast in a Christian context‍ -- ‌ icons of St Patrick often depict the saint `` with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other '' . Roger Homan writes , `` We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity '' . The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from the 11th century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn ( The Book of the Taking of Ireland ) , which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology and describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages ( Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Manx ) . In the story Goídel Glas , who was the son of Scota and Niul , was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite . As a reminder of the incident he would retain a green mark that would stay with him and he would lead his people to a land that would be free of snakes . This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicised to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green . Another story from the Lebor Gabála Érenn written after the adventures of Goídel Glas refers to Íth climbing the tower ( in reference to the Tower of Hercules ) his father Breogán builds in Brigantia ( modern day Corunna in Galicia , Spain ) on a winters day and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately . This story also introduces three national personifications of Ireland , Banba , Fódla and Ériu . The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s , when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation . Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick 's Day since at least the 1680s . The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick , an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750 , adopted green as its colour . However , when the Order of St. Patrick -- an Anglo - Irish chivalric order -- was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour , which led to blue being associated with St Patrick . During the 1790s , green would become associated with Irish nationalism , due to its use by the United Irishmen . This was a republican organisation -- led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members -- who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule . The phrase `` wearing of the green '' comes from a song of the same name , which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green . The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have seen the re-emergence of Irish cultural symbols , such as the Irish Language , Irish mythology , and the colour green , through the Gaelic Revival and the Irish Literary Revival which served to stir Irish nationalist sentiment . The influence of green was more prominently observable in the flags of the 1916 Easter Rising such as the Sunburst Flag , the Starry Plough Banner , and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic which was flown over the General Post Office , Dublin together with the Irish Tricolour . Throughout these centuries , the colour green and its association with St Patrick 's Day grew . The wearing of the ' St Patrick 's Day Cross ' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century . These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was `` covered with silk or ribbon of different colours , and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre '' . `` In 1681 , the English traveller , Thomas Dineley noted a series of St Patrick 's Day practices which in one form or another , became standard markers for those celebrating the day . Dineley observed that the Irish wore Celtic crosses , had green ribbon in their hats , pinned shamrock to their clothes , and , after demanding St Patrick 's groat from their masters , drank so that ' very few of the zealous are found sober at night ' ... The crosses , which were predominantly made and worn by children , consisted of a paper or card backing and featuring couloured ribbons as decoration , all of which were centered around a Celtic cross . In 1895 , the ' little girl 's St Patrick 's Day Cross ' was described as a cross of paper ' wrapped or covered with silk or ribbon of different colours , and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre ' . '' Celebrations by region ( edit ) Ireland ( edit ) A St Patrick 's Day parade in Dublin Saint Patrick 's feast day , as a kind of national day , was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries . In later times , he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland . Saint Patrick 's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford - born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding in the early 1600s . Saint Patrick 's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland . It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland , which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The church calendar avoids the observance of saints ' feasts during certain solemnities , moving the saint 's day to a time outside those periods . St Patrick 's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement , when 17 March falls during Holy Week . This happened in 1940 , when Saint Patrick 's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday , and again in 2008 , where it was officially observed on 15 March . St Patrick 's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160 . However , the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day . In 1903 , St Patrick 's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland . This was thanks to the Bank Holiday ( Ireland ) Act 1903 , an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara . O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March after drinking got out of hand , a provision that was repealed in the 1970s . The first St Patrick 's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903 . The week of St Patrick 's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March . The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation , the Trades Hall , the various trade unions and bands who included the ' Barrack St Band ' and the ' Thomas Francis Meagher Band ' . The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George 's St and finished in the Peoples Park , where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries . On Tuesday 17 March , most Waterford businesses -- including public houses -- were closed and marching bands paraded like they had two days previously . The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed . On St Patrick 's Day 1916 , the Irish Volunteers -- an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation -- held parades throughout Ireland . The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick 's Day parades , involving 6,000 marchers , almost half of whom were said to be armed . The following month , the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule . This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War . During this time , St Patrick 's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted , although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies . The celebrations remained low - key after the creation of the Irish Free State ; the only state - organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours , and an Irish - language mass attended by government ministers . In 1927 , the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick 's Day , although it remained legal in Northern Ireland . The ban was not repealed until 1961 . The first official , state - sponsored St Patrick 's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931 . A St Patrick 's Day religious procession in Downpatrick , where Saint Patrick is said to be buried In Northern Ireland , the celebration of St Patrick 's Day was affected by sectarian divisions . A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British , while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish . Although it was a public holiday , Northern Ireland 's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick 's Day . During the conflict known as the Troubles ( late 1960s -- late 1990s ) , public St Patrick 's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community . In 1976 , loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick 's Day in Dungannon ; four civilians were killed and many injured . However , some Protestant unionists attempted to ' re-claim ' the festival , and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick 's Day parade . Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick 's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland , which have attracted thousands of spectators . In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick 's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture . The government set up a group called St Patrick 's Festival , with the aims : To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation , creativity , grassroots involvement , and marketing activity To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent ( and those who sometimes wish they were Irish ) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations To project , internationally , an accurate image of Ireland as a creative , professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal . The first St Patrick 's Festival was held on 17 March 1996 . In 1997 , it became a three - day event , and by 2000 it was a four - day event . By 2006 , the festival was five days long ; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade . Overall 2009 's five - day festival saw almost 1 million visitors , who took part in festivities that included concerts , outdoor theatre performances , and fireworks . Skyfest forms the centrepiece of the festival . The topic of the 2004 St Patrick 's Symposium was `` Talking Irish '' , during which the nature of Irish identity , economic success , and the future were discussed . Since 1996 , there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of `` Irishness '' rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance . The week around St Patrick 's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ( `` Irish Language Week '' ) . Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick 's Day . In The Word magazine 's March 2007 issue , Fr Vincent Twomey wrote , `` It is time to reclaim St Patrick 's Day as a church festival '' . He questioned the need for `` mindless alcohol - fuelled revelry '' and concluded that `` it is time to bring the piety and the fun together '' . As well as Dublin , many other cities , towns , and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals , including Cork , Belfast , Derry , Galway , Kilkenny , Limerick , and Waterford . The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick , County Down , where Saint Patrick is said to be buried . The shortest St. Patrick 's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey , County Cork . The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village 's two pubs . The annual event began in 1999 , but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed . Elsewhere in Europe ( edit ) England ( edit ) St Patrick 's Day parade at Trafalgar Square in London . In England , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother used to present bowls of shamrock flown over from Ireland to members of the Irish Guards , a regiment in the British Army . The Irish Guards still wear shamrock on this day , flown in from Ireland . The general habit of people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on the day was a victim of the Troubles from the late 1960s , now being mostly confined to people attending specific events . Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church . Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people , both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland , and usually coincides with St Patrick 's Day . Birmingham holds the largest St Patrick 's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade over a two - mile ( 3 km ) route through the city centre . The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York . London , since 2002 , has had an annual St Patrick 's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th , usually in Trafalgar Square . In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green . Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city . This has led to a long - standing celebration on St Patrick 's Day in terms of music , cultural events and the parade . Manchester hosts a two - week Irish festival in the weeks prior to St Patrick 's Day . The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city 's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag , a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two - week period . Malta ( edit ) Porte des Bombes illuminated in green on Saint Patrick 's Day of 2014 The first Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana . Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town , which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks . The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually . Today , Saint Patrick 's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian 's , although other celebrations still occur at Floriana and other locations . Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations , which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture . Russia ( edit ) Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick 's Day festival . The first St Patrick 's Day parade took place in Russia in 1992 . Since 1999 , there has been a yearly `` Saint Patrick 's Day '' festival in Moscow and other Russian cities . The official part of the Moscow parade is a military - style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow . The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival . In 2014 , Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March , which includes St Patrick 's Day on 17 March . Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow , St Petersburg , Yekaterinburg , Voronezh , and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy , the Moscow City Government , and other organisations . In 2017 , the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar , to be celebrated on 30 March ( O.S. 17 March ) . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Sarajevo , the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community . The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015 , which is held for three days around and including St. Patrick 's Day . The festival organizes an annual a parade , hosts Irish theatre companies , screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians . The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists , filmmakers , theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan , Ailis Ni Riain , Dermot Dunne , Mick Moloney , Chloë Agnew and others . Scotland ( edit ) 2009 St. Patrick 's Day festival celebration in Coatbridge , Scotland . The Scottish town of Coatbridge , where the majority of the town 's population are of Irish descent , also has a Saint Patrick 's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre . Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population ; due , for the most part , to the Irish immigration during the 19th century . This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people . Due to this large Irish population , there are many Irish - themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on St Patrick 's day in Glasgow . Glasgow has held a yearly St Patrick 's Day parade and festival since 2007 . Switzerland ( edit ) While Saint Patrick 's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries , it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on St Patrick 's Eve . Most popular are usually those in Zurich 's Kreis 4 . Traditionally , guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green . Asia ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Saint Patrick 's Day in Motomachi , Yokohama St Patrick 's parades are now held in many locations across Japan . The first parade , in Tokyo , was organised by The Irish Network Japan ( INJ ) in 1992 . Korea ( edit ) The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick 's Day since 1976 in Seoul , the capital city of South Korea . The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , the St Patrick 's Society of Selangor , founded in 1925 , organises a yearly St Patrick 's Ball , described as the biggest St Patrick 's Day celebration in Asia . Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley , Penang , Johor Bahru , Malacca , Ipoh , Kuantan , Kota Kinabalu , Miri and Kuching . Caribbean ( edit ) Montserrat ( edit ) The tiny island of Montserrat is known as the `` Emerald Island of the Caribbean '' because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis . Montserrat is one of three places where St Patrick 's Day is a public holiday , along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador . The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768 . International space station ( edit ) Chris Hadfield wearing green in the International Space Station on St Patrick 's Day , 2013 Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways . Irish - American Catherine Coleman played a hundred - year - old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney , both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains , while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick 's Day in 2011 . Her performance was later included in a track called `` The Chieftains in Orbit '' on the group 's album , Voice of Ages . Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from earth orbit , and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station , and posted them online on Saint Patrick 's Day in 2013 . He also posted online a recording of himself singing `` Danny Boy '' in space . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Montreal hosts one of the longest - running and largest St Patrick 's Day parades in North America . One of the longest - running and largest St Patrick 's Day parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal , whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower - right quadrant . The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929 . The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824 . St Patrick 's Day itself , however , has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France . In Saint John , New Brunswick St. Patrick 's Day is celebrated as a week - long celebration . Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John 's Irish heritage . The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island ( Saint John County ) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself . In Manitoba , the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three - day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick 's Day . In 2004 , the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures . This event , which includes a parade , occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick 's Day . In Quebec City , there was a parade from 1837 to 1926 . The Quebec City St - Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years . For the occasion , a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests . There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863 . There is a large parade in the city 's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March which attracts over 100,000 spectators . The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927 , and wore green jerseys . In 1999 , when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick 's Day , they wore green St Patrick 's retro uniforms . Some groups , notably Guinness , have lobbied to make Saint Patrick 's Day a national holiday . In March 2009 , the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick 's Day . Part of an environmental non-profit organisation 's campaign ( Project Porchlight ) , the green represented environmental concerns . Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick 's Day , and resembled a Leprechaun 's hat . After a week , white CFLs took their place . The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes . United States ( edit ) Main article : Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States They dye the river green in Chicago , Illinois . St Patrick 's Day , while not a legal holiday in the United States , is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish - American culture . Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green , religious observances , numerous parades , and copious consumption of alcohol . The holiday has been celebrated in North America since the late 18th century . South America ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Celebrations in Buenos Aires centre on Reconquista street . In Buenos Aires , a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista , where there are several Irish pubs ; in 2006 , there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby . Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community , the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland , take part in the organisation of the parties . Criticism ( edit ) In recent decades , St Patrick 's Day celebrations have been criticised , particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct . Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky , and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage . Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticised recent attempts to recast St Patrick 's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness . St Patrick 's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people . An example is the wearing of ' leprechaun outfits ' , which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish . In the run up to St Patrick 's Day 2014 , the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes . Some have described St Patrick 's Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of `` Plastic Paddyness '' ; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture , claim Irish identity , and enact Irish stereotypes . LGBT groups in the US were banned from marching in St. Patrick 's Day parades in New York City and Boston , resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston . In New York City , the ban was lifted in 2014 , but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist . In Boston , the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015 . Sports events ( edit ) Traditionally the All - Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All - Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick 's Day in Croke Park , Dublin . The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn . The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup , Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick 's Day . The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick 's Day . The Saint Patrick 's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland . The competition was first started in 1995 with Ireland winning the first two tests with the US winning the last 4 in 2000 , 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick 's Day . The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday . Examples include the Buffalo Sabres ( who have worn special Irish - themed practice jerseys ) , Toronto Maple Leafs ( who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks ) , New York Knicks , Toronto Raptors , and most Major League Baseball teams . The New Jersey Devils have worn their green - and - red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick 's Day in recent years . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Ireland portal Christianity portal Gaelic calendar also known as Irish calendar It 's a Great Day for the Irish Order of St. Patrick Saint Patrick 's Breastplate St. Patrick 's Day Snowstorm of 1892 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Doug Bolton ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against ' St. Patty 's Day ' '' . The Independent . That 's the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension , created by Dublin - based creative agency In the Company of Huskies . The extension can be installed in a few clicks , and automatically replaces every online mention of the `` very wrong '' ' Patty ' with the `` absolutely right '' ' Paddy ' . Jump up ^ Aric Jenkins ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Why Some Irish People Do n't Want You to Call It St. Patty 's Day '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Meethan ; Alison Anderson ; Steven Miles , eds. ( 2006 ) . Tourism , Consumption & Representation . CAB International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 851 - 99678 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day celebrations '' . Church of Ireland . The Irish Times . 12 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 -- via ireland.anglican.org . ^ Jump up to : Willard Burgess Moore ( 1989 ) . Circles of Tradition : Folk Arts in Minnesota . Minnesota Historical Society Press . p. 52 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . In nineteenth - century America it became a celebration of Irishness more than a religious occasion , though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day . ^ Jump up to : Willard Burgess Moore ( 1989 ) . Circles of Tradition : Folk Arts in Minnesota . Minnesota Historical Society Press . p. 52 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks , an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity , and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking . ^ Jump up to : Edna Barth ( 2001 ) . Shamrocks , Harps , and Shillelaghs : The Story of the St. Patrick 's Day Symbols . Sandpiper . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . For most Irish - Americans , this holiday is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive . For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all . St. Patrick 's Day church services are followed by parades and parties , the latter being the best attended . The festivities are marked by Irish music , songs , and dances . ^ Jump up to : John Nagle ( 2009 ) . Multiculturalism 's Double - Bind . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 754 - 67607 - 2 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Like many other forms of carnival , St. Patrick 's Day is a feast day , a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden . Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick 's day . ^ Jump up to : James Terence Fisher . Communion of Immigrants : A History of Catholics in America . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The 40 - day period ( not counting Sundays ) prior to Easter is known as Lent , a time of prayer and fasting . Pastors of Irish - American parishes often supplied `` dispensations '' for St. Patrick s Day , enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint . Jump up ^ `` Public holidays in Ireland '' . Citizens Information Board . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bank holidays '' . NI Direct . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 242 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Confession of St. Patrick '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. xxiii . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Santino , Jack ( 1995 ) . All Around the Year : Holidays and Celebrations in American Life . University of Illinois Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Donal Hickey ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` The facts about shamrock '' . Irish Examiner . Jump up ^ Vernon , Jennifer ( 15 March 2004 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day : Fact vs. Fiction '' . National Geographic News . p. 2 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Newell , Jill ( 16 March 2000 ) . `` Holiday has history '' . Daily Forty - Niner . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Monaghan , Patricia ( 1 January 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 438 - 11037 - 0 . There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel ( both of which are called shamrocks ) were sacred to the Celts in any way . However , the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity , with many of their divinities appearing in three . Thus when St. Patrick , attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane , held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity , the three - in - one god , he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept . He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm , a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number 's meaning . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Neil ( 24 April 2012 ) . Story of Ireland . Ebury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 448 - 14039 - 8 . In some ways , though , the Christian mission resonated : pre-Christian devotion was characterized by , for example , the worship of gods in groups of three , by sayings collected in threes ( triads ) , and so on -- from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed . Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three - leafed shamrock fits quite neatly . Jump up ^ Santino , Jack ( 1995 ) . All Around the Year : Holidays and Celebrations in American Life . University of Illinois Press . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06516 - 3 . Jump up ^ Homan , Roger ( 2006 ) . The Art of the Sublime : Principles of Christian Art and Architecture . Ashgate Publishing . p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , John T. ( 2005 ) . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . Vol. 1 A-Celti . Oxford : ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 851 - 09440 - 0 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mackillop , James ( 2005 ) . Myths and Legends of the Celts . London : Penguin Books . pp. 145 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 01794 - 5 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Macalister , Robert Alexander Stewart ( 1939 ) . Lebor Gabála Érenn : The Book of the Taking of Ireland . Volume 2 . Dublin : Irish Texts Society by the Educational Co. of Ireland . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Kelly , James . That Damn 'd Thing Called Honour : Duelling in Ireland , 1570 -- 1860 . Cork University Press , 1995 . p. 65 Jump up ^ The Fundamental Laws , Statutes and Constitutions of the Ancient Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick . 1751 . Jump up ^ St. Patrick : Why Green ? -- video . History.com . A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Liam de Paor : St. Patrick 's World , The Christian Culture of Ireland 's Apostolic Age . Four Courts Press , Dublin , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Encyclopedia : Luke Wadding '' . Retrieved 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Irish bishops move St. Patrick 's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week '' , Catholic News Jump up ^ MacDonald , G. Jeffrey ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day , Catholic Church march to different drummers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nevans - Pederson , Mary ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` No St. Pat 's Day Mass allowed in Holy Week '' . Dubuque Telegraph Herald . Woodward Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James O'Mara '' . HumphrysFamilyTree.com . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Munster Express , 14 March 1903 ^ Jump up to : Munster Express , 21 March 1903 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Waterford Chronicle , 18 March 1903 Jump up ^ Waterford News , 20 March 1903 Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Armao , Frederic . `` The Color Green in Ireland : Ecological Mythology and the Recycling of Identity '' . Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland . Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2013 . p. 184 ^ Jump up to : Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , pp. 175 -- 177 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Holiday '' . The History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Archived from the original on 7 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Festival was established by the Government of Ireland in November 1995 '' . St. Patrick 's Festival . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day Facts Video '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ John Cooney ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` More piety , fewer pints ' best way to celebrate ' '' . The Irish Independent . Jump up ^ Jo Kerrigan ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` From Here to Here '' . Ireland of the Welcomes . Vol. 53 no . 2 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 -- via Dripsey . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : St Patrick 's Day around the world '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . In England , the 1st Battalion Irish Guards marched in a St Patrick 's Day parade held at the Victoria Barracks in Windsor . Jump up ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. Lives of the Saints : From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa . HarperOne . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The most famous church in the United States is dedicated to him , St. Patrick 's in New York City . St. Patrick 's Day is celebrated by people of all ethnic backgrounds by the wearing of green and parades . His feast , which is on the General Roman Calendar , has been given as March 17 in liturgical calendars and martyrologies . The Church of England , the Episcopal Church in the USA , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America observe his feast on this day , and he is also commemorated on the Russian Orthodox calendar . Jump up ^ `` The day the world turns green '' . BBC News . 17 March 1998 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brigitte Winsor : Photographs of the St Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Connecting Histories. 12 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Parade 2009 '' . BBC Birmingham . 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Immigration to and from Liverpool ( UK ) '' . Mersey Reporter . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Irish Festival '' . Manchester Irish Festival . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Micallef , Roberta ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` St Patrick 's Day in Malta -- how it started , and where it 's going '' . The Malta Independent . Archived from the original on 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Azzopardi , Karl ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` Thousands take to the street of St Julian 's for St Patrick 's Day celebrations '' . Malta Today . Archived from the original on 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malta celebrates St Patrick 's Day '' . Times of Malta. 15 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Grech Urpani , David ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` Finally : A Fresh Take On St. Patrick 's Day Celebrations Is Coming To Malta '' . Lovin Malta . Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Micallef , Roberta ( 17 March 2018 ) . `` More than 20,000 people expected to celebrate St Patrick 's Day in St Julian 's '' . The Malta Independent . Archived from the original on 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands flock to St Julian 's to celebrate St Patrick 's feast '' . The Malta Independent . 17 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Москва . День Св . Патрика ( Moscow . St. Patrick 's Day ) ( in Russian ) . Русское Кельтское Общество ( Russian Celtic Society ) . 1999 -- 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Erin ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` St. Patty 's Day : Not just green beer -- but some of that , too '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuddihy , Grace ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Muscovites Turn Green For Irish Week '' . The Moscow Times . Jump up ^ `` В месяцеслов Русской Православной Церкви включены имена древних святых , подвизавшихся в западных странах '' ( The Russian Orthodox Church included in the months the names of the ancient saints who worked in Western countries ) . Patriarchia.ru ( in Russian ) . 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarajevo Irish Festival '' . Sarajevo Travel . Jump up ^ `` Sarajevo Irish Festival '' . stpatricksfestival.ie . Jump up ^ `` Pripremljen bogat program za ovogodišnji Sarajevo Irish Festival '' . klix.ba . Jump up ^ `` Conor Horgan : Film o Panti Bliss je o tome kako lično jeste političko '' . lgbti.ba . Jump up ^ `` Večeras otvaranje Sarajevo Irish Festivala '' . avaz.ba . Jump up ^ `` Irish emigration to Scotland in the 19th and 20th centuries -- Settlement of the Irish '' . Education Scotland . Government of Scotland . Archived from the original on 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Coatbridge Irish '' . St Patrick 's Day Festival Coatbridge . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St Patrick 's Day in Coatbridge , Scotland '' . Coming to Scotland . March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Moss . `` Industrial Revolution : 1770s to 1830s '' . The Glasgow Story . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Glasgow St. Patrick 's Festival 2018 Website '' . Glasgow 's St. Patrick 's Festival . St. Patrick 's Festival Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Eve Celebrations 2012 in Zürich '' ( in German ) . Zurich Student Association . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day Parades & Events in Japan '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day in Korea Event Page '' . Irish Association of Korea . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Fergus , Howard A. ( 1996 ) . Gallery Montserrat : some prominent people in our history . Canoe Press University of West Indies . p. 83 . ISBN 976 - 8125 - 25 - X . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Tariq Malik ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Irish Astronaut in Space Gives St. Patrick 's Day Musical Flair '' . Space.com . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day Greeting From Space '' . NASA TV video . 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Diarmaid Fleming ( 15 December 2010 ) . `` Molloy 's flute to help Irish music breach the final frontier '' . Irish Times . Jump up ^ Brian Boyd ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` Chieftains ' call - up to an army of indie admirers '' . Irish Times . Jump up ^ Ronan McGreevy ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Out of this world rendition of Danny Boy marks St Patrick 's Day in space '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Chris Hadfield singing `` Danny Boy '' on the International Space Station `` . Soundcloud. 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal celebrates 191st St. Patrick 's Day parade Sunday '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Events '' . Irish Association of Manitoba . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CelticFest Vancouver '' . Celticfest Vancouver . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Cottrell , Michael ( May 1992 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day Parades in Nineteenth - Century Toronto : A Study of Immigrant Adjustment and Elite Control '' . Histoire sociale -- Social History . XXV ( 49 ) : 57 -- 73 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness '' . Proposition 3 -- 17 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Alexis ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Calgary Tower gets full green bulb treatment '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Evelyn ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` Crowds gather for St. Patrick 's Day celebrations downtown '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Large crowds gathered for Saturday 's St. Patrick 's Day festivities downtown . Although St. Patrick 's Day is actually on a Thursday this year , Chicago will be marking the day all weekend long . Some started the day at Mass at Old St. Patrick 's Church in the city 's West Loop neighborhood . Spectators gathered along the riverfront in the Loop for the annual dyeing of the Chicago River , which began at 9 am Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day in Argentina '' . Sanpatricio2009.com.ar. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Saint Patrick 's Day in Argentina on YouTube . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Patricio convocó a una multitud '' . Clarin.com. 18 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nally , Pat ( 1992 ) . `` Los Irlandeses en la Argentina '' . Familia , journal of the Ulster Historical Foundation . 2 ( 8 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Fionola Meredith ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Time to banish perpetually offended elements in society '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ James Flannery ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` St Patrick 's Day celebrates the role of all US migrants '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Irish - American Catholics negotiate St. Patrick 's Day and Holy Week conflict '' . Catholic News Agency . 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin & Adair ( 2002 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Niall O'Dowd ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` Please , let 's keep political correctness out of Saint Patrick 's Day '' . IrishCentral . Jump up ^ Ian O'Doherty ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` St Patrick 's Day -- when everyone 's proud to be a stereotype '' . Irish Independent . Jump up ^ Venable , Shannon ( 2011 ) . Gold : A Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Harper ( 16 March 2014 ) . `` O'Done with It : Irish Americans protest ' negative stereotyping ' as bawdy drunks '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Massie , Alex ( 17 March 2006 ) . `` Erin Go Argh ! '' . National Review Online . Jump up ^ Santora , Mark ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Gay Groups to March in St. Patrick 's Day Parade as Ban Falls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Jim ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Gays Scoff at NY St. Patrick 's Day Parade Decision '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Worland , Justin ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Boston Sees Historic St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Time . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Brian ( 9 December 2010 ) . `` Tomahawks To Host Ireland '' . We Are Rugby . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Chere , Rich ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` How do the Devils feel about wearing the green and red retro jerseys ? '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Cronin , Mike ; Adair , Daryl ( 2002 ) . The Wearing of the Green : A History of St. Patrick 's Day . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18004 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day . Saint Patrick 's Day History -- slideshow by The Huffington Post Saint Patrick 's Day on The History Channel Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland New Year 's Day Saint Patrick 's Day Easter Monday May Day June Holiday August Holiday October Holiday Christmas Day Saint Stephen 's Day Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory Day ( RI ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in the United Kingdom All regions New Year 's Day May Bank Holiday Summer Bank Holiday Christmas Day Boxing Day England and Wales Good Friday Easter Monday Spring Bank Holiday Northern Ireland Saint Patrick 's Day Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Spring Bank Holiday Battle of the Boyne ( Orangemen 's Day ) Scotland 2nd January Good Friday St Andrew 's Day ( optional ) Portals Access related topics Christianity portal Holidays portal Ireland portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons GND : 4688508 - 0 NARA : 10675013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day&oldid=839312157 '' Categories : Saint Patrick 1783 establishments in Ireland 1903 establishments in Ireland Festivals in Ireland Irish culture Irish folklore Irish - American culture Irish - Australian culture Irish - Canadian culture Irish - New Zealand culture March observances National days Observances in Australia Parades Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland Saints days Public holidays in the United States Saint Patrick 's Day Spring ( season ) events in the Republic of Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Articles needing more detailed references CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кырык мары Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 16 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Patrick%2527s%20Day

where were the original planet of the apes filmed

The script was originally written by Rod Serling , but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced -- and therefore less expensive to depict -- than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . The film 's final `` closed '' cost was $5.8 million .

in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area

Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film )

planet of the apes ( 1968 film )

Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner . It stars Charlton Heston , Roddy McDowall , Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , James Whitmore , James Daly and Linda Harrison . The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle . Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant - garde score . It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973 , all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox .

The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash - land on a strange planet in the distant future . Although the planet appears desolate at first , the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human - like intelligence and speech . The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins . The script was originally written by Rod Serling , but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began . Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached , but the film 's producer Arthur P. Jacobs , upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston , chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film . Schaffner 's changes included an ape society less advanced -- and therefore less expensive to depict -- than that of the original novel . Filming took place between May 21 and August 10 , 1967 , in California , Utah and Arizona , with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . The film 's final `` closed '' cost was $5.8 million . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , in the United States and was a commercial success , earning a lifetime domestic gross of $32.6 million . The film was groundbreaking for its prosthetic makeup techniques by artist John Chambers and was well received by critics and audiences , launching a film franchise , including four sequels , as well as a short - lived television show , animated series , comic books , and various merchandising . In particular , Roddy McDowall had a long - running relationship with the Apes series , appearing in four of the original five films ( absent , apart from a brief voiceover , from the second film of the series , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in which he was replaced by David Watson in the role of Cornelius ) , and also in the television series . The original series was followed by Tim Burton 's remake Planet of the Apes in 2001 and the reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011 . Also in 2001 , Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Filming 3.3 Taylor 's spacecraft 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Legacy 5.1 Original series sequels 5.2 Television series 5.3 Remake 5.4 Reboot series 5.5 Comics 5.6 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Astronauts Taylor ( Charlton Heston ) , Landon ( Robert Gunner ) , Dodge ( Jeff Burton ) and Stewart are in deep hibernation when their spaceship crashes in a lake on an unknown planet after a long near - light speed voyage , during which , due to time dilation , the crew ages only 18 months . As the ship sinks , Taylor finds Stewart dead and her body desiccated . They throw an inflatable raft from the ship and climb down into it ; before departing the ship , Taylor notes that the date is November 25 , 3978 , approximately two millennia after their departure in 1972 . Once ashore , Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life . After abandoning their raft , the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out . Eventually , they encounter plant life . They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming , ignoring eerie scarecrow - like figures around the edge of the water . While they are swimming , their clothes are stolen . Pursuing the thieves , the astronauts find their clothes torn to shreds , their supplies pillaged and the perpetrators -- a group of humans that are apparently so primitive that they can not even talk and dressed in torn clothes -- raiding a cornfield . Taylor is attracted to one of the humans , whom he later names Nova ( Linda Harrison ) . Suddenly , armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield , brandishing firearms , snares , and nets . They capture some humans and kill the rest . In the chaos , Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed , Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious , and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner . The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City , where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees : animal psychologist Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and surgeon Galen ( Wright King ) . While his throat wound is healing , he is unable to speak . Taylor discovers that the various apes , who can talk and are in control , are in a strict caste system : gorillas are police officers , military , hunters and workers ; orangutans are administrators , politicians , lawyers and priests ; and chimpanzees are intellectuals and scientists . The apes have developed a primitive society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era . They ride horses and have carts , rifles , and even primitive photography . Humans , who are believed by the apes to be unable to talk , are considered vermin and are hunted , either killed outright , enslaved , or used in scientific experiments . Zira and her fiancé Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall ) , an archaeologist , take an interest in Taylor , whom Zira calls `` Bright Eyes '' . Taylor attempts to communicate by writing in the dirt , but Nova , who has been following him around , attempts to destroy his writing with her hands , not understanding what the words mean . The letters she does n't destroy are then obliterated by Zira 's and Cornelius 's superior , an orangutan named Dr. Zaius ( Maurice Evans ) . Back in his cage , Taylor steals Zira 's pencil and notebook and uses them to write the message My name is Taylor . Zira and Cornelius become convinced that Taylor is intelligent , but upon learning of this , Dr. Zaius orders that Taylor be castrated . Before the castration can occur Taylor escapes , and during his desperate flight through Ape City passes through a museum , where he finds Dodge 's stuffed and eyeless corpse on display . When Taylor is recaptured by gorillas , he overcomes his throat injury and roars : `` Take your stinking paws off me , you damn dirty ape ! '' A tribunal to determine Taylor 's origins is convened by the president of the Assembly ( James Whitmore ) , Dr. Zaius , and Maximus ( Woodrow Parfrey ) . Dr. Honorious ( James Daly ) is the prosecutor . Taylor mentions his two comrades at this time . The court then produces Landon , who has been subjected to a lobotomy that has rendered him catatonic and unable to speak . After the tribunal , Dr. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor if he does not tell the truth about where he came from . With help from Zira 's socially rebellious nephew Lucius ( Lou Wagner ) , Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone , a taboo region outside Ape City that has been ruled out of bounds for centuries by Ape Law . A year earlier , Cornelius led an expedition into the Forbidden Zone that found a cave containing artifacts of an earlier non-simian ( and believed to be human ) civilization . The group sets out for the cave to answer questions Taylor has about the evolution of the ape world and to prove he is not of that world . Arriving at the cave , Cornelius is intercepted by Dr. Zaius and his soldiers . Taylor holds them off , threatening to shoot them if he has to . Zaius agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories and to avoid physical harm to Cornelius and Zira . Inside , Cornelius displays the remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history . Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures , eyeglasses , a heart valve and , to the apes ' astonishment , a talking children 's doll . More soldiers appear and Lucius is overpowered , but Taylor again fends them off . Dr. Zaius is held hostage so Taylor can escape , but he admits to Taylor that he has always known that a human civilization existed long before apes ruled the planet and that `` the Forbidden Zone was once a paradise , your breed made a desert of it ... ages ago ! '' Taylor nonetheless thinks it best to search for answers , but Dr. Zaius warns him that he may not like what he finds . Once Taylor and Nova have ridden off , Dr. Zaius has the gorillas lay explosives to seal off the cave and destroy the remaining evidence of the human society . He then has Zira , Cornelius and Lucius charged with heresy . Taylor and Nova , at last free , follow the shoreline and discover the remains of the Statue of Liberty , revealing that this `` alien '' planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war . Realizing what Dr. Zaius meant earlier , Taylor falls to his knees in despair and anger and condemns humanity for destroying the world . Cast ( edit ) Charlton Heston as George Taylor Roddy McDowall as Cornelius Kim Hunter as Zira Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius James Whitmore as President of the Assembly James Daly as Honorious Linda Harrison as Nova Robert Gunner as Landon Lou Wagner as Lucius Woodrow Parfrey as Maximus Jeff Burton as Dodge Buck Kartalian as Julius Norman Burton as Hunt Leader Wright King as Dr. Galen Paul Lambert as Minister Production ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963 . Jacobs pitched the production to many studios , but was passed over . After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing 1964 's What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) for 20th Century Fox and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio , Doctor Dolittle , he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes . One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling , though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons . A prime concern was cost , as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling 's script would have involved expensive sets , props , and special effects . The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling 's script and , as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner , the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs . Serling 's stylized twist ending was retained , and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time . The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards . One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces . To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made , the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script , using early versions of the ape makeup . Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor ( named Thomas , as he was in the Serling - penned drafts ) , Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius , while two then - unknown Fox contract actors , James Brolin and Linda Harrison , played Cornelius and Zira . This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film , as well as the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes . Linda Harrison , at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard Zanuck , went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and its first sequel , and had a cameo in Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes more than 30 years later , which was also produced by Zanuck . Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova , they had , in fact , considered first Ursula Andress , then Raquel Welch , and Angelique Pettyjohn . When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested , Zanuck gave the part to Harrison . Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson , but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it . Robinson later made his final film , Soylent Green ( 1973 ) , opposite his one - time Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) co-star Heston . Michael Wilson 's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling 's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society . According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer ( his only recollection was that the writer 's last name was Kelly ) polished the script , rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy - handed tongue - in - cheek dialogue ( `` I never met an ape I did n't like '' ) which was n't in either Serling or Wilson 's drafts . According to Abraham some scenes , such as the one where the judges imitate the `` See no evil , speak no evil and hear no evil '' monkeys , were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release . During filming John Chambers , who designed prosthetic make up in the film , held training sessions at 20th Century - Fox studios , where he mentored other make - up artists of the film . Filming ( edit ) The astronauts ' journey from their downed ship was filmed along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon . Filming began on May 21 , 1967 , and ended on August 10 , 1967 . Most of the early scenes of a desert - like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon , the Colorado River , Lake Powell , Glen Canyon and other locations near Page , Arizona Most scenes of the ape village , interiors and exteriors , were filmed on the Fox Ranch in Malibu Creek State Park , northwest of Los Angeles , essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox . The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore . Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible , so cast , crew , film equipment , and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter . The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach , between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu . As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes , the special effect shot of the half - buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs . The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70 - foot scaffold , angled over a 1 / 2 - scale papier - mache model of the Statue . The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that , when not shooting , they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying . Taylor 's spacecraft ( edit ) The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film . But for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu - ray edition of the film , in the short - film created for the release called A Public Service Announcement from ANSA , the ship is called `` Liberty 1 '' . The ship had originally been called `` Immigrant One '' in an early draft of the script , and then called `` Air Force One '' in a test set of Topps Collectible cards , and dubbed `` Icarus '' by a fan ; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Planet of the Apes was well received by critics and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968 , applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down . As of April , 2012 , the film held a 90 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 50 reviews . In 2008 , the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Accolades ( edit ) The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make - up achievement . The film was nominated for Best Costume Design ( Morton Haack ) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) ( Jerry Goldsmith ) . The score is known for its avant - garde compositional techniques , as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques , as well as his 12 - note music ( the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes ) to give an eerie , unsettled feel to the planet , mirroring the sense of placelessness . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 59 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Colonel George Taylor -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Take your stinking paws off me , you damned dirty ape ! '' -- # 66 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 18 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Science Fiction Film Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes Original series sequels ( edit ) Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel . Serling 's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn , which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes . The original film series had four sequels : Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( animated ) ( 1975 ) Remake ( edit ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) : The film was a re-imagining of the original film , directed by Tim Burton . Reboot series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) : A series reboot , directed by Rupert Wyatt , was released in August 5 , 2011 to critical and commercial success . It is the first installment in the new series of films . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) : The second entry in the Planet of the Apes reboot series , directed by Matt Reeves , was released in July 11 , 2014 . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) : The third film in the reboot series , directed by Matt Reeves , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Comics ( edit ) Comic book adaptations of the films were published by Gold Key ( 1970 ) and Marvel Comics ( b / w magazine 1974 - 77 , color comic book 1975 - 76 ) . Malibu Comics reprinted the Marvel adaptations when they had the license in the early 1980s . Dark Horse Comics published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film . Currently Boom ! Studios has the licensing rights to Planet of the Apes . Their stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived . However , in July 2014 , it was announced that Boom ! Studios and IDW Publishing will do a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek the original series . In popular culture ( edit ) A parody of the film series titled `` The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape '' was published in Mad Magazine . It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue # 157 , March 1973 . Numerous parodies and references have appeared in films and other media , including Spaceballs , The Simpsons , Futurama , Family Guy , South Park , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Mad Men , The Big Bang Theory and the Madagascar films . The film is also alluded to in literature , most notably in Junot Díaz 's Pulitzer - winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao . Gallery ( edit ) The crash of the astronauts ' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around Lake Powell . Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River , near Page , Arizona , was a part of the Forbidden Zone , through which Taylor , Zira , and Cornelius fled Ape City . Malibu Creek State Park , part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch , was the location of the astronauts ' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes , and of Cornelius , Zira and Taylor 's escape from Ape City . The final scene was filmed at Point Dume 's Westward Beach on the Malibu coast . The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the matte painting of the Statue of Liberty . See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Film in the United States portal Speculative fiction portal Primates portal List of American films of 1968 Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction , about the film genre , with a list of related films Survival film , about the film genre , with a list of related films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Those Damned Dirty Apes ! '' . www.mediacircus.net . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Settling the Debate over Who Wrote What , and When '' . www.rodserling.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . January 1 , 1982 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Pendreigh ( September 7 , 2001 ) . `` Obituary : John Chambers : Make - up master responsible for Hollywood 's finest space - age creatures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) A Film Review by James Berardinelli '' . www.reelviews.net . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES Set Visit and Video Blog '' . Collider . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : American Movie Classics ( 1998 ) . Behind the Planet of the Apes . Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Monkey business '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited : The Behind - The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0312252390 . Jump up ^ Tom Weaver ( 2010 ) . Sci - Fi Swarm and Horror Horde : Interviews with 62 Filmmakers . McFarland . p. 314 . ISBN 0786458313 . Jump up ^ `` Film locations for Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apes Trivia '' . Theforbidden-zone.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Handley , Rich ( 2009 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . p. 11 . ISBN 9780615253923 . Jump up ^ Key , Jim ( January 1 , 1999 ) . `` The Flight of the Icarus '' . Sci - Fi & Fantasy Models International . Next Millennium Publishing Ltd ( 38 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1968 '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1968 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Mason ; Bona , Damien ( 1986 ) . MacColl , Gail , ed . Inside Oscar : The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 768 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Greatest Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2002 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 100 Years 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 100 Years 100 Movies '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Planet of the Apes at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Adventures on the Planet of the Apes at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` Doug Gilford 's Mad Cover Site - Mad # 157 '' . Madcoversite.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Planet of the Apes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Official website Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes at AllMovie Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes at Box Office Mojo Planet of the Apes Script Planet of the Apes Media Archive An interactive celebration of the Planet of the Apes franchise in sight , sound and motion Review and analysis of the Apes series Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner The Stripper ( 1963 ) The Best Man ( 1964 ) The War Lord ( 1965 ) The Double Man ( 1967 ) Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Patton ( 1970 ) Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) Papillon ( 1973 ) Islands in the Stream ( 1977 ) The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) Sphinx ( 1981 ) Yes , Giorgio ( 1982 ) Lionheart ( 1987 ) Welcome Home ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)&oldid=799228686 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films 1960s science fiction films Science fiction adventure films 20th Century Fox films Alien zoos in fiction American films American science fiction films Dystopian films Film scores by Jerry Goldsmith Films about astronauts Films awarded an Academy Honorary Award Films based on French novels Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner Films set in New York City Films set in the 40th century Films shot in Utah Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Planet of the Apes films Screenplays by Michael Wilson ( writer ) Screenplays by Rod Serling Time travel films United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20of%20the%20Apes%20%281968%20film%29

how many episodes in season 5 sex and the city

5 8 July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 )

8

List of Sex and the City episodes

list of sex and the city episodes

The following is a list of episodes from the American television series Sex and the City .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1998 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1999 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2000 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2002 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) All but one of the show 's 94 episodes aired on a Sunday . The first episode aired on a Saturday , and from the second episode onwards , it was moved to be aired on Sunday . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) 18 June 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 18 June 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 18 June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) February 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) 5 8 July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 6 20 12 June 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 22 ) September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) 8 January 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 1 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Sex and the City '' Susan Seidelman Darren Star June 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 06 ) 101 `` Models and Mortals '' Alison Maclean Darren Star June 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 14 ) 102 `` Bay of Married Pigs '' Nicole Holofcener Michael Patrick King June 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 21 ) 103 `` Valley of the Twenty - Something Guys '' Alison Maclean Michael Patrick King June 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 28 ) 104 5 5 `` The Power of Female Sex '' Susan Seidelman Story by : Jenji Kohan Teleplay by : Darren Star July 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 05 ) 105 6 6 `` Secret Sex '' Michael Fields Darren Star July 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 12 ) 106 7 7 `` The Monogamists '' Darren Star Darren Star July 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 19 ) 107 8 8 `` Three 's a Crowd '' Nicole Holofcener Jenny Bicks July 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 26 ) 108 9 9 `` The Turtle and the Hare '' Michael Fields Susan Kolinsky August 2 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 02 ) 109 10 10 `` The Baby Shower '' Susan Seidelman Terri Minsky August 9 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 09 ) 110 11 11 `` The Drought '' Matthew Harrison Michael Green & Michael Patrick King August 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 16 ) 111 12 12 `` Oh Come All Ye Faithful '' Matthew Harrison Michael Patrick King August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) 112 Season 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 2 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 13 `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' Allen Coulter Michael Patrick King June 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 06 ) 201 14 `` The Awful Truth '' Allen Coulter Darren Star June 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 13 ) 202 15 `` The Freak Show '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks June 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 20 ) 203 16 `` They Shoot Single People , Do n't They ? '' John David Coles Michael Patrick King June 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 06 - 27 ) 204 17 5 `` Four Women and a Funeral '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks July 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 04 ) 205 18 6 `` The Cheating Curve '' John David Coles Darren Star July 11 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 11 ) 206 19 7 `` The Chicken Dance '' Victoria Hochberg Cindy Chupack July 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 18 ) 207 20 8 `` The Man , The Myth , The Viagra '' Victoria Hochberg Michael Patrick King July 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 25 ) 208 21 9 `` Old Dogs , New Dicks '' `` Old Dogs , New Tricks '' Alan Taylor Jenny Bicks August 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 01 ) 209 22 10 `` The Caste System '' Allison Anders Darren Star August 8 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 08 ) 210 23 11 `` Evolution '' Pam Thomas Cindy Chupack August 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 15 ) 211 24 12 `` La Douleur Exquise ! '' Allison Anders Ollie Levy & Michael Patrick King August 22 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 22 ) 212 25 13 `` Games People Play '' Michael Spiller Jenny Bicks August 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 29 ) 213 26 14 `` The Fuck Buddy '' `` The Sex Buddy '' Alan Taylor Darren Star September 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 05 ) 214 27 15 `` Shortcomings '' Dan Algrant Terri Minsky September 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 12 ) 215 28 16 `` Was It Good For You ? '' Dan Algrant Michael Patrick King September 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 19 ) 216 29 17 `` Twenty - Something Girls vs. Thirty - Something Women '' Darren Star Darren Star September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) 217 30 18 `` Ex and the City '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King October 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 03 ) 218 Season 3 ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 3 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Where There 's Smoke ... '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 04 ) 301 TBA 32 `` Politically Erect '' Michael Patrick King Darren Star June 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 11 ) 302 3.60 33 `` Attack of the Five - Foot - Ten Woman '' Pam Thomas Cindy Chupack June 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 18 ) 303 3.98 34 `` Boy , Girl , Boy , Girl ... '' Pam Thomas Jenny Bicks June 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 25 ) 304 3.69 35 5 `` No Ifs , Ands , or Butts '' Nicole Holofcener Michael Patrick King July 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 09 ) 305 3.97 36 6 `` Are We Sluts ? '' Allison Anders Cindy Chupack July 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 16 ) 306 TBA 37 7 `` Drama Queens '' Allison Anders Darren Star July 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 23 ) 307 4.56 38 8 `` The Big Time '' Allison Anders Jenny Bicks July 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 30 ) 308 3.93 39 9 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King August 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) 309 3.50 40 10 `` All or Nothing '' Charles McDougall Jenny Bicks August 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 13 ) 310 4.42 41 11 `` Running With Scissors '' Dennis Erdman Michael Patrick King August 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 20 ) 311 4.64 42 12 `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Dan Algrant Cindy Chupack August 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 27 ) 312 4.16 43 13 `` Escape from New York '' John David Coles Becky Hartman Edwards & Michael Patrick King September 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 10 ) 313 4.20 44 14 `` Sex and Another City '' John David Coles Jenny Bicks September 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 17 ) 314 4.76 45 15 `` Hot Child in the City '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg September 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 24 ) 315 4.94 46 16 `` Frenemies '' Michael Spiller Jenny Bicks October 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 01 ) 316 5.35 47 17 `` What Goes Around Comes Around '' Allen Coulter Darren Star October 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 08 ) 317 TBA 48 18 `` Cock a Doodle Do ! '' Allen Coulter Michael Patrick King October 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 15 ) 318 4.71 Season 4 ( 2001 -- 02 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 4 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` The Agony and the ' Ex ' - tacy '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) 401 6.49 50 `` The Real Me '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 3 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 03 ) 402 5.93 51 `` Defining Moments '' Allen Coulter Jenny Bicks June 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 10 ) 403 5.48 52 `` What 's Sex Got to Do with It ? '' Allen Coulter Nicole Avril June 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 17 ) 404 5.13 53 5 `` Ghost Town '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg June 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 24 ) 405 5.84 54 6 `` Baby , Talk Is Cheap '' Michael Spiller Cindy Chupack July 1 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) 406 5.47 55 7 `` Time and Punishment '' Michael Engler Jessica Bendinger July 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 08 ) 407 5.59 56 8 `` My Motherboard , My Self '' Michael Engler Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 15 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 15 ) 408 5.37 57 9 `` Sex and the Country '' Michael Spiller Allan Heinberg July 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 22 ) 409 5.80 58 10 `` Belles of the Balls '' Michael Spiller Michael Patrick King July 29 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 29 ) 410 5.98 59 11 `` Coulda , Woulda , Shoulda '' David Frankel Jenny Bicks August 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 05 ) 411 5.87 60 12 `` Just Say Yes '' David Frankel Cindy Chupack August 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 12 ) 412 TBA 61 13 `` The Good Fight '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King January 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 06 ) 413 7.30 62 14 `` All That Glitters '' Charles McDougall Cindy Chupack January 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 13 ) 414 6.81 63 15 `` Change of a Dress '' Alan Taylor Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky January 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 20 ) 415 5.02 64 16 `` Ring A Ding Ding '' Alan Taylor Amy B. Harris January 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 27 ) 416 7.20 65 17 `` A ' Vogue ' Idea '' Martha Coolidge Allan Heinberg February 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 03 ) 417 4.34 66 18 `` I Heart NY '' Martha Coolidge Michael Patrick King February 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 10 ) 418 7.39 Season 5 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 5 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Anchors Away '' Charles McDougall Michael Patrick King July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) 501 7.93 68 `` Unoriginal Sin '' Charles McDougall Cindy Chupack July 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 28 ) 502 6.63 69 `` Luck Be an Old Lady '' John David Coles Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) 503 6.59 70 `` Cover Girl '' John David Coles Judy Toll & Michael Patrick King August 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 11 ) 504 7.31 71 5 `` Plus One is the Loneliest Number '' Michael Patrick King Cindy Chupack August 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 18 ) 505 6.95 72 6 `` Critical Condition '' Michael Patrick King Alexa Junge August 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) 506 7.38 73 7 `` The Big Journey '' Michael Engler Michael Patrick King September 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) 507 5.95 74 8 `` I Love a Charade '' Michael Engler Cindy Chupack & Michael Patrick King September 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) 508 7.33 Season 6 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) Main article : Sex and the City ( season 6 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( millions ) Part 1 75 `` To Market , to Market '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King June 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 22 ) 601 7.30 76 `` Great Sexpectations '' Michael Patrick King Cindy Chupack June 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 29 ) 602 5.82 77 `` The Perfect Present '' David Frankel Jenny Bicks July 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 06 ) 603 6.95 78 `` Pick - A-Little , Talk - A-Little '' David Frankel Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 13 ) 604 6.60 79 5 `` Lights , Camera , Relationship ! '' Michael Engler Michael Patrick King July 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) 605 6.43 80 6 `` Hop , Skip , and a Week '' Michael Engler Amy B. Harris July 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 27 ) 606 6.34 81 7 `` The Post-It Always Sticks Twice '' Alan Taylor Liz Tuccillo August 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 03 ) 607 5.77 82 8 `` The Catch '' Alan Taylor Cindy Chupack August 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 10 ) 608 6.64 83 9 `` A Woman 's Right to Shoes '' Tim Van Patten Jenny Bicks August 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 17 ) 609 6.74 84 10 `` Boy , Interrupted '' Tim Van Patten Cindy Chupack August 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 24 ) 610 6.94 85 11 `` The Domino Effect '' David Frankel Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky September 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 07 ) 611 6.69 86 12 `` One '' David Frankel Michael Patrick King September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) 612 7.65 Part 2 87 13 `` Let There Be Light '' Michael Patrick King Michael Patrick King January 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) 613 6.36 88 14 `` The Ick Factor '' Wendey Stanzler Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky January 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 11 ) 614 N / A 89 15 `` Catch - 38 '' Michael Engler Cindy Chupack January 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 18 ) 615 N / A 90 16 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Michael Engler Jenny Bicks January 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 25 ) 616 6.94 91 17 `` The Cold War '' Julian Farino Aury Wallington February 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) 617 4.43 92 18 `` Splat ! '' Julian Farino Jenny Bicks & Cindy Chupack February 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 08 ) 618 4.83 93 19 `` An American Girl In Paris ( Part Une ) '' Tim Van Patten Michael Patrick King February 15 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 15 ) 619 6.14 94 20 `` An American Girl In Paris ( Part Deux ) '' Tim Van Patten Michael Patrick King February 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 22 ) 620 10.62 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 14 , 2000 ) . `` Even With Shaq , NBA Finals ' Ratings Come Up Short '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 21 , 2000 ) . `` NBA Finals , Reality Shows Set Summertime Pace '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 28 , 2000 ) . `` CBS Survives NBC 's NBA Game 6 to Win the Week '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 12 , 2000 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Survivor ' Giving CBS Summer Solace '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 26 , 2000 ) . `` ' Millionaire ' Helps Pay ABC a Weekly Dividend '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 2 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Not Mysterious Why Viewers Tuned In ' Ways ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 9 , 2000 ) . `` ABC Holds Up Best During Republican Convention '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` ' West Wing ' Episodes Help NBC Get Viewers ' Votes '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 23 , 2000 ) . `` ' Survivor ' Delegation Helps Make CBS a Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 30 , 2000 ) . `` ' Survivor ' Gives CBS a Million - Dollar Week '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 13 , 2000 ) . `` Football , Emmys , ' Millionaire ' Help ABC Dominate '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 20 , 2000 ) . `` Sydney Olympics Give NBC a Gold - Medal Cushion '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 27 , 2000 ) . `` NBC Wins a Medal , Though Results Are n't Golden '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 4 , 2000 ) . `` NBC Drops Olympic Baton in Relay With Advertisers '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 18 , 2000 ) . `` Football , ' Miss America , ' New Shows Make ABC Shine '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , Kevin ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` NBA jumpers lead NBC to a weekly win '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` Network numbers fall below last summer 's '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( June 27 , 2001 ) . `` NBC 's big sweep with reality series '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 5 , 2001 ) . `` ' CSI ' whups NBC Thursday lineup '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` NASCAR roars , and NBC can thank Fox '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 18 , 2001 ) . `` Fox trots again , up from nowhere '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 25 , 2001 ) . `` Flix strengthen CBS 's lead in households '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 1 , 2001 ) . `` Ouch ! WB takes hit in summer viewers . '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 8 , 2001 ) . `` For NBC , some reality bites '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 15 , 2001 ) . `` Pigskin and ' Brady ' pull young for ABC '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Mercy , it 's a killer of a midseason '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 24 , 2002 ) . `` NBC by a mile , ABC and CBS slipping '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` For Fox , some pre-Olympic glory '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 6 , 2002 ) . `` Bowl gives Fox nifty sweeps boost '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 13 , 2002 ) . `` Fox 's still strong , even as Olympics soar '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( February 21 , 2002 ) . `` NBC 's big Olympic win : 18 - to 24 - year - olds '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` Big duke - out for top network '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 7 , 2002 ) . `` Bum primetime summer for ABC '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 14 , 2002 ) . `` July sweeps belong under the rug '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` TV summer really belongs to cops '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( August 28 , 2002 ) . `` Some late summer trophies for ' Idol ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 5 , 2002 ) . `` Such sweet # s for Fox 's ' Idol ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` With fall , Fox trots again '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` Early premieres boost ABC and WB '' . Media Life Magazine . Media Life . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 2 , 2003 ) . `` And the winner is ... ' Top Model ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kevin ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` A flusher summer for broadcast networks '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 16 , 2003 ) . `` Fox 's dashed hopes for ' Banzai ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 23 , 2003 ) . `` Gigli effect : Ben and J. Lo do ' Dateline ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( July 30 , 2003 ) . `` Now , summer reality 's winners and losers '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` ' Restaurant ' warms with the main course '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` For ' The O.C. , ' a time to find its legs '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 20 , 2003 ) . `` ' The blackout ate my ratings , it did ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Bang - up finish for dogging ' Amazing Race ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 4 , 2003 ) . `` Schedule switches to keep an eye on '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Do n't whoop quite yet for ' Whoopi ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Toni ( September 24 , 2003 ) . `` Alas , Emmys just are n't Fox 's thing '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Livsey , A.J. ( January 14 , 2004 ) . `` Actually , fewer and fewer love ' Raymond ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( January 28 , 2004 ) . `` Globe award # s bode well for Oscars '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( February 4 , 2004 ) . `` A gaining ' Idol ' bettering its debut '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Combs , Drew ( February 11 , 2004 ) . `` Nifty first sweeps Thursday for NBC '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Diego ( February 19 , 2004 ) . `` NBC swoops ahead on power of ' Shrek ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vasquez , Diego ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Growing strength of ' Without a Trace ' '' . Media Life Magazine . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ( hide ) Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sex_and_the_City_episodes&oldid=797718485 '' Categories : Sex and the City Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 19 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sex%20and%20the%20City%20episodes

it is a technique for printing text images or patterns used widely throughout east asia

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text , images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper . As a method of printing on cloth , the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD . Woodblock printing existed in Tang China during the 7th century AD and remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts , as well as images , until the 19th century . Ukiyo - e is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print . Most European uses of the technique for printing images on paper are covered by the art term woodcut , except for the block - books produced mainly in the 15th century in India .

Woodblock printing

Woodblock printing

woodblock printing

Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text , images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper . As a method of printing on cloth , the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 AD . Woodblock printing existed in Tang China during the 7th century AD and remained the most common East Asian method of printing books and other texts , as well as images , until the 19th century . Ukiyo - e is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print . Most European uses of the technique for printing images on paper are covered by the art term woodcut , except for the block - books produced mainly in the 15th century in India .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Seals and stamps 2 Technique 2.1 Colour woodblock printing 3 History of woodblock printing 3.1 Origins in Asia 3.2 Early printed books in China and Korea 3.3 Japanese woodblock prints 3.4 Diffusion in Eurasia 3.5 15th - century Europe 3.6 Further development in East Asia 3.7 Type of wood used by the Chinese 4 Materials other than paper 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Seals and stamps ( edit ) Prior to the invention of woodblock printing , seals and stamps were used for making impressions . The oldest of these seals came from Mesopotamia and Egypt . The use of round `` cylinder seals '' for rolling an impress onto clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BC , where they are the most common works of art to survive , and feature complex and beautiful images . A few much larger brick ( e.g. 13 × 13 cm ) stamps for marking clay bricks survive from Akkad from around 2270 BC . There are also Roman lead pipe inscriptions of some length that were stamped , and amulet MS 5236 may be a unique surviving gold foil sheet stamped with an amulet text in the 6th century BC . However none of these used ink , which is necessary for printing ( on a proper definition ) , but stamped marks into relatively soft materials . In both China and Egypt , the use of small stamps for seals preceded the use of larger blocks . In Europe and India , the printing of cloth certainly preceded the printing of paper or papyrus ; this was probably also the case in China . The process is essentially the same -- in Europe special presentation impressions of prints were often printed on silk until at least the 17th century . Technique ( edit ) The wood block is carefully prepared as a relief pattern , which means the areas to show ' white ' are cut away with a knife , chisel , or sandpaper leaving the characters or image to show in ' black ' at the original surface level . The block was cut along the grain of the wood . It is necessary only to ink the block and bring it into firm and even contact with the paper or cloth to achieve an acceptable print . The content would of course print `` in reverse '' or mirror - image , a further complication when text was involved . The art of carving the woodcut is technically known as xylography , though the term is rarely used in English . For colour printing , multiple blocks are used , each for one colour , although overprinting two colours may produce further colours on the print . Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks . There are three methods of printing to consider : Woodblock for textile printing , India , about 1900 , 22 × 17 × 8 cm Stamping Used for many fabrics , and most early European woodcuts ( 1400 -- 40 ) . These items were printed by putting paper or fabric on a table or a flat surface with the block on top , and pressing , or hammering , the back of the block . Rubbing Apparently the most common for Far Eastern printing . Used for European woodcuts and block - books later in the 15th century , and very widely for cloth . The block is placed face side up on a table , with the paper or fabric on top . The back of the paper or fabric is rubbed with a `` hard pad , a flat piece of wood , a burnisher , or a leather frotton '' . Printing in a press `` Presses '' only seem to have been used in Asia in relatively recent times . Simple weighted presses may have been used in Europe , but firm evidence is lacking . Later , printing - presses were used ( from about 1480 ) . A deceased Abbess of Mechelen in Flanders in 1465 had `` unum instrumentum ad imprintendum scripturas et ymagines ... cum 14 aliis lapideis printis '' ( `` an instrument for printing texts and pictures ... with 14 stones for printing '' ) which is probably too early to be a Gutenberg - type printing press in that location . In addition , jia xie is a method for dyeing textiles ( usually silk ) using wood blocks invented in the 5th - 6th centuries in China . An upper and a lower block is made , with carved out compartments opening to the back , fitted with plugs . The cloth , usually folded a number of times , is inserted and clamped between the two blocks . By unplugging the different compartments and filling them with dyes of different colours , a multi-coloured pattern can be printed over quite a large area of folded cloth . The method is not strictly printing however , as the pattern is not caused by pressure against the block . Colour woodblock printing ( edit ) Mino province : Yoro - taki from the series Views of Famous Places in the Sixty - odd Provinces by Hiroshige , a ukiyo - e artist The earliest woodblock printing known is in colour -- Chinese silk from the Han Dynasty printed in three colours . On paper , European woodcut prints with coloured blocks were invented in Germany in 1508 and are known as chiaroscuro woodcuts . Colour is very common in Asian woodblock printing on paper ; in China the first known example is a Diamond sutra of 1341 , printed in black and red at the Zifu Temple in modern - day Hubei province . The earliest dated book printed in more than 2 colours is Chengshi moyuan ( Chinese : 程 氏 墨 苑 ) , a book on ink - cakes printed in 1606 and the technique reached its height in books on art published in the first half of the 17th century . Notable examples are the Hu Zhengyan 's Treatise on the Paintings and Writings of the Ten Bamboo Studio of 1633 , and the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual published in 1679 and 1701 . In Japan , a multi-colour technique , called nishiki - e ( `` brocade pictures '' ) , spread more widely , and was used for prints , from the 1760s on . Japanese woodcut became a major artistic form , although at the time it was accorded a much lower status than painting . In both Europe and Japan , book illustrations were normally printed in black ink only , and colour reserved for individual artistic prints . In China , the reverse was true , and colour printing was used mainly in books on art and erotica . History of woodblock printing ( edit ) Yuan Dynasty woodblock edition of a Chinese play Origins in Asia ( edit ) The earliest woodblock printed fragments to survive are from China and are of silk , printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty ( before AD 220 ) . It is clear that woodblock printing developed in Asia several centuries before Europe . The Chinese were the first to use the process to print solid text , and equally that , much later , in Europe the printing of images on cloth developed into the printing of images on paper ( woodcuts ) . It is also now established that the use in Europe of the same process to print substantial amounts of text together with images in block - books only came after the development of movable type , which was developed by Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) during the Northern Song Dynasty of China , about four hundred years later . Coloured woodcut Buddha , 10th century , China In China , an alternative to woodblock printing was a system of reprography since the Han Dynasty using carved stone steles to reproduce pages of text . The three necessary components for woodblock printing are the wood block , which carries the design cut in relief ; dye or ink , which had been widely used in the ancient world ; and either cloth or paper , which was first developed in China , around the 3rd century BC or 2nd century BC . Woodblock printing on papyrus seems never to have been practised , although it would be possible . A few specimen of wood block printing , possibly called tarsh in Arabic , have been excavated from a 10th - century context in Arabic Egypt . They were mostly used for prayers and amulets . The technique may be spread from China or an independent invention , but had very little impact and virtually disappeared at the end of the 14th century . In India the main importance of the technique has always been as a method of printing textiles , which has been a large industry since at least the 10th century . Large quantities of printed Indian silk and cotton were exported to Europe throughout the Modern Period . Because Chinese has a character set running into the thousands , woodblock printing suits it better than movable type to the extent that characters only need to be created as they occur in the text . Although the Chinese had invented a form of movable type with baked clay in the 11th century , and metal movable type was invented in Korea in the 13th century , woodblocks continued to be preferred owing to the formidable challenges of typesetting Chinese text with its 40,000 or more characters . Also , the objective of printing in the East may have been more focused on standardization of ritual text ( such as the Buddhist canon Tripitaka , requiring 80,000 woodblocks ) , and the purity of validated woodblocks could be maintained for centuries . When there was a need for the reproduction of a text , the original block could simply be brought out again , while moveable type necessitated error - prone composition of distinct `` editions '' . In China , Korea , and Japan , the state involved itself in printing at a relatively early stage ; initially only the government had the resources to finance the carving of the blocks for long works . The difference between East Asian woodblock printing and the Western printing press had major implications for the development of book culture and book markets in East Asia and Europe . Early printed books in China and Korea ( edit ) The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , the world 's earliest dated printed book , AD 868 ( British Library ) Woodblock printing in China is strongly associated with Buddhism , which encouraged the spread of charms and sutras . In the Tang Dynasty , a Chinese writer named Fenzhi first mentioned in his book `` Yuan Xian San Ji '' that the woodblock was used to print Buddhist scriptures during the Zhenguan years ( AD 627 ~ 649 ) . The oldest existing print done with wood - blocks was discovered in 1974 in an excavation in Xi'an ( the capital of Tang - Dynasty China , then called Chang'an ) , Shaanxi , China , whereby individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved into them . It is a dharani sutra printed on hemp paper and dated to 650 to 670 AD , during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . Another printed document dating to the early half of the Chinese Tang Dynasty has also been found , the Saddharma pundarika sutra printed from 690 to 699 . Dharani sutra replica exhibited at National Museum of Korea An early example of woodblock printing on paper is The Great Dharani Sutra that is dated between AD 704 and 751 . It was found at Bulguksa , South Korea in 1966 . Its Buddhist text was printed on a 8 cm × 630 cm ( 3.1 in × 248.0 in ) mulberry paper scroll in the early Korean Kingdom of Unified Silla . Another version of the Dharani sutra , printed in Japan around AD 770 , is also frequently cited as an example of early printing . One million copies of the sutra , along with other prayers , were ordered to be produced by Empress Shōtoku . As each copy was then stored in a tiny wooden pagoda , the copies are together known as the Hyakumantō Darani ( 百 万 塔 陀羅尼 , `` 1,000,000 towers / pagodas Darani '' ) . The world 's earliest dated ( AD 868 ) printed book is a Chinese scroll about sixteen feet long containing the text of the Diamond Sutra . It was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang , and is currently in the possession of the British Museum . The book displays a great maturity of design and layout and speaks of a considerable ancestry for woodblock printing . The colophon , at the inner end , reads : Reverently ( caused to be ) made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong ( i.e. 11 May , AD 868 ) . Finely crafted books -- like the Compendium of Materia Medica shown above -- were produced in China as early as the ninth century . In late 10th century China the complete Buddhist canon Tripitaka of 130,000 pages was printed with blocks , which took between 1080 and 1102 , and many other very long works were printed . Early books were on scrolls , but other book formats were developed . First came the Jingzhe zhuang or `` sutra binding '' , a scroll folded concertina-wise , which avoided the need to unroll half a scroll to see a passage in the middle . About AD 1000 `` butterfly binding '' was developed ; two pages were printed on a sheet , which was then folded inwards . The sheets were then pasted together at the fold to make a codex with alternate openings of printed and blank pairs of pages . In the 14th century the folding was reversed outwards to give continuous printed pages , each backed by a blank hidden page . Later the bindings were sewn rather than pasted . Only relatively small volumes ( juan 卷 ) were bound up , and several of these would be enclosed in a cover called a tao , with wooden boards at front and back , and loops and pegs to close up the book when not in use . For example , one complete Tripitaka had over 6,400 juan in 595 tao . Japanese woodblock prints ( edit ) Under the Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai , a ukiyo - e artist Main article : Woodblock printing in Japan The earliest known woodblock printing dates from 764 - 770 , when Empress Shotoku commissioned one million small wooden pagodas containing short printed scrolls -- typically 6 cm × 45 cm ( 2.4 in × 17.7 in ) -- to be distributed to temples . Apart from the production of Buddhist texts , which became widespread from the 11th century in Japan , the process was only adopted in Japan for secular books surprisingly late , and a Chinese - Japanese dictionary of 1590 is the earliest known example . Though the Jesuits operated a movable type printing - press in Nagasaki , printing equipment which Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's army seized from Korea in 1593 had far greater influence on the development of the medium . Four years later , Tokugawa Ieyasu , even before becoming shogun , effected the creation of the first native movable type , using wooden type - pieces rather than metal . He oversaw the creation of 100,000 type - pieces , which were used to print a number of political and historical texts . An edition of the Confucian Analects was printed in 1598 , using a Korean moveable type printing press , at the order of Emperor Go - Yōzei . This document is the oldest work of Japanese moveable type printing extant today . Despite the appeal of moveable type , however , it was soon decided that the running script style of Japanese writing would be better reproduced using woodblocks , and so woodblocks were once more adopted ; by 1640 they were once again being used for nearly all purposes . The technology quickly gained popularity among publishers , and was used to produce affordable prints as well as books . As a result , Japan began to see something of literary mass production and increasing literacy . The content of these books varied widely , including travel guides , advice manuals , kibyōshi ( satirical novels ) , sharebon ( books on urban culture ) , art books , and play scripts for the jōruri ( puppet ) theatre . Often , within a certain genre , such as the jōruri theatre scripts , a particular style of writing would come to be the standard for that genre ; in other words , one person 's personal calligraphic style was adopted as the standard style for printing plays . Diffusion in eurasia ( edit ) The technique is found through South and Central Asia , and in the Byzantine world for cloth , and by AD 1000 examples of woodblock printing on paper appear in Islamic Egypt . Printing onto cloth had spread much earlier , and was common in Europe by 1300 . `` In the 13th century the Chinese technique of blockprinting was transmitted to Europe , '' soon after paper became available in Europe . The print in woodcut , later joined by engraving , quickly became an important cultural tradition for popular religious works , as well as playing cards and other uses . Many early Chinese examples , such as the Diamond Sutra ( above ) contain images , mostly Buddhist , that are often elaborate . Later , some notable artists designed woodblock images for books , but the separate artistic print did not develop in China as it did in Europe and Japan . Apart from devotional images , mainly Buddhist , few `` single - leaf '' Chinese prints were made until the 19th century . 15th - century Europe ( edit ) Three episodes from a block - book Biblia Pauperum illustrating typological correspondences between the Old and New Testaments : Eve and the serpent , the Annunciation , Gideon 's miracle Main article : block book Block - books , where both text and images are cut on a single block for a whole page , appeared in Europe in the mid-15th century . As they were almost always undated and without statement of printer or place of printing , determining their dates of printing has been an extremely difficult task . Allan H. Stevenson , by comparing the watermarks in the paper used in blockbooks with watermarks in dated documents , concluded that the `` heyday '' of blockbooks was the 1460s , but that at least one dated from about 1451 . Block books printed in the 1470s were often of cheaper quality , as a cheaper alternative to books printed by printing press . Block books continued to be printed sporadically up through the end of the 15th century . The most famous block - books are the Speculum Humanae Salvationis and the Ars moriendi , though in this the images and text are on different pages , but all block - cut . The Biblia pauperum , a Biblical picture - book , was the next most common title , and the great majority of block - books were popular devotional works . All block - books are fairly short at less than fifty pages . While in Europe movable metal type soon became cheap enough to replace woodblock printing for the reproduction of text , woodcuts remained a major way to reproduce images in illustrated works of early modern European printing . ( See also : Old master print . ) Most block - books before about 1480 were printed on only one side of the paper -- if they were printed by rubbing it would be difficult to print on both sides without damaging the first one to be printed . Many were printed with two pages per sheet , producing a book with opening of two printed pages , followed by openings with two blank pages ( as earlier in China ) . The blank pages were then glued together to produce a book looking like a type - printed one . Where both sides of a sheet have been printed , it is presumed a printing - press was used . The method was also used extensively for printing playing cards . Further development in East Asia ( edit ) Woodblock printing , Sera Monastery , Tibet . The distinctive shape of the pages in the Tibetan books ( called Pechas ) goes back to Palm leaf manuscripts in ancient Buddhist India Woodblocks for printing , Sera monastery in Tibet In East Asia , woodblock printing proved to be more enduring than in Europe , continuing well into the 19th century as the major form of printing texts , especially in China , even after the introduction of the European printing press . In countries using Arabic , Turkish and similar scripts , works , especially the Qur'an were sometimes printed by lithography in the 19th century , as the links between the characters require compromises when movable type is used which were considered inappropriate for sacred texts . Nianhua were a form of coloured woodblock prints in China , depicting images for decoration during the Chinese New Year . Type of wood used by the Chinese ( edit ) A woodblock from China Block Printing Museum in Yangzhou Dr. Henry , in his `` Notes on the Economic Botany of China , '' refers to your wish to obtain specimens of the woods used in China for printing blocks . The name which the neighbouring city of Wuchang enjoys for the excellence of its printing work has led me to inquire into the woods used there , and I am sending you specimens of them by parcel post . The wood which is considered the best is the Veng li mu , which has been identified as the Pyrus betulcefolia , Bunge. , and which grows in this Province . Slabs of this wood 1 ft. x 6 ins . x 1 ^ in . cost 150 cash , or about 51⁄2. d . A cheaper wood generally used for printing proclamations is the tu chung mu . Eucommia ulmoides , Oliv. , has been determined to be the tu chung mu . The tu chung here used is a native of this Province . A wood used in Kiangsu is the yin hsing mu , which is one of the names of the Salisburia adiantifolia . Boxwood , huang yang mu , is obtained from Szechuen , but only in small pieces , which are mainly used for cutting the stamps used for private seals on letters and documents . In the third volume of the Japanese work , the `` So Mokn Sei Fu , '' a drawing is given of the huang yang , together with a quotation from the Chinese Materia Medica , which speaks of the tree as growing an inch a year , except in these years which have an intercalary moon , when it grows backwards . From this it would appear to be a slow growing tree . W.R. Carles , Esq. , to Royal Gardens , Kew , dated Her Majesty 's Consulate , Hankow , July 25 , 1896 . Materials other than paper ( edit ) Block printing has also been extensively used for decorative purposes such as fabrics , leathers and wallpaper . This is easiest with repetitive patterns composed of one or a small number of motifs that are small to medium in size ( due to the difficulty of carving and handling larger blocks ) . For a multi-colour pattern , each colour element is carved as a separate block and individually inked and applied . Block printing was the standard method of producing wallpaper until the early 20th century , and is still used by a few traditionalist firms . It also remains in use for making cloth , mostly in small artisanal settings , for example in India . William Morris was one artist who used woodblock printing to produce patterned wallpaper and textiles during the late 19th century . Examples of Morris ' work are housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum . The museum also holds a number of Morris ' original woodblocks , which are still in limited use . See also ( edit ) Woodcut Banhua Old master print New Year picture Kalamkari Ghalamkar Bagh Print Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schoyen collection ^ Jump up to : An Introduction to a History of Woodcut , Arthur M. Hind , p64 - 94 , Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 ( in USA ) , reprinted Dover Publications , 1963 ISBN 0 - 486 - 20952 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer ( ed ) , `` Caves of the Thousand Buddhas '' , 1990 , British Museum publications , ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1447 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Shi zhu zhai shu hua pu '' . Cambridge Digital Library . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sickman , L. ; Soper , A. ( 1971 ) . The Art and Architecture of China . Pelican History of Art ( 3rd ed . ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 056110 - 2 . Jump up ^ Berner , R. Thomas ( 1997 ) . `` The Ancient Chinese Process of Reprography '' . Technology and Culture . 38 ( 2 ) : 424 -- 431 . JSTOR 3107128 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Bulliet ( 1987 ) , `` Medieval Arabic Tarsh : A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society 107 ( 3 ) , p. 427 - 438 . Jump up ^ `` Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online , Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art '' . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Wonders '' ( PDF ) . Korean Hero . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Thomas Christensen ( 2007 ) . `` Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance ? '' . Arts of Asia Magazine ( to appear ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Pan , Jixing ( 1997 ) . `` On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries '' . Chinese Science Bulletin . 42 ( 12 ) : 976 -- 981 ( pp. 979 -- 980 ) . doi : 10.1007 / BF02882611 . ISSN 1001 - 6538 . Jump up ^ North Korea -- Silla Countrystudies.us accessed 2009 - 12 - 03 ; A History of Writings in Japanese and Current Studies in the Field of Rare Books in Japan - 62nd IFLA General Conference , Ifla.org , accessed 009 - 12 - 03 ; Gutenberg and the Koreans : The Invention of Movable Metal Type Printing in Korea , Rightreading.com , 2006 - 09 - 13 , accessed 2009 - 12 - 03 ; Cho Woo - suk , JoongAng Daily Archived 2011 - 07 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , November 22 , 2004 , Eng.buddhapia.com , accessed 2009 - 12 - 03 ; National Treasure No. 126 - 6 , by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea ( in Korean ) , jikimi.cha.go.kr , accessed 2009 - 12 - 28 ; National Treasure No. 126 - 6 , by the Cultural Heritage Administration of South Korea ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. ( 1998 ) . A History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29198 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dunhuang concertina binding findings '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 03 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Lane , Richard ( 1978 ) . Images of the Floating World . Old Saybrook , CT : Konecky & Konecky . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 481 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ikegami , Eiko ( 2005 - 02 - 28 ) . Bonds of Civility : Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521601153 . Jump up ^ Sansom , George ( 1961 ) . A History of Japan : 1334 -- 1615 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Hsü , Immanuel C.Y. ( 1970 ) . The Rise of Modern China . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 830 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501240 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Carter p. 46 . Jump up ^ Allan H. Stevenson , The Quincentennnial of Netherlandish Blockbooks , British Museum Quarterly , Vol. 31 , No. 3 / 4 ( Spring 1967 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Master E.S. , Alan Shestack , Philadelphia Museum of Art , 1967 Jump up ^ created 2003 - 2005 Early Card painters and Printers in Germany , Austria and Flanders ( 14th and 15th century ) . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Qur'an translations '' . Answering-islam.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew ( 1901 ) . Kew bulletin . LONDON : H.M. Stationery Office . p. 217 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Dr. Henry , in his `` Notes on the Economic Botany of China , '' refers to your wish to obtain specimens of the woods used in China for printing blocks . The name which the neighbouring city of Wuchang enjoys for the excellence of its printing work has led me to inquire into the woods used there , and I am sending you specimens of them by parcel post . The wood which is considered the best is the Veng li mu , which has been identified as the Pyrus betulcefolia , Bunge. , and which grows in this Province . Slabs of this wood 1 ft. x 6 ins . x 1 ^ in . cost 150 cash , or about 51⁄2. d . A cheaper wood generally used for printing proclamations is the tu chung mu . Eucommia ulmoides , Oliv. , has been determined to be the tu chung mu . The tu chung here used is a native of this Province . A wood used in Kiangsu is the yin hsing mu , which is one of the names of the Salisburia adiantifolia . Boxwood , huang yang mu , is obtained from Szechuen , but only in small pieces , which are mainly used for cutting the stamps used for private seals on letters and documents . In the third volume of the Japanese work , the `` So Mokn Sei Fu , '' a drawing is given of the huang yang , together with a quotation from the Chinese Materia Medica , which speaks of the tree as growing an inch a year , except in these years which have an intercalary moon , when it grows backwards . From this it would appear to be a slow growing tree . W.R. Carles , Esq. , to Royal Gardens , Kew , dated Her Majesty 's Consulate , Hankow , July 25th , 1896 . Jump up ^ `` Embroidery software '' . www.shopworx.com . References ( edit ) Albert Buell Lewis ( 1924 ) . Block Prints from India for Textiles . Chicago : Field Museum for Natural History . Lane , Richard . ( 1978 ) . Images from the Floating World , The Japanese Print . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780192114471 ; OCLC 5246796 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woodblock printing . Centre for the History of the Book Excellent images and descriptions of examples , mostly Chinese , from the Schoyen Collection ( Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Fine example of a European block - book Apocalypse with hand - colouring Chinese book - binding methods , from the V&A Museum Chinese book - binding methods , from the International Dunhuang Project American Printing History Association -- Numerous links to Online Resources and Other Organizations Wood - Block Printing , by F. Morley Fletcher , Illustrated by A.W. Seaby at Project Gutenberg Block printing in India Prints & People : A Social History of Printed Pictures , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) , which contains material on woodblock printing The History of Chinese Bookbinding : the case of Dunhuang findings Video : Block - printed wallpaper , a video demonstrating printing of multicolored wallpaper with a press , using blocks produced by William Morris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodblock_printing&oldid=814902998 '' Categories : Chinese inventions Book arts Book design Decorative arts History of printing Relief printing Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Textile arts Textual scholarship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2009 Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock%20printing

who was allowed to vote in the brexit referendum

The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also Commonwealth citizens under the British Nationality Act 1948 ( which include British citizens and other British nationals ) , or those who were also citizens of the Republic of Ireland , or both . Members of the House of Lords , who could not vote in general elections , were able to vote in the referendum .

United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016

united kingdom european union membership referendum, 2016

Legislation

1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Secretary of State ( Brexit Secretary ) Department for International Trade Secretary of State ( International Trade Secretary ) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain See also United Ireland The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , also known as the EU referendum and the Brexit referendum , took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom ( UK ) and Gibraltar to gauge support for the country either remaining a member of , or leaving , the European Union ( EU ) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 and also the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 . The referendum resulted in a simple majority of 51.9 % of people voting in favour of leaving the EU . Although legally the referendum was non-binding , the government had promised to implement the result and it initiated the official EU withdrawal process on 29 March 2017 , which put the UK on course to leave the EU by 30 March 2019 . Membership of the EU and its predecessors has long been a topic of debate in the United Kingdom . The country joined what were then the three European Communities , principally the European Economic Community ( EEC , or `` Common Market '' ) , in 1973 . A first referendum on continued membership of the then European Communities ( Common Market ) was held in 1975 , and it was approved by 67.2 % of `` Yes '' voters compared to 32.8 % of `` No '' voters . In May 2015 , in accordance with a Conservative Party manifesto commitment following their surprise victory in the 2015 UK general election , the legal basis for a referendum on EU membership was established by the UK Parliament through the European Union Referendum Act 2015 . Britain Stronger in Europe was the official group campaigning for the UK to remain in the EU , and was endorsed by the Prime Minister David Cameron and Chancellor George Osborne . Vote Leave was the official group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU , and was fronted by the Conservative MP Boris Johnson , Secretary of State for Justice Michael Gove and Labour MP Gisela Stuart . Other campaign groups , political parties , businesses , trade unions , newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved , and each side had supporters from across the political spectrum . Immediately after the result , financial markets reacted negatively but soon recovered , and Cameron announced that he would resign as prime minister and Conservative party leader , having campaigned unsuccessfully for a `` Remain '' vote . It was the first time that a national referendum result had gone against the preferred option of the UK Government . He was succeeded by Theresa May on 13 July . The opposition Labour Party also faced a leadership challenge as a result of the EU referendum . In response to the result , the Scottish Government announced that it would plan for a possible second referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Growing pressure for a referendum 1.2 Renegotiation before the referendum 2 Legislation 3 Administration 3.1 Date 3.2 Eligibility to vote 3.3 Registration problems 3.4 Crown Dependencies 3.5 Referendum question 4 Campaign 5 Responses to the referendum campaign 5.1 Party policies 5.1. 1 Great Britain 5.1. 2 Northern Ireland 5.1. 3 Gibraltar 5.1. 4 Minor parties 5.2 Cabinet ministers 5.3 Business 5.4 Exchange rates and stock markets 5.5 European responses 5.6 Non-European responses 5.6. 1 International Monetary Fund 5.6. 2 United States 5.6. 3 Other states 5.7 Economists 5.7. 1 Institute for Fiscal Studies 5.7. 2 Law and economics experts 5.8 NHS officials 5.9 British charities 5.10 Fishing industry 5.11 Historians 5.12 Exit plan competition 6 Opinion polling 6.1 On the day YouGov Poll 7 Issues 8 Debates , Q&A sessions and interviews 9 Voting , voting areas and counts 10 Disturbances 11 Result 11.1 Regional count results 11.2 Results by constituent countries 11.3 Voting demographics and trends 12 Reactions to the result 12.1 Immediate reaction to the vote 12.1. 1 Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens 12.1. 2 Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries 12.1. 3 Abuse and hate crimes 12.1. 4 Petition for a new referendum 12.1. 5 Notification of intention to leave the EU 12.2 Political 12.2. 1 Conservative Party 12.2. 2 Labour Party 12.2. 3 UK Independence Party 12.2. 4 Scottish independence 12.2. 5 New political movement 12.3 Economy 12.4 Electoral Reform Society 12.5 Television coverage 13 Investigations into campaigns 13.1 Possible Russian interference 13.2 Campaign spending 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities , European Communities Act 1972 ( UK ) , and European Union Act 2011 The European Communities were formed in the 1950s -- the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) in 1952 , and the European Atomic Energy Community ( EAEC or Euratom ) and European Economic Community ( EEC ) in 1957 . The EEC , much the largest of the three , came to be known as the `` Common Market '' . The UK first applied to join them in 1961 , but this was vetoed by France . A later application was successful , and the UK joined in 1973 ; two years later , the first ever national referendum on continuing membership resulted in 67.2 % approval . Political integration gained greater focus when the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union ( EU ) in 1993 , which incorporated ( and after the Treaty of Lisbon , succeeded ) the European Communities . Growing pressure for a referendum ( edit ) Prior to the 2010 general election , then Leader of the Conservative Party David Cameron had given a `` cast iron '' promise of a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty , which he backtracked on after all EU countries had ratified the treaty before the election . During the 2015 general election campaign , David Cameron promised to renegotiate the terms of the UK 's EU membership and later hold a referendum on the subject if a Conservative majority government was elected . Whilst attending the May 2012 NATO summit meeting , UK Prime Minister David Cameron , Foreign Secretary William Hague and Ed Llewellyn discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to energise the Eurosceptic wing of the Conservative Party . Cameron promised in January 2013 that , should the Conservatives win a parliamentary majority at the 2015 general election , the British government would negotiate more favourable arrangements for continuing British membership of the EU , before holding a referendum on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU . The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013 , and outlined it 's plans for renegotiation followed by an in - out vote ( i.e. a referendum giving options only of leaving and of remaining in under the current terms , or under new terms if these had become available ) , were the party to be re-elected in 2015 . The draft Bill stated that the referendum must be held no later than 31 December 2017 . The draft legislation was taken forward as a Private Member 's Bill by Conservative MP James Wharton which was known as the European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 . The bill 's First Reading in the House of Commons took place on 19 June 2013 . Cameron was said by a spokesperson to be `` very pleased '' and would ensure the Bill was given `` the full support of the Conservative Party '' . Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the UK Government in the 2015 -- 20 Parliament ( which indirectly as a result of referendum itself would only last two years ) to holding such a referendum , a parliamentary research paper noted that : The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing , other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016 . ( ... ) If no party obtained a majority at the ( next general election due in 2015 ) , there might be some uncertainty about the passage of the orders in the next Parliament . The bill received its Second Reading on 5 July 2013 , passing by 304 votes to none after almost all Labour MPs and all Liberal Democrat MPs abstained , cleared the Commons in November 2013 , and was then introduced to the House of Lords in December 2013 , where members voted to block the bill . Conservative MP Bob Neill then introduced an Alternative Referendum Bill to the Commons . After a debate on 17 October 2014 , it passed to the Public Bills Committee , but because the Commons failed to pass a money resolution , the bill was unable to progress further before the Dissolution of Parliament on 27 March 2015 . At the European Parliament election in 2014 , the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) secured more votes and more seats than any other party , the first time a party other than the Conservatives or Labour had topped a nationwide poll in 108 years , leaving the Conservatives in third place . Under Ed Miliband 's leadership between 2010 -- 15 , the Labour Party ruled out an in - out referendum unless and until a further transfer of powers from the UK to the EU were to be proposed . In their manifesto for the 2015 general election , the Liberal Democrats pledged to hold an in - out referendum only in the event of there being a change in the EU treaties . The UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) , the British National Party ( BNP ) , the Green Party , the Democratic Unionist Party and the Respect Party all supported the principle of a referendum . When the Conservative Party won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election , Cameron reiterated his party 's manifesto commitment to hold an in - out referendum on UK membership of the EU by the end of 2017 , but only after `` negotiating a new settlement for Britain in the EU '' . Renegotiation before the referendum ( edit ) Main articles : United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership , 2015 -- 16 and EU law In early 2014 , David Cameron outlined the changes he aimed to bring about in the EU and in the UK 's relationship with it . These were : additional immigration controls , especially for citizens of new EU member states ; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens ; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws ; new free - trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses ; a lessening of the influence of the European Court of Human Rights on British police and courts ; more power for individual member states , and less for the central EU ; and abandonment of the EU notion of `` ever closer union '' . He intended to bring these about during a series of negotiations with other EU leaders and then , if re-elected , to announce a referendum . In November that year Cameron gave an update on the negotiations , and further details of his aims . The key demands made of the EU were : on economic governance , to recognise officially that Eurozone laws would not necessarily apply to non-Eurozone EU members and the latter would not have to bail out troubled Eurozone economies ; on competitiveness , to expand the single market and to set a target for the reduction of bureaucracy for businesses ; on sovereignty , for the UK to be legally exempted from `` ever closer union '' and for national parliaments to be able collectively to veto proposed EU laws ; and , on immigration , for EU citizens going to the UK for work to be unable to claim social housing or in - work benefits until they had worked there for four years , and for them to be unable to send child benefit payments overseas . The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016 . The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom 's existing opt - outs in the European Union and the UK rebate . There was to be no fundamental change to the EU -- UK relationship . Some limits to in - work benefits for EU immigrants were agreed , but these would apply on a sliding scale for four years and would be for new immigrants only ; before they could be applied , a country would have to get permission from the European Council . Child benefit payments could still be made overseas , but these would be linked to the cost of living in the other country . On sovereignty , the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in `` ever closer union '' ; these reassurances were `` in line with existing EU law '' . Cameron 's demand to allow national parliaments to veto proposed EU laws was modified to allow national parliaments collectively to object to proposed EU laws , in which case the European Council would reconsider the proposal before itself deciding what to do . On economic governance , anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced , but they would be unable to veto any legislation . The final two areas covered were proposals to `` exclude from the scope of free movement rights , third country nationals who had no prior lawful residence in a Member State before marrying a Union citizen '' and to make it easier for member states to deport EU nationals for public policy or public security reasons . The extent to which the various parts of the agreement would be legally binding is complex ; no part of the agreement itself changed EU law , but some parts could be enforceable in international law . The EU had offered David Cameron a so - called `` emergency brake '' , which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived ; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years . That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum , but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU . Cameron claimed that `` he could have avoided Brexit had European leaders let him control migration '' , according to the Financial Times . However , that offer had not been made by the EU , as confirmed by Angela Merkel to the German Parliament : `` If you wish to have free access to the single market then you have to accept the fundamental European rights as well as obligations that come from it . This is as true for Great Britain as for anybody else . '' Legislation ( edit ) See also : European Union Referendum Act 2015 The planned referendum was included in the Queen 's Speech on 27 May 2015 . It was suggested at the time that Cameron was planning to hold the referendum in October 2016 , but the European Union Referendum Act 2015 , which authorised it , went before the House of Commons the following day , just three weeks after the election . On the bill 's second reading on 9 June , members of the House of Commons voted by 544 to 53 in favour , endorsing the principle of holding a referendum , with only the Scottish National Party voting against . In contrast to the Labour Party 's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband , acting Labour leader Harriet Harman committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017 . To enable the referendum to take place , the European Union Referendum Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It extended to include and take legislative effect in Gibraltar , and received royal assent on 17 December 2015 . The Act was , in turn , confirmed , enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) , which was passed by the Gibraltar Parliament and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the Governor of Gibraltar on 28 January 2016 . The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK 's continued membership of the European Union ( EU ) before the end of 2017 . It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum . Instead , it was designed to gauge the electorate 's opinion on EU membership . The referendums held in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland in 1997 and 1998 are examples of this type , where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced . The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented , unlike , for example , the Republic of Ireland , where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in its constitution . In contrast , the legislation that provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation , provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituency Act 2011 were also implemented . In the event , there was a substantial majority against any change . The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK 's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States , and the terms set out in a command paper and agreed by both Houses . Following the 2016 referendum , the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding , owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy , and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary . Administration ( edit ) Date ( edit ) Prior to being officially announced , it was widely speculated that a June date for the referendum was a serious possibility . The First Ministers of Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales co-signed a letter to Cameron asking him not to hold the referendum in June , as devolved elections were scheduled to take place the previous month . These elections had been postponed for a year to avoid a clash with the 2015 general election , after Westminster had implemented the Fixed - term Parliament Act . Cameron refused this request , saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced a short time from each other . In February 2016 , Cameron announced that the UK Government would formally recommend to the British people that the UK should remain a member of a reformed European Union and that the referendum would be held on 23 June , marking the official launch of the campaign . He also announced that Parliament would enact secondary legislation on 22 February relating to the European Union Referendum Act 2015 . With the official launch , ministers of the UK Government were then free to campaign on either side of the argument in a rare exception to Cabinet collective responsibility . Eligibility to vote ( edit ) The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also Commonwealth citizens under the British Nationality Act 1948 ( which include British citizens and other British nationals ) , or those who were also citizens of the Republic of Ireland , or both . Members of the House of Lords , who could not vote in general elections , were able to vote in the referendum . Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens ( or were also citizens ) of the Republic of Ireland , of Malta , or of the Republic of Cyprus . The Representation of the People Acts 1983 ( 1983 c. 2 ) and 1985 ( 1985 c. 50 ) , as amended , also permit certain British citizens ( but not other British nationals ) , who had once lived in the United Kingdom , but had since and in the meantime lived outside of the United Kingdom , but for a period of no more than 15 years , to vote . Voting on the day of the referendum was from 0700 to 2200 BST ( WEST ) ( 0700 to 2200 CEST in Gibraltar ) in some 41,000 polling stations manned by over 100,000 staff . Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters . Under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act 2000 , postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote ( 2 June 2016 ) . The minimum age for voters in the referendum was set to 18 years , in line with the Representation of the People Act , as amended . A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected . The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016 ; however , this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June , caused by unusually high web traffic . Some supporters of the Leave campaign , including the Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth , criticised the government 's decision to extend the deadline , alleging it gave Remain an advantage because many late registrants were young people who were considered to be more likely to vote for Remain . According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission , almost 46.5 million people were eligible to vote . Registration problems ( edit ) Nottingham City Council emailed a Vote Leave supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true , and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted was , indeed , correct . Kingston - upon - Thames Council and the Electoral Commission stated that Jakub Pawlowski , a Polish voter in Kingston - upon - Thames declared himself as being British on his registration form , and hence , received a referendum polling card in the post , although he is not a UK citizen and did not have the right to receive such a polling card . The voter stated that he specified that he is a Polish citizen when registering on the electoral roll , but , still received the card in the post . The matter had been referred to the police . 3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards , due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress , an electoral software supplier to a number of councils . Xpress was initially unable to confirm the exact number of those affected . The matter was resolved by the issuance of a software patch which rendered the wrongly recorded electors ineligible to vote on 23 June . Crown Dependencies ( edit ) Residents of the Crown Dependencies ( which are not part of the United Kingdom ) , namely the Isle of Man and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey , even if they were British citizens , were excluded from the referendum unless they were also previous residents of the United Kingdom ( that is : England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland ) . Some residents of the Isle of Man protested that they , as full British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 and living within the British Islands , should also have been given the opportunity to vote in the referendum , as the Isle and the Bailiwicks , although not included as if they were part of the United Kingdom for the purpose of European Union ( and European Economic Area ( EEA ) ) membership ( as is the case with Gibraltar ) , would also have been significantly affected by the outcome and impact of the referendum . Referendum question ( edit ) Sample referendum ballot paper Research by the Electoral Commission confirmed that its recommended question `` was clear and straightforward for voters , and was the most neutral wording from the range of options ... considered and tested '' , citing responses to its consultation by a diverse range of consultees . The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015 , shortly before the bill 's third reading . The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the Act was : Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? with the responses to the question to be ( to be marked with a single ( X ) ) : Remain a member of the European Union Leave the European Union and in Welsh : A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd ? with the responses ( to be marked with a single ( X ) ) : Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Campaigning in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Britain Stronger in Europe campaigners , London , June 2016 Referendum posters for both the Leave and Remain campaigns in Pimlico , London As of October 2015 , there was a cross-party , formal group campaigning for Britain to remain a member of the EU , called Britain Stronger in Europe , while there were two groups promoting British withdrawal from the EU which sought to be the official Leave campaign : Leave.EU ( supported by most of UKIP , including Nigel Farage ) , and Vote Leave ( supported by Conservative Party Eurosceptics ) . The Electoral Commission announced on 13 April 2016 that Vote Leave was the official leave campaign . This gave it the right to spend up to £ 7,000,000 , a free mailshot , TV broadcasts and £ 600,000 in public funds . Leave.EU also had an umbrella group offshoot , the cross-party Grassroots Out . The UK Government 's official position was to support the `` Remain '' option . Nevertheless , Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it , according to their conscience . This decision came after mounting pressure for a free vote for ministers . In an exception to the usual rule of cabinet collective responsibility , Cameron allowed cabinet ministers to campaign publicly for EU withdrawal . A Government - backed campaign was launched in April . On 16 June , all official national campaigning was suspended until 19 June after the murder of MP Jo Cox . HM Government distributed a leaflet to every household in England in the week commencing on 11 April , and in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland on 5 May ( after devolved elections ) . It gave details on why the government 's position was that the UK should remain in the EU . The rationale was that internal polls showed that 85 % of the UK population wanted more information from the Government . It was criticised by those wanting to leave as being an unfair advantage , inaccurate and a waste of money costing £ 9,300,000 for the campaign . In the week beginning on 16 May , the Electoral Commission sent a voting guide regarding the referendum to every household within the UK and Gibraltar to raise awareness of the upcoming referendum . The eight - page guide contained details on how to vote , as well as a sample of the actual ballot paper , and a whole page each was given to the campaign groups Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave to present their case . Those who favoured withdrawal from the European Union -- commonly referred to as Brexit -- argued that the EU has a democratic deficit and that being a member undermined national sovereignty , while those who favoured membership argued that in a world with many supranational organisations any loss of sovereignty was compensated by the benefits of EU membership . Those who wanted to leave the EU argued that it would allow the UK to better control immigration , thus reducing pressure on public services , housing and jobs ; save billions of pounds in EU membership fees ; allow the UK to make its own trade deals ; and free the UK from EU regulations and bureaucracy that they saw as needless and costly . Those who wanted to remain argued that leaving the EU would risk the UK 's prosperity ; diminish its influence over world affairs ; jeopardise national security by reducing access to common European criminal databases and result in trade barriers between the UK and the EU . In particular , they argued that it would lead to job losses , delays in investment into the UK and risks to business . Michael Dougan , Professor of European law and Jean Monnet Chair in EU Law at the University of Liverpool , described the Leave campaign as `` one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country ( the UK ) has ever seen '' . He also accused it of `` dishonesty on an industrial scale '' . Responses to the referendum campaign ( edit ) Party policies ( edit ) The table lists political parties with representation either in the House of Commons or in the House of Lords , or in the European Parliament , or in the Scottish Parliament , Northern Ireland Assembly or the Welsh Assembly , or in the Legislature of Gibraltar ( Gibraltar Parliament ) . Great Britain ( edit ) Position Political parties Ref Remain Green Party of England and Wales Labour Party Liberal Democrats Plaid Cymru -- The Party of Wales Scottish Green Party Scottish National Party ( SNP ) Leave UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) Neutral Conservative Party Northern Ireland ( edit ) Position Political parties Ref Remain Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Green Party in Northern Ireland Sinn Féin Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) Leave Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) People Before Profit Alliance ( PBP ) Traditional Unionist Voice ( TUV ) Gibraltar ( edit ) Position Political parties Ref Remain Gibraltar Social Democrats Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party Liberal Party of Gibraltar Minor parties ( edit ) Among minor parties , Socialist Labour Party , Communist Party of Britain , Britain First , the British National Party ( BNP ) , Éirígí , Respect Party , Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition ( TUSC ) , SDP , Liberal Party , and Independence from Europe supported leaving the EU . The Scottish Socialist Party ( SSP ) supported remaining in the EU . The Women 's Equality Party ( WE ) had no official position on the issue . Cabinet ministers ( edit ) For the positions of backbench MPs and other politicians , see Endorsements in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 . The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising governmental departments ; it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government 's ministerial heads . Following the announcement of the referendum in February , 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers ( including attendees ) supported the UK staying in the EU . Iain Duncan Smith , in favour of leaving , resigned on 19 March and was replaced by Stephen Crabb who was in favour of remaining . Crabb was already a cabinet member , as the Secretary of State for Wales , and his replacement , Alun Cairns , was in favour of remaining , bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25 . Business ( edit ) See also : Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum § Business leaders Various UK multinationals have stated that they would not like the UK to leave the EU because of the uncertainty it would cause , such as Shell , BT and Vodafone , with some assessing the pros and cons of Britain exiting . The banking sector was one of the most vocal advocating to stay in the EU , with the British Bankers ' Association saying : `` Businesses do n't like that kind of uncertainty '' . RBS has warned of potential damage to the economy . Furthermore , HSBC and foreign - based banks JP Morgan and Deutsche Bank claim a Brexit might result in the banks ' changing domicile . According to Goldman Sachs and the City of London 's policy chief , all such factors could impact on the City of London 's present status as a European and global market leader in financial services . In February 2016 , leaders of 36 of the FTSE 100 companies , including Shell , BAE Systems , BT and Rio Tinto , officially supported staying in the EU . Moreover , 60 % of the Institute of Directors and the EEF memberships supported staying . Many UK - based businesses , including Sainsbury 's , remained steadfastly neutral , concerned that taking sides in the divisive issue could lead to a backlash from customers . Richard Branson stated that he was `` very fearful '' of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU . Alan Sugar expressed similar concern . James Dyson , founder of the Dyson company , argued in June 2016 that the introduction of tariffs would be less damaging for British exporters than the appreciation of the pound against the Euro , arguing that , because Britain ran a 100 billion pound trade deficit with the EU , tariffs could represent a significant revenue source for the Treasury . Pointing out that languages , plugs and laws differ between EU member states , Dyson said that the 28 - country bloc was not a single market , and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU . Engineering company Rolls - Royce wrote to employees to say that it did not want the UK to leave the EU . Surveys of large UK businesses showed a strong majority favoured the UK remaining in the EU . Small and medium - sized UK businesses are more evenly split . Polls of foreign businesses found that around half would be less likely to do business in the UK , while 1 % would increase their investment in the UK . Two large car manufacturers , Ford and BMW , warned in 2013 against Brexit , suggesting it would be `` devastating '' for the economy . Conversely , in 2015 , some other manufacturing executives told Reuters that they would not shut their plants if the UK left the EU , although future investment might be put at risk . The CEO of Vauxhall stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business . Foreign - based Toyota CEO Akio Toyoda confirmed that , whether or not Britain left the EU , Toyota would carry on manufacturing cars in Britain as they had done before . Exchange rates and stock markets ( edit ) In the week following conclusion of the UK 's renegotiation ( and especially after Boris Johnson announced that he would support the UK leaving ) , the pound fell to a seven - year low against the dollar and economists at HSBC warned that it could drop even more . At the same time , Daragh Maher , head of HSBC , suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro . He said `` If we have increased Brexit risk , we will have a negative risk for the euro . '' European banking analysts also cited Brexit concerns as the reason for the Euro 's decline . Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead , the pound dropped by a further one per cent . In the same month , it was announced that the value of goods exported from the UK in April had shown a month - on - month increase of 11.2 % , `` the biggest rise since records started in 1998 '' . Uncertainty over the referendum result , together with several other factors -- US interest rates rising , low commodity prices , low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as China -- contributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016 . During this period , the FTSE 100 rose or fell by more than 1.5 % on 16 days . On 14 June , polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2 % , lost £ 98 billion in value . After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain , the pound and the FTSE recovered . On the day of the referendum , sterling hit a 2016 high of $1.5018 and the FTSE 100 also climbed to a 2016 high , as a new poll suggested a win for the Remain campaign . Initial results suggested a vote for ' Remain ' and the value of the pound held its value . However , when the result for Sunderland was announced , it indicated an unexpected swing to ' Leave ' . Subsequent results appeared to confirm this swing and sterling fell in value to $1.3777 , its lowest level since 1985 . However , the following Monday when the markets opened , sterling fell to a new low of $1.32 . When the London Stock Exchange opened on the morning of 24 June , the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading . It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes , before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day 's trading . When the markets reopened the following Monday , the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline losing over 2 % by mid-afternoon . Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum , the US Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped nearly 450 points or about 21⁄2 % in less than half an hour . The Associated Press called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a stock market crash . Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of US $ 2 trillion on 24 June 2016 , making it the worst single - day loss in history , in absolute terms . The market losses amounted to US $3 trillion by 27 June . The value of the pound sterling against the US dollar fell to a 31 - year low . The UK 's and the EU 's sovereign debt credit rating was also lowered by Standard & Poor 's . By 29 June , the markets had returned to growth and the value of the pound had begun to rise . By mid-afternoon on 27 June 2016 , sterling was at a 31 - year low , having fallen 11 % in two trading days , and the FTSE 100 had surrendered £ 85 billion ; however , by 29 June it had recovered all its losses since the markets closed on polling day . European responses ( edit ) Czech prime minister Bohuslav Sobotka suggested that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit . Former Czech President Václav Klaus said that Britain 's departure from the EU would be a bigger non-event than the dissolution of Czechoslovakia . Marine Le Pen , the leader of the French Front national , described the possibility of a Brexit as `` like the fall of the Berlin Wall '' and commented that `` Brexit would be marvellous -- extraordinary -- for all European peoples who long for freedom '' . A poll in France showed that 59 % of the French people were in favour of Britain remaining in the EU . Polish President Andrzej Duda lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU . Moldovan Prime Minister Pavel Filip asked all citizens of Moldova living in the UK to speak to their British friends and convince them to vote for the UK to remain in the EU . Spanish foreign minister José García - Margallo said Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the `` very next day '' after a British withdrawal from the EU . Margallo also threatened to close the border with Gibraltar if Britain left the EU . The Dutch politician Geert Wilders , leader of the Party for Freedom , said that the Netherlands should follow Britain 's example : `` Like in 1940s , once again Britain could help liberate Europe from another totalitarian monster , this time called ' Brussels ' . '' Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström said on 11 June 2016 that if Britain left the EU , other countries would have referendums on whether to leave the EU , and that if Britain stayed in the EU , other countries would negotiate , ask and demand to have special treatment . Non-european responses ( edit ) International Monetary Fund ( edit ) Christine Lagarde , the managing director of the International Monetary Fund , warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad `` in and of itself '' for the British economy . In response , Leave campaigner Priti Patel said a previous warning from the IMF regarding the coalition government 's deficit plan for the UK was proven incorrect and that the IMF `` were wrong then and are wrong now '' . United states ( edit ) In October 2015 , United States Trade Representative Michael Froman declared that the United States was not keen on pursuing a separate free - trade agreement ( FTA ) with Britain if it were to leave the EU , thus , according to The Guardian , undermining a key economic argument of proponents of those who say Britain would prosper on its own and be able to secure bilateral FTAs with trading partners . Also in October 2015 , the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Matthew Barzun said that UK participation in NATO and the EU made each group `` better and stronger '' and that , while the decision to remain or leave is a choice for the British people , it was in the US interest that it remain . In April 2016 , eight former US Secretaries of the Treasury , who had served both Democratic and Republican presidents , urged Britain to remain in the EU . In July 2015 , President Barack Obama confirmed the long - standing US preference for the UK to remain in the EU . Obama said : `` Having the UK in the EU gives us much greater confidence about the strength of the transatlantic union , and is part of the cornerstone of the institutions built after World War II that has made the world safer and more prosperous . We want to make sure that the United Kingdom continues to have that influence . '' Obama 's intervention was criticised by Republican Senator Ted Cruz as `` a slap in the face of British self - determination as the president , typically , elevated an international organisation over the rights of a sovereign people '' , and stated that `` Britain will be at the front of the line for a free trade deal with America '' , were a Brexit to occur . Prior to the vote , Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump anticipated that Britain would leave based on its concerns over migration , while Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton hoped that Britain would remain in the EU to strengthen transatlantic co-operation . Other states ( edit ) In October 2015 , Chinese President Xi Jinping declared his support for Britain remaining in the EU , saying `` China hopes to see a prosperous Europe and a united EU , and hopes Britain , as an important member of the EU , can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China - EU ties '' . Chinese diplomats have stated `` off the record '' that the People 's Republic sees the EU as a counterbalance to American economic power , and that an EU without Britain would mean a stronger United States . In February 2016 , the finance ministers from the G20 major economies warned that leaving the EU would lead to `` a shock '' in the global economy . In May 2016 , the Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that Australia would prefer the UK to remain in the EU , but that it was a matter for the British people , and `` whatever judgment they make , the relations between Britain and Australia will be very , very close '' . Indonesian president Joko Widodo stated during a European trip that he was not in favour of Brexit . Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe issued a statement of reasons why he was `` very concerned '' at the possibility of Brexit . Russian President Vladimir Putin said : `` I want to say it is none of our business , it is the business of the people of the UK . '' Maria Zakharova , the official Russian foreign ministry spokesperson , said : `` Russia has nothing to do with Brexit . We are not involved in this process in any way . We do n't have any interest in it . '' Economists ( edit ) In November 2015 , the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney said that the Bank of England would do what was necessary to help the UK economy if the British people voted to leave the EU . In March 2016 , Carney told MPs that an EU exit was the `` biggest domestic risk '' to the UK economy , but that remaining a member also carried risks , related to the European Monetary Union , of which the UK is not a member . In May 2016 , Carney said that a `` technical recession '' was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU . However , Iain Duncan Smith said Carney 's comment should be taken with `` a pinch of salt '' , saying `` all forecasts in the end are wrong '' . In December 2015 , the Bank of England published a report about the impact of immigration on wages . The report concluded that immigration put downward pressure on workers ' wages , particularly low - skilled workers : a 10 percent point rise in the proportion of migrants working in low - skilled services drove down the average wages of low - skilled workers by about 2 percent . The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004 - 06 period in the semi / unskilled services sector , which is about 7 percentage points . In March 2016 , Nobel prize - winning economist Joseph Stiglitz argued that he might reconsider his support for the UK remaining in the EU if the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) were to be agreed to . Stiglitz warned that under the investor - state dispute settlement provision in current drafts of the TTIP , governments risked being sued for loss of profits resulting from new regulations , including health and safety regulations to limit the use of asbestos or tobacco . The German economist Clemens Fuest wrote that there was a liberal , free - trade bloc in the EU comprising the UK , the Netherlands , the Czech Republic , Sweden , Denmark , Ireland , Slovakia , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , controlling 32 % of the votes in the European Council and standing in opposition to the dirigiste , protectionist policies favoured by France and its allies . Germany with its ' social market ' economy stands midway between the French dirigiste economic model and the British free - market economic model . From the German viewpoint , the existence of the liberal bloc allows Germany to play off free - market Britain against dirigiste France , and that if Britain were to leave , the liberal bloc would be severely weakened , thereby allowing the French to take the EU into a much more dirigiste direction that would be unattractive from the standpoint of Berlin . Institute for Fiscal Studies ( edit ) In May 2016 , the Institute for Fiscal Studies said that an EU exit could mean two more years of austerity cuts as the government would have to make up for an estimated loss of £ 20 billion to £ 40 billion of tax revenue . The head of the IFS , Paul Johnson said that the UK `` could perfectly reasonably decide that we are willing to pay a bit of a price for leaving the EU and regaining some sovereignty and control over immigration and so on . That there would be some price though , I think is now almost beyond doubt . '' Law and Economics experts ( edit ) A study by Oxford Economics for the Law Society of England and Wales has suggested that Brexit would have a particularly large negative impact on the UK financial services industry and the law firms that support it , which could cost the law sector as much as £ 1.7 bn per annum by 2030 . The Law Society 's own report into the possible effects of Brexit notes that leaving the EU would be likely to reduce the role played by the UK as a centre for resolving disputes between foreign firms , whilst a potential loss of `` passporting '' rights would require financial services firms to transfer departments responsible for regulatory oversight overseas . World Pensions Forum director M. Nicolas Firzi has argued that the Brexit debate should be viewed within the broader context of economic analysis of EU law and regulation in relation to English common law , arguing : `` Every year , the British Parliament is forced to pass tens of new statutes reflecting the latest EU directives coming from Brussels -- a highly undemocratic process known as ' transposition ' ... Slowly but surely , these new laws dictated by EU commissars are conquering English common law , imposing upon UK businesses and citizens an ever - growing collection of fastidious regulations in every field '' . A poll of lawyers conducted by a legal recruiter in late May 2016 suggested 57 % of lawyers wanted to remain in the EU . During a Treasury Committee shortly following the vote , economic experts generally agreed that the leave vote would be detrimental to the UK economy . NHS officials ( edit ) Simon Stevens , head of NHS England , warned in May 2016 that a recession following a Brexit would be `` very dangerous '' for the National Health Service , saying that `` when the British economy sneezes , the NHS catches a cold . '' Three - quarters of a sample of NHS leaders agreed that leaving the EU would have a negative effect on the NHS as a whole . In particular , eight out of 10 respondents felt that leaving the EU would have a negative impact on trusts ' ability to recruit health and social care staff . In April 2016 , a group of nearly 200 health professionals and researchers warned that the NHS would be in jeopardy if Britain left the European Union . The leave campaign reacted by saying more money would be available to be spent on the NHS if the UK left the EU . British charities ( edit ) Guidelines by the Charity Commission for England and Wales that forbid political activity for registered charities have kept them silent on the EU poll . According to Simon Wessely , head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry , King 's College London -- neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016 , nor Cameron 's encouragement have made health organisations , most of which support the remain campaign , willing to speak out . Fishing industry ( edit ) A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92 % intended to vote to leave the EU . The EU 's Common Fisheries Policy was mentioned as a central reason for their near - unanimity . More than three - quarters believed that they would be able to land more fish , and 93 % stated that leaving the EU would benefit the fishing industry . More than half of fish caught in British waters are caught by non-UK vessels due to the EU 's Common Fisheries Policy . Historians ( edit ) In May 2016 , more than 300 historians wrote in a joint letter to The Guardian that Britain could play a bigger role in the world as part of the EU . They said : `` As historians of Britain and of Europe , we believe that Britain has had in the past , and will have in the future , an irreplaceable role to play in Europe . '' Exit plan competition ( edit ) Following David Cameron 's announcement of an EU referendum , British think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs ( IEA ) announced in July 2013 a competition to find the best plan for a UK exit from the European Union , declaring that a departure is a `` real possibility '' after the 2015 general election . Iain Mansfield , a Cambridge graduate and UKTI diplomat , submitted the winning thesis : A Blueprint for Britain : Openness not Isolation . Mansfield 's submission focused on addressing both trade and regulatory issues with member states as well as other global trading partners . Opinion polling ( edit ) Main article : Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Opinion polling on the referendum Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question , with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56 % compared with 30 % who prefer to remain in , while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43 % versus those opposed 36 % . The largest ever poll ( of 20,000 people , in March 2014 ) showed the public evenly split on the issue , with 41 % in favour of withdrawal , 41 % in favour of membership , and 18 % undecided . However , when asked how they would vote if Britain renegotiated the terms of its membership of the EU , and the UK Government stated that British interests had been satisfactorily protected , more than 50 % indicated that they would vote for Britain to stay in . Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU , whereas those older tend to support leaving , but there was no gender split in attitudes . In February 2016 YouGov also found that euroscepticism correlated with people of lower income and that `` higher social grades are more clearly in favour of remaining in the EU '' , but noted that euroscepticism also had strongholds in `` the more wealthy , Tory shires '' . Scotland , Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU . Big business was broadly behind remaining in the EU , though the situation among smaller companies was less clear cut . In polls of economists , lawyers , and scientists , clear majorities saw the UK 's membership of the EU as beneficial . Ladbrokes offered 6 / 1 odds on the day of the referendum against voters choosing to leave the EU . The American company TickerTags accurately predicted the results using Twitter data . On the day YouGov poll ( edit ) Remain Leave Undecided Lead Sample Conducted by 52 % 48 % N / A 4 % 4,772 YouGov Shortly after the polls closed at 10pm on 23 June the British polling company YouGov relaeased a poll which was conducted by almost 5,000 people on the day which suggested a narrow lead for `` Remain '' which polled 52 % with Leave polling 48 % . It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the `` Remain '' vote when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9 % to 48.1 % in favour of leaving the European Union . Issues ( edit ) Main article : Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The number of jobs lost or gained by a withdrawal was a dominant issue ; the BBC 's outline of issues warned that a precise figure was difficult to find . The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium - sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries . Those arguing to remain in the EU , claimed that millions of jobs would be lost . The EU 's importance as a trading partner and the outcome of its trade status if it left was a disputed issue . Whilst those wanting to stay cited that most of the UK 's trade was made with the EU , those arguing to leave say that its trade was not as important as it used to be . Scenarios of the economic outlook for the country if it left the EU were generally negative . The United Kingdom also paid more into the EU budget than it received . Boris Johnson MP played a key role in the Vote Leave campaign Citizens of EU countries , including the United Kingdom , have the right to travel , live and work within other EU countries , as free movement is one of the four founding principles of the EU . Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK 's economy , citing that the country 's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration . The Office for Budget Responsibility also claimed that taxes from immigrants boost public funding . A recent academic paper suggests that migration from Eastern Europe put pressure on wage growth at the lower end of the wage distribution , while at the same time increasing pressures on public services and housing . The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals , as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages . According to official Office for National Statistics data , net migration in 2015 was 333,000 , which was the second highest level on record , far above David Cameron 's target of tens of thousands . Net migration from the EU was 184,000 . The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work . After the announcement had been made as to the outcome of the referendum , Rowena Mason , political correspondent for The Guardian offered the following assessment : `` Polling suggests discontent with the scale of migration to the UK has been the biggest factor pushing Britons to vote out , with the contest turning into a referendum on whether people are happy to accept free movement in return for free trade . '' A columnist for The Times , Philip Collins , went a step further in his analysis : `` This was a referendum about immigration disguised as a referendum about the European Union . '' The Conservative MEP ( Member of the European Parliament ) representing South East England , Daniel Hannan , predicted on the BBC program Newsnight that the level of immigration would remain high after Brexit . `` Frankly , if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU , they are going to be disappointed ... you will look in vain for anything that the Leave campaign said at any point that ever suggested there would ever be any kind of border closure or drawing up of the drawbridge . '' The EU had offered David Cameron a so - called `` emergency brake '' which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived ; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years . '' That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU . The possibility that the UK 's smaller constituent countries could vote to remain within the EU but find themselves withdrawn from the EU led to discussion about the risk to the unity of the United Kingdom . Scotland 's First Minister , Nicola Sturgeon , made it clear that she believed that a second independence referendum would `` almost certainly '' be demanded by Scots if the UK voted to leave the EU but Scotland did not . The First Minister of Wales , Carwyn Jones , said : `` If Wales votes to remain in ( the EU ) but the UK votes to leave , there will be a ... constitutional crisis . The UK can not possibly continue in its present form if England votes to leave and everyone else votes to stay '' . There was concern that the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) , a proposed trade agreement between the United States and the EU , would be a threat to the public services of EU member states . Jeremy Corbyn , on the Remain side , said that he pledged to veto TTIP in Government . John Mills , on the Leave side , said that the UK could not veto TTIP because trade pacts were decided by Qualified Majority Voting in the European Council . There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK 's membership of NATO and the United Nations . Security concerns over the union 's free movement policy were raised too , because people with EU passports were unlikely to receive detailed checks at border control . Debates , q&a sessions and interviews ( edit ) A debate was held by The Guardian on 15 March 2016 , featuring the leader of UKIP Nigel Farage , Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom , the leader of Labour 's `` yes '' campaign Alan Johnson and former leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg . Earlier in the campaign , on 11 January , a debate took place between Nigel Farage and Carwyn Jones , who was at the time the First Minister of Wales and leader of the Welsh Labour Party . Reluctance to have Conservative Party members argue against one another has seen some debates split , with Leave and Remain candidates interviewed separately . The Spectator held a debate hosted by Andrew Neil on 26 April , which featured Nick Clegg , Liz Kendall and Chuka Umunna arguing for a remain vote , and Nigel Farage , Daniel Hannan and Kate Hoey arguing for a leave vote . The Daily Express held a debate on 3 June , featuring Nigel Farage , Labour MP Kate Hoey and Conservative MP Jacob Rees - Mogg debating Labour MPs Siobhain McDonagh and Chuka Umunna and businessman Richard Reed , co-founder of Innocent drinks . Essex TV produced a documentary named ' Is Essex IN or OUT ' released on 20 June , featuring Boris Johnson , local public figures and various members of the public from Essex . Andrew Neil presented four interviews ahead of the referendum . The interviewees were Hilary Benn , George Osborne , Nigel Farage and Iain Duncan Smith on 6 , 8 , 10 and 17 May , respectively . The scheduled debates and question sessions included a number of question and answer sessions with various campaigners. and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included Angela Eagle , Amber Rudd and Nicola Sturgeon , Boris Johnson , Andrea Leadsom , and Gisela Stuart . EU Referendum : The Great Debate was held at Wembley Arena on 21 June and hosted by David Dimbleby , Mishal Husain and Emily Maitlis in front of an audience of 6,000 . The audience was split evenly between both sides . Sadiq Khan , Ruth Davidson and Frances O'Grady appeared for Remain . Leave was represented by the same trio as the ITV debate on 9 June ( Johnson , Leadsom and Stuart ) . Europe : The Final Debate with Jeremy Paxman was held the following day on Channel 4 . Voting , voting areas and counts ( edit ) Sign outside a polling station in England on the morning of the referendum Voting took place from 0700 BST ( WEST ) until 2200 BST ( Same hours CEST in Gibraltar ) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas , with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters . The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom , as well as in Gibraltar , as a single majority vote . The 382 voting areas were grouped into twelve regional counts and there was separate declarations for each of the regional counts . In England , as happened in the 2011 AV referendum , the 326 districts were used as the local voting areas and the returns of these then fed into nine English regional counts . In Scotland the local voting areas were the 32 local councils which then fed their results into the Scottish national count , and in Wales the 22 local councils were their local voting areas before the results were then fed into the Welsh national count . Northern Ireland , as was the case in the AV referendum , was a single voting and national count area although local totals by Westminster parliamentary constituency areas were announced . Gibraltar was a single voting area , but as Gibraltar was to be treated and included as if it were a part of South West England , its results was included together with the South West England regional count . The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas and regional counts that were used for the referendum . Country Counts and voting areas United Kingdom ( together with Gibraltar , treated as if it were a ( full ) part of the United Kingdom ) Referendum declaration ; 12 regional counts ; 382 voting areas ( 381 , 1 in Gibraltar ) Constituent countries Counts and voting areas England ( together with Gibraltar , treated as if it were a part of South West England ) 9 regional counts ; 327 voting areas ( 326 , 1 in Gibraltar ) Northern Ireland National count and single voting area ; 18 local totals Scotland National count ; 32 voting areas Wales National count ; 22 voting areas Disturbances ( edit ) On 16 June 2016 , one pro-EU Labour MP , Jo Cox , was shot and killed in Birstall , West Yorkshire the week before the referendum by a man calling himself `` death to traitors , freedom for Britain '' , and a man who intervened was injured . The two rival official campaigns suspended their activities as a mark of respect to Cox . David Cameron cancelled a planned rally in Gibraltar supporting British EU membership . Campaigning resumed on 19 June . Polling officials in the Yorkshire and Humber region also halted counting of the referendum ballots on the evening of 23 June to observe a minute of silence . The Conservative Party , Liberal Democrats , UK Independence Party and the Green Party all announced that they would not contest the ensuing by - election in Cox 's constituency as a mark of respect ; On polling day itself two polling stations in Kingston upon Thames were flooded by rain and had to be relocated . In advance of polling day , concern had been expressed that the courtesy pencils provided in polling booths could allow votes to be later altered . Although this was widely dismissed as a conspiracy theory , some Leave campaigners advocated that voters should instead use pens to mark their ballot papers . On polling day in Winchester an emergency call was made to police about `` threatening behaviour '' outside the polling station . After questioning a woman who had been offering to lend her pen to voters , the police decided that no offence was being committed . Result ( edit ) Of the 382 voting areas a total of 263 returned majority votes in favour of `` Leave '' whilst 119 returned majority votes in favour of `` Remain '' in the referendum including all 32 areas in Scotland . Leave Remain Main article : Results of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07 : 20 BST by then - Electoral Commission Chairwoman Jenny Watson at Manchester Town Hall after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals . With a national turnout of 72 % across the United Kingdom and Gibraltar the target to secure the majority win for the winning side was 16,788,672 votes . The decision by the electorate was to `` Leave the European Union '' which won by a majority of 1,269,501 votes ( 3.8 % ) over those who had voted in favour of `` Remain a member of the European Union '' . The national turnout of 72 % was the highest ever for a UK - wide referendum and the highest for any national vote since the 1992 general election . United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 National result Choice Votes % Leave the European Union 17,410,742 51.89 % Remain a member of the European Union 16,141,241 48.11 % Valid votes 33,551,983 99.92 % Invalid or blank votes 25,359 0.08 % Total votes 33,577,342 100.00 % Registered voters and turnout 46,500,001 72.21 % Voting age population and turnout 51,356,768 65.38 % Source : Electoral Commission National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) Leave : 17,410,742 ( 51.9 % ) Remain : 16,141,241 ( 48.1 % ) ▲ Regional count results ( edit ) Region Electorate Voter turnout , of eligible Votes Proportion of votes Remain Leave Remain Leave East Midlands 3,384,299 74.2 % 1,033,036 1,475,479 41.18 % 58.82 % East of England 4,398,796 75.7 % 1,448,616 1,880,367 43.52 % 56.48 % Greater London 5,424,768 69.7 % 2,263,519 1,513,232 59.93 % 40.07 % North East England 1,934,341 69.3 % 562,595 778,103 41.96 % 58.04 % North West England 5,241,568 70.0 % 1,699,020 1,966,925 46.35 % 53.65 % Northern Ireland 1,260,955 62.7 % 440,707 349,442 55.78 % 44.22 % Scotland 3,987,112 67.2 % 1,661,191 1,018,322 62.00 % 38.00 % South East England 6,465,404 76.8 % 2,391,718 2,567,965 48.22 % 51.78 % South West England ( including Gibraltar ) 4,138,134 76.7 % 1,503,019 1,669,711 47.37 % 52.63 % Wales 2,270,272 71.7 % 772,347 854,572 47.47 % 52.53 % West Midlands 4,116,572 72.0 % 1,207,175 1,755,687 40.74 % 59.26 % Yorkshire and the Humber 3,877,780 70.7 % 1,158,298 1,580,937 42.29 % 57.71 % Results by constituent countries ( edit ) Country Electorate Voter turnout , of eligible Votes Proportion of votes Remain Leave Remain Leave England ( including Gibraltar ) 39,005,781 73.0 % 13,266,996 15,188,406 46.62 % 53.38 % Northern Ireland 1,260,955 62.7 % 440,707 349,442 55.78 % 44.22 % Scotland 3,987,112 67.2 % 1,661,191 1,018,322 62.00 % 38.00 % Wales 2,270,272 71.7 % 772,347 854,572 47.47 % 52.53 % Voting demographics and trends ( edit ) Voting figures from local referendum counts and ward - level data ( using local demographic information collected in the 2011 census ) suggested that Leave votes were strongly correlated with lower education and higher age . The data were obtained from approximately one in nine wards in England and Wales , with no information coming from Northern Ireland and very little coming from Scotland . A YouGov survey reported similar findings ; these are summarised in the figures below . EU referendum vote by age and education , based on a YouGov survey . Relationship between education ( level 4 or above ) and Brexit Leave vote by Area . Reactions to the result ( edit ) Further information : International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Immediate reaction to the vote ( edit ) Main article : Aftermath of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens ( edit ) The referendum was criticised for not granting people younger than 18 years of age a vote . Unlike in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , the vote was not extended to 16 - and 17 - year - old citizens . Critics argued that these people would live with the consequences of the referendum for longer than those who were able to vote . Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum . An online survey conducted on the day the referendum result was announced indicated that this group would have voted substantially for Remain . Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries ( edit ) The foreign ministry of Ireland stated on 24 June that the number of applications from the UK for Irish passports had increased significantly . Enquiries about passports also increased : the Irish Embassy in London reported 4,000 a day immediately after the vote to leave , in comparison with the normal 200 a day . Other EU nations also had increases in requests for passports from British citizens , including France and Belgium . Abuse and hate crimes ( edit ) More than a hundred racist abuse and hate crimes were reported in the immediate aftermath of the referendum , with many citing the plan to leave the European Union . On 24 June 2016 , a Polish school in Cambridgeshire was vandalised with a sign reading `` Leave the EU . No more Polish vermin '' . Following the referendum result , similar signs were distributed outside homes and schools in Huntingdon , with some left on the cars of Polish residents collecting their children from school . On 26 June , the London office of the Polish Social and Cultural Association was vandalised with racist graffiti . Both incidents were investigated by the police . In Wales , a Muslim woman was told to leave after the referendum , even though she had been born and raised in the United Kingdom . Other instances of racism occurred as perceived foreigners were targeted in supermarkets , on buses and on street corners , and told to leave the country immediately . All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders . By September 2016 , it was reported , according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop , that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147 % in the three months after the referendum . The killing of a Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik in Harlow , Essex in the aftermath of the result was widely reported to be linked to the Leave result . A BBC Newsnight report by John Sweeney showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner Nigel Farage had `` blood on his hands '' . It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the EU Commissioner Jean - Claude Juncker who said : `` We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed , beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow . '' A teenager was subsequently convicted of manslaughter but the trial did not conclude that the altercation resulting in Jozwik 's death was a hate crime . Nigel Farage criticised the `` sensationalist '' reporting of the issue and complained to the BBC about broadcasting the `` blood on his hands '' remark . Petition for a new referendum ( edit ) Within hours of the result 's announcement , a petition , calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60 % of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75 % , attracted tens of thousands of new signatures . The petition had actually been initiated by someone favouring an exit from the EU , one William Oliver Healey of the English Democrats on 24 May 2016 , when the Remain faction had been leading in the polls , and had received 22 signatures prior to the referendum result being declared . On 26 June , Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns . Healey also claimed that the petition had been `` hijacked by the remain campaign '' . English Democrats chairman Robin Tilbrook suggested those who had signed the petition were experiencing `` sour grapes '' about the result of the referendum . It attracted more than four million signatures , meaning it was considered for debate in Parliament ; this debate took place on 5 September 2016 . On 27 June 2016 , David Cameron 's spokesperson stated that holding another vote on Britain 's membership to the European Union was `` not remotely on the cards . '' Home Secretary Theresa May made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader ( and hence as Prime Minister ) on 30 June : `` The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict . There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU ... and no second referendum ... Brexit means Brexit . '' The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July . Its response said that the referendum vote `` must be respected '' and that the government `` must now prepare for the process to exit the EU '' . Notification of intention to leave the EU ( edit ) After the government 's plan to use the Royal prerogative ( i.e. , to give notice without explicit Parliamentary authority ) was defeated in a court case , Parliament passed the European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 , empowering the Prime Minister to invoke Article 50 . The notification of withdrawal by a member state starts a negotiation period that is limited to two years , unless extended with the consent of all EU member states . Arising from the Act , the UK Government formally triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017 . Political ( edit ) Conservative Party ( edit ) Further information : Conservative Party ( UK ) leadership election , 2016 Prime Minister David Cameron announces his resignation following the outcome of the referendum . Theresa May succeeded David Cameron as Prime Minister following the vote . On 24 June , the Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would resign by October because the Leave campaign had been successful in the referendum . The leadership election was scheduled for 9 September . The new leader would be in place before the autumn conference set to begin on 2 October . Unexpectedly , Boris Johnson , who had been a leading figure for Vote Leave , declined to be nominated shortly before the deadline for nominations . On 13 July almost three weeks after the vote Theresa May succeeded David Cameron as Prime Minister . Labour Party ( edit ) Further information : Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election , 2016 The Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn faced growing criticism from his party , which had supported remaining within the EU , for poor campaigning . It is claimed that there is evidence that Corbyn deliberately sabotaged Labour 's campaign to remain part of the EU . In the early hours of 26 June , Corbyn sacked Hilary Benn ( the shadow foreign secretary ) for apparently leading a coup against him . This led to a string of Labour MPs quickly resigning their roles in the party . A no confidence motion was held on 28 June 2016 ; Corbyn lost the motion with more than 80 % ( 172 ) of MPs voting against him . Corbyn responded with a statement that the motion had no `` constitutional legitimacy '' and that he intended to continue as the elected leader . The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election but after Angela Eagle and Owen Smith launched leadership challenges to Corbyn , the Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election , 2016 was triggered , in which Corbyn was a candidate . He won the contest , causing him to remain as leader , with an even larger share of the vote than he had won in 2015 . UK independence Party ( edit ) On 4 July 2016 Nigel Farage stood down as the leader of UKIP , stating that his `` political ambition has been achieved '' following the result of the referendum . Following the resignation of the elected party leader Diane James , Farage became an interim leader on 5 October 2016 . Scottish independence ( edit ) Main article : Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said it was `` clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union '' and that Scotland had `` spoken decisively '' with a `` strong , unequivocal '' vote to remain in the European Union . The Scottish Government announced on 24 June 2016 that officials would plan for a `` highly likely '' second referendum on independence from the United Kingdom and start preparing legislation to that effect . Former First Minister Alex Salmond said the vote was a `` significant and material change '' in Scotland 's position within the United Kingdom , and that he was certain his party would implement its manifesto on holding a second referendum . Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that `` Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so . '' New political movement ( edit ) In reaction to the lack of a unified pro-EU voice following the referendum , the Liberal Democrats and others discussed the launch of a new centre - left political movement . This was officially launched on 24 June as More United . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic effects of Brexit On the morning of 24 June , the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985 . The drop over the day was 8 % -- the biggest one - day fall in the pound since the introduction of floating exchange rates following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 . The FTSE 100 initially fell 8 % , then recovered to be 3 % down by the close of trading on 24 June . The FTSE 100 index fully recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels . The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries . The South African rand experienced its largest single - day decline since 2008 , dropping over 8 % against the United States dollar . Other countries affected included Canada , whose stock exchange fell 1.70 % , Nigeria and Kenya . On 28 June 2016 , former governor of Bank of England Mervyn King said that current governor Mark Carney would help to guide Britain through the next few months , adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty , and that British citizens should keep calm , wait and see . On 5 January 2017 , Andy Haldane , chief economist and the executive director of monetary analysis and statistics at the Bank of England , admitted that the bank 's forecasts ( predicting an economic downturn should the referendum favour Brexit ) had proved inaccurate given the subsequent strong market performance . He stated that the bank 's models `` were rather narrow and fragile ( and ) ill - equipped to making sense of behaviours that were deeply irrational '' and said that his `` profession is to some degree in crisis '' due to this and the unforeseen 2007 -- 2008 crisis . Electoral reform Society ( edit ) In August 2016 the Electoral Reform Society published a highly critical report on the referendum and called for a review of how future events are run . Contrasting it very unfavourably with the ' well - informed grassroots ' campaign for Scottish independence , Katie Ghose described it as `` dire '' with `` glaring democratic deficiencies '' which left voters bewildered . Ghose noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29 % of voters saying David Cameron made them more likely to vote leave whilst only 14 % said he made them want to vote remain . Looking ahead , the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) to define the role that broadcasters were expected to play . Television coverage ( edit ) The BBC , ITV and Sky News all provided live coverage of the counts and the reaction to the result . ITV 's coverage was presented by Tom Bradby , Robert Peston and Allegra Stratton . The BBC simulcast their domestic coverage on the BBC World News Channel , BBC One and the BBC News Channel which was presented by David Dimbleby , Laura Kuenssberg and John Curtice . The BBC called the referendum result for Leave with its projected forecast at 04 : 40 BST on 24 June . David Dimbleby announced it with the words : `` Well , at twenty minutes to five , we can now say the decision taken in 1975 by this country to join the Common Market has been reversed by this referendum to leave the EU . We are absolutely clear now that there is no way that the Remain side can win . It looks as if the gap is going to be something like 52 to 48 , so a four point lead for leaving the EU , and that is the result of this referendum , which has been preceded by weeks and months of argument and dispute and all the rest of it . The British people have spoken and the answer is : we 're out ! '' Television Coverage Timeslot Programme Presenters Broadcaster 22 : 00 - 06 : 00 EU Referendum Live Tom Bradby , Robert Peston & Allegra Stratton ITV 06 : 00 - 09 : 30 Good Morning Britain Susanna Reid , Piers Morgan & Charlotte Hawkins 09 : 30 - 14 : 00 ITV News Alastair Stewart 18 : 00 - 19 : 00 ITV News Mark Austin , Robert Peston & Mary Nightingale 22 : 00 - 22 : 45 ITV News Tom Bradby , Robert Peston & Allegra Stratton 21 : 55 - 09 : 00 EU Referendum - The Result David Dimbleby , Laura Kuenssberg & John Curtice BBC 09 : 00 - 13 : 00 EU Referendum - The Reaction Sophie Raworth , Victoria Derbyshire & Norman Smith 13 : 00 - 13 : 45 BBC News at One Sophie Raworth 13 : 45 - 14 : 00 Regional news Investigations into campaigns ( edit ) On 9 May 2016 , Leave.EU was fined £ 50,000 by the UK Information Commissioner 's Office ' for failing to follow the rules about sending marketing messages ' : they sent people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so . On 4 March 2017 , the Information Commissioner 's Office also reported that it was ' conducting a wide assessment of the data - protection risks arising from the use of data analytics , including for political purposes ' in relation to the Brexit campaign . It was specified that among the organisations to be investigated was Cambridge Analytica and its relationship with the Leave.EU campaign . The findings are expected to be published sometime in 2017 . Possible Russian interference ( edit ) In the run - up to the Brexit referendum , Prime Minister David Cameron suggested that Russia `` might be happy '' with a positive Brexit vote , while the Remain campaign accused the Kremlin of secretly backing a `` Leave '' vote in the referendum . Steve Rosenberg , the Moscow correspondent for BBC News , writes that the Russian government stood to gain from Brexit in a number of ways : ( 1 ) enabling Russian state media `` to contrast post-referendum upheaval and uncertainty abroad with a picture of ' stability ' back home and images of a ' strong ' President Putin at the helm '' in a way that bolstered the ruling United Russia party ; ( 2 ) to place the value of the British pound under pressure and thereby exact retaliation for sanctions against Russia imposed after its occupation of Crimea ; ( 3 ) to `` make the European Union more friendly towards Russia '' in the absence of British membership ; and ( 4 ) to force the resignation of Cameron , who had been critical of Russian actions . In December 2016 , MP Ben Bradshaw said in Parliament : `` I do n't think we have even begun to wake up to what Russia is doing when it comes to cyber warfare . Not only their interference , now proven , in the American presidential campaign , ( but ) probably in our referendum last year . We do n't have the evidence for that yet . But I think it 's highly probable . '' Hard evidence of active , covert Russian interference could delegitimise the original vote , given the narrow margin of victory . In February 2017 , Bradshaw called on the GCHQ intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference . In April 2017 , the House of Commons Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee ( PACAC ) , chaired by Bernard Jenkin , issued a report suggesting that foreign interference in the referendum may have occurred , including the temporary shutdown of the government 's voter - registration website , and stating that the committee was `` deeply concerned about these allegations about foreign interference . '' The PACAC report stated that there was technical indications that a June 2016 crash of the voter - registration website was caused by a distributed denial - of - service attack using botnets . The Cabinet Office , in response , stated that it did not believe that `` malign intervention '' had caused the crash , and instead attributed the crash `` to a spike in users just before the registration deadline . '' In October 2017 , MP Damian Collins , chairman of the House of Commons Digital , Culture , Media and Sport Committee , sent a letter to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg requesting documents relating to possible Russian government manipulation of Facebook during the Brexit referendum and the general election the following year . The letter sought `` examples of all advertisements purchased by Russian - linked accounts , details on pages set up by other related accounts , as well as how many people these ads reached and how much was paid for them . '' In October 2017 , a study by researchers at City , University of London was published in the journal Social Science Computer Review . The article identifies a large `` army '' of Twitter bots , specifically 13,493 Twitter accounts with very high levels of activity in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign ( posting about 65,000 messages ) , the vast majority campaigning for a `` Leave '' vote , which were deleted shortly after the referendum was held . A further 26,538 Twitter accounts suddenly changed their username . The research findings `` raised questions about the possibility that a coordinated ' bot army ' was deployed , and also about the possibility that Twitter itself may have detected and removed them without disclosing the manipulation . '' In November 2017 , the Electoral Commission told The Times that it had launched an inquiry to `` examine the growing role of social media in election campaigns amid concerns from the intelligence and security agencies that Russia is trying to destabilise the democratic process in Britain . '' The Commission was in contact with Facebook and Twitter as part of the inquiry . After denying it for over a year , Facebook admitted on 18 November that it was targeted by Russian trolls in run - up to Brexit referendum , According to Facebook Russian - based operatives spent 97 cents to place three adverts on the social network in the run - up to the referendum , which were viewed 200 times . SNP MPs calls for an investigation akin to the Special Counsel Investigation ( Timeline ) in the United States . Campaign spending ( edit ) In February 2017 , the Electoral Commission announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger In and Vote Leave , along with smaller parties , as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices , receipts , or details to back up their accounts . In April 2017 , the Commission specified that ' there were reasonable grounds to suspect that potential offences under the law may have occurred ' in relation to Leave.EU . In May 2017 , The Irish Times reported that £ 425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the Democratic Unionist Party for spending during the referendum may have originated in Saudi Arabia . In November 2017 , the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating where Arron Banks , an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of Brexit , violated campaign spending laws . The Commission 's investigation focuses on both Banks and Better for the Country Limited , a company of which Banks is a director and majority shareholder . The company donated £ 2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU . The investigation began after the Commission found `` initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law . '' The Commission specifically seeks to determine `` whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name '' and `` whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name , or if it was acting as an agent . '' In December 2017 , the Electoral Commission announced several fines related to breaches of campaign finance rules during the referendum campaign . The Liberal Democrats were fined £ 18,000 ; The Immigrants Political Party was fined £ 2,500 ; the Traditional Unionist Voice had to pay £ 1,850 ; and Open Britain ( formerly Britain Stronger in Europe ) paid £ 1,250 in fines . The maximum possible fine was £ 20,000 . See also ( edit ) Comparison of results in 1975 and 2016 referendums Treaty of Accession 1972 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 European Union law List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities ( 1957 - 1993 ) & European Union ( 1993 - ) Brexit Referendums related to the European Union Referendums in the United Kingdom Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit Withdrawal from the European Union Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum , 1982 European Union Bill 2004 - 05 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 United Kingdom general election , 2015 United Kingdom general election , 2017 United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Sam ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` Britain and the EU : A long and rocky relationship '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Maastricht on European Union '' . EUR - Lex . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribune , Chicago . `` Fateful O'Hare Airport pizza meeting sealed Brexit vote deal : British media '' . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron Pledges EU Referendum if Conservatives Win Next Election '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : EU referendum bill shows only Tories listen '' . BBC . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` European Union ( Referendum ) Bill ( HC Bill 11 ) '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Private Members ' Bills '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation of Bills '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Tory MP will take forward bill '' . BBC . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ European Union ( Referendum ) Bill , Bill 11 of 2013 -- 14 Research Paper 13 / 41 ( page 1 ) , 28 June 2013 ; accessdate 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Elizabeth ; Pickard , Jim ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` EU referendum bill blocked in Lords '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum bill likely after Bob Neill comes third in backbench ballot '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkup , James ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` Conservative law on EU referendum raises ' serious ' possibilty of exit , says MP '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MPs debate Bob Neill 's Bill for EU membership referendum '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2014 -- 15 -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , George ; Stacey , Kiran ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Ukip and Front National lead populist earthquake '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miliband : EU poll is ' clear and present danger ' to jobs '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Democrats Hint Cameron 's EU Referendum Plan Negotiable '' . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes to an EU Referendum : Green MP Calls for Chance to Build a Better Europe '' . Green Party of England and Wales . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ DUP manifesto , 2015 , mydup.com . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The EU '' Archived 8 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Respect Party . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015 ( PDF ) . Conservative Party . p. 30 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Tim ( 15 March 2014 ) . `` David Cameron : my seven targets for a new EU '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The four key points from David Cameron 's EU letter '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cameron , David . `` A new settlement for the United Kingdom in a reformed European Union '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKinney , Conor James . `` Explaining the EU deal : an introduction '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Charlotte . `` Explaining the EU deal : child benefit '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Craig , Paul . `` Explaining the EU deal : the UK and the eurozone '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nic Shuibhne , Niamh . `` Explaining the EU deal : limiting residence rights for family members '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Catherine . `` Explaining the EU deal : deporting EU immigrants '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Peers , Steve . `` Explaining the EU deal : is it legally binding ? '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How David Cameron blew it -- The behind - the - scenes story of a failed campaign to keep Britain in the European Union '' . Politico EU . POLITICO SPRL. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , George . `` Cameron pins Brexit on EU failure to grant UK brake on migration '' . Financial Times . London , UK . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Cameron tells EU leaders they must offer UK more control over immigration '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , Andrew ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Cameron warns EU immigration rules could threaten UK trade deal '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen 's Speech 2015 : EU referendum , tax freeze and right - to - buy '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas . `` David Cameron may bring EU referendum forward to 2016 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Union Referendum Bill 2015 -- 16 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : MPs support plan for say on Europe '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labour to back EU referendum bill , says Harman '' . BBC News . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ European Union Referendum Act 2015 in BAILII . Jump up ^ `` European Union Referendum Act 2015 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowena Mason ; Nicholas Watt ; Ian Traynor ; Jennifer Rankin ( 20 February 2016 ) . `` EU referendum to take place on 23 June , David Cameron confirms '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Act No. 2016 - 01 ( Legislation Number ( L.N. ) 2016 / 034 , as amended by L.N. 2016 / 035 , L.N. 2016 / 082 and L.N. 2016 / 120 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Library BRIEFING PAPER Number 07212 , 3 June 2015 . This content is released under the Open Parliament Licence v3. 0 . Jump up ^ R ( Miller ) v Brexit Secretary % 5B2016 % 5D EWHC 2768 ( Admin ) at para. 106 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron just gave a massive hint about when the EU referendum will happen '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Cameron sets June date for UK vote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who can vote in the EU referendum ? '' . fullfact.org. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU citizens not eligible for referendum vote , says No 10 '' . BBC News . 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Background to the UK 's EU referendum 2016 '' . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , Alexandra ; Stone , Jon ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` MPs block plan to let 16 and 17 year olds vote in the EU referendum '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU vote registration deadline extended '' . BBC News . 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Union referendum : UK goes to the polls '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU referendum : Thousands wrongly sent polling cards '' . 3 June 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` EU Citizens Sent Referendum Polling Cards '' . Guido Fawkes. 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Citizens Sent Referendum Polling Cards '' . 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ correspondent , Rowena Mason Political ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Referendum voting papers sent to some EU nationals by mistake '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Lord of the Rings star launches Manx EU referendum petition '' . BBC News . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum on membership of the European Union : Assessment of the Electoral Commission on the proposed referendum question '' ( PDF ) . United Kingdom Electoral Commission . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ; Syal , Rajeev ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` EU referendum : Cameron accepts advice to change wording of question '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UKIP Infighting Over Rival Leave EU Campaigns '' . Sky News . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . Vote Leave . Jump up ^ `` Lead EU referendum campaigns named '' . BBC . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Silvera , Ian ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` EU referendum : Pro-Brexit Bakers ' Union will consider backing Grassroots Out '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Cameron : MPs will be allowed free vote on EU referendum -- video '' ( Video ) . The Guardian . 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . The PM also indicates Tory MPs will be able to take differing positions once the renegotiation has finished Jump up ^ Hughes , Laura ; Swinford , Stephen ; Dominiczak , Peter ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` EU Referendum : David Cameron forced to let ministers campaign for Brexit after fears of a Cabinet resignation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : PM ' makes no apology ' for £ 9m EU leaflets '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU Referendum campaigns remain suspended after Jo Cox attack '' . BBC News . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Landale , James ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` EU referendum : Government to spend £ 9m on leaflets to every home '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Voters to receive ' impartial guide ' to EU referendum '' . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 EU Referendum Voting Guide '' ( PDF ) . About My Vote . The Electoral Commission . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MPs will vote for UK to remain in the EU '' . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Michael Dougan assesses UK 's position following vote to leave the EU '' . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dishonesty on an industrial scale '' EU law expert analyses referendum debate `` . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Policy : Europe '' . greenparty.org.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` Andy Burnham pushes Labour to set up separate pro-European Union campaign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Wintour . `` Alan Johnson to head Labour Yes campaign for EU referendum '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Clegg : Pro-Europeans are the real reformers now '' . libdems.org.uk. 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Positions '' . partyof. wales . Plaid Cymru . Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Greer , Ross ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` EU Referendum : Greens to Make Progressive Case for Membership '' . Scottish Green Party . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon warns of EU exit ' backlash ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Salmond : I 'll campaign with Tories to stay in EU '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . ukip.org . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hope , Christopher ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Conservative Party to stay neutral during EU referendum '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dickson -- An EU referendum will threaten jobs and investment in Northern Ireland '' . Alliance Party of Northern Ireland . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance expresses concerns over referendum idea '' . allianceparty.org. 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 2014 ) . Green Party in Northern Ireland : Manifesto 2015 ( PDF ) . greenpartyni.org . Green Party in Northern Ireland . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sinn Fein to protect EU membership '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ SDLP . `` International Affairs '' . Social Democratic and Labour Party . Archived from the original on 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ UUP . `` Statement from the Ulster Unionist Party on EU Referendum '' . Ulster Unionist Party . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cromie , Claire ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` EU referendum : DUP gives backing to UKIP Brexit campaign , blasting David Cameron 's ' pathetic demands ' '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DUP to ' recommend vote to leave the EU ' '' . The News Letter . Belfast. 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ PBP . `` Lexit : why we need a left exit from the eu '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU Membership is a Matter for UK Citizens , Not US President '' . tuv.org.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feetham urges joint strategies with Govt on key issues '' . Gibraltar Chronicle. 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garcia flags constitutional reform and Brexit in New Year message '' . Gibraltar Chronicle. 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain First Policies '' . Britainfirst.org . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs British National Party '' . bnp.org.uk . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Éirígí backs Brexit with Northern Ireland poster campaign '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Respect to campaign to leave the EU '' . respectparty.org. 22 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Trade Unionist & Socialist Coalition ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` TUSC letter in The Guardian -- now sign the petition '' . tusc.org.uk . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : 10 alternatives to the official Leave and Remain campaigns '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Party Assembly Motion '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Mike Nattrass MEP FRICS ( 19 April 2014 ) . An independence from Europe YouTube ( Video ) . Mike Nattrass via YouTube . Jump up ^ Cullen , Hugh . `` The Socialist Case Against Leaving the European Union '' . Scottish Socialist Party . Jump up ^ `` WE propose a Women 's Bill of Rights '' . womensequality.org.uk. 8 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Catherine ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` Whether we leave or stay in the EU , a Women 's Bill of Rights is long overdue '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Cabinet works '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU Referendum : Where Conservative MPs stand '' . BBC News . 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Stephen Crabb ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shell CEO urges Britain to remain in European Union '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Juliette Garside . `` BT boss says EU is a positive force for business '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jamie Dunkley ; Russell Lynch ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Vodafone head joins Deutsche Bank in warning over EU exit '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hazel Sheffield ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Deutsche Bank considers UK exit plan '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Bankers start to warn on UK 's EU referendum '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` RBS warns of business damage from Brexit plans '' ( Press release ) . Scottish National Party . 26 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Treanor . `` HSBC warns of economic risks of UK pulling out of Europe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` HSBC , JPMorgan may move parts of businesses to Luxembourg -- The Times '' . Reuters UK . Jump up ^ `` Goldman Sachs president warns Britain 's exit from the EU could harm London 's status as ' a great financial capital of the world ' '' . This is Money . Jump up ^ `` Brexit ' would sap London 's wealth and power '' . The Daily Telegraph . 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU exit would risk jobs , says group of business bosses '' . BBC . 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , George ; Cadman , Emily ; Plimmer , Gill ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Cameron outlines business case '' . Financial Times . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Castle , Stephen ( 1 May 2016 ) . `` Fear of Alienating Customers Keeps British Companies From Taking Sides on E.U '' . The New York Times ( 2 May 2016 ) . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Branson ' fearful ' over Brexit impact '' . BBC News . 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Sugar : Brexit Would Be A ' Disaster ' For UK '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sir James Dyson : ' So if we leave the EU no one will trade with us ? Cobblers ... ' A. Pearson , The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 10 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Rolls - Royce says Brexit will heighten investment risk '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Farell , Sean ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` UK small businesses are evenly split on Brexit , poll says '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kleinman , Mark ( 11 April 2016 ) . `` Brexit Threat To UK Jobs , ICC Survey Warns '' . Sky News . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 86 % of international businesses surveyed believe the UK should remain within the EU -- says ICC United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) . iccwbo.uk . United Kingdom office of International Chamber of Commerce . 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cordell , Jake ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` EU businesses want a hard line in any post-Brexit negotiations '' . City AM . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackden , Richard ( 20 January 2013 ) . `` Ford and BMW warn against UK exit from EU as David Cameron readies historic speech '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's pro-EU carmakers say plants not at risk from ' Brexit ' '' . Reuters UK . Jump up ^ Szu Ping Chan ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Ignore the scaremongers , manufacturing powerhouse Vauxhall says it would be fine outside the EU '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota pledges to stay in UK even if country takes Brexit '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ P. Spence , Pound falls below $1.39 as economists warn Brexit could hammer households , The Daily Telegraph , Finance , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Eshe ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` If Sterling Goes Down on ' Brexit , ' It 's Taking the Euro With It '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Sterling falls after Independent poll puts Brexit 10 points ahead '' . Jump up ^ `` UK trade deficit narrows in April as exports jump '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK trade deficit falls after record rise in exports '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowery , Adrian ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` FTSE 100 index on roughest ride since 2000 '' . Jump up ^ `` FTSE 100 falls 2 % as investors fret over Brexit '' . Jump up ^ `` FTSE 100 loses £ 100bn in four days as Brexit paralyses markets and pound crumbles '' . Jump up ^ `` The pound has made strong gains against the dollar '' . Jump up ^ `` Sterling hits 2016 high , stocks climb as UK votes on Brexit '' . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GBP to USD exchange rate '' . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTSE 100 at the London Stock Exchange '' . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirka , Danica ; Lee , Youkyung ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Stocks crash as UK vote to quit EU shocks investors '' . AP The Big Story . London . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Javier E. ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit cost investors $2 trillion , the worst one day drop ever '' . CNBC . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Javier E. ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit - related losses widen to $3 trillion in relentless 2 - day sell - off '' . CNBC . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ McGeever , Jamie ; Graham , Patrick ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` UK markets shudder after Brexit vote , sterling hits 31 - year low '' . Reuters . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Everett ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit fears drive downgrade : S&P cuts UK rating to ' AA ' from ' AAA ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S&P revises European Union credit rating to AA from AA + '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Global stock markets rally as Brexit fears abate '' . BBC News . 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Tara ; Davidson , Lauren ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` FTSE 100 surrenders £ 85bn in two days , pound slides and banking stocks plunge in Brexit aftermath '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . FTSE 100 surrenders £ 85bn in two days , pound slides and banking stocks plunge in Brexit aftermath Jump up ^ `` Markets shift after Carney speech '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ M. Holehouse , `` Czech Republic ' will follow Britain out of EU ' '' , The Daily Telegraph , 23 February 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ostnaté dráty , zaminovaná pole , role USA a Turecka ... Klaus hodně bez zábran hovořil o tom , zda přežijeme migrační vlnu , a rýpl si i do Zemana a Merkelov '' ( in Czech ) . OurMedia. 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Verhofstadt , Guy ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Putin will be rubbing his hands at the prospect of Brexit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ball , Sam ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` Why the French are against Brexit , but only just '' . France 24 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Holehouse , Matthew ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Brexit will trigger collapse of EU , warns Poland '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ www.publika.md ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Pavel Filip încurajează moldovenii să discute cu prietenii lor britanici pentru un vot pro-rămânere în UE '' . publika.md . Jump up ^ `` Spanish PM 's anger at David Cameron over Gibraltar '' . BBC News . 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit border closure ' perfectly possible ' in law -- Margallo '' . Gibraltar Chronicle. 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Britain ' could liberate Europe again ' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ EU referendum : Swedish foreign minister warns Brexit ' could cause break - up of European Union ' L. Dearden , The Independent ( London ) , 11 June 2016 Jump up ^ Inman , Phillip ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Brexit referendum could destabilise UK recovery , says IMF '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Ping - Chan , Steven , Szu . `` EU referendum : IMF accused of ' bullying ' voters with warnings over Brexit '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US warns Britain : If you leave EU you face barriers to trading with America '' . The Guardian . 28 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador : We would love strong UK in strong EU '' . BBC News . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Staying in EU ' best hope ' for UK 's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries , BBC News ( 20 April 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Sparrow ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Britain must stay in EU ' to make world more prosperous ' , says Obama '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain will be at the front of the queue for a US trade deal '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Wilkinson ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz : Post-Brexit Britain would be at front of the line for trade deal if I am US President '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Olli Smith ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` ' Time to GO ' : Trump gives Brexit blessing as he blames ' crazy migration ' for EU collapse '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chuck Todd , Mark Murray and Carrie Dann ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` First Read : How ' Brexit ' Impacts American Politics '' . NBC News . ^ Jump up to : Paul Hackett ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Xi Jinping urges Britain to stay in EU as ballast to US market dominance '' . Russia : RT . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Tim ( 27 February 2016 ) . `` Global economy will suffer ' a shock ' if Britain leaves EU , G20 warns '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK EU exit would be global economy ' shock ' -- G20 leaders '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turnbull hopeful UK avoids EU Brexit '' . 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presiden Jokowi ingin Inggris tak keluar dari Uni Eropa '' . BBC Indonesia . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . ( in Indonesian ) Jump up ^ `` Ranil ' very concerned ' at probable Brexit '' . Daily Mirror. 15 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Worley , Will ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` EU referendum : Vladimir Putin says David Cameron called vote ' to blackmail Europe ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Titov , Alexander ; Sakwa , Richard ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Does Putin Really Want a Brexit From The EU ? '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ P. Spence , Bank of England can make Brexit work , says Mark Carney , The Daily Telegraph , 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Carney : EU exit is ' biggest domestic risk ' BBC News , 8 March 2016 Jump up ^ Robertson , Jamie . `` Brexit vote may spark recession , Mark Carney warns '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Duncan Smith casts doubt on Mark Carney 's Brexit warning '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The impact of immigration on occupational wages : evidence from Britain S. Nickell and J. Saleheen , Staff Working Paper No. 574 , Bank of England ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` How small is small ? The impact of immigration on UK wages - National Institute of Economic and Social Research '' . www.niesr.ac.uk . ^ Jump up to : EU referendum : UK could be better off leaving if TTIP passes , Joseph Stiglitz says , H. Sheffield , The Independent , 2 March 2016 ^ Jump up to : Fuest , Clemens ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` How Germany Views Brexit '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU exit could add two years to austerity , IFS says '' . BBC News . 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dakers , Marion ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Law firms will bear the brunt of Brexit , lawyers warn '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The EU and the Legal Sector '' ( PDF ) . The Law Society of England and Wales . October 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Firzli , Nicolas . `` A Frenchman writes : Britain should say adiEU in June '' . Dow Jones Financial News . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Kathryn ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Majority of UK lawyers want to remain in the EU , poll finds '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Video : The UK 's future economic relationship with the European Union '' . 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Brexit ' could damage NHS ' , health boss warns '' . BBC News . 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rumney , Emma ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` NHS leaders fear negative impact of Brexit , survey says '' . Public Finance . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Katie ; Savage , Michael ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` Brexit would put the NHS at risk , health leaders warn '' . The Times . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Casassus ( 2016 ) . `` Guidelines cause UK health charities to be silent on Brexit '' . The Lancet . 387 ( 10035 ) : 2277 -- 2278 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 30714 - 0 . PMID 27302254 . ^ Jump up to : Watling , Lindsay ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Study finds 92 % of fisherman will vote for Brexit '' . The Press and Journal . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Vevers , Dan . `` Nine in ten fishermen will back Brexit , survey suggests '' . STV . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Vote to leave EU would ' condemn Britain to irrelevance ' , say historians '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Brexit ' : IEA offers prize for UK exit plan from EU '' . BBC . 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IEA Brexit Prize '' . Iea.org.uk. 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Stacey , Kiran ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` UK diplomat wins prize for Brexit plan '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Littlewood , Mark . `` The winner of the Brexit Prize provides a blueprint for an open , independent Britain '' . Conservative Home . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Boffey , Daniel ; Helm , Toby ( 17 November 2012 ) . `` 56 % of Britons Would Vote to Quit EU in Referendum , Poll Finds '' . The Observer . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . D25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Ashcroft Europe Poll -- Europe on Trial '' . Yahoo ! Finance . 23 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov / The Sun Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . June 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ John Curtice , senior research fellow at NatCen and professor of politics at Strathclyde University ( October 2015 ) . `` Britain divided ? Who supports and who opposes EU membership '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Social Research Council . Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` EU referendum : Majority of UK public wants ' Brexit ' , poll reveals '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlgreen , Will ( 28 February 2016 ) . `` The Eurosceptic map of Britain '' . YouGov . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Jim ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Conservatives : the party of business ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Cressey , Daniel ( 30 March 2016 ) . `` Scientists say ' no ' to UK exit from Europe in Nature poll '' . Nature . 531 ( 7596 ) : 559 -- 559 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 531 ... 559C . doi : 10.1038 / 531559a . PMID 27029257 . Jump up ^ Booth , James ( 2 March 2016 ) . `` Partners overwhelmingly anti-Brexit as confidence in Britain staying in falters '' . Legal Week . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economists ' Views on Brexit '' . Ipsos MORI. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonia Sodha , Toby Helm & Phillip Inman ( 28 May 2016 ) . `` Economists overwhelmingly reject Brexit in boost for Cameron '' . Observer . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Giles , Chris ; Cadman , Emily ( 3 January 2016 ) . `` Economists ' forecasts : Brexit would damage growth '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Annabelle ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The year the bookies were confounded - 150 / 1 on Trump becoming US President and 100 / 1 on Alan Partridge becoming the Mayor of East Anglia '' . Eastern Daily Press . Jump up ^ Duggan , Wayne ( 31 December 1969 ) . `` iShares MSCI United Kingdom Index Fund ETF ( ETF : EWU ) - TickerTags First to Call Brexit Results Using Twitter Data '' . Benzinga . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK and the EU : Better off out or in ? '' . BBC News . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sodha , Sonia ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` Why is EU free movement so important ? '' . Analysis , BBC Radio 4 . BBC News . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Becker and Fetzer ( October 2016 ) . `` Does Migration Cause Extreme Voting ? '' . University of Warwick . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : EU Referendum : Record number of migrants arrive in UK without jobs , as Boris Johnson accuses David Cameron of `` deeply damaging '' faith in democracy L. Hughes , The Daily Telegraph ( London ) , 26 May 2016 ^ Jump up to : Migration Statistics Quarterly Report : May 2016 ONS , 26 May 2016 Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` How did UK end up voting to leave the European Union ? '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Olivia ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` Toxic Brexit debate has led the U.K. into political turmoil : Analysis '' . Toronto Star . Toronto , Canada . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Newsnight exchange with Brexit MEP Daniel Hannan '' . BBC News . 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowyry , Nigel ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` Nigel Farage : Leave campaign pledges ' mistake ' , may not be upheld '' . iNews UK . Media Nusantara Citra . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Helm , Toby ( 24 July 2016 ) . `` Brexit : EU considers migration ' emergency brake ' for UK for up to seven years '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How David Cameron blew it -- The behind - the - scenes story of a failed campaign to keep Britain in the European Union '' . Politico EU . POLITICO SPRL. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . As Brussels held its ground , Cameron dropped his manifesto commitment for new EU workers to wait four years before accessing benefits , as long as something was done to cut immigration . In February Britain and the EU struck a deal . Britain would get an `` emergency brake , '' allowing the UK to withhold access to benefits for new migrants for a one - off period of seven years . Jump up ^ `` Brexit could lead to second independence poll and break - up of Britain , says leading Scottish investment fund manager '' . The Herald . 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sturgeon : EU exit could trigger demand for Scottish independence referendum '' . BBC News . 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Brexit would spark ' constitutional crisis ' for UK , warns Welsh First Minister Carwyn Jones '' . The Independent . 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ NHS could be part - privatised if UK and EU agree controversial TTIP trade deal , expert warns I. Johnston , The Independent ( London ) , 21 February 2016 Jump up ^ TTIP : Government caves in to cross-party alliance of Eurosceptic MPs demanding NHS is protected from controversial deal O. Wright , The Independent ( London ) , 19 May 2016 Jump up ^ EU referendum : 25 Tory rebels plot to vote down Queen 's Speech as Labour MP caught calling voter ' horrible racist ' on campaign trail L. Hughes , The Daily Telegraph , 19 May 2016 Jump up ^ TTIP symbolises the worst of global capitalism . Cameron pushes it at his peril N. Dearden , The Guardian , 20 May 2016 Jump up ^ Jeremy Corbyn Vows To Veto ' TTIP ' EU - US Free Trade Deal Amid Privatisation Fears P. Waugh , The Huffington Post , 2 June 2016 Jump up ^ The EU Referendum Pits Big Business Against Working People -- That 's Why I 'm Voting ' Leave ' J. Mills , The Huffington Post , 10 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Leaving EU ' big gamble ' for UK security '' . BBC News . 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reality Check : Is Britain safer in or out of the EU ? '' . BBC News . 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ EU referendum debate -- Guardian Live . 15 March 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Martin Shipton ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Nigel Farage and Carwyn Jones to go head - to - head to debate whether UK should stay in the EU '' . walesonline . Jump up ^ `` Farage and Jones clash over steel in EU debate '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : David Cameron will not debate another political leader on television before EU referendum '' . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Debate : Should Britain leave the EU ? '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ `` The Express EU Debate in full '' . Daily Express . 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brentwood Weekly News '' . Brentwood Weekly News . 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Andrew Neil Interviews : Leave or Remain ? -- Episode guide '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` The EU Debate , Victoria Derbyshire '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Vote Leave lambasts ITV over EU debate between Cameron and Farage '' . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiden Kerr ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon and Boris Johnson to clash in TV debate '' . STV . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` BBC rejects fears EU referendum debate could be hijacked '' . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Campaigns set for live BBC debate at Wembley '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Paxman to host final EU Referendum debate on Channel 4 '' . Channel 4 . 9 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : European Referendum Act 2015 Section 11 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ; Dodd , Vikram ; Rawlinson , Kevin ; Slawson , Nicola ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Jo Cox murder suspect tells court his name is ' death to traitors , freedom for Britain ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Cameron cuts short Gibraltar visit over MP attack '' . Yahoo !. 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Paused EU referendum debate to resume , but with a more respectful tone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : ' No turning back ' on EU vote '' . BBC News . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Counting stops for minute silence for Jo Cox '' . The Telegraph . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jon ( 17 June 2016 ) . `` Jo Cox death : Parties stand down in killed Labour MP 's seat as Corbyn and Cameron call for unity '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` Long queues reported outside referendum polling stations '' . Jump up ^ `` Police question woman for offering voters A PEN amid erase concerns '' . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : Brexit win amid Manchester 's strong Remain vote -- BBC News '' . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew ; Weaver , Matthew ; Oltermann , Philip ; Vaughan , Adam ; Asthana , Anushka ; Tran , Mark ; Elgot , Jessica ; Watt , Holly ; Rankin , Jennifer ; McDonald , Henry ; Kennedy , Maev ; Perraudin , Frances ; Neslen , Arthur ; O'Carroll , Lisa ; Khomami , Nadia ; Morris , Steven ; Duncan , Pamela ; Allen , Katie ; Carrell , Severin ; Mason , Rowena ; Bengtsson , Helena ; Barr , Caelainn ; Goodley , Simon ; Brooks , Libby ; Wearden , Graeme ; Quinn , Ben ; Ramesh , Randeep ; Fletcher , Nick ; Treanor , Jill ; McCurry , Justin ; Adams , Richard ; Halliday , Josh ; Pegg , David ; Phipps , Claire ; Mattinson , Deborah ; Walker , Peter ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit : Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish referendum ' highly likely ' '' . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` Britain Votes to Leave E.U. , Stunning the World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Peter S. ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` Turbulence and Uncertainty for the Market After ' Brexit ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Laura . `` EU referendum results live : Brexit wins as Britain votes to leave European Union '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local voting figures shed new light on EU referendum '' . BBC . 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU referendum : full results and analysis '' . theguardian. 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Voted for the Brexit ? '' . theatlantic. 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` how - britain - voted '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EUFinalCall_Reweighted '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` electoralcommission '' . electoralcommission . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office for National Statistics '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young people are gathering at Parliament furious at not being given the vote '' . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : How much of a generation gap is there ? -- BBC News '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum result would have been entirely different had votes been allowed at 16 '' . The Independent . 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit vote sparks scramble for European passports '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit vote sparks surge in Irish passport applications '' . ABC News . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halpin , Padraic ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Britons flood Ireland with EU passport queries after Brexit vote '' . Reuters . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Agerholm , Harriet ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit : Wave of racial abuse and hate crime reported after EU referendum '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Micklewaithte , Jamie ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Police probe ' racist signs distributed after Brexit vote in EU referendum ' '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Polish cards in Huntingdon after EU referendum '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Micklewaithte , Jamie ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Police probe racist graffiti smeared on Polish centre after Brexit vote '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Staufenberg , Jess ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit : Welsh Muslim told to ' pack bags and go home ' after campaigning for Remain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Kate ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Racist incidents feared to be linked to Brexit result '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Cameron condemns xenophobic and racist abuse after Brexit vote '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Homophobic attacks in UK rose 147 % in three months after Brexit vote '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish man killed with ' superman punch ' '' . BBC News . 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish ex-MP : Juncker right to raise Essex ' hate crime ' murder '' . Sky News . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC Newsnight ( 1 September 2016 ) , Harlow : A town in shock over killing of Arkadiusz Jozwik - BBC Newsnight , retrieved 27 September 2017 Jump up ^ Gayle , Damien ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` Teenager who killed Polish man with a punch sentenced to three years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage ' blood on his hands ' controversy : Media monitor blasts ' sensationalist ' BBC '' . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Farage , Nigel ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The BBC 's slur has caused my family misery '' . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Second EU referendum petition investigated for fraud '' . BBC News . 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ York , Chris ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Second EU Referendum Petition Started By Leave Voter William Oliver Healey '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Clive ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Can the law stop Brexit ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Marker , Christina ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit Redux ? Petition for Second EU Vote Hits 3 Million Signatures '' . NBC News . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . In an ironic twist , it emerged Sunday that the petition 's creator was in fact in favor of so - called Brexit . In a message posted to Facebook , William Oliver Healey sought to distance himself from the petition , saying it had been hijacked by those in favor of remaining in the EU . Jump up ^ Hume , Tim . `` Brexit : Petition calling for second EU vote was created by Leave backer '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit : Petition for second EU referendum so popular the government site 's crashing '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Boult , Adam ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Petition for second EU referendum attracts thousands of signatures '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentlive.tv '' . parliamentlive.tv. 5 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Charlie ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May 's Tory Leadership Launch Statement '' . The Independent . London , UK . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit : Petition for second EU referendum rejected '' . BBC News . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Jennifer ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` What is article 50 and why is it so central to the Brexit debate ? '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Kuenssberg . `` ' No turning back ' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Tory leader ' should be in place by 9 September ' '' . BBC News . 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labour ' Out ' Votes Heap Pressure on Corbyn '' . Jump up ^ `` Corbyn office ' sabotaged ' EU Remain campaign '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Asthana A , and Syal , R. ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Labour in crisis : Tom Watson criticises Hilary Benn sacking '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn 's new - look shadow cabinet '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn Loses Vote of No Confidence '' . Sky News . 28 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Holden , Michael ; Piper , Elizabeth ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` EU leaders tell Britain to exit swiftly , market rout halts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . the confidence vote does not automatically trigger a leadership election and Corbyn , who says he enjoys strong grassroots support , refused to quit . ' I was democratically elected leader of our party for a new kind of politics by 60 percent of Labour members and supporters , and I will not betray them by resigning , ' he said . Jump up ^ `` UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down '' . BBC News . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage steps back in at UKIP as Diane James quits '' . BBC news . 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Alastair ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` ' Brexit ' Triggers New Bid for Scottish Independence '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ Carrell , Severin ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon prepares for second Scottish independence poll '' . Jump up ^ `` Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish referendum ' highly likely ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Liberals , celebrities and EU supporters set up progressive movement '' . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shead , Sam ( 24 July 2016 ) . `` Paddy Ashdown has launched a tech - driven political startup called More United that will crowdfund MPs across all parties '' . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit after EU referendum : UK to leave EU and David Cameron quits '' . Jump up ^ McGeever , Jamie ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Sterling 's post-Brexit fall is biggest loss in a hard currency '' . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shares and pound plunge on Leave vote '' . Jump up ^ Sudip Kar - Gupta ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` FTSE 100 rises to build on post-Brexit recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rand slumps more than 8 % against dollar '' . Reuters. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kuo , Lily & Kazeem , Yomi ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit will be terrible for Africa 's largest economies '' . Quartz . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Evans , Pete ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Loonie loses more than a penny , TSX sheds 239 points after Britons vote to quit EU '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Says Carney Calm Will Guide U.K. Through Brexit Uncertainty '' . Bloomberg. 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Inman , Phillip ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Bank of England Admits ' Michael Fish ' Moment with Dire Brexit Predictions '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajeev Syal ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` Electoral reform campaigners slam ' dire ' EU referendum debate '' . Guardian newspapers . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ' DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 SUPERVISORY POWERS OF THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER MONETARY PENALTY NOTICE ( 9 May 2016 ) . Jump up ^ ' EU campaign firm fined for sending spam texts ' ( 11 May 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jamie Doward , Carole Cadwalladr and Alice Gibbs , ' Watchdog to launch inquiry into misuse of data in politics ' , The Observer ( 4 March 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Carole Cadwalladr , ' The great British Brexit robbery : how our democracy was hijacked ' , The Observer ( Sunday 7 May 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Steve Rosenberg , EU referendum : What does Russia gain from Brexit ? ' , BBC News ( 26 June 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Joe Watts , Highly probable ' that Russia interfered in Brexit referendum , Labour MP says , Independent ( 13 December 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` How Putin could yest save Britain from Brexit '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jake Kanter & Adam Bienkov , Labour MPs think the government is hiding info about Russia interfering with Brexit , ' Business Insider ( 23 February 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Rajeev Syal , Brexit : foreign states may have interfered in vote , report says , Guardian ( 12 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Cox ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Britain Requests Facebook 's Russian Ad Data From Run - Up to Brexit , Election '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : David D. Kirkpatrick , Parliament Asks Twitter About Russian Meddling in Brexit Vote , New York Times ( 3 November 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : 13,500 - strong Twitter bot army disappeared shortly after EU referendum , research reveals , City , University of London ( 20 October 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Wright , Lucy Fisher & Sean O'Neill , Watchdog starts inquiry into Russia Brexit links , The Times ( 2 November 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Facebook admits it was targeted by Russian trolls in Brexit referendum '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook says Russian - linked accounts spent just 97 cents on ads over Brexit '' . Reuters. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffay , John ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Barrage of tweets on independence linked to Russia '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNP calls for US - style investigation into Kremlin links to Brexit vote '' . HeraldScotland . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups , The Daily Telegraph ( 24 February 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Electoral Commission statement on investigation into Leave.EU , Electoral Commission ( 21 April 2017 ) . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Fintan ( 16 May 2017 ) `` What connects Brexit , the DUP , dark money and a Saudi prince ? '' . The Irish Times . ^ Jump up to : Henry Mance , Brexit - backer Arron Banks to be investigated over campaign spending , Financial Times ( 1 November 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Holly Watt , Electoral Commission to investigate Arron Banks ' Brexit donations : Watchdog to consider whether leave campaigner broke campaign finance rules in run - up to EU referendum , The Guardian ( 1 November 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Henry Mance , Arron Banks investigated for Brexit campaign spending , Financial Times ( 1 November 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Maidment , Jack ( 19 December 2017 ) `` Liberal Democrats fined £ 18,000 for breaching campaign finance rules relating to EU referendum '' . The Daily Telegraph . Further reading ( edit ) George , Stephen ( January 2000 ) . `` Britain : anatomy of a Eurosceptic state '' . Journal of European Integration . Taylor and Francis . 22 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 07036330008429077 . Usherwood , Simon ( March 2007 ) . `` Proximate factors in the mobilization of anti ‐ EU groups in France and the UK : the European Union as first ‐ order politics '' . Journal of European Integration . Taylor and Francis . 29 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 07036330601144177 . Emerson , Michael ( April 2016 ) . `` The Economics of a Brexit '' . Intereconomics . Springer Science + Business Media . 51 ( 2 ) : 46 -- 47 . doi : 10.1007 / s10272 - 016 - 0574 - 2 . LSE Library ( March 2017 ) , `` Collection of campaigning leaflets from the referendum '' External links ( edit ) Examples of leaflets used during the referendum campaign European Union at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Electoral Commission guide to the EU Referendum BBC News -- EU Referendum BBC Radio 4 Why Did People Vote to Leave BBC Radio 4 How We Voted Brexit United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Lisbon Treaty Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union Articles relating to the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 United Kingdom general election , 2015 ← 2010 election Constituencies Debates MPs elected MPs who stood down MPs who lost their seat MPs by seniority Endorsements Opinion polling Parties Target seats 56th Parliament Results breakdown Results by constituency Seat gains and losses Incumbent Prime Minister : David Cameron ( Conservative ) Subsequent Prime Minister : David Cameron ( Conservative ) Incumbent Deputy Prime Minister : Nick Clegg ( Liberal Democrats ) Subsequent Deputy Prime Minister : None Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative ( David Cameron ) Labour ( Ed Miliband ) Scottish National Party ( Nicola Sturgeon ) Liberal Democrats ( Nick Clegg ) Democratic Unionist Party ( Peter Robinson ) Sinn Féin ( Gerry Adams ) Plaid Cymru ( Leanne Wood ) Social Democratic and Labour Party ( Alasdair McDonnell ) Ulster Unionist Party ( Mike Nesbitt ) UK Independence Party ( Nigel Farage ) Green Party of England and Wales ( Natalie Bennett ) Parties only represented in Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , London , or the European Parliament Green Party in Northern Ireland ( Steven Agnew ) Scottish Green Party ( Patrick Harvie / Maggie Chapman ) Traditional Unionist Voice ( Jim Allister ) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland ( David Ford ) Other Full list of parties standing candidates Results by area Northern Ireland ( list ) Scotland ( list ) Wales ( list ) England ( list ) United Kingdom local elections , 2015 United Kingdom general election , 2017 ← 2015 election Constituencies Debates MPs elected MPs who stood down MPs who lost their seat MPs by seniority Endorsements Opinion polling Parties Target seats 57th Parliament Results breakdown Results by constituency Seat gains and losses Incumbent Prime Minister : Theresa May ( Conservative ) Subsequent Prime Minister : Theresa May ( Conservative ) Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative ( Theresa May ) Labour ( Jeremy Corbyn ) Scottish National Party ( Nicola Sturgeon ) Liberal Democrats ( Tim Farron ) Democratic Unionist Party ( Arlene Foster ) Sinn Féin ( Gerry Adams ) Plaid Cymru ( Leanne Wood ) Green Party of England and Wales ( Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley ) Parties only represented in Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , London , or the European Parliament UK Independence Party ( Paul Nuttall ) Scottish Green Party ( Patrick Harvie / Maggie Chapman ) Social Democratic and Labour Party ( Colum Eastwood ) Ulster Unionist Party ( Robin Swann ) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland ( Naomi Long ) Traditional Unionist Voice ( Jim Allister ) People Before Profit Alliance ( Collective leadership ) Other Full list of parties standing candidates Ettrick , Roxburgh and Berwickshire Scottish Parliament by - election ( held on same day ) Results by area England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales United Kingdom local elections , 2017 Elections and referendums in Gibraltar General elections 1921 1950 1953 1956 1959 1964 1969 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 next By - elections 1991 1999 2013 European elections 2009 2014 Referendums 1967 2002 2006 2016 Stock market crashes 17th century Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic 18th century The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796 -- 97 19th century Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896 20th century Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937 -- 38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973 -- 74 stock market crash Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash ( 1982 ) Japanese asset price bubble ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) 1990s Japanese stock market crash Dot - com bubble ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 21st century Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ( Aftermath ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015 -- 16 stock market crash 2016 United Kingdom EU referendum ( Aftermath ) See also : List of stock market crashes and bear markets United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results Referendum question `` Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Legislation Referendum Act 1975 Background Treaty of Rome 1970 UK General election UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1974 UK General election ( February ) 1974 UK General election ( October ) Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Britain in Europe Advocating a `` No '' vote National Referendum Campaign Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Neutral / split Labour Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain Aftermath European Assembly Elections Act 1978 1979 UK European Parliament election UK rebate Single European Act Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Lisbon Treaty UK renegotiation of EU membership , 2016 2016 European Union membership referendum Member states of the European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark ( details ) Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland ( details ) Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom ( details ) Future enlargement of the European Union Treaties of the European Union and related documents Legal basis Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ( 2007 ) Treaty on European Union ( 2007 ) Euratom Treaty ( 1957 ) Main treaties Paris ( European Coal and Steel Community , 1951 ) Rome ( European Economic Community , 1957 ) Merger ( 1965 ) Single European Act ( 1986 ) Maastricht ( 1992 ) Amsterdam ( 1997 ) Nice ( 2001 ) Lisbon ( 2007 ) Accession Treaties 1972 1979 1985 1994 2003 2005 2011 Minor treaties Netherlands Antilles Association Convention ( 1962 ) First Budgetary Treaty ( 1970 ) Second Budgetary Treaty ( 1975 ) Greenland Treaty ( 1984 ) Minor amendments Protocol 36 ( 2011 ) Article 136 ( 2011 ) Abandoned treaties and agreements Treaty establishing the European Defence Community ( 1952 ) Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe ( 2004 ) UK renegotiation of EU membership ( 2016 ) Declarations Schuman Declaration ( 1950 ) Solemn Declaration ( 1983 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights ( 2000 ) Berlin Declaration ( 2007 ) Other documents Schengen Agreement ( 1985 ) Schengen Convention ( 1990 ) Schengen acquis of the EU ( 1999 ) PFI Convention ( 2002 ) Prüm Convention ( 2005 ) Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ( 2012 ) European Fiscal Compact ( 2012 ) Agreement on a Unified Patent Court ( 2013 ) Single Resolution Fund Agreement ( 2014 ) European Union Portal Withdrawal from the European Union Withdrawal of member state territories French Algeria ( independence ) Greenland ( Greenland Treaty ) Saint Barthélemy ( changed to OCT status ) Withdrawal of member states United Kingdom ( including Gibraltar ) - see Brexit and Impact of Brexit on the European Union Current membership Enlargement Article 7 Procedure Withdrawal Books View or order collections of articles Brexit Portals Access related topics British politics portal European Union portal 2010s portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Data from Wikidata SUDOC : 193304104 BNF : cb170444330 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum,_2016&oldid=825605388 '' Categories : 2016 in British politics 2016 in Gibraltar 2016 in the European Union 2016 referendums Referendums in the United Kingdom Referendums related to the European Union United Kingdom and the European Union United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 June 2016 events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with Indonesian - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Ślůnski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 10 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20European%20Union%20membership%20referendum%2C%202016

who were the puritans and what were they trying to accomplish

History of the Puritans in North America

history of the puritans in north america

In the early 17th century , thousands of English Puritans settled in North America , mainly in New England . Puritans were generally members of the Church of England who believed that the Church of England was insufficiently reformed , retaining too much of its Roman Catholic doctrinal roots , and who therefore opposed royal ecclesiastical policy under Elizabeth I of England , James I of England , and Charles I of England . Most Puritans were `` non-separating Puritans '' , meaning that they did not advocate setting up separate congregations distinct from the Church of England ; a small minority of Puritans were `` separating Puritans '' who advocated setting up congregations outside the Church . The Pilgrims were a Separatist group , and they established the Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Non-separating Puritans played leading roles in establishing the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 , the Saybrook Colony in 1635 , the Connecticut Colony in 1636 , and the New Haven Colony in 1638 . The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was established by settlers expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of their unorthodox religious opinions . Puritans were also active in New Hampshire before it became a crown colony in 1691 .

Most Puritans who migrated to North America came in the decade 1630 - 1640 in what is known as the Great Migration . See the main articles on each of the colonies for information on their political and social history ; this article focuses on the religious history of the Puritans in North America . The Puritans of New England evolved into the Congregationalist churches . Contents 1 Puritanism in England ( 1533 -- 1630 ) 2 Migration to America ( 1620 -- 1640 ) 3 Life in the New World 3.1 Religion 3.2 Family life 3.3 Education 3.4 Recreation and leisure 3.5 Church and state 3.6 Religious toleration 4 Controversies 4.1 Roger Williams 4.2 Antinomian Controversy 4.3 Historiography of Puritan Involvement with Witchcraft in Colonial America 5 Decline of power and influence 6 Notes 7 Bibliography Puritanism in England ( 1533 -- 1630 ) ( edit ) Puritanism was a Protestant movement that emerged in 16th - century England with the goal of transforming it into a godly society by reforming or purifying the Church of England of all remaining Roman Catholic teachings and practices . During the reign of Elizabeth I , Puritans were for the most part tolerated within the established church . Like Puritans , most English Protestants at the time were Calvinist in their theology , and many bishops and Privy Council members were sympathetic to Puritan objectives . The major point of controversy between Puritans and church authorities was over liturgical ceremonies Puritans thought too Catholic , such as wearing clerical vestments , kneeling to receive Holy Communion , and making the sign of the cross during baptism . During the reign of James I , some Puritans were no longer willing to wait for further church reforms . These Separatists left the national church and began holding their own religious meetings , with many migrating to the Netherlands in order to escape persecution and worship freely . Nevertheless , most Puritans remained within the Church of England . Under Charles I , Calvinist teachings were undermined and bishops became less tolerant of Puritan views and more willing to enforce the use of controversial ceremonies . New controls were placed on Puritan preaching , and some ministers were suspended or removed from their livings . Increasingly , many Puritans concluded that they had no choice but to emigrate . Migration to America ( 1620 -- 1640 ) ( edit ) Fictional drawing of William Brewster ( c1566 - 1644 ) , one of the leaders of the Pilgrims who helped found the Plymouth Colony in 1620 . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1620 , a group of Separatists known as the Pilgrims settled in New England and established the Plymouth Colony . The Pilgrims originated as a dissenting congregation in Scrooby led by William Brewster , Richard Clyfton and John Robinson . This congregation was subject to ecclesiastical investigation , and its members faced social hostility from conforming church members . Fearing increasing persecution , the group left England and settled in the Dutch city of Leiden . In 1620 , after receiving a patent from the London Company , the Pilgrims left for New England on board the Mayflower , landing at Plymouth Rock . Two of the Pilgrim settlers in Plymouth Colony - Robert Cushman and Edward Winslow - believed that Cape Ann would be a profitable location for a settlement . They therefore organized a company which they named the Dorchester Company and in 1622 sailed to England seeking a patent from the London Company giving them permission to settle there . They were successful and were granted the Sheffield Patent ( named after Edmond , Lord Sheffield , the member of the Plymouth Company who granted the patent ) . On the basis of this patent , Roger Conant led a group of fishermen to found Salem in 1626 , being replaced as governor by John Endecott in 1627 . Other Puritans were convinced that New England could provide a religious refuge , and the enterprise was reorganized as the Massachusetts Bay Company . In March 1629 , it succeeded in obtaining from King Charles a royal charter for the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . In 1630 , the first ships of the Great Puritan Migration sailed to the New World , led by John Winthrop . John Winthrop ( 1587 / 8 - 1649 ) , Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , who led the Puritans in the Great Migration , beginning in 1630 . During the crossing , Winthrop preached a sermon entitled `` A Model of Christian Charity '' , in which he told his followers that they had entered a covenant with God according to which he would cause them to prosper if they maintained their commitment to God . In doing so , their new colony would become a `` City upon a Hill '' , meaning that they would be a model to all the nations of Europe as to what a properly reformed Christian commonwealth should look like . Most of the Puritans who emigrated settled in the New England area . However , the Great Migration of Puritans was relatively short - lived and not as large as is often believed . It began in earnest in 1629 with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , and ended in 1642 with the start of the English Civil War , when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies . Emigration was officially restricted to conforming churchmen in December 1634 by his Privy Council . From 1629 through 1643 , approximately 21,000 Puritans immigrated to New England . The Great Migration of Puritans to New England was primarily an exodus of families . Between 1630 and 1640 , over 13,000 men , women , and children sailed to Massachusetts . The religious and political factors behind the Great Migration influenced the demographics of the emigrants . Groups of young men seeking economic success predominated the Virginia colonies , whereas Puritan ships were laden with `` ordinary '' people , old and young , families as well as individuals . Just a quarter of the emigrants were in their twenties when they boarded ship in the 1630s , making young adults a minority in New England settlements . The New World Puritan population was more of a cross section in age of English population than those of other colonies . This meant that the Massachusetts Bay Colony retained a relatively normal population composition . In the colony of Virginia , the ratio of colonist men to women was 4 : 1 in early decades and at least 2 : 1 in later decades , and only limited intermarriage took place with Indian women . By contrast , nearly half of the Puritan immigrants to the New World were women , and there was very little intermarriage with Indians . The majority of families who traveled to Massachusetts Bay were families in progress , with parents who were not yet through with their reproductive years and whose continued fertility made New England 's population growth possible . The women who emigrated were critical agents in the success of the establishment and maintenance of the Puritan colonies in North America . Success in the early colonial economy depended largely on labor , which was conducted by members of Puritan families . The struggle between the assertive Church of England and various Presbyterian and Puritan groups extended throughout the English realm in the 17th Century , prompting not only the re-emigration of British Protestants from Ireland to North America ( the so - called Scotch - Irish ) , but prompting emigration from Bermuda , England 's second - oldest overseas territory . Roughly 10,000 Bermudians emigrated before US Independence . Most of these went to the American colonies , founding , or contributing to settlements throughout the South , especially . Many had also gone to the Bahamas , where a number of Bermudian Independent Puritan families , under the leadership of William Sayle , had established the colony of Eleuthera in 1648 . Some Puritans also migrated to colonies in Central America and the Caribbean , see Providence Island Company , Mosquito Coast and Providencia Island . Emigration resumed under the rule of Cromwell , but not in large numbers as there was no longer any need to `` escape persecution '' in England . In fact , many Puritans returned to England during the war . `` In 1641 , when the English Civil War began , some immigrants returned to fight on the Puritan side , and when the Puritans won , many resumed English life under Oliver Cromwell 's more congenial Puritan sway . '' ( 1 ) Life in the New world ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) Pilgrims Going to Church by George Henry Boughton ( 1867 ) Main article : Puritans § Beliefs Once in New England , the Puritans established Congregational churches that subscribed to Reformed theology . The Savoy Declaration , a modification of the Westminster Confession of Faith , was adopted as a confessional statement by the churches in Massachusetts in 1680 and the churches of Connecticut in 1708 . The Cambridge Platform describes congregationalist polity as practiced by Puritans in the 17th century . Every congregation was founded upon a church covenant , a written agreement signed by all members in which they agreed to uphold congregational principles , to be guided by sola scriptura in their decision making , and to submit to church discipline . The right of each congregation to elect its own officers and manage its own affairs was upheld . For church offices , Puritans imitated the model developed in Calvinist Geneva . There were two major offices : elder ( or presbyter ) and deacon . There were two types of elders . Ministers , whose responsibilities included preaching and administering the sacraments , were referred to as teaching elders . Large churches would have two ministers , one to serve as pastor and the other to serve as teacher . Prominent laymen would be elected for life as ruling elders . Ruling elders governed the church alongside teaching elders , and , while they could not administer the sacraments , they could preach . The duties of deacons largely revolved around financial matters . Other than elders and deacons , congregations also elected messengers to represent them in synods ( church councils ) for the purpose of offering non-binding advisory opinions . The essential Puritan belief was that people are saved by grace alone and not by any merit from doing good works . At the same time , Puritans also believed that men and women `` could labor to make themselves appropriate vessels of saving grace '' ( emphasis in original ) . They could accomplish this through Bible reading , prayer and doing good works . This doctrine was called preparationism , and nearly all Puritans were preparationists to some extent . The process of conversion was described in different ways , but most ministers agreed that there were three essential stages . The first stage was humiliation or sorrow for having sinned against God . The second stage was justification or adoption characterized by a sense of having been forgiven and accepted by God through Christ 's mercy . The third stage was sanctification , the ability to live a holy life out of gladness toward God . Puritans believed churches should be composed of `` visible saints '' or the elect . To ensure that only regenerated persons were admitted as full members , New England churches required prospective members to provide a conversion narrative describing their personal conversion experience . All settlers were required to attend church services and were subject to church discipline . The Lord 's Supper , however , was reserved to full members only . Puritans practiced infant baptism , but only church members in full communion could present their children for baptism . Members ' children were considered part of the church and covenant by birth and were entitled to baptism . Nevertheless , these children would not enjoy the full privileges of church membership until they provided a public account of conversion . Church services were held in the morning and afternoon on Sunday , and there was usually a mid-week service . The ruling elders and deacons sat facing the congregation on a raised seat . Men and women sat on opposites sides of the meeting house , and children sat in their own section under the oversight of a tithingman , who corrected unruly children ( or sleeping adults ) with a long staff . The pastor opened the service with prayer for about 15 minutes , the teacher then read and explained the selected Bible passage , and a ruling elder then led in singing a Psalm , usually from the Bay Psalm Book . The pastor then preached for an hour or more , and the teacher ended the service with prayer and benediction . In churches with only one minister , the morning sermon was devoted to the argument ( interpreting the biblical text and justifying that interpretation ) and the afternoon sermon to its application ( the lessons that could be drawn from the text for the individual or for the collective community ) . Family life ( edit ) For Puritans , the family was the `` locus of spiritual and civic development and protection '' , and marriage was the foundation of the family and , therefore , society . Unlike in England , where people were married by ministers in church according to the Book of Common Prayer , Puritans saw no biblical justification for church weddings or the exchange of wedding rings . While marriage held great religious significance for Puritans -- they saw it as a covenant relationship freely entered into by both man and wife -- the wedding was viewed as a private , contractual event officiated by a civil magistrate either in the home of the magistrate or a member of the bridal party . Massachusetts ministers were not legally permitted to solemnize marriages until 1686 , after the colony had been placed under royal control , but by 1726 it had become the accepted tradition . According to scholars Gerald Moran and Maris Vinovskis , some historians argue that Puritan child - rearing was repressive . Central to this argument are the views of John Robinson , the Pilgrims ' first pastor , who wrote in a 1625 treatise `` Of Children and Their Education '' , `` And surely there is in all children , though not alike , a stubborness , and stoutness of mind arising from natural pride , which must , in the first place , be broken and beaten down . '' Moran and Vinovskis , however , argue that Robinson 's views were not representative of 17th - century Puritans . They write that Puritan parents `` exercised an authoritative , not an authoritarian , mode of child rearing '' that aimed to cultivate godly affections and reason , with corporal punishment used as a last resort . Education ( edit ) Boston Latin School , opened 1635 , is the oldest public school in the United States . Further information : History of education in the United States According to historian Bruce C. Daniels , the Puritans were `` ( o ) ne of the most literate groups in the early modern world '' , with about 60 percent of New England able to read . At a time when the literacy rate in England was less than 30 percent , the Puritan leaders of colonial New England believed children should be educated for both religious and civil reasons , and they worked to achieve universal literacy . In 1642 , Massachusetts required heads of households to teach their wives , children and servants basic reading and writing so that they could read the Bible and understand colonial laws . In 1647 , the government required all towns with 50 or more households to hire a teacher and towns of 100 or more households to hire a grammar school instructor to prepare promising boys for college . Boys interested in the ministry were often sent to colleges such as Harvard ( founded in 1636 ) or Yale ( founded in 1707 ) . The Puritans anticipated the educational theories of John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers . Like Locke 's blank slate , Puritans believed that a child 's mind was `` an empty receptacle , one that had to be infused with the knowledge gained from careful instruction and education . '' Recreation and Leisure ( edit ) Puritans did not celebrate traditional holidays such as Christmas , Easter or May Day . They also did not observe personal annual holidays , such as birthdays or anniversaries . They did , however , celebrate special occasions such as military victories , harvests , ordinations , weddings and births . These celebrations consisted of food and conversation . Beyond special occasions , the tavern was an important place for people to gather for fellowship on a regular basis . Increase Mather wrote that dancing was `` a natural expression of joy ; so that there is no more sin in it , than in laughter . '' Puritans generally discouraged mixed or `` promiscuous '' dancing between men and women , which according to Mather would lead to `` unchaste touches and gesticulations ... ( that ) have a palpable tendency to that which is evil . '' Some ministers , including John Cotton , thought that mixed dancing was appropriate under special circumstances , but all agreed it was a practice not to be encouraged . Dancing was also discouraged at weddings or on holidays ( especially dancing around the Maypole ) and was illegal in taverns . Puritans had no theological objections to sports and games as long as they did not involve gambling ( which eliminated activities such as billiards , shuffleboard , horse racing , bowling and cards ) . They also opposed blood sports , such as cockfighting , cudgel - fighting and bear - baiting . Team sports , such as football , were problematic because `` they encouraged idleness , produced injuries , and created bitter rivalries . '' Hunting and fishing were approved because they were productive . Other sports were encouraged for promoting civic virtue , such as competitions of marksmanship , running , and wrestling held within militia companies . Only a few activities were completely condemned by Puritans . They were most opposed to the theater . According to historian Bruce Daniels , plays were seen as `` false recreations because they exhausted rather than relaxed the audience and actors '' and also `` wasted labor , led to wantonness and homosexuality , and invariably were represented by Puritans as a foreign -- particularly French or Italian -- disease of a similar enervating nature as syphilis . '' All forms of gambling were illegal . Not only were card playing , dice throwing and other forms of gambling seen as contrary to the values of `` family , work , and honesty '' , they were religiously offensive because gamblers implicitly asked God to intervene in trivial matters , violating the Third Commandment against taking the Lord 's name in vain . Church and state ( edit ) For Puritans , the people of a society were bound together by a social covenant ( such as Plymouth 's Mayflower Compact , Connecticut 's Fundamental Orders , New Haven 's Fundamental Agreement , and Massachusetts ' colonial charter ) . Having entered into such a covenant , eligible voters were responsible for choosing qualified men to govern and to obey such rulers , who ultimately received their authority from God and were responsible for using it to promote the common good . If the ruler was evil , however , the people were justified in opposing and rebelling against him . Such notions helped New Englanders justify the English Puritan Revolution of the 1640s , the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the American Revolution of 1775 . The Puritans also believed they were in a national covenant with God . They believed they were chosen by God to help redeem the world by their total obedience to his will . If they were true to the covenant , they would be blessed ; if not , they would fail . Within this worldview , it was the government 's responsibility to enforce moral standards and ensure true religious worship was established and maintained . In the Puritan colonies , the Congregational church functioned as a state religion . In Massachusetts , no new church could be established without the permission of the colony 's existing Congregational churches and the government . Likewise , Connecticut allowed only one church per town or parish , which had to be Congregational . All residents in Massachusetts and Connecticut were required to pay taxes for the support of the Congregational churches , even if they were religious dissenters . The franchise was limited to Congregational church members in Massachusetts and New Haven , but voting rights were more extensive in Connecticut and Plymouth . In Connecticut , church attendance on Sundays was mandatory ( for both church members and non-members ) , and those who failed to attend were fined . There was a greater separation of church and state in the Puritan commonwealths than existed anywhere in Europe at the time . In England , the king was head of both church and state , bishops sat in Parliament and the Privy Council , and church officials exercised many secular functions . In New England , secular matters were handled only by civil authorities , and those who held offices in the church were barred from holding positions in the civil government . When dealing with unorthodox persons , Puritans believed that the church , as a spiritual organization , was limited to `` attempting to persuade the individual of his error , to warn him of the dangers he faced if he publicly persisted in it , and -- as a last resort -- to expel him from the spiritual society by excommunication . '' Citizens who lost church membership by excommunication retained the right to vote in civil affairs . Religious Toleration ( edit ) The Puritans did not come to America to establish a theocracy , but neither did they institute religious freedom . Puritans believed that the state was obligated to protect society from heresy , and it was empowered to use corporal punishment , banishment and execution . New England magistrates did not investigate private views , but they did take action against public dissent from the religious establishment . Puritan sentiments were expressed by Nathaniel Ward in The Simple Cobbler of Agawam : `` all Familists , Antinomians , Anabaptists , and other Enthusiasts shall have free Liberty to keep away from us , and such as will come ( shall have liberty ) to be gone as fast as they can , the sooner the better . '' The period 1658 -- 1692 saw the execution of Quakers and the imprisonment of Baptists . Quakers were initially banished by colonial courts , but they often returned in defiance of authorities . Historian Daniel Boorstin stated , `` the Puritans had not sought out the Quakers in order to punish them ; the Quakers had come in quest of punishment . '' Controversies ( edit ) Engraving of a statue of Roger Williams ( 1603 - 1683 ) , Puritan minister who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636 for his views and who advocated religious liberty . Williams founded the city of Providence , Rhode Island . Roger Williams ( edit ) Roger Williams , a Separating Puritan minister , arrived in Boston in 1631 . He was almost immediately invited to become the teacher at the Boston church , but he refused the invitation on the grounds that the congregation had not separated from the Church of England . He then was invited to become the teacher of the church at Salem but was blocked by Boston political leaders , who objected to his separatism . He thus spent two years with his fellow Separatists in the Plymouth Colony but ultimately came into conflict with them and returned to Salem , where he became the unofficial assistant pastor to Samuel Skelton . Williams held many controversial views that irritated the colony 's political and religious leaders . He criticized the Puritan clergy 's practice of meeting regularly for consultation , seeing in this a drift toward Presbyterianism . William 's concern for the purity of the church led him to oppose the mixing of the elect and the unregenerate for worship and prayer , even when the unregenerate were family members of the elect . He also believed that Massachusetts rightfully belonged to the Native Americans and that the king had no authority to give it to the Puritans . Because he feared that government interference in religion would corrupt the church , Williams rejected the government 's authority to punish violations of the first four Ten Commandments and believed that magistrates should not tender oaths to unconverted persons , which would have effectively abolished civil oaths . In 1634 , Skelton died , and the Salem congregation called Williams to be its pastor . In July 1635 , however , he was brought before the General Court to answer for his views on oaths . Williams refused to back down , and the General Court warned Salem not to install him in any official position . In response , Williams decided that he could not maintain communion with the other churches in the colony nor with the Salem church unless they joined him in severing ties with the other churches . Caught between Williams and the General Court , the Salem congregation rejected Williams 's extreme views . In October , Williams was once again called before the General Court and refused to change his opinions . Williams was ordered to leave the colony and given until spring to do so , provided he ceased spreading his views . Unwilling to do so , the government issued orders for his immediate return to England in January 1636 , but John Winthrop warned Williams , allowing him to escape . In 1636 , the exiled Williams founded the colony of Providence Plantation . He was one of the first Puritans to advocate separation of church and state , and Providence Plantation was one of the first places in the Christian world to recognize freedom of religion . Antinomian controversy ( edit ) Anne Hutchinson on Trial ( 1901 ) by Edwin Austin Abbey Main article : Antinomian Controversy Anne Hutchinson and her family moved from Boston , Lincolnshire , to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634 , following their Puritan minister John Cotton . Cotton became the teacher of the Boston church , working alongside its pastor John Wilson , and Hutchinson joined the congregation . In 1635 , Hutchinson began holding meetings in her home to summarize the previous week 's sermons for women who had been absent . Such gatherings were not unusual . In October 1635 , Wilson returned from a trip to England , and his preaching began to concern Hutchinson . Like most of the clergy in Massachusetts , Wilson taught preparationism , the belief that human actions were `` a means of preparation for God 's grant of saving grace and ... evidence of sanctification . '' Cotton 's preaching , however , emphasized the inevitability of God 's will rather than human preparatory action . These two positions were a matter of emphases , as neither Cotton nor Wilson believed that good works could save a person . For Hutchinson , however , the difference was significant , and she began to criticize Wilson in her private meetings . In the summer of 1636 , Hutchinson 's meetings were attracting powerful men such as William Aspinwall , William Coddington , John Coggeshall , and the colony 's governor , Henry Vane . The group 's credibility was increased due to the perceived support of Cotton and the definite support of Hutchinson 's brother - in - law , the minister John Wheelwright . By this time , Hutchinson was criticizing all the ministers in the colony , with the exception of Cotton and Wheelwright , for teaching legalism and preaching a `` covenant of works '' rather than a `` covenant of grace '' . While denouncing the Puritan clergy as Arminians , Hutchinson maintained `` that assurance of salvation was conveyed not by action but by an essentially mystical experience of grace -- an inward conviction of the coming of the Spirit to the individual that bore no relationship to moral conduct . '' By rejecting adherence to the moral law , Hutchinson was teaching Antinomianism , according to her clerical opponents . Tensions continued to increase in the Boston church between Wilson and Hutchinson 's followers , who formed a majority of the members . In January 1637 , they were nearly successful in censuring him , and in the months that followed , they left the meeting house whenever Wilson began to preach . The General Court ordered a day of fasting and prayer to help calm tensions , but Wheelwright preached a sermon on that day that further inflamed tensions , for which he was found guilty of sedition . Because Governor Vane was one of Hutchinson 's followers , the general election of 1637 became a battlefront in the controversy , and Winthrop was elected to replace Vane . A synod of New England clergy was held in August 1637 . The ministers defined 82 errors attributed to Hutchinson and her followers . It also discouraged private religious meetings and criticizing the clergy . In November , Wheelwright was banished from the colony . Hutchinson herself was called before the General Court where she ably defended herself . Nevertheless , she was ultimately convicted and sentenced to banishment from the colony due in part to her claims of receiving direct personal revelations from God . Other supporters were disenfranchised or forbidden from bearing arms unless they admitted their errors . Hutchinson received a church trial in March 1638 in which the Boston congregation switched sides and unanimously voted for Hutchinson 's excommunication . This effectively ended the controversy . While often described as a struggle for religious liberty , historian Francis Bremer states that this is a misunderstanding . Bremer writes , `` Anne Hutchinson was every bit as intolerant as her enemies . The struggle was over which of two competing views would be crowned and enforced as New England orthodoxy . As a consequence of the crisis she precipitated , the range of views that were tolerated in the Bay actually narrowed . '' In the aftermath of the crisis , ministers realized the need for greater communication between churches and standardization of preaching . As a consequence , nonbinding ministerial conferences to discuss theological questions and address conflicts became more frequent in the following years . A more substantial innovation was the implementation of the `` third way of communion '' , a method of isolating a dissident or heretical church from neighboring churches . Members of an offending church would be unable to worship or receive the Lord 's Supper in other churches . Historiography of Puritan involvement with Witchcraft in Colonial America ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection , personal essay , or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As time passes and different perspectives arise within the scholarship of witchcraft and its involvement in Puritan New England , many scholars have stepped forth to contribute to what we know in regards to this subject . For instance , diverse perspectives involving the witch trials have been argued involving gender , race , economics , religion , and the social oppression that Puritans lived through that explain in a more in - depth way how Puritanism contributed to the trials and executions . Puritan fears , beliefs and institutions were the perfect storm that fueled the witch craze in towns such as Salem from an interdisciplinary and anthropological approach . From a gendered approach , offered by Carol Karlsen and Elizabeth Reis , the question of why witches were primarily women did not fully surface until after the second wave of feminism in the 1980s . Some believe that women who were gaining economic or social power , specifically in the form of land inheritance , were at a higher risk of being tried as witches . Others maintain that females were more susceptible to being witches as the Puritans believed that the weak body was a pathway to the soul which both God and the Devil fought for . Due to the Puritan belief that female bodies `` lacked the strength and vitality '' compared to male bodies , females were more susceptible to make a choice to enter a covenant with Satan as their fragile bodies could not protect their souls . From a racial perspective , Puritans believed that African Americans and Native Americans living within the colonies were viewed as `` true witches '' from an anthropological sense as Blacks were considered `` inherently evil creatures , unable to control their connection to Satanic wickedness . '' Another contribution made to scholarship includes the religious perspective that historians attempt to understand its effect on the witch trials . John Demos , a major scholar in the field of Puritan witchcraft studies , maintains that the intense and oppressive nature of Puritan religion can be viewed as the main culprit in the Colonial witch trials . While many scholars provide different arguments to Puritanism and witchcraft , all of the various camps mentioned rely on each other in numerous ways in order to build on our understanding of the witch craze in early American History . As more perspectives from different scholars add to the knowledge of the Puritan involvement in the witch trials , a more complete picture and history will form . Decline of power and influence ( edit ) The decline of the Puritans and the Congregational churches was brought about first through practices such as the Half - Way Covenant and second through the rise of dissenting Baptists , Quakers , Anglicans and Presbyterians in the late 17th and early 18th centuries . There is no consensus on when the Puritan era ended , though it is agreed that it was over by 1740 . Historian Thomas S. Kidd argues that after 1689 and the success of the Glorious Revolution , `` ( New Englanders ' ) religious and political agenda had so fundamentally changed that it does n't make sense to call them Puritans any longer . '' Denominations that are directly descended from the Puritan churches of New England include the United Church of Christ , the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches , the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference and the Unitarian Universalist Association . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , pp. 7 , 10 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War , Longmans , Green , 1884 page 167 , page 172 ( Volume 8 ) . Jump up ^ Youngs 1998 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , pp. 24 , 26 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs 1998 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Youngs 1998 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs 1998 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Youngs 1998 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Walker 1894 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Dunning 1894 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Dunning 1894 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ `` The Puritan Tithingman '' . Jump up ^ Dunning 1894 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Von Wallmenich . Jump up ^ Hochstetler 2013 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Hochstetler 2013 , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Hochstetler 2013 , pp. 494 -- 495 . Jump up ^ Moran & Vinovskis 1985 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Moran & Vinovskis 1985 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels 1993 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Bremer 2009 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Daniels 1993 , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Daniels 1993 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Daniels 1993 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Daniels 1993 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Hull & Moran 1999 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Langdon 1963 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Hull & Moran 1999 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 91 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Youngs 1998 , pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Bremer 1995 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Bremer 1995 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Reed 2007 . Jump up ^ Karlsen 1998 . Jump up ^ Reis 1995 . Jump up ^ McMillan 1994 . Jump up ^ Demos 2004 . Jump up ^ Lucas 1972 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Kidd 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bremer , Francis J. ( 1995 ) . The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( Revised ed . ) . University Press of New England . ISBN 9780874517286 . -- -- ( 2009 ) . Puritanism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199740871 . Cooper , James F. , Jr. ( 1999 ) . Tenacious of Their Liberties : The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts . Religion in America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195152875 . Daniels , Bruce C. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Sober Mirth and Pleasant Poisons : Purltan Ambivalence Toward Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England '' . American Studies . Mid-America American Studies Association . 34 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 137 . JSTOR 40642499 . Demos , John ( 2004 ) . Entertaining Satan : Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199726318 . Dunning , Albert E. ( 1894 ) . Congregationalists in America : A Popular History of Their Origin , Belief , Polity , Growth and Work . New York : J.A. Hill and Company . Hochstetler , Laurie ( September 2013 ) . `` Making Ministerial Marriage : The Social and Religious Legacy of the Dominion of New England '' . The New England Quarterly . The New England Quarterly , Inc. 86 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 499 . JSTOR 43285011 . Hull , Brooks B. ; Moran , Gerald F. ( December 1999 ) . `` The Churching of Colonial Connecticut : A Case Study '' . Review of Religious Research . Religious Research Association , Inc. 41 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 183 . JSTOR 3512105 . Karlsen , Carol F. ( 1998 ) . The Devil in the Shape of a Woman : Witchcraft in Colonial New England . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393347197 . Kidd , Thomas S. ( September -- October 2005 ) . `` What Happened to the Puritans ? '' . Historically Speaking . Johns Hopkins University Press . 7 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 34 . doi : 10.1353 / hsp. 2005.0084 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Lucas , Paul R. ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Presbyterianism Comes to Connecticut : The Toleration Act of 1669 '' . Journal of Presbyterian History . Presbyterian Historical Society . 50 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 147 . JSTOR 23327366 . McMillan , Timothy J. ( September 1994 ) . `` Black Magic : Witchcraft , Race , and Resistance in Colonial New England '' . Journal of Black Studies . SAGE Publications . 25 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 117 . JSTOR 2784416 . Moran , Gerald F. ; Vinovskis , Maris A. ( 1985 ) . `` The Great Care of Godly Parents : Early Childhood in Puritan New England '' . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development . Wiley for the Society for Research in Child Development . 50 ( 4 / 5 ) : 24 -- 37 . doi : 10.2307 / 3333861 . JSTOR 3333861 . `` The Puritan Tithingman -- The Most Powerful Man in New England '' . New England Historical Society . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Reed , Isaac ( July 2007 ) . `` Why Salem Made Sense : Culture , Gender , and the Puritan Persecution of Witchcraft '' . Cultural Sociology . British Sociological Association and SAGE Publications . 1 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 234 . doi : 10.1177 / 1749975507078188 . Reis , Elizabeth ( June 1995 ) . `` The Devil , the Body , and the Feminine Soul in Puritan New England '' . The Journal of American History . Oxford University Press for the Organization of American Historians. 82 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 36 . doi : 10.2307 / 2081913 . JSTOR 2081913 . Von Wallmenich , Laura . `` Reading the Sermon : Some Thoughts on Critical Strategies '' ( PDF ) . www.alma.edu . Alma College . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Walker , Williston ( 1894 ) . A History of the Congregational Churches in the United States . American Church History . 3 . New York : The Christian Literature Company . Youngs , J. William T. ( 1998 ) . The Congregationalists . Denominations in America . 4 ( Student ed . ) . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 9780275964412 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America&oldid=852396451 '' Categories : Puritanism in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2018 All articles with style issues CS1 maint : Date format Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 18 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Puritans%20in%20North%20America

what is the premise behind the handmaid's tale

The Handmaid 's Tale

the handmaid's tale

This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy , which has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Sex and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a radical political group calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' and exploiting religious ideology that closely resemble some traits of Christian fundamentalism ( and especially of Christian Reconstructionism ) launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly abolish women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including traditional Christian denominations , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` gender treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems , in an era of declining birth rates owing to increasing infertility . These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as `` handmaids '' , based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to an important official referred to as `` The Commander '' . Interspersed with her narratives of her present - day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed attempt to escape to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called `` Aunts '' . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white -- to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green . Striped clothing is for all other women ( called `` Econowives '' ) who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young , unmarried girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony '' , a ritual of rape intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games such as Scrabble with her . He also lets and watches her read , another offense , as women are not permitted to read and write . The Commander offers her contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . Finally , he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government - run brothel called Jezebel 's . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as claimed by the Commander , is necessary . At Jezebel 's , Offred encounters her friend , Moira , who had escaped from the handmaid training center , and learns how she came to be there . Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel 's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies , cleaning up radioactive waste . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women 's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established . Serena is clearly bored and unhappy -- that she was taken at her word , Offred assumes -- and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid . Ironically , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo . Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with him , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a woman called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away by men wearing the uniform of the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . As she is led to a waiting van , Nick tells her to trust him and go with the men . It is unclear whether the men are actually Eyes , or members of the Mayday resistance . Offred is unsure if Nick is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period '' . The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor James Darcy Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale '' . Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . However , the existence of tapes does imply that Offred escaped and survived for at least a time and thus that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday . The epilogue also suggests that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society re-emerged -- though not the United States that had previously existed -- with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a `` handmaid '' in the home of `` the Commander '' and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' ( i.e. , she belongs to Fred ( presumed to be the name of the Commander ) , and is considered a concubine ) . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice '' , and `` of red '' because the red dress assigned for the handmaids in Gilead . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June , '' and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June '' . Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavut conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish '' . The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue an academic speculates that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been the Commander , based on the name `` Fred '' . It is his belief that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the latter . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than to be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead , having divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter illegitimate . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Pieixoto is therefore the person who is retelling Offred 's story , and so makes the narration even more unreliable than it was originally . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . Complex dress codes play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a literal , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Sex and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on Old Dutch Cleanser 's faceless mascot , which Atwood in childhood found frightening . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter may have been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander and she is shown in a photograph wearing a long white dress . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile Wives . Handmaids dress in ankle - length red dresses , white caps , and heavy boots . In summer , they change into lighter - weight ( but still ankle - length ) dresses and slatted shoes . When in public , in winter , they wear ankle - length red cloaks , red gloves , and heavy white bonnets , which they call `` wings '' because the sides stick out , blocking their peripheral vision and shielding their faces from view . Handmaids are women of proven fertility who have broken the law . The law includes both gender crimes , such as lesbianism ; and religious crimes , such as adultery ( redefined to include sexual relationships with divorced partners since divorce is no longer legal ) . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by referring to two biblical stories : Genesis 30 : 1 -- 13 and Genesis 16 : 1 - 4 . In the first story , Jacob 's infertile wife Rachel offers up her handmaid Bilhah to be a surrogate mother on her behalf , and then her sister Leah does the same with her own handmaid Zilpah ( even though Leah has already given Jacob many sons ) . In the other story , which appears earlier in Genesis but is cited less frequently , Abraham has sex with his wife 's handmaid , Hagar . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and live in their houses . When unassigned , they live at training centers . Handmaids who successfully bear children continue to live at their commander 's house until their children are weaned , at which point they are sent to a new assignment . Those who do produce children , however , will never be declared `` Unwomen '' or sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts Trainers of the Handmaids . They dress in brown . Aunts promote the role of Handmaid as an honorable way for a sinful woman to redeem herself . They also police the Handmaids , beating some and ordering the maiming of others . The aunts have an unusual amount of autonomy , compared to other women of Gilead . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women married to men of lower - rank , not members of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies '' , areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before '' , such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` gender traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the Colonies to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an outlawed word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be tolerated . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceaușescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and that of Mike Pence as Vice President of the United States . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` white feminism '' , noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Commonwealth Literature Prize ( winner ) Welsh Arts Council International Writer 's Prize ( winner ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . 2012 : Challenged as required reading for a Page High School International Baccalaureate class and as optional reading for Advanced Placement reading courses at Grimsley High School in Greensboro , North Carolina because the book is `` sexually explicit , violently graphic and morally corrupt '' . Some parents thought the book is `` detrimental to Christian values '' . According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a television series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show won eight Emmys in 2017 , including best outstanding drama series , outstanding lead actress in a drama series ( Elisabeth Moss ) , outstanding writing for a drama series ( Bruce Miller ) , outstanding supporting actress in a drama series ( Ann Dowd ) , and outstanding directing for a drama series ( Reed Morano ) . The show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on April 25 , 2018 , and in May 2018 , Hulu announced renewal for a third season . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Implosion - a novel with a similar premise and themes Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Greybeard ( 1964 ) by Brian Aldiss , a science fiction novel set in an Earth with an ageing and sterile population Pregnancy in science fiction The White Plague ( 1982 ) by Frank Herbert , a science fiction novel in which a dedicated bio-terrorism weapon kills all women on Earth , subjecting the entire human race to certain extinction The Children of Men - Another future dystopian novel where nearly all are sterile . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ Mccarthy , Mary ( 1986 - 02 - 09 ) . `` No Headline - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert P. ( 2017 ) . Banned Books : Defending Our Freedom to Read . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 8962 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 : `` Committee reviews ' fictional drivel ' alleged to violate board policy on respect , profanity '' . ( In his letter to his son 's school principal ( quoted by Rushowy ) , a parent , Robert Edwards , observes that The Handmaid 's Tale ) `` is rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression ... I ca n't really understand what it is my son is supposed to be learning from this fictional drivel ... I have a major problem with a curriculum book that can not be fully read out loud in class , in front of an assembly , directly to a teacher , a parent , or , for that matter , contains attitudes and words that can not be used by students in class discussion or hallway conversation . Let alone a description of situations that must be embarrassing and uncomfortable to any young woman in that class -- and probably the young men , too . '' ( Rushowy reports : ) `` According to Toronto District School board policy , any complaint that ca n't be solved at the school level goes to a review committee ... Such a committee is now reviewing The Handmaid 's Tale ... It met yesterday ( 15 January 2009 ) ... and will eventually make a recommendation to the director of education . If Edwards still is n't satisfied , he can appeal to trustees . '' Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b : `` Committee to consider objection to book ; concern may centre on sexuality , religion . '' Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` ' Hulu Carried to Emmys Glory by Eight Wins for ' Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Variety = 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Andriano , Joseph . `` The Handmaid 's Tale as Scrabble Game . '' Critical Insights : The Handmaid 's Tale , edited by J. Brooks Bouson , Salem , 2009 . Salem Online . Elliott , John . `` A Watershed Moment for Atwood '' The Ottawa Citizen , December 5 , 2004 , pp. A3 . ProQuest , . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet The Handmaid 's Tale Epub ( 27 , February 2018 ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Arthur C. Clarke Award The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1987 ) The Sea and Summer ( 1988 ) Unquenchable Fire ( 1989 ) The Child Garden ( 1990 ) Take Back Plenty ( 1991 ) Synners ( 1992 ) Body of Glass ( 1993 ) Vurt ( 1994 ) Fools ( 1995 ) Fairyland ( 1996 ) The Calcutta Chromosome ( 1997 ) The Sparrow ( 1998 ) Dreaming in Smoke ( 1999 ) Distraction ( 2000 ) Perdido Street Station ( 2001 ) Bold As Love ( 2002 ) The Separation ( 2003 ) Quicksilver ( 2004 ) Iron Council ( 2005 ) Air ( 2006 ) Nova Swing ( 2007 ) Black Man ( 2008 ) Song of Time ( 2009 ) The City & the City ( 2010 ) Zoo City ( 2011 ) The Testament of Jessie Lamb ( 2012 ) Dark Eden ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice ( 2014 ) Station Eleven ( 2015 ) Children of Time ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2017 ) BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) GND : 4460070 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=864299991 '' Categories : 1985 science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Novels set in Boston Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 11 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Handmaid%2527s%20Tale

what is the name of the medicine for gonorrhea

Treatment Ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth

Ceftriaxone by injection|azithromycin by mouth

Gonorrhea

gonorrhea

Gonorrhea , also spelled gonorrhoea , is a sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Many people have no symptoms . Men may have burning with urination , discharge from the penis , or testicular pain . Women may have burning with urination , vaginal discharge , vaginal bleeding between periods , or pelvic pain . Complications in women include pelvic inflammatory disease and in men include inflammation of the epididymis . If untreated , gonorrhea can spread to joints or heart valves .

Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact with an infected person . This includes oral , anal , and vaginal sex . It can also spread from a mother to a child during birth . Diagnosis is by testing the urine , urethra in males , or cervix in females . Testing all women who are sexually active and less than 25 years of age each year as well as those with new sexual partners is recommended ; the same recommendation applies in men who have sex with men ( MSM ) . Gonorrhea can be prevented with the use of condoms , having sex with only one person who is uninfected , and by not having sex . Treatment is usually with ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth . Resistance has developed to many previously used antibiotics and higher doses of ceftriaxone are occasionally required . Retesting is recommended three months after treatment . Sexual partners from the last 2 months should also be treated . Gonorrhea affects about 0.8 % of women and 0.6 % of men . An estimated 33 to 106 million new cases occur each year , out of the 498 million new cases of curable STI -- which also includes syphilis , chlamydia , and trichomoniasis . Infections in women most commonly occur when they are young adults . In 2015 , it caused about 700 deaths . Descriptions of the disease date as far back as the Old Testament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Spread 3 Diagnosis 4 Screening 5 Prevention 6 Treatment 6.1 Antibiotics 6.2 Sexual partners 6.3 Antibiotic resistance 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Research 11 References 12 External links Signs and symptoms Half of women with gonorrhea do not have symptoms , whereas others have vaginal discharge , lower abdominal pain , or pain with sexual intercourse associated with inflammation of the uterine cervix . Most infected men with symptoms have inflammation of the penile urethra associated with a burning sensation during urination and discharge from the penis . In men , discharge with or without burning occurs in half of all cases and is the most common symptom of the infection . Men and women can acquire gonorrhea of the throat from performing oral sex on an infected partner , usually a male partner . Such infection does not produce symptoms in 90 % of cases , and produces a sore throat in the remaining 10 % . In advanced cases , gonorrhea may cause a general feeling of tiredness similar to other infections . It is also possible for an individual to have an allergic reaction to the bacteria , in which case any appearing symptoms will be greatly intensified . The incubation period is 2 to 14 days , with most symptoms appearing between 4 and 6 days after infection . Rarely , gonorrhea may cause skin lesions and joint infection ( pain and swelling in the joints ) after traveling through the blood stream ( see below ) . Very rarely it may settle in the heart causing endocarditis or in the spinal column causing meningitis ( both are more likely among individuals with suppressed immune systems , however ) . Having a case of gonorrhea is associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer . Cause Multiple views of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium , which causes gonorrhea . Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Also , previous infection does not confer immunity , and a person who has been infected can become infected again by exposure to someone who is infected , whether or not that person has any infectious signs or symptoms of their own . Spread The infection is usually spread from one person to another through vaginal , oral , or anal sex . Men have a 20 % risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected woman . The risk for men that have sex with men ( MSM ) is higher . Active MSM may get a penile infection , while passive MSM may get anorectal gonorrhea . Women have a 60 -- 80 % risk of getting the infection from a single act of vaginal intercourse with an infected man . A pregnant women can pass on the infection to her unborn infant . A mother may transmit gonorrhea to her newborn during childbirth ; when affecting the infant 's eyes , it is referred to as ophthalmia neonatorum . Among children it has been noted to spread through methods other than sex such as through contaminated objects . These objects have included baths , clothing , and towels . This however is very uncommon . The bacteria typically does not survive outside the body and usually will rapidly die within minutes to hours . Diagnosis Traditionally , gonorrhea was diagnosed with gram stain and culture ; however , newer polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) - based testing methods are becoming more common . In those failing initial treatment , culture should be done to determine sensitivity to antibiotics . All people testing positive for gonorrhea should be tested for other sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia , syphilis , and human immunodeficiency virus . Screening The United States Preventive Services Task Force ( USPSTF ) recommends screening for gonorrhea in women at increased risk of infection , which includes all sexually active women younger than 25 years . Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia are highest in men who have sex with men ( MSM ) . Additionally , the USPSTF also recommends routine screening in people who have previously tested positive for gonorrhea or have multiple sexual partners and individuals who use condoms inconsistently , provide sexual favors for money , or have sex while under the influence of alcohol or drugs . Screening for gonorrhea in women who are ( or intend to become ) pregnant , and who are found to be at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases , is recommended as part of prenatal care in the United States . Prevention See also : Safe sex As with most sexually transmitted diseases , the risk of infection can be reduced significantly by the correct use of condoms and can be removed almost entirely by limiting sexual activities to a mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected person . Those previously infected are encouraged to return for follow up care to make sure that the infection has been eliminated . In addition to the use of phone contact , the use of email and text messaging have been found to improve the re-testing for infection . Treatment Penicillin entered mass production in 1944 and revolutionized the treatment of several venereal diseases . Antibiotics As of 2010 , injectable ceftriaxone is one of the few effective antibiotics . This is typically given in combination with either azithromycin or doxycycline . As of 2015 and 2016 the CDC and WHO only recommends both ceftriaxone and azithromycin . Because of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance local susceptibility patterns must be taken into account when deciding on treatment . Sexual partners It is recommended that sexual partners be tested and potentially treated . One option for treating sexual partners of people infected is patient - delivered partner therapy ( PDPT ) , which involves providing prescriptions or medications to the person to take to his / her partner without the health care provider 's first examining him / her . The United States ' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) currently recommend that individuals who have been diagnosed and treated for gonorrhea avoid sexual contact with others until at least one week past the final day of treatment in order to prevent the spread of the bacterium . Antibiotic resistance Many antibiotics that were once effective including penicillin , tetracycline , and fluoroquinolones are no longer recommended because of high rates of resistance . Resistance to cefixime has reached a level such that it is no longer recommended as a first - line agent in the United States , and if it is used a person should be tested again after a week to determine whether the infection still persists . Cases of resistance to ceftriaxone have been reported but are still rare , though public health officials are concerned that an emerging pattern of resistance may predict a global epidemic . The UK 's Health Protection Agency reported that 2011 saw a slight drop in gonorrhea antibiotic resistance , the first in 5 years . Prognosis If not treated gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum will develop in 28 % of infants born to women with gonorrhea . Gonorrhea if left untreated may last for weeks or months with higher risks of complications . One of the complications of gonorrhea is systemic dissemination resulting in skin pustules or petechia , septic arthritis , meningitis , or endocarditis . This occurs in between 0.6 and 3 % of infected women and 0.4 and 0.7 % of infected men . In men , inflammation of the epididymis , prostate gland , and urethra can result from untreated gonorrhea . In women , the most common result of untreated gonorrhea is pelvic inflammatory disease . Other complications include inflammation of the tissue surrounding the liver , a rare complication associated with Fitz - Hugh -- Curtis syndrome ; septic arthritis in the fingers , wrists , toes , and ankles ; septic abortion ; chorioamnionitis during pregnancy ; neonatal or adult blindness from conjunctivitis ; and infertility . Men who have had a gonorrhea infection have an increased risk of getting prostate cancer . Newborn babies coming through the birth canal are given erythromycin ointment in the eyes to prevent blindness from infection . The underlying gonorrhea should be treated ; if this is done then usually a good prognosis will follow . Adults may also have eyes infected with gonorrhoea and require proper personal hygiene and medications . Among persons in the United States between 14 and 39 years of age , 46 % of people with gonorrheal infection also have chlamydial infection . Epidemiology. Disability - adjusted life year for gonorrhea per 100 , 000 inhabitants . no data < 13 13 -- 26 26 -- 39 39 -- 52 52 -- 65 65 -- 78 78 -- 91 91 -- 104 104 -- 117 117 -- 130 130 -- 143 > 143 Gonorrhea -- Rates : United States , 1941 -- 2007 The World Health Organization estimates that 88 million cases of gonorrhea occur each year , out of the 448 million new cases of all curable STI each year -- that also includes syphilis , chlamydia and trichomoniasis . In 2013 , it caused about 3,200 deaths , up from 2,300 in 1990 . In the United Kingdom , 196 per 100,000 males 20 to 24 years old and 133 per 100,000 females 16 to 19 years old were diagnosed in 2005 . In 2013 , the CDC estimated that more than 820,000 people in the United States get a new gonorrheal infection each year . Fewer than half of these infections are reported to CDC . In 2011 , 321,849 cases of gonorrhea were reported to the CDC . After the implementation of a national gonorrhea control program in the mid-1970s , the national gonorrhea rate declined from 1975 to 1997 . After a small increase in 1998 , the gonorrhea rate has decreased slightly since 1999 . In 2004 , the rate of reported gonorrheal infections was 113 . 5 per 100,000 persons . In the US , it is the second-most - common bacterial sexually transmitted infections ; chlamydia remains first . According to the CDC African Americans are most affected by gonorrhea . Blacks accounted for 69 % of all gonorrhea cases in 2010 . The World Health Organization warned in 2017 of the spread of untreatable strains of gonhorrhea , following analysis of at least three cases in Japan , France and Spain , which survived all antibiotic treatment . History An old patent medicine named `` Gono '' pitches itself as `` Man 's Friend for gonorrhea and gleet -- an unequalled remedy for unnatural discharges . '' During World War II , the U.S. government used posters to warn military personnel about the dangers of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections . Some scholars translate the biblical terms zav ( for a male ) and zavah ( for a female ) as gonorrhea . It has been suggested that mercury was used as a treatment for gonorrhea . Surgeons ' tools on board the recovered English warship the Mary Rose included a syringe that , according to some , was used to inject the mercury via the urinary meatus into any unfortunate crewman suffering from gonorrhea . The name `` the clap '' , in reference to the disease , is recorded as early as the sixteenth century . In 1854 , Dr. Wilhelm Gollmann addressed gonorrhea in his book , Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organs . He noted that the disease was common in prostitutes and homosexuals in large cities . Gollmann recommended the following as cures : aconite to cure `` shooting pains with soreness and inflammation ; '' mercury `` for stitching pain with purulent discharge ; '' nux vomica and sulphur `` when the symptoms are complicated with hemorrhoids and stricture of the rectum . Other remedies include argentum , aurum ( gold ) , belladonna , calcarea , ignatia , phosphorus , and sepia . Silver nitrate was one of the widely used drugs in the 19th century . However , It became replaced by Protargol . Arthur Eichengrün invented this type of colloidal silver , which was marketed by Bayer from 1897 on . The silver - based treatment was used until the first antibiotics came into use in the 1940s . The exact time of onset of gonorrhea as prevalent disease or epidemic can not be accurately determined from the historical record . One of the first reliable notations occurs in the Acts of the ( English ) Parliament . In 1161 , this body passed a law to reduce the spread of `` ... the perilous infirmity of burning '' . The symptoms described are consistent with , but not diagnostic of , gonorrhea . A similar decree was passed by Louis IX in France in 1256 , replacing regulation with banishment . Similar symptoms were noted at the siege of Acre by Crusaders . Coincidental to , or dependent on , the appearance of a gonorrhea epidemic , several changes occurred in European medieval society . Cities hired public health doctors to treat afflicted patients without right of refusal . Pope Boniface rescinded the requirement that physicians complete studies for the lower orders of the Catholic priesthood . Medieval public health physicians in the employ of their cities were required to treat prostitutes infected with the `` burning '' , as well as lepers and other epidemic victims . After Pope Boniface completely secularized the practice of medicine , physicians were more willing to treat a sexually transmitted disease . Research A vaccine for gonorrhea has been developed that is effective in mice . It will not be available for human use until further studies have demonstrated that it is both safe and effective in the human population . As N. gonorrhoeae is closely related to N. meningitidis and they have 80 -- 90 % homology in their genetic sequences some cross-protection by meningococcal vaccines is plausible . A study published in 2017 showed that MeNZB group B meningococcal vaccine provided a partial protection against gonorrhea . The vaccine efficiency was calculated to be 31 % . References ^ Jump up to : `` Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet ( Detailed Version ) '' . CDC. 17 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , MK ; Decker , CF ( August 2016 ) . `` Gonorrhea . '' . Disease - a-month : DM. 62 ( 8 ) : 260 -- 8 . PMID 27107780 . doi : 10.1016 / j. disamonth. 2016.03. 009 . ^ Jump up to : Workowski , KA ; Bolan , GA ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines , 2015 . '' . MMWR . Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report . Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control . 64 ( RR - 03 ) : 1 -- 137 . PMID 26042815 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antibiotic - Resistant Gonorrhea Basic Information '' . CDC. 13 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unemo , M ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` Current and future antimicrobial treatment of gonorrhoea - the rapidly evolving Neisseria gonorrhoeae continues to challenge . '' . BMC infectious diseases . 15 : 364 . PMC 4546108 . PMID 26293005 . doi : 10.1186 / s12879 - 015 - 1029 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Lori ; Rowley , Jane ; Vander Hoorn , Stephen ; Wijesooriya , Nalinka Saman ; Unemo , Magnus ; Low , Nicola ; Stevens , Gretchen ; Gottlieb , Sami ; Kiarie , James ; Temmerman , Marleen ; Meng , Zhefeng ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Global Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012 Based on Systematic Review and Global Reporting '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 12 ) : e0143304 . Bibcode : 2015PLoSO ... 1043304N . PMC 4672879 . PMID 26646541 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0143304 . Jump up ^ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 , Collaborators ( 22 August 2015 ) . `` Global , regional , and national incidence , prevalence , and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 . '' . Lancet . 386 ( 9995 ) : 743 -- 800 . PMC 4561509 . PMID 26063472 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 15 ) 60692 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Health Organisation. 2012 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators. ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Global , regional , and national life expectancy , all - cause mortality , and cause - specific mortality for 249 causes of death , 1980 - 2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 . '' . Lancet . 388 ( 10053 ) : 1459 -- 1544 . PMC 5388903 . PMID 27733281 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31012 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , L ; Angarone , MP ( November 2015 ) . `` Sexually Transmitted Infections '' . The Urologic Clinics of North America . 42 ( 4 ) : 507 -- 18 . PMID 26475947 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2015.06. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Moran JS ( 2007 ) . `` Gonorrhoea '' . Clin Evid ( Online ) . 2007 . PMC 2943790 . PMID 19454057 . ^ Jump up to : Ljubin - Sternak , Suncanica ; Mestrovic , Tomislav ( 2014 ) . `` Review : Clamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias : Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health '' . Journal of Pathogens. 2014 ( 183167 ) : 7 . PMC 4295611 . PMID 25614838 . doi : 10.1155 / 2014 / 183167 . ^ Jump up to : Brian R. Shmaefsky ( 1 January 2009 ) . Gonorrhea . Infobase . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0142 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zakher , Bernadette ; Cantor MD , Amy G. ; Daeges , Monica ; Nelson MD , Heidi ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Review : Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia : A Systematic Review for the U.S. Prevententive Services Task Force '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 161 ( 12 ) : 884 -- 894 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 1022 . ^ Jump up to : Marr , Lisa ( 2007 ) ( 1998 ) . Sexually Transmitted Diseases : A Physician Tells You What You Need to Know ( Second ed . ) . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8658 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caini , Saverio ; Gandini , Sara ; Dudas , Maria ; Bremer , Viviane ; Severi , Ettore ; Gherasim , Alin ( 2014 ) . `` Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Cancer Epidemiology. 38 ( 4 ) : 329 -- 338 . PMID 24986642 . doi : 10.1016 / j. canep. 2014.06. 002 . Jump up ^ Trebach , Joshua D. ; Chaulk , C. Patrick ; Page , Kathleen R. ; Tuddenham , Susan ; Ghanem , Khalil G. ( 2015 ) . `` Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Among Women Reporting Extragenital Exposures '' . Sexually Transmitted Diseases . 42 ( 5 ) : 233 -- 239 . ISSN 0148 - 5717 . doi : 10.1097 / OLQ. 0000000000000248 . Jump up ^ Howard Brown Health Center : STI Annual Report , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Gollmann , Wilhelm ( 1854 ) . Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ . Charles Julius Hempel . Rademacher & Sheek . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ; National Institutes of Health , Department of Health and Human Services ( 2001 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Workshop Summary : Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease ( STD ) Prevention '' . Hyatt Dulles Airport , Herndon , Virginia . pp14 ^ Jump up to : Goodyear - Smith , F ( November 2007 ) . `` What is the evidence for non-sexual transmission of gonorrhoea in children after the neonatal period ? A systematic review . '' . Journal of forensic and legal medicine . 14 ( 8 ) : 489 -- 502 . PMID 17961874 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jflm. 2007.04. 001 . Jump up ^ `` webmd -- What Can You Catch in Restrooms ? - '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian R. Shmaefsky ( 1 January 2009 ) . Gonorrhea . Infobase . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0142 - 2 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry PM , Klausner JD ( March 2009 ) . `` The use of cephalosporins for gonorrhea : The impending problem of resistance '' . Expert Opin Pharmacother. 10 ( 4 ) : 555 -- 77 . PMC 2657229 . PMID 19284360 . doi : 10.1517 / 14656560902731993 . ^ Jump up to : Deguchi T , Nakane K , Yasuda M , Maeda S ( September 2010 ) . `` Emergence and spread of drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae '' . J. Urol. 184 ( 3 ) : 851 -- 8 ; quiz 1235 . PMID 20643433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. juro. 2010.04. 078 . Jump up ^ Meyers D ; Wolff T ; Gregory K ; et al. ( March 2008 ) . `` USPSTF recommendations for STI screening '' . Am Fam Physician. 77 ( 6 ) : 819 -- 24 . PMID 18386598 . Jump up ^ Health Care Guideline : Routine Prenatal Care . Fourteenth Edition . Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . By the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement July 2010 . Jump up ^ section : Prevention Archived 20 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ section : How can gonorrhea be prevented ? Archived 16 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Desai , Monica ; Woodhall , Sarah C ; Nardone , Anthony ; Burns , Fiona ; Mercey , Danielle ; Gilson , Richard ( 2015 ) . `` Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing : a systematic review '' . Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 ( 5 ) : sextrans -- 2014 -- 051930 . ISSN 1368 - 4973 . doi : 10.1136 / sextrans - 2014 - 051930 . ^ Jump up to : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , ( CDC ) ( Aug 10 , 2012 ) . `` Update to CDC 's Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines , 2010 : Oral Cephalosporins No Longer a Recommended Treatment for Gonococcal Infections . '' . MMWR . Morbidity and mortality weekly report . 61 ( 31 ) : 590 -- 4 . PMID 22874837 . Jump up ^ `` Antibiotic - resistant gonorrhoea on the rise , new drugs needed '' . World Health Organization . 7 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baarda , Benjamin I. ; Sikora , Aleksandra E. ( 2015 ) . `` Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae : the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease '' . Frontiers in Microbiology. 6 . ISSN 1664 - 302X . doi : 10.3389 / fmicb. 2015.01190 . Jump up ^ `` Expedited partner therapy in the management of sexually transmitted diseases '' Archived 2 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... February 2006 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Jump up ^ CDC ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Groopman , Jerome ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Sex and the Superbug '' . The New Yorker . LXXXVIII ( 30 ) : 26 -- 31 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 ... public - health experts ( see ) ... the emergence of a strain of gonorrhea that is resistant to the last drug available against it , and the harbinger of a sexually transmitted global epidemic . Jump up ^ `` Gonorrhoea treatment resistance risk falls but new diagnoses rise '' . Health Protection Agency . 12 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prophylaxis for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Ophthalmia Neonatorum in the Canadian Guide to Clinical Preventative Health Care '' ( PDF ) . Public Health Agency of Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Vinay ; Abbas , Abul K. ; Fausto , Nelson ; & Mitchell , Richard N. ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders Elsevier . pp. 705 -- 706 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 2973 - 1 Jump up ^ Sadowska - Przytocka , A ; Czarnecka - Operacz , M ; Jenerowicz , D ; Grzybowski , A ( 2016 ) . `` Ocular manifestations of infectious skin diseases . '' . Clinics in dermatology. 34 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 8 . PMID 26903179 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2015.11. 010 . Jump up ^ Datta , SD ; Sternberg , M ; Johnson , RE ; Berman , S ; Papp , JR ; McQuillan , G ; Weinstock , H ( Jul 17 , 2007 ) . `` Gonorrhea and chlamydia in the United States among persons 14 to 39 years of age , 1999 to 2002 . '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 147 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 96 . PMID 17638719 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 147 - 2 - 200707170 - 00007 . Jump up ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death , Collaborators ( 10 January 2015 ) . `` Global , regional , and national age - sex specific all - cause and cause - specific mortality for 240 causes of death , 1990 - 2013 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 . '' . Lancet . 385 ( 9963 ) : 117 -- 71 . PMC 4340604 . PMID 25530442 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61682 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Gonorrhea -- CDC Fact Sheet '' . CDC. 29 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- STD Surveillance -- Gonorrhea '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` CDC Fact Sheet -- Chlamydia '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` STD Trends in the United States : 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea , Chlamydia , and Syphilis '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . 22 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Untreatable gonorrhoea ' superbug ' spreading around world , WHO warns '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Higgins , John ( 1587 ) . The Mirror for Magistrates . as cited in the Oxford English Dictionary entry for `` clap '' Jump up ^ Max Bender ( 1898 ) . `` Ueber neuere Antigonorrhoica ( insbes . Argonin und Protargol ) '' . Archives of Dermatological Research . 43 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 36 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01986890 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Neonatal Conjunctivitis Jump up ^ W Sanger . History of Prostitution . NY , Harper , 1910 . Jump up ^ P. LaCroix . The History of Prostitution -- Vol. 2 . NY , MacMillan , 1931 . Jump up ^ Moen , Juliann ( 2017 ) . Basic Healthcare Studies : Sexually Transmitted Disease . Lester Bivens . Alpha Editions . ISBN 9789386367570 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ WE Leiky . History of European Morals . NY , MacMillan , 1926 . Jump up ^ Moen , Juliann ( 2017 ) . Basic Healthcare Studies : Sexually Transmitted Disease . Lester Bivens . Alpha Editions . ISBN 9789386367570 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jerse , AE ; Bash , MC ; Russell , MW ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Vaccines against gonorrhea : current status and future challenges . '' . Vaccine. 32 ( 14 ) : 1579 -- 87 . PMC 4682887 . PMID 24016806 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2013.08. 067 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Sami L. ; Johnston , Christine ( 2017 ) . `` Future prospects for new vaccines against sexually transmitted infections '' . Curr Opin Infect Dis. 30 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 86 . PMC 5325242 . PMID 27922851 . doi : 10.1097 / QCO. 0000000000000343 . Jump up ^ Petousis - Harris , Helen ( 2017 ) . `` Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand : a retrospective case - control study '' . Lancet . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 17 ) 31449 - 6 . External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : A54 ICD - 9 - CM : 098 MeSH : D006069 DiseasesDB : 8834 External resources MedlinePlus : 007267 eMedicine : article / 782913 Patient UK : Gonorrhea Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gonorrhea . Gonorrhea at DMOZ `` Gonorrhea - CDC Fact Sheet '' Sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( primarily A50 -- A64 , 090 -- 099 ) Bacterial Chancroid ( Haemophilus ducreyi ) Chlamydia / Lymphogranuloma venereum ( Chlamydia trachomatis ) Donovanosis or Granuloma Inguinale ( Klebsiella granulomatis ) Gonorrhea ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) Mycoplasma hominis infection ( Mycoplasma hominis ) Syphilis ( Treponema pallidum ) Ureaplasma infection ( Ureaplasma urealyticum ) Protozoal Trichomoniasis ( Trichomonas vaginalis ) Parasitic Crab louse / crabs Scabies Viral AIDS ( HIV - 1 / HIV - 2 ) Cervical cancer , vulvar cancer & Genital warts ( condyloma ) , Penile cancer , Anal cancer ( Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) ) Hepatitis B ( Hepatitis B virus ) Herpes simplex ( HSV1 / HSV2 ) Molluscum contagiosum ( MCV ) General inflammation female Cervicitis Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ) male Epididymitis Prostatitis either Proctitis Urethritis / Non-gonococcal urethritis ( NGU ) Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis NDL : 00569533 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonorrhea&oldid=806292060 '' Categories : Bacterium - related cutaneous conditions Sexually transmitted diseases and infections Infectious causes of cancer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with DMOZ links RTT RTTEM Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea

the motion of earth’s plates is driven by

Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth 's lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere . Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection ; that is , the slow creeping motion of Earth 's solid mantle . Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography ( the ridge is a topographic high ) and density changes in the crust ( density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge ) . At subduction zones the relatively cold , dense crust is `` pulled '' or sinks down into the mantle over the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell . Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon . The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear , and still the subject of much debate .

thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography ( the ridge is a topographic high ) and density changes in the crust ( density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge )

Plate tectonics

plate tectonics

Plate tectonics ( from the Late Latin tectonicus , from the Greek : τεκτονικός `` pertaining to building '' ) is a scientific theory describing the large - scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth 's lithosphere , since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago . The model builds on the concept of continental drift , an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century . The geoscientific community accepted plate - tectonic theory after seafloor spreading was validated in the late 1950s and early 1960s .

The lithosphere , which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet ( the crust and upper mantle ) , is broken into tectonic plates . The Earth 's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates ( depending on how they are defined ) and many minor plates . Where the plates meet , their relative motion determines the type of boundary : convergent , divergent , or transform . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries ( or faults ) . The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 100 mm annually . Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere , each topped by its own kind of crust . Along convergent boundaries , subduction , or one plate moving under another , carries the lower one down into the mantle ; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new ( oceanic ) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading . In this way , the total surface of the lithosphere remains the same . This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle . Earlier theories , since disproven , proposed gradual shrinking ( contraction ) or gradual expansion of the globe . Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth 's lithosphere has greater mechanical strength than the underlying asthenosphere . Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection ; that is , the slow creeping motion of Earth 's solid mantle . Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from spreading ridges due to variations in topography ( the ridge is a topographic high ) and density changes in the crust ( density increases as newly formed crust cools and moves away from the ridge ) . At subduction zones the relatively cold , dense crust is `` pulled '' or sinks down into the mantle over the downward convecting limb of a mantle cell . Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by tidal forces of the Sun and Moon . The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear , and still the subject of much debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key principles 2 Types of plate boundaries 3 Driving forces of plate motion 3.1 Driving forces related to mantle dynamics 3.2 Driving forces related to gravity 3.3 Driving forces related to Earth rotation 3.4 Relative significance of each driving force mechanism 4 Development of the theory 4.1 Summary 4.2 Continental drift 4.3 Floating continents , paleomagnetism , and seismicity zones 4.4 Mid-oceanic ridge spreading and convection 4.5 Magnetic striping 4.6 Definition and refining of the theory 4.7 Plate Tectonics Revolution 5 Implications for biogeography 6 Plate reconstruction 6.1 Defining plate boundaries 6.2 Past plate motions 6.3 Formation and break - up of continents 7 Current plates 8 Other celestial bodies ( planets , moons ) 8.1 Venus 8.2 Mars 8.3 Icy satellites 8.4 Exoplanets 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Cited books 10.3 Cited articles 11 External links 11.1 Videos Key principles The outer layers of the Earth are divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere . The division is based on differences in mechanical properties and in the method for the transfer of heat . The lithosphere is cooler and more rigid , while the asthenosphere is hotter and flows more easily . In terms of heat transfer , the lithosphere loses heat by conduction , whereas the asthenosphere also transfers heat by convection and has a nearly adiabatic temperature gradient . This division should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of these same layers into the mantle ( comprising both the asthenosphere and the mantle portion of the lithosphere ) and the crust : a given piece of mantle may be part of the lithosphere or the asthenosphere at different times depending on its temperature and pressure . The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates , which ride on the fluid - like ( visco - elastic solid ) asthenosphere . Plate motions range up to a typical 10 -- 40 mm / year ( Mid-Atlantic Ridge ; about as fast as fingernails grow ) , to about 160 mm / year ( Nazca Plate ; about as fast as hair grows ) . The driving mechanism behind this movement is described below . Tectonic lithosphere plates consist of lithospheric mantle overlain by one or two types of crustal material : oceanic crust ( in older texts called sima from silicon and magnesium ) and continental crust ( sial from silicon and aluminium ) . Average oceanic lithosphere is typically 100 km ( 62 mi ) thick ; its thickness is a function of its age : as time passes , it conductively cools and subjacent cooling mantle is added to its base . Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards , its thickness is therefore a function of its distance from the mid-ocean ridge where it was formed . For a typical distance that oceanic lithosphere must travel before being subducted , the thickness varies from about 6 km ( 4 mi ) thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) at subduction zones ; for shorter or longer distances , the subduction zone ( and therefore also the mean ) thickness becomes smaller or larger , respectively . Continental lithosphere is typically about 200 km thick , though this varies considerably between basins , mountain ranges , and stable cratonic interiors of continents . The location where two plates meet is called a plate boundary . Plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains , volcanoes , mid-ocean ridges , and oceanic trenches . The majority of the world 's active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries , with the Pacific Plate 's Ring of Fire being the most active and widely known today . These boundaries are discussed in further detail below . Some volcanoes occur in the interiors of plates , and these have been variously attributed to internal plate deformation and to mantle plumes . As explained above , tectonic plates may include continental crust or oceanic crust , and most plates contain both . For example , the African Plate includes the continent and parts of the floor of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . The distinction between oceanic crust and continental crust is based on their modes of formation . Oceanic crust is formed at sea - floor spreading centers , and continental crust is formed through arc volcanism and accretion of terranes through tectonic processes , though some of these terranes may contain ophiolite sequences , which are pieces of oceanic crust considered to be part of the continent when they exit the standard cycle of formation and spreading centers and subduction beneath continents . Oceanic crust is also denser than continental crust owing to their different compositions . Oceanic crust is denser because it has less silicon and more heavier elements ( `` mafic '' ) than continental crust ( `` felsic '' ) . As a result of this density stratification , oceanic crust generally lies below sea level ( for example most of the Pacific Plate ) , while continental crust buoyantly projects above sea level ( see the page isostasy for explanation of this principle ) . Types of plate boundaries Main article : List of tectonic plate interactions Three types of plate boundaries exist , with a fourth , mixed type , characterized by the way the plates move relative to each other . They are associated with different types of surface phenomena . The different types of plate boundaries are : Transform boundary Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Transform boundaries ( Conservative ) occur where two lithospheric plates slide , or perhaps more accurately , grind past each other along transform faults , where plates are neither created nor destroyed . The relative motion of the two plates is either sinistral ( left side toward the observer ) or dextral ( right side toward the observer ) . Transform faults occur across a spreading center . Strong earthquakes can occur along a fault . The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary exhibiting dextral motion . Divergent boundaries ( Constructive ) occur where two plates slide apart from each other . At zones of ocean - to - ocean rifting , divergent boundaries form by seafloor spreading , allowing for the formation of new ocean basin . As the ocean plate splits , the ridge forms at the spreading center , the ocean basin expands , and finally , the plate area increases causing many small volcanoes and / or shallow earthquakes . At zones of continent - to - continent rifting , divergent boundaries may cause new ocean basin to form as the continent splits , spreads , the central rift collapses , and ocean fills the basin . Active zones of mid-ocean ridges ( e.g. , the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise ) , and continent - to - continent rifting ( such as Africa 's East African Rift and Valley and the Red Sea ) , are examples of divergent boundaries . Convergent boundaries ( Destructive ) ( or active margins ) occur where two plates slide toward each other to form either a subduction zone ( one plate moving underneath the other ) or a continental collision . At zones of ocean - to - continent subduction ( e.g. the Andes mountain range in South America , and the Cascade Mountains in Western United States ) , the dense oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath the less dense continent . Earthquakes trace the path of the downward - moving plate as it descends into asthenosphere , a trench forms , and as the subducted plate is heated it releases volatiles , mostly water from hydrous minerals , into the surrounding mantle . The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab , causing it to melt . The magma that results typically leads to volcanism . At zones of ocean - to - ocean subduction ( e.g. Aleutian islands , Mariana Islands , and the Japanese island arc ) , older , cooler , denser crust slips beneath less dense crust . This motion causes earthquakes and a deep trench to form in an arc shape . The upper mantle of the subducted plate then heats and magma rises to form curving chains of volcanic islands . Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones , and the basins that develop along the active boundary are often called `` foreland basins '' . Closure of ocean basins can occur at continent - to - continent boundaries ( e.g. , Himalayas and Alps ) : collision between masses of granitic continental lithosphere ; neither mass is subducted ; plate edges are compressed , folded , uplifted . Plate boundary zones occur where the effects of the interactions are unclear , and the boundaries , usually occurring along a broad belt , are not well defined and may show various types of movements in different episodes . Driving forces of plate motion Plate motion based on Global Positioning System ( GPS ) satellite data from NASA JPL . The vectors show direction and magnitude of motion . It has generally been accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere . Dissipation of heat from the mantle is acknowledged to be the original source of the energy required to drive plate tectonics through convection or large scale upwelling and doming . The current view , though still a matter of some debate , asserts that as a consequence , a powerful source of plate motion is generated due to the excess density of the oceanic lithosphere sinking in subduction zones . When the new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges , this oceanic lithosphere is initially less dense than the underlying asthenosphere , but it becomes denser with age as it conductively cools and thickens . The greater density of old lithosphere relative to the underlying asthenosphere allows it to sink into the deep mantle at subduction zones , providing most of the driving force for plate movement . The weakness of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to move easily towards a subduction zone . Although subduction is thought to be the strongest force driving plate motions , it can not be the only force since there are plates such as the North American Plate which are moving , yet are nowhere being subducted . The same is true for the enormous Eurasian Plate . The sources of plate motion are a matter of intensive research and discussion among scientists . One of the main points is that the kinematic pattern of the movement itself should be separated clearly from the possible geodynamic mechanism that is invoked as the driving force of the observed movement , as some patterns may be explained by more than one mechanism . In short , the driving forces advocated at the moment can be divided into three categories based on the relationship to the movement : mantle dynamics related , gravity related ( mostly secondary forces ) , and earth rotation related . Driving forces related to mantle dynamics Main article : Mantle convection For much of the last quarter century , the leading theory of the driving force behind tectonic plate motions envisaged large scale convection currents in the upper mantle , which can be transmitted through the asthenosphere . This theory was launched by Arthur Holmes and some forerunners in the 1930s and was immediately recognized as the solution for the acceptance of the theory as originally discussed in the papers of Alfred Wegener in the early years of the century . However , despite its acceptance , it was long debated in the scientific community because the leading theory still envisaged a static Earth without moving continents up until the major breakthroughs of the early sixties . Two - and three - dimensional imaging of Earth 's interior ( seismic tomography ) shows a varying lateral density distribution throughout the mantle . Such density variations can be material ( from rock chemistry ) , mineral ( from variations in mineral structures ) , or thermal ( through thermal expansion and contraction from heat energy ) . The manifestation of this varying lateral density is mantle convection from buoyancy forces . How mantle convection directly and indirectly relates to plate motion is a matter of ongoing study and discussion in geodynamics . Somehow , this energy must be transferred to the lithosphere for tectonic plates to move . There are essentially two main types of forces that are thought to influence plate motion : friction and gravity . Basal drag ( friction ) : Plate motion driven by friction between the convection currents in the asthenosphere and the more rigid overlying lithosphere . Slab suction ( gravity ) : Plate motion driven by local convection currents that exert a downward pull on plates in subduction zones at ocean trenches . Slab suction may occur in a geodynamic setting where basal tractions continue to act on the plate as it dives into the mantle ( although perhaps to a greater extent acting on both the under and upper side of the slab ) . Lately , the convection theory has been much debated , as modern techniques based on 3D seismic tomography still fail to recognize these predicted large scale convection cells ; therefore , alternative views have been proposed : In the theory of plume tectonics developed during the 1990s , a modified concept of mantle convection currents is used . It asserts that super plumes rise from the deeper mantle and are the drivers or substitutes of the major convection cells . These ideas , which find their roots in the early 1930s with the so - called `` fixistic '' ideas of the European and Russian Earth Science Schools , find resonance in the modern theories which envisage hot spots or mantle plumes which remain fixed and are overridden by oceanic and continental lithosphere plates over time and leave their traces in the geological record ( though these phenomena are not invoked as real driving mechanisms , but rather as modulators ) . Modern theories that continue building on the older mantle doming concepts and see plate movements as a secondary phenomena are beyond the scope of this article and are discussed elsewhere ( for example on the Plume tectonics article ) . Another theory is that the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes but rather as a series of channels just below the Earth 's crust , which then provide basal friction to the lithosphere . This theory , called `` surge tectonics '' , became quite popular in geophysics and geodynamics during the 1980s and 1990s . Recent research , based on three - dimensional computer modeling , suggests that plate geometry is governed by a feedback between mantle convection patterns and the strength of the lithosphere . Driving forces related to gravity Forces related to gravity are usually invoked as secondary phenomena within the framework of a more general driving mechanism such as the various forms of mantle dynamics described above . Gravitational sliding away from a spreading ridge : According to many authors , plate motion is driven by the higher elevation of plates at ocean ridges . As oceanic lithosphere is formed at spreading ridges from hot mantle material , it gradually cools and thickens with age ( and thus adds distance from the ridge ) . Cool oceanic lithosphere is significantly denser than the hot mantle material from which it is derived and so with increasing thickness it gradually subsides into the mantle to compensate the greater load . The result is a slight lateral incline with increased distance from the ridge axis . This force is regarded as a secondary force and is often referred to as `` ridge push '' . This is a misnomer as nothing is `` pushing '' horizontally and tensional features are dominant along ridges . It is more accurate to refer to this mechanism as gravitational sliding as variable topography across the totality of the plate can vary considerably and the topography of spreading ridges is only the most prominent feature . Other mechanisms generating this gravitational secondary force include flexural bulging of the lithosphere before it dives underneath an adjacent plate which produces a clear topographical feature that can offset , or at least affect , the influence of topographical ocean ridges , and mantle plumes and hot spots , which are postulated to impinge on the underside of tectonic plates . Slab - pull : Current scientific opinion is that the asthenosphere is insufficiently competent or rigid to directly cause motion by friction along the base of the lithosphere . Slab pull is therefore most widely thought to be the greatest force acting on the plates . In this current understanding , plate motion is mostly driven by the weight of cold , dense plates sinking into the mantle at trenches . Recent models indicate that trench suction plays an important role as well . However , the fact that the North American Plate is nowhere being subducted , although it is in motion , presents a problem . The same holds for the African , Eurasian , and Antarctic plates . Gravitational sliding away from mantle doming : According to older theories , one of the driving mechanisms of the plates is the existence of large scale asthenosphere / mantle domes which cause the gravitational sliding of lithosphere plates away from them . This gravitational sliding represents a secondary phenomenon of this basically vertically oriented mechanism . This can act on various scales , from the small scale of one island arc up to the larger scale of an entire ocean basin . Driving forces related to Earth rotation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Wegener , being a meteorologist , had proposed tidal forces and centrifugal forces as the main driving mechanisms behind continental drift ; however , these forces were considered far too small to cause continental motion as the concept was of continents plowing through oceanic crust . Therefore , Wegener later changed his position and asserted that convection currents are the main driving force of plate tectonics in the last edition of his book in 1929 . However , in the plate tectonics context ( accepted since the seafloor spreading proposals of Heezen , Hess , Dietz , Morley , Vine , and Matthews ( see below ) during the early 1960s ) , the oceanic crust is suggested to be in motion with the continents which caused the proposals related to Earth rotation to be reconsidered . In more recent literature , these driving forces are : Tidal drag due to the gravitational force the Moon ( and the Sun ) exerts on the crust of the Earth Global deformation of the geoid due to small displacements of the rotational pole with respect to the Earth 's crust ; Other smaller deformation effects of the crust due to wobbles and spin movements of the Earth rotation on a smaller time scale . Forces that are small and generally negligible are : The Coriolis force The centrifugal force , which is treated as a slight modification of gravity For these mechanisms to be overall valid , systematic relationships should exist all over the globe between the orientation and kinematics of deformation and the geographical latitudinal and longitudinal grid of the Earth itself . Ironically , these systematic relations studies in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century underline exactly the opposite : that the plates had not moved in time , that the deformation grid was fixed with respect to the Earth equator and axis , and that gravitational driving forces were generally acting vertically and caused only local horizontal movements ( the so - called pre-plate tectonic , `` fixist theories '' ) . Later studies ( discussed below on this page ) , therefore , invoked many of the relationships recognized during this pre-plate tectonics period to support their theories ( see the anticipations and reviews in the work of van Dijk and collaborators ) . Of the many forces discussed in this paragraph , tidal force is still highly debated and defended as a possible principal driving force of plate tectonics . The other forces are only used in global geodynamic models not using plate tectonics concepts ( therefore beyond the discussions treated in this section ) or proposed as minor modulations within the overall plate tectonics model . In 1973 , George W. Moore of the USGS and R.C. Bostrom presented evidence for a general westward drift of the Earth 's lithosphere with respect to the mantle . He concluded that tidal forces ( the tidal lag or `` friction '' ) caused by the Earth 's rotation and the forces acting upon it by the Moon are a driving force for plate tectonics . As the Earth spins eastward beneath the moon , the moon 's gravity ever so slightly pulls the Earth 's surface layer back westward , just as proposed by Alfred Wegener ( see above ) . In a more recent 2006 study , scientists reviewed and advocated these earlier proposed ideas . It has also been suggested recently in Lovett ( 2006 ) that this observation may also explain why Venus and Mars have no plate tectonics , as Venus has no moon and Mars ' moons are too small to have significant tidal effects on the planet . In a recent paper , it was suggested that , on the other hand , it can easily be observed that many plates are moving north and eastward , and that the dominantly westward motion of the Pacific Ocean basins derives simply from the eastward bias of the Pacific spreading center ( which is not a predicted manifestation of such lunar forces ) . In the same paper the authors admit , however , that relative to the lower mantle , there is a slight westward component in the motions of all the plates . They demonstrated though that the westward drift , seen only for the past 30 Ma , is attributed to the increased dominance of the steadily growing and accelerating Pacific plate . The debate is still open . Relative significance of each driving force mechanism The vector of a plate 's motion is a function of all the forces acting on the plate ; however , therein lies the problem regarding the degree to which each process contributes to the overall motion of each tectonic plate . The diversity of geodynamic settings and the properties of each plate result from the impact of the various processes actively driving each individual plate . One method of dealing with this problem is to consider the relative rate at which each plate is moving as well as the evidence related to the significance of each process to the overall driving force on the plate . One of the most significant correlations discovered to date is that lithospheric plates attached to downgoing ( subducting ) plates move much faster than plates not attached to subducting plates . The Pacific plate , for instance , is essentially surrounded by zones of subduction ( the so - called Ring of Fire ) and moves much faster than the plates of the Atlantic basin , which are attached ( perhaps one could say ' welded ' ) to adjacent continents instead of subducting plates . It is thus thought that forces associated with the downgoing plate ( slab pull and slab suction ) are the driving forces which determine the motion of plates , except for those plates which are not being subducted . This view however has been contradicted by a recent study which found that the actual motions of the Pacific Plate and other plates associated with the East Pacific Rise do not correlate mainly with either slab pull or slab push , but rather with a mantle convection upwelling whose horizontal spreading along the bases of the various plates drives them along via viscosity - related traction forces . The driving forces of plate motion continue to be active subjects of on - going research within geophysics and tectonophysics . Development of the theory Further information : Timeline of the development of tectonophysics Summary Detailed map showing the tectonic plates with their movement vectors . In line with other previous and contemporaneous proposals , in 1912 the meteorologist Alfred Wegener amply described what he called continental drift , expanded in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans and the scientific debate started that would end up fifty years later in the theory of plate tectonics . Starting from the idea ( also expressed by his forerunners ) that the present continents once formed a single land mass ( which was called Pangea later on ) that drifted apart , thus releasing the continents from the Earth 's mantle and likening them to `` icebergs '' of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt . Supporting evidence for the idea came from the dove - tailing outlines of South America 's east coast and Africa 's west coast , and from the matching of the rock formations along these edges . Confirmation of their previous contiguous nature also came from the fossil plants Glossopteris and Gangamopteris , and the therapsid or mammal - like reptile Lystrosaurus , all widely distributed over South America , Africa , Antarctica , India , and Australia . The evidence for such an erstwhile joining of these continents was patent to field geologists working in the southern hemisphere . The South African Alex du Toit put together a mass of such information in his 1937 publication Our Wandering Continents , and went further than Wegener in recognising the strong links between the Gondwana fragments . But without detailed evidence and a force sufficient to drive the movement , the theory was not generally accepted : the Earth might have a solid crust and mantle and a liquid core , but there seemed to be no way that portions of the crust could move around . Distinguished scientists , such as Harold Jeffreys and Charles Schuchert , were outspoken critics of continental drift . Despite much opposition , the view of continental drift gained support and a lively debate started between `` drifters '' or `` mobilists '' ( proponents of the theory ) and `` fixists '' ( opponents ) . During the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s , the former reached important milestones proposing that convection currents might have driven the plate movements , and that spreading may have occurred below the sea within the oceanic crust . Concepts close to the elements now incorporated in plate tectonics were proposed by geophysicists and geologists ( both fixists and mobilists ) like Vening - Meinesz , Holmes , and Umbgrove . One of the first pieces of geophysical evidence that was used to support the movement of lithospheric plates came from paleomagnetism . This is based on the fact that rocks of different ages show a variable magnetic field direction , evidenced by studies since the mid -- nineteenth century . The magnetic north and south poles reverse through time , and , especially important in paleotectonic studies , the relative position of the magnetic north pole varies through time . Initially , during the first half of the twentieth century , the latter phenomenon was explained by introducing what was called `` polar wander '' ( see apparent polar wander ) , i.e. , it was assumed that the north pole location had been shifting through time . An alternative explanation , though , was that the continents had moved ( shifted and rotated ) relative to the north pole , and each continent , in fact , shows its own `` polar wander path '' . During the late 1950s it was successfully shown on two occasions that these data could show the validity of continental drift : by Keith Runcorn in a paper in 1956 , and by Warren Carey in a symposium held in March 1956 . The second piece of evidence in support of continental drift came during the late 1950s and early 60s from data on the bathymetry of the deep ocean floors and the nature of the oceanic crust such as magnetic properties and , more generally , with the development of marine geology which gave evidence for the association of seafloor spreading along the mid-oceanic ridges and magnetic field reversals , published between 1959 and 1963 by Heezen , Dietz , Hess , Mason , Vine & Matthews , and Morley . Simultaneous advances in early seismic imaging techniques in and around Wadati -- Benioff zones along the trenches bounding many continental margins , together with many other geophysical ( e.g. gravimetric ) and geological observations , showed how the oceanic crust could disappear into the mantle , providing the mechanism to balance the extension of the ocean basins with shortening along its margins . All this evidence , both from the ocean floor and from the continental margins , made it clear around 1965 that continental drift was feasible and the theory of plate tectonics , which was defined in a series of papers between 1965 and 1967 , was born , with all its extraordinary explanatory and predictive power . The theory revolutionized the Earth sciences , explaining a diverse range of geological phenomena and their implications in other studies such as paleogeography and paleobiology . Continental drift Further information : Continental drift In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , geologists assumed that the Earth 's major features were fixed , and that most geologic features such as basin development and mountain ranges could be explained by vertical crustal movement , described in what is called the geosynclinal theory . Generally , this was placed in the context of a contracting planet Earth due to heat loss in the course of a relatively short geological time . Alfred Wegener in Greenland in the winter of 1912 -- 13 . It was observed as early as 1596 that the opposite coasts of the Atlantic Ocean -- or , more precisely , the edges of the continental shelves -- have similar shapes and seem to have once fitted together . Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity , but the assumption of a solid Earth made these various proposals difficult to accept . The discovery of radioactivity and its associated heating properties in 1895 prompted a re-examination of the apparent age of the Earth . This had previously been estimated by its cooling rate under the assumption that the Earth 's surface radiated like a black body . Those calculations had implied that , even if it started at red heat , the Earth would have dropped to its present temperature in a few tens of millions of years . Armed with the knowledge of a new heat source , scientists realized that the Earth would be much older , and that its core was still sufficiently hot to be liquid . By 1915 , after having published a first article in 1912 , Alfred Wegener was making serious arguments for the idea of continental drift in the first edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans . In that book ( re-issued in four successive editions up to the final one in 1936 ) , he noted how the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa looked as if they were once attached . Wegener was not the first to note this ( Abraham Ortelius , Antonio Snider - Pellegrini , Eduard Suess , Roberto Mantovani and Frank Bursley Taylor preceded him just to mention a few ) , but he was the first to marshal significant fossil and paleo - topographical and climatological evidence to support this simple observation ( and was supported in this by researchers such as Alex du Toit ) . Furthermore , when the rock strata of the margins of separate continents are very similar it suggests that these rocks were formed in the same way , implying that they were joined initially . For instance , parts of Scotland and Ireland contain rocks very similar to those found in Newfoundland and New Brunswick . Furthermore , the Caledonian Mountains of Europe and parts of the Appalachian Mountains of North America are very similar in structure and lithology . However , his ideas were not taken seriously by many geologists , who pointed out that there was no apparent mechanism for continental drift . Specifically , they did not see how continental rock could plow through the much denser rock that makes up oceanic crust . Wegener could not explain the force that drove continental drift , and his vindication did not come until after his death in 1930 . Floating continents , paleomagnetism , and seismicity zones Global earthquake epicenters , 1963 -- 1998 . Most earthquakes occur in narrow belts that correspond to the locations of lithospheric plate boundaries . Map of earthquakes in 2016 As it was observed early that although granite existed on continents , seafloor seemed to be composed of denser basalt , the prevailing concept during the first half of the twentieth century was that there were two types of crust , named `` sial '' ( continental type crust ) and `` sima '' ( oceanic type crust ) . Furthermore , it was supposed that a static shell of strata was present under the continents . It therefore looked apparent that a layer of basalt ( sial ) underlies the continental rocks . However , based on abnormalities in plumb line deflection by the Andes in Peru , Pierre Bouguer had deduced that less - dense mountains must have a downward projection into the denser layer underneath . The concept that mountains had `` roots '' was confirmed by George B. Airy a hundred years later , during study of Himalayan gravitation , and seismic studies detected corresponding density variations . Therefore , by the mid-1950s , the question remained unresolved as to whether mountain roots were clenched in surrounding basalt or were floating on it like an iceberg . During the 20th century , improvements in and greater use of seismic instruments such as seismographs enabled scientists to learn that earthquakes tend to be concentrated in specific areas , most notably along the oceanic trenches and spreading ridges . By the late 1920s , seismologists were beginning to identify several prominent earthquake zones parallel to the trenches that typically were inclined 40 -- 60 ° from the horizontal and extended several hundred kilometers into the Earth . These zones later became known as Wadati -- Benioff zones , or simply Benioff zones , in honor of the seismologists who first recognized them , Kiyoo Wadati of Japan and Hugo Benioff of the United States . The study of global seismicity greatly advanced in the 1960s with the establishment of the Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network ( WWSSN ) to monitor the compliance of the 1963 treaty banning above - ground testing of nuclear weapons . The much improved data from the WWSSN instruments allowed seismologists to map precisely the zones of earthquake concentration worldwide . Meanwhile , debates developed around the phenomena of polar wander . Since the early debates of continental drift , scientists had discussed and used evidence that polar drift had occurred because continents seemed to have moved through different climatic zones during the past . Furthermore , paleomagnetic data had shown that the magnetic pole had also shifted during time . Reasoning in an opposite way , the continents might have shifted and rotated , while the pole remained relatively fixed . The first time the evidence of magnetic polar wander was used to support the movements of continents was in a paper by Keith Runcorn in 1956 , and successive papers by him and his students Ted Irving ( who was actually the first to be convinced of the fact that paleomagnetism supported continental drift ) and Ken Creer . This was immediately followed by a symposium in Tasmania in March 1956 . In this symposium , the evidence was used in the theory of an expansion of the global crust . In this hypothesis the shifting of the continents can be simply explained by a large increase in size of the Earth since its formation . However , this was unsatisfactory because its supporters could offer no convincing mechanism to produce a significant expansion of the Earth . Certainly there is no evidence that the moon has expanded in the past 3 billion years ; other work would soon show that the evidence was equally in support of continental drift on a globe with a stable radius . During the thirties up to the late fifties , works by Vening - Meinesz , Holmes , Umbgrove , and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory . In particular , the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea , and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force . Often , these contributions are forgotten because : At the time , continental drift was not accepted . Some of these ideas were discussed in the context of abandoned fixistic ideas of a deforming globe without continental drift or an expanding Earth . They were published during an episode of extreme political and economic instability that hampered scientific communication . Many were published by European scientists and at first not mentioned or given little credit in the papers on sea floor spreading published by the American researchers in the 1960s . Mid-oceanic ridge spreading and convection Further information on Mid-ocean ridge : Seafloor spreading In 1947 , a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing utilizing the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 's research vessel Atlantis and an array of instruments , confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean , and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the layer of sediments consisted of basalt , not the granite which is the main constituent of continents . They also found that the oceanic crust was much thinner than continental crust . All these new findings raised important and intriguing questions . The new data that had been collected on the ocean basins also showed particular characteristics regarding the bathymetry . One of the major outcomes of these datasets was that all along the globe , a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected . An important conclusion was that along this system , new ocean floor was being created , which led to the concept of the `` Great Global Rift '' . This was described in the crucial paper of Bruce Heezen ( 1960 ) , which would trigger a real revolution in thinking . A profound consequence of seafloor spreading is that new crust was , and still is , being continually created along the oceanic ridges . Therefore , Heezen advocated the so - called `` expanding Earth '' hypothesis of S. Warren Carey ( see above ) . So , still the question remained : how can new crust be continuously added along the oceanic ridges without increasing the size of the Earth ? In reality , this question had been solved already by numerous scientists during the forties and the fifties , like Arthur Holmes , Vening - Meinesz , Coates and many others : The crust in excess disappeared along what were called the oceanic trenches , where so - called `` subduction '' occurred . Therefore , when various scientists during the early sixties started to reason on the data at their disposal regarding the ocean floor , the pieces of the theory quickly fell into place . The question particularly intrigued Harry Hammond Hess , a Princeton University geologist and a Naval Reserve Rear Admiral , and Robert S. Dietz , a scientist with the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey who first coined the term seafloor spreading . Dietz and Hess ( the former published the same idea one year earlier in Nature , but priority belongs to Hess who had already distributed an unpublished manuscript of his 1962 article by 1960 ) were among the small handful who really understood the broad implications of sea floor spreading and how it would eventually agree with the , at that time , unconventional and unaccepted ideas of continental drift and the elegant and mobilistic models proposed by previous workers like Holmes . In the same year , Robert R. Coats of the U.S. Geological Survey described the main features of island arc subduction in the Aleutian Islands . His paper , though little noted ( and even ridiculed ) at the time , has since been called `` seminal '' and `` prescient '' . In reality , it actually shows that the work by the European scientists on island arcs and mountain belts performed and published during the 1930s up until the 1950s was applied and appreciated also in the United States . If the Earth 's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges , Hess and Dietz reasoned like Holmes and others before them , it must be shrinking elsewhere . Hess followed Heezen , suggesting that new oceanic crust continuously spreads away from the ridges in a conveyor belt -- like motion . And , using the mobilistic concepts developed before , he correctly concluded that many millions of years later , the oceanic crust eventually descends along the continental margins where oceanic trenches -- very deep , narrow canyons -- are formed , e.g. along the rim of the Pacific Ocean basin . The important step Hess made was that convection currents would be the driving force in this process , arriving at the same conclusions as Holmes had decades before with the only difference that the thinning of the ocean crust was performed using Heezen 's mechanism of spreading along the ridges . Hess therefore concluded that the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking . As old oceanic crust is `` consumed '' in the trenches ( like Holmes and others , he thought this was done by thickening of the continental lithosphere , not , as now understood , by underthrusting at a larger scale of the oceanic crust itself into the mantle ) , new magma rises and erupts along the spreading ridges to form new crust . In effect , the ocean basins are perpetually being `` recycled , '' with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously . Thus , the new mobilistic concepts neatly explained why the Earth does not get bigger with sea floor spreading , why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor , and why oceanic rocks are much younger than continental rocks . Magnetic striping Seafloor magnetic striping . A demonstration of magnetic striping . ( The darker the color is , the closer it is to normal polarity ) Further information : Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Beginning in the 1950s , scientists like Victor Vacquier , using magnetic instruments ( magnetometers ) adapted from airborne devices developed during World War II to detect submarines , began recognizing odd magnetic variations across the ocean floor . This finding , though unexpected , was not entirely surprising because it was known that basalt -- the iron - rich , volcanic rock making up the ocean floor -- contains a strongly magnetic mineral ( magnetite ) and can locally distort compass readings . This distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century . More important , because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties , these newly discovered magnetic variations provided another means to study the deep ocean floor . When newly formed rock cools , such magnetic materials recorded the Earth 's magnetic field at the time . As more and more of the seafloor was mapped during the 1950s , the magnetic variations turned out not to be random or isolated occurrences , but instead revealed recognizable patterns . When these magnetic patterns were mapped over a wide region , the ocean floor showed a zebra - like pattern : one stripe with normal polarity and the adjoining stripe with reversed polarity . The overall pattern , defined by these alternating bands of normally and reversely polarized rock , became known as magnetic striping , and was published by Ron G. Mason and co-workers in 1961 , who did not find , though , an explanation for these data in terms of sea floor spreading , like Vine , Matthews and Morley a few years later . The discovery of magnetic striping called for an explanation . In the early 1960s scientists such as Heezen , Hess and Dietz had begun to theorise that mid-ocean ridges mark structurally weak zones where the ocean floor was being ripped in two lengthwise along the ridge crest ( see the previous paragraph ) . New magma from deep within the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust . This process , at first denominated the `` conveyer belt hypothesis '' and later called seafloor spreading , operating over many millions of years continues to form new ocean floor all across the 50,000 km - long system of mid-ocean ridges . Only four years after the maps with the `` zebra pattern '' of magnetic stripes were published , the link between sea floor spreading and these patterns was correctly placed , independently by Lawrence Morley , and by Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews , in 1963 , now called the Vine - Matthews - Morley hypothesis . This hypothesis linked these patterns to geomagnetic reversals and was supported by several lines of evidence : the stripes are symmetrical around the crests of the mid-ocean ridges ; at or near the crest of the ridge , the rocks are very young , and they become progressively older away from the ridge crest ; the youngest rocks at the ridge crest always have present - day ( normal ) polarity ; stripes of rock parallel to the ridge crest alternate in magnetic polarity ( normal - reversed - normal , etc . ) , suggesting that they were formed during different epochs documenting the ( already known from independent studies ) normal and reversal episodes of the Earth 's magnetic field . By explaining both the zebra - like magnetic striping and the construction of the mid-ocean ridge system , the seafloor spreading hypothesis ( SFS ) quickly gained converts and represented another major advance in the development of the plate - tectonics theory . Furthermore , the oceanic crust now came to be appreciated as a natural `` tape recording '' of the history of the geomagnetic field reversals ( GMFR ) of the Earth 's magnetic field . Today , extensive studies are dedicated to the calibration of the normal - reversal patterns in the oceanic crust on one hand and known timescales derived from the dating of basalt layers in sedimentary sequences ( magnetostratigraphy ) on the other , to arrive at estimates of past spreading rates and plate reconstructions . Definition and refining of the theory After all these considerations , Plate Tectonics ( or , as it was initially called `` New Global Tectonics '' ) became quickly accepted in the scientific world , and numerous papers followed that defined the concepts : In 1965 , Tuzo Wilson who had been a promotor of the sea floor spreading hypothesis and continental drift from the very beginning added the concept of transform faults to the model , completing the classes of fault types necessary to make the mobility of the plates on the globe work out . A symposium on continental drift was held at the Royal Society of London in 1965 which must be regarded as the official start of the acceptance of plate tectonics by the scientific community , and which abstracts are issued as Blacket , Bullard & Runcorn ( 1965 ) . In this symposium , Edward Bullard and co-workers showed with a computer calculation how the continents along both sides of the Atlantic would best fit to close the ocean , which became known as the famous `` Bullard 's Fit '' . In 1966 Wilson published the paper that referred to previous plate tectonic reconstructions , introducing the concept of what is now known as the `` Wilson Cycle '' . In 1967 , at the American Geophysical Union 's meeting , W. Jason Morgan proposed that the Earth 's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other . Two months later , Xavier Le Pichon published a complete model based on 6 major plates with their relative motions , which marked the final acceptance by the scientific community of plate tectonics . In the same year , McKenzie and Parker independently presented a model similar to Morgan 's using translations and rotations on a sphere to define the plate motions . Plate tectonics revolution Main article : Plate Tectonics Revolution The Plate Tectonics Revolution was the scientific and cultural change which developed from the acceptance of the plate tectonics theory . The event was a paradigm shift and scientific revolution . Implications for biogeography Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present - day life found on different continents but having similar ancestors . In particular , it explains the Gondwanan distribution of ratites and the Antarctic flora . Plate reconstruction Main article : Plate reconstruction Reconstruction is used to establish past ( and future ) plate configurations , helping determine the shape and make - up of ancient supercontinents and providing a basis for paleogeography . Defining plate boundaries Current plate boundaries are defined by their seismicity . Past plate boundaries within existing plates are identified from a variety of evidence , such as the presence of ophiolites that are indicative of vanished oceans . Past plate motions Tectonic motion is believed to have begun around 3 to 3.5 billion years ago . Various types of quantitative and semi-quantitative information are available to constrain past plate motions . The geometric fit between continents , such as between west Africa and South America is still an important part of plate reconstruction . Magnetic stripe patterns provide a reliable guide to relative plate motions going back into the Jurassic period . The tracks of hotspots give absolute reconstructions , but these are only available back to the Cretaceous . Older reconstructions rely mainly on paleomagnetic pole data , although these only constrain the latitude and rotation , but not the longitude . Combining poles of different ages in a particular plate to produce apparent polar wander paths provides a method for comparing the motions of different plates through time . Additional evidence comes from the distribution of certain sedimentary rock types , faunal provinces shown by particular fossil groups , and the position of orogenic belts . Formation and break - up of continents The movement of plates has caused the formation and break - up of continents over time , including occasional formation of a supercontinent that contains most or all of the continents . The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2,000 to 1,800 million years ago and broke up about 1,500 to 1,300 million years ago . The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth 's continents , and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago . The eight continents later re-assembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea ; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia ( which became North America and Eurasia ) and Gondwana ( which became the remaining continents ) . The Himalayas , the world 's tallest mountain range , are assumed to have been formed by the collision of two major plates . Before uplift , they were covered by the Tethys Ocean . Current plates Main article : List of tectonic plates Depending on how they are defined , there are usually seven or eight `` major '' plates : African , Antarctic , Eurasian , North American , South American , Pacific , and Indo - Australian . The latter is sometimes subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . There are dozens of smaller plates , the seven largest of which are the Arabian , Caribbean , Juan de Fuca , Cocos , Nazca , Philippine Sea , and Scotia . The current motion of the tectonic plates is today determined by remote sensing satellite data sets , calibrated with ground station measurements . Other celestial bodies ( planets , moons ) The appearance of plate tectonics on terrestrial planets is related to planetary mass , with more massive planets than Earth expected to exhibit plate tectonics . Earth may be a borderline case , owing its tectonic activity to abundant water ( silica and water form a deep eutectic ) . Venus See also : Geology of Venus Venus shows no evidence of active plate tectonics . There is debatable evidence of active tectonics in the planet 's distant past ; however , events taking place since then ( such as the plausible and generally accepted hypothesis that the Venusian lithosphere has thickened greatly over the course of several hundred million years ) has made constraining the course of its geologic record difficult . However , the numerous well - preserved impact craters have been utilized as a dating method to approximately date the Venusian surface ( since there are thus far no known samples of Venusian rock to be dated by more reliable methods ) . Dates derived are dominantly in the range 500 to 750 million years ago , although ages of up to 1,200 million years ago have been calculated . This research has led to the fairly well accepted hypothesis that Venus has undergone an essentially complete volcanic resurfacing at least once in its distant past , with the last event taking place approximately within the range of estimated surface ages . While the mechanism of such an impressive thermal event remains a debated issue in Venusian geosciences , some scientists are advocates of processes involving plate motion to some extent . One explanation for Venus 's lack of plate tectonics is that on Venus temperatures are too high for significant water to be present . The Earth 's crust is soaked with water , and water plays an important role in the development of shear zones . Plate tectonics requires weak surfaces in the crust along which crustal slices can move , and it may well be that such weakening never took place on Venus because of the absence of water . However , some researchers remain convinced that plate tectonics is or was once active on this planet . Mars See also : Geology of Mars Mars is considerably smaller than Earth and Venus , and there is evidence for ice on its surface and in its crust . In the 1990s , it was proposed that Martian Crustal Dichotomy was created by plate tectonic processes . Scientists today disagree , and think that it was created either by upwelling within the Martian mantle that thickened the crust of the Southern Highlands and formed Tharsis or by a giant impact that excavated the Northern Lowlands . Valles Marineris may be a tectonic boundary . Observations made of the magnetic field of Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft in 1999 showed patterns of magnetic striping discovered on this planet . Some scientists interpreted these as requiring plate tectonic processes , such as seafloor spreading . However , their data fail a `` magnetic reversal test '' , which is used to see if they were formed by flipping polarities of a global magnetic field . Icy satellites Some of the satellites of Jupiter have features that may be related to plate - tectonic style deformation , although the materials and specific mechanisms may be different from plate - tectonic activity on Earth . On 8 September 2014 , NASA reported finding evidence of plate tectonics on Europa , a satellite of Jupiter -- the first sign of subduction activity on another world other than Earth . Titan , the largest moon of Saturn , was reported to show tectonic activity in images taken by the Huygens probe , which landed on Titan on January 14 , 2005 . Exoplanets On Earth - sized planets , plate tectonics is more likely if there are oceans of water . However , in 2007 , two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of plate tectonics on larger super-Earths with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-earths even if the planet is dry . Consideration of plate tectonics is a part of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and extraterrestrial life . See also Atmospheric circulation Conservation of angular momentum Geological history of Earth -- includes timeline of plate configurations Geosyncline concept GPlates , desktop software for the interactive visualization of plate - tectonics List of plate tectonics topics List of submarine topographical features Supercontinent cycle Tectonics References Notes Jump up ^ Little , Fowler & Coulson 1990 . Jump up ^ Read & Watson 1975 . Jump up ^ Scalera & Lavecchia 2006 . Jump up ^ Zhen Shao 1997 , Hancock , Skinner & Dineley 2000 . Jump up ^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Turcotte & Schubert 2002 . Jump up ^ Foulger 2010 . Jump up ^ Schmidt & Harbert 1998 . Jump up ^ Meissner 2002 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` Plate Tectonics : Plate Boundaries '' . platetectonics.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding plate motions '' . USGS . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Grove , Timothy L. ; Till , Christy B. ; Krawczynski , Michael J. ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` The Role of H2O in Subduction Zone Magmatism '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 40 ( 40 ) : 413 -- 39 . Bibcode : 2012AREPS ... 40 ... 413G . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - earth - 042711 - 105310 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendia - Landa , Pedro . `` Myths and Legends on Natural Disasters : Making Sense of Our World '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ van Dijk 1992 , van Dijk & Okkes 1991 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Arthur ( 1931 ) . `` Radioactivity and Earth Movements '' ( PDF ) . Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow . Geological Society of Glasgow : 559 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Tanimoto & Lay 2000 . Jump up ^ Meyerhoff et al. 1996 . Jump up ^ Mallard , Claire ; Coltice , Nicolas ; Seton , Maria ; Müller , R. Dietmar ; Tackley , Paul J. ( 2016 ) . `` Subduction controls the distribution and fragmentation of Earth 's tectonic plates '' . Nature . 535 ( 7610 ) : 140 -- 43 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 535 ... 140M . doi : 10.1038 / nature17992 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Spence 1987 , White & McKenzie 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Conrad & Lithgow - Bertelloni 2002 . Jump up ^ Spence 1987 , White & Mckenzie 1989 , Segev 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Jump up ^ Neith , Katie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Caltech Researchers Use GPS Data to Model Effects of Tidal Loads on Earth 's Surface '' . Caltech . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ricard , Y. ( 2009 ) . `` 2 . Physics of Mantle Convection '' . In David Bercovici ; Gerald Schubert . Treatise on Geophysics : Mantle Dynamics . 7 . Elsevier Science . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53580 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Glatzmaier , Gary A. ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Modeling Convection in Planets and Stars : Magnetic Field , Density Stratification , Rotation . Princeton University Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4890 - 4 . Jump up ^ van Dijk 1992 , van Dijk & Okkes 1990 . Jump up ^ Moore 1973 . Jump up ^ Bostrom 1971 . Jump up ^ Scoppola et al. 2006 . Jump up ^ Torsvik et al. 2010 . Jump up ^ ( `` Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable , deep - mantle upwelling '' , Rowley et al , Science Advances 23 Dec 2016 : Vol. 2 , no . 12 , e1601107 , doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1601107 ) ^ Jump up to : Wegener 1929 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2001a . Jump up ^ Wegener 1966 , Hughes 2001b . ^ Jump up to : Runcorn 1956 . Jump up ^ Carey 1956 . Jump up ^ see for example the milestone paper of Lyman & Fleming 1940 . Jump up ^ Korgen 1995 , Spiess & Kuperman 2003 . Jump up ^ Kious & Tilling 1996 . Jump up ^ Frankel 1987 . Jump up ^ Joly 1909 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1863 . Jump up ^ Wegener 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers of Plate Tectonics '' . The Geological Society . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Stein & Wysession 2009 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Carey 1956 ; see also Quilty 2003 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1928 ; see also Holmes 1978 , Frankel 1978 . Jump up ^ Lippsett 2001 , Lippsett 2006 . Jump up ^ Heezen 1960 . Jump up ^ Dietz 1961 . Jump up ^ Hess 1962 . Jump up ^ Mason & Raff 1961 , Raff & Mason 1961 . Jump up ^ Vine & Matthews 1963 . Jump up ^ See summary in Heirzler , Le Pichon & Baron 1966 Jump up ^ Wilson 1963 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1965 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1966 . Jump up ^ Morgan 1968 . Jump up ^ Le Pichon 1967 . Jump up ^ McKenzie & Parker 1967 . Jump up ^ Casadevall , Arturo ; Fang , Ferric C. ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Revolutionary Science '' . MBio. 7 ( 2 ) : e00158 -- 16 . doi : 10.1128 / mBio. 00158 - 16 . PMID 26933052 . Jump up ^ Moss & Wilson 1998 . Jump up ^ Condie 1997 . Jump up ^ Lliboutry 2000 . Jump up ^ Kranendonk , V. ; Martin , J. ( 2011 ) . `` Onset of Plate Tectonics '' . Science . 333 ( 6041 ) : 413 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 333 ... 413V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208766 . PMID 21778389 . Jump up ^ Plate Tectonics May Have Begun a Billion Years After Earth 's Birth Pappas , S LiveScience report of PNAS research 21 Sept 2017 Jump up ^ Torsvik , Trond Helge . `` Reconstruction Methods '' . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Torsvik 2008 . Jump up ^ Butler 1992 . Jump up ^ Scotese , C.R. ( 2002 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Climate History '' . Paleomap Project . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Zhao 2002 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Valencia , O'Connell & Sasselov 2007 . Jump up ^ Kasting 1988 . Jump up ^ Bortman , Henry ( 2004 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Was Venus alive ? `` The Signs are Probably There '' `` . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sleep 1994 . Jump up ^ Zhong & Zuber 2001 . Jump up ^ Andrews - Hanna , Zuber & Banerdt 2008 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stuart ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars '' . Yin , An . UCLA . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connerney et al. 1999 , Connerney et al. 2005 Jump up ^ Harrison 2000 . Jump up ^ Dyches , Preston ; Brown , Dwayne ; Buckley , Michael ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Scientists Find Evidence of ' Diving ' Tectonic Plates on Europa '' . NASA . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Soderblom et al. 2007 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Diana ; O'Connell , Richard J. ( 2009 ) . `` Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 492 -- 502 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 286 ... 492V . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.07. 015 . Jump up ^ van Heck , H.J. ; Tackley , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Plate tectonics on super-Earths : Equally or more likely than on Earth '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 310 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 252 -- 61 . Bibcode : 2011E&PSL. 310 ... 252V . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2011.07. 029 . Jump up ^ C. O'Neill , A. Lenardic Geological consequences of super-sized Earths Geophysical Research Letters 34 : L19204 doi : 10.1029 / 2007GL030598 Jump up ^ Stern , Robert J. ( July 2016 ) . `` Is plate tectonics needed to evolve technological species on exoplanets ? '' . Geoscience Frontiers. 7 ( 4 ) : 573 -- 580 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gsf. 2015.12. 002 . Cited Books Butler , Robert F. ( 1992 ) . `` Applications to paleogeography '' . Paleomagnetism : Magnetic domains to geologic terranes ( PDF ) . Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 070 - X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Carey , S.W. ( 1958 ) . `` The tectonic approach to continental drift '' . In Carey , S.W. Continental Drift -- A symposium , held in March 1956 . Hobart : Univ. of Tasmania . pp. 177 -- 363 . Expanding Earth from pp. 311 -- 49 . Condie , K.C. ( 1997 ) . Plate tectonics and crustal evolution ( 4th ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 282 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 3386 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Foulger , Gillian R. ( 2010 ) . Plates vs Plumes : A Geological Controversy . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6148 - 0 . Frankel , H. ( 1987 ) . `` The Continental Drift Debate '' . In H.T. Engelhardt Jr ; A.L. Caplan . Scientific Controversies : Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27560 - 6 . Hancock , Paul L. ; Skinner , Brian J. ; Dineley , David L. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to The Earth . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854039 - 6 . Hess , H.H. ( November 1962 ) . `` History of Ocean Basins '' ( PDF ) . In A.E.J. Engel ; Harold L. James ; B.F. Leonard . Petrologic studies : a volume to honor of A.F. Buddington . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 599 -- 620 . Holmes , Arthur ( 1978 ) . Principles of Physical Geology ( 3 ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 640 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 07251 - 6 . Joly , John ( 1909 ) . Radioactivity and Geology : An Account of the Influence of Radioactive Energy on Terrestrial History . London : Archibald Constable . p. 36 . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 3577 - 7 . Kious , W. Jacquelyne ; Tilling , Robert I. ( February 2001 ) ( 1996 ) . `` Historical perspective '' . This Dynamic Earth : the Story of Plate Tectonics ( Online ed . ) . U.S. Geological Survey . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048220 - 8 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were ' torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods ... The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves , if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three ( continents ) . ' Lippsett , Laurence ( 2006 ) . `` Maurice Ewing and the Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory '' . In William Theodore De Bary ; Jerry Kisslinger ; Tom Mathewson . Living Legacies at Columbia . Columbia University Press . pp. 277 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13884 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Little , W. ; Fowler , H.W. ; Coulson , J. ( 1990 ) . Onions C.T. , ed . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary : on historical principles . II ( 3 ed . ) . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861126 - 4 . Lliboutry , L. ( 2000 ) . Quantitative geophysics and geology . Springer . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 115 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . McKnight , Tom ( 2004 ) . Geographica : The complete illustrated Atlas of the world . New York : Barnes and Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5974 - X . Meissner , Rolf ( 2002 ) . The Little Book of Planet Earth . New York : Copernicus Books . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 95258 - 1 . Meyerhoff , Arthur Augustus ; Taner , I. ; Morris , A.E.L. ; Agocs , W.B. ; Kamen - Kaye , M. ; Bhat , Mohammad I. ; Smoot , N. Christian ; Choi , Dong R. ( 1996 ) . Donna Meyerhoff Hull , ed . Surge tectonics : a new hypothesis of global geodynamics . Solid Earth Sciences Library . 9 . Springer Netherlands . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 4156 - 7 . Moss , S.J. ; Wilson , M.E.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Biogeographic implications from the Tertiary palaeogeographic evolution of Sulawesi and Borneo '' ( PDF ) . In Hall R ; Holloway JD . Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Leiden , The Netherlands : Backhuys . pp. 133 -- 63 . ISBN 90 - 73348 - 97 - 8 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Oreskes , Naomi , ed. ( 2003 ) . Plate Tectonics : An Insider 's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth . Westview . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4132 - 9 . Read , Herbert Harold ; Watson , Janet ( 1975 ) . Introduction to Geology . New York : Halsted . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 71165 - 1 . OCLC 317775677 . Schmidt , Victor A. ; Harbert , William ( 1998 ) . `` The Living Machine : Plate Tectonics '' . Planet Earth and the New Geosciences ( 3 ed . ) . p. 442 . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 4296 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Schubert , Gerald ; Turcotte , Donald L. ; Olson , Peter ( 2001 ) . Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35367 - X . Stanley , Steven M. ( 1999 ) . Earth System History . W.H. Freeman . pp. 211 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 2882 - 6 . Stein , Seth ; Wysession , Michael ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to Seismology , Earthquakes , and Earth Structure . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1131 - 0 . Sverdrup , H.U. , Johnson , M.W. and Fleming , R.H. ( 1942 ) . The Oceans : Their physics , chemistry and general biology . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . p. 1087 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Thompson , Graham R. & Turk , Jonathan ( 1991 ) . Modern Physical Geology . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 025398 - 5 . Torsvik , Trond Helge ; Steinberger , Bernhard ( December 2006 ) . `` Fra kontinentaldrift til manteldynamikk '' ( From Continental Drift to Mantle Dynamics ) . Geo ( in Norwegian ) . 8 : 20 -- 30 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . , translation : Torsvik , Trond Helge ; Steinberger , Bernhard ( 2008 ) . `` From Continental Drift to Mantle Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . In Trond Slagstad ; Rolv Dahl Gråsteinen . Geology for Society for 150 years -- The Legacy after Kjerulf. 12 . Trondheim : Norges Geologiske Undersokelse . pp. 24 -- 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 23 ( Norwegian Geological Survey , Popular Science ) . Turcotte , D.L. ; Schubert , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Plate Tectonics '' . Geodynamics ( 2 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66186 - 2 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1929 ) . Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane ( 4 ed . ) . Braunschweig : Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt . Ges . ISBN 3 - 443 - 01056 - 3 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . Biram John ( translator ) . Courier Dover . p. 246 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 61708 - 4 . Winchester , Simon ( 2003 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 621285 - 5 . Cited articles Andrews - Hanna , Jeffrey C. ; Zuber , Maria T. ; Banerdt , W. Bruce ( 2008 ) . `` The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy '' . Nature . 453 ( 7199 ) : 1212 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 453.1212 A . doi : 10.1038 / nature07011 . PMID 18580944 . Blacket , P.M.S. ; Bullard , E. ; Runcorn , S.K. , eds. ( 1965 ) . A Symposium on Continental Drift , held in 28 October 1965 . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 258 . The Royal Society of London . p. 323 . Bostrom , R.C. ( 31 December 1971 ) . `` Westward displacement of the lithosphere '' . Nature . 234 ( 5331 ) : 536 -- 38 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 234 ... 536B . doi : 10.1038 / 234536a0 . Connerney , J.E.P. ; Acuña , M.H. ; Wasilewski , P.J. ; Ness , N.F. ; Rème H. ; Mazelle C. ; Vignes D. ; Lin R.P. ; Mitchell D.L. ; Cloutier P.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Magnetic Lineations in the Ancient Crust of Mars '' . Science . 284 ( 5415 ) : 794 -- 98 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284 ... 794C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5415. 794 . PMID 10221909 . Connerney , J.E.P. ; Acuña , M.H. ; Ness , N.F. ; Kletetschka , G. ; Mitchell D.L. ; Lin R.P. ; Rème H. ( 2005 ) . `` Tectonic implications of Mars crustal magnetism '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 102 ( 42 ) : 14970 -- 175 . Bibcode : 2005PNAS ... 10214970C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0507469102 . PMC 1250232 . PMID 16217034 . Conrad , Clinton P. ; Lithgow - Bertelloni , Carolina ( 2002 ) . `` How Mantle Slabs Drive Plate Tectonics '' . Science . 298 ( 5591 ) : 207 -- 09 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 298 ... 207C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1074161 . PMID 12364804 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2009 . Dietz , Robert S. ( June 1961 ) . `` Continent and Ocean Basin Evolution by Spreading of the Sea Floor '' . Nature . 190 ( 4779 ) : 854 -- 57 . Bibcode : 1961Natur. 190 ... 854D . doi : 10.1038 / 190854a0 . van Dijk , Janpieter ; Okkes , F.W. Mark ( 1990 ) . `` The analysis of shear zones in Calabria ; implications for the geodynamics of the Central Mediterranean '' . Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 96 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 241 -- 70 . van Dijk , J.P. ; Okkes , F.W.M. ( 1991 ) . `` Neogene tectonostratigraphy and kinematics of Calabrian Basins : implications for the geodynamics of the Central Mediterranean '' . Tectonophysics. 196 : 23 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1991Tectp. 196 ... 23V . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 91 ) 90288 - 4 . van Dijk , Janpieter ( 1992 ) . `` Late Neogene fore - arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc ( Central Mediterranean ) . Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory . With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria '' . Geologica Ultraiectina. 92 : 288 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Frankel , Henry ( July 1978 ) . `` Arthur Holmes and continental drift '' . The British Journal for the History of Science . 11 ( 2 ) : 130 -- 50 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007087400016551 . JSTOR 4025726 . Harrison , C.G.A. ( 2000 ) . `` Questions About Magnetic Lineations in the Ancient Crust of Mars '' . Science . 287 ( 5453 ) : 547a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5453. 547a . Heezen , B. ( 1960 ) . `` The rift in the ocean floor '' . Scientific American . 203 ( 4 ) : 98 -- 110 . Bibcode : 1960SciAm. 203d ... 98H . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1060 - 98 . Heirtzler , James R. ; Le Pichon , Xavier ; Baron , J. Gregory ( 1966 ) . `` Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge '' . Deep - Sea Research . 13 ( 3 ) : 427 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1966DSROA ... 13 ... 427H . doi : 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 ( 66 ) 91078 - 3 . Holmes , Arthur ( 1928 ) . `` Radioactivity and Earth movements '' . Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 : 559 -- 606 . Hughes , Patrick ( 8 February 2001 ) . `` Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) : A Geographic Jigsaw Puzzle '' . On the shoulders of giants . Earth Observatory , NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 ... on January 6 , 1912 , Wegener ... proposed instead a grand vision of drifting continents and widening seas to explain the evolution of Earth 's geography . Hughes , Patrick ( 8 February 2001 ) . `` Alfred Wegener ( 1880 -- 1930 ) : The origin of continents and oceans '' . On the Shoulders of Giants . Earth Observatory , NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . By his third edition ( 1922 ) , Wegener was citing geological evidence that some 300 million years ago all the continents had been joined in a supercontinent stretching from pole to pole . He called it Pangaea ( all lands ) , ... Kasting , James F. ( 1988 ) . `` Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus '' . Icarus . 74 ( 3 ) : 472 -- 94 . Bibcode : 1988Icar ... 74 ... 472K . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 88 ) 90116 - 9 . PMID 11538226 . Korgen , Ben J. ( 1995 ) . `` A voice from the past : John Lyman and the plate tectonics story '' ( PDF ) . Oceanography . The Oceanography Society . 8 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . doi : 10.5670 / oceanog. 1995.29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Lippsett , Laurence ( 2001 ) . `` Maurice Ewing and the Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory '' . Living Legacies . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Lovett , Richard A ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` Moon Is Dragging Continents West , Scientist Says '' . National Geographic News . Lyman , J. ; Fleming , R.H. ( 1940 ) . `` Composition of Seawater '' . Journal of Marine Research . 3 : 134 -- 46 . Mason , Ronald G. ; Raff , Arthur D. ( 1961 ) . `` Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32 ° N latitude and 42 ° N latitude '' . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . 72 ( 8 ) : 1259 -- 66 . Bibcode : 1961GSAB ... 72.1259 M . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1961 ) 72 ( 1259 : MSOTWC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Mc Kenzie , D. ; Parker , R.L. ( 1967 ) . `` The North Pacific : an example of tectonics on a sphere '' . Nature . 216 ( 5122 ) : 1276 -- 1280 . Bibcode : 1967Natur. 216.1276 M . doi : 10.1038 / 2161276a0 . Moore , George W. ( 1973 ) . `` Westward Tidal Lag as the Driving Force of Plate Tectonics '' . Geology. 1 ( 3 ) : 99 -- 100 . Bibcode : 1973Geo ... 1 ... 99M . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1973 ) 1 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . Morgan , W. Jason ( 1968 ) . `` Rises , Trenches , Great Faults , and Crustal Blocks '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 ( 6 ) : 1959 -- 182 . Bibcode : 1968JGR ... 73.1959 M . doi : 10.1029 / JB073i006p01959 . Le Pichon , Xavier ( 15 June 1968 ) . `` Sea - floor spreading and continental drift '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 73 ( 12 ) : 3661 -- 97 . Bibcode : 1968JGR ... 73.3661 L . doi : 10.1029 / JB073i012p03661 . Quilty , Patrick G. ; Banks , Maxwell R. ( 2003 ) . `` Samuel Warren Carey , 1911 -- 2002 '' . Biographical memoirs . Australian Academy of Science . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science ( 2003 ) 14 ( 3 ) . Raff , Arthur D. ; Mason , Roland G. ( 1961 ) . `` Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 40 ° N latitude and 52 ° N latitude '' . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . 72 ( 8 ) : 1267 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1961GSAB ... 72.1267 R . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1961 ) 72 ( 1267 : MSOTWC ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Runcorn , S.K. ( 1956 ) . `` Paleomagnetic comparisons between Europe and North America '' . Proceedings , Geological Association of Canada . 8 ( 1088 ) : 7785 . Bibcode : 1965RSPTA. 258 ... 1R . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1965.0016 . Scalera , G. & Lavecchia , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Frontiers in earth sciences : new ideas and interpretation '' . Annals of Geophysics. 49 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.4401 / ag - 4406 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . Scoppola , B. ; Boccaletti , D. ; Bevis , M. ; Carminati , E. ; Doglioni , C. ( 2006 ) . `` The westward drift of the lithosphere : A rotational drag ? '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 118 : 199 -- 209 . Bibcode : 2006GSAB ... 118 ... 199S . doi : 10.1130 / B25734. 1 . Segev , A ( 2002 ) . `` Flood basalts , continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana : evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows ( plumes ) '' ( PDF ) . EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series . 2 : 171 -- 91 . doi : 10.5194 / smsps - 2 - 171 - 2002 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Sleep , Norman H. ( 1994 ) . `` Martian plate tectonics '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 99 : 5639 . Bibcode : 1994JGR ... 99.5639 S . doi : 10.1029 / 94JE00216 . Soderblom , Laurence A. ; Tomasko , Martin G. ; Archinal , Brent A. ; Becker , Tammy L. ; Bushroe , Michael W. ; Cook , Debbie A. ; Doose , Lyn R. ; Galuszka , Donna M. ; Hare , Trent M. ; Howington - Kraus , Elpitha ; Karkoschka , Erich ; Kirk , Randolph L. ; Lunine , Jonathan I. ; McFarlane , Elisabeth A. ; Redding , Bonnie L. ; Rizk , Bashar ; Rosiek , Mark R. ; See , Charles ; Smith , Peter H. ( 2007 ) . `` Topography and geomorphology of the Huygens landing site on Titan '' . Planetary and Space Science . 55 ( 13 ) : 2015 -- 24 . Bibcode : 2007P&SS ... 55.2015 S . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2007.04. 015 . Spence , William ( 1987 ) . `` Slab pull and the seismotectonics of subducting lithosphere '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Geophysics. 25 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 69 . Bibcode : 1987RvGeo ... 25 ... 55S . doi : 10.1029 / RG025i001p00055 . Spiess , Fred ; Kuperman , William ( 2003 ) . `` The Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps '' ( PDF ) . Oceanography . The Oceanography Society . 16 ( 3 ) : 45 -- 54 . doi : 10.5670 / oceanog. 2003.30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Tanimoto , Toshiro ; Lay , Thorne ( 7 November 2000 ) . `` Mantle dynamics and seismic tomography '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 ( 23 ) : 12409 -- 110 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 9712409T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 210382197 . PMC 34063 . PMID 11035784 . Thomson , W ( 1863 ) . `` On the secular cooling of the earth '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4 ( 25 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786446308643410 . Torsvik , Trond H. ; Steinberger , Bernhard ; Gurnis , Michael ; Gaina , Carmen ( 2010 ) . `` Plate tectonics and net lithosphere rotation over the past 150 My '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 291 : 106 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2010E&PSL. 291 ... 106T . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.12. 055 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Valencia , Diana ; O'Connell , Richard J. ; Sasselov , Dimitar D ( November 2007 ) . `` Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 670 ( 1 ) : L45 -- L48 . arXiv : 0710.0699 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 670L ... 45V . doi : 10.1086 / 524012 . Vine , F.J. ; Matthews , D.H. ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic anomalies over oceanic ridges '' . Nature . 199 ( 4897 ) : 947 -- 949 . Bibcode : 1963Natur. 199 ... 947V . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Wegener , Alfred ( 6 January 1912 ) . `` Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde ( Kontinente und Ozeane ) , auf geophysikalischer Grundlage '' ( PDF ) . Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. 63 : 185 -- 95 , 253 -- 56 , 305 -- 09 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . White , R. ; McKenzie , D. ( 1989 ) . `` Magmatism at rift zones : The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 94 : 7685 -- 729 . Bibcode : 1989JGR ... 94.7685 W . doi : 10.1029 / JB094iB06p07685 . Wilson , J.T. ( 8 June 1963 ) . `` Hypothesis on the Earth 's behaviour '' . Nature . 198 ( 4884 ) : 849 -- 65 . Bibcode : 1963Natur. 198 ... 925T . doi : 10.1038 / 198925a0 . Wilson , J. Tuzo ( July 1965 ) . `` A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 207 ( 4995 ) : 343 -- 47 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 207 ... 343W . doi : 10.1038 / 207343a0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 6 , 2010 . Wilson , J. Tuzo ( 13 August 1966 ) . `` Did the Atlantic close and then re-open ? '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 211 ( 5050 ) : 676 -- 81 . Bibcode : 1966Natur. 211 ... 676W . doi : 10.1038 / 211676a0 . Zhen Shao , Huang ( 1997 ) . `` Speed of the Continental Plates '' . The Physics Factbook . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Zhao , Guochun , Cawood , Peter A. , Wilde , Simon A. , and Sun , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Review of global 2.1 -- 1.8 Ga orogens : implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 59 : 125 -- 62 . Bibcode : 2002ESRv ... 59 ... 125Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 02 ) 00073 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zhao , Guochun , Sun , M. , Wilde , Simon A. , and Li , S.Z. ( 2004 ) . `` A Paleo - Mesoproterozoic supercontinent : assembly , growth and breakup '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 67 : 91 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2004ESRv ... 67 ... 91Z . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2004.02. 003 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Zhong , Shijie ; Zuber , Maria T. ( 2001 ) . `` Degree - 1 mantle convection and the crustal dichotomy on Mars '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 189 : 75 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2001E&PSL. 189 ... 75Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00345 - 4 . External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Plate tectonics : overview Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plate tectonics . This Dynamic Earth : The Story of Plate Tectonics . USGS . Understanding Plate Tectonics . USGS . An explanation of tectonic forces . Example of calculations to show that Earth Rotation could be a driving force . Bird , P. ( 2003 ) ; An updated digital model of plate boundaries . Map of tectonic plates . MORVEL plate velocity estimates and information . C. DeMets , D. Argus , & R. Gordon . Plate Tectonics on In Our Time at the BBC . Videos Khan Academy Explanation of evidence 750 million years of global tectonic activity . Movie . Multiple videos of plate tectonic movements Quartz December 31 , 2015 Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Category Portal Earth sciences Tectonic plates Major African Indo - Australian Plate Antarctic Eurasian North American Pacific South American Minor Amurian Arabian Caribbean Caroline Cocos Juan de Fuca Nazca Okhotsk Philippine Scotia Somali Yangtze Other Adriatic Aegean Sea Anatolian Australian Balmoral Reef Banda Sea Bird 's Head Burma Capricorn Conway Reef Easter Explorer Futuna Galapagos Gonâve Gorda Greenland Halmahera Iberian Indian Iranian Juan Fernández Kerguelen Kermadec Madagascar Malpelo Manus Maoke Mariana Molucca Sea New Hebrides Niuafo'ou North Andes North Bismarck North Galapagos Nubian Okinawa Panama Pelso Philippine Mobile Belt Rivera Sangihe Seychelles Shetland Solomon Sea South Bismarck South Sandwich Sunda Timor Tisza Tonga Woodlark Historical Baltic Bellingshausen Charcot Cimmeria Farallon Insular Intermontane Izanagi Kula Lhasa Malvinas Moa Phoenix List Category Earth science Commons Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Geologic principles and processes Stratigraphic principles Principle of original horizontality Law of superposition Principle of lateral continuity Principle of cross-cutting relationships Principle of faunal succession Principle of inclusions and components Walther 's law Petrologic principles Intrusive Extrusive Volcanic Exfoliation Weathering Pedogenesis Diagenesis Compaction Metamorphism Geomorphologic processes Plate tectonics Salt tectonics Tectonic uplift Subsidence Marine transgression Marine regression Sediment transport Fluvial processes Aeolian processes Glacial processes Mass wasting processes Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science GND : 4046317 - 5 NDL : 00569219 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate_tectonics&oldid=843088159 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Geodynamics Geology theories Seismology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using citations with format and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 87 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20tectonics

where do the products of the electron transport chain go

Electron transport chain

electron transport chain

An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration .

Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=815125753 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20transport%20chain

what was the last country to be colonized

Colonization

colonization

Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components .

The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism he existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' . Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ' neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement . When Britain started to settle in Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning ' empty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations . In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas . ( OR ) The term is derived from the latin world `` coler '' which means `` to inhabit '' . It is a process which a central system of power demin - ates the surrounding land and its components Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical colonizations 1.1 Classical period 1.2 Middle Ages 1.3 Modern `` Colonial Era '' colonialism 2 Modern colonization 2.1 Russia 2.1. 1 Jewish oblast 2.2 Expatriate colonies 2.3 Subject peoples 2.4 Endo - colonization 3 Hypothetical or fictional types of colonization 3.1 Colonization of Antarctica 3.2 Ocean colonization 3.3 Space colonization 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 Bibliography Historical colonizations ( edit ) Classical period ( edit ) In ancient times , maritime nations such as the city - states of Greece and Phoenicia often established colonies to farm what they believed was uninhabited land . Land suitable for farming was often occupied by migratory ' barbarian tribes ' who lived by hunting and gathering . To ancient Greeks and Phoenicians , these lands were regarded as simply vacant . However , this did not mean that conflict did not exist between the colonizers and local / native peoples . Greeks and Phoenicians also established colonies with the intent of regulating and expanding trade throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East . Another period of colonization in ancient times was during the Roman Empire . The Roman Empire conquered large parts of Western Europe , North Africa and West Asia . In North Africa and West Asia , the Romans often conquered what they regarded as ' civilized ' peoples . As they moved north into Europe , they mostly encountered rural peoples / tribes with very little in the way of cities . In these areas , waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas . Many of the current cities throughout Europe began as Roman colonies , such as Cologne , Germany , originally called Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium by the Romans , and the British capital city of London , which the Romans founded as Londinium . Middle ages ( edit ) World empires and colonies 1550 World empires and colonies 1800 The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw ( and was partly caused by ) the large - scale movement of people in Eastern Europe and Asia . This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia ( specifically the Huns ) moving into the richer pasture land to the west , thus forcing the local peoples there to move further west and so on until eventually the Goths were forced to cross into the Roman Empire , resulting in continuous war with Rome which played a major role in the fall of the Roman Empire . During this period there were the large - scale movements of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe . The events of this time saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe like the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo - Saxons in England . In West Asia , during Sassanid Empire , some Persians established colonies in Yemen and Oman . The Vikings of Scandinavia also carried out a large - scale colonization . The Vikings are best known as raiders , setting out from their original homelands in Denmark , southern Norway and southern Sweden , to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe . In time , the Vikings began trading , and established colonies . The Vikings discovered Iceland and established colonies before moving onto Greenland , where they briefly held some colonies . The Vikings launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland , which is probably at a site now known as L'Anse aux Meadows , Newfoundland and Labrador , on the eastern coastline of Canada . Modern `` colonial era '' colonialism ( edit ) Main article : Colonialism `` Colonialism '' in this context refers mostly to Western European countries ' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas , Africa , Asia and Oceania ; The main European countries active in this form of colonization included Spain , Portugal , France , the Kingdom of England ( later the Great Britain ) , the Netherlands , and the Kingdom of Prussia ( Now Germany ) , and beginning in the 18th century , the United States . Most of these countries had a period of almost complete power in world trade at some stage in the era from roughly 1500 to 1900 . Beginning in the late 19th century , Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization , most notably in Hokkaido and Korea . Some reports characterize Chinese activities in Tibet as colonization . While many European colonization schemes focused on shorter - term exploitation of economic opportunities ( Newfoundland , for example , or Siberia ) or addressed specific goals ( Massachusetts or New South Wales ) , a tradition developed of careful long - term social and economic planning for both parties , but more on the colonizing countries themselves , based on elaborate theory - building ( note James Oglethorpe 's Colony of Georgia in the 1730s and Edward Gibbon Wakefield 's New Zealand in the 1840s ) . Modern colonization ( edit ) World empires and colonies 1898 Colonization may be used as a method of absorbing and assimilating foreign people into the culture of the imperial country , and thus destroying any remnant of the cultures that might threaten the imperial territory over the long term by inspiring reform . Russia ( edit ) During the Russian Empire , a policy of Russification was followed , in order to impose the Russian language and culture on conquered people in territory adjacent to Russia itself . In this way , the Russian Empire aimed to gradually , and permanently , expand its territory by erasing foreign cultures . Foreign languages within its territory were banned , as were foreign religions . The Soviet regime in the 1920s tried to win the trust of non-Russians by promoting their ethnic cultures and establishing for them many of the characteristic institutional forms of the nation - state . The early Soviet regime was hostile to even voluntary assimilation , and tried to derussify assimilated non-Russians . Parents and students not interested in the promotion of their national languages were labeled as displaying `` abnormal attitudes '' . The authorities concluded that minorities unaware of their ethnicities had to be subjected to Belarusization , Yiddishization , Polonization etc . By the early - 1930s this extreme multiculturalist policy proved unworkable and the Soviet regime introduced a limited russification for practical reasons ; voluntary assimilation , which was often a popular demand , was allowed . The list of nationalities was reduced from 172 in 1927 to 98 in 1939 by revoking support for small nations in order to merge them into bigger ones . For example , Abkhazia was merged into Georgia and thousands of ethnic Georgians were sent to Abkhazia . The Abkhaz alphabet was changed to a Georgian base , Abkhazian schools were closed and replaced with Georgian schools , the Abkhaz language was banned . The ruling elite was purged of ethnic Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80 % of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers in Abkhazia were ethnic Georgians ( there remained 34 Abkhaz , 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions ) . Russians were now presented as the most advanced and least chauvinist people of the Soviet Union . Ethnic Russians were sent to colonize captured territory such as Latvia and Estonia , while local languages , religions and customs were banned or suppressed . Population transfer in the Soviet Union was also used both as a military strategy to extinguish opposition to Soviet expansion , and as a continuation of the Russification policy of assimilating , or failing that , eliminating ethnic minorities through exile to a distant territory such as Siberia . Jewish oblast ( edit ) In 1934 , the Soviet government established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet Far East to create a homeland for the Jewish people . Another motive was to strengthen Soviet presence along the vulnerable eastern border . The region was often infiltrated by the Chinese ; in 1927 , Chiang - Kai - Shek had ended cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party , which further increased the threat . Fascist Japan also seemed willing and ready to detach the Far Eastern provinces from the USSR . To make settlement of the inhospitable and undeveloped region more enticing , the Soviet government allowed private ownership of land . This led to many non-Jews to settle in the oblast to get a free farm . By the 1930s , a massive propaganda campaign developed to induce more Jewish settlers to move there . In one instance , a government - produced Yiddish film called Seekers of Happiness told the story of a Jewish family that fled the Great Depression in the United States to make a new life for itself in Birobidzhan . Some 1,200 non-Soviet Jews chose to settle in Birobidzhan . The Jewish population peaked in 1948 at around 30,000 , about one - quarter of the region 's population . By 2010 , according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau , there were only 1,628 people of Jewish descent remaining in the JAO ( 1 % of the total population ) , while ethnic Russians made up 92.7 % of the JAO population . The JAO is Russia 's only autonomous oblast and , aside of Israel , the world 's only Jewish territory with an official status . Expatriate colonies ( edit ) Mass migrations such as Chinese emigration or the British diaspora or German diaspora have resulted in colonies abroad . In some cases , expatriate niches set up permanently in target countries masked under the spread of `` religion and culture '' . The intentions behind the movement and settling of expatriates and in many cases ( especially when not gathered into a niche per se ) expatriates do not necessarily seek to `` expand their native civilization '' , but rather to integrate into the population of the new civilization for economic purposes . It must be recognized that expatriates are different from exiles and often there is very little if no relationship between them . Exiles are more often than not diasporic or displaced communities or persons who have fled their native territory or homeland to somewhere else and are usually in this position due to the results of war or other major political upheavals and sometimes this includes the influence of colonization . Subject peoples ( edit ) Many human colonists came to colonies for slaves to their colonizing countries , so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country . This left the indigenous natives of their lands `` slaves '' in their own countries . The Canadian Indian residential school system was identified by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( Canada ) as colonization through depriving the youth of First Nations in Canada of their languages and cultures . During the mid 20th century , there was the most dramatic and devastating attempt at colonization , and that was pursued with Nazism . Hitler and Heinrich Himmler and their supporters schemed for a mass migration of Germans to Eastern Europe , where some of the Germans were to become colonists , having control over the native people . These indigenous people were planned to be reduced to slaves or wholly annihilated . Many advanced nations currently have large numbers of guest workers / temporary work visa holders who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low - paid manual labor . Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas , because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason . Endo - colonization ( edit ) Colonization may be a domestic strategy when there is a widespread security threat within a nation and weapons are turned inward , as noted by Paul Virilio : Obsession with security results in the endo - colonization of society : endo - colonization is the use of increasingly powerful and ubiquitous technologies of security turned inward , to attempt to secure the fast and messy circulations of our globalizing , networked society ... it is the increasing domination of public life with stories of dangerous otherness and suspicion ... Some instances of the burden of endo - colonization have been noted : The acute difficulties of the Latin American and southern European military - bureaucratic dictatorships in the seventies and early eighties and the Soviet Union in the late eighties can in large part be attributed to the economic , political and social contradictions induced by endo - colonizing militarism . Hypothetical or fictional types of colonization ( edit ) Colonization of Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : Colonization of Antarctica Ocean colonization ( edit ) Main article : Ocean colonization The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth 's oceans is called ocean colonization . Related ideas such as the floating city are much less hypothetical - funds are presently being sought to build several large ships that would have permanent populations of up to 50,000 people each . Space colonization ( edit ) Main article : Space colonization In science fiction , space colonization is sometimes more benign . Humans find an uninhabited planet , and inhabit it . The colonization of Mars is an often - used example of this type of space colonization . In more recent science fiction , humans may create habitable space ( by terraforming or constructing a space habitat ) and call that a `` colony '' . On the other hand , if a planet were found to be already inhabited , much less benign consequences ensue : indeed , some science fiction authors have used the colonization of alien planets by humans , or the colonization of Earth by aliens , to explore the real - world issues surrounding the phenomenon . Such works include those of Mary Doria Russell , The Sparrow and Children of God . The ultimate form of space colonization is the Kardashev scale which assumes that a single dominant civilization will take over all energy on one planet , then one star , then a whole galaxy full of stars . However , this would not necessarily be so if other species were to be discovered during a galactic expansion . This may require more than one species to share the galactic space with each other as they both develop . See also ( edit ) Cocacolonization Colonialism Colonisation ( biology ) Human settlement Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact Coloniality of gender Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marcy Rockman ; James Steele ( 2003 ) . The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 25606 - 2 . Jump up ^ Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire : A Very Short Introduction . United States : Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Painter , Joe ; Jeffrey , Alex ( 2009 ) . Political Geography . London , GBR : SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 169 . Jump up ^ The Great Tibetan Stonewall of China , ISBN 1902681118 , page 141 Jump up ^ China 's Tibet : The World 's Largest Remaining Colony : Report of a Fact - Finding Mission and Analyses of Colonialism and Chinese Rule in Tibet . The Hague : UNPO ( Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip D. ( 2011 ) . `` Lowcountry Georgia and the Early Modern Atlantic World , 1733 - ca . 1820 '' . In Morgan , Philip D. African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry : The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee . Race in the Atlantic World , 1700 - 1900 Series . University of Georgia Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780820343075 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . ( ... ) Georgia represented a break with the past . As one scholar has noted . it was ' a preview of the later doctrines of `` systematic colonization '' advocated by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others for the settlement of Australia and New Zealand . ' In contrast to such places as Jamaica and South Carolina , the trustees intended Georgia as ' a regular colony ' , orderly , methodical , disciplined ( ... ) Jump up ^ Terry Martin ( 2001 ) . The Affirmative Action Empire : Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union , 1923 - 1939 . Cornell University press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Terry Martin ( 2001 ) . The Affirmative Action Empire : Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union , 1923 - 1939 . Cornell University press . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Per Anders Rudling ( 2014 ) . The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism , 1906 -- 1931 . University of Pittsburgh press . p. 212 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Overy ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia . W.W Norton Company , Inc. p. 558 . Jump up ^ Terry Martin ( 2001 ) . The Affirmative Action Empire : Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union , 1923 - 1939 . Cornell University press . p. 409 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia . W.W Norton Company , Inc. p. 556 . Jump up ^ George Hewitt ( 1999 ) . The Abkhazians : A Handbook . Curzon Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Summary of Historical Events in Abkhazian History , 1810 - 1993 Abkhaz World , 15 October 2008 , retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Stalin - Beria Terror in Abkhazia , 1936 - 1953 , by Stephen D. Shenfield Abkhaz World , 30 June 2010 , retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Nora Levin ( 1990 ) . The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 : Paradox of Survival , Volume 1 . New York University Press . p. 283 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia . W.W Norton Company , Inc. p. 567 . Jump up ^ Arthur Rosen , ( www. / 75mag / birobidzhan / birobidzhan. htm ) , February 2004 Jump up ^ `` Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Russian Federation , Article 65 Jump up ^ Спектор Р. , руководитель Департамента Евро - Азиатского Еврейского конгресса ( ЕАЕК ) по связям с общественностью и СМИ ( 2008 ) . под ред . Гуревич В. С. ; Рабинович А. Я. ; Тепляшин А. В. ; Воложенинова Н. Ю. , eds . `` Биробиджан -- terra incognita ? '' ( PDF ) . Биробиджанский проект ( опыт межнационального взаимодействия ) : сборник материалов научно - практической конференции . Биробиджан : ГОУ `` Редакция газеты Биробиджанер Штерн '' . Правительство Еврейской автономной области : 20 . Jump up ^ The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada ( 2015 ) . Honouring the Truth , Reconciling for the Future : Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada . Government of Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 02078 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire : A Very Short Introduction . United States : Oxford University Press . pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Mark Lacy ( 2014 ) Security , Technology and Global Politics , thinking with Virilio , page 20 , Routledge ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 57604 - 8 Jump up ^ Tim Luke & Gearoid O Tuathail ( 2000 ) `` Thinking Geopolitical Space : The spatiality of war , speed and vision in the work of Paul Virilio '' , in Thinking Space , Mike Crang & Nigel Thrift editors , Routledge , quote page 368 Bibliography ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years , 1997 . Ankerl Guy , Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and Western , INUPress , Geneva , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 88155 - 004 - 5 . ( hide ) Colonization and decolonization Earth Exploration Europe Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Empires in Modernity Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Danish New Zealand Norwegian Polish - Lithuanian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto GND : 4128651 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonization&oldid=826245667 '' Categories : Colonialism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Frysk Galego Hrvatski Ido Íslenska ქართული Lietuvių Limburgs Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization

where can polyps be found in the body

A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane . If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk , it is said to be pedunculated . If no stalk is present , it is said to be sessile . Polyps are commonly found in the colon , stomach , nose , ear , sinus ( es ) , urinary bladder , and uterus . They may also occur elsewhere in the body where mucous membranes exist like the cervix , vocal folds , and small intestine . Some polyps are tumors ( neoplasms ) and others are nonneoplastic ( for example , hyperplastic or dysplastic ) . The neoplastic ones are generally benign , although some can be premalignant and / or concurrent with a malignancy .

Polyp ( medicine )

polyp ( medicine )

A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane . If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk , it is said to be pedunculated . If no stalk is present , it is said to be sessile . Polyps are commonly found in the colon , stomach , nose , ear , sinus ( es ) , urinary bladder , and uterus . They may also occur elsewhere in the body where mucous membranes exist like the cervix , vocal folds , and small intestine . Some polyps are tumors ( neoplasms ) and others are nonneoplastic ( for example , hyperplastic or dysplastic ) . The neoplastic ones are generally benign , although some can be premalignant and / or concurrent with a malignancy .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Digestive polyps 1.1 Colorectal polyp 1.2 Inherited polyposis syndromes 1.3 Non-inherited polyposis syndromes 1.4 Types of colon polyps 1.5 Adenomatous polyps 1.5. 1 Types 1.5. 2 Risks 1.5. 3 Screening 2 Endometrial polyp 3 Cervical polyp 4 Nasal polyps 5 Laryngeal polyps 6 Footnotes 7 External links Digestive polyps ( edit ) Polyp Histologic appearance Risk of malignancy Picture Syndromes Hyperplastic Serrated unbranched crypts if polyps are more than 100 Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome Sessile serrated adenoma Similar to hyperplastic with hyperserration , dilated / branched crypt base , prominent mucin cells at crypt base Yes Inflammatory Raised mucosa / submucosa with inflammation If dysplasia develops Inflammatory bowel disease , ulcers , infections , mucosal prolapse Tubular Adenoma ( Villous , Tubulovillous ) Tubular glands with elongated nuclei ( at least low - grade atypia ) Yes Traditional Serrated Adenoma Serrated crypts , often villous architecture , with cytologic atypia , eosinophilic cells Yes Peutz - Jeghers Polyp Smooth muscle bundles between nonneoplastic epithelium , `` Christmas tree '' appearance No Peutz -- Jeghers syndrome Juvenile Polyp Cystically dilated glands with expanded lamina propria Not inherently , may develop dysplasia Juvenile polyposis syndrome , identical polyps in Cronkhite - Canada syndrome Hamartomatous Polyp ( Cowden Syndrome ) Variable ; classical mildly fibrotic polyp with disorganized mucosa and splaying of muscularis mucosae ; also inflammatory , juvenile , lipoma , ganglioneuroma , lymphoid No Cowden syndrome Inflammatory fibroid polyp Spindle cells with concentric arrangements of spindle cells around blood vessels and inflammation rich in eosinophils none Colorectal polyp ( edit ) Main article : Colorectal polyp Colon polyps are not commonly associated with symptoms . Occasionally rectal bleeding , and on rare occasions pain , diarrhea or constipation may occur because of colon polyps . Colon polyps are a concern because of the potential for colon cancer being present microscopically and the risk of benign colon polyps transforming over time into malignant ones . Since most polyps are asymptomatic , they are usually discovered at the time of colon cancer screening . Common screening methods are occult blood test , colonoscopy , sigmoidoscopy ( usually flexible sigmoidoscopy , using a flexible endoscope , but more rarely the older rigid sigmoidoscopy , using a rigid endoscope ) , lower gastrointestinal series ( barium enema ) , digital rectal examination ( DRE ) , and virtual colonoscopy . The polyps are routinely removed at the time of colonoscopy either with a polypectomy snare ( first description by P. Deyhle , Germany , 1970 ) or with biopsy forceps . If an adenomatous polyp is found with sigmoidoscopy or if a polyp is found with any other diagnostic modality , the patient must undergo colonoscopy for removal of the polyp ( s ) . Even though colon cancer is usually not found in polyps smaller than 2.5 cm , all polyps found are removed since the removal of polyps reduces the future likelihood of developing colon cancer . When adenomatous polyps are removed , a repeat colonoscopy is usually performed in three to five years . Most colon polyps can be categorized as sporadic . Inherited polyposis syndromes ( edit ) Micrograph of a Peutz - Jeghers colonic polyp - a type of hamartomatous polyp . H&E stain . Familial adenomatous polyposis Peutz -- Jeghers syndrome Turcot syndrome Juvenile polyposis syndrome Cowden disease Bannayan -- Riley -- Ruvalcaba syndrome ( Bannayan - Zonana syndrome ) Gardner 's syndrome Non-inherited polyposis syndromes ( edit ) Cronkhite -- Canada syndrome Types of colon polyps ( edit ) Malignant Hamartomatous Hyperplastic Inflammatory : Inflammatory fibroid polyp Adenomatous polyps ( edit ) Main article : Familial adenomatous polyposis Adenomatous polyps , or adenomas , are polyps that grow on the lining of the colon and which carry a high risk of cancer . The adenomatous polyp is considered pre-malignant , i.e. , likely to develop into colon cancer . The other types of polyps that can occur in the colon are the hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps . They are unlikely to develop into colorectal cancer . About 5 % of people aged 60 will have at least one adenomatous polyp of 1 cm diameter or greater . Multiple adenomatous polyps often result from familial polyposis coli or familial adenomatous polyposis , a condition that carries a very high risk of colon cancer . Types ( edit ) Adenomas constitute approximately 10 % of digestive polyps . Most polyps ( approximately 90 % ) are small , usually less than 1 cm in diameter , and have a small potential for malignancy . The remaining 10 % of adenomas are larger than 1 cm and approach a 10 % chance of containing invasive cancer . There are three types of adenomatous polyp : Tubular adenomas are the most common of the adenomatous polyps ; they may occur everywhere in the colon and they are the least likely colon polyps to develop into colon cancer Tubulovillous Villous adenomas are commonly found in the rectal area and they are normally larger in size than the other two types of adenomas . They tend to be non-pedunculated , velvety , or cauliflower - like in appearance and they are associated with the highest morbidity and mortality rates of all polyps . They can cause hypersecretory syndromes characterized by hypokalemia and profuse mucous discharge and can harbor carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma more frequently than other adenomas . Risks ( edit ) The risks of progression to colorectal cancer increases if the polyp is larger than 1 cm and contains a higher percentage of villous component . Also , the shape of the polyps is related to the risk of progression into carcinoma . Polyps that are pedunculated ( with a stalk ) are usually less dangerous than sessile polyps ( flat polyps ) . Sessile polyps have a shorter pathway for migration of invasive cells from the tumor into submucosal and more distant structures , and they are also more difficult to remove and to ascertain . Sessile polyps larger than 2 cm usually contain villous features , have a higher malignant potential , and tend to recur following colonoscopic polypectomy . Although polyps do not carry significant risk of colon cancer , tubular adenomatous polyps may become cancerous when they grow larger . Larger tubular adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of malignancy when larger because then they develop more villous components and may become sessile . It is estimated that an individual whose parents have been diagnosed with an adenomatous polyp has a 50 % greater chance to develop colon cancer than individuals with no family history of colonic polyps . At this point , there is no method to establish the risks that patients with a family history of colon polyps have to develop these growths . Overall , nearly 6 % of the population , regardless of the family history , is at risk of developing colon cancer . Screening ( edit ) Screening for colonic polyps as well as preventing them has become an important part of the management of the condition . Medical societies have established guidelines for colorectal screening in order to prevent adenomatous polyps and to minimize the chances of developing colon cancer . It is believed that some changes in the diet might be helpful in preventing polyps from occurring but there is no other way to prevent the polyps from developing into cancerous growths than by detecting and removing them . According to the guidelines established by the American Cancer Society , individuals who reach the age of 50 should perform an occult blood test yearly . Colon polyps as they grow can sometimes cause bleeding within the intestine , which can be detected with the help of this test . Also , persons in their 50s are recommended to have flexible sigmoidoscopies performed once in 3 to 5 years to detect any abnormal growth which could be an adenomatous polyp . If adenomatous polyps are detected during this procedure , it is most likely that the patient will have to undergo a colonoscopy . Medical societies recommend colonoscopies every ten years starting at age 50 as a necessary screening practice for colon cancer . The screening provides an accurate image of the intestine and also allows the removal of the polyp , if found . Once an adenomatous polyp is identified during colonoscopy , there are several methods of removal including using a snare or a heating device . Colonoscopies are preferred over sigmoidoscopies because they allow the examination of the entire colon ; a very important aspect , considering that more than half of the colonic polyps occur in the upper colon , which is not reached during sigmoidoscopies . It has been statistically demonstrated that screening programs are effective in reducing the number of deaths caused by colon cancer due to adenomatous polyps . While there are risks of complications associated with colonoscopies , those risks are extremely low at approximately 0.35 percent . For comparison , the lifetime risk of developing colon cancer is around 6 percent . As there is a small likelihood of recurrence , surveillance after polyp removal is recommended . Endometrial polyp ( edit ) Main article : Endometrial polyp An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a polyp or lesion in the lining of the uterus ( endometrium ) that takes up space within the uterine cavity . Commonly occurring , they are experienced by up to 10 % of women . They may have a large flat base ( sessile ) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle ( pedunculated ) . Pedunculated polyps are more common than sessile ones . They range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters . If pedunculated , they can protrude through the cervix into the vagina . Small blood vessels may be present in polyps , particularly large ones . Cervical polyp ( edit ) Main article : Cervical polyp A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumor on the surface of the cervical canal . They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding or increased pain but often show no symptoms . Nasal polyps ( edit ) Main article : Nasal polyp Nasal polyps are polypoidal masses arising mainly from the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses . They are overgrowths of the mucosa that frequently accompany allergic rhinitis . They are freely movable and nontender . Laryngeal polyps ( edit ) Polyps on the vocal folds can take on many different forms , and can sometimes result from vocal abuse , although this is not always the cause . They can occur on one or both vocal folds , and appear as swelling , a bump ( similar to a nodule ) , a stalk - like growth , or a blister - like lesion . Most polyps are larger than nodules , which are more similar to callouses on the vocal folds . Polyps and nodules can exhibit similar symptoms including hoarseness or breathiness , `` rough '' or `` scratchy '' voice , harshness in vocal quality , shooting pain from ear to ear , sensation of having `` a lump in the back of the throat '' , neck pain , decreased pitch range in the voice , and vocal and bodily fatigue . If an individual experiences symptoms for more than 2 to 3 weeks , they should see a physician . For a diagnosis , a thorough evaluation of the voice should include a physical examination , preferably by an otolaryngologist ( ear , nose , and throat doctor ) who specializes in voice , a voice evaluation with a speech - language pathologist ( SLP ) , a neurological examination ( in certain cases ) The qualities of the voice that will be evaluated include quality , pitch , loudness , and ability to sustain voicing . In some cases , an instrumental examination may be performed with an endoscope into the mouth or nose ; this gives a clear look at the vocal folds and larynx in general . In addition to this , a stroboscope ( flashing light ) may be used to observe the movement of the vocal folds during speech . Polyps may be treated with medical , surgical , or behavioral intervention . Surgical intervention involves removing the polyp from the vocal fold . This approach is only used when the growth ( s ) are very large , or have existed for an extended amount of time . In children , surgical intervention is rare . Existing medical problems may be treated in an effort to reduce the strain and negative impact on the vocal cords . This could include treatment for gastrointestinal reflux disease , allergies , and thyroid problems . Intervention to stop smoking and reduce stress may also be needed . Most people receive behavioral intervention , or vocal therapy , from an SLP . This might involve teaching good vocal hygiene , and reducing or stopping vocal abuse behaviors . Direct voice treatments may be used to alter pitch , loudness , or breathe support to promote good voicing . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weschler , Toni ( 2002 ) . Taking Charge of Your Fertility ( Revised ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 227 -- 8 , 330 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093764 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 's Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors , Third Edition . Jump up ^ Sternberg 's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology , Fifth Edition . ^ Jump up to : American Gastroenterological Association , `` Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question '' ( PDF ) , Choosing Wisely : an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Gastroenterological Association , retrieved August 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Deyhle P ( 1980 ) . `` Results of endoscopic polypectomy in the gastrointestinal tract '' . Endoscopy ( Suppl ) : 35 -- 46 . PMID 7408789 . Jump up ^ `` Adenomatous Polyps '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Polyps in the colon ( large bowel ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Colonic Polyps '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Management of Colonic Polyps and Adenomas '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Colon Polyps ( cont . ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Winawer , S. ; Fletcher , R. ; Rex , D. ; Bond , J. ; Burt , R. ; Ferrucci , J. ; Ganiats , T. ; Levin , T. ; Woolf , S. ; Johnson , D. ; Kirk , L. ; Litin , S. ; Simmang , C. ; Gastrointestinal Consortium , P. ( 2003 ) . `` Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance : Clinical guidelines and rationale -- Update based on new evidence '' . Gastroenterology. 124 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 560 . PMID 12557158 . doi : 10.1053 / gast. 2003.50044 . Jump up ^ `` Adenomatous Polyps Symptoms and Prevention '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Colonoscopy Risks '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , Jane ( 2007 ) . Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 1 - 900151 - 51 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uterine polyps '' . MayoClinic.com. 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Stephen S. ; Stacey E. Mills ; Darryl Carter ( 2004 ) . Sternberg 's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 2460 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4051 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Dysmenorrhea : Menstrual abnormalities '' . Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy . 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boon , Mathilde E. ; Albert J.H. Suurmeijer ( 1996 ) . The Pap Smear . Taylor & Francis . p. 87 . ISBN 3 - 7186 - 5857 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jane Bates ( 8 January 1997 ) . Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound . Cambridge University Press . pp. 77 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 900151 - 51 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyp ( medicine ) . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Polypus . ASGE Website dedicated to colon cancer awareness and early detection . ASGE Website educating the public about endoscopy . National Institutes of Health polyp website Thorough review of polyposis syndromes by Dr. Ali Nawaz Khan with CME available `` How I Do It '' -- Removing large or sessile colonic polyps . Dr. Brian Saunders MD FRCP ; St. Mark 's Academic Institute ; Harrow , Middlesex , UK . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . FAP Patient Information Sheet Diseases of the digestive system ( primarily K20 -- K93 , 530 -- 579 ) Upper GI tract Esophagus Esophagitis Candidal Eosinophilic Herpetiform Rupture Boerhaave syndrome Mallory - Weiss syndrome UES Zenker 's diverticulum LES Barrett 's esophagus Esophageal motility disorder Nutcracker esophagus Achalasia Diffuse esophageal spasm Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Esophageal stricture Megaesophagus Stomach Gastritis Atrophic Ménétrier 's disease Gastroenteritis Peptic ( gastric ) ulcer Cushing ulcer Dieulafoy 's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastroparesis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome Gastric volvulus Lower GI tract : Intestinal / Enteropathy Small intestine ( Duodenum / Jejunum / Ileum ) Enteritis Duodenitis Jejunitis Ileitis Peptic ( duodenal ) ulcer Curling 's ulcer Malabsorption : Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome Whipple 's Short bowel syndrome Steatorrhea Milroy disease Bile acid malabsorption Large intestine ( Appendix / Colon ) Appendicitis Colitis Pseudomembranous Ulcerative Ischemic Microscopic Collagenous Lymphocytic Functional colonic disease IBS Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon / Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis Large and / or small Enterocolitis Necrotizing Gastroenterocolitis IBD Crohn 's disease Vascular : Abdominal angina Mesenteric ischemia Angiodysplasia Bowel obstruction : Ileus Intussusception Volvulus Fecal impaction Constipation Diarrhea Infectious Intestinal adhesions Rectum Proctitis Radiation proctitis Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anismus Anal canal Anal fissure / Anal fistula Anal abscess Anal dysplasia Pruritus ani GI bleeding / BIS Upper Hematemesis Melena Lower Hematochezia Accessory Liver Hepatitis Viral hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis Cirrhosis PBC Fatty liver NASH Vascular Budd - Chiari syndrome Hepatic veno - occlusive disease Portal hypertension Nutmeg liver Alcoholic liver disease Liver failure Hepatic encephalopathy Acute liver failure Liver abscess Pyogenic Amoebic Hepatorenal syndrome Peliosis hepatis Metabolic disorders Wilson 's disease Hemochromatosis Gallbladder Cholecystitis Gallstones / Cholecystolithiasis Cholesterolosis Rokitansky - Aschoff sinuses Postcholecystectomy syndrome Porcelain gallbladder Bile duct / Other biliary tree Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Secondary sclerosing cholangitis Ascending Cholestasis / Mirizzi 's syndrome Biliary fistula Haemobilia Gallstones / Cholelithiasis Common bile duct Choledocholithiasis Biliary dyskinesia Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Pancreatic Pancreatitis Acute Chronic Hereditary Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic pseudocyst Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic fistula Abdominopelvic Hernia Diaphragmatic Congenital Hiatus Inguinal Indirect Direct Umbilical Femoral Obturator Spigelian Lumbar Petit 's Grynfeltt - Lesshaft Undefined location Incisional Internal hernia Richter 's Peritoneal Peritonitis Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hemoperitoneum Pneumoperitoneum Overview of tumors , cancer and oncology ( C00 -- D48 , 140 -- 239 ) Conditions Benign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head / Neck ( Oral , Nasopharyngeal ) Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging / grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes / oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc . Research Index of oncology articles History Cancer pain Cancer and nausea NDL : 00569155 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyp_(medicine)&oldid=804055508 '' Categories : Digestive system neoplasia Gynaecology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 12 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp%20%28medicine%29

you are always on my mind willy nelson

Always on My Mind

always on my mind

`` Always on My Mind '' is a song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James , and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always On My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 . The song has been a crossover hit , charting in both the country and western and pop categories .

AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award - winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Elvis Presley version 2.1 Charts 3 John Wesley Ryles ' version 3.1 Charts 4 Willie Nelson version 4.1 Chart history 5 Pet Shop Boys version 5.1 Charts 6 Other cover versions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield , Missouri , and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark . Carson , who had the song about a year and one day , was finishing a recording session . Producer Chips Moman asked about recording `` that mind '' song , but added it would need a bridge . Wayne went upstairs to the studio 's old piano , trying to work out a bridge , when Johnny and Mark walked in the door , and he asked for their help to complete his song . The trio thought that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add , but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added . So between them , the two - line `` Tell me ... '' bridge was written . The song was passed to one of Elvis 's bodyguards , who gave Presley the cut from the studio . Moman did not produce Presley 's recording , but did record the Willie Nelson version years later . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Picture sleeve for North American , some European , and Australian releases with `` Separate Ways '' in smaller font Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Separate Ways '' Released November 1972 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded March 29 , 1972 , RCA Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Country , soft rock , Gospel Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Felton Jarvis Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) Elvis Presley recorded his version of `` Always on My Mind '' on March 29 , 1972 , a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla . The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the ' 70s for Elvis . The song was released as the B - side of the `` Separate Ways '' single , which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies . It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972 . In the UK `` Always on My Mind '' was the hit song and `` Separate Ways '' was the B - side . It was voted the number 1 song of Presley 's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) 1972 Weekly Chart Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Dutch Top 40 17 French Singles Chart 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Swiss Singles Chart 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 John Wesley Ryles ' version ( edit ) In 1979 , John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition , entitled `` You Are Always on My Mind '' , from the album Let the Night Begin . The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery . A review in Billboard praised the `` brightly mixed vocals '' and `` powerful production '' . Charts ( edit ) 1979 Weekly Chart Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' A-side label of the U.S. vinyl release Single by Willie Nelson from the album Always on My Mind B - side `` The Party 's Over '' Released March 6 , 1982 Genre Country Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982 . It raced to number one on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart that May , spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart . The song also did very well on Top 40 radio , reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks . In the year end charts , it was Billboard 's biggest Country hit for 1982 . This version also charted in a number of other countries . Nelson 's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983 : songwriters Christopher , James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song ; in addition , Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years : 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher , James and Carson ; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson , and ; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album `` Always on My Mind '' . Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers : Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson . The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U.S. sales in excess of two million . In 2008 , the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame . Nelson 's version was also featured , in its entirety , in a season two ( 2013 ) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . Chart history ( edit ) 1982 Weekly Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 39 Belgian Top 40 ( Flanders ) 31 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Dutch Singles Chart 17 Irish Singles Chart 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 49 1982 Year - End Chart Position Canadian RPM Top Singles 70 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cashbox Top 100 31 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Standard artwork for commercial releases in most territories Single by Pet Shop Boys B - side `` Do I Have To ? '' Released November 30 , 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Genre Synthpop , Euro disco , Hi - NRG Length 3 : 56 ( single mix ) 5 : 55 ( remix ) 8 : 10 ( extended mix ) 9 : 04 ( album version ) Label Parlophone -- R 6171 Songwriter ( s ) Mark James , Johnny Christopher , Wayne Carson Thompson Producer ( s ) Julian Mendelsohn , Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) Alternative cover Artwork for the UK and European 12 - inch vinyl remix single Audio sample file help In 1987 , the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of `` Always on My Mind '' on Love Me Tender , a television special on the ITV network in the UK . Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley 's death , the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits . The Pet Shop Boys ' performance was so well - received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single . This version became the UK 's Christmas number one single that year . It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total , and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version . In the original the ending phrase `` always on my mind '' is sung to a IV - V - I cadence ( C-D - G ) . The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords : C-D - Gm / B ♭ - C-G ( i.e. a progression of IV - V - III - IV - I ) . In November 2004 , The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time . In October 2014 , a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all - time best cover version . In the video for Pet Shop Boys ' version of `` Always on My Mind '' ( an excerpt from their surreal music film It Could n't Happen Here ) , Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab , when an eccentric passenger gets in , played by notable British actor Joss Ackland . At the end of the song , he gets out of the car , which drives away . Standing alone , he mutters : `` You went away . It should make me feel better . But I do n't know how I 'm going to get through '' , which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track , `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' , which was released earlier in the year . In 1988 , the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP , Introspective , combining it with an acid - house track called `` In My House '' . In 2008 , Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console . In 2010 , the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades . In 2017 , Burberry released its Holiday campaign , as directed by Alasdair McLellan , which features `` Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith . It opens with Delevingne singing `` Always on My Mind '' before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 10 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 5 European Singles Chart Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 Norwegian Singles Chart Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1983 , Michael Kwan and Tracy Huang ( 黃鶯 鶯 ) covered the song in Cantonese as `` Often in My Heart '' ( 常 在 我 心 間 ) , written by lyricist Andrew Lam ( 林敏驄 ) , for Kwan 's album Often in My Heart ... Sooner or Later I Love You ( 常 在 我 心 間 ... 愛 你 不 分 早晚 ) . The Cantonese rendition became one of the year 's top ten songs awarded in the 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation . In 1984 , the duo re-adapted the song in Mandarin with the same Chinese title for Huang 's album Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils / Impulse / nu hai ping zong ( 天龍 八 部 、 衝 激 、 怒 海 萍踪 ) . Mary Elizabeth McGlynn performed a cover of the song for the soundtrack for Silent Hill : Shattered Memories in 2009 . In 2013 , the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement covered this song with various popular Spanish artists , including Montserrat Caballé . In 2017 , Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album , The Secret Daughter Season Two : Songs from the Original 7 Series . In 2017 , Ane Brun covered the song on her album , Leave Me Breathless . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Always on My Mind '' -- search results `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ George Klein ; Chuck Crisafulli . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com . p. 233 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter / Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) p. 310 . Elvis : Day by Day . ISBN 0 - 345 - 42089 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Country Billboard Singles '' . The Official Elvis Presley Website . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Favourite Elvis Song : Top 20 Results and Winner '' . Telly Chat . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always on My Mind '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Books.google.com. 1979 - 10 - 06 . p. 85 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley Ryles Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for December 29 , 1979 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 1984 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Nelson -- Always on My Mind '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1982 '' . Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pet Shop Boys : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pet Shop Boys Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` They did it their way '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . November 20 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry 's Very ' 80s Holiday Campaign '' . Fashionista . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND ( SONG ) '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=152111&srctype=g Jump up ^ 1983 年度 十 大 勁歌 金曲 頒獎 典禮 ( 十 大 勁歌 金曲 獎 ) . TVB ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Mountain Music '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 8 -- 15 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Just to Satisfy You '' by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson Preceded by `` Single Women '' by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 5 -- 12 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Listen to the Radio '' by Don Williams Preceded by `` Fire and Smoke '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Jose Cuervo '' by Shelly West Preceded by `` China in Your Hand '' by T'Pau UK number one single December 20 , 1987 -- January 9 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' by Belinda Carlisle Preceded by `` Reet Petite '' by Jackie Wilson UK Singles Chart Christmas number - one single 1987 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard Preceded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single May 21 , 1988 -- May 28 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' / `` I Beg of You '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' / `` I Got Stung '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee Brenda , That 's All All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' `` Summer of Roses '' / `` December Day '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' `` Alice in Hulaland '' 2016 `` Lay Me Down '' 2017 `` Still Not Dead '' 2018 `` Last Man Standing '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 86 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 88 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 89 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 91 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 94 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 97 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 03 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 04 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 -- 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line 2017 : `` Body Like a Back Road -- Sam Hunt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=841419183 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1970s ballads 1972 singles 1973 singles 1982 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1972 songs Amanda Lear songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Brenda Lee songs Country ballads Elvis Presley songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year John Wesley Ryles songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Pet Shop Boys songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) Songs written by Wayne Carson Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Willie Nelson songs MCA Records singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always%20on%20My%20Mind

what materials were used in the construction of the statue of liberty

Statue of Liberty

statue of liberty

The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 .

The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman goddess . She holds a torch above her head , and in her left arm carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between Édouard René de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , American artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,673,969 in 2016 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,200,917 in 2016 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $660,275 in 2016 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly New York Botanical Garden North and South Brother Islands Orchard Beach Pelham Bay Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerderkill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point VIAF : 237749661 LCCN : sh85127593 GND : 4122611 - 2 BNF : cb11968909m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=800688124 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Liberty

shaun of the dead there's something about mary

Shaun of the Dead ( comics )

shaun of the dead ( comics )

The film Shaun of the Dead has been adapted into a comic book twice .

Contents ( hide ) 1 2000 AD 2 IDW Publishing 3 References 4 See also 5 External links 2000 AD ( edit ) 2000 AD produced a Shaun of the Dead strip called `` There 's Something About Mary '' which was written by Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright , with art by Frazer Irving . It was published as part of the run up to the film and followed Mary , the first zombie , and other characters . Shaun of the Dead : `` There 's Something About Mary '' ( by Simon Pegg , Edgar Wright and Frazer Irving , in 2000 AD # 1384 , 2004 ) The DVD extras include the 2000 AD strip ( in `` Zombie Gallery '' within the `` Raw Meat '' section ) by Irving , and three new strips , drawn by Oscar Wright and narrated by the characters , which fill in the plot holes ( in , appropriately , `` Plot Holes '' within the `` Missing Bits '' section ) . IDW Publishing ( edit ) IDW Publishing produced a comic book adaptation of the film , written by IDW 's editor - in - chief Chris Ryall and drawn by Zach Howard . It was published as a four - issue mini-series in 2005 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.comicbookroundup.com/comic-books/reviews/2000ad/shaun-of-the-dead-theres-something-about-mary/1 Jump up ^ http://www.comicvine.com/2000-ad-1384-prog-1384/4000-126125/ Jump up ^ http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_734.html Jump up ^ http://www.idwpublishing.com/catalog/book/102 See also ( edit ) List of comics based on films External links ( edit ) 2000 AD profile Complete list of DVD extras IDW 's adaptation This IDW Publishing related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaun_of_the_Dead_(comics)&oldid=744187147 '' Categories : IDW Publishing titles Zombies in comics Comics based on films 2000 AD comic strips IDW Publishing comic book stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 October 2016 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20of%20the%20Dead%20%28comics%29

where did the term mother lode come from

Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore . The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance .

a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore

Mother Lode

mother lode

Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore . The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Term 2 California Mother Lode 3 In Popular Culture 4 See also 5 References Term ( edit ) The term probably came from a literal translation of the Spanish veta madre , a term common in old Mexican mining . Veta madre , for instance , is the name given to an 11 - kilometre - long ( 6.8 mi ) silver vein discovered in 1548 in Guanajuato , New Spain ( modern - day Mexico ) . California Mother Lode ( edit ) In the United States , Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard - rock gold deposits stretching northwest - southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California . It was discovered in the early 1850s , during the California gold rush . The California Mother Lode is a zone from 1.5 to 6 kilometres ( 0.93 to 3.73 mi ) wide and 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) long , between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south . The Mother Lode coincides with the suture line of a terrane , the Smartville Block . The zone contains hundreds of mines and prospects , including some of the best - known historic mines of the gold - rush era . Individual gold deposits within the Mother Lode are gold - bearing quartz veins up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) thick and a few thousand feet long . The California Mother Lode was one of the most productive gold - producing districts in the United States . Now it is known as a destination for tourism and for its vineyards . The California gold rush , as with most gold rushes , started with the discovery of placer gold in sands and gravels of streambeds , where the gold had eroded from the hard - rock vein deposits . Placer miners followed the gold - bearing sands upstream to discover the source in the bedrock . This source was the `` mother '' of the gold in the river and so was dubbed the `` mother lode '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Motherlode is a popular cheat code in The Sims that gives household 50.000 in game currency . `` Mother Lode '' is a legend in Megaman Legends saga , rumored to be a valuable treasure that could provide so much power that the world never need to fear of running out of energy and make the wearer rich . See also ( edit ) Alaska Gold Rush California Gold Rush Gold Country Placer mining References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan M. Bateman ( 1942 ) Economic Mineral Deposits . New York : Wiley , p. 465 - 466 . Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl ( 1968 ) Principal Gold - Producing Districts of the United States . US Geological Survey , Professional Paper 610 , p. 55 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_lode&oldid=820867139 '' Categories : Gold mining California Gold Rush Silver mining Metaphors referring to places Regions of California Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 02 : 20 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20lode

what region of the world is sudan in

The Sudan or Sudan ( US : / suˈdæn / ( listen ) , UK : / suˈdɑːn , - ˈdæn / ; Arabic : السودان ‎ as - Sūdān ) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan 's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان ‎ Jumhūriyyat as - Sūdān ) , is a country in Northeast Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , the Red Sea , Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east , South Sudan to the south , the Central African Republic to the southwest , Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest . It houses 37 million people ( 2017 ) and occupies a total area of 1.861. 484 square kilometres ( 718.722 square miles ) , making it the third largest country in Africa . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile .

Northeast Africa

Sudan

sudan

Republic of the Sudan جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as - Sūdān ( Arabic ) Flag Emblem Motto : النصر لنا ( Arabic ) `` An - Naṣr lanā '' `` Victory is ours '' Anthem : نحن جند الله ، جند الوطن Naḥnu Jund Allah , Jund Al - waṭan ( transliteration ) We are the Soldiers of Allah , the Soldiers of the Nation Sudan in dark green , disputed regions in light green . Capital and largest city Khartoum 15 ° 38 ′ N 032 ° 32 ′ E  /  15.633 ° N 32.533 ° E  / 15.633 ; 32.533 Official languages Arabic English Religion Islam Demonym Sudanese Government Federal dominant - party presidential republic ( de jure ) One - party state under an authoritarian dictatorship ( de facto ) President Omar al - Bashir Prime Minister Bakri Hassan Saleh First Vice President Bakri Hassan Saleh Second Vice President Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman Legislature National Legislature Upper house Council of States Lower house National Assembly Formation Sultanate of Sennar 1504 Egyptian conquest of Sudan 1820 - 74 Anglo - Egyptian Sudan 1899 Independence 1 January 1956 Current constitution 9 January 2005 Secession of South Sudan 9 July 2011 Area Total 1,886,068 km ( 728,215 sq mi ) ( 15th ) Population 2016 estimate 39,578,828 ( 35th ) 2008 census 30,894,000 ( disputed ) Density 21.3 / km ( 55.2 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $197.825 billion Per capita $4,700 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $138.090 billion Per capita $3,459 Gini ( 2009 ) 35.3 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.490 low 165th Currency Sudanese pound ( SDG ) Time zone CAT ( UTC + 2 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 249 ISO 3166 code SD Internet TLD . sd , سودان . The Sudan or Sudan ( US : / suˈdæn / ( listen ) , UK : / suˈdɑːn , - ˈdæn / ; Arabic : السودان ‎ as - Sūdān ) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan 's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan ( Arabic : جمهورية السودان ‎ Jumhūriyyat as - Sūdān ) , is a country in Northeast Africa . It is bordered by Egypt to the north , the Red Sea , Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east , South Sudan to the south , the Central African Republic to the southwest , Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest . It houses 37 million people ( 2017 ) and occupies a total area of 1.861. 484 square kilometres ( 718.722 square miles ) , making it the third largest country in Africa . Sudan 's predominant religion is Islam , and its official languages are Arabic and English . The capital is Khartoum , located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile . The history of Sudan goes back to Antiquity , when the Meroitic - speaking Kingdom of Kush controlled northern and central Sudan and , for nearly a century , even Egypt . After its fall in the mid 4th century AD the Nubians formed the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia , Makuria and Alodia . While the Nubians managed to defeat the invading Rashidun Caliphate in 642 and 652 Muslim Arabs still began to settle in Sudan : first at the Sudanese Red Sea coast and the adjacent Eastern Desert and finally , in the 14th and 15th century , in the Nile Valley . After 1365 Makuria had largely collapsed , while Alodia was conquered in c. 1500 by either Arabs or the African Funj . Afterwards central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the Funj sultanate , while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the far north . Christianity got replaced by Sufi Islam , while the Nubians living upstream of Al Dabbah and in Kordofan were also Arabized ; two processes largely completed by the 19th century . From 1820 to 1874 the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the Muhammad Ali dynasty . Between 1881 and 1885 the harsh Egyptian reign was eventually met with a successful revolt led by the self - proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad , resulting in the establishment of the Caliphate of Omdurman . This state lasted until 1899 , when it was destroyed by the British Empire . Afterwards Sudan was governed by the Anglo - Egyptian condominium . The 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese nationalism and in 1953 Britain granted Sudan self - government . Independence was proclaimed on January 1 , 1956 . Since independence , Sudan has been ruled by a series of unstable parliamentary governments and military regimes . Under Gaafar Nimeiri , Sudan instituted fundamentalist Islamic law in 1983 . This exacerbated the rift between the Arab north , the seat of the government and the black African animists and Christians in the south . Differences in language , religion , ethnicity and political power erupted in a civil war between government forces , strongly influenced by the National Islamic Front ( NIF ) and the southern rebels , whose most influential faction was the Sudan People 's Liberation Army ( SPLA ) , eventually concluding in the independence of South Sudan in 2011 . Before the Sudanese Civil War , South Sudan was part of Sudan , but it became independent in 2011 . Since 2011 Sudan 's government is engaged in a war with the Sudan Revolutionary Front . Human rights violations , religious persecution and allegations that Sudan had been a safe haven for terrorists isolated the country from most of the international community . In 1995 , the United Nations ( UN ) imposed sanctions against it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistoric Sudan ( before c. 800 BC ) 2.2 Kingdom of Kush ( c. 800 BC -- 350 AD ) 2.3 Medieval Nubian kingdoms ( c. 350 -- 1500 ) 2.4 Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur ( c. 1500 -- 1821 ) 2.5 Turkiyah and Mahdist Sudan ( 1821 -- 1899 ) 2.6 Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) 2.7 Independence ( 1956 -- ) 2.8 1990s -- 2000s 2.9 Partition and rehabilitation 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environmental issues 4 Government and politics 4.1 Sharia law 4.2 Foreign relations 4.3 Armed Forces 4.4 International organizations in Sudan 4.5 Human rights 4.5. 1 Darfur 4.6 Disputed areas and zones of conflict 4.7 Administrative divisions 4.8 Regional bodies and areas of conflict 5 Economy 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnic groups 6.2 Languages 6.3 Urban areas 6.4 Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Sport 7.3 Clothing 7.4 Media 8 Education 8.1 Science and research 9 Health care 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) The country 's place name Sudan is a name given to a geographical region to the south of the Sahara , stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa . The name derives from the Arabic bilād as - sūdān ( بلاد السودان ) , or `` the lands of the Blacks '' . The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies , ultimately meaning `` land of the blacks '' or similar meanings , in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sudan Prehistoric Sudan ( before c. 800 BC ) ( edit ) The large mud brick temple , known as the shrek or Western Deffufa , in the ancient city of Kerma Fortress of the Middle Kingdom , reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C. ) By the eighth millennium BC , people of a Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified mudbrick villages , where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattle herding . During the fifth millennium BC , migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture . The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed social hierarchy over the next centuries become the Kingdom of Kush ( with the capital at Kerma ) at 1700 BC . Anthropological and archaeological research indicate that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically , and culturally nearly identical , and thus , simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC . Kingdom of Kush ( c. 800 BC -- 350 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Kush Nubian pyramids in Meroë . Relief from Naqa depicting the royal Kushitic family approaching Apedemak ( c. 0 AD ) The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile , and the Atbarah River and the Nile River . It was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt , centered at Napata in its early phase . After King Kashta ( `` the Kushite '' ) invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC , the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty - fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians . At the height of their glory , the Kushites conquered an empire that stretched from what is now known as South Kordofan all the way to the Sinai . Pharaoh Piye attempted to expand the empire into the Near East , but was thwarted by the Assyrian king Sargon II . The Kingdom of Kush is mentioned in the Bible as having saved the Israelites from the wrath of the Assyrians , although disease among the besiegers was the main reason for the failure to take the city . The war that took place between Pharaoh Taharqa and the Assyrian king Sennacherib was a decisive event in western history , with the Nubians being defeated in their attempts to gain a foothold in the Near East by Assyria . Sennacherib 's successor Esarhaddon went further , and invaded Egypt itself , deposing Taharqa and driving the Nubians from Egypt entirely . Taharqa fled back to his homeland where he died two years later . Egypt became an Assyrian colony ; however , king Tantamani , after succeeding Taharqa , made a final determined attempt to regain Egypt . Esarhaddon died while preparing to leave the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in order to eject him . However , his successor Ashurbanipal ( 668 -- c. 627 BC ) sent a large army into southern Egypt and routed Tantamani , ending all hopes of a revival of the Nubian Empire . During Classical Antiquity , the Nubian capital was at Meroë . In ancient Greek geography , the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia ( a term also used earlier by the Assyrians when encountering the Nubians ) . The civilization of Kush was among the first in the world to use iron smelting technology . The Nubian kingdom at Meroë persisted until the fourth century AD . After the collapse of the Kushite empire several states emerged in its former territories , among them Nubia . Medieval Nubian kingdoms ( c. 350 -- 1500 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Nobatia , Makuria , Alodia , and Daju kingdom The three Christian Nubian kingdoms . The northern border of Alodia is unclear , but it also might have been located further north , between the fourth and fifth Nile cataract . On the turn of the fifth century , the Blemmyes established a short - lived state in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia , probably centered around Talmis ( Kalabsha ) , but before 450 they were already driven out of the Nile Valley by the Nobatians . The latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own , Nobatia . By the 6th century there were in total three Nubian kingdoms : Nobatia in the north , which had its capital at Pachoras ( Faras ) ; the central kingdom , Makuria centred at Tungul ( Old Dongola ) , about 13 kilometres ( 8 miles ) south of modern Dongola ; and Alodia , in the heartland of old Kushitic kingdom , which had its capital at Soba ( now a suburb of modern - day Khartoum ) . Still in the sixth century they converted to Christianity . In the seventh century , probably at some point between 628 and 642 , Nobatia was incorporated into Makuria . In 639 the Muslim Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate invaded and conquered Byzantine Egypt . In 641 or 642 and again in 652 they invaded Nubia but were repelled , making the Nubians one of the few who managed to defeat the Arabs during the Islamic expansion . Afterwards the Makurian king and the Arabs agreed on a unique non-aggression pact that also included an annual exchange of gifts , thus acknowledging Makuria 's independence . While the Arabs failed to conquer Nubia they began to settle east of the Nile , where they eventually founded several port towns and intermarried with the local Beja . Nubian bishop and Virgin Mary on a wall painting from Faras ( 11th century ) From the mid 8th - mid 11th century Christian Nubia went through its Golden Age , when its political power and cultural development peaked . In 747 Makuria invaded Egypt , which at this time belonged to the declining Umayyads , and it did so again in the early 960s , when it pushed as far north as Akhmim . Makuria maintained close dynastic ties with Alodia , perhaps resulting in the temporary unification of the two kingdoms into one state . The culture of the Medieval Nubians has been described as `` Afro - Byzantine '' , with the significance of the `` African '' component increasing over time . The state organization was extremely centralized , being based on the Byzantine bureaucracy of the 6th and 7th centuries . Arts flourished in the form of pottery paintings and especially wall paintings . The Nubians developed an own alphabet for their language , Old Nobiin , basing it on the Coptic alphabet , while also utilizing Greek , Coptic and Arabic . Women enjoyed high social status : they had access to education , could own , buy and sell land and often used their wealth to endow churches and church paintings . Even the royal succession was matrilineal , with the son of the king 's sister being the rightful heir . Since the late 11th / 12th century , Makuria 's capital Dongola was in decline , and Alodia 's capital declined in the 12th century as well . In the 14th ( the earliest recorded migration from Egypt to the Sudanese Nile Valley dates to 1324 ) and 15th century Bedouin tribes overran most of Sudan , migrating to the Butana , the Gezira , Kordofan and Darfur . In 1365 a civil war forced the Makurian court to flee to Gebel Adda in Lower Nubia , while Dongola was destroyed and left to the Arabs . Afterwards Makuria continued to exist only as a petty kingdom . The last known Makurian king was Joel , who is attested for the years 1463 and 1484 and under whom Makuria probably witnessed a brief renaissance . After his death the kingdom probably collapsed . To the south , the kingdom of Alodia fell to either the Arabs or the Funj , an African people originating from the south . Datings range from the 9th century after the Hijra ( c. 1396 -- 1494 ) , the late 15th century , 1504 to 1509 . An alodian rump state might have survived in the form of the kingdom of Fazughli , lasting until 1685 . Islamic kingdoms of Sennar and Darfur ( c. 1500 -- 1821 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Sultanate of Sennar , Tunjur kingdom , and Sultanate of Darfur The royal residence of Sennar at the time of the Egyptian conquest . Shaiqiya warrior , c. 1820 The two most important Arab tribes to emerge in Nubia were the Ja'alin and the Juhaynah . Today 's northern Sudanese culture often combines Nubian and Arabic elements . During the 16th century , the Funj people under Amara Dunqus , appeared in southern Nubia and supplanted the remnants of the old Christian kingdom of Alodia , establishing as - Saltana az - Zarqa ( the Blue Sultanate ) , also called Sennar . The Blue Sultanate eventually became the keystone of the Funj Empire . By the mid-16th century , Sennar controlled Al Jazirah and commanded the allegiance of vassal states and tribal districts north to the Third Cataract and south to the rainforests . The government was substantially weakened by a series of succession arguments and coups within the royal family . In the west rose a new kingdom , the sultanate of Darfur , which had succeeded the Tunjur kingdom . At its peak in the late 18th and early 19th century it stretched as far east as the western banks of the Nile . In 1820 , Muhammad Ali of Egypt sent 4000 troops to invade Sudan . His forces accepted Sennar 's surrender from the last Funj sultan , Badi VII . Darfur 's Kordofan province was conquered in 1821 , and Darfur itself was incorporated in 1874 . Turkiyah and Mahdist Sudan ( 1821 -- 1899 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Sudan ( 1821 -- 85 ) , Mahdist Sudan , and Anglo - Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896 -- 1899 Ismail Pasha , the Ottoman Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879 . Muhammad Ahmad ruler of Sudan , 1881 -- 1885 . In 1821 , the Ottoman ruler of Egypt , Muhammad Ali , had invaded and conquered northern Sudan . Although technically the Vali of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire , Muhammad Ali styled himself as Khedive of a virtually independent Egypt . Seeking to add Sudan to his domains , he sent his third son Ismail ( not to be confused with Isma'il Pasha mentioned later ) to conquer the country , and subsequently incorporate it into Egypt . This policy was expanded and intensified by Ibrahim Pasha 's son , Isma'il , under whose reign most of the remainder of modern - day Sudan was conquered . The Egyptian authorities made significant improvements to the Sudanese infrastructure ( mainly in the north ) , especially with regard to irrigation and cotton production . In 1879 , the Great Powers forced the removal of Ismail and established his son Tewfik Pasha in his place . Tewfik 's corruption and mismanagement resulted in the ' Urabi Revolt , which threatened the Khedive 's survival . Tewfik appealed for help to the British , who subsequently occupied Egypt in 1882 . Sudan was left in the hands of the Khedivial government , and the mismanagement and corruption of its officials . During the Khedivial period , dissent had spread due to harsh taxes imposed on most activities . Taxation on irrigation wells and farming lands were so high most farmers abandoned their farms and livestock . During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade had an adverse impact on the economy of northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah , the Mahdi ( Guided One ) , offered to the ansars ( his followers ) and those who surrendered to him a choice between adopting Islam or being killed . The Mahdiyah ( Mahdist regime ) imposed traditional Sharia Islamic laws . From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885 , Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco - Egyptian government of the Sudan , known as the Turkiyah . Muhammad Ahmad died on 22 June 1885 , a mere six months after the conquest of Khartoum . After a power struggle amongst his deputies , Abdallahi ibn Muhammad , with the help primarily of the Baggara of western Sudan , overcame the opposition of the others and emerged as unchallenged leader of the Mahdiyah . After consolidating his power , Abdallahi ibn Muhammad assumed the title of Khalifa ( successor ) of the Mahdi , instituted an administration , and appointed Ansar ( who were usually Baqqara ) as emirs over each of the several provinces . The flight of the Khalifa after his defeat at the Battle of Omdurman . Regional relations remained tense throughout much of the Mahdiyah period , largely because of the Khalifa 's brutal methods to extend his rule throughout the country . In 1887 , a 60,000 - man Ansar army invaded Ethiopia , penetrating as far as Gondar . In March 1889 , king Yohannes IV of Ethiopia marched on Metemma ; however , after Yohannes fell in battle , the Ethiopian forces withdrew . Abd ar Rahman an Nujumi , the Khalifa 's general , attempted an invasion of Egypt in 1889 , but British - led Egyptian troops defeated the Ansar at Tushkah . The failure of the Egyptian invasion broke the spell of the Ansar 's invincibility . The Belgians prevented the Mahdi 's men from conquering Equatoria , and in 1893 , the Italians repelled an Ansar attack at Agordat ( in Eritrea ) and forced the Ansar to withdraw from Ethiopia . In the 1890s , the British sought to re-establish their control over Sudan , once more officially in the name of the Egyptian Khedive , but in actuality treating the country as a British colony . By the early 1890s , British , French and Belgian claims had converged at the Nile headwaters . Britain feared that the other powers would take advantage of Sudan 's instability to acquire territory previously annexed to Egypt . Apart from these political considerations , Britain wanted to establish control over the Nile to safeguard a planned irrigation dam at Aswan . Herbert Kitchener led military campaigns against the Mahdist Sudan from 1896 to 1898 . Kitchener 's campaigns culminated in a decisive victory in the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898 . Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Egyptian Sudan The Mahdist War was fought between a group of Muslim dervishes , called Mahdists , who had over-run much of Sudan , and the British forces . In 1899 , Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was run by a governor - general appointed by Egypt with British consent . In reality Sudan was effectively administered as a Crown colony . The British were keen to reverse the process , started under Muhammad Ali Pasha , of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyptian leadership , and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further uniting the two countries . Under the Delimitation , Sudan 's border with Abyssinia was contested by raiding tribesmen trading slaves , breaching boundaries of law . In 1905 Local chieftain Sultan Yambio reluctant to the end gave up the struggle with British forces that had occupied the Kurdofan region , finally ending the lawlessness . The continued British administration of Sudan fuelled an increasingly strident nationalist backlash , with Egyptian nationalist leaders determined to force Britain to recognise a single independent union of Egypt and Sudan . With a formal end to Ottoman rule in 1914 , Sir Reginald Wingate was sent that December to occupy Sudan as the new Military Governor . Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt and Sudan , as was his brother and successor , Fuad I. They continued upon their insistence of a single Egyptian - Sudanese state even when the Sultanate of Egypt was retitled as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan , but it was Sa 'd Zaghlul who continued to be frustrated in the ambitions until his death in 1927 . A camel soldier of the native forces of the British army , early 20th century . From 1924 until independence in 1956 , the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate territories , the north and south . The assassination of a Governor - General of Khartoum in Cairo was the causative factor ; it brought demands of the newly elected Wafd government from colonial forces . A permanent establishment of two battalions in Khartoum was renamed the Sudan Defence Force acting as under the government , replacing the former garrison of Egyptian army soldiers , saw action afterwards during the Wal Wal Incident . The Wafdist parliamentary majority had rejected Sarwat Pasha 's accommodation plan with Austen Chamberlain in London ; yet Cairo still needed the money . The Sudan Government 's revenue had reached a peak in 1928 at £ 6.6 million , thereafter the Wafdist disruptions , and Italian borders incursions from Somaliland , London decided to reduce expenditure during the Great Depression . Cotton and Gum exports were dwarfed by the necessity to import almost everything from Britain leading to a balance of payments deficit at Khartoum . In July 1936 the Liberal Constitutional leader , Muhammed Mahmoud was persuaded to bring Wafd delegates to London to sign the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty , `` the beginning of a new stage in Anglo - Egyptian relations '' , wrote Anthony Eden . The British Army was allowed to return to the Sudan to protect the Canal Zone . They were able to find training facilities ; and the RAF was free to fly over Egyptian territory . It did not however resolve the problem of Sudan : the Sudanese Intelligentsia agitated for a return to metropolitan rule , conspiring with Germany 's agents . Mussolini made it clear that he could not invade Abyssinia without first conquering Egypt and the Sudan ; they intended unification of Libya with Italian East Africa . The British Imperial General Staff prepared for a military defence of the region , which was lamentably thin on the ground . The British ambassador blocked Italian attempts to secure a Non-Aggression Treaty with Egypt - Sudan . But Mahmoud was a supporter of the Mufti of Jerusalem ; the region was caught between the Empire 's efforts to save the Jews , and moderate Arab calls to halt migration . The Sudanese Government was directly involved militarily in the East African Campaign . Formed in 1925 , the Sudan Defence Force played an active part in responding to incursions early in World War Two . Italian troops occupied Kassala and other border areas from Italian Somaliland during 1940 . In 1942 , the SDF also played a part in the invasion of the Italian colony by British and Commonwealth forces . The last British governor - general was Robert George Howe . The Egyptian revolution of 1952 finally heralded the beginning of the march towards Sudanese independence . Having abolished the monarchy in 1953 , Egypt 's new leaders , Muhammad Naguib , whose mother was Sudanese , and later Gamal Abdel Nasser , believed the only way to end British domination in Sudan was for Egypt to officially abandon its claims of sovereignty . In addition Nasser knew it would be difficult for Egypt to govern an impoverished Sudan after its independence . The British on the other hand continued their political and financial support for the Mahdist successor , Abd al - Rahman al - Mahdi , whom it was believed would resist Egyptian pressure for Sudanese independence . Rahman was capable of this , but his regime was plagued by political ineptitude , which garnered a colossal loss of support in northern and central Sudan . Both Egypt and Britain sensed a great instability fomenting , and thus opted to allow both Sudanese regions , north and south to have a free vote on whether they wished independence or a British withdrawal . Independence ( 1956 -- ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Sudan ( 1956 -- 1969 ) , History of Sudan ( 1969 -- 85 ) , and History of Sudan ( 1986 -- present ) This section is missing information about the history of Sudan between 1956 and 1969 and between 1977 and 1989 . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( January 2016 ) Sudan 's flag raised at independence ceremony on 1 January 1956 by the Prime Minister Ismail al - Azhari and in presence of opposition leader Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub A polling process was carried out resulting in composition of a democratic parliament and Ismail al - Azhari was elected first Prime Minister and led the first modern Sudanese government . On 1 January 1956 , in a special ceremony held at the People 's Palace , the Egyptian and British flags were lowered and the new Sudanese flag , composed of green , blue and yellow stripes , was raised in their place by the prime minister Ismail al - Azhari . Dissatisfaction culminated in a second coup d'état on 25 May 1969 . The coup leader , Col. Gaafar Nimeiry , became prime minister , and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties . Disputes between Marxist and non-Marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in a briefly successful coup in July 1971 , led by the Sudanese Communist Party . Several days later , anti-communist military elements restored Nimeiry to power . In 1972 , the Addis Ababa Agreement led to a cessation of the north - south civil war and a degree of self - rule . This led to ten years hiatus in the civil war but less happily an end to American investment in the Jonglei Canal project . This had been considered absolutely essential to irrigate the Upper Nile region and to prevent an environmental catastrophe and wide - scale famine among the local tribes , most especially the Dinka . In the civil war that followed their homeland was raided looted , pillaged and burned . Many of the tribe were murdered in a bloody civil war that raged for over 20 years . 1971 Sudanese coup d'état Until the early 1970s , Sudan 's agricultural output was mostly dedicated to internal consumption . In 1972 , the Sudanese government became more pro-Western , and made plans to export food and cash crops . However , commodity prices declined throughout the 1970s causing economic problems for Sudan . At the same time , debt servicing costs , from the money spent mechanizing agriculture , rose . In 1978 , the IMF negotiated a Structural Adjustment Program with the government . This further promoted the mechanized export agriculture sector . This caused great hardship for the pastoralists of Sudan ( See Nuba Peoples ) . In 1976 , the Ansars had mounted a bloody but unsuccessful coup attempt . But in July 1977 , President Nimeiry met with Ansar leader Sadiq al - Mahdi , opening the way for a possible reconciliation . Hundreds of political prisoners were released , and in August a general amnesty was announced for all oppositionists . On 30 June 1989 , Colonel Omar al - Bashir led a bloodless military coup . The new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level . Later al - Bashir carried out purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army , the banning of associations , political parties , and independent newspapers , and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists . On 16 October 1993 , al - Bashir appointed himself `` President '' and disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council . The executive and legislative powers of the council were taken by al - Bashir . 1990s -- 2000s ( edit ) In the 1996 general election he was the only candidate by law to run for election . Sudan became a one - party state under the National Congress Party ( NCP ) . During the 1990s , Hassan al - Turabi , then Speaker of the National Assembly , reached out to Islamic fundamentalist groups , invited Osama bin Laden to the country . The United States subsequently listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism . The U.S. bombed Sudan in 1998 , targeting the Al - Shifa pharmaceutical factory . Al - Turabi 's influence began to wane , others in favour of more pragmatic leadership tried to change Sudan 's international isolation . The country worked to appease its critics by expelling members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave . Government Militia in Darfur Before the 2000 presidential election , al - Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President 's powers , prompting al - Bashir to order a dissolution and declare a state of emergency . When al - Turabi urged a boycott of the President 's re-election campaign signing agreement with Sudan People 's Liberation Army , al - Bashir suspected they were plotting to overthrow the government . Hassan al - Turabi was jailed later the same year . In February 2003 , the Sudan Liberation Movement / Army ( SLM / A ) and Justice and Equality Movement ( JEM ) groups in Darfur took up arms , accusing the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favor of Sudanese Arabs , precipitating the War in Darfur . The conflict has since been described as a genocide , and the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) in The Hague has issued two arrest warrants for al - Bashir . Arabic - speaking nomadic militias known as the Janjaweed stand accused of many atrocities . On 9 January 2005 , the government signed the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement with the Sudan People 's Liberation Movement ( SPLM ) with the objective of ending the Second Sudanese Civil War . The United Nations Mission in Sudan ( UNMIS ) was established under the UN Security Council Resolution 1590 to support its implementation . The peace agreement was a prerequisite to the 2011 referendum : the result was a unanimous vote in favour of secession of South Sudan ; the region of Abyei will hold its own referendum at a future date . South Sudanese independence referendum , 2011 The Sudan People 's Liberation Army ( SPLA ) was the primary member of the Eastern Front , a coalition of rebel groups operating in eastern Sudan . After the peace agreement , their place was taken in February 2004 after the merger of the larger Hausa and Beja Congress with the smaller Rashaida Free Lions . A peace agreement between the Sudanese government and the Eastern Front was signed on 14 October 2006 , in Asmara . On 5 May 2006 , the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed , aiming at ending the three - year - long conflict . The Chad -- Sudan Conflict ( 2005 -- 2007 ) had erupted after the Battle of Adré triggered a declaration of war by Chad . The leaders of Sudan and Chad signed an agreement in Saudi Arabia on 3 May 2007 to stop fighting from the Darfur conflict spilling along their countries ' 1,000 - kilometre ( 600 mi ) border . In July 2007 the country was hit by devastating floods , with over 400,000 people being directly affected . Since 2009 , a series of ongoing conflicts between rival nomadic tribes in Sudan and South Sudan have caused a large number of civilian casualties . Partition and rehabilitation ( edit ) The Sudan internal conflict in the early 2010s between the Army of Sudan and the Sudan Revolutionary Front started as a dispute over the oil - rich region of Abyei in the months leading up to South Sudanese independence , though it is also related to civil war in Darfur that is nominally resolved . On January 13 , 2017 , President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order that lifted many sanctions placed against Sudan and assets of its government held abroad . On October 6 , 2017 , President Donald Trump lifted most of the remaining sanctions against the country and its petroleum , export - import , and property industries . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Sudan A map of Sudan . The Hala'ib Triangle has been under Egyptian administration since 2000 . A Köppen climate classification map of Sudan . Sudan is situated in northern Africa , with a 853 km ( 530 mi ) coastline bordering the Red Sea . It has land borders with Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia , South Sudan , the Central African Republic , Chad , and Libya . With an area of 1,886,068 km ( 728,215 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country on the continent ( after Algeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo ) and the sixteenth largest in the world . Sudan lies between latitudes 8 ° and 23 ° N. The terrain is generally flat plains , broken by several mountain ranges . In the west the Deriba Caldera ( 3,042 m or 9,980 ft ) , located in the Marrah Mountains , is the highest point in Sudan . In the east are the Red Sea Hills . The Blue and White Nile rivers meet in Khartoum to form the River Nile , which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea . The Blue Nile 's course through Sudan is nearly 800 km ( 497 mi ) long and is joined by the Dinder and Rahad Rivers between Sennar and Khartoum . The White Nile within Sudan has no significant tributaries . There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles . Among them are the Sennar and Roseires Dams on the Blue Nile , and the Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile . There is also Lake Nubia on the Sudanese - Egyptian border . Rich mineral resources are available in Sudan including asbestos , chromite , cobalt , copper , gold , granite , gypsum , iron , kaolin , lead , manganese , mica , natural gas , nickel , petroleum , silver , tin , uranium and zinc . Climate ( edit ) The amount of rainfall increases towards the south . The central and the northern part have extremely dry desert areas such as the Nubian Desert to the northeast and the Bayuda Desert to the east ; in the south there are swamps and rainforest . Sudan 's rainy season lasts for about three months ( July to September ) in the north , and up to six months ( June to November ) in the south . The dry regions are plagued by sandstorms , known as haboob , which can completely block out the sun . In the northern and western semi-desert areas , people rely on the scant rainfall for basic agriculture and many are nomadic , travelling with their herds of sheep and camels . Nearer the River Nile , there are well - irrigated farms growing cash crops . The sunshine duration is very high all over the country but especially in deserts where it could soar to over 4,000 h per year . Environmental issues ( edit ) Desertification is a serious problem in Sudan . There is also concern over soil erosion . Agricultural expansion , both public and private , has proceeded without conservation measures . The consequences have manifested themselves in the form of deforestation , soil desiccation , and the lowering of soil fertility and the water table . The nation 's wildlife is threatened by hunting . As of 2001 , twenty - one mammal species and nine bird species are endangered , as well as two species of plants . Endangered species include : the waldrapp , northern white rhinoceros , tora hartebeest , slender - horned gazelle , and hawksbill turtle . The Sahara oryx has become extinct in the wild . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Sudan The military situation in Sudan as of 21 February 2016 . Under control of the Sudanese Government and Allies Under control of the Sudan Revolutionary Front and allies Under control of the Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council Officially , the politics of Sudan takes place in the framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic , where the President of Sudan is head of state , head of government and commander - in - chief of the Sudan People 's Armed Forces in a multi-party system . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the bicameral parliament -- the National Legislature , with its National Assembly ( lower chamber ) and the Council of States ( upper chamber ) . The judiciary is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court . It is part of the Northern Africa grouping of the UN geoscheme . JEM rebels in Darfur . Both the government and the rebels have been accused of atrocities . Executive posts are divided between the NCP , the SPLA , the Sudanese Eastern Front and factions of the Umma Party and Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) . According to the new 2005 constitution , the bicameral National Legislature is the official Sudanese parliament and is divided between two chambers -- the National Assembly , a lower house with 450 seats , and the Council of States , an upper house with 50 seats . Thus the parliament consists of 500 appointed members altogether , where all are indirectly elected by state legislatures to serve six - year terms . Despite his international arrest warrant , al - Bashir was a candidate in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election , the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating in twenty - four years . In the build - up to the vote , Sudanese pro-democracy activists say they faced intimidation by the government and the International Crisis Group reported that the ruling party had gerrymandered electoral districts . A few days before the vote , the main opposition candidate , Yasir Arman from the SPLM , withdrew from the race . The U.S. - based Carter Center , which helped monitor the elections , described the vote tabulation process as `` highly chaotic , non-transparent and vulnerable to electoral manipulation . '' Al - Bashir was declared the winner of the election with sixty - eight percent of the vote . Sharia law ( edit ) The legal system in Sudan is based on Islamic Sharia law . The 2005 Naivasha Agreement , ending the civil war between north and south Sudan , established some protections for non-Muslims in Khartoum . Sudan 's application of Sharia law is geographically inconsistent . Stoning remains a judicial punishment in Sudan . Between 2009 and 2012 , several women were sentenced to death by stoning . Flogging is a legal punishment . Between 2009 and 2014 , many people were sentenced to 40 -- 100 lashes . In August 2014 , several Sudanese men died in custody after being flogged. 53 Christians were flogged in 2001 . Sudan 's public order law allows police officers to publicly whip women who are accused of public indecency . Crucifixion is a legal punishment . In 2002 , 88 people were sentenced to death for crimes relating to murder , armed robbery , and participating in ethnic clashes , Amnesty International wrote that they could be executed by either hanging or crucifixion . International Court of Justice jurisdiction is accepted , though with reservations . Under the terms of the Naivasha Agreement , Islamic law did not apply in South Sudan . Since the secession of South Sudan there is some uncertainty as to whether Sharia law will now apply to the non-Muslim minorities present in Sudan , especially because of contradictory statements by al - Bashir on the matter . The judicial branch of the Sudanese government consists of a Constitutional Court of nine justices , the National Supreme Court , the Court of Cassation , and other national courts ; the National Judicial Service Commission provides overall management for the judiciary . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Sudan Bashir ( right ) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick , 2005 Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community , owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance . For much of the 1990s , Uganda , Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad - hoc alliance called the `` Front Line States '' with support from the United States to check the influence of the National Islamic Front government . The Sudanese Government supported anti-Ugandan rebel groups such as the Lord 's Resistance Army ( LRA ) . As the National Islamic Front regime in Khartoum gradually emerged as a real threat to the region and the world , the U.S. began to list Sudan on its list of State Sponsors of Terrorism . After the US listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism , the NIF decided to develop relations with Iraq , and later Iran , the two most controversial countries in the region . From the mid-1990s , Sudan gradually began to moderate its positions as a result of increased U.S. pressure following the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings , in Tanzania and Kenya , and the new development of oil fields previously in rebel hands . Sudan also has a territorial dispute with Egypt over the Hala'ib Triangle . Since 2003 , the foreign relations of Sudan had centered on the support for ending the Second Sudanese Civil War and condemnation of government support for militias in the war in Darfur . Sudan has extensive economic relations with China . China obtains ten percent of its oil from Sudan . According to a former Sudanese government minister , China is Sudan 's largest supplier of arms . In December 2005 , Sudan became one of the few states to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara . In 2015 , Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was deposed in the 2011 uprising . Armed forces ( edit ) Main article : Sudan People 's Armed Forces The Sudan People 's Armed Forces is the regular forces of Sudan and is divided into five branches : the Sudanese Army , Sudanese Navy ( including the Marine Corps ) , Sudanese Air Force , Border Patrol and the Internal Affairs Defense Force , totalling about 200,000 troops . The military of Sudan has become a well - equipped fighting force , thanks to increasing local production of heavy and advanced arms . These forces are under the command of the National Assembly and its strategic principles include defending Sudan 's external borders and preserving internal security . Since the Darfur crisis in 2004 , safe - keeping the central government from the armed resistance and rebellion of paramilitary rebel groups such as the Sudan People 's Liberation Army ( SPLA ) , the Sudanese Liberation Army ( SLA ) and the Justice and Equality Movement ( JEM ) have been important priorities . While not official , the Sudanese military also uses nomad militias , the most prominent being the Janjaweed , in executing a counter-insurgency war . Somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 people have died in the violent struggles . International organizations in Sudan ( edit ) Several UN agents are operating in Sudan such as the World Food Program ( WFP ) ; the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation ( FAO ) ; the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) ; the United Nations Industrial Development Organizations ( UNIDO ) ; the United Nations Children Fund ( UNICEF ) ; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) ; the United Nations Mine Service ( UNMAS ) , the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) and the World Bank . Also present is the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) . Since Sudan has experienced civil war for many years , many Non-Governmental Organisations ( NGOs ) are also involved in humanitarian efforts to help internally displaced people . The NGOs are working in every corner of Sudan , especially in the southern part and western parts . During the civil war , international nongovernmental organizations such as the Red Cross were operating mostly in the south but based in the capital Khartoum . The attention of NGOs shifted shortly after the war broke out in the western part of Sudan known as Darfur . The most visible organization in South Sudan is the Operation Lifeline Sudan ( OLS ) consortium . Some international trade organizations categorize Sudan as part of the Greater Horn of Africa Even though most of the international organizations are substantially concentrated in both South Sudan and Darfur region , some of them are working in the northern part as well . For example , the United Nations Industrial Development Organization is successfully operating in Khartoum , the capital . It is mainly funded by the European Union and recently opened more vocational training . The Canadian International Development Agency is operating largely in northern Sudan . Human rights ( edit ) Main articles : Human rights in Sudan , Freedom of religion in Sudan , and Slavery in Sudan Since 1983 , a combination of civil war and famine has taken the lives of nearly 2 million people in Sudan . It is estimated that as many as 200,000 people had been taken into slavery during the Second Sudanese Civil War . Sudan ranks 172 of 180 countries in terms of freedom of the press according to Reporters Without Borders , yet more curbs of press freedom to report official corruption are planned . Muslims who convert to Christianity can face the death penalty for apostasy , see Persecution of Christians in Sudan and the death sentence against Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag ( who actually was raised as Christian ) . According to a 2013 UNICEF report , 88 % of women in Sudan had undergone female genital mutilation . Sudan 's Personal Status law on marriage has been criticized for restricting women 's rights and allowing child marriage . Evidence suggests that support for female genital mutilation remains high , especially among rural and less well educated groups , although it has been declining in recent years . Homosexuality is illegal and is a capital offense in Sudan . Darfur ( edit ) Darfur refugee camp in Chad , 2005 A letter dated 14 August 2006 , from the executive director of Human Rights Watch found that the Sudanese government is both incapable of protecting its own citizens in Darfur and unwilling to do so , and that its militias are guilty of crimes against humanity . The letter added that these human - rights abuses have existed since 2004 . Some reports attribute part of the violations to the rebels as well as the government and the Janjaweed . The U.S. State Department 's human - rights report issued in March 2007 claims that `` ( a ) ll parties to the conflagration committed serious abuses , including widespread killing of civilians , rape as a tool of war , systematic torture , robbery and recruitment of child soldiers . '' Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated at 300,000 killed . Both government forces and militias allied with the government are known to attack not only civilians in Darfur , but also humanitarian workers . Sympathizers of rebel groups are arbitrarily detained , as are foreign journalists , human - rights defenders , student activists and displaced people in and around Khartoum , some of whom face torture . The rebel groups have also been accused in a report issued by the U.S. government of attacking humanitarian workers and of killing innocent civilians . According to UNICEF , in 2008 , there were as many as 6,000 child soldiers in Darfur . Disputed areas and zones of conflict ( edit ) In mid-April 2012 , the South Sudanese army captured the Heglig oil field from Sudan . In mid-April 2012 the Sudanese army recaptured Heglig . Kafia Kingi and Radom National Park was a part of Bahr el Ghazal in 1956 . Sudan has recognized South Sudan independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956 . The Abyei Area is disputed region between Sudan and South Sudan . It is currently under Sudan rule . The states of South Kurdufan and Blue Nile are to hold `` popular consultations '' to determine their constitutional future within the Sudan . The Hala'ib triangle is disputed region between Sudan and Egypt . It is currently under Egyptian administration . Bir Tawil is a terra nullius occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan , claimed by neither state . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : States of Sudan , List of Sudan 's state governors , and Districts of Sudan Sudan is divided into 18 states ( wilayat , sing . wilayah ) . They are further divided into 133 districts . Central and northern states Darfur Eastern Front Abyei area South Kurdufan and Blue Nile states Al Jazirah Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kurdufan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kurdufan West Darfur West Kurdufan White Nile Regional bodies and areas of conflict ( edit ) In addition to the states , there also exist regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups . The Darfur Regional Authority was established by the Darfur Peace Agreement to act as a co-ordinating body for the states that make up the region of Darfur . The Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council was established by the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement between the Sudanese Government and the rebel Eastern Front to act as a coordinating body for the three eastern states . The Abyei Area , located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan , currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration . It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join an independent South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of the Sudan . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Sudan See also : Communications in Sudan and Transport in Sudan Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 In 2010 , Sudan was considered the 17th - fastest - growing economy in the world and the rapid development of the country largely from oil profits even when facing international sanctions was noted by The New York Times in a 2006 article . Because of the secession of South Sudan , which contained over 80 percent of Sudan 's oilfields , Sudan entered a phase of stagflation , GDP growth slowed to 3.4 percent in 2014 , 3.1 percent in 2015 and is projected to recover slowly to 3.7 percent in 2016 while inflation remained as high as 21.8 % as of 2015 . Even with the oil profits before the secession of South Sudan , Sudan still faced formidable economic problems , and its growth was still a rise from a very low level of per capita output . The economy of Sudan has been steadily growing over the 2000s , and according to a World Bank report the overall growth in GDP in 2010 was 5.2 percent compared to 2009 growth of 4.2 percent . This growth was sustained even during the war in Darfur and period of southern autonomy preceding South Sudan 's independence . Oil was Sudan 's main export , with production increasing dramatically during the late 2000s , in the years before South Sudan gained independence in July 2011 . With rising oil revenues , the Sudanese economy was booming , with a growth rate of about nine percent in 2007 . The independence of oil - rich South Sudan , however , placed most major oilfields out of the Sudanese government 's direct control and oil production in Sudan fell from around 450,000 barrels per day ( 72,000 m / d ) to under 60,000 barrels per day ( 9,500 m / d ) . Production has since recovered to hover around 250,000 barrels per day ( 40,000 m / d ) for 2014 -- 15 . In order to export oil , South Sudan relies on a pipeline to Port Sudan on Sudan 's Red Sea coast , as South Sudan is a landlocked country , as well as the oil refining facilities in Sudan . In August 2012 , Sudan and South Sudan agreed a deal to transport South Sudanese oil through Sudanese pipelines to Port Sudan . The People 's Republic of China is one of Sudan 's major trading partners , China owns a 40 percent share in the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . The country also sells Sudan small arms , which have been used in military operations such as the conflicts in Darfur and South Kordofan . While historically agriculture remains the main source of income and employment hiring of over 80 percent of Sudanese , and makes up a third of the economic sector , oil production drove most of Sudan 's post-2000 growth . Currently , the International Monetary Fund IMF is working hand in hand with Khartoum government to implement sound macroeconomic policies . This follows a turbulent period in the 1980s when debt - ridden Sudan 's relations with the IMF and World Bank soured , culminating in its eventual suspension from the IMF . The program has been in place since the early 1990s , and also work - out exchange rate and reserve of foreign exchange . Since 1997 , Sudan has been implementing the macroeconomic reforms recommended by the International Monetary Fund . Agricultural production remains Sudan 's most - important sector , employing 80 percent of the workforce and contributing 39 percent of GDP , but most farms remain rain - fed and susceptible to drought . Instability , adverse weather and weak world - agricultural prices ensures that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years . The Merowe Dam , also known as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam , is a large construction project in Northern Sudan , about 350 kilometres ( 220 mi ) north of the capital , Khartoum . It is situated on the River Nile , close to the Fourth Cataract where the river divides into multiple smaller branches with large islands in between . Merowe is a city about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) downstream from the dam 's construction site . The main purpose of the dam will be the generation of electricity . Its dimensions make it the largest contemporary hydropower project in Africa . The construction of the dam was finished December 2008 , supplying more than 90 percent of the population with electricity . Other gas - powered generating stations are operational in Khartoum State and other States . According to the Corruptions Perception Index , Sudan is one of the most corrupt nations in the world . According to the Global Hunger Index of 2013 , Sudan has an GHI indicator value of 27.0 indicating that the nation has an ' Alarming Hunger Situation ' and earning the nation the distinction of being the 5th hungriest nation in the world . According to the 2015 Human Development Index ( HDI ) Sudan ranked the 167st place in Human Development , indicating Sudan still has one of the lowest human development in the world . Almost one - fifth of Sudan 's population lives below the international poverty line which means living on less than US $1.25 per day . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Sudan Student from Khartoum Population in Sudan Year Million 1950 5.7 2000 27.2 2016 39.6 In Sudan 's 2008 census , the population of Northern , Western and Eastern Sudan was recorded to be over 30 million . This puts present estimates of the population of Sudan after the secession of South Sudan at a little over 30 million people . This is a significant increase over the past two decades as the 1983 census put the total population of Sudan , including present - day South Sudan , at 21.6 million . The population of Greater Khartoum ( including Khartoum , Omdurman , and Khartoum North ) is growing rapidly and was recorded to be 5.2 million . Despite being a refugee - generating country , Sudan also hosts a refugee population . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , 310,500 refugees and asylum seekers lived in Sudan in 2007 . The majority of this population came from Eritrea ( 240,400 people ) , Chad ( 45,000 ) , Ethiopia ( 49,300 ) and the Central African Republic ( 2,500 ) . The Sudanese government UN High Commissioner for Refugees in 2007 forcibly deported at least 1,500 refugees and asylum seekers during the year . Sudan is a party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Sudanese Arab of Al - Manasir The Arab presence is estimated at 70 % of the Sudanese population . Others include the Arabized ethnic groups of Nubians , Zaghawa , and Copts . Sudan has 597 groups that speak over 400 different languages and dialects . Sudanese Arabs are by far the largest ethnic group in Sudan . They are almost entirely Muslims ; while the majority speak Sudanese Arabic , some other Arab tribes speak different Arabic dialects like Awadia and Fadnia tribes and Bani Arak tribes who speak Najdi Arabic ; and Rufa'a , Bani Hassan , Al - Ashraf , Kinanah and Rashaida who speak Hejazi Arabic . In addition , the Western province comprises various ethnic groups , while a few Arab Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat and others who speak Sudanese Arabic share the same culture and backgrounds of the Sudanese Arabs . The majority of Arabized and indigenous tribes like the Fur , Zaghawa , Borgo , Masalit and some Baggara ethnic groups , who speak Chadian Arabic , show less cultural integration because of cultural , linguistic and genealogical variations with other Arab and Arabized tribes . Sudanese Arabs of Northern and Eastern parts descend primarily from migrants from the Arabian Peninsula and intermarriages with the pre-existing indigenous populations of Sudan , especially the Nubian people , who also share a common history with Egypt . Additionally , a few pre-Islamic Arabian tribes existed in Sudan from earlier migrations into the region from Western Arabia , although most Arabs in Sudan are dated from migrations after the 12th century . The vast majority of Arab tribes in Sudan migrated into the Sudan in the 12th century , intermarried with the indigenous Nubian and other African populations and introduced Islam . Sudan consists of numerous other non-Arabic groups , such as the Masalit , Zaghawa , Fulani , Northern Nubians , Nuba , and the Beja people . There is also a small , but prominent Greek community . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Sudan The Arabic - speaking Rashaida came to Sudan from Arabia about 170 years ago . Approximately 70 languages are native to Sudan . Sudanese Arabic is the most widely spoken language in the country . It is the variety of Arabic , an Afroasiatic language of the Semitic branch spoken throughout Sudan . The dialect has borrowed much vocabulary from local Nilo - Saharan languages ( Nobiin , Fur , Zaghawa , Mabang ) . This has resulted in a variety of Arabic that is unique to Sudan , reflecting the way in which the country has been influenced by Nilotic , Arab , and western cultures . Few nomads in Sudan still have similar accents to the ones in Saudi Arabia . Other important languages include Beja ( AKA Bedawi ) along the Red Sea , with perhaps 2 million speakers . It is the only language from the Afroasiatic family 's Cushitic branch that is today spoken in the territory . As with South Sudan , a number of Nilo - Saharan languages are also spoken in Sudan . Fur speakers inhabit the west ( Darfur ) , with perhaps a million speakers . There are likewise various Nubian languages , with over 6 million speakers along the Nile in the north . The most linguistically diverse region in the country is the Nuba Hills area in Kordofan , inhabited by speakers of multiple language families , with Darfur and other border regions being second . The Niger - Congo family is represented by many of the Kordofanian languages , and Indo - European by Domari ( Gypsy ) and English . Historically , Old Nubian , Greek , and Coptic were the languages of Christian Nubia , while Meroitic was the language of the Kingdom of Kush , which conquered Egypt . Sudan also has multiple regional sign languages , which are not mutually intelligible . A 2009 proposal for a unified Sudanese Sign Language had been worked out , but was not widely known . Prior to 2005 , Arabic was the nation 's sole official language . In the 2005 constitution , Sudan 's official languages became Arabic and English . Urban areas ( edit ) Further information : List of cities in Sudan Largest cities or towns in Sudan Rank Name State Pop . Khartoum Omdurman Khartoum Khartoum 5,185,000 Khartoum North Port Sudan Omdurman Khartoum 2,395,159 Khartoum North Khartoum 1,725,570 Port Sudan Red Sea 489,725 5 Kassala Kassala 419,030 6 El Obeid North Kurdufan 418,280 7 Wad Madani Al Jazirah 345,290 8 El Fasher North Darfur 263,243 9 Ad - Damazin Blue Nile 212,712 10 Geneina West Darfur 200,000 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Sudan Masjid Al - Nilin , August 2007 Religion in Sudan religion percent Islam 97 % African Traditional Religion 1.5 % Christianity 1.5 % At the 2011 division which split off South Sudan , over 97 % of the population in the remaining Sudan adheres to Islam . Most Muslims are divided between two groups : Sufi and Salafi ( Ansar Al Sunnah ) Muslims . Two popular divisions of Sufism , the Ansar and the Khatmia , are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist parties , respectively . Only the Darfur region has traditionally been bereft of the Sufi brotherhoods common in the rest of the country . Significant , long - established groups of Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Christians exist in Khartoum and other northern cities . Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox communities also exist in Khartoum and eastern Sudan , largely made up of refugees and migrants from the past few decades . The largest groups affiliated with Western Christian denominations are Roman Catholic and Anglican . Other Christian groups with smaller followings in the country include the Africa Inland Church , the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Sudan Church of Christ , the Sudan Interior Church , Jehovah 's Witnesses , the Sudan Pentecostal Church , the Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian Church ( in the North ) . Religious identity plays a role in the country 's political divisions . Northern and western Muslims have dominated the country 's political and economic system since independence . The NCP draws much of its support from Islamists , Salafis / Wahhabis and other conservative Arab Muslims in the north . The Umma Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims from Darfur and Kordofan . The Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) includes both Arab and non-Arab Muslims in the north and east , especially those in the Khatmia Sufi sect . Culture ( edit ) Further information : Music of Sudan , List of Sudanese writers , and List of Sudanese singers Sudanese culture melds the behaviors , practices , and beliefs of about 578 ethnic groups , communicating in 145 different languages , in a region microcosmic of Africa , with geographic extremes varying from sandy desert to tropical forest . Recent evidence suggests that while most citizens of the country identify strongly with both Sudan and their religion , Arab and African supranational identities are much more polarising and contested . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Sudan A Sufi dervish drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in Omdurman . Sudan has a rich and unique musical culture that has been through chronic instability and repression during the modern history of Sudan . Beginning with the imposition of strict Salafi interpretation of sharia law in 1989 , many of the country 's most prominent poets , like Mahjoub Sharif , were imprisoned while others , like Mohammed el Amin ( returned to Sudan in the mid-1990s ) and Mohammed Wardi ( returned to Sudan 2003 ) , fled to Cairo . Traditional music suffered too , with traditional Zār ceremonies being interrupted and drums confiscated . At the same time European militaries contributed to the development of Sudanese music by introducing new instruments and styles ; military bands , especially the Scottish bagpipes , were renowned , and set traditional music to military march music . The march March Shulkawi No 1 , is an example , set to the sounds of the Shilluk . In northern Sudan different music from the rest of Sudan , is used as a type of music called ( Aldlayib ) used a musical instrument called ( Tambur ) are industry manually and has five strings and is made from wood and made wonderful music accompanied by the voices of human applause and singing artists give a perfect blend gives the area Northern State special character . Sport ( edit ) The most popular sports in Sudan are athletics ( track and field ) and football . Though not as successful as football , basketball , handball , and volleyball are also popular in Sudan . In the 1960s and 1970s , the national basketball team finished among the continent 's top teams . Nowadays , it is only a minor force . Sudanese football has a long history . Sudan was one of the four African nations -- the others being Egypt , Ethiopia and South Africa -- which formed African football . Sudan hosted the first African Cup of Nations in 1956 , and has won the African Cup Of Nations once , in 1970 . Two years later , the Sudan National Football Team participated in the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich . The nation 's capital is home to the Khartoum League , which is considered to be the oldest football league in Africa . Sudanese football teams such as Al - Hilal and El - Merreikh are among the nation 's strongest teams . Other teams like Khartoum , El - Neel , Al - Nidal El - Nahud and Hay - Al Arab , are also starting to grow in popularity . Clothing ( edit ) Most individual Sudanese wear either traditional or western attire . A traditional garb widely worn in Sudan is the jalabiya , which is a loose - fitting , long - sleeved , collarless ankle - length garment also common to Egypt . The jalabiya is accompanied by a large scarf worn by women , and the garment may be white , colored , striped , and made of fabric varying in thickness , depending on the season of the year and personal preferences . A similar garment common to Sudan is the thobe or thawb , pronounced tobe in Sudanese dialect . The thobe is a long one piece cloth that women wrap around their inner garments . The word `` thawb '' means `` garment '' in Arabic , and the thawb itself is the traditional Arab dress for men . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Sudan Sudanese author Leila Aboulela Sudanese tourists by the Meroë pyramids in various types of clothing . Sudanese women in Darfur Herders at the camel market on the far west side of Omdurman Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Sudan Khartoum University established in 1902 Education in Sudan is free and compulsory for children aged 6 to 13 years . Primary education consists of eight years , followed by three years of secondary education . The former educational ladder 6 + 3 + 3 was changed in 1990 . The primary language at all levels is Arabic . Schools are concentrated in urban areas ; many in the West have been damaged or destroyed by years of civil war . In 2001 the World Bank estimated that primary enrollment was 46 percent of eligible pupils and 21 percent of secondary students . Enrollment varies widely , falling below 20 percent in some provinces . The literacy rate is 70.2 % of total population , male : 79.6 % , female : 60.8 % . Science and Research ( edit ) Sudan has 19 universities ; instruction is primarily in Arabic . Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education . In addition , the `` islamization '' encouraged by president Al - Bashir alienated many researchers : the official language of instruction in universities was changed from English to Arabic and Islamic courses became mandatory . Internal science funding withered . According to UNESCO , more than 3000 Sudanese researchers left the country between 2002 and 2014 . By 2013 , the country had a mere 19 researchers for every 100,000 citizens , or 1 / 30 the ratio of Egypt , according to the Sudanese National Centre for Research . In 2015 , Sudan published only about 500 scientific papers . For comparison , Poland , a country of similar population size , publishes on the order of 10,000 papers per year . Health care ( edit ) Main article : Health care in Sudan See also ( edit ) Sudan portal Book : Sudan List of heads of government of Sudan Outline of Sudan Lost Boys of Sudan Society for the Study of the Sudans UK Sudan Studies Association Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 constitution in English '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 June 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan country profile '' . BBC . 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rayah , Mubarak B. ( 1978 ) . Sudan civilization . Democratic Republic of the Sudan , Ministry of Culture and Information . p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discontent over Sudan census '' . News24 . Cape Town . Agence France - Presse. 21 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sudan '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ( 2011 ) , Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 18th ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521152532 ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook : Sudan '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . ISSN 1553 - 8133 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html#su Jump up ^ Davison , Roderic H. ( 1960 ) . `` Where is the Middle East ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 38 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 675 . doi : 10.2307 / 20029452 . Jump up ^ http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 Jump up ^ Collins , Robert O. ( 2008 ) . A History of Modern Sudan . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85820 - 5 . Jump up ^ International Association for the History of Religions ( 1959 ) , Numen , Leiden : EJ Brill , p. 131 , West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West , to the Cameroons in the East ; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan , the Bilad as - Sūdan , ' Land of the Blacks ' , of the Arabs Jump up ^ `` Sudan A Country Study '' . Countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ Keita , S.O.Y. ( 1993 ) . `` Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships '' . History in Africa . 20 : 129 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 3171969 . JSTOR 317196 . Jump up ^ Roux , Georges ( 1992 ) . Ancient Iraq . Penguin Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 193825 - 7 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 16 - 22 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 24&26 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 68 - 70 . Jump up ^ Hasan 1967 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Shinnie 1978 , p. 572 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Ruffini 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , pp. 408 - 409 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2004 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Adams 1977 , p. 496 . Jump up ^ Adams 1977 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , pp. 236 - 239 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , pp. 344 - 345 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Hasan 1967 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hasan 1967 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Hasan 1967 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Werner 2013 , pp. 143 - 145 . Jump up ^ Lajtar 2011 , p. 130 - 131 . Jump up ^ Ruffini 2012 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Welsby 2002 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Vantini 1975 , pp. 786 -- 787 . Jump up ^ Hasan 1967 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Vantini 1975 , p. 784 . Jump up ^ Vantini 2006 , pp. 487 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Spaulding 1974 , pp. 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1902 ) . `` The Rebellion of the Mahdi '' . The River War . Jump up ^ Rudolf Carl Freiherr von Slatin ; Sir Francis Reginald Wingate ( 1896 ) . Fire and Sword in the Sudan . E. Arnold . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Archived from the original on 9 December 2000 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Daly , Empire on the Nile , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Morewood , The British Defence of Egypt , ( Suffolk 2005 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Daly , pp. 457 -- 59 Jump up ^ Morewood , The British Defence of Egypt 1935 -- 40 , ( Suffolk , 1940 ) , p. 94 - 5 Jump up ^ Arthur Henderson , 8 May 1936 quoted in Daly , Empire on the Nile , p. 348 Jump up ^ Sir Miles Lampson quoted in diary , 29 September 1938 ; Morewood , p. 117 Jump up ^ Morewood , p. 164 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Sudan '' . Sudan Embassy in London . 20 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Factbox -- Sudan 's President Omar Hassan al - Bashir '' . Reuters. 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bekele , Yilma ( 12 July 2008 ) . `` Chickens Are Coming Home To Roost ! '' . Ethiopian Review . Addis Ababa . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam . Harvard University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01090 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 14 July 2008 ) . `` Profile : Omar al - Bashir '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ The New York Times . 16 March 1996 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Sudan '' . HistoryWorld . n.d . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Shahzad , Syed Saleem ( 23 February 2002 ) . `` Bin Laden Uses Iraq To Plot New Attacks '' . Asia Times . Hong Kong . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Families of USS Cole Victims Sue Sudan for $105 Million '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Graham E. ( 2004 ) . The Future of Political Islam . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6556 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wright , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . The Looming Tower . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 221 -- 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26608 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Sudan 's President Bashir '' . BBC News . 25 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ali , Wasil ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Sudanese Islamist Opposition Leader Denies Link with Darfur Rebels '' . Sudan Tribune . Paris . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Prosecutor Presents Case Against Sudanese President , Hassan Ahmad al Bashir , for Genocide , Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes in Darfur '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Prosecutor , International Criminal Court . 14 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warrant issued for Sudan 's Bashir '' . BBC News . 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Colum ; Hamilton , Rebecca ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` International Criminal Court Charges Sudan 's Omar Hassan al - Bashir with Genocide '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNMIS Media Monitoring Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Mission in Sudan. 4 January 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Darfur Peace Agreement '' . US Department of State . 8 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Restraint Plea to Sudan and Chad '' . Al Jazeera . Agence France - Presse. 27 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan , Chad Agree To Stop Fighting '' . China Daily . Beijing . Associated Press . 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN : Situation in Sudan could deteriorate if flooding continues '' . International Herald Tribune . Paris . Associated Press . 6 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan Floods : At Least 365,000 Directly Affected , Response Ongoing '' ( Press release ) . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . Relief Web . 6 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wadhams , Nick ; Gebre , Samuel ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions '' . Bloomberg Politics . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan geography '' . Institute for Security Studies . 12 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . Country Studies . n.d . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geography of Sudan '' . Sudan Embassy in London . n.d. Archived from the original on 30 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan -- Geography & Environment '' . Oxfam GB . n.d. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Desertification & Desert Cultivation Studies Institute '' . University of Khartoum . n.d . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soil conservation and land reclamation in the Sudan '' . United Nations University . n.d . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan -- Environment '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . n.d . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . United Nations Statistics Division . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Omar al - Bashir Declared Winner of Sudan Poll '' . BBC News . 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Rebecca ( 13 August 2010 ) . `` In Challenge to Sudanese Ruling Party , Student Activists Rally for Democracy '' . The Washington Post ( via the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting ) . Archived from the original on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Mazen , Maram ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Sudan 's Ruling Party Rigged Upcoming Vote , Crisis Group Says '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . New York . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Butty , James ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Yasir Arman 's Sudan Expert Says Yasir Arman 's Withdrawal from Election Significant '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chaotic Sudan Count Open to Manipulation -- Observers '' . Reuters. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan 's haphazard Sharia legal system has claimed too many victims '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese woman sentenced to stoning death over adultery claims '' . Jump up ^ `` Woman faces death by stoning in Sudan '' . Jump up ^ `` Rights Group Protests Stoning of Women in Sudan '' . Jump up ^ `` Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers '' . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese woman who married a non-Muslim sentenced to death '' . Jump up ^ `` Pregnant woman sentenced to death and 100 lashes '' . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Man gets 40 lashes for sharing ' rape ' video '' . Jump up ^ `` Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court - ordered flogging '' . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Pair accused of kissing face 40 lashes '' . Jump up ^ `` Detainee dies in custody in Port Sudan after court - ordered flogging '' . Sudan Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Two Sudanese men died after being detained and flogged 40 times each , says rights group '' . The Journal . Jump up ^ `` Two Sudan men die after floggings : rights group '' . Agence France - Presse . Jump up ^ `` Sudanese authorities flog 53 Christians on rioting charges '' . The BG News . Jump up ^ `` Shocking video : Sudanese woman flogged for getting into car with man who is n't related to her '' . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Imminent Execution / Torture / Unfair trial '' . Amnesty International . 17 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing -- Legal System '' . The World Factbook . US Central Intelligence Agency . n.d . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits -- president '' . BBC News . 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Sheridan ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Court frees Sudanese woman sentenced to death for being Christian '' . nydailynews.com . Jump up ^ `` The world 's enduring dictators '' . CBS News . 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Peter S. ( 23 December 2004 ) . `` China Invests Heavily In Sudan 's Oil Industry -- Beijing Supplies Arms Used on Villagers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces '' . Morocco Times . Casablanca. 26 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Backs Saudi - Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics , Spying '' . Bloomberg. 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen , inflaming tensions in region '' . CNN . 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : National Security '' . Mongabay . n.d . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Sudan 's Darfur Conflict '' . BBC News . 23 February 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday : AU '' . People 's Daily . Beijing . Xinhua News Agency . 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad -- U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . 11 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . International Organization for Migration. 2 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sudans '' . Gatineau , Quebec : Canadian International Development Agency . 29 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darfur -- overview '' . Unicef . n.d . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan , Nuba Mountains , May 2003 -- WFP delivered food aid via road convoy '' . World Food Programme. 8 May 2003 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Daniel , and Ben Watkins . `` Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa : logical components and logical linkages . '' Disasters 27.1 ( 2003 ) : 72 - 90 . Jump up ^ `` EU , UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills , entrepreneurship for job creation '' ( Press release ) . UN Industrial Development Organization . 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( April 2001 ) . `` Sudan : Nearly 2 Million Dead as a Result of the World 's Longest Running Civil War '' . Archived from the original on 10 December 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 10 ... U.S. Committee for Refugees . Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` SUDAN : CSI highlights ' slavery and manifestations of racism ' '' . IRIN . September 2001 . Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` allAfrica.com : Sudanese Authorities Urged Not to Introduce `` Censorship Bureau '' `` . allAfrica.com . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ UNICEF 2013 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Time to Let Sudan 's Girls Be Girls , Not Brides '' . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan worst in Africa with legal marriage at age 10 '' . Thomson Reuters Foundation . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander ; Kandala , Ngianga - Bakwin . `` Geography and correlates of attitude toward Female Genital Mutilation ( FGM ) in Sudan : What can we learn from successive Sudan opinion poll data ? '' . Spatial and Spatio - temporal Epidemiology . doi : 10.1016 / j. sste. 2015.12. 001 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries , research finds '' . The Independent . 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to the U.N. Security Council on Sudan Sanctions and Civilian Protection in Darfur '' . Human Rights Watch . 15 August 2006 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Darfur Tops U.S. List of Worst Human Rights Abuses '' . USA Today . Washington DC . Associated Press . 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Sudan 's Darfur conflict '' . BBC News . 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan -- Report 2006 '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 3 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Africa -- Sudan ' has 6,000 child soldiers ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial of the Government of Sudan '' ( PDF ) . The Hague : Permanent Court of Arbitration. 18 December 2008 . p. xii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Sudan ready to declare independence '' ( Press release ) . Menas Associates . 8 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economy '' . Government of South Sudan. 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Jump up ^ ( registration required ) Gettleman , Jeffrey ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` War in Sudan ? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Sudan Economic Outlook Jump up ^ `` South Sudan Gets Ready for Independence '' . Al Jazeera. 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Gettleman , Jeffrey ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` As Secession Nears , Sudan Steps Up Drive to Stop Rebels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 June 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Sudan , South Sudan reach oil deal , will hold border talks Jump up ^ `` The ' Big 4 ' -- How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum '' . Amnesty International USA . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Moira ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Oil for China , Guns for Darfur '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . New York . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard P.C. Brown ( 1992 ) . Public Debt and Private Wealth : Debt , Capital Flight and the Imf in Sudan . Macmillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 57543 - 7 . Jump up ^ Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 . Full table and rankings . Transparency International . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Welthungerhilfe , IFPRI , and Concern Worldwide : 2013 Global Hunger Index -- The challenge of hunger : Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security . Bonn , Washington D.C. , Dublin . October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2013 Human Development Report -- `` The Rise of the South : Human Progress in a Diverse World '' `` . HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme . pp. 144 -- 147 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan : Population living below $1.25 PPP per day ( % ) '' . undp.org . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Heavens , Andrew ( 21 May 2009 ) . `` Southerners dismiss Sudan pre-poll census count '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan -- Population '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Sudan : Copts '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Copts migration '' . Sudanupdate.org . Jump up ^ Bechtold , Peter R. ( 1991 ) . `` More Turbulence in Sudan '' . In Voll , John . Sudan : State and Society in Crisis . Boulder , CA : Westview Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Suliman , Osman ( 2010 ) . The Darfur Conflict : Geography or Institutions ? . Taylor & Francis . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 83616 - 3 . Jump up ^ وزير خارجية السودان الاسبق حسين ابوصالح ل `` الشرق '' : التهديدات الامريكية للسودان كانت تصلنا في ورقة صغيرة دون ترويسة اوامضاء ( in Arabic ) . Almshaheer.com . Jump up ^ Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1888 ) . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 17 . p. 16 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Raymond G. , Jr. ( ed . ) , 2009 . Ethnologue : Languages of the World , 16th ed . Dallas : SIL International . Online version : `` Languages of Sudan '' Jump up ^ Karen Andrae ( 2009 ) Language for inclusion ( Sign language in Sudan ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Leclerc , Jacques . `` L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde , `` Soudan '' '' ( in French ) . Trésor de la langue française au Québec . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wick , Marc . `` Sudan - Largest Cities '' . GeoNames . GeoNames . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Sudan Overview '' . UNDP Sudan . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamid Eltgani Ali , Darfur 's Political Economy : A Quest for Development , pg. 9 . Abingdon - on - Thames : Routledge , 2014 . ISBN 9781317964643 Jump up ^ `` '' Hamilton , A. and Hudson , J. ( 2014 ) Bribery and Identity : Evidence from Sudan . Bath Economic Research Papers , No 21 / 14 `` '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Sudan country profile '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Federal Research Division . December 2004 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nordling , Linda ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Sudan seeks a science revival '' . Science . 358 ( 6369 ) : 1369 -- 1369 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 358.6369. 1369 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 29242326 . Jump up ^ `` The top 20 countries for scientific output '' . www.openaccessweek.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Adams , William Y. ( 1977 ) . Nubia . Corridor to Africa . Princeton University . ISBN 0691093709 . Berry , LaVerle B. , ed. ( 2015 ) . Sudan : A Country Study . Library of Congress ( Washington , D.C. ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8444 - 0750 - 0 . Beswick , Stephanie ( 2004 ) . Sudan 's Blood Memory . University of Rochester . ISBN 1580462316 . Brown , Richard P.C. ( 1992 ) . Public Debt and Private Wealth : debt , capital flight and the IMF in Sudan . Macmillan Publishers London ISBN 0 - 333 - 57543 - 1 . Churchill , Winston ( 1899 ; 2000 ) . The River War : An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan . Carroll & Graf Publishers ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 0751 - 5 . Edwards , David ( 2004 ) . The Nubian Past : An Archaeology of the Sudan . Routledge . ISBN 0415369878 . Clammer , Paul ( 2005 ) . Sudan : The Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides ( Chalfont St. Peter ) ; Globe Pequot Press . ( Guilford , Connecticut ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 114 - 2 . Evans - Pritchard , Blake ; Polese , Violetta ( 2008 ) . Sudan : The City Trail Guide . City Trail Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559274 - 0 - 9 . Edwards , David ( 2004 ) . The Nubian Past : An Archaeology of the Sudan . Routledge . ISBN 0415369878 . El Mahdi , Mandour. ( 1965 ) . A Short History of the Sudan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 913158 - 9 . Fadlalla , Mohamed H. ( 2005 ) . The Problem of Dar Fur , iUniverse ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 36502 - 9 . Fadlalla , Mohamed H. ( 2004 ) . Short History Of Sudan . iUniverse ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 31425 - 6 . Fadlalla , Mohamed H. ( 2007 ) . UN Intervention in Dar Fur , iUniverse ( New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 42979 - 0 . Hasan , Yusuf Fadl ( 1967 ) . The Arabs and the Sudan . From the seventh to the early sixteenth century . Edinburgh University . OCLC 33206034 . Jok , Jok Madut ( 2007 ) . Sudan : Race , Religion and Violence . Oneworld Publications ( Oxford ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85168 - 366 - 6 . Mwakikagile , Godfrey ( 2001 ) . Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan : The State Against Blacks , in The Modern African State : Quest for Transformation . Nova Science Publishers ( Huntington , New York ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 936 - 5 . Shinnie , P.L. ( 1978 ) . `` Christian Nubia . '' . In J.D. Fage . The Cambridge History of Africa . Volume 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University . pp. 556 -- 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21592 - 3 . O'Fahey , Rex Seán ; Spauling , Jay Lloyd ( 1974 ) . Kingdoms of the Sudan . Methuen Publishing ( London ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 77450 - 4 . Covers Sennar and Darfur . Peterson , Scott ( 2001 ) . Me Against My Brother : At War in Somalia , Sudan and Rwanda -- A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa . Routledge ( London ; New York City ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 90290 - 5 . Prunier , Gérard ( 2005 ) . Darfur : The Ambiguous Genocide . Cornell University Press ( Ithaca , New York ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4450 - 0 . Ruffini , Giovanni R. ( 2012 ) . Medieval Nubia . A Social and Economic History . Oxford University . Vantini , Giovanni ( 1975 ) . Oriental Sources concerning Nubia . Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften . OCLC 174917032 . Welsby , Derek ( 2002 ) . The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia . Pagans , Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile . London : British Museum . ISBN 0714119474 . ( in German ) Werner , Roland ( 2013 ) . Das Christentum in Nubien . Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche . Lit . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 12196 - 7 . Zilfū , ʻIṣmat Ḥasan ( translation : Clark , Peter ) ( 1980 ) . Karari : The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman . Frederick Warne & Co ( London ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7232 - 2677 - 2 . Article `` Quo Vadis bilad as - Sudan ? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution '' . Law in Africa ( Cologne ; 2005 ) . Vol. 8 , pp. 63 -- 82 . ISSN 1435 - 0963 . Lajtar , Adam ( 2011 ) . `` Qasr Ibrim 's last land sale , AD 1463 ( EA 90225 ) '' . Nubian Voices . Studies in Christian Nubian Culture . McGregor , Andrew ( 2011 ) . `` Palaces in the Mountains : An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur '' . Sudan&Nubia. 15 : 129 -- 141 . Spaulding , Jay ( 1974 ) . `` The Fate of Alodia '' ( PDF ) . Meroitic Newsletter . Académie des Inscriptions et Belles - Lettres. 15 : 12 -- 30 . ISSN 1266 - 1635 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 06 - 23 . Vantini , Giovanni ( 2006 ) . `` Some new light on the end of Soba '' . In Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva . Acta Nubica . Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9 -- 14 September 2002 . Libreria Dello Stato . pp. 487 -- 491 . ISBN 88 - 240 - 1314 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSudanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of Sudan website Archaeological sites in Sudan Sudan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado -- Boulder Libraries Sudan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikimedia Atlas of Sudan `` Sudan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Sudan profile from BBC News CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan Sudan articles History Timeline Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkiyah Mahdiyah Anglo - Egyptian rule Independent Sudan First Civil War Nimeiri Era Second Civil War Transitional Military Council Mahdi Coalition Governments War in Darfur United Nations Mission Sudanese nomadic conflicts Internal conflict ( from 2011 ) Geography Cities Districts Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Subdivisions States Al Jazirah Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kurdufan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kurdufan West Darfur West Kurdufan White Nile Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT LGBT history Military Air Force Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister State Governors Economy Banks Central Bank Companies Dinar ( former currency ) Energy Merowe Dam Pound ( currency ) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Airports Airlines Society Child marriage Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages Refugees Religion Islam Social order Culture Art Literature Media Music Sport Outline Category Portal Articles relating to Sudan hide Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 15 ° 37 ′ 59 '' N 32 ° 31 ′ 59 '' E  /  15.63306 ° N 32.53306 ° E  / 15.63306 ; 32.53306 ( Khartoum ) Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Gaza Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria North Syria Federation Turkish occupation of northern Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette Greater Middle East History timeline Music Religion Irreligion Countries bordering the Red Sea Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Yemen Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean Africa Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea France Mayotte Réunion Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rodrigues ( Mauritius ) Seychelles Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Zanzibar , Tanzania Asia Bangladesh British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago - United Kingdom Christmas Island ( Australia ) Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) India Indonesia Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Sri Lanka Thailand Timor - Leste Yemen Other Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australia International membership African Union ( AU ) History Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR , Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport Market Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa Category Community of Sahel - Saharan States ( CEN - SAD ) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Libya Mali Mauritania Morocco Niger Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Togo Tunisia Arab League Arab League Lists Portal Arab world Politics Charter Council Flag Geography Headquarters History Military Joint Defence Council Parliament Arab Union Membership Members Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen Observers Brazil Eritrea India Turkey Venezuela Suspended Syria Candidates Chad South Sudan Diplomacy Arab Peace Initiative Arab League monitors in Syria Arab League -- European Union relations Foreign relations Life Demographics Economy GDP Economic and Social Council Institutions Sport Transport Pan-Arabism Union of Arab National Olympic Committees Arab Games Languages English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Coordinates : 15 ° N 032 ° E  /  15 ° N 32 ° E  / 15 ; 32 BNF : cb11880521p ( data ) GND : 4058378 - 8 HDS : 3466 ISNI : 0000 0001 2165 5557 LCCN : n79022301 NARA : 10035841 NDL : 00571512 NKC : ge131030 VIAF : 148908080 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan&oldid=850458780 '' Categories : Sudan 1956 establishments in Africa Arabic - speaking countries and territories English - speaking countries and territories Federal republics Least developed countries Member states of the African Union Member states of the Arab League Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations Military dictatorships North African countries Saharan countries States and territories established in 1956 Countries in Africa Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2011 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with login required references or sources CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles containing Arabic - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( US English ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with German - language external links Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 210 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan

who sang you're the best thing that ever happened

`` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me '' Single by Ray Price from the album You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me B - side `` What Kind of Love is This '' Released July 1973 ( U.S. ) Format 7 '' Recorded ca . May 1973 Genre Country Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia 45889 Songwriter ( s ) Jim Weatherly Producer ( s ) Don Law Ray Price singles chronology `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' ( 1972 ) `` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Storms of Troubled Times '' ( 1974 ) `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' ( 1972 ) `` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Storms of Troubled Times '' ( 1974 )

Ray Price

You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me

you're the best thing that ever happened to me

`` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me '' -- also known simply as `` Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me '' -- is a song written by Jim Weatherly , and enjoyed two runs of popularity , each by an artist in a different genre .

Weatherly told Tom Roland in The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits that he wrote the song in 1971 and let his father - in - law first record it as a Christmas present for the latter 's wife . `` I thought it was really strange that nobody 'd written a song with that title -- possibly somebody had , but I 'd never heard it -- so I just sat down and let this stream of consciousness happen . I basically wrote it in a very short period of time , probably 30 minutes or an hour . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The versions 1.1 Ray Price country version 1.2 Gladys Knight & the Pips pop / R&B version 1.3 James Cleveland gospel version 2 Chart history 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 The Persuaders R&B version 2.4 Dean Martin pop version 2.5 Andy Williams version 2.6 Steve Lawrence version 2.7 Ray LaMontagne version 3 Chart performance 3.1 Ray Price version 3.2 Gladys Knight & the Pips version 4 References 5 External links The versions ( edit ) Ray Price Country version ( edit ) The song 's first run of popularity , as `` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me , '' came in 1973 . That 's when country music singer Ray Price took the song to No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart on October 6 , 1973 . For that version , it represented a last and a first . The `` last '' was Price 's seventh and most recent No. 1 single , in a string dating back to his 1956 hit `` Crazy Arms . '' The `` first '' : It was the No. 1 single on the debut program of American Country Countdown , which used the Billboard chart in its programming . Although it fell short of the top 40 in his native United States , the song was an easy listening hit in Canada , his third such hit there . Gladys Knight & the Pips pop / R&B version ( edit ) In the early - to mid-1970s , Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded several of Weatherly 's songs , and in 1974 , they dipped into his catalog once again with their rendition of the song . Their version , titled `` Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me , '' reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 that spring and topped the Hot Soul Singles for two weeks . The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies . It also reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom . James Cleveland gospel version ( edit ) In 1975 , legendary gospel singer Rev. James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers recorded a live version of the song , which was cited ( in the song ) as an adaptation of the Gladys Knight & The Pips version of the song . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 UK ( OCC ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 80 US Billboard Hot 100 34 US Cash Box 28 The Persuaders R&B version ( edit ) In 1974 , The Persuaders also recorded a version , taken from their album of the same name Their version was quieter , less brassy , and more introspective than The Pips ' version Dean Martin pop version ( edit ) The song was also recorded by Dean Martin in 1973 . Andy Williams version ( edit ) Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album , The Way We Were . Steve Lawrence version ( edit ) Steve Lawrence released a version in 1973 under MGM Records label . Ray LaMontagne version ( edit ) Ray LaMontagne released a version in 2008 on his album , Gossip in the Grain . Chart performance ( edit ) Ray Price version ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 82 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 37 Preceded by `` Blood Red and Goin ' Down '' by Tanya Tucker Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single October 6 , 1973 Succeeded by `` Ridin ' My Thumb to Mexico '' by Johnny Rodriguez Gladys Knight & the Pips version ( edit ) Preceded by `` Lookin ' for a Love '' by Bobby Womack Billboard Hot Soul Singles number one single April 6 -- 13 , 1974 Succeeded by `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' by MFSB with The Three Degrees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits '' ( Billboard Books , Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , April 27 , 1974 Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 28 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` The Persuaders - Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jim Weatherly . `` The Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me - The Persuaders Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me The Persuaders '' . YouTube . 2013 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 275 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Gladys Knight & the Pips Gladys Knight Merald `` Bubba '' Knight William Guest Edward Patten Brenda Knight Eleanor Guest Langston George Chris Morante Studio albums Everybody Needs Love Neither One of Us Imagination I Feel a Song 2nd Anniversary The One and Only Soundtrack albums Claudine Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Singles `` Every Beat of My Heart '' `` Giving Up '' `` Take Me in Your Arms and Love Me '' `` Everybody Needs Love '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` The End of Our Road '' `` It Should Have Been Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` The Nitty Gritty '' `` If I Were Your Woman '' `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' `` Neither One of Us ( Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye ) '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' `` I 've Got to Use My Imagination '' `` Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` I Feel a Song ( In My Heart ) '' `` The Way We Were / Try to Remember '' `` Save the Overtime ( For Me ) '' `` Hero '' `` Love Overboard '' `` Baby , Do n't Change Your Mind '' Related topics Discography Aaliyah Barry Hankerson Book Ray Price Studio albums San Antonio Rose Last of the Breed Songs `` I Ca n't Escape from You '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` I 'll Be There ( If You Ever Want Me ) '' `` Release Me '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` I 've Got a New Heartache '' `` City Lights '' `` Heartaches by the Number '' `` The Same Old Me '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' `` I Wish I Could Fall in Love Today '' `` Make the World Go Away '' `` Night Life '' `` Please Talk to My Heart '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Crazy '' `` She Wears My Ring '' `` For the Good Times '' `` I Wo n't Mention It Again '' `` She 's Got to Be a Saint '' `` You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me '' `` Faded Love '' `` New San Antonio Rose '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' `` All the Way '' `` Please Do n't Talk About Me When I 'm Gone '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_the_Best_Thing_That_Ever_Happened_to_Me&oldid=826609171 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1974 singles Ray Price ( musician ) songs Songs written by Jim Weatherly Gladys Knight & the Pips songs The Persuaders ( R&B group ) songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1973 songs Buddah Records singles Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 02 : 03 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%2527re%20the%20Best%20Thing%20That%20Ever%20Happened%20to%20Me

who was the first team to be knocked out of the world cup

Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . Germany went out from the World Cup group stage , first exit in the first round since 1938 , after two losses and only one win . The first match was against Mexico , the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier , the match ended with a 1 -- 0 win for the Mexicans , the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup . The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2 -- 1 win , thanks to Toni Kroos 's 95th minute goal . In the last match , Germany needed a `` one - goal '' win against South Korea to reach the next round , but two late goals during second - half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories .

Germany

History of the Germany national football team

history of the germany national football team

The history of the German national football team began in 1908 , when Germany played its first international match . Since then , the German national football team has been one of the most successful football teams , winning four World Cups and three European Championships .

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Three German teams 1.2. 1 West Germany 1.2. 2 Saarland 1.2. 3 East Germany 1.3 Das Wunder von Bern 1.4 Memorable losses : Wembley goal and Game of the Century 1.5 World Cup title on home soil 1.6 Late 1970s and early 1980s 1.7 Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach 1.8 Olympic football 1.9 Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) 1.10 Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era 1.11 Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw 1.12 2010 FIFA World Cup finals 1.13 Euro 2012 qualification 1.14 Euro 2012 finals 1.15 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 1.16 2014 FIFA World Cup finals 1.17 Euro 2016 1.18 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 1.19 2018 FIFA World Cup finals 2 Competition records 2.1 FIFA World Cup record 2.2 UEFA European Championship record 2.3 FIFA Confederations Cup record 2.4 Honours 2.4. 1 Senior team 2.4. 2 Olympic team 3 Historical kits 4 Previous squads 4.1 Managers 4.2 Captains 4.3 Tournament records 5 References History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Germany at the 1912 Summer Olympics . Between 1899 and 1901 , prior to the formation of a national team , there were five unofficial international matches between different German and English selection teams , which all ended as large defeats for the German teams . Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908 , against Switzerland in Basel , with the Swiss winning 5 -- 3 . Coincidentally , the first match after World War I in 1920 , the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions , and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well . Germany 's first championship title was even won in Switzerland . Germany playing Uruguay at the 1928 Summer Olympics . At that time the players were selected by the DFB , as there was no dedicated coach . The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz , a school teacher from Mannheim , who served in the role from 1926 to 1936 . The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression , but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition . After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin , Sepp Herberger became coach . In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf ( the Breslau Eleven ) in recognition of their 8 -- 0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau , Lower Silesia ( now Wrocław , Poland ) . After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938 , that country 's national team -- one of Europe 's better sides at the time due to professionalism -- was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup . As required by Nazi politicians , five or six ex-Austrian players , from the clubs Rapid Vienna , Austria Vienna , First Vienna FC , were ordered to join the all - German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons . In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June in France , this `` united '' German team lead 1 - 0 against Switzerland , but managed only a 1 -- 1 draw . After leading 2 - 0 in the replay , held again in Paris , they lost 2 -- 4 in front of a hostile crowd . That early yet undefeated ( the replay being considered a tie - breaker like a penalty shootout ) exit in the round of 16 stands as Germany 's worst ever World Cup result ( excluding the 1930 and 1950 tournaments in which they did not compete ) . They appeared in all other World Cups and advanced to the final eight , or better . During World War II , the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942 , when national team games were suspended , as most players had to join the armed forces . Many of the national team players , and even ethnic German players from other national teams like Ernst Willimowski , were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service . Three German teams ( edit ) After the Second World War , Germany was banned from competition in most sports until about 1950 , with none of the three new German states , West Germany , East Germany and Saarland , entering the 1950 World Cup qualifiers , since the DFB was only reinstated as full FIFA member after this World Cup . West Germany ( edit ) As in most aspects of life , the pre-war traditions and organisations of Germany were carried on by the Federal Republic of Germany , which was referred to as West Germany . This applied also to the restored DFB which had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and still employed coach Sepp Herberger . With recognition by FIFA and UEFA , the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team . Neighbouring Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950 , with Turkey and Republic of Ireland being the only non-German speaking nations to play them in friendly matches during 1951 . After only 18 post war games in total , West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup , having prevailed against Norway and the `` third German state '' , the Saarland . Saarland ( edit ) Main article : Saarland national football team The Saar protectorate , otherwise known as Saarland , was split from Germany and put under French control between 1947 and 1956 . Saarland did not want to join French organisations and was barred from participating in pan-German ones . Thus , they sent separate teams to the 1952 Summer Olympics and also to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers , when Saarland finished below West Germany but above Norway in their qualification group , having won in Oslo . Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957 , when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany . He went on to coach the championship - winning team of the 1970s . East Germany ( edit ) Main article : East Germany national football team In 1949 , the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet - occupied eastern part of the country . A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany . In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball - Verband der DDR ( DFV ) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field . They were the only team to beat the 1974 World Cup winning West Germans in a highly symbolic event for the divided nation that was the only meeting of the two sides . East Germany went on to win the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990 , the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB . Das Wunder von Bern ( edit ) Main article : 1954 FIFA World Cup Final A statue of Helmut Rahn , who scored the winning goal in the 1954 FIFA World Cup final West Germany , captained by Fritz Walter , met in the 1954 World Cup some of the teams they had played in friendly matches , namely Turkey , Yugoslavia and Austria . When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage , with good chances to qualify for the next round even in case of defeat , coach Sepp Herberger did not field his best players , saving them from the experience of a 3 -- 8 loss . West Germany would go on to meet Hungary again in the final , facing the legendary team of Mighty Magyars again , which had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches . In a shocking upset , West Germany came back from an early two goal deficit to win 3 -- 2 , with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal with only six minutes remaining . The success is called `` The Miracle of Bern '' ( Das Wunder von Bern ) . The unexpected victory created a sense of euphoria throughout a divided postwar Germany . The triumph is credited with playing a significant role in securing the postwar ideological foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany . Memorable losses : Wembley goal and game of the Century ( edit ) After finishing third in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter - finals in the 1962 World Cup , the DFB had to make changes . Following examples set abroad , professionalism was introduced , and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga . In 1964 , Helmut Schön took over as coach , replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years . In the 1966 World Cup , West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal , facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium . Wolfgang Weber 's last minute goal took the game into extra time , a goal claimed to be controversial by the English , with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in . The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst , nicknamed Wembley - Tor ( Wembley goal ) in Germany , is still controversial after all this time . As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly , the opinion of the Soviet linesman Tofik Bakhramov who believed that the ball bounced back from the net rather than the crossbar led to one of the most contentious goals in the history of football . While the Germans pushed hard to tie the game , spectators entered the field in the final seconds , and Hurst scored another controversial goal giving England a 4 -- 2 win . West Germany gained a measure of revenge in the 1970 World Cup by knocking England out in the quarter - finals 3 -- 2 , having been 2 -- 0 down , before they suffered another memorable extra time loss , this time in the semi-final against Italy at Estadio Azteca . Karl - Heinz Schnellinger scored during injury time to level the match at 1 -- 1 , and during extra time , both teams held the lead at one time . Memorably , Franz Beckenbauer remained on the field even with a dislocated shoulder , his arm in a sling strapped to his body , as West Germany had used up their two allowed substitutions . Eventually won 4 -- 3 by Italy , this match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history , and is called `` Game of the Century '' in both Italy ( Partita del secolo ) and Germany ( Jahrhundertspiel ) . While the exhausted Italians lost to Brazil , West Germany went on to claim third place by beating Uruguay 1 -- 0 , and Gerd Müller finished as the tournament 's top scorer with 10 goals . World Cup title on home soil ( edit ) 1974 FIFA World Cup Final on 7 July 1974 , in Munich ( Olympiastadion ) . Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup Final In 1971 , Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team , and he led West Germany to great success as they became both the European and World Champions . They won the European Championship on their first try at Euro 1972 , defeating the Soviet Union 3 -- 0 in the final . Then , as hosts of the 1974 World Cup , they won their second World Cup , defeating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the final at the Olympiastadion in Munich . Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany . The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany . Both teams already were qualified for advance to the next round , and the East Germans won 1 -- 0 . The West Germans adjusted their line up after the loss and advanced to the final which was the other outstanding match , against the Johan Cruijff - led Dutch team and their brand of `` Total Football '' . Cruijff was brought down early in the German penalty area following a solo run before any of the German players had even touched the ball , and the Dutch took the lead from the ensuing penalty with just a minute gone on the clock . However , West Germany managed to come back , tying the match on a penalty scored by Paul Breitner , and winning it with Gerd Müller 's goal just before half - time . A second goal by Müller was ruled offside . Late 1970s and early 1980s ( edit ) West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments . They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout by a score of 5 -- 3 after the match finished 2 -- 2 , with Uli Hoeneß famously kicking the ball sky high . Since that loss , Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments . In fact , until Lukas Podolski 's shot was saved by the Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković during group play of the 2010 World Cup , the last penalty missed by a German player dates back to the 1982 World Cup semifinals when the French goalkeeper Jean - Luc Ettori saved Uli Stielike 's shot . In the 1978 World Cup , Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 2 -- 3 to Austria , who had already been eliminated from the round of 16 . Schön retired as coach afterward , and the post was taken over by his assistant , Jupp Derwall . West Germany 's first tournament under Derwall was successful , as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2 -- 1 in the final . West Germany then reached the final of the 1982 World Cup , though not without difficulties . They were upset 1 -- 2 by Algeria in their first match , but managed to advance to the second round with a controversial 1 -- 0 win over Austria . Then , in the semifinal against France , they came back from down 1 -- 3 during extra time to tie the match 3 -- 3 and won the following penalty shootout 5 -- 4 . In the final , they were defeated by Italy 1 -- 3 . During this period , West Germany also had one of the world 's most productive goal scorers in Gerd Müller , who racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups ( 1970 and 1974 ) . His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament , behind France 's Just Fontaine and Hungarian Sándor Kocsis . Though Müller 's all - time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006 , it took Ronaldo three tournaments to do so ( 1998 , 2002 , and 2006 ) before Germany 's Miroslav Klose surpassed the mark with 16 goals , scored over four tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach ( edit ) Franz Beckenbauer After West Germany were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984 , Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach . In the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , West Germany had a slow start to the tournament thanks partly to the hot climate and high altitude - conditions that were for the most part foreign to nearly all of the European teams . In the warm , rainy aridity and high altitude of Queretaro they drew with Uruguay 1 - 1 , were beaten 2 - 0 by a flying Denmark side and beat Scotland 2 - 1 , finishing runner up behind Denmark in their group . They then traveled to the intense heat and humidity of Monterrey to face Morocco , which they won 1 - 0 and then to face the hosts Mexico . After a goalless draw , West Germany won on penalties 5 - 4 , and they would then travel to the tropical heat , rain and altitude of Guadalajara to face a strong Michel Platini - led French side - a rematch between the two sides after a classic duel during the previous World Cup in Spain . West Germany held their nerve to beat the French 2 - 0 , and they then traveled to the 7,380 ft altitude of Mexico City to face a Diego Maradona - led Argentina in the final at the famous Azteca Stadium . Argentina took a 2 - 0 lead but Karl - Heinz Rumenigge and Rudi Voller tied the game in the second half , but Argentina scored a 3rd in the 85th minute and West Germany finished as runners - up for the second consecutive tournament . In Euro 1988 , West Germany 's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands , as the Dutch gained revenge of their loss in 1974 by beating them 2 -- 1 in the semifinals . In the 1990 World Cup , West Germany finally won their third World Cup title in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance . Captained by Lothar Matthäus , they defeated Yugoslavia ( 4 -- 1 ) where Matthäus scored a goal from the halfway line ; they then confidently thumped the United Arab Emirates ( 5 -- 1 ) and drew with Colombia 1 - 1 , all in Milan . In the Round of 16 , they then played bitter rivals the Netherlands in Milan , which proved to be a bad - tempered , ugly game that was somewhat reflective of the whole tournament . Striker Rudi Völler and Dutch midfielder Frank Rijkaard were both sent off by the temperamental and emotionally aggressive Argentine referee after arguing and violently tackling each other in the span of a few minutes , including a blatant handball by a furious Voller . Goals by Jurgen Klinsmann and Andreas Brehme meant that Germany went on to win 2 - 1 , and then in their quarter - final match they beat Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 in Milan . For their semi-final they went to play England in Turin , which proved to be a closely contested match between 2 equally skilled sides . Brehme scored a fluke goal in the first half , but England 's Gary Lineker equalized in the second half and the match ended 1 -- 1 , but West Germany went on to win 4 - 3 on penalties , and the Germans were on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome . West Germany won an ugly and difficult match 1 -- 0 , with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme after Klinsmann was fouled in the Argentine penalty box . Beckenbauer , who won the World Cup as the national team 's captain in 1974 , thus became the second person ever ( preceded only by Mário Zagallo ) to win the World Cup as both player and coach , and the first as both captain and coach . West Germany were also the tournament top scorers , scoring 14 goals . Olympic football ( edit ) Main article : Germany Olympic football team Medal record Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Team Prior to 1984 , Olympic football was an amateur event , meaning that only non-professional players could participate . Due to this , West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup , with the only medal coming in the 1988 Olympics , when they won the bronze medal . Since then , however , no German team has managed to qualify for the Olympics , even after the change of rules to include professionals , among them three athletes over 23 years old . West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984 . On the other hand , East Germany did far better , winning a gold , a silver and two bronze medals ( one representing the United Team of Germany ) . Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Berti Vogts In February 1990 , months after the fall of the Berlin Wall , the draw for the 1992 European Championship qualifying tournament saw East Germany and West Germany drawn together in Group 5 . After West Germany 's 1990 World Cup win , with assistant Berti Vogts taking over as the national team coach , the retiring Beckenbauer infamously predicted that the German team , with additional former East Germans to choose from , would be invincible for years to come . The reunification of Germany was confirmed in August to take effect on 3 October 1990 , with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany . The members of the East German association Deutscher Fußball - Verband acceded to the DFB in November , while the 1990 -- 91 seasons would continue , with the restructuring of leagues scheduled for 1991 -- 92 . The first game with a unified German team , including former East German internationals such as Matthias Sammer and Ulf Kirsten , was against Switzerland on 19 December . In Euro 1992 , Germany reached the final , but lost 0 -- 2 to surprise winners Denmark . As the defending champions in the 1994 World Cup , this tournament proved to be rough for the German squad , who had n't changed much since the 1990 World Cup , but they were still a strong side : Matthaus was still captaining the team and Klinsmann , Brehme , Voller and Ilgner were retained . The German squad beat Bolivia 1 - 0 in the tournament 's opening match and they drew with Spain 1 - 1 , playing both matches in Chicago . Then , they traveled down to the intense 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) heat of Dallas to play South Korea , a match they won 3 - 2 with Klinsmann scoring 2 goals . After this victory , midfielder Stefan Effenberg was sent home by Vogts after he gave an obscene hand gesture to German fans and journalists after being substituted out during the 75th minute . Germany then advanced to the Round of 16 , and they beat European rivals Belgium 3 - 2 in Chicago ; Voller scored 2 goals in the first half . And then , a low point in German football came about . The tough German squad then went to Giants Stadium just outside New York City to play Bulgaria in the quarter - finals , and they were upset 1 -- 2 by the lowly ranked team , even though they led for the first part of the match after Matthaus scored from a penalty 2 minutes into the second half . But Bulgarian star player Hristo Stoichkov scored in the 75th minute , and the German team effectively fell apart , and this allowed Yordan Letchkov to score 3 minutes later , and the Germans were never able to equalize . Vogts returned home to face a barrage of criticism , although he stayed on as manager . Reunified Germany won their first major international title at Euro 1996 , becoming the European champions for the third time . They defeated hosts England on penalty kicks ( 6 -- 5 after a 1 -- 1 draw ) in the semifinals and the Czech Republic 2 -- 1 in the final , a match decided by a golden goal scored by Oliver Bierhoff . Matthias Sammer won the Ballon d'Or in 1996 for his performances for Germany and Borussia Dortmund . However , in the 1998 World Cup , Germany were again eliminated by a less - heralded opponent in the quarterfinals , this time in a 0 -- 3 defeat to Croatia . Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck . Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era ( edit ) Following another early World Cup exit in 1998 along with the retirement of many key players and discouraging results under Ribbeck , Germany 's standing as one of the world 's elite national sides was in question . Questionable performance ... In Euro 2000 , the aging team went out in the first round after failing to win any of their three matches , including an embarrassing 0 -- 3 loss to an understrength Portugal side ( who had already advanced to the next round ) . Ribbeck resigned amid strong public criticism and was replaced temporarily and then permanently by Rudi Völler -- after planned successor Christoph Daum was involved in a drug scandal . Coming into the 2002 World Cup , expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers . This included not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time . The team nonetheless dealt a thrashing to Saudi Arabia 8 -- 0 in their first match . In the knockout stages , riding on the heroics of Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack they produced three consecutive 1 -- 0 wins against Paraguay , the United States , and co-hosts South Korea , setting up a final against Brazil , the first World Cup meeting between the two . Unfortunately Ballack was suspended for the final due to accumulated yellow cards and Kahn was injured during the final proper . In a hard - fought match , Germany thus lost 0 -- 2 . Nevertheless , Miroslav Klose won the Silver Boot and German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball , the first time in the World Cup 's history that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament , as well as the Yashin - Award for the best goalkeeper in the tournament . Germany failed to build on their success in 2002 and again exited in the first round of Euro 2004 , this time drawing their first two matches and losing the third . As was the case in 2000 , the team exited losing to an understrength side that had already advanced , in this case the Czech Republic . Even though Germany dominated the match , they could not score , losing to a Czech goal scored on the break . Völler resigned afterwards , denouncing the constant media criticism in a famous TV interview . The national team had to find their third new coach in six years after having had only six coaches in the previous 75 years . When prospective candidates including Ottmar Hitzfeld and Otto Rehhagel turned down the job , former national team player Jürgen Klinsmann , who had never held any coaching jobs before , was appointed . In similar style to Beckenbauer 's former role as team manager without a coaching license , the experienced Joachim Löw from Stuttgart was appointed to assist him . Klinsmann made Michael Ballack the captain following Euro 2004 . Klinsmann 's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup being hosted in Germany . Prior to the start of the tournament , hopes were not as high for Germany as in previous tournaments ( even in Germany itself ) , even though it was the host nation . Critics pointed out the apparent lack of quality players in the squad and coach Klinsmann 's decision to live in America rather than Germany . However , Germany won the opening game of the World Cup against Costa Rica 4 -- 2 . They continued to develop both confidence and support across the group stage , conceding no further goals as they beat Poland 1 -- 0 and Ecuador 3 -- 0 , with Miroslav Klose scoring twice and Lukas Podolski adding another in the last match . Germany finished on top of their group with three wins . The team went on to defeat Sweden 2 -- 0 in the round of 16 , with Lukas Podolski netting both goals in only 12 minutes , from assists by Miroslav Klose . People watching the Germany vs. Argentina match at the Donau Arena in Regensburg Germany faced favorites Argentina in the quarter - finals , a team that Germany had not defeated since the 1990 World Cup . Germany 's clean sheet streak was broken shortly after half time as Argentina scored first to grab a 0 -- 1 lead . However , Michael Ballack 's cross , flicked on by Tim Borowski , allowed Klose to head in the equalizer with 10 minutes to spare . During the subsequent penalty shootout , goalkeeper Jens Lehmann saved two shots while his teammates all converted their shots to win the shootout 4 -- 2 . After the game , the Argentinians started a brawl , which later resulted in a match ban for midfielder Torsten Frings after Italian television networks showed video footage of him participating in the fight . Expectations rose in Germany following these results , with many thinking that a record eighth appearance in the World Cup final was possible even though a starter was missing and the players were tired after already playing a tough 120 minutes against Argentina . In the semifinal match against Italy , the match went to extra time again , and hopes grew high that another penalty shootout would take the team to the final match in Berlin . However , despite Klinsmann 's focus on fitness , the speed and concentration of the German players faded , and they conceded two goals in the final ninety seconds of extra time . Despite having their dreams of playing in the final dashed , Klinsmann 's squad quickly recovered their composure , and journalists noted the team 's upbeat mood in the practices leading up to the third - place match . Three starters , including captain Michael Ballack , would not be available for the third place match , and their opponent Portugal 's goalkeeper , Ricardo , had up to that point conceded only one goal in regular play . Nonetheless , Germany thoroughly defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 , at one point leading 3 -- 0 due to Bastian Schweinsteiger 's two goals and an own goal , also off his shot , by Portugal 's Petit . With this victory , Germany ended the World Cup on a high , not only with the 3 -- 1 win over Portugal in the battle for third place , but also with several awards : Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament - leading five goals , becoming the first player from the united Germany to earn it , and fellow striker Lukas Podolski won the ' Best Young Player ' award . Furthermore , four of Germany 's players ( Jens Lehmann , Philipp Lahm , Michael Ballack , and Miroslav Klose ) were selected for the tournament All - Star Team . In addition , with 14 goals scored , the German side scored more goals than any other team in the tournament . After the tournament , over 500,000 people honored the team by giving them a hero 's welcome at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin . Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw ( edit ) Germany 's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked partially by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach , since Klinsmann retired in spite of a public outcry for him to continue managing the Mannschaft . Löw did not have the sweeping charisma of his predecessor , but the reputation of being a shrewd and capable tactician . He quickly became notable for continually introducing talented young players into his team , leading to a continuous rejuvenation of the squad . In a group with the Czech Republic and the Republic of Ireland , Germany qualified comfortably , defeating San Marino in a record 13 -- 0 away win along the way . For the final tournament , Germany were placed into Group B alongside Poland , Croatia and longtime rivals Austria . Germany defeated Poland 2 -- 0 but suffered an ignominious 1 -- 2 defeat to Croatia , compounded by a red card for Bastian Schweinsteiger for an aggressive off - the - ball incident . Germany entered the knockout round with a victory over Austria in the last match of group play . The only scorer of the game was Michael Ballack , who scored in the 49th minute with a powerful long - distance free - kick that was later chosen as the German Goal of the Year . Their quarterfinal opponent was Portugal . Germany started well and took an early lead after Schweinsteiger converted a cross from Lukas Podolski . Miroslav Klose made it 2 -- 0 after heading in a free kick by Schweinsteiger . Portugal responded with a goal right before halftime , but Germany reclaimed their two - goal lead in the second half when Schweinsteiger assisted another header , this time by Michael Ballack . Germany saw out the rest of the match comfortably , conceding a late consolation goal , leaving the final score at 3 -- 2 . Germany went into their semifinal match against Turkey as the favourites . However , the team put up a nervous and shaky performance , falling behind due to Uğur Boral 's goal in the 22nd minute . Bastian Schweinsteiger equalised , and Miroslav Klose put Germany ahead with less than twelve minutes left only for Semih Şentürk to level the score in the last minutes of the match . Just as the game was heading for extra time , defender Philipp Lahm cut inside past Colin Kazim - Richards , exchanged passes with Thomas Hitzlsperger , and stole in at the near post to score in the final minute , sending Germany into the final against Spain . Spain were the heavy favourites but Germany was believed to be one of the few sides able to challenge them . Spain controlled the game and took the lead through Fernando Torres . Germany ended up losing the match 0 -- 1 , finishing as the runners - up of the tournament . For the qualification for World Cup 2010 , Germany were placed in a group with Azerbaijan ( led by former Germany coach Berti Vogts ) , Finland , Liechtenstein , Russia , and Wales . Germany comfortably qualified as top of the group with 8 wins and two draws ( both against Finland ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) German national football team during Euro 2012 qualifiers Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup The 2010 World Cup draw , which took place on 4 December 2009 , placed Germany in Group D , along with Australia , Serbia , and Ghana . Throughout the tournament , Germany impressed by playing an attractive , attacking style of football . On 13 June 2010 , they played their first match of the tournament against Australia and won 4 -- 0 . They lost their second match 0 -- 1 to Serbia . Their next match against Ghana was won 1 -- 0 by a goal from Mesut Özil . Germany went on to win the group and advanced to the knockout stage . In the round of 16 , Germany defeated England 4 -- 1 , England 's highest World Cup loss to date . At 2 -- 1 , however , the game controversially had a goal by Frank Lampard disallowed , despite video replays that showed the ball beyond the goal line . In the quarterfinals , Germany defeated Argentina 4 -- 0 ; this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose 's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller 's record of 14 World Cup goals , one behind the all - time record of 15 World Cup goals , which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil . In the semi-final on 7 July , Germany lost 1 -- 0 to Spain , in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008 . Germany played Uruguay for Third Place , as in 1970 , and won the match 3 -- 2 on 10 July . Germany scored the most with a total of 16 goals in the 2010 World Cup , in comparison , the winning nation Spain scored only 8 goals . The German team became the first team since Brazil in 1982 to record the highest goal difference in a World Cup without winning it . In an internet poll , Germany was voted the World Cups Most Entertaining Team , although FIFA discontinued the official award . German youngster Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot with the most goals and assists scored ( succeeding teammate Miroslav Klose ) , and he was also given the Best Young Player Award ( succeeding teammate Lukas Podolski ) . The German team reflected the changing demographic of Germany . It was significantly multicultural , as 11 of the players in the final 23 - man World Cup Finals roster were eligible to play for other countries , despite 10 of the 11 being born or raised in Germany . The 11th , Cacau , arrived from Brazil in his late teens . Despite this transition , Germany kept the traditional strength as a team that excels when playing at major tournaments with a well - attuned team . Prior to the World Cup the Mannschaft lost in a friendly to England 2 -- 1 , another friendly against Argentina 1 -- 0 , and less than a year after the World Cup Germany lost against Australia 2 -- 1 . While losing on home soil in friendlies , Germany decisively thrashed all these three teams in the tournament in South Africa , scoring four goals in each match . Euro 2012 qualification ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Germany qualified top of Group A in qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 with a record of 10 wins out of ten matches against Kazakhstan , Turkey , Austria , Belgium , and Azerbaijan . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 10 10 0 0 34 7 + 27 30 Qualify for final tournament -- 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 4 -- 0 Turkey 10 5 13 11 + 2 17 Advance to play - offs 1 -- 3 -- 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Belgium 10 21 15 + 6 15 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 4 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 Austria 10 16 17 − 1 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 -- 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Azerbaijan 10 7 10 26 − 16 7 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 -- 3 -- 2 6 Kazakhstan 10 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- Source : UEFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Euro 2012 finals ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kiev , Ukraine . Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal , Netherlands , and Denmark , thus making it the group of death . As the only team to have won all three group matches , Germany went on to defeat Greece in the quarter - final and set a historic record in international football of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches . In the semi-final match against Italy , despite high expectations , Germany was unable to break the record to defeat Italy in any competitive matches . 9 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Germany 1 -- 0 Portugal Gómez 72 ' Report Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 13 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Germany Van Persie 73 ' Report Gómez 24 ' , 38 ' Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 37,750 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 17 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Denmark 1 -- 2 Germany Krohn - Dehli 24 ' Report Podolski 19 ' Bender 80 ' Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) 22 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 4 -- 2 Greece Lahm 39 ' Khedira 61 ' Klose 68 ' Reus 74 ' Report Samaras 55 ' Salpingidis 89 ' ( pen . ) PGE Arena , Gdańsk Attendance : 38,751 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 1 -- 2 Italy Özil 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Report Balotelli 20 ' , 36 ' National Stadium , Warsaw Attendance : 55,540 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification On 30 July 2011 at the 2014 FIFA World Cup preliminary draw , Germany were placed in Group C. They commenced their qualifying campaign in late 2012 in a group that featured contenders Sweden , Republic of Ireland , Austria , Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . Group C Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 10 9 0 36 10 + 26 28 Sweden 10 6 19 14 + 5 20 Austria 10 5 20 10 + 10 17 Republic of Ireland 10 16 17 − 1 14 Kazakhstan 10 7 6 21 − 15 5 Faroe Islands 10 0 9 29 − 25 Austria -- 6 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Faroe Islands 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 Germany 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 -- 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 4 Kazakhstan 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 6 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 2 Sweden 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 5 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 2014 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy . The draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G along with Portugal , Ghana , and the United States . The German Football Association constructed a purpose built training base , Campo Bahia , for their stay in Brazil . Germany started the tournament with a 4 -- 0 defeat of Portugal , with Thomas Muller scoring a hat trick . They drew their next match with Ghana 2 -- 2 . Miroslav Klose tied Ronaldo 's record of fifteen World Cup finals goals in the match . Germany won their final game against the United States 1 -- 0 . They played Algeria in the round of 16 in a rematch of their encounter in 1982 . Germany prevailed 2 -- 1 after extra time . They then defeated France 1 -- 0 in the quarterfinals . They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7 -- 1 victory . Klose scored the second goal of the game , surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup . Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title . Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage United States 0 Portugal 7 − 3 Ghana 0 6 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 30 June 2014 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Algeria Schürrle 92 ' Özil 120 ' Report Djabou 120 + 1 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 43,063 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 4 July 2014 13 : 00 France 0 -- 1 Germany Report Hummels 13 ' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,240 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Euro 2016 ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2016 After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D , Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland , Northern Ireland and Ukraine . In the knock - out stages , they overcome Slovakia with a 3 -- 0 win , then they won against Italy 6 -- 5 in a penalty shootout ( after a 1 -- 1 draw ) for the first time in a major tournament . Their journey ended in the semi-finals after a 2 -- 0 loss against the host - nation France , the French first competitive win against Germany in 58 years . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Having qualified as the 2014 World Cup Champion , the German coach Joachim Löw decided to participate in the competition with a young team captained by Julian Draxler . The team won their group ahead of Chile , Australia and Cameroon . Then , they won against Mexico 4 -- 1 in the semi-finals to progress to the final . Unexpectedly , the young team managed to win Germany their first FIFA Confederations Cup title ever after a 1 -- 0 win against Chile at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg . 2018 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . Germany went out from the World Cup group stage , first exit in the first round since 1938 , after two losses and only one win . The first match was against Mexico , the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier , the match ended with a 1 -- 0 win for the Mexicans , the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup . The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2 -- 1 win , thanks to Toni Kroos 's 95th minute goal . In the last match , Germany needed a `` one - goal '' win against South Korea to reach the next round , but two late goals during second - half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories . Germany , known in German as a `` Tournament Team '' ( German : Turniermannschaft ) , came to the 2018 tournament without their 2014 heroes Mario Götze and André Schürrle . The retirement of key players such as Philipp Lahm , Bastian Schweinsteiger , and Miroslav Klose meant the loss of leading players . During the tournament , poor performances by main players such as Thomas Müller and Sami Khedira , as well as wrong team selection by the coach Joachim Löw were the main factors in the devastating early exit . Moreover , complacency and lack of sharpness of the attacking players were obvious according to former player and coach Jürgen Klinsmann . Competition Records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Third Place 3rd 0 11 8 0 0 9 1938 First Round 10th 0 5 0 0 11 1950 Banned -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 Champions 1st 6 5 0 25 14 0 12 1958 Fourth Place 4th 6 12 14 Qualified as Defending Champions 1962 Quarter - Final 7th 0 0 11 5 1966 Runners - up 2nd 6 15 6 0 14 1970 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 10 6 5 0 20 Champions 1st 7 6 0 13 Qualified as Hosts 1978 Second Group Stage 6th 6 10 5 Qualified as Defending Champions 1982 Runners - up 2nd 7 12 10 8 8 0 0 33 1986 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 7 8 5 22 9 1990 Champions 1st 7 5 0 15 5 6 0 13 1994 Quarter - Final 5th 5 9 7 Qualified as Defending Champions 1998 Quarter - Final 7th 5 8 6 10 6 0 23 9 2002 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 14 10 6 19 12 2006 Third Place 3rd 7 5 14 6 Qualified as Hosts Third Place 3rd 7 5 0 16 5 10 8 0 26 5 2014 Champions 1st 7 6 0 18 10 9 0 36 10 2018 Group Stage 22nd 0 10 10 0 0 43 2022 To be determined To be determined Total 4 Titles 19 / 21 109 67 20 * 22 226 125 94 74 18 292 70 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . UEFA European championship record ( edit ) UEFA European Championship record UEFA European Championship Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1960 Did Not Enter Did Not Enter 1964 1968 Did Not Qualify 9 1972 Champions 1st 0 0 5 8 5 0 13 1976 Runners - up 2nd 0 6 8 0 17 5 1980 Champions 1st 0 6 6 0 17 1984 Group Stage 5th 8 5 15 5 1988 Semi Final 3rd 6 Qualified as Hosts 1992 Runners - up 2nd 5 7 8 6 5 0 13 Champions 1st 6 0 10 10 8 27 10 2000 Group Stage 14th 0 5 8 6 20 Group Stage 12th 0 8 5 0 13 2008 Runners - up 2nd 6 0 10 7 12 8 35 7 2012 Semi Final 3rd 5 0 10 6 10 10 0 0 34 7 2016 Semi Final 3rd 6 8 10 7 7 2020 Total 3 titles 11 / 14 43 23 10 * 10 65 45 92 64 20 8 220 56 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . FIFA Confederations Cup record ( edit ) FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Round Position GP D * GS GA Squad 1992 Did Not Enter 1995 Did Not Qualify Did Not Enter 1999 Group Stage 5th 0 6 Squad Did Not Qualify 2003 Did Not Enter 2005 Third Place 3rd 5 15 11 Squad 2009 Did Not Qualify 2013 2017 Champions 1st 5 0 12 5 Squad Total Third Place 3 / 10 13 8 29 22 * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Note All tournaments from 1950 to 1990 inclusively were competed as West Germany . Honours ( edit ) Senior team ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Winner ( 4 ) : 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 Runner - up ( 4 ) : 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Third place ( 4 ) : 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 Fourth place ( 1 ) : 1958 UEFA European Championship Winner ( 3 ) : 1972 , 1980 , 1996 Runner - up ( 3 ) : 1976 , 1992 , 2008 Semi-finals ( 2 ) : 1988 , 2012 , 2016 FIFA Confederations Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 2017 Third place ( 1 ) : 2005 U.S. Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 1993 Olympic team ( edit ) Olympic Games Winner ( 1 ) : 1976 Runner - up ( 1 ) : 1980 , 2016 Bronze Medal ( 3 ) : 1964 , 1972 , 1988 Historical kits ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team kit history Home 1908 World Cup 1934 World Cup 1938 World Cup 1954 World Cup 1970 World Cup World Cup 1978 Euro 1980 and World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 and World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 Confederations Cup 2017 World Cup 2018 Away World Cup 1954 -- 1958 World Cup 1966 -- 1970 World Cup 1974 -- 1978 Euro 1980 -- World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 -- World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 -- World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro ConFed Cup 2005 World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 World Cup 2018 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1934 FIFA World Cup squad 1938 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1958 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1978 FIFA World Cup squad 1982 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1972 squad UEFA Euro 1976 squad UEFA Euro 1980 squad UEFA Euro 1984 squad UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 1992 squad UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2000 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad FIFA Confederations Cup squads 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads Managers ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team manager Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Win % Honours DFB committee 1908 -- 1926 58 16 12 30 27.59 Otto Nerz 1926 -- 1936 70 42 10 18 60.00 Third place at the 1934 World Cup Sepp Herberger 1936 -- 1942 1950 -- 1964 167 94 27 46 56.29 Winner of the 1954 World Cup , Fourth place at the 1958 World Cup Helmut Schön 1964 -- 1978 139 87 31 21 62.59 Runner - up of the 1966 World Cup , Third place at the 1970 World Cup , Winner of Euro 1972 , Winner of the 1974 World Cup , Runner - up of Euro 1976 Jupp Derwall 1978 -- 1984 67 44 12 11 65.67 Winner of Euro 1980 , Runner - up of the 1982 World Cup Franz Beckenbauer 1984 -- 1990 66 34 20 12 51.52 Runner - up of the 1986 World Cup , Winner of the 1990 World Cup Berti Vogts 1990 -- 1998 102 66 24 12 64.71 Runner - up of Euro 1992 , Winner of Euro 1996 Erich Ribbeck 1998 -- 2000 24 10 6 8 41.67 Rudi Völler 2000 -- 2004 53 29 11 13 54.72 Runner - up of the 2002 World Cup Jürgen Klinsmann 2004 -- 2006 34 20 8 6 58.82 Third place at the 2005 Confederations Cup , Third place at the 2006 World Cup Joachim Löw 2006 -- 2020 165 108 30 27 65.46 Runner - up of Euro 2008 , Third place at the 2010 World Cup , Third place at the Euro 2012 , Winner of the 2014 World Cup , Winner of the 2017 Confederations Cup Total 945 550 191 204 55.37 Notes Includes matches won or lost on penalty shoot - outs . Record includes periods of pre-division Germany ( 1936 -- 1942 -- 70 matches : 42 wins , 13 draws , 15 losses ) and West Germany ( 1950 -- 1964 -- 97 matches : 52 wins , 14 draws , 31 losses ; no national team matches and no national coaches between 1942 and 1950 ) . Captains ( edit ) This is the list of Germany captains since Germany 's first participation in a World Cup in 1934 ( current as of 23 November 2014 ) . Note : the column `` games '' signifies overall games as captain , not overall caps . East German captains are not included . Captained games outside the player 's main period are also included . Philipp Lahm , former Germany national football team captain Player Period Games Notes Fritz Szepan 1934 -- 1939 30 Paul Janes 1939 -- 1942 31 Fritz Walter 1951 -- 1956 30 Honorary captain Hans Schäfer 1957 -- 1962 16 Helmut Rahn 1957 -- 1959 8 Herbert Erhardt 1959 -- 1962 18 Uwe Seeler 1961 -- 1970 40 Honorary captain Wolfgang Overath 1968 -- 1971 14 Franz Beckenbauer 1971 -- 1977 50 Honorary captain Berti Vogts 1977 -- 1978 20 Bernard Dietz 1978 -- 1981 19 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1980 -- 1986 50 Harald Schumacher 1984 -- 1986 11 Klaus Allofs 1986 -- 1988 8 Lothar Matthäus 1987 -- 1999 72 Honorary captain Jürgen Klinsmann 1995 -- 1998 36 Honorary captain Oliver Bierhoff 1998 -- 2001 22 Oliver Kahn 2000 -- 2006 48 Michael Ballack 2004 -- 2010 54 Philipp Lahm 2010 -- 2014 51 Bastian Schweinsteiger 2014 -- 2016 13 Manuel Neuer 2016 -- present 21 Tournament records ( edit ) Most World Cups played in : Lothar Matthäus -- 5 ( All - time record tied with Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ) Most World Cup match appearances : Lothar Matthäus -- 25 ( All - time record ) Most World Cup goals : Miroslav Klose -- 16 ( All - time record leading goalscorer ) Most European Championship match appearances : Philipp Lahm -- 14 Most European Championship goals : Jürgen Klinsmann -- 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Germany : FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All matches of The National Team in 1908 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1912 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1909 '' . DFB . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Note that this match is not considered to be a full international by the English FA , and does not appear in the records of the England team Jump up ^ In early times it was simply called `` die 11 besten Spieler von Deutschland '' or just `` die Bundesauswahl '' ( the Federation XI ) . Tags like `` National team '' or `` National XI '' were n't introduced until after World War I Jump up ^ `` Professor Otto Nerz '' . DFB ( in German ) . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Muras , Udo ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` Nur Hitler konnte sie stoppen '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1937 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( West ) Germany -- International Results '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1954 : Hungary vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of Bern '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1966 : England vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 's claim to the firmament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Semi-Final , 1970 : Italy vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A test of endurance and will '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Müller the menace in German masterclass '' . UEFA. 3 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany make their mark '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany -- Dutch take plaudits but Germany take the prize '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` East edge battle of brothers '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1974 : West Germany vs. The Netherlands '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oranje crushed in Munich '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Panenka 's panache seals Czech triumph '' . UEFA. 3 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Lukas Podolski 's missed penalty sees him join elite Germany club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hrubesch turns West Germany 's unlikely hero '' . UEFA. 4 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Fennecs spring a surprise '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Semi-Final , 1982 : West Germany vs. France '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battling Germans knock out brave Bleus '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italians triumph in heavyweight rumble '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Record -- Players '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Maradona lights up the world -- with a helping hand '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Van Basten sparks Netherlands joy '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Germany hit winning note as Italian chorus fades '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gazza weeps as Germans prevail '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gatecrashing Denmark down Germany '' . UEFA. 5 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Ends Germany 's Reign '' . New York Times . 11 July 1994 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Bulgaria , a Small Foot in Soccer , Steps Closer to Glass Slipper '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( 1 July 1996 ) . `` Germany Wins Euro 96 With a ' Golden Goal ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hosts denied by Germany in epic semi-final '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bierhoff hero of Germany 's EURO ' 96 win '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 5 July 1998 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 98 ; Croatia Stuns Germany With the Aid Of a Red Card '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 9 September 1998 ) . `` Another Day , Another Coach Gone : Now It 's Vogts '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany suffer heavy defeat '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ribbeck quits as Germans head home '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voller named as caretaker coach '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daum : I took cocaine '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 January 2001 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany savage Saudis '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany edge out Paraguay '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat valiant USA '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany shatter Korea '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn wins Golden Ball award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voeller quits Germany role '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hitzfeld snubs Germany job '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rehhagel snubs Germany '' . BBC Sport. 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann takes German post '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 26 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 4 -- 2 Costa Rica '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 0 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 20 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2 -- 0 Sweden '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 24 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lehmann had penalty taker notes '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Lehmann 's penalty heroics send Germany into raptures '' . The Guardian . Berlin : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frings missing but Germany remain confident '' . FIFA. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 0 -- 2 Italy ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klose finishes as leading scorer '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Azzurri prominent in All Star Team '' . FIFA. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2006 -- Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits as Germany coach '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits , Low steps in '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble as Germany soar '' . UEFA.com. 6 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw sets up heavyweight contests '' . UEFA. 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 2 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Germany & Poland 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 19 June 2008 ) . `` Portugal 2 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 25 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 3 -- 2 Turkey '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 0 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` 2010 World Cup qualifying draw '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw ignites FIFA World Cup fever '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Miroslav Klose helps Germany put four past Australia '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany lose to Serbia after Klose 's red card and Podolski 's penalty miss '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Mesut Ozil strike sends Germany through to last 16 '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany tear down England 's defence '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAW boss Jonathan Ford rejects technology idea '' . BBC News . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's disallowed goal highlights stupidity of Fifa '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard denied goal by Uruguayan linesman -- in pictures '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 3 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany dump Diego Maradona and Argentina out '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Eddie Griffin ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup All - Time Top Goal Scorers '' . Soccerlens . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` German World Cup top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Spain overcome Germany after Carles Puyol winner '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Nick ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany beat Uruguay in third - place thriller '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 -- Statistics '' . planetworldcup.com . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany reap the rewards of the liberation generation '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 19 November 2008 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Higuain punishes Adler error '' . ESPN Soccernet. 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany stunned by Australia 's burst of two goals in three minutes '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football tables '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December date for EURO finals draw in Kyiv '' . UEFA. 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EURO draw throws up fascinating group tests '' . UEFA. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany overpower Greece in Gdansk '' . UEFA. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Preliminary Draw results in full '' . FIFA. 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fifa World Cup -- Group G '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany vs Italy , Euro 2016 : Germans win the shootout after Bonucci penalty cancels out Ozil opener '' . The Telegraph . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany finally defeat Italy to stride into semis '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : France 's 2 -- 0 semi-final victory over Germany strikes poignant note on night of ancient rivalry and modern spirit '' . The Telegraph . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany win Confederations Cup after Lars Stindl punishes error to deny Chile '' . Guardian . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany crash out of World Cup after losing 2 - 0 to South Korea '' . Jump up ^ `` Germany knocked out of 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Why were Germany knocked out and where do they go from here ? '' . BBC . 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Germany were not hungry enough - Jurgen Klinsmann '' . BBC . 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ As 1990 FIFA World Cup Champions Jump up ^ As UEFA Euro 1996 Champions Jump up ^ As 2002 FIFA World Cup Runners - up ^ Jump up to : `` Germany Football Shirts -- Old Football Kits '' . oldfootballshirts.com . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/fifa-world-cup/1938/1938.html ^ Jump up to : `` All Matches from 1908 '' . schwarzundweiss.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.schwarzundweiss.co.uk/andere/stats/match-details-1990-present.html Jump up ^ `` German most - capped World Cup players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German most - capped EC players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German EC top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Germany_national_football_team&oldid=851883517 '' Categories : Germany national football team History of association football by national team History of organisations based in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 05 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Germany%20national%20football%20team

who got what in the treaty of tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty of tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese : Tratado de Tordesilhas ( tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ ) , Spanish : Tratado de Tordesillas ( tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas ) ) , signed at Tordesillas on June 7 , 1494 , and authenticated at Setúbal , Portugal , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile , along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands , off the west coast of Africa . This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands ( already Portuguese ) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage ( claimed for Castile and León ) , named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia ( Cuba and Hispaniola ) .

The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile . The treaty was signed by Spain , 2 July 1494 and by Portugal , 5 September 1494 . The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed on 22 April 1529 , which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas . Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal . This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal , despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World ; however , it omitted all of the other European powers . Those countries generally ignored the treaty , particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation . The treaty was included by UNESCO in 2007 in its Memory of the World Programme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signing and enforcement 2 Tordesillas meridian 3 Antimeridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza 4 Effect on other European powers 5 The Treaty of Madrid 6 Modern claims 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Signing and enforcement ( edit ) Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal : the 1494 Tordesillas meridian ( purple ) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian ( green ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew , who had sailed for the Crown of Castile . On his way back to Spain he first reached Lisbon , in Portugal . There he asked for another meeting with King John II to show him the newly discovered lands . After learning of the Castilian - sponsored voyage , the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs stating that by the Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 and confirmed in 1481 with the papal bull Æterni regis , that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal , all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged , in fact , to Portugal . Also , the Portuguese King stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet ( an armada led by Francisco de Almeida ) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands . After reading the letter the Catholic Monarchs knew they did not have any military power in the Atlantic to match the Portuguese , so they pursued a diplomatic way out . On 4 May 1493 Pope Alexander VI ( Rodrigo Borgia ) , an Aragonese from Valencia by birth , decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west of a pole - to - pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile , although territory under Catholic rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched . The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands , so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line . Another bull , Dudum siquidem , entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493 , gave all mainlands and islands , `` at one time or even still belonging to India '' to Spain , even if east of the line . The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement , feeling that it gave him far too little land -- it prevented him from possessing India , his near term goal . By 1493 Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa , the Cape of Good Hope . The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus , but the explicit mention of India was a major issue . As the Pope had not made changes , the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs , King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line . In the bargain , John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella , but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west , protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands that now constitute the Eastern quarter of Brazil . As one scholar assessed the results , `` both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed , and each thought that the other was deceived , ( concluding that it was a ) diplomatic triumph for Portugal , confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India , but most of the South Atlantic '' . The treaty effectively countered the bulls of Alexander VI but was subsequently sanctioned by Pope Julius II by means of the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of 24 January 1506 . Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope , a few sources call the resulting line the `` Papal Line of Demarcation '' . Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans , as it was only divided via the treaty . Castile gained lands including most of the Americas , which in 1494 had little proven wealth . The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to Portugal when in 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there while he was en route to India . Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this time , so his landing in Brazil was not an accident . One scholar points to Cabral 's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than the expected Cape São Roque , such that `` the likelihood of making such a landfall as a result of freak weather or navigational error was remote ; and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected , but already known '' . The line was not strictly enforced -- the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . However , the Catholic Monarchs attempted to stop the Portuguese advance in Asia , by claiming the meridian line ran around the world , dividing the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic . Portugal pushed back , seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of demarcation to the Atlantic . This was given by Pope Leo X , who was friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries , in 1514 in the bull Praecelsae devotionis . For a period between 1580 and 1640 , the treaty was rendered meaningless , as the Spanish King was also King of Portugal . It was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America . However , the latter treaty was immediately repudiated by the Catholic Monarch . The First Treaty of San Ildefonso settled the problem , with Spain acquiring territories east of the Uruguay River and Portugal acquiring territories in the Amazon Basin . Emerging Protestant maritime powers , particularly England and The Netherlands , and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France , did not recognize the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations brokered by the pope . Tordesillas meridian ( edit ) Early Tordesillas lines in South America ( 1495 -- 1545 ) The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands . It did not specify the line in degrees , nor did it identify the specific island or the specific length of its league . Instead , the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred . The number of degrees can be determined via a ratio of marine leagues to degrees applied to the Earth regardless of its assumed size , or via a specific marine league applied to the true size of the Earth , called `` our sphere '' by historian Henry Harrisse . The earliest Aragonese opinion was provided by Jaime Ferrer in 1495 at the request of the Aragonese king and Castilian queen to those monarchs . He stated that the demarcation line was 18 ° west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands , which is Fogo according to Harrisse , having a longitude of 24 ° 25'W of Greenwich , hence Ferrer placed the line at 42 ° 25'W on his sphere , which was 21.1 % larger than our sphere . Ferrer also stated that his league contained 32 Olympic stades , or 6.15264 km according to Harrisse , thus Ferrer 's line was 2,276.5 km west of Fogo at 47 ° 37'W on our sphere . Cantino planisphere depicting the meridian , 1502 The earliest surviving Portuguese opinion is on the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque ( northeast cape of South America ) and the mouth of the Amazon River ( its estuary is marked Todo este mar he de agua doçe -- `` All of this sea is fresh water '' -- and its river is marked Rio grande , `` great river '' ) , Harrisse concluded that the line was at 42 ° 30'W on our sphere . Harrisse believed the large estuary just west of the line on the Cantino map was that of the Rio Maranhão ( this estuary is now the Baía de São Marcos and the river is now the Mearim ) , whose flow is so weak that its gulf does not contain fresh water . In 1518 another Castilian opinion was provided by Martin Fernandez de Enciso . Harrisse concluded that Enciso placed his line at 47 ° 24'W on his sphere ( 7.7 % smaller than ours ) , but at 45 ° 38'W on our sphere using Enciso 's numerical data . Enciso also described the coastal features near which the line passed in a very confused manner . Harrisse concluded from this description that Enciso 's line could also be near the mouth of the Amazon between 49 ° and 50 ° W . In 1524 the Castilian pilots ( ships ' captains ) Thomas Duran , Sebastian Cabot ( son of John Cabot ) , and Juan Vespuccius ( nephew of Amerigo Vespucci ) gave their opinion to the Badajoz Junta , whose failure to resolve the dispute led to the Treaty of Saragossa . They specified that the line was 22 ° plus nearly 9 miles west of the center of Santo Antão ( the westernmost Cape Verde island ) , which Harrisse concluded was 47 ° 17'W on their sphere ( 3.1 % smaller than ours ) and 46 ° 36'W on our sphere . In 1524 the Portuguese presented a globe to the Badajoz Junta on which the line was marked 21 ° 30 ' west of Santo Antão ( 22 ° 6'36 '' on our sphere ) . Anti-meridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Treaty of Zaragoza Dutch map of the Moluccas ( north is at right ) Initially , the line of demarcation did not encircle the Earth . Instead , Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover , Spain to the west and Portugal to the east , even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe . But Portugal 's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres . After the surviving ships of Magellan 's fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521 , Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere . In 1523 , the Treaty of Vitoria called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524 , at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed . They finally agreed in a treaty signed at Zaragoza that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 ducats ( ≈ 100 kg ) of gold by Portugal to Spain . To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal 's Moluccas , the anti-meridian was to be 297.5 leagues or 17 ° to the east of the Moluccas , passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome . This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of Samar , which is just west of due north of the Moluccas . The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea . However , unlike the large modern Indonesian archipelago of the Maluku Islands , to 16th - century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands , the only place on Earth where cloves grew , just west of the large north Malukan island of Halmahera ( called Gilolo at the time ) . Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold . 16th - and 17th - century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were Ternate , Tidore , Moti , Makian and Bacan , although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island . The principal island was Ternate at the chain 's northern end ( 0 ° 47'N , only 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) in diameter ) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort ( Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ) during 1522 -- 23 , which could only be repaired , not modified , according to the Treaty of Saragossa . This north - south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127 ° 24'E , with Ternate , Tidore , Moti , and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it . Although the treaty 's Santo Thome island has not been identified , its `` Islas de las Velas '' ( Islands of the Sails ) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China , on the 1594 world map of Petrus Plancius , on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of Linschoten , and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio , identified as a north - south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific , which were also called the `` Islas de los Ladrones '' ( Islands of the Thieves ) during that period . Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to `` Islas de las Marianas '' ( Mariana Islands ) , which include Guam at their southern end . Guam 's longitude of 144 ° 45'E is east of the Moluccas ' longitude of 127 ° 24'E by 17 ° 21 ' , which is remarkably close by 16th - century standards to the treaty 's 17 ° east . This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of Hokkaidō and through the eastern end of New Guinea , which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line . Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147 ° E by measuring 16.4 ° east from the western end of New Guinea ( or 17 ° east of 130 ° E ) . Despite the treaty 's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17 ° east of the Moluccas , some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas . The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas , nor did it validate Spain 's claim to equal hemispheres ( 180 ° each ) , so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres . Portugal 's portion was roughly 191 ° whereas Spain 's portion was roughly 169 ° . Both portions have a large uncertainty of ± 4 ° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line . Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Saragossa line , including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far `` discovered , '' leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean . Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty , Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line . Nevertheless , by 1542 , King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines , judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices . Although a number of expeditions sent from New Spain arrived in the Philippines , they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown . King Philip II succeeded in 1565 when he sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta , establishing the initial Spanish trading post at Cebu and later founding Manila in 1571 . Besides Brazil and the Moluccas , Portugal eventually controlled Angola , Mozambique , Portuguese Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ( among other territories and bases ) in Africa ; several bases or territories as Muscat , Ormus and Bahrein in the Persian Gulf , Goa , Bombay and Daman and Diu ( among other coastal cities ) in India ; Ceylon , and Malacca , bases in present - day Indonesia as Makassar , Solor and Ambon , Portuguese Timor , the entrepôt - base of Macau and the entrepôt - enclave of Dejima ( Nagasaki ) in the Far East . Spain , on the other hand , would control vast western regions in the Americas , in areas ranging from the present - day United States to present - day Argentina , an empire that would extend to the Philippines , and bases in Ternate and Formosa ( 17th century ) . Portuguese and Spanish empires ( anachronous world maps ) Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire alongside Iberian Union Iberian Union ( 1581 -- 1640 ) Effect on other European powers ( edit ) The treaty was historically important in dividing Latin America , as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific until 1898 . However , it quickly became obsolete in North America , and later in Asia and Africa , where it affected colonization . It was ignored by other European nations , and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power , the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims , much less expand them into poorly explored areas . Thus , with sufficient backing , it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories , or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid . With the fall of Malacca to the Dutch , the VOC ( Dutch East India Company ) took control of Portuguese possessions in Indonesia , claiming Western New Guinea and Western Australia , as New Holland . Eastern Australia remained in the Spanish half of the world until claimed for Britain by James Cook in 1770 . The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France 's King Francis I , `` Show me Adam 's will ! '' The Treaty of Madrid ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Madrid ( 13 January 1750 ) In January 13 , 1750 , King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid , in which both parts sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America , admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas , as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded , and was considered void . Spain was acknowledged sovereignty over the Philippines , while Portugal would get the territory of the Amazon River basin . Portugal would relinquish the colony of Sacramento , on the northern bank of the River Plata in modern - day Uruguay , while getting the territory of the Seven Missions . Modern claims ( edit ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole , as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish ( or Portuguese ) all undiscovered land south to the Pole . Indonesia took possession of Netherlands New Guinea in 1962 , supporting its claim by stating the Empire of Majapahit had included western New Guinea , and that it was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas . The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland / Malvinas Islands . See also ( edit ) Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery History of Portugal ( 1415 -- 1578 ) List of treaties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 370 leagues equals 2,193 km , 1,362 statute miles , or 1,184 nautical miles . These figures use the legua náutica ( nautical league ) of four Roman miles totaling 5.926 km , which was used by Spain during the 15th , 16th , and 17th centuries for navigation . In 1897 Henry Harrise noted that Jaime Ferrer , the expert consulted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , stated that a league was four miles of six stades each . Modern scholars agree that the geographic stade was the Roman or Italian stade , not any of several other Greek stades , supporting these figures . Harrise is in the minority when he uses the stade of 192.27 m marked within the stadium at Olympia , Greece , resulting in a league ( 32 stades ) of 6.153 km , 3.8 % larger . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 ) . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institute of Washington , 1917 ) , 100 . Jump up ^ In the European Portuguese pronunciation . Brazilians might variously pronounce it as ( tɾɐˈtadʊ dʑɪ toɾdeˈziʎəs ) in São Paulo , ( tɾəˈtadu dʑi to̞ʀde̞ˈziʎəɕ ) in Rio de Janeiro and ( tɾaˈtadu dʑi tɔʁdɛˈziʎəs ) in Salvador , Bahia and ( tɾɐˈtadu di tɔɦde̞ˈziʎəs ) in Recife . Jump up ^ Chardon , Roland ( 1980 ) . `` The linear league in North America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 70 : 129 -- 153 ( pp. 142 , 144 , 151 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1980. tb01304. x . JSTOR 2562946 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 85 -- 97 , 176 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Newlyn Walkup , Eratosthenes and the mystery of the stades Jump up ^ Engels , Donald ( 1985 ) . `` The length of Eratosthenes ' stade '' . American Journal of Philology. 106 : 298 -- 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 295030 . JSTOR 295030 . Jump up ^ Davenport , 85 , 171 . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 4 May 1493 ) . Inter Caetera . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 25 September 1493 ) ( in Latin ) . Dudum siquidem . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Parry , J.H. ( 1973 ) . The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 . London : Cardinal . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 16603 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davenport , ed. , 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ronald Marchant , The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia , 1479 -- 1829 ( Greenwood , Western Australia : Woodside Valley Foundation , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 423 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crow , John A. ( 1992 ) . The Epic of Latin America ( Fourth ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 198 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 202 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 205 . Jump up ^ Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . pp. 194 Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 91 -- 97 , 178 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 100 -- 102 , 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 103 -- 108 , 122 , 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 138 -- 139 , 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Edward Gaylord Bourne , `` Historical Introduction '' , in Blair . Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 2 Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 3 Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt , 1874 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Andaya , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Corn , p. xxiv . `` I split the nut , once more valuable than gold . '' Jump up ^ Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita , Archipelago : The Islands of Indonesia , ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21576 - 1 ( early 1500s ) . Jump up ^ `` The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini , 1600s '' . Colonialvoyage.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt Society , 1874 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Andaya , p. 117 . After the Iberian Union ( 1580 -- 1640 ) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas ( 1605 -- 1611 , pp. 152 -- 3 ) , the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines . ( p. 156 ) Jump up ^ Knowlton , p. 341 . The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China ( History of the most remarkable things , rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China , 1585 ) . Jump up ^ Cortesao , p. 224 , with detailed maps naming each island on several maps . Jump up ^ ed . John O.E. Clark , 100 Maps ( New York : Sterling , 2005 ) p. 115 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2885 - 9 . Jump up ^ Le Réseau Asie ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South - East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand '' . Reseau-asie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon '' . The Journal of San Diego History ( Volume 12 , Number 2 ed . ) . April 1966 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lines in the sea by Giampiero Francalanci and others , p. 3 about 129 ° E or only 1.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Lines of Demarcation 1529 about 134 ° E or 6.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten about 135 ° E or 7.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Miller , James Rodger ( 2000 - 06 - 01 ) . Skyscrapers hide the heavens : a history of Indian - white relations in Canada . p. 20 . ISBN 9780802081537 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ José Damião Rodrigues , Pedro Aires Oliveira ( 2014 ) História da Expansão e do Império Português ed . Esfera dos Livros , p. 266 - 267 Jump up ^ `` National Interests And Claims In The Antarctic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Laver , Roberto ( 2001 ) . The Falklands / Malvinas case . Springer . pp. 67 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1534 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Edward G. Bourne , ' The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by Pope Alexander VI , between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and Colonization ' , American Historical Association , Annual Report for 1891 , Washington , 1892 ; Senate Miscellaneous Documents , Washington , Vol. 5 , 1891 -- 92 , pp. 103 -- 30 . James R Akerman , The Imperial Map ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2009 ) 138 . Leonard Y . Andaya , The world of Maluku : Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period ( Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1490 - 8 . Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 - 1803 ( vol 1 of 55 ) ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 - 1909 ) , containing complete English translations of both treaties and related documents . Stephen R. Bown , 1494 : How a family feud in medieval Spain divided the world in half ( New York : Thomas Dunne Books , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61612 - 0 . Charles Corn , The Scents of Eden : A Narrative of the Spice Trade , ( New York : Kodansha , 1998 ) , ISBN 1 - 56836 - 202 - 1 . Cortesao , Armando ( 1939 ) . `` Antonio Pereira and his map of circa 1545 '' . Geographical Review . 29 : 205 -- 225 . doi : 10.2307 / 209943 . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1917 / 1967 ) . Translation of the Treaty of Tordesillas by Davenport . Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . Knowlton , Edgar C. ( 1963 ) . `` China and the Philippines in El Periquillo Sarniento '' . Hispanic Review . 31 : 336 -- 347 . doi : 10.2307 / 472212 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Tordesillas ( Tratado de Tordesillas ) . Treaty of Tordesillas ( about.com ) Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese ) from Archivo General de Indias Treaty of Tordesillas English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK Compact Between the Catholic Sovereigns and the King of Portugal Regarding the Demarcation and the Division of the Ocean Sea English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK VIAF : 232145857902923021282 LCCN : n82219907 GND : 4185720 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=816129867 '' Categories : 1494 in Portugal 1494 in Spain 1529 in law 1490s treaties History of North America History of South America History of the Americas Latin American history Ferdinand II of Aragon Geopolitical rivalry Isabella I of Castile Lines of longitude Memory of the World Register Portugal -- Spain relations Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire Spanish colonization of the Americas History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Portuguese Empire Spain in the Age of Discovery Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 13 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Tordesillas

which of the following is not part of the milankovitch theory

Milankovitch cycles

milankovitch cycles

Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth 's movements on its climate over thousands of years . The term is named for Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković . In the 1920s , he hypothesized that variations in eccentricity , axial tilt , and precession of the Earth 's orbit resulted in cyclical variation in the solar radiation reaching the Earth , and that this orbital forcing strongly influenced climatic patterns on Earth .

Similar astronomical hypotheses had been advanced in the 19th century by Joseph Adhemar , James Croll and others , but verification was difficult because there was no reliably dated evidence , and because it was unclear which periods were important . Now , materials on Earth that have been unchanged for millennia ( obtained via ice , rock , and deep ocean cores ) are being studied to indicate the history of Earth 's climate . Though they are consistent with the Milankovitch hypothesis , there are still several observations that the hypothesis does not explain . Contents 1 Earth 's movements 1.1 Orbital shape ( eccentricity ) 1.1. 1 Effect on temperature 1.1. 2 Effect on lengths of seasons 1.2 Axial tilt ( obliquity ) 1.3 Axial precession 1.4 Apsidal precession 1.5 Orbital inclination 2 Problems 2.1 100,000 - year problem 2.2 Transition problem 2.3 Unsplit peak problem 2.4 Stage 5 problem 2.5 Effect exceeds cause 3 Present and future conditions 4 Effects beyond Earth 4.1 Mars 4.2 Outer planets 4.3 Exoplanets 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Earth 's movements ( edit ) The Earth 's rotation around its axis , and revolution around the Sun , evolve over time due to gravitational interactions with other bodies in the solar system . The variations are complex , but a few cycles are dominant . The Earth 's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical ( its eccentricity varies ) . When the orbit is more elongated , there is more variation in the distance between the Earth and the Sun , and in the amount of solar radiation , at different times in the year . In addition , the rotational tilt of the Earth ( its obliquity ) changes slightly . A greater tilt makes the seasons more extreme . Finally , the direction in the fixed stars pointed to by the Earth 's axis changes ( axial precession ) , while the Earth 's elliptical orbit around the Sun rotates ( apsidal precession ) . The combined effect is that proximity to the Sun occurs during different astronomical seasons . Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth , which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth . This is known as solar forcing ( an example of radiative forcing ) . Milankovitch emphasized the changes experienced at 65 ° north due to the great amount of land at that latitude . Land masses change temperature more quickly than oceans , because of the mixing of surface and deep water and the fact that soil has a lower volumetric heat capacity than water . Orbital shape ( eccentricity ) ( edit ) Main article : Orbital eccentricity Circular orbit , no eccentricity Orbit with 0.5 eccentricity ; Earth 's orbit is never this eccentric The Earth 's orbit approximates an ellipse . Eccentricity measures the departure of this ellipse from circularity . The shape of the Earth 's orbit varies between nearly circular ( with the lowest eccentricity of 0.000055 ) and mildly elliptical ( highest eccentricity of 0.0679 ) Its geometric or logarithmic mean is 0.0019 . The major component of these variations occurs with a period of 413,000 years ( eccentricity variation of ± 0.012 ) . Other components have 95,000 - year and 125,000 - year cycles ( with a beat period of 400,000 years ) . They loosely combine into a 100,000 - year cycle ( variation of − 0.03 to + 0.02 ) . The present eccentricity is 0.017 and decreasing . Eccentricity varies primarily due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn . However , the semi-major axis of the orbital ellipse remains unchanged ; according to perturbation theory , which computes the evolution of the orbit , the semi-major axis is invariant . The orbital period ( the length of a sidereal year ) is also invariant , because according to Kepler 's third law , it is determined by the semi-major axis . Effect on temperature ( edit ) The semi-major axis is a constant . Therefore , when Earth 's orbit becomes more eccentric , the semi-minor axis shortens . This increases the magnitude of seasonal changes . The relative increase in solar irradiation at closest approach to the Sun ( perihelion ) compared to the irradiation at the furthest distance ( aphelion ) is slightly larger than four times the eccentricity . For Earth 's current orbital eccentricity , incoming solar radiation varies by about 6.8 % , while the distance from the Sun currently varies by only 3.4 % ( 5.1 million km ) . Perihelion presently occurs around January 3 , while aphelion is around July 4 . When the orbit is at its most eccentric , the amount of solar radiation at perihelion will be about 23 % more than at aphelion . However , the Earth 's eccentricity is always so small that the variation in solar irradiation is a minor factor in seasonal climate variation , compared to axial tilt and even compared to the relative ease of heating the larger land masses of the northern hemisphere . Effect on lengths of seasons ( edit ) Season durations Year Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Date : GMT Season duration 2005 Winter solstice Summer solstice 21 December 2005 18 : 35 88.99 days 2006 Spring equinox Autumn equinox 20 March 2006 18 : 26 92.75 days 2006 Summer solstice Winter solstice 21 June 2006 12 : 26 93.65 days 2006 Autumn equinox Spring equinox 23 September 2006 4 : 03 89.85 days 2006 Winter solstice Summer solstice 22 December 2006 0 : 22 88.99 days 2007 Spring equinox Autumn equinox 21 March 2007 0 : 07 92.75 days 2007 Summer solstice Winter solstice 21 June 2007 18 : 06 93.66 days 2007 Autumn equinox Spring equinox 23 September 2007 9 : 51 89.85 days 2007 Winter solstice Summer solstice 22 December 2007 06 : 08 The seasons are quadrants of the Earth 's orbit , marked by the two solstices and the two equinoxes . Kepler 's second law states that a body in orbit traces equal areas over equal times ; its orbital velocity is highest around perihelion and lowest around aphelion . The Earth spends less time near perihelion and more time near aphelion . This means that the lengths of the seasons vary . Perihelion currently occurs around January 3 , so the Earth 's greater velocity shortens winter and autumn in the northern hemisphere . Summer in the northern hemisphere is 4.66 days longer than winter , and spring is 2.9 days longer than autumn . Greater eccentricity increases the variation in the Earth 's orbital velocity . However , currently , the Earth 's orbit is becoming less eccentric ( more nearly circular ) . This will make the seasons more similar in length . Axial tilt ( obliquity ) ( edit ) Main article : Axial tilt 22.1 -- 24.5 ° range of Earth 's obliquity The angle of the Earth 's axial tilt with respect to the orbital plane ( the obliquity of the ecliptic ) varies between 22.1 ° and 24.5 ° , over a cycle of about 41,000 years . The current tilt is 23.44 ° , roughly halfway between its extreme values . The tilt last reached its maximum in 8,700 BCE . It is now in the decreasing phase of its cycle , and will reach its minimum around the year 11,800 CE . Increased tilt increases the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in insolation , providing more solar radiation in each hemisphere 's summer and less in winter . However , these effects are not uniform everywhere on the Earth 's surface . Increased tilt increases the total annual solar radiation at higher latitudes , and decreases the total closer to the equator . The current trend of decreasing tilt , by itself , will promote milder seasons ( warmer winters and colder summers ) , as well as an overall cooling trend . Because most of the planet 's snow and ice lies at high latitude , decreasing tilt may encourage the onset of an ice age for two reasons : There is less overall summer insolation , and also less insolation at higher latitudes , which melts less of the previous winter 's snow and ice . Axial precession ( edit ) Main article : Axial precession Precessional movement Axial precession is the trend in the direction of the Earth 's axis of rotation relative to the fixed stars , with a period of 25,771.5 years . This motion means that eventually Polaris will no longer be the north pole star . It is caused by the tidal forces exerted by the Sun and the Moon on the solid Earth ; both contribute roughly equally to this effect . Currently , perihelion occurs during the southern hemisphere 's summer . This means that solar radiation due to ( 1 ) axial tilt inclining the southern hemisphere toward the Sun and ( 2 ) the Earth 's proximity to the Sun , both reach maximum during the summer and both reach minimum during the winter . Their effects on heating are additive , which means that seasonal variation in irradiation of the southern hemisphere is more extreme . In the northern hemisphere , these two factors reach maximum at opposite times of the year : The north is tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is furthest from the Sun . The two effects work in opposite directions , resulting in less extreme variations in insolation . In about 13,000 years , the north pole will be tilted toward the Sun when the Earth is at perihelion . Axial tilt and orbital eccentricity will both contribute their maximum increase in solar radiation during the northern hemisphere 's summer . Axial precession will promote more extreme variation in irradiation of the northern hemisphere and less extreme variation in the south . When the Earth 's axis is aligned such that aphelion and perihelion occur near the equinoxes , axial tilt will not be aligned with or against eccentricity . Apsidal precession ( edit ) Main article : Apsidal precession Planets orbiting the Sun follow elliptical ( oval ) orbits that rotate gradually over time ( apsidal precession ) . The eccentricity of this ellipse , as well as the rate of precession , is exaggerated for visualization . Most orbits in the Solar System have a much smaller eccentricity , making them nearly circular . In addition , the orbital ellipse itself precesses in space , in an irregular fashion , completing a full cycle every 112,000 years relative to the fixed stars . Apsidal precession occurs in the plane of the ecliptic and alters the orientation of the Earth 's orbit relative to the ecliptic . This happens primarily as a result of interactions with Jupiter and Saturn . Smaller contributions are also made by the sun 's oblateness and by the effects of general relativity that are well known for Mercury . Apsidal precession combines with the 25,771.5 - year cycle of axial precession ( see above ) to vary the position in the year that the Earth reaches perihelion . Apsidal precession shortens this period to 23,000 years on average ( varying between 20,800 and 29,000 years ) . Effects of precession on the seasons ( using the Northern Hemisphere terms ) . As the orientation of Earth 's orbit changes , each season will gradually start earlier in the year . Precession means the Earth 's nonuniform motion ( see above ) will affect different seasons . Winter , for instance , will be in a different section of the orbit . When the Earth 's apsides are aligned with the equinoxes , the length of spring and summer combined will equal that of autumn and winter . When they are aligned with the solstices , the difference in the length of these seasons will be greatest . Orbital inclination ( edit ) Main article : Orbital inclination The inclination of Earth 's orbit drifts up and down relative to its present orbit . This three - dimensional movement is known as `` precession of the ecliptic '' or `` planetary precession '' . Earth 's current inclination relative to the invariable plane ( the plane that represents the angular momentum of the Solar System , approximately the orbital plane of Jupiter ) is 1.57 ° . Milankovitch did not study apsidal precession . It was discovered more recently and measured , relative to Earth 's orbit , to have a period of about 70,000 years . However , when measured independently of Earth 's orbit , but relative to the invariable plane , precession has a period of about 100,000 years . This period is very similar to the 100,000 - year eccentricity period . Both periods closely match the 100,000 - year pattern of glacial events . Problems ( edit ) The nature of sediments can vary in a cyclic fashion , and these cycles can be displayed in the sedimentary record . Here , cycles can be observed in the colouration and resistance of different strata . Artifacts taken from the Earth have been studied to infer the cycles of past climate . A study of the chronology of Antarctic ice cores using oxygen - nitrogen ratios in air bubbles trapped in the ice , which appear to respond directly to the local insolation , concluded that the climatic response documented in the ice cores was driven by northern hemisphere insolation as proposed by the Milankovitch hypothesis . Analysis of deep - ocean cores , analysis of lake depths , and a seminal paper by Hays , Imbrie , and Shackleton provide additional validation through physical artifacts . Climate records contained in a 1,700 ft ( 520 m ) core of rock drilled in Arizona show a pattern synchronized with Earth 's eccentricity , and cores drilled in New England match it , going back 215 million years . These studies fit so well with the orbital periods that they supported Milankovitch 's hypothesis that variations in the Earth 's orbit influence climate . However , the fit was not perfect , and problems remained reconciling hypothesis with observation . 100,000 - year problem ( edit ) Main article : 100,000 - year problem Of all the orbital cycles , Milankovitch believed that obliquity had the greatest effect on climate , and that it did so by varying the summer insolation in northern high latitudes . Therefore , he deduced a 41,000 - year period for ice ages . However , subsequent research has shown that ice age cycles of the Quaternary glaciation over the last million years have been at a 100,000 - year period , which matches the eccentricity cycle . Various explanations for this discrepancy have been proposed , including frequency modulation or various feedbacks ( from carbon dioxide , cosmic rays , or from ice sheet dynamics ) . Some models can reproduce the 100,000 - year cycles as a result of non-linear interactions between small changes in the Earth 's orbit and internal oscillations of the climate system . Jung - Eun Lee of Brown University proposes that precession changes the amount of energy that Earth absorbs , because the southern hemisphere 's greater ability to grow sea ice reflects more energy away from Earth . Moreover , Lee says , `` Precession only matters when eccentricity is large . That 's why we see a stronger 100,000 - year pace than a 21,000 - year pace . '' Some have argued that the length of the climate record is insufficient to establish a statistically significant relationship between climate and eccentricity variations . Transition problem ( edit ) Variations of cycle times , curves determined from ocean sediments In fact , from 1 -- 3 million years ago , climate cycles did match the 41,000 - year cycle in obliquity . After 1 million years ago , this switched to the 100,000 - year cycle matching eccentricity . The transition problem refers to the need to explain what changed 1 million years ago . Unsplit peak problem ( edit ) Even the well - dated climate records of the last million years do not exactly match the shape of the eccentricity curve . Eccentricity has component cycles of 95,000 and 125,000 years . However , some researchers say the records do not show these peaks , but only show a single cycle of 100,000 years . Stage 5 problem ( edit ) Deep - sea core samples show that the interglacial interval known as marine isotope stage 5 began 130,000 years ago . This is 10,000 years before the solar forcing that the Milankovitch hypothesis predicts . ( This is also known as the causality problem , because the effect precedes the putative cause . ) Effect exceeds cause ( edit ) See also : Climate change feedback 420,000 years of ice core data from Vostok , Antarctica research station , with more recent times on the left Artifacts show that the variation in Earth 's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth 's orbit evolves . If orbital forcing causes climate change , science needs to explain why the observed effect is amplified compared to the theoretical effect . Some climate systems exhibit amplification ( positive feedback ) and damping responses ( negative feedback ) . An example of amplification would be if , with the land masses around 65 ° north covered in year - round ice , solar energy were reflected away . Amplification would mean that an ice age induces changes that impede orbital forcing from ending the ice age . The Earth 's current orbital inclination is 1.57 ° ( see above ) . Earth presently moves through the invariable plane around January 9 and July 9 . At these times , there is an increase in meteors and noctilucent clouds . If this is because there is a disk of dust and debris in the invariable plane , then when the Earth 's orbital inclination is near 0 ° and it is orbiting through this dust , materials could be accreted into the atmosphere . This process could explain the narrowness of the 100,000 - year climate cycle . Present and future conditions ( edit ) Past and future of daily average insolation at top of the atmosphere on the day of the summer solstice , at 65 N latitude . The green curve is with eccentricity e hypothetically set to 0 . The red curve uses the actual ( predicted ) value of e . Blue dot is current conditions , at 2 ky A.D. Since orbital variations are predictable , any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate , with two caveats : the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive ; and non-orbital effects can be important ( for example , Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate ) . An often - cited 1980 orbital model by Imbrie predicted `` the long - term cooling trend that began some 6,000 years ago will continue for the next 23,000 years . '' More recent work suggests that orbital variations should gradually increase 65 ° N summer insolation over the next 25,000 years . Earth 's orbit will become less eccentric for about the next 100,000 years , so changes in this insolation will be dominated by changes in obliquity , and should not decline enough to cause an ice age in the next 50,000 years . Effects beyond Earth ( edit ) Other bodies in the Solar System undergo orbital fluctuations like the Milankovitch cycles . Any geological effects would not be as pronounced as climate change on the Earth , but might cause the movement of elements in the solid state : Mars ( edit ) Mars has no moon large enough to stabilize its obliquity , which has varied from 10 to 70 degrees . This would explain recent observations of its surface compared to evidence of different conditions in its past , such as the extent of its polar caps . Outer planets ( edit ) Saturn 's moon Titan has a cycle of approximately 60,000 years that could change the location of the methane lakes . Neptune 's moon Triton has a variation similar to Titan 's , which could cause its solid nitrogen deposits to migrate over long time scales . Exoplanets ( edit ) Scientists using computer models to study extreme axial tilts have concluded that high obliquity would cause climate extremes that would threaten Earth - like life . They noted that high obliquity would not likely sterilize a planet completely , but would make it harder for warm - blooded , land - based life to thrive . Although the obliquity they studied is more extreme than Earth ever experiences , there are scenarios 1.5 to 4.5 billion years from now , as the Moon 's stabilizing effect lessens , where obliquity could leave its current range and the poles could eventually point almost directly at the Sun . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karney , Kevin . `` Variation in the Equation of Time '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Girkin , Amy Negich ( 2005 ) . A Computational Study on the Evolution of the Dynamics of the Obliquity of the Earth ( PDF ) ( Master of Science thesis ) . Miami University . Jump up ^ Laskar , J ; Fienga , A. ; Gastineau , M. ; Manche , H ( 2011 ) . `` La2010 : A New Orbital Solution for the Long - term Motion of the Earth '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 532 ( A889 ) : A89 . arXiv : 1103.1084 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 532A ... 89L . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201116836 . Jump up ^ Berger A. ; Loutre M.F. ; Mélice J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Equatorial insolation : from precession harmonics to eccentricity frequencies '' ( PDF ) . Clim . Past Discuss. 2 ( 4 ) : 519 -- 533 . doi : 10.5194 / cpd - 2 - 519 - 2006 . Jump up ^ Data from United States Naval Observatory ^ Jump up to : van den Heuvel , E.P.J. ( 1966 ) . `` On the Precession as a Cause of Pleistocene Variations of the Atlantic Ocean Water Temperatures '' . Geophysical Journal International . 11 : 323 -- 336 . Bibcode : 1966GeoJ ... 11 ... 323V . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1966. tb03086. x . Jump up ^ Muller RA , MacDonald GJ ( 1997 ) . `` Spectrum of 100 - kyr glacial cycle : orbital inclination , not eccentricity '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 94 ( 16 ) : 8329 -- 34 . Bibcode : 1997PNAS ... 94.8329 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.16. 8329 . PMC 33747 . PMID 11607741 . Jump up ^ Kawamura K , Parrenin F , Lisiecki L , Uemura R , Vimeux F , Severinghaus JP , Hutterli MA , Nakazawa T , Aoki S , Jouzel J , Raymo ME , Matsumoto K , Nakata H , Motoyama H , Fujita S , Goto - Azuma K , Fujii Y , Watanabe O ( August 2007 ) . `` Northern Hemisphere forcing of climatic cycles in Antarctica over the past 360,000 years '' . Nature . 448 ( 7156 ) : 912 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 912K . doi : 10.1038 / nature06015 . PMID 17713531 . Jump up ^ Kerr RA ( February 1987 ) . `` Milankovitch Climate Cycles Through the Ages : Earth 's orbital variations that bring on ice ages have been modulating climate for hundreds of millions of years '' . Science . 235 ( 4792 ) : 973 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 235 ... 973K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 235.4792. 973 . JSTOR 1698758 . PMID 17782244 . / O Jump up ^ Olsen PE ( November 1986 ) . `` A 40 - million - year lake record of early mesozoic orbital climatic forcing '' . Science . 234 ( 4778 ) : 842 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 234 ... 842O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 234.4778. 842 . JSTOR 1698087 . PMID 17758107 . ^ Jump up to : Hays , J.D. ; Imbrie , J. ; Shackleton , N.J. ( 1976 ) . `` Variations in the Earth 's Orbit : Pacemaker of the Ice Ages '' . Science . 194 ( 4270 ) : 1121 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1976Sci ... 194.1121 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 194.4270. 1121 . PMID 17790893 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Bakalar ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Every 202,500 Years , Earth Wanders in a New Direction '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Milankovitch , Milutin ( 1998 ) ( 1941 ) . Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem . Belgrade : Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva . ISBN 86 - 17 - 06619 - 9 . ; see also `` Astronomical Theory of Climate Change '' . Jump up ^ Imbrie , John ; Imbrie , Katherine P. ( 1986 ) . Ice Ages : Solving the Mystery . Harvard University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44075 - 3 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , N.J. ; Berger , A. ; Peltier , W.R. ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677 '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh : Earth Sciences . 81 ( 04 ) : 251 -- 261 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263593300020782 . Jump up ^ Abe - Ouchi A , Saito F , Kawamura K , Raymo ME , Okuno J , Takahashi K , Blatter H ( August 2013 ) . `` Insolation - driven 100,000 - year glacial cycles and hysteresis of ice - sheet volume '' . Nature . 500 ( 7461 ) : 190 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2013Natur. 500 ... 190A . doi : 10.1038 / nature12374 . PMID 23925242 . Jump up ^ Rial , J.A. ( October 2003 ) , `` Earth 's orbital Eccentricity and the rhythm of the Pleistocene ice ages : the concealed pacemaker '' ( PDF ) , Global and Planetary Change , 41 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 93 , Bibcode : 2004GPC ... 41 ... 81R , doi : 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2003.10. 003 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 Jump up ^ Ghil , Michael ( 1994 ) . `` Cryothermodynamics : the chaotic dynamics of paleoclimate '' . Physica D. 77 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 130 -- 159 . Bibcode : 1994PhyD ... 77 ... 130G . doi : 10.1016 / 0167 - 2789 ( 94 ) 90131 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gildor H , Tziperman E ( 2000 ) . `` Sea ice as the glacial cycles ' climate switch : Role of seasonal and orbital forcing '' . Paleoceanography. 15 ( 6 ) : 605 -- 615 . Bibcode : 2000PalOc ... 15 ... 605G . doi : 10.1029 / 1999PA000461 . Jump up ^ Kevin Stacey ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Earth 's orbital variations and sea ice synch glacial periods '' . m.phys.org . Jump up ^ Lee , Jung - Eun ; Shen , Aaron ; Fox - Kemper , Baylor ; Ming , Yi ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Hemispheric sea ice distribution sets the glacial tempo '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 44 : 2016GL071307 . Bibcode : 2017GeoRL ... 44.1008 L . doi : 10.1002 / 2016GL071307 . Jump up ^ Wunsch , Carl ( 2004 ) . `` Quantitative estimate of the Milankovitch - forced contribution to observed Quaternary climate change '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 23 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 1001 -- 12 . Bibcode : 2004QSRv ... 23.1001 W . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2004.02. 014 . Jump up ^ Zachos JC , Shackleton NJ , Revenaugh JS , Pälike H , Flower BP ( April 2001 ) . `` Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene - Miocene boundary '' . Science . 292 ( 5515 ) : 27 -- 48 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292 ... 274Z . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058288 . PMID 11303100 . Jump up ^ `` Nonlinear coupling between 100 ka periodicity of the paleoclimate records in loess and periodicities of precession and semi-precession '' ( PDF ) . ProQuest . Jump up ^ Karner DB , Muller RA ( June 2000 ) . `` PALEOCLIMATE : A Causality Problem for Milankovitch '' . Science . 288 ( 5474 ) : 2143 -- 4 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5474. 2143 . PMID 17758906 . Jump up ^ Muller , Richard A ; MacDonald , Gordon J.F. ( 1997 ) . `` Glacial Cycles and Astronomical Forcing '' . Science . 277 ( 5323 ) : 215 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1997Sci ... 277 ... 215M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 277.5323. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 100 kyr Glacial Cycle : eccentricity or orbital inclination ? '' . Richard A Muller . Retrieved March 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ F. Varadi ; B. Runnegar ; M. Ghil ( 2003 ) . `` Successive Refinements in Long - Term Integrations of Planetary Orbits '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 592 : 620 -- 630 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 592 ... 620V . doi : 10.1086 / 375560 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , D.S. ; Schneider , D.P. ; McKay , N.P. ; Ammann , C.M. ; Bradley , R.S. ; Briffa , K.R. ; Miller , G.H. ; Otto - Bliesner , B.L. ; Overpeck , J.T. ; Vinther , B.M. ; Abbott , M. ; Axford , M. ; Bird , Y. ; Birks , B. ; Bjune , H.J.B. ; Briner , A.E. ; Cook , J. ; Chipman , T. ; Francus , M. ; Gajewski , P. ; Geirsdottir , K. ; Hu , A. ; Kutchko , F.S. ; Lamoureux , B. ; Loso , S. ; MacDonald , M. ; Peros , G. ; Porinchu , M. ; Schiff , D. ; Seppa , C. ; Seppa , H. ; Arctic Lakes 2k Project Members ( 2009 ) . `` Recent Warming Reverses Long - Term Arctic Cooling '' . Science . 325 ( 5945 ) : 1236 -- 1239 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 325.1236 K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1173983 . PMID 19729653 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Warming Overtakes 2,000 Years of Natural Cooling '' . UCAR . September 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Bello , David ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Global Warming Reverses Long - Term Arctic Cooling '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ J Imbrie ; JZ Imbrie ( 1980 ) . `` Modeling the Climatic Response to Orbital Variations '' . Science . 207 ( 4434 ) : 943 -- 953 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 207 ... 943I . doi : 10.1126 / science. 207.4434. 943 . PMID 17830447 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA Paleoclimatology Program -- Orbital Variations and Milankovitch Theory '' . Jump up ^ Berger A , Loutre MF ( 2002 ) . `` Climate : An exceptionally long interglacial ahead ? '' . Science . 297 ( 5585 ) : 1287 -- 8 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1076120 . PMID 12193773 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ A. Ganopolski , R. Winkelmann & H.J. Schellnhuber ( 2016 ) . `` Critical insolation -- CO2 relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception '' . Nature . 529 : 200 -- 203 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 529 ... 200G . doi : 10.1038 / nature16494 . PMID 26762457 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Schorghofer , Norbert ( 2008 ) . `` Temperature response of Mars to Milankovitch cycles '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 35 ( 18 ) : L18201 . Bibcode : 2008GeoRL ... 3518201S . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GL034954 . Jump up ^ `` 3.5 Modeling Milankovitch cycles on Mars ( 2010 -- 90 ; Annual Symp Planet Atmos ) '' . Confex . Jump up ^ `` Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan -- Alex Hayes ( SETI Talks ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Nicholos Wethington ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Lake Asymmetry on Titan Explained '' . Jump up ^ `` Sun Blamed for Warming of Earth and Other Worlds '' . LiveScience.com . Jump up ^ Williams , D.M. , Pollard , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Earth - like worlds on eccentric orbits : excursions beyond the habitable zone '' ( PDF ) . Inter . J. Astrobio. 1 : 21 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2002IJAsB ... 1 ... 61W . doi : 10.1017 / s1473550402001064 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Neron de Surgy , O. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1997 ) , `` On the long term evolution of the spin of the Earth '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics , 318 : 975 -- 989 , Bibcode : 1997A&A ... 318 ... 975N Further reading ( edit ) The oldest reference for Milankovitch cycles is : Milankovitch , M. ( 1930 ) . Mathematische Klimalehre und Astronomische Theorie der Klimaschwankungen . Handbuch der Klimatologie. 1 Teil A. von Gebrüder Borntraeger . OCLC 490063906 . Roe G ( 2006 ) . `` In defense of Milankovitch '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 33 ( 24 ) : L24703 . Bibcode : 2006GeoRL ... 3324703R . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027817 . This shows that Milankovitch theory fits the data extremely well , over the past million years , provided that we consider derivatives . Kaufmann R.K. ; Juselius K. ( 2016 ) , `` Testing competing forms of the Milankovitch hypothesis '' , Paleoceanography , 31 : 286 -- 297 , Bibcode : 2016PalOc ... 31 ... 286K , doi : 10.1002 / 2014PA002767 . Edvardsson S , Karlsson KG , Engholm M ( 2002 ) . `` Accurate spin axes and solar system dynamics : Climatic variations for the Earth and Mars '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 384 ( 2 ) : 689 -- 701 . Bibcode : 2002A&A ... 384 ... 689E . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20020029 . This is the first work that investigated the derivative of the ice volume in relation to insolation ( page 698 ) . Zachos J , Pagani M , Sloan L , Thomas E , Billups K ( 2001 ) . `` Trends , Rhythms , and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present '' . Science . 292 ( 5517 ) : 686 -- 693 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292 ... 686Z . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1059412 . PMID 11326091 . This review article discusses cycles and great - scale changes in the global climate during the Cenozoic Era . Pälike , H. , R.D. Norris , J.O. Herrle , P.A. Wilson , H.K. Coxall , C.H. Lear , N.J. Shackleton , A.K. Tripati , and B.S. Wade ( 2006 ) . `` The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System '' . Science . 314 ( 5807 ) : 1894 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 314.1894 P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133822 . PMID 17185595 . A 13 - million - year continuous record of Oligocene climate from the equatorial Pacific reveals a pronounced `` heartbeat '' in the global carbon cycle and periodicity of glaciations . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Milankovitch cycles at Wikimedia Commons Milankovitch cycles at Wikibooks Ice Age -- Milankovitch Cycles -- National Geographic Channel The Milankovitch band , Internet Archive of American Geophysical Union lecture Some history of the adoption of the Milankovitch hypothesis ( and an alternative ) More detail on orbital obliquity also matching climate patterns `` Milutin Milankovitch '' . On the Shoulders of Giants . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . The Seasons `` Climate Forcing Data '' . NOAA . National Centers for Environmental Information . Text : includes ( calculated ) data on orbital variations over the last 50 million years and for the coming 20 million years . The Orbital Simulations ; by Varadi , Ghil and Runnegar ( 2003 ) provide another , slightly different series for orbital eccentricity , and also a series for orbital inclination ABC : Earth wobbles linked to extinctions Milankovitch Cycles & Ice Ages Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Global warming and climate change Temperatures Brightness temperature Effective temperature Geologic record Hiatus Historical climatology Instrumental record Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Proxy data Record of the past 1,000 years Satellite measurements Causes Anthropogenic Attribution of recent climate change Aviation Biofuel Black carbon Carbon dioxide Deforestation Earth 's energy budget Earth 's radiation balance Ecocide Fossil fuel Global dimming Global warming potential Greenhouse effect ( Infrared window ) Greenhouse gases ( Halocarbons ) Land use , land - use change and forestry Radiative forcing Tropospheric ozone Urban heat island Natural Albedo Bond events Climate oscillations Climate sensitivity Cloud forcing Cosmic rays Feedbacks Glaciation Global cooling Milankovitch cycles Ocean variability AMO ENSO IOD PDO Orbital forcing Solar variation Volcanism Models Global climate model History History of climate change science Atmospheric thermodynamics Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling Opinion and climate change Environmental ethics Media coverage of climate change Public opinion on climate change ( Popular culture ) Scientific opinion on climate change Scientists opposing the mainstream assessment Climate change denial Global warming conspiracy theory By country & region ( Africa Arctic Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Canada China Europe European Union Finland Grenada Japan Luxembourg New Zealand Norway Russia Scotland South Korea Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom United States ) Politics Clean Power Plan Climate change denial ( Manufactured controversy ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) March for Science People 's Climate March United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC / FCCC ) Global climate regime Potential effects and issues General Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic haze Arctic methane release Climate change and agriculture Climate change and ecosystems Climate change and gender Climate change and poverty Current sea level rise Drought Economics of global warming Effect on plant biodiversity Effects on health Effects on humans Effects on marine mammals Environmental migrant Extinction risk from global warming Fisheries and climate change Forest dieback Industry and society Iris hypothesis Megadrought Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Physical impacts Polar stratospheric cloud Regime shift Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Runaway climate change Season creep Shutdown of thermohaline circulation By country Australia South Asia India Nepal United States Mitigation Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation Bali Road Map 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference Governmental European Climate Change Programme G8 Climate Change Roundtable United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Paris Agreement United States withdrawal Regional climate change initiatives in the United States List of climate change initiatives Emissions reduction Carbon credit Carbon - neutral fuel Carbon offset Carbon tax Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Carbon - free energy Carbon capture and storage Efficient energy use Low - carbon economy Nuclear power Renewable energy Personal Individual action on climate change Simple living Other Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sink Climate change mitigation scenarios Climate engineering Individual and political action on climate change Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Reforestation Urban reforestation Climate Action Plan Climate action Proposed adaptations Strategies Damming glacial lakes Desalination Drought tolerance Irrigation investment Rainwater storage Sustainable development Weather modification Programmes Avoiding dangerous climate change Land allocation decision support system Glossary of climate change Index of climate change articles Category : Climate change Category : Global warming Portal : Global warming Climate oscillations Climate oscillations 8.2 kiloyear event Antarctic Circumpolar Wave Antarctic oscillation Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Atlantic Equatorial mode Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Earth 's axial tilt Bond event Dansgaard -- Oeschger event Diurnal cycle Diurnal temperature variation El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( El Niño - La Niña ) Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation Glacial cycles Indian Ocean Dipole Madden -- Julian oscillation Milankovitch cycles Monsoon North Atlantic oscillation North Pacific Oscillation Orbital forcing Pacific decadal oscillation Pacific -- North American teleconnection pattern Quasi-biennial oscillation Seasonal lag Seasons Solar variability Earth sciences portal Geology portal Paleontology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milankovitch_cycles&oldid=848785153 '' Categories : Climate history Climate forcing agents Ice ages Periodic phenomena Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 08 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch%20cycles

who played crusher in last of the summer wine

Jonathan Linsley ( born 17 January 1956 ) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980 . He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as `` Crusher '' Milburn ( 1984 -- 87 ) , and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman ( 2006 -- 07 ) .

Jonathan Linsley

Jonathan Linsley

jonathan linsley

Jonathan Linsley ( born 17 January 1956 ) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980 . He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as `` Crusher '' Milburn ( 1984 -- 87 ) , and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman ( 2006 -- 07 ) .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Television 2 Theatre 3 Films 4 Television Roles 5 External links Television ( edit ) In 1984 played a chef in a sitcom called The Hello Good - bye Man on BBC with Ian Lavender of Dad 's Army fame . The show lasted for only one series . Shortly after this , Linsley landed the role of large and strong , but dim - witted , `` Crusher '' Milburn in Last of the Summer Wine . He appeared in this role until 1987 when he elected to go on a diet . In 1989 Linsley starred as Chunky Livesey in the second and final series of the spin off prequal First of the Summer Wine , to replace Anthony Keetch who starred as the character in the first series in 1988 . Linsley also appeared as a leading character in the TV shows Emmerdale ( Albert Mistlethwaite ) , Casualty ( DC Newby ) , The Bill ( Dennis Weaver ) and The Governor ( Bert Threlfall ) and as a leading guest actor in many other TV shows and made - for - TV films . He has also made over 50 TV commercials . Theatre ( edit ) His West End career includes the comedy Up'n'Under , Roald Dahl 's Matilda , Its Ralph and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . He appeared in rep in many cities around Britain , and wrote for and appeared in pantomimes with various other actors . Films ( edit ) Diamond 's Edge ( 1988 ) - Bouncer The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) - Workman Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) - Ogilvey ( Dutchman ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) - Ogilvey ( Dutchman ) Television Roles ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 The Hello Goobye Man The Chef ! 1984 - 1987 Last of the Summer Wine Crusher Milburn First of the Summer Wine Chunky Livesey Dalziel and Pascoe 2005 External links ( edit ) New York Times listing Jonathan Linsley on IMDb This article about an English actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Linsley&oldid=812359624 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people People from Bradford English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English actor stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from October 2010 Articles with peacock terms from October 2010 All articles with peacock terms Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from October 2010 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Linsley

who did the dixiecrats nominate to run for president in 1948

Prior to their own States ' Rights Democratic Party convention , it was not clear whether the Dixiecrats would seek to field their own candidate or simply try to prevent Southern electors from voting for Truman . Many in the press predicted that if the Dixiecrats did nominate a ticket , Arkansas Governor Benjamin Travis Laney would be the presidential nominee and South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond or Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright would be the vice presidential nominee . Laney traveled to Birmingham during the convention , but he ultimately decided that he did not want to join a third party and remained in his hotel during the convention . Thurmond himself had doubts about a third - party bid , but party organizers convinced him to accept the party 's nomination , with Fielding Wright as his running mate . Wright 's supporters had hoped that Wright would lead the ticket , but Wright deferred to Thurmond , who had greater national stature . The selection of Thurmond received fairly positive reviews from the national press , as Thurmond had pursued relatively moderate policies on civil rights and did not employ the fiery rhetoric used by other segregationist leaders .

Strom Thurmond

Dixiecrat

dixiecrat

The States ' Rights Democratic Party ( usually called the Dixiecrats ) was a short - lived segregationist political party in the United States . It originated in 1948 as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party determined to protect states ' rights to legislate racial segregation from what its members regarded as an oppressive federal government . Supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states . The Party opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention . Its members were referred to as `` Dixiecrats '' , a portmanteau of `` Dixie '' , referring to the Southern United States , and `` Democrat '' .

The party did not run local or state candidates , and after the 1948 election its leaders generally returned to the Democratic Party . The Dixiecrats had little short - run impact on politics . However , they did have a long - term impact . The Dixiecrats began the weakening of the `` Solid South '' ( the Democratic Party 's total control of presidential elections in the South ) . The term `` Dixiecrat '' is sometimes used by Northern Democrats to refer to conservative Southern Democrats from the 1940s to the 1990s , regardless of where they stood in 1948 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 1948 presidential election 3 Subsequent elections 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 Further reading 7 External links Background `` Solid South '' : Arkansas voted Democratic in all 23 presidential elections from 1876 through 1964 ; other states were not quite as solid but generally supported Democrats for president . By the 1870s , the conservative voters of southern United States were heavily voting Democratic in national and presidential elections , and apart from minor pockets of Republican electoral strength in Appalachia plus Gillespie and Kendall Counties of central Texas , forming what was known as the `` Solid South '' . The social and economic systems of the Solid South were based on Jim Crow , a combination of legal and informal segregation acts that made blacks second - class citizens with little or no political power anywhere within the southern United States . Three - time Democratic Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan opposed a highly controversial resolution at the 1924 Democratic National Convention condemning the Ku Klux Klan , expecting the organization would soon fold . Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it . In the 1930s a realignment occurred courtesy of the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt . While many of the Democratic Party members in the southern United States had shifted toward favoring economic intervention , their own recognition of full civil rights for Black Americans was not yet incorporated within the New Deal agenda , as Southerners controlled many of the key positions of power within the U.S. Congress . With the entry of the United States military into the Second World War , Jim Crow was indirectly challenged as two million Black Americans would serve in the U.S. military during World War II , receiving equal pay while serving within segregated units , and becoming equally entitled to receive veterans ' benefits from the United States government . Members of the Republican Party ( nominating Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey in 1944 and 1948 ) , along with many Democrats from the northern United States , supported civil rights legislation that the Deep South Democrats in Congress almost unanimously opposed . 1948 presidential election Main article : United States presidential election , 1948 1948 electoral votes by state . The Dixiecrats carried Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , and South Carolina , and received one additional electoral vote in Tennessee ( colored in orange ) . States in blue voted for Democrats Harry S. Truman and Alben W. Barkley ; those in red voted for Republicans Thomas E. Dewey and Earl Warren . After Roosevelt died , the new president Harry Truman established a highly visible President 's Committee on Civil Rights and issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military in 1948 . A group of Southern governors such as Strom Thurmond of South Carolina and Fielding L. Wright of Mississippi met to consider the place of Southerners within the Democratic Party . After a tense meeting with DNC chairman and Truman confidant J. Howard McGrath , the Southern governors agreed to convene their own convention in Birmingham if Truman and civil rights supporters emerged victorious at the 1948 Democratic National Convention . In July , the convention re-nominated Truman and adopted a plank proposed by Northern liberals led by Hubert Humphrey calling for civil rights ; 35 southern delegates walked out . The move was on to remove Truman 's name from the ballot in the southern United States . This political maneuvering required the organization of a new and distinct political party , which the Southern defectors from the Democratic Party chose to brand as the States ' Rights Democratic Party . The states in dark red compose the Deep South today . Adjoining areas of East Texas , West Tennessee , and North Florida are also considered part of this subregion . Historically , each of these states were in the Confederate States of America . Just days after the 1948 Democratic National Convention , the States ' Rights Democrats held their own convention at Municipal Auditorium in Birmingham , Alabama on July 17 . While several leaders from the Deep South such as Strom Thurmond and James Eastland attended , most major Southern Democrats did not attend the conference . Among those absent were Georgia Senator Richard Russell , Jr. , who had finished with the second most delegates in the Democratic presidential ballot . Prior to their own States ' Rights Democratic Party convention , it was not clear whether the Dixiecrats would seek to field their own candidate or simply try to prevent Southern electors from voting for Truman . Many in the press predicted that if the Dixiecrats did nominate a ticket , Arkansas Governor Benjamin Travis Laney would be the presidential nominee and South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond or Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright would be the vice presidential nominee . Laney traveled to Birmingham during the convention , but he ultimately decided that he did not want to join a third party and remained in his hotel during the convention . Thurmond himself had doubts about a third - party bid , but party organizers convinced him to accept the party 's nomination , with Fielding Wright as his running mate . Wright 's supporters had hoped that Wright would lead the ticket , but Wright deferred to Thurmond , who had greater national stature . The selection of Thurmond received fairly positive reviews from the national press , as Thurmond had pursued relatively moderate policies on civil rights and did not employ the fiery rhetoric used by other segregationist leaders . The States ' Rights Democrats did not formally declare themselves as being a new third party , but rather said that they were only `` recommending '' that state Democratic Parties vote for the Thurmond - Wright ticket . The goal of the party was to win the 127 electoral votes of the Solid South in the hopes of throwing the election to the Representatives . Once in the House , the Dixiecrats hoped to throw their support to whichever party would agree to their segregationist demands . Even if the Republicans won an outright majority of electoral votes ( as many expected in 1948 ) , the Dixiecrats hoped that their third - party run would help the South retake its dominant position in the Democratic Party . In implementing their strategy , the States ' Rights Democrats faced a complicated set of state election laws , with different states having different processes for choosing presidential electors . The States ' Rights Democrats eventually succeeded in making the Thurmond - Wright ticket the official Democratic ticket in Alabama , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . In other states , they were forced to run as a third - party ticket . In numbers greater than the 6,000 that attended the first , the States ' Rights Democrats held a boisterous second convention in Oklahoma City , on August 14 , 1948 , where they adopted their party platform which stated : We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race ; the constitutional right to choose one 's associates ; to accept private employment without governmental interference , and to earn one 's living in any lawful way . We oppose the elimination of segregation , the repeal of miscegenation statutes , the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program . We favor home - rule , local self - government and a minimum interference with individual rights . The platform went on to say : We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman , Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish a Police Nation in the United States of America . In Arkansas , Democratic gubernatorial nominee Sid McMath vigorously supported Truman in speeches across the state , much to the consternation of the sitting governor , Benjamin Travis Laney , an ardent Thurmond supporter . Laney later used McMath 's pro-Truman stance against him in the 1950 gubernatorial election , but McMath won re-election handily . Efforts by States ' Rights Democrats to paint other Truman loyalists as turncoats generally failed , although the seeds of discontent were planted which in years to come took their toll on Southern moderates . On election day 1948 , the Thurmond - Wright ticket carried the previously solid Democratic states of Alabama , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina , receiving 1,169,021 popular votes and 39 electoral votes . Progressive Party nominee Henry A. Wallace drew off a nearly equal number of popular votes ( 1,157,172 ) from the Democrats ' left wing , although he did not carry any states . The splits in the Democratic Party in the 1948 election had been expected to produce a victory by GOP nominee Dewey , but Truman defeated Dewey in an upset victory . Subsequent elections The States ' Rights Democratic Party dissolved after the 1948 election , as Truman , the Democratic National Committee , and the New Deal Southern Democrats acted to ensure that the Dixiecrat movement would not return in the 1952 presidential election . Some Southern diehards , such as Leander Perez of Louisiana , attempted to keep it in existence in their districts . Former Dixiecrats received some backlash at the 1952 Democratic National Convention , but all Southern delegations were seated after agreeing to a party loyalty pledge . Moderate Alabama Senator John Sparkman was selected as the Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1952 , helping to boost party loyalty in the South . Regardless of the power struggle within the Democratic Party concerning segregation policy , the South remained a strongly Democratic voting bloc for local , state , and federal Congressional elections , but increasingly not in presidential elections . See also List of political parties in the United States Politics of the Southern United States Boll weevil ( politics ) Southern Democrats Southern strategy Footnotes Jump up ^ Lemmon , Sarah McCulloh ( December 1951 ) . `` The Ideology of the ' Dixiecrat ' Movement '' . Social Forces . 30 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 71 . JSTOR 2571628 . doi : 10.2307 / 2571628 . Jump up ^ John F. Bibby and Louis Sandy Maisel , Two parties -- or more ? : the American party system ( 1998 ) p 35 Jump up ^ Kari Frederickson , The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South , 1932 - 1968 ( 2001 ) p. 238 . Jump up ^ see Harry Kreisler , `` Institutional Change in the U.S. Congress : Conversation with Nelson W. Polsby ... 2002 '' Jump up ^ Perman ( 2009 ) part 4 Jump up ^ Coletta , William Jennings Bryan 3 : 162 , 177 , 184 ; Kazin Jump up ^ Feldman , Glenn ( August 2009 ) . `` Southern Disillusionment with the Democratic Party : Cultural Conformity and ' the Great Melding ' of Racial and Economic Conservatism in Alabama during World War II '' . Journal of American Studies . 43 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 30 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875809990028 . Jump up ^ Topping , Simon ( 2004 ) . `` ' Never Argue with the Gallup Poll ' : Thomas Dewey , Civil Rights and the Election of 1948 '' . Journal of American Studies . 38 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 98 . JSTOR 27557513 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875804008400 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Gary ( 2000 ) . Truman Defeats Dewey . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 118 -- 122 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Starr , J. Barton ( 1970 ) . `` Birmingham and the ' Dixiecrat ' Convention of 1948 '' . Alabama Historical Quarterly . 32 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Frederickson , Kari ( 14 January 2003 ) . The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South , 1932 - 1968 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 135 -- 142 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Frederickson , 143 ^ Jump up to : Frederickson , 145 - 147 Jump up ^ Kari Frederickson , The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South , 1932 - 1968 ( 2001 ) p. 133 - 147 . ^ Jump up to : `` Platform of the States Rights Democratic Party , August 14 , 1948 '' . Political Party Platforms , Parties Receiving Electoral Votes : 1840 - 2004 . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Glen Jeansonne , Leander Perez : Boss of the Delta ( Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi , 1977 ) pp. 185 - 189 . ^ Jump up to : White , William S. ( 25 July 1952 ) . `` Democrats Vote Today ; Southerners Seated ; Truman Puts His Support Behind Stevenson '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Further reading Bass , Jack , and Marilyn W. Thompson . Strom : The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond ( 2006 ) Black , Earl , and Merle Black . Politics and Society in the South ( 1989 ) Buchanan , Scott . `` The Dixiecrat Rebellion : Long - Term Partisan Implications in the Deep South '' ( 2005 ) . Politics and Policy 33 ( 4 ) : 754 - 769 . Cohodas , Nadine . Strom Thurmond & the Politics of Southern Change ( 1995 ) Frederickson , Kari . The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South , 1932 -- 1968 ( 2001 ) Karabell , Zachary . The Last Campaign : How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election ( 2001 ) Perman , Michael . Pursuit of Unity : A Political History of the American South ( 2009 ) External links Scott E. Buchanan , Dixiecrats , New Georgia Encyclopedia . 1948 Platform of Oklahoma 's Dixiecrats ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller American ( 1969 ) American Freedom American Populist America 's American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixiecrat&oldid=801777563 '' Categories : Dixiecrats Defunct political parties in the United States History of the Southern United States Conservatism in the United States Factions of the Democratic Party ( United States ) Political terminology of the United States Democratic Party ( United States ) Far - right political parties in the United States White supremacy in the United States Political parties established in 1948 Political repression in the United States 1948 establishments in the United States Political parties disestablished in 1948 1948 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Français 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 19 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixiecrat

who sings the song on star trek enterprise

It was also recorded by English tenor Russell Watson as `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' in order to be used as a theme to the 2001 television series Star Trek : Enterprise . This version of the single was used on four occasions as wake - up calls onboard Space Shuttle missions , and performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . Watson also recorded a special version of the song to be played for the final wake up of the New Horizons exploration spacecraft on December 6 , 2014 .

Russell Watson

Faith of the Heart

faith of the heart

`` Faith of the Heart '' is a song written by Diane Warren and performed by Rod Stewart for the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams . Stewart 's version charted at number 3 on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and at number 60 on the UK Singles Chart . It was warmly received by critics . The song was later covered in 1999 by Susan Ashton for her album Closer and released as her first single in the country music genre . Although it was expected to do well , it was outperformed by her subsequent single .

It was also recorded by English tenor Russell Watson as `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' in order to be used as a theme to the 2001 television series Star Trek : Enterprise . This version of the single was used on four occasions as wake - up calls onboard Space Shuttle missions , and performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . Watson also recorded a special version of the song to be played for the final wake up of the New Horizons exploration spacecraft on December 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and release 2 Reception 3 Susan Ashton cover version 3.1 Reception 4 Russell Watson cover version 4.1 Development and release 4.2 Reception 4.3 Live performances 5 Charts 5.1 Rod Stewart version 5.2 Susan Ashton version 6 References 7 External links Development and release ( edit ) `` Faith of the Heart '' appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 film Patch Adams . It was released on the Universal Records label and produced by Guy Roche . The B - side of the release was the main title theme to the film . The song was released less than a month after his a separation from wife Rachel Hunter . Reception ( edit ) The song was most successful in the Billboard Adult Contemporary within the United States , reaching third place in the chart . The performance of the single placed it in twentieth spot on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the year end 1999 . William Ruhlmann at the website Allmusic described `` Faith of the Heart '' as a power ballad which is `` a standard effort for its genre '' . Chuck Taylor , reviewed the song for Billboard and said that it was one of Stewart 's `` more enjoyable performances in the last couple of years '' , and thought that the song could have just as easily been sung by Celine Dion or LeAnn Rimes . Susan Ashton cover version ( edit ) `` Faith of the Heart '' Single by Susan Ashton from the album Closer Released February 23 , 1999 Genre Country music Length 4 : 17 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Emory Gordy , Jr . Susan Ashton singles chronology `` You Move Me '' ( 1996 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' ( 1999 ) `` You Move Me '' ( 1996 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' ( 1999 ) Susan Ashton was previously known for being a singer of contemporary Christian music , but decided to move into the country music genre after signing a deal with Columbia Records . She developed the album Closer , which featured a cover of the Rod Stewart single `` Faith of the Heart '' . It was the first release from the album , but was not as successful as the following single , `` You 're Lucky I Love You '' . She considered between 800 and 1000 songs to appear on the album , reducing the number down to ten . Reception ( edit ) Tim Anderson , writing in his Country Beat column for Yakima Herald - Republic described Susan Ashton 's `` Faith of the Heart '' as `` a definite winner '' but that it `` did take a couple listens to really hook '' him . The release of the single by Ashton was predicted by Brian Mansfield for USA Today as being the first of a career that would increase sales for the country music genre following Aston 's previous success with Christian music . Russell Watson cover version ( edit ) `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' Song by Russell Watson from the album Encore Released 29 October 2001 Recorded Genre Pop rock Length 4 : 09 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Nick Patrick `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' is a reworked version of `` Faith of the Heart '' which was performed by English tenor Russell Watson as the theme song to the 2001 television series Star Trek : Enterprise . It was also used on four occasions as wake - up calls on Space Shuttle missions , and was performed by Watson at the 2002 Commonwealth Games . It was poorly received by some Star Trek fans who created petitions and protested against the use of the song as a theme . Development and release ( edit ) It was the first time that an actual vocal theme was used in a Star Trek series . Watson had been approached by the producers of Enterprise and the song 's writer , Diane Warren . As he was a fan of Star Trek and as Warren had already written a song for his second album , he agreed to the proposal . The song was featured on the soundtrack to Enterprise and Watson 's 2002 album , Encore . The song was re-recorded for the third and fourth seasons of Enterprise . The song has been used on four occasions as the music selected for wake - up calls on space missions . The first was on 16 June 2002 for the Space Shuttle Endeavour during mission STS - 111 to the International Space Station . It was again used on 2 August 2005 for mission STS - 114 , the first mission of the Space Shuttle programme following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster . It was broadcast to the seven crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery , and had been chosen as a surprise for the crew by Deputy Shuttle Programme Manager Wayne Hale . NASA astronaut Richard Mastracchio selected `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' for broadcast on 9 August 2007 onboard Endeavour for STS - 118 . The final broadcast on board a Space Shuttle was on May 23 , 2009 during STS - 125 , the final Space Shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope . On this occasion it was broadcast to the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis . It was the third science fiction themed wake - up call in a row , the previous day having been the Cantina Band composition by John Williams for Star Wars , and two days prior was Alexander Courage 's Theme from Star Trek . Reception ( edit ) Singer Russell Watson said that Enterprise fans would get used to the song being used as a theme to the show Following the pilot episode of Star Trek : Enterprise , `` Broken Bow '' , and the debut of the song as the series ' theme tune , the reception among Star Trek fans was mostly negative . Such was the response , that online petitions were formed and a protest held outside Paramount Studios against the use of the song . One petition stated that `` We wish to express our unmitigated disgust with the theme song that has been selected for the new ' Enterprise ' series , it is not fit to be scraped off the bottom of a Klingon 's boot . '' Actor Simon Pegg , who played engineer Montgomery Scott in Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness later said that he had never watched Enterprise due to the song , which he described as `` dreadful soft - rock '' and `` probably the most hideous Star Trek moment in history '' . The song was mentioned in the review of the Enterprise first season DVD set by DVD Talk . It was called `` sappy '' , and the reviewer said that it `` never felt appropriate and serves only to undercut the emotional strength of the images on screen '' . Executive producer of Enterprise , Rick Berman , praised the song , saying that it was a song `` that 's got a lot of hopefulness and uplifting qualities to it . And I like it . I 've met a lot of other people who like it , but I 've also heard a tremendous amount of banter about people who do n't . '' Enterprise co-creator Brannon Braga also defended the song , saying of the protest , `` There are some people who love the song and there are people who think it 's cheesy . They came with a petition with 1,000 signatures . But plenty of people find the song very uplifting . '' Watson also said of the response to the song , `` Something new happens , and people are n't quite sure of it . But they 'll get used to it . By the time they 've watched the 20th episode , they 'll be thinking , ' Well , it 's not that bad after all . '' Live performances ( edit ) Russell Watson performed `` Where My Heart Will Take Me '' as part of the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games , alongside a choir . The choir subsequently performed the song at a ceremony to mark the retirement of Bishop Christopher Mayfield from his post as Bishop of Manchester . Charts ( edit ) Rod Stewart version ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Dutch Single Top 100 99 UK Singles Chart 60 U.S. Adult Contemporary Susan Ashton version ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 71 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 51 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/newhorizons/on-plutos-doorstep-new-horizons-spacecraft-awakens-for-encounter/index.html ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Original Soundtrack : Patch Adams '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( 9 January 1999 ) . `` Reviews & Previews : Singles '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart -- Faith Of The Heart '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 8 February 1999 ) . `` Stewart : Vagabond with a broken heart '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard. 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 The Year in Music '' . Billboard. 25 December 1999 . p. 95 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Samms Rush , Diane ( 31 August 1999 ) . `` Timing Feels Right to Ashton '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tim ( 17 September 1999 ) . `` Susan Ashton 's Debut is a Winner '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 22 January 1999 ) . `` Nashville keeps in tune with new teen spirit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Neil . `` Tracking the Star Trek Title Themes '' . Music in Science Fiction Television : Tuned to the Future . New York : Routledge : 66 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0415641074 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 8 November 2001 ) . `` Singer Defends `` Enterprise '' Theme `` . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 23 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Release ! '' . GNP Crescendo Record Co . Archived from the original on 2 August 2002 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Schorn , Peter ( September 26 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek Enterprise - Season Three '' . IGN . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fries , Colin ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berman Defends ' Faith ' '' . Sci - Fi Wire. 12 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2003 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian . `` Sound Trek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 8 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Simon Pegg '' . A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Enterprise - The Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braga Pleased with ' Enterprise ' Reception '' . TrekNation. 10 October 2001 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musical farewell to bishop '' . Manchester Evening News . 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart - Faith of the Heart '' . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : Faith of the Heart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Ashton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1975 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Everybody Hurts '' ( 2010 ) `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` She Makes Me Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` It 's Over '' ( 2013 ) `` Brighton Beach '' ( 2013 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Is '' ( 2015 ) Star Trek : Enterprise Primary characters Jonathan Archer Travis Mayweather Phlox Malcolm Reed Hoshi Sato T'Pol Trip Tucker Episodes Season 1 Other topics Awards Cast Enterprise ( NX - 01 ) Novels Recurring characters Soundtrack Theme song Russell Watson Xindi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faith_of_the_Heart&oldid=804099324 '' Categories : 1999 singles Rod Stewart songs Songs written by Diane Warren Songs written for films Susan Ashton songs Rock ballads Music based on Star Trek 1998 songs Television theme songs 1990s ballads Star Trek : Enterprise Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20of%20the%20Heart

who is the youngest grand master in chess

Year Player Country Age 1950 David Bronstein Soviet Union 26 years 1952 Tigran Petrosian Soviet Union 23 years 1955 Boris Spassky Soviet Union 18 years 1958 Bobby Fischer United States 15 years , 6 months , 1 day 1991 Judit Polgár Hungary 15 years , 4 months , 28 days 1994 Péter Lékó Hungary 14 years , 4 months , 22 days 1997 Étienne Bacrot France 14 years , 2 months , 0 days 1997 Ruslan Ponomariov Ukraine 14 years , 0 months , 17 days 1999 Bu Xiangzhi China 13 years , 10 months , 13 days 2002 Sergey Karjakin Ukraine 12 years , 7 months , 0 days

Sergey Karjakin

Chess prodigy

chess prodigy

Chess prodigies are children who can beat experienced adult players and even Masters at chess . Expectations can be high for chess prodigies . While some become World Champions , others show little or no progress in adulthood .

Contents 1 Early chess prodigies 2 List of youngest grandmasters 3 References 4 External links Early chess prodigies ( edit ) Early chess prodigies were Paul Morphy ( 1837 -- 1884 ) and José Raúl Capablanca ( 1888 -- 1942 ) , both of whom won matches against strong adult opponents at the age of 12 , and Samuel Reshevsky ( 1911 -- 1992 ) , who was giving simultaneous exhibitions at the age of six . Morphy went on to be unofficial World Champion ( before the official title existed ) , Capablanca became the third World Champion , and Reshevsky -- while never attaining the title -- was amongst the top few players in the world for many decades . List of youngest Grandmasters ( edit ) One measure of chess prodigies ( since 1950 , when the title was introduced ) is the age at which they gain the Grandmaster title . Below are players who have held the record for youngest grandmaster . The record has been held by Sergey Karjakin ( then Ukraine ) since 2002 . The age listed is the age at which they qualified for the title . This is not equal to the age at which they officially became Grandmasters , because GM titles can only be awarded at FIDE congresses . Note : all players are listed by their nationality at the time of gaining the title , not their current or later nationality . Year Player Country Age 1950 David Bronstein Soviet Union 26 years 1952 Tigran Petrosian Soviet Union 23 years 1955 Boris Spassky Soviet Union 18 years 1958 Bobby Fischer United States 15 years , 6 months , 1 day 1991 Judit Polgár Hungary 15 years , 4 months , 28 days 1994 Péter Lékó Hungary 14 years , 4 months , 22 days 1997 Étienne Bacrot France 14 years , 2 months , 0 days 1997 Ruslan Ponomariov Ukraine 14 years , 0 months , 17 days 1999 Bu Xiangzhi China 13 years , 10 months , 13 days 2002 Sergey Karjakin Ukraine 12 years , 7 months , 0 days This is a list of the players who became Grandmasters before their 15th birthday . No . Player Country Age Birth year 1 . Sergey Karjakin Ukraine 12 years , 7 months , 0 days 1990 2 . Javokhir Sindarov Uzbekistan 12 years , 10 months , 5 days 2005 3 . Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu India 12 years , 10 months , 13 days 2005 4 . Nodirbek Abdusattorov Uzbekistan 13 years , 1 month , 11 days 5 . Parimarjan Negi India 13 years , 4 months , 22 days 1993 6 . Magnus Carlsen Norway 13 years , 4 months , 27 days 1990 7 . Wei Yi China 13 years , 8 months , 23 days 1999 8 . Bu Xiangzhi China 13 years , 10 months , 13 days 1985 9 . Samuel Sevian United States 13 years , 10 months , 27 days 2000 10 . Richárd Rapport Hungary 13 years , 11 months , 6 days 11 . Teimour Radjabov Azerbaijan 14 years , 0 months , 14 days 12 . Ruslan Ponomariov Ukraine 14 years , 0 months , 17 days 13 . Nihal Sarin India 14 years , 1 month , 1 day 14 . Awonder Liang United States 14 years , 1 month , 20 days 2003 15 . Wesley So Philippines 14 years , 1 month , 28 days 1993 16 . Étienne Bacrot France 14 years , 2 months , 0 days 17 . Illya Nyzhnyk Ukraine 14 years , 3 months , 2 days 18 . Maxime Vachier - Lagrave France 14 years , 4 months , 6 days 1990 19 . Péter Lékó Hungary 14 years , 4 months , 22 days 1979 20 . Jorge Cori Peru 14 years , 5 months , 15 days 1995 21 . Hou Yifan China 14 years , 6 months , 16 days 1994 22 . Jeffery Xiong United States 14 years , 6 months , 25 days 2000 23 . Anish Giri Russia 14 years , 7 months , 2 days 1994 24 . Yuriy Kuzubov Ukraine 14 years , 7 months , 12 days 1990 25 . Bogdan - Daniel Deac Romania 14 years , 7 months , 27 days 2001 26 . Dariusz Świercz Poland 14 years , 7 months , 29 days 1994 27 . Alireza Firouzja Iran 14 years , 8 months , 2 days 2003 28 . Aryan Chopra India 14 years , 9 months , 3 days 2001 29 . Nguyễn Ngọc Trường Sơn Vietnam 14 years , 9 months , 22 days 1990 30 . Kirill Shevchenko Ukraine 14 years , 9 months , 23 days 2002 31 . Arjun Erigaisi India 14 years , 11 months , 13 days 2003 32 . Daniil Dubov Russia 14 years , 11 months , 14 days 33 . Ray Robson United States 14 years , 11 months , 16 days 1994 34 . Fabiano Caruana Italy 14 years , 11 months , 20 days 35 . Yu Yangyi China 14 years , 11 months , 23 days 1994 Here are the holders of the record for the youngest ever female to become a grandmaster ( not to be confused with the lesser Woman Grandmaster title ) : Year Player Country Age 1978 Nona Gaprindashvili Soviet Union 37 years 1984 Maia Chiburdanidze Soviet Union 23 years 1991 Susan Polgar Hungary 21 years 1991 Judit Polgár Hungary 15 years , 4 months 2002 Humpy Koneru India 15 years 1 month 2008 Hou Yifan China 14 years , 6 months References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chess prodigies and mini-grandmasters '' . 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wei Yi has become the youngest GM in the world Archived February 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Youngest - ever American Chess Grandmaster crowned in St. Louis '' . 23 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Rapport Becomes Hungary 's Youngest Grandmaster - Chessdom '' . players.chessdom.com . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Abdusattorov ( 13 ) Second Youngest GM In History '' . 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Polgar , Susan ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Awonder Liang has earned his final GM norm at 14 years and 1 month ! Congratulations to Awonder and the Liang family ! @ USChess @ websterupic.twitter.com/hecjYDMbQz '' . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ 14 - year - old Filipino is newest grandmaster Archived January 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` GM title for Illya Nyzhnyk in Groningen '' . 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British and French championships '' . 20 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cori achieved his final GM norm in October 2009 , but he crossed the 2500 rating mark during a tournament in January 2010 Jump up ^ Hou Yifan -- the youngest female grandmaster in history ( Chessbase , December 8 , 2008 ) gives 14 - 6 - 2 , but this can not be correct because that date ( August 29 ) was the first day of the Women 's World Chess Championship 2008 . Chessbase appears to have used the first day of the championship , instead of the day she qualified for the final and earned her 3rd norm ( September 12 ) . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Alejandro ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Jeffery Xiong rocks Chicago '' . ChessBase . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Anish Giri , 14 , makes his final GM norm ChessBase January 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Yuriy Kuzubov joins the mini-GM club '' . 7 September 2004 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The chess games of Bogdan - Daniel Deac '' . www.chessgames.com . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Scroll . `` Delhi 's Aryan , 14 , Secures Grandmaster Title '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Staff , Scroll . `` The world 's second - youngest grandmaster '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Satrapa , James ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Daniil Dubov , grandmaster at fourteen '' . ChessBase.com . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray Robson is the new youngest GM Archived October 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Who was the future GM ? Fabiano Caruana , Italy 's top grandmaster ! '' . 18 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chess prodigies and mini-grandmasters '' . 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ WWCC - Nalchik 2008 - and now there are just four ! , FIDE web site , September 9 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Chess portal Edward Winter , Chess Prodigies ( 2005 , updated in 2006 and 2007 ) Chessbase news about young Grandmasters Youngest Chess Player in India Set World Record Smallest Chess Player Chess Tournament Set World Record Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster list of Grandmasters Computer chess glossary matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary History timeline Rating system world rankings norms Variants List World records Equipment Chess set chessboard pieces King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Chess box Chess clock Chess table score sheets Rules Castling Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty - move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch - move rule Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Pawns backward connected doubled isolated Maróczy Bind passed Open file Half - open file Outpost School romantic hypermodern Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Battery Alekhine 's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pin Sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Artificial castling Compensation Exchange the exchange Initiative first - move advantage Middlegame Pawn storm Pawn structure Piece values Prophylaxis Openings Flank opening English Opening Zukertort Opening Réti Opening King 's Indian Attack Larsen 's Opening Bird 's Opening Grob 's Attack Dunst Opening Benko Opening King 's Pawn Game Alekhine 's Defence Caro -- Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Italian Game Semi-Italian Opening Giuoco Piano King 's Gambit Petrov 's Defence Philidor Defence Ruy Lopez Scotch Game Owen 's Defence Pirc Defence Scandinavian Defense Tennison Gambit Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen 's Pawn Game Dutch Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo - Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence King 's Indian Defence Nimzo - Indian Defence Queen 's Indian Defence Trompowsky Attack London System Queen 's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Catalan Opening Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Quick checkmates Fool 's mate Scholar 's mate Endgames Bishop and knight checkmate King and pawn vs king Opposite - coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix Other world championships Women Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess Computer speed chess Chess engine Related Cheating in chess Chess aesthetics Chess in the arts in early literature Chess books opening books endgame literature Chess boxing Chess club Chess composer Chess in Europe Göttingen manuscript Chess libraries Chess museums Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Chess problem glossary joke chess Chess prodigy Gökyay Association Chess Museum Deep Blue Mutilated chessboard problem Notable games PRO Chess League Simultaneous exhibition Solving chess Staunton chess set Top player comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chess_prodigy&oldid=864629583 '' Categories : Chess players Chess terminology Giftedness Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 13 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess%20prodigy

where does the brachiocephalic artery carry blood to

The brachiocephalic artery ( or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery ) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck .

the right arm and the head and neck

Brachiocephalic artery

brachiocephalic artery

The brachiocephalic artery ( or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery ) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck .

It is the first branch of the aortic arch , and soon after it emerges , the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery . There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body . The left common carotid , and the left subclavian artery , come directly off the aortic arch . However , there are two brachiocephalic veins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Branches 1.2 Variation 2 Additional images 3 References 4 External links Structure ( edit ) It arises , on a level with the upper border of the second right costal cartilage , from the start of the aortic arch , on a plane anterior to the origin of the left carotid artery ; it ascends obliquely upward , backward , and to the right to the level of the upper border of the right sternoclavicular articulation , where it divides into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries . The artery then crosses the trachea in front of it obliquely from the left to the right , roughly at the middle of the trachea or the level of the ninth tracheal cartilage . In infants , it often divides cephalad to the sternoclavicular articulation , within the anterior triangle of the neck . Branches ( edit ) The thyreoidea ima ( arteria thyreoidea ima ) ascends in front of the trachea to the lower part of the thyroid gland , which it supplies . Variation ( edit ) The innominate artery usually gives off no branches , but occasionally a small branch , the thyreoidea ima , arises from it . Other times , it gives off a thymic or bronchial branch . It varies greatly in size , and appears to compensate for deficiency or absence of one of the other thyroid vessels . It occasionally arises from the aorta , the right common carotid , the subclavian or the internal mammary . Additional images ( edit ) Brachiocephalic artery Brachiocephalic trunk References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 548 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 21 : 06 - 02 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center ( hide ) Arteries of the torso and chest Lungs Pulmonary artery Right Left ( Ligamentum arteriosum ) Heart Coronary circulation Right coronary : SA nodal AV nodal Atrial Right marginal Posterior interventricular Left coronary : Anterior interventricular Left circumflex ( Left marginal ) Aorta Sections Ascending aorta Aortic arch Descending aorta Thoracic aorta Abdominal aorta Aortic body Aortic arch Brachiocephalic Thyreoidea ima Right subclavian Right common carotid Left common carotid External carotid Internal carotid Carotid body Carotid sinus Carotid bifurcation Left subclavian Internal thoracic : Anterior intercostal Thymic Pericardiacophrenic Perforating branches terminal ( Musculophrenic , superior epigastric ) Costocervical trunk : Highest intercostal ( Posterior intercostal 1 -- 2 ) Deep cervical Descending aorta visceral : Bronchial Esophageal Mediastinal parietal : Posterior intercostal 3 -- 11 Subcostal Superior phrenic Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachiocephalic_artery&oldid=826500499 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Arteries of the thorax Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiocephalic%20artery

who owns the harris county toll road authority

Shortly after the referendum , the Commissioners Court created the Toll Road Authority to administer the construction and operation of the new road system . Then - County Judge Jon Lindsay is generally credited with shepherding the referendum from its infancy to its passage , along with the implementation of the plan for the roadway . HCTRA is a part of Harris County 's Public Infrastructure Department and is subdivided into a Services and an Operations Division .

Harris County

Harris County toll Road Authority

harris county toll road authority

The Harris County Toll Road Authority ( HCTRA , pronounced `` Hectra '' ) maintains and operates a 103 - mile ( 165.8 km ) toll road system in the Houston / Harris County area . Its headquarters are in Houston .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current system 2.1 Sam Houston Tollway ( 1982 ) 2.2 Hardy Toll Road ( 1988 ) 2.3 Westpark Tollway ( 2004 ) 2.4 Fort Bend Toll Road ( 2004 ) 2.5 Katy Freeway Managed Lanes ( 2009 ) 2.6 Tomball Tollway ( 2015 ) 2.7 Toll Ramps at SH 242 and I - 45 ( 2015 ) 3 Future projects 3.1 Hardy Downtown Connector 3.2 Hardy Toll Road Interchange at Beltway 8 3.3 SH 249 Southbound to Westbound Sam Houston Tollway Direct Connector 3.4 Tomball Tollway : Phase II 3.5 SH 288 Managed Lanes 3.6 Hempstead Highway / US 290 Managed Lanes 3.7 Increased capacity of existing toll roads 3.8 Fort Bend Parkway / South Post Oak Road Extension 3.9 Fairmont Parkway East Managed Lanes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) HCTRA came into existence in September 1983 when Harris County voters approved a referendum by a 7 - 3 margin to release up to $900 million in bonds to create two toll roads - the Hardy Toll Road and the Sam Houston Tollway , to improve the regional mobility and reduce traffic congestion in the Greater Houston area , an area known for rapid population growth . The need for a county - run toll road system came from TxDOT 's budget shortfall and its inability to authorize funding to upgrade the second loop around the city , Beltway 8 , which had been on planning maps since the 1950s . The Texas Turnpike Authority turned down the opportunity to improve the road as well , leaving the county to upgrade the road to freeway standards . However , Harris County could not afford to build and maintain a freeway from its general fund . Shortly after the referendum , the Commissioners Court created the Toll Road Authority to administer the construction and operation of the new road system . Then - County Judge Jon Lindsay is generally credited with shepherding the referendum from its infancy to its passage , along with the implementation of the plan for the roadway . HCTRA is a part of Harris County 's Public Infrastructure Department and is subdivided into a Services and an Operations Division . While for many years , the Hardy Toll Road never had the traffic that the HCTRA envisioned it would need to turn a profit , the Sam Houston Tollway has more than made up for the lost revenue . The high profit margins on the Sam Houston Tollway allowed the authority to construct its third and fourth toll roads , the Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Toll Road , both of which opened in 2004 . Both of these toll roads have termini in Fort Bend County and are run in conjunction with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority . The most recent project of HCTRA is the construction of managed lanes that run along the median of I - 10 / Katy Freeway between SH 6 and I - 610 that opened in April 2009 . Current system ( edit ) The HCTRA uses their own toll tag called the EZ TAG . The system has been interoperable with the Texas Department of Transportation 's TxTag and the North Texas Tollway Authority 's TollTag since 2003 . Around the 3rd quarter of 2017 , the system will be interoperable with the Kansas Turnpike Authority 's K - Tag and the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority 's PikePass . The following toll roads ( in order of first segment completion ) form the current HCTRA system : Sam Houston Tollway ( 1982 ) ( edit ) Main article : Texas State Highway Beltway 8 The Sam Houston Tollway is the name given to the tolled sections of Beltway 8 , the second highway loop around Houston . The first opened section was the Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge in the east quadrant of the road system . From 1982 to 1994 , the bridge , which was originally named in honor of local politician and entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones , was maintained by the Texas Turnpike Authority ( now North Texas Tollway Authority ) . As of February 26 , 2011 , the Sam Houston Tollway is a complete tolled beltway loop around Houston ( minus a few minor sections that are freeways managed by TXDOT ) . Hardy toll Road ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Main article : Hardy Toll Road The Hardy Toll Road was constructed to help alleviate traffic off of I - 45 North . The route begins at I - 610 North between I - 45 North and I - 69 / US 59 North and travels northward parallel to I - 45 for 21.6 miles ( 34.8 km ) after which it merges onto I - 45 . The toll road also features a 4 - mile ( 6.4 km ) spur to George Bush Intercontinental Airport . Westpark Tollway ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Westpark Tollway The Westpark Tollway is a 20 - mile ( 32.2 km ) toll road starting in Uptown Houston and travelling westward parallel to sections of Westpark Drive and FM 1093 and terminating just past the Grand Parkway ( SH 99 ) . It is the first all - electronic toll road in the United States . The Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority ( FBCTRA ) operates the western-most 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of the tollway . Fort Bend toll Road ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fort Bend Parkway Toll Road The Fort Bend Toll Road is a 7.5 - mile ( 12.1 km ) tollway that follows the route of the formerly - cancelled State Highway 122 . The toll road currently begins with direct connectors at US 90A , just north of the Sam Houston Tollway , and travels southward to its terminus at SH 6 . As with the Westpark Tollway , the Fort Bend Toll Road is jointly operated with the FBCTRA . Katy freeway managed lanes ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Interstate 10 in Texas In 2002 , HCTRA entered into an agreement with TxDOT and Harris County for the reconstruction of I - 10 / Katy Freeway . The toll road authority 's portion of the project is a 12 - mile ( 19.3 km ) managed lane facility in the center of the reconstructed freeway that is used by METRO and HOV vehicles at no charge and single passenger vehicles for a toll . The four lane roadway , running between I - 610 / West Loop and SH 6 , has been completed . The lanes opened during the second quarter of 2009 . Tomball Tollway ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Texas State Highway 249 The Tomball Tollway consists of a 6.0 - mile ( 9.7 km ) segment of three toll lanes in each direction from Spring Cypress Road up to the northern end of the Tomball Bypass . Texas State Highway 249 serves as toll - free frontage roads for the Tomball Tollway . Tolling on the Tomball Tollway is all - electronic ; an EZ TAG , TollTag or TxTag are required for passage . No cash or pay - by - mail option is available for the Tomball Tollway . Construction of Phase I began in Fall 2013 and was finished on April 12 , 2015 . Toll ramps at SH 242 and I - 45 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Texas State Highway 242 Though in Montgomery County and owned by Montgomery County Toll Road Authority ( MCTRA ) , HCTRA collects tolls for two ramps : one from northbound I - 45 to SH 242 westbound and the other from westbound SH 242 to I - 45 southbound near the Woodlands . The two ramps were completed on May 11 , 2015 and were free until July 6 when HCTRA began to collect tolls for MCTRA . Both toll ramps are all - electronic and require an EZ TAG , TollTag or TxTag ; no pay - by - mail or cash option is available . Future projects ( edit ) Hardy Downtown connector ( edit ) This 4 - mile ( 6.4 km ) long project will provide a connection between Downtown Houston and the current terminus of the Hardy Toll Road at I - 610 . Planning for the Hardy Toll Road connection into Downtown Houston was announced in 2000 . The project will be completed in two phases . Phase I consists of moving a railroad line , right of way acquisition , and the construction of two overpasses . Phase II will be the construction of 4 toll lanes . Relocation of the rail line is expected to begin Fall of 2012 . Hardy toll Road interchange at Beltway 8 ( edit ) To relieve congestion on surface streets , direct connectors between Hardy Toll Road and Beltway 8 will be constructed . Currently there is only one direct connector ramp from Beltway 8 East to Hardy Toll Road North . Expected construction start date is unknown . SH 249 southbound to westbound Sam Houston Tollway direct connector ( edit ) This project will add a direct connector to feed traffic travelling south on SH 249 onto the westbound Sam Houston Tollway . This will be the second tolled direct connector at that intersection . Construction began in 2014 . Tomball Tollway : Phase II ( edit ) Phase II of the SH 249 ( Tomball Tollway ) project , in partnership with Montgomery County Toll Road Authority , will provide three toll lanes in each direction to the existing SH 249 corridor . The plan for Phase II will extend the toll lanes north of the Tomball Bypass to the Harris County line at Spring Creek and points beyond in Montgomery County . Schematic designs have been completed for the portion that lies within Harris County . Construction of Phase II is projected to begin in 2016 . SH 288 managed lanes ( edit ) To help alleviate congestion on SH 288 , HCTRA or TxDOT plan to construct toll lanes in the median of the existing freeway . The route would begin at I - 69 / US 59 just south of Midtown and terminate at the intersection of the proposed Grand Parkway ( SH 99 ) for a total length of 26 miles ( 41.8 km ) . It is unknown when construction will begin ; or which agency will oversee construction , currently it is TxDOT . Hempstead Highway / US 290 managed lanes ( edit ) The planned project will add four tolled lanes along the Hempstead Highway corridor between I - 610 and the future Grand Parkway ( SH 99 ) northwest segment . The project is one component of the complete US 290 corridor upgrade by TxDOT , which also includes added capacity to US 290 , a new HOV system parallel to the Hempstead Highway , and a possible commuter rail line in conjunction with METRO . Construction began in 2013 on US 290 , with TxDOT overseeing construction . Increased capacity of existing toll roads ( edit ) Added capacity is planned for the following existing tollway segments : Sam Houston Tollway Southwest from SH 288 to IH 69 / US 59 South : Two lanes will be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza , and will have reconstructed and / or realigned entrance / exit ramps . Construction commenced in early 2012 - lanes completed as of 2014 . Sam Houston Tollway Southeast from SH 288 to IH 45 South : Two lanes will be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza , and will have reconstructed entrance / exit ramps . Schematic design has been completed , construction is expected to begin in approximately 2 years . As of late 2015 the construction has not commenced since the interchange at SH288 has not been finalized where both TxDOT and HCTRA are finalizing plans for both the tollway upgrade and SH288 managed lanes . The first phase which commenced in 2015 is the construction of new overpasses for the west and eastbound Beltway 8 service lanes over a railroad right of way which parallels Mykawa Road ( since the 1997 opening of the Sam Houston Tollway East one eastbound lane over Mykawa Road is co-shared with Beltway 8 where the realignment of the service lanes will eliminate the co-sharing with HCTRA and TxDOT ( prior to the right of way co-sharing those who used the Beltway 8 service lanes had to make a turn on Mykawa Road and a left on Knapp Road in Pearland , TX where it had a surface crossing at a railroad right of way , which has been decommissioned later replaced with a flyover on McHard Road a few miles south during the early 2000s ) ; this section of the tollway is congested on weekends where Cole 's Flea Market is located south of the tollway on State Highway 35 in Pearland ) . Sam Houston Tollway East from IH 45 South to SH 225 : One or two lanes are to be added in each direction with improvements to the mainline toll plaza , and will have reconstructed entrance / exit ramps . Construction for the tollway lanes is expected to begin in 2017 . Sam Houston Tollway - Ship Channel Bridge from SH 225 to IH 10 East : A second span will be constructed over the Ship Channel with three or four lanes with full shoulders in each direction . Construction is expected to begin in 2018 . First phase of the plan involved the conversion of the Ship Channel Bridge toll plazas into electronic toll collection , which was implemented on January 11 , 2016 . Hardy Toll Road from FM 1960 to SH 99 ( Grand Parkway ) : This will add one lane in each direction to the intersection with SH 99 ( Grand Parkway ) . During construction , HCTRA also eliminated cash collection and converted the Hardy Toll Road to all - electronic tolling on July 18 , 2016 ; all traffic must utilize an EZ TAG for access to the toll road . Construction to widen the Hardy Toll Road began in August 2015 , with a completion date for early 2017 . The Hardy Toll Road interchange with the Grand Parkway Segment G ( which was completed in March 2016 ) was finished on July 18 , 2016 . Fort Bend Parkway / south Post Oak Road extension ( edit ) The project will connect I - 610 via the South Post Oak exit ( which terminates south of West Bellfort ) to the northern terminus of the Fort Bend Parkway with just over 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) of tolled lanes . However , this project is not in planning or design . As of 2016 traffic exiting the Fort Bend Parkway goes directly to US90 - A / South Main . Fairmont Parkway East Managed Lanes ( edit ) Project is no longer being built . As of 03 / 30 / 10 See also ( edit ) Houston portal U.S. Roads portal Texas State Highway 99 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Contact Us . '' Harris County Toll Road Authority . Retrieved on October 16 , 2011 . `` Administrative Office Harris County Toll Road Authority 7701 Wilshire Place Drive Houston , TX 77040 '' Jump up ^ Katy Toll Road , accessed 29 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : Begley , Dug ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Local toll tags going national , eventually '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2015/08/21/119115/the-hardy-toll-road-is-getting-a-big-makeover/ Jump up ^ https://www.hctra.org/about_construction/hardy-toll-road-widening Jump up ^ `` Hardy Toll Road goes EZ Tag only '' . KHOU 11 News . Jump up ^ http://app1.kuhf.org/houston_public_radio-news-display.php?articles_id=1253738352 External links ( edit ) Harris County Toll Road Authority - About HCTRA Harris County Toll Road Authority Houston Freeways - About the Grand Parkway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harris_County_Toll_Road_Authority&oldid=801112267 '' Categories : Toll road authorities of the United States Transportation in Harris County , Texas Transportation in Houston Toll roads in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20County%20Toll%20Road%20Authority

who sings if i can dream about you

`` I Can Dream About You '' is a song performed by American singer Dan Hartman on the soundtrack album of the film Streets of Fire . Released in 1984 as a single from the soundtrack , and included on Hartman 's album I Can Dream About You , it reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 .

American singer Dan Hartman

I Can Dream About You

i can dream about you

`` I Can Dream About You '' is a song performed by American singer Dan Hartman on the soundtrack album of the film Streets of Fire . Released in 1984 as a single from the soundtrack , and included on Hartman 's album I Can Dream About You , it reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Promotion 3 Music videos 4 Track listing 5 Critical reception 6 Chart performance 7 Personnel 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song first appeared in Streets of Fire , where it was performed by the fictional group The Sorels . The real voice behind the version used in the film was Winston Ford , but Hartman 's version was the one used on the soundtrack album and released as a single . In a Songfacts interview with the film 's musical director , Kenny Vance , he recalled `` The same guy that sings lead on that and `` Countdown to Love , '' a song that I wrote for the film , was a guy working at a Radio Shack ( Winston Ford ) , and I think when you look at the film and The Sorels are singing it live in the movie , that was the version that was supposed to come out , and I recorded that version . But then when Dan Hartman heard it , I do n't know what happened next , but I know that he took that guy 's voice off and he put his own on , and he had a hit with it . Hollywood is a very slippery place . '' Originally , producer Jimmy Iovine had asked Hartman to write a song for a film he was working on . Hartman was told that the song was going to be sung by four black guys in a concert situation within the film , and Hartman ended up thinking about a demo he made of `` I Can Dream About You . '' Hartman then went through some legal maneuvering to get the benefit of his breakthrough . The use of the song in the film being performed by actors did not feature Hartman on vocals but a studio singer . After some contract negotiating , Hartman insisted he sing the song on the soundtrack , and that his version be released if a single were to be issued from the soundtrack album . Additionally , any music video had to feature his own voice using the song . These clauses helped Hartman become an `` overnight sensation . '' Both Hartman and Iovine worked on his 1984 , same - titled solo album I Can Dream About You , following the song 's use in the film . The album would spawn two other Top 40 charting singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 -- `` We Are the Young '' and `` Second Nature '' . According to Daryl Hall , Hartman had initially written the song with Hall & Oates in mind , and offered the song to them to record as their own . Hall & Oates declined , as their new album was about to be released . Later in their career , however , they issued an album of covers called Our Kind of Soul , in 2004 , on which they recorded their own version ( with changed lyrics ) of Hartman 's song . When performing the song live in February 2005 , Hall revealed before the performance ; `` Here 's a song that we did on the new album that we sort of did twenty years late . An old friend our ours , Dan Hartman , wrote this song . I remember back in the day he came up to me and said ' You know , I have this great song I wrote for you guys . It 's you , you know ? -- you have to sing this song . ' And unfortunately we had just finished an album , we could n't put it on the album so I said sorry Dan . About six months later I was watching MTV and there it was , and it was a hit for him , God bless him . So here we are twenty years later , I hope he 's hearing it , and I hope he enjoys it . '' Promotion ( edit ) Aside from the two music videos which accompanied the song , Hartman appeared on various American and European TV shows to perform the song once it was released as a single . On the musical variety show Soul Train , during December 1984 , Hartman mimed the song with his touring band , along with `` We are the Young '' , and later appeared on the show solo in May 1985 to perform both `` I Can Dream About You '' and `` Second Nature '' alone , but with live vocal . He also mimed the song on the music - performance program American Bandstand in December 1984 , with his touring band . `` Second Nature '' was also performed , and both performances aired on the January 12 , 1985 , episode of the show . In November 1984 , Hartman and his band performed the song on Late Night with David Letterman , along with `` We Are the Young '' . It was also mimed on the American syndicated half hour television show This Week 's Music , where his name was incorrectly spelt as ' Harkman ' . Within the UK , Hartman performed the song on Top of the Pops , dated August 29 , 1985 . He also mimed the song on Cheggers Plays Pop , dated October 31 , 1985 . A tour was also organized to promote the I Can Dream About You album and its singles , and Hartman toured alongside Toto in 1985 . It was his first tour in a decade but also his last . The song was performed on this tour . Music videos ( edit ) Two music videos accompanied the song . One does not feature Hartman and consists of scenes from Streets of Fire , intercut with footage of the Sorels miming the song as part of a live performance . The lead singer was played by Stoney Jackson , with Grand L. Bush , Mykelti Williamson , and Robert Townsend as backing singers . In the second video , filmed at the Hard Rock in London , Hartman appears as a bartender trying to charm a young woman ( played by Joyce Hyser ) , singing to her as the Sorels ' performance plays on a TV set hanging above the bar . In a 2010 interview with Hyser for the blog Old School : Back to the 80s , she was asked how she came to feature in the video . She replied , `` I knew Dan 's manager and he asked me if I would do it . We shot at the Hard Rock in London . I honestly remember very little about it , but Dan was very nice and I absolutely love that song . I did another music video for ZZ Top 's song `` Pin Cushion '' which I really like . It was directed by Julian Temple . '' While recording a mimed TV performance of the song , Hartman explained why one music video featured actors : `` The producers and directors of Streets of Fire wanted the best of everything , so they hired the best singers , the best dancers and best actors to play the parts in the film . So the singers in `` I Can Dream About You '' who are the Sorels are actually actors , and I wrote and sang this song . '' Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single `` I Can Dream About You '' -- 3 : 50 `` Blue Shadows '' ( performed by The Blasters ) -- 3 : 14 7 '' Single ( American promo release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Long Solo Version ) '' `` I Can Dream About You ( Short Solo Version ) '' -- 3 : 51 7 '' Single ( Brazilian release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Versão Solo Longa ) '' `` I Can Dream About You ( Versão Solo Curta ) '' -- 3 : 51 7 '' Single ( 1985 UK reissue ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Edited Version ) '' -- 3 : 51 `` Instant Replay '' -- 3 : 25 12 '' Single ( American and Italian release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Jellybean Remix ) '' -- 7 : 31 `` I Can Dream About You '' -- 4 : 23 `` I Can Dream About You ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 23 12 '' Single ( Australian , Canadian and US # 2 release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Extended Remix ) '' -- 5 : 56 `` I Can Dream About You ( Jellybean Remix ) '' -- 7 : 31 12 '' Single ( American promo release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Jellybean Remix ) '' -- 7 : 31 `` I Can Dream About You '' -- 4 : 23 `` I Can Dream About You ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 23 12 '' Single ( German release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Jellybean Remix ) '' -- 7 : 31 `` I Can Dream About You ( Extended Remix ) '' -- 5 : 56 12 '' Single ( Spanish release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Jellybean Remix ) '' -- 7 : 31 `` I Can Dream About You ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 23 `` Blue Shadows '' ( performed by The Blasters ) -- 3 : 14 12 '' Single ( 1985 UK release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Extended Mix ) '' -- 5 : 56 `` I Can Dream About You ( 7 '' Version ) '' -- 3 : 51 `` Instant Replay '' -- 8 : 18 12 '' Single ( 1985 UK white label promo release ) `` I Can Dream About You ( Extended Mix ) '' -- 5 : 56 `` Instant Replay '' -- 8 : 18 Critical reception ( edit ) Alex Henderson of Allmusic reviewed the I Can Dream About You album and stated `` This excellent album finds Hartman showing his enthusiasm for R&B on pop / rock gems that range from the hit title song and the anthemic `` We Are the Young '' to the Motown - tinged `` Name of the Game '' and the new wave - ish `` Electricity '' . '' In the Billboard magazine of November 3 , 1984 , another review of the album was published in the Pop Picks section , which meant that Billboard predicted the album to hit the top half of the chart . The review stated `` The title track survived the failure of the `` Streets of Fire '' motion picture to become a recent top 10 smash . Hartman follows it with an album reflecting the same broad - based pop / rock appeal . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) 16 Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart 7 Canadian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 18 French Singles Chart 62 Irish Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 47 South African Singles Chart 7 Swedish Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 12 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 7 US Billboard Hot Dance / Club Play 8 US Billboard Hot Black Singles 60 US Cash Box Top 100 Singles 6 Personnel ( edit ) Lead Vocals , All Instruments ( except as noted below ) -- Dan Hartman Bass -- Eddie Watkins Acoustic Piano -- Billy Payne Additional Drums -- Art Wood Additional Guitar -- Richie Zito Percussion -- Bobbye Hall Backing Vocals -- Dan Hartman , Joe Pizzullo , Winston Ford Producers -- Dan Hartman , Jimmy Iovine Recording Engineer -- Dan Hartman Additional Recording Engineer -- Shelly Yakus Assistant Mixing Engineer -- Steve Krause Mastering -- Steve Marcussen Mixing on `` I Can Dream About You '' -- Humberto Gatica Additional Engineer on `` I Can Dream About You '' -- Gabe Veltri Management -- Robert A. Finkelstein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Can Dream About You '' . Billboard Hot 100 . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Dream About You by Dan Hartman Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tweet . `` Kenny Vance : Songwriter Interviews '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Orange Coast Magazine -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall & John Oates -- Our Kind Of Soul at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Dream About You -- Hall & Oates '' . YouTube . 2008 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Soul Train '' Dan Hartman / Champaign ( TV Episode 1984 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . YouTube . 2010 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` dan hartman i can dream about you '' . YouTube . 2009 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` dan hartman 2nd nature '' . YouTube . 2009 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' 6.20 Soul Train '' Episode dated 10 May 1985 ( TV Episode 1985 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . YouTube . 1984 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- Second Nature '' . YouTube . 1988 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bandstand '' Episode # 28.19 ( TV Episode 1985 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- We Are The Young '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Late Night with David Letterman '' Episode # 3.133 ( TV Episode 1984 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` dan hartman -- I can dream about you '' . YouTube . 2013 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You ( Studio , TOTP ) '' . YouTube . 2011 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` '' Top of the Pops '' Episode dated 29 August 1985 ( TV Episode 1985 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cheggers Plays Pop '' Episode # 8.8 ( TV Episode 1985 ) - IMDb `` . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Back to the 80s : Interview with Joyce Hyser from Just One of the Guys - Kickin ' it Old School tBlog.com '' . Oldschool.tblog.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman explains why the video for I Can Dream About You features actors '' . YouTube . 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Alex Henderson . `` I Can Dream About You -- Dan Hartman Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Billboard -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 1984 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tout les Titres par Artiste '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( H ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Dan Hartman -- I Can Dream About You '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Charts Company -- I Can Dream About You ( 1985 ) by Dan Hartman Search '' . The Official Charts Company . 4 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Artist Biography by Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Dan Hartman Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cash box pop singles charts , 1950 -- 1993 -- Pat Downey , George Albert , Frank W. Hoffmann -- Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . External links ( edit ) https://www.billboard.com/artist/300145/dan+hartman/chart Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Dan Hartman Studio albums Images ( 1976 ) Instant Replay ( 1978 ) Relight My Fire ( 1979 ) It Hurts to Be in Love ( 1981 ) I Can Dream About You ( 1984 ) White Boy ( 1986 ) New Green Clear Blue ( 1989 ) Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( 1994 ) Singles `` Instant Replay '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Love Sensation '' `` Heaven in Your Arms '' `` All I Need '' `` I Can Dream About You '' `` We Are the Young '' `` Second Nature '' `` Get Outta Town '' `` Waiting to See You '' `` The Love You Take '' ( with Denise Lopez ) `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( starring Loleatta Holloway ) `` The Love in Your Eyes Record labels Blue Sky Records MCA Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Dream_About_You&oldid=809657497 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1985 singles Dan Hartman songs Songs written by Dan Hartman Song recordings produced by Dan Hartman Song recordings produced by Jimmy Iovine 1984 songs MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%20Dream%20About%20You

when did the kings of england lose power

Monarchy of the United Kingdom

monarchy of the united kingdom

The monarchy of the United Kingdom , commonly referred to as the British monarchy , is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom , its dependencies and its overseas territories . The current monarch and head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 .

The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official , ceremonial , diplomatic and representational duties . As the monarchy is constitutional , the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister . The monarch is , by tradition , commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces . Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative , these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and , in practice , within the constraints of convention and precedent . The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England , which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD . In 1066 , the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch , Harold Godwinson , was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader , William the Conqueror , and his descendants . From the 1080s , the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne , with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right . The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales , as a principality , became a client state of the English kingdom , while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers . From 1603 , when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I , both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign . From 1649 to 1660 , the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England , which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics , or those who married Catholics , from succession to the English throne . In 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain , and in 1801 , the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire , which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921 . In the early 1920s , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State , and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate , self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations . After the Second World War , the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent , effectively bringing the empire to an end . George VI and his successor , Elizabeth II , adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states . The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Appointment of the Prime Minister 1.2 Dissolution of Parliament 1.3 Royal Prerogative 2 History 2.1 English monarchy 2.2 Scottish monarchy 2.3 Personal union and republican phase 2.4 After the 1707 Acts of Union 2.5 Shared monarchy 2.6 Monarchy in Ireland 2.7 Modern status 3 Religious role 4 Succession 4.1 Restrictions by gender and religion 4.2 Regency 5 Finances 6 Residences 7 Style 8 Arms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom , the Monarch ( otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or `` His / Her Majesty '' , abbreviated H.M. ) is the Head of State . Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors . `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) is the British national anthem , and the monarch appears on postage stamps , coins and banknotes . The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere : Legislative power is exercised by the Queen - in - Parliament , by and with the advice and consent of Parliament , the House of Lords and the House of Commons . Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty 's Government , which comprises Ministers , primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet , which is technically a committee of the Privy Council . They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown , the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services ( the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does ) . Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary , who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government . The Church of England , of which the Monarch is the head , has its own legislative , judicial and executive structures . Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council , Royal Commission or otherwise . The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch 's governmental power . Appointment of the Prime Minister ( edit ) Whenever necessary , the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister ( who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown , and thereby constitutes and controls the government ) . In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions , the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons , usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House . The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience , and after `` kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument . In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority , the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support , though it would usually be the leader of the largest party . Since 1945 , there have only been three hung parliaments . The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition . Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority , they were the largest party . The second followed the May 2010 general election , in which the Conservatives ( the largest party ) and Liberal Democrats ( the third largest party ) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II . The third occurred shortly thereafter , in June 2017 , when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election , though the party remained in power as a minority government . Dissolution of Parliament ( edit ) In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan `` Tommy '' Lascelles , writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention : according to the Lascelles Principles , if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position , the monarch could refuse , and would do so under three conditions . When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974 , the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition . The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority . The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister , but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat , death , or resignation . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834 . The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament ; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however , which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar . Royal prerogative ( edit ) Main article : Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative . The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent , exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament , often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council . In practice , prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister , and not the Sovereign , has control . The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister . No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential . The monarch may express his or her views , but , as a constitutional ruler , must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet ( providing they command the support of the House ) . In Bagehot 's words : `` the Sovereign has , under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights -- the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn . '' Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise , it is limited . Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament . For example , the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes ; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . According to a parliamentary report , `` The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '' , and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation . The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers , regulate the civil service , issue passports , declare war , make peace , direct the actions of the military , and negotiate and ratify treaties , alliances , and international agreements . However , a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom ; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases . The monarch is commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces ( the Royal Navy , the British Army , and the Royal Air Force ) , accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors , and receives diplomats from foreign states . It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament . Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons . The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament , during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords , outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins , and formally concludes the session . Dissolution ends a parliamentary term , and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons . A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence , or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election . Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law , the royal assent ( the monarch 's approval ) is required . In theory , assent can either be granted ( making the bill law ) or withheld ( vetoing the bill ) , but since 1707 assent has always been granted . The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament , and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales . In Scottish matters , the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government . However , as devolution is more limited in Wales , in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom . The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly , if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The Sovereign is deemed the `` fount of justice '' ; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases , judicial functions are performed in his or her name . For instance , prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf , and courts derive their authority from the Crown . The common law holds that the Sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences . The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the government ) , but not lawsuits against the monarch personally . The Sovereign exercises the `` prerogative of mercy '' , which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences . The monarch is the `` fount of honour '' , the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom . The Crown creates all peerages , appoints members of the orders of chivalry , grants knighthoods and awards other honours . Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister , some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign , and are not granted on ministerial advice . The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit . History ( edit ) English monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century , the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom . Alfred the Great secured Wessex , achieved dominance over western Mercia , and assumed the title `` King of the English '' . His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England , though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities . The 11th century saw England become more stable , despite a number of wars with the Danes , which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation . The conquest of England in 1066 by William , Duke of Normandy , was crucial in terms of both political and social change . The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period , while the Feudal System continued to develop . William was succeeded by two of his sons : William II , then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda ( his only surviving child ) as his heir . Following Henry 's death in 1135 , one of William I 's grandsons , Stephen , laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons . Matilda challenged his reign ; as a result , England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy . Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power , but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him . Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154 . The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him . John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 . The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France . His campaigns conquered much French territory , but by 1374 , all the gains had been lost . Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament , which came to be divided into two Houses . In 1377 , Edward III died , leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II . Like many of his predecessors , Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands . In 1399 , while he was campaigning in Ireland , his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power . Richard was deposed , imprisoned , and eventually murdered , probably by starvation , and Henry became king as Henry IV . Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ; hence , his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster . For most of his reign , Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions ; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son , the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign , which began in 1413 , was largely free from domestic strife , leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France . Although he was victorious , his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule . The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field . Now King Henry VII , he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces , partly by marrying Elizabeth of York , a Yorkist heir . Through skill and ability , Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm , and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end . The reign of the second Tudor king , Henry VIII , was one of great political change . Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England ( the Anglican Church ) . Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France , and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World . Scottish monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs In Scotland , as in England , monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century . The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east , the Britons in the south , including the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and the Gaels or Scotti ( who would later give their name to Scotland ) , of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west . Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland ( known as Scotia to writers in Latin , or Alba to the Scots ) . The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries , as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed . Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III . With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas . Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis . Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir . Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter , Margaret . On her way to Scotland in 1290 , however , Margaret died at sea , and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne . A court was set up and after two years of deliberation , it pronounced John Balliol to be king . However , Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal , and tried to exert influence over Scotland . In 1295 , when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England , Edward I invaded . During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence , Scotland had no monarch , until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306 . Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years . David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart . The reigns of both Robert II and his successor , Robert III , were marked by a general decline in royal power . When Robert III died in 1406 , regents had to rule the country ; the monarch , Robert III 's son James I , had been taken captive by the English . Having paid a large ransom , James returned to Scotland in 1424 ; to restore his authority , he used ruthless measures , including the execution of several of his enemies . He was assassinated by a group of nobles . James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty , and a council of regents again assumed power . James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488 , leading to another boy - king : James IV . In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established . Mary , a Roman Catholic , reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland . As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox , a Protestant ascendancy was established . Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin , Lord Darnley , in 1565 . After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567 , Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell , who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder . The nobility rebelled against the Queen , forcing her to abdicate . She fled to England , and the Crown went to her infant son James VI , who was brought up as a Protestant . Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I . Personal Union and republican phase ( edit ) In 1603 James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England , Scotland , and Ireland together . Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England . Since she had no children , she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI , who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed . James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the `` Union of the Crowns '' . Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself `` King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms . James I 's successor , Charles I , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers , especially the power to impose taxes . He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640 , unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies ( many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans ) . His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland ( the `` Bishops ' Wars '' ) and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In 1642 , the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began . The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain . Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England . Charles had no legitimate children , and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose ; the `` Petitioners '' , who supported exclusion , became the Whig Party , whereas the `` Abhorrers '' , who opposed exclusion , became the Tory Party . The Exclusion Bill failed ; on several occasions , Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass . After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681 , Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685 . When James succeeded Charles , he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics , thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects . Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army , to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices , and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies . As a result , a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king . William obliged , arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support . Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials , James fled the realm and William and Mary ( rather than James II 's Catholic son ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England , Scotland and Ireland . James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne . After the 1707 Acts of Union ( edit ) England and Scotland were united as Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707 . See also : List of British monarchs After Anne 's accession , the problem of the succession re-emerged . The Scottish Parliament , infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs , passed the Act of Security 1704 , threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland . The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705 , threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade . The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707 , under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain , with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement . In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King George III . From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament . The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor , Victoria . As a woman , Victoria could not rule Hanover , which only permitted succession in the male line , so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end . The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change , technological progress , and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers . In recognition of British rule over India , Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876 . However , her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement , due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861 . Victoria 's son , Edward VII , became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901 . In 1917 , the next monarch , George V , changed `` Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to `` Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War . George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom , and the Irish Free State , an independent nation , in 1922 . Shared monarchy ( edit ) Map of the British Empire in 1921 Map of the Commonwealth realms today During the twentieth century , the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire . Prior to 1926 , the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively ; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom . The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions , effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion . The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which has been likened to `` a treaty among the Commonwealth countries '' . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , although it is often still referred to as `` British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience . The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom , monarch of Canada , monarch of Australia , and so forth . The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union . George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India . At first , every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950 , it would no longer share in a common monarchy . Instead , the British monarch was acknowledged as `` Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states , whether they were realms or republics . The position is purely ceremonial , and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government . Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms . Monarchy in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland In 1155 the only English pope , Adrian IV , authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship . The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome , despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155 . An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid . His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , who had become King of Ireland in early 1166 , and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada , King of Leinster . Diarmait asked Henry II for help , gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers , led by Richard de Clare , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , to help him regain his throne . Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again . De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter , and when Diarmait died in 1171 , de Clare became King of Leinster . Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom , so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded , forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord . English lords came close to colonising the entire island , but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400 . Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised , and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally . Some , such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill , 1st Earl of Tyrone , were kings themselves . By 1541 , King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid , so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland . However much of the island was beyond English control , resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603 , at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nevertheless , Ireland retained its own parliament , becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 ( Confederate Ireland ) , and again in 1688 - 91 . Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692 , and successive British states from 1707 , to retain the country . In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . Modern status ( edit ) In the 1990s , Republicanism in the United Kingdom grew , partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family ( for instance , immediately following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales ) . However , polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy . Religious role ( edit ) The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England . Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission . The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular ; the most senior clergyman , the Archbishop of Canterbury , is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly , but otherwise plays no part in its governance , and exerts no powers over it . The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland . Succession ( edit ) Main articles : Succession to the British throne and Coronation of the British monarch The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms . Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 . The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament ; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession . The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) , a granddaughter of James I . Upon the death of a sovereign , his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds ( hence the phrase `` The king is dead , long live the king ! '' ) , and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace . Upon their accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths : the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights , and an oath that they will `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union . The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey , normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; indeed , the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution . Restrictions by gender and religion ( edit ) See also : Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture , under which sons inherit before daughters , and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom , had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting , 28 October 2011 . They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701 . However , since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains . The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms . Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown . Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding . An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed `` naturally dead '' for succession purposes , and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants . Regency ( edit ) Main articles : Regency Acts and Counsellor of State The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances . During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom , the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State , the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession . The present Counsellors of State are : the Duke of Edinburgh , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Cambridge , Prince Harry and the Duke of York . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Finances of the British royal family Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted until 2012 . An annual Property Services Grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences , and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel . The Civil List covered most expenses , including those for staffing , state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years ; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period . From 2012 until 2020 , the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant , which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . It is held in trust , and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity . In modern times , the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid . For example , the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8 , whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period . Like the Crown Estate , the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011 , are held in trust . The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse , and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants . The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son . The Royal Collection , which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust , as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle . The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax , and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income . Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure . Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy , including security and potential income not claimed by the state , such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , is £ 334 million a year . Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary , depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included . Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010 , but no official figure is available . In 1993 , the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were `` grossly overstated '' . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( the equivalent of about £ 25 million today ) . Residences ( edit ) Buckingham Palace , the monarch 's principal residence Holyrood Palace , the monarch 's official Scottish residence Main article : List of British royal residences The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions . Historically , the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall . Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698 , leading to a shift to St James 's Palace . Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837 , St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence . For example , foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's , and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council . It is also used by other members of the Royal Family . Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace . The palaces belong to the Crown ; they are held in trust for future rulers , and can not be sold by the monarch . Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen . Style ( edit ) Main article : Style of the British sovereign The present Sovereign 's full style and title is `` Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith '' . The title `` Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally , and is not vested in the British Crown . Pope Leo X first granted the title `` Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521 , rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation , particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments . After Henry broke from the Roman Church , Pope Paul III revoked the grant , but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use . The Sovereign is known as `` His Majesty '' or `` Her Majesty '' . The form `` Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers . The monarch chooses his or her regnal name , not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI , King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names . If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy . Traditionally , the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal , followed by the letter R , which stands for rex or regina ( Latin for king and queen , respectively ) . The present monarch 's signature is `` Elizabeth R '' . From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures , for imperator or imperatrix ( emperor or empress in Latin ) , from their status as Emperor or Empress of India . For example , Queen Victoria signed as `` Victoria RI '' from 1877 . Arms ( edit ) Main article : Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are `` Quarterly , I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) '' . The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn ; the motto is `` Dieu et mon droit '' ( French : `` God and my Right '' ) . Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name ; `` Honi soit qui mal y pense '' . ( Old French : `` Shame be to him who thinks evil of it '' ) . In Scotland , the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland , II England , and III Ireland . The mottoes are `` In Defens '' ( an abbreviated form of the Scots `` In My Defens God Me Defend '' ) and the motto of the Order of the Thistle ; `` Nemo me impune lacessit '' . ( Latin : `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' ) ; the supporters are the unicorn and lion , who support both the escutcheon and lances , from which fly the flags of Scotland and England . The coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom . The design , in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 , features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters , Scotland in the second , and Ireland in the third . In Scotland a separate version is used ( shown right ) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence . The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard , which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form . It is flown only from buildings , vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present . The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign : when one dies , his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly . The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom : The Monarch 's official flag The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland When the monarch is not in residence , the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle and Sandringham House , whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle . Union Flag of the United Kingdom The Royal Standard of Scotland See also ( edit ) States headed by Elizabeth II List of monarchies House of Windsor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. Citizenship ceremonies , Home Office : UK Border Agency , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : National Anthem , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 September 2014 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : Coinage and bank notes , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Crown Appointments Act 1661 c. 6 Jump up ^ `` In London , the revelations from ( 1989 Soviet defector Vladimir ) Pasechnik were summarized into a quick note for the Joint Intelligence Committee . The first recipient of such reports is always Her Majesty , The Queen . The second is the prime minister , who at the time was ( Margaret ) Thatcher . '' Hoffman , David E. ( Emanuel ) , The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( N.Y. : Doubleday , 1st ed. ( 1st printing ? ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52437 - 7 ) 2009 ) , p. 336 ( author contributing editor & formerly U.S. White House , diplomatic , & Jerusalem correspondent , Moscow bureau chief , & foreign news asst . managing editor for The Wash . Post ) . Jump up ^ s3 . Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Brazier , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Waldron , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Queen and Prime Minister , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Results and analysis : General election , 10 October 1974 , Political Science Resources , 11 March 2008 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 10 October 2008 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Mary ; Gay , Oonagh ( 21 December 2005 ) , The Royal Prerogative ( PDF ) , House of Commons Library , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2008 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ The Queen 's working day > Evening , retrieved March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : PASC Publishes Government Defence of its Sweeping Prerogative Powers , UK Parliament , 2002 , archived from the original on 4 January 2004 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ About Parliament : State Opening of Parliament , UK Parliament , 2008 , archived from the original on 19 November 2002 , retrieved 27 April 2008 Jump up ^ A Guide to Prorogation , BBC News , 7 November 2007 , retrieved 27 April 2008 Jump up ^ Crabbe , p. 17 Jump up ^ Royal Assent , BBC News , 24 January 2006 , retrieved 27 April 2008 Jump up ^ UK Politics : Dewar appointed First Minister , BBC News , 17 May 1999 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Brief overview -- Government of Wales Act 2006 , Welsh Assembly Government , archived from the original on 26 October 2011 , retrieved 30 August 2011 Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Act 1998 , Office of Public Sector Information , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Dyer , Clare ( 21 October 2003 ) , `` Mystery lifted on Queen 's powers '' , The Guardian , retrieved 9 May 2008 Jump up ^ Orders of Chivalry , The UK Honours System , 30 April 2007 , archived from the original on 19 August 2007 , retrieved 9 May 2008 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 12 -- 13 and 31 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 13 -- 17 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 102 -- 127 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 30 -- 46 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 54 -- 74 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 79 -- 93 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 595 -- 597 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 96 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 118 -- 130 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 133 -- 165 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , p. 295 ; Fraser , pp. 168 -- 176 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 179 -- 189 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 194 , 265 , 309 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 636 -- 647 and Fraser , pp. 190 -- 211 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 1 -- 12 , 35 Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 164 -- 177 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 390 -- 395 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 400 -- 407 and Weir , pp. 185 -- 198 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , p. 170 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 407 -- 409 and Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 187 , 196 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 409 -- 412 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 549 -- 552 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 552 -- 565 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 567 -- 575 Jump up ^ Royal Arms , Styles , and Titles of Great Britain : Westminster , 20 October 1604 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 214 -- 231 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 393 -- 400 Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 232 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 242 -- 245 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 439 -- 440 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 447 -- 448 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 460 -- 469 Jump up ^ Sir Robert Walpole , BBC , retrieved 14 October 2008 Jump up ^ Ashley , pp. 677 -- 680 Jump up ^ Cannon and Griffiths , pp. 530 -- 550 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 305 -- 306 Jump up ^ Fraser , pp. 314 -- 333 Jump up ^ Statute of Westminster 1931 , Government of Nova Scotia , 11 October 2001 , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Justice Rouleau in O'Donohue v. Canada , 2003 CanLII 41404 ( ON S.C. ) Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2008 ) . The High Court and the Constitution , 5th ed . Annandale , New South Wales : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 691 - 0 . p. 314 Jump up ^ Corbett , P.E. ( 1940 ) , `` The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law '' , The University of Toronto Law Journal , 3 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 359 , JSTOR 824318 , doi : 10.2307 / 824318 Jump up ^ Scott , F.R. ( January 1944 ) , `` The End of Dominion Status '' , The American Journal of International Law , 38 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 49 , JSTOR 2192530 , doi : 10.2307 / 2192530 Jump up ^ R v Foreign Secretary ; Ex parte Indian Association , ( 1982 ) . QB 892 at 928 ; as referenced in High Court of Australia : Sue v Hill HCA 30 ; 23 June 1999 ; S179 / 1998 and B49 / 1998 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ) , `` Edward VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ) , `` George VI '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 ^ Jump up to : Head of the Commonwealth , Commonwealth Secretariat , archived from the original on 6 July 2010 , retrieved 26 September 2008 Jump up ^ Sayer , Jane E. ( September 2004 ) , `` Adrian IV '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Flanagan , M.T. ( September 2004 ) , `` Dermot MacMurrough '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) , `` Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 14 October 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ) , `` Henry VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Seely , Robert ( 5 September 1997 ) , Can the Windsors survive Diana 's death ? , Britannia Internet Magazine , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 9 April 2002 ) , `` Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy '' , The Independent , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Monarchy poll , Ipsos MORI , April 2006 , retrieved 6 August 2016 Jump up ^ Monarchy Survey ( PDF ) , Populus Ltd , 14 -- 16 December 2007 , p. 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2011 , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Poll respondents back UK monarchy , BBC , 28 December 2007 , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Queen and the Church of England , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 December 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Roles and Responsibilities : Overview , The Archbishop of Canterbury , retrieved 9 October 2008 Jump up ^ Queen and Church of Scotland , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 December 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Queen , State and Kirk , Church of Scotland official website , archived from the original on 17 April 2009 , retrieved 10 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Accession , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 31 May 2015 , retrieved 14 May 2009 Jump up ^ Coronation , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 14 May 2009 Jump up ^ Girls Equal in British throne succession , British Broadcasting Corporation , 28 October 2011 , retrieved 28 October 2011 Jump up ^ Baby destined to become a monarch , ITV News , 22 July 2013 , retrieved 7 November 2013 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement 1700 ( c. 2 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 ( c. 11 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Union with England Act 1707 ( c. 7 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Regency Act 1953 , Ministry of Justice , retrieved 9 October 2008 Jump up ^ Queen and Government : Counsellors of State , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Royal funding changes become law , BBC , 18 October 2011 Jump up ^ About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Accounts , Annual Reports and Investments , Duchy of Lancaster , 18 July 2011 , archived from the original on 12 October 2011 , retrieved 18 August 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ FAQs , Royal Collection , retrieved 30 March 2012 Royal Collection , Royal Household , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Taxation , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royal finances '' . Republic . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Serafin , Tatiana ( 7 July 2010 ) , `` The World 's Richest Royals '' , Forbes , retrieved 13 January 2011 Jump up ^ Darnton , John ( 12 February 1993 ) , `` Tax Report Leaves Queen 's Wealth in Dark '' , The New York Times , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` £ 2m estimate of the Queen 's wealth ' more likely to be accurate ' '' , The Times : 1 , 11 June 1971 Jump up ^ Pimlott , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Queen : Elizabeth II and the Monarchy . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255494 - 1 , p. 401 Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Buckingham Palace '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 27 March 2010 , retrieved 14 July 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Windsor Castle '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Palace of Holyroodhouse '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Residences : St. James 's Palace '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ambassadors credentials '' , Official website of the British Monarchy , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 9 March 2009 , retrieved 14 July 2009 Jump up ^ A brief history of Historic Royal Palaces , Historic Royal Palaces , archived from the original on 18 December 2007 , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Royal proclamation reciting the altered Style and Titles of the Crown Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 180 Jump up ^ Royal Styles : 1521 -- 1553 , Archontology , 18 August 2007 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Royal Titles Bill . Hansard , 3 March 1953 , vol. 512 , col. 251 Jump up ^ Royal Style and Title . Hansard , 15 April 1953 , vol. 514 , col. 199 Jump up ^ Debrett 's , 2008 edition , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Union Jack , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 5 November 2015 , retrieved 9 May 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Standard , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 28 December 2009 , retrieved 18 June 2010 References ( edit ) Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) . The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 . Bagehot , Walter ; edited by Paul Smith ( 2001 ) . The English Constitution . Cambridge University Press . Brazier , Rodney ( 1997 ) . Ministers of the Crown . Oxford University Press . Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Castor , Helen ( 2010 ) . She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth . Faber and Faber . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 Crabbe , V.C.R.A.C. ( 1994 ) . Understanding Statutes . Cavendish Publishing . Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Mac Murchada , Diarmait ( c. 1110 -- 1171 ) '' and Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) `` . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Fraser , Antonia ( Editor ) ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Edward VIII ( later Prince Edward , duke of Windsor ) ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' and `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Sayers , Jane E. ( 2004 ) . `` Adrian IV ( d . 1159 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Tomkins , Adam ( 2003 ) . Public Law . N.Y. : Oxford University Press ( Clarendon Law ser . ) . Waldron , Jeremy ( 1990 ) . The Law . Routledge . Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) . Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . ( Revised edition ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the British Monarchy Official YouTube channel Official Facebook Page Links to related articles United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Northern Ireland Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations History Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health care Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Food banks Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media television Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal Commonwealth realms and dominions Current Antigua and Barbuda ( monarchy ) Australia ( monarchy ) Bahamas ( monarchy ) Barbados ( monarchy ) Belize ( monarchy ) Canada ( monarchy ) Grenada ( monarchy ) Jamaica ( monarchy ) Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea ( monarchy ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( monarchy ) Saint Lucia ( monarchy ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( monarchy ) Solomon Islands ( monarchy ) Tuvalu ( monarchy ) United Kingdom ( monarchy ) Former Ceylon Fiji ( monarchy ) The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Ireland ( monarchy ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Newfoundland Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa ( monarchy ) Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Dominion , became republic before adoption of the term `` realm '' Dominion , never ratified Statute of Westminster 1931 , London - based external government 1934 -- 1949 , annexed by Canada in 1949 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence as a realm in 1965 , but this was not recognised internationally . Declared itself a republic in 1970 . Monarchies List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary By region or entity Africa Lesotho Morocco Swaziland Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Luxembourg Liechtenstein Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City United Kingdom Oceania Australia Tonga New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Americas Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Ancestry and family George VI ( father ) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( mother ) Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( husband ) wedding wedding dress Charles , Prince of Wales ( son ) Anne , Princess Royal ( daughter ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( son ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( son ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( sister ) Accession and coronation Coronation Royal Guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Coronation Medal Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession Reign Annus horribilis Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime Ministers Operation London Bridge Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Commonwealth tours Australia Official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard ( 23 ) SS Gothic ( 1947 ) HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVI President Michael D. Higgins Titles and honours Head of the Commonwealth List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II Royal Family Order Elizabeth Cross Queen 's Official Birthday Flags Depictions Documentaries Royal Journey ( 1951 ) A Queen Is Crowned ( 1953 ) The Queen in Australia ( 1954 ) Royal Family ( 1969 ) Elizabeth R : A Year in the Life of the Queen ( 1992 ) Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work ( 2007 ) The Queen ( TV serial ) The Diamond Queen ( 2012 ) Elizabeth at 90 : A Family Portrait ( 2016 ) Film and television A Question of Attribution ( 1992 TV ) Her Majesty ( 2001 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Happy and Glorious ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Plays A Question of Attribution ( 1988 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Stamps Wilding series Machin series Castle series Canadian domestic rate stamp Animals Corgis Dookie Susan Horses Aureole Burmese Dunfermline Estimate Height of Fashion Highclere Pall Mall Winston Heads of state and government of Europe Heads of state UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Partially recognised Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Unrecognised states Artsakh Transnistria Former countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Heads of government UN members and observers Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sovereign Military Order of Malta Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Partially recognised Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Unrecognised states Artsakh Transnistria Former countries Czechoslovakia Irish Free State East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia 1 . Partially or entirely in Asia , depending on geographical definition . 2 . Recognised by at least one United Nations member . 3 . Not recognised by any United Nations members . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=803679256 '' Categories : British monarchy Government of the United Kingdom Westminster system Commonwealth realms Kingdoms Heads of state of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Featured articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Afrikaans বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom

who played shawn on days of our lives

Shawn - Douglas Brady is a fictional character on the television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . He is the son of supercouple Bo Brady and Hope Williams and one half of the supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black . Jason Cook is most identifiable in the role , portraying the character from October 15 , 1999 , to September 22 , 2006 . Brandon Beemer was in the role from September 28 , 2006 , to March 21 , 2008 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported the character will be returning for the show 's 50th anniversary , once again portrayed by Cook . On November 10 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Beemer would return to the role in 2016 , replacing Cook yet again . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Beemer along with three other actors were let go from the show . However , in May 2016 , Daytime Confidential revealed that Beemer was back taping with the show to honor the rest of the contract .

Jason Cook|Brandon Beemer

Shawn - Douglas Brady

shawn - douglas brady

Shawn - Douglas Brady is a fictional character on the television soap opera , Days of Our Lives . He is the son of supercouple Bo Brady and Hope Williams and one half of the supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black . Jason Cook is most identifiable in the role , portraying the character from October 15 , 1999 , to September 22 , 2006 . Brandon Beemer was in the role from September 28 , 2006 , to March 21 , 2008 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported the character will be returning for the show 's 50th anniversary , once again portrayed by Cook . On November 10 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Beemer would return to the role in 2016 , replacing Cook yet again . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Beemer along with three other actors were let go from the show . However , in May 2016 , Daytime Confidential revealed that Beemer was back taping with the show to honor the rest of the contract .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character history 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Fictional character history ( edit ) Shawn is the son of supercouple , Bo and Hope Brady . In 1990 , Shawn fell into a pipe and lost his hearing . With his mother gone , Shawn and his father became close with Shawn 's doctor and eventually Bo 's fiancée , Carly Manning . When Bo and Carly 's engagement ended , Shawn bonded with Bo 's new girlfriend , Billie Reed , who later became Bo 's wife . Then , Shawn 's mother , Hope , returned to Salem . Although Hope did not know who she was at first , her memory returned and Bo and Hope reunited . Shawn eventually regained his hearing . At an early age , Shawn was kidnapped by Stefano DiMera , but escaped . In high school , Shawn competed with Philip Kiriakis for the romantic affections of both Belle Black and Chloe Lane . Shawn and Belle became a couple , while Philip and Chloe enjoyed a brief romance . The following summer , Shawn and Belle joined other teens from Salem High on an ill - fated trip to Puerto Rico . While hunting for Alice Horton 's missing ruby , Shawn got caught up in Jan Spears 's personal tragedy . She became pregnant after being raped while on the island , and Shawn offered to say he was the father to spare her any additional humiliation , tearing his relationship with Belle apart . By the end of senior year , Belle learned the truth , and the two were on the brink of reconciliation . However , impending college careers , the arrival of Rex and Cassie Brady , and old trust issues kept them apart . When Hope and Shawn 's baby brother were kidnapped , which brought Belle and Shawn together on a mission to find them . However , Philip Kiriakis returned to Salem , and he and Belle were matched up on the dating show `` Love is Blind . '' More troule ensued when Jan Spears reared her devious head in Salem . Shawn left Salem distraught and confused by the revelation that Belle 's mother , Marlena Evans , was the Salem Stalker and responsible for the death of Shawn 's family members . That was just the opportunity Jan needed . She cast her net and held Shawn captive in a giant cage . This allowed Belle to grow closer to Philip . Once Shawn finally escaped , he crashed his motorcycle , leaving him with amnesia . Jan furthered her evil plans by not only convincing Shawn they were in love , but that they were engaged . Fate intervened - Shawn realized his love for Belle , and he crashed his motorcycle through the window of St. Luke 's , but could n't stop her marriage to Philip . Later , Shawn even helped in a rescue mission when Philip 's troop was taken hostage overseas . He finally moved on after Belle gave birth to Philip 's daughter , Claire , although unknown to all , Claire was in fact the daughter of Shawn . Following Belle and Philip 's wedding , Shawn and Mimi explored their feelings for each other . On New Year 's Eve they got engaged and later married . A DNA test proved to all that Shawn was Claire 's biological father . This created a complex predicament for Shawn and Belle , since an in vitro mix - up meant that Belle was carrying a second baby fathered by Shawn . When Shawn learned that Mimi knew he was Claire 's father and never told him , he declared their marriage was over and left . Upon hearing that Victor also knew the truth about Claire 's paternity , he ran a race car through a wall at the Kiriakis mansion and declared that he was done with Victor as well . Belle lost the baby she was carrying . Shortly afterwards , Shawn misunderstood a conversation Belle was having with Carrie , leading him to believe she wanted nothing to do with him . He found solace with Willow , a former hooker , and the two eventually moved in together . Shawn insisted Willow hide from Belle , which created much tension in their relationship . He still wanted to have a relationship with Claire , and Belle told him the only way was to clear up his life . Staying with Willow out of sympathy , which seemed to be a habit with Shawn , he drove Belle further and further away . After yet another bad decision to work for E.J. Wells as a courier , Bo decided it was time to step in and warn his son . After several run - ins with Willow and Belle , Shawn finally decided to be a good father to Claire and that he needed to quit working for EJ Wells as well as break it off with Willow . Shortly after Shawn asked Willow to move out , she set fire to the apartment and Shawn was kicked out . Shawn was forced to move in with his parents . Just as Belle and Shawn were getting closer , they were issued court papers that Philip was fighting them for custody . Philip was awarded temporary custody of Claire and devastated Shawn and Belle were ordered to take parenting classes . As Victor and Philip left the court room , Shawn overheard Victor saying they would never give up Claire now that they have her . Everyone knew that Victor had paid off the judge just as he had the Child Protective Service worker , and even Willow to testify in court against Shawn . Mimi told Shawn just a day later that while at the Kiriakis mansion to confront Philip she saw a passport for Claire . Shawn made the decision that he and Belle had to beat Philip and Victor at their own game , by kidnapping Claire and going on the run . In the course of a few months they went to Canada and then got on a boat to go to Australia . They were pursued by Philip at every corner . They ended up on a small island called Tinda Lau where they ultimately had to flee from Philip once again . It was in this final pursuit that Philip ruined the engine of their boat and nearly killed everyone including himself . As they realized that death was a possibility they promised that if they would get out of this to return to Salem as friends and that they would work out an agreeable custody arrangement . During the time of their fleeing Philip , Shawn and Belle grew closer and got back together . Belle asked Philip to help Shawn find a job and so Philip arranged for Shawn to get a job with a company that Titan owned , in Ohio - one that would require extensive travel . It was n't long before Shawn found out how he landed the interview and by coincidence , he got a call from Mimi about the baby that Philip was supposed to have with the surrogate mother . On July 4 , 2007 , Shawn was supposed to have gone to the interview but instead flew out to Indianapolis to meet with Lauren , the surrogate mother . Instead of ending the pregnancy as she said she would , she kept the baby and extorted money from Bonnie Lockhart until she could n't do so any longer . This led to Philip receiving harassing phone calls until he confronted Lauren . On July 25 , 2007 , Shawn asked Belle Black to marry him . Temptation and grief over losing her father led Belle to sleep with Philip . On November 23 , 2007 , Belle and Shawn were married in a ceremony at his parents ' house . His father did not attend . On December 31 , 2007 , Belle admitted to Shawn that she slept with Philip . In March 2008 , Shawn and Belle reconciled and decided to do as Shawn 's parents had once done and sail the world to strengthen their marriage and find peace . In October 2011 , it was mentioned by Hope that she received an email from Shawn , saying that he was glad that everything had worked out with his parents and that their granddaughter , Claire , missed them . Shawn briefly returned to Salem in late 2015 , much to surprise of his mother , at the Brady Pub before leaving again . In January 2016 , again returns to Salem , with the intentions of being there for his daughter and work things out with Belle . When Belle turns him down , telling him that their marriage is over and moves on with her ex-husband Philip , Shawn gets himself a job at Salem PD , where he meets Lani Price ( Sal Stowers ) . See also ( edit ) Supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black Brady Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! JASON COOK BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CONFIRMED ! BRANDON BEEMER BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Days of Our Lives BLOODBATH : Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson and Sal Stowers All OUT ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` BLOODBATH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Beemer , Martha Madison , Marie Wilson , Sal Stowers out at Days '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Beemer Back Taping at Days of Our Lives ( Exculsive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Shawn at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawn-Douglas_Brady&oldid=815932834 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn-Douglas%20Brady

read the following excerpt from the declaration of rights of man and the citizen

Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen

declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ) , passed by France 's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789 , is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson , working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . Influenced also by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide .

The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment . The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . The declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality . The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law . Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay . Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) . This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women . Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins . Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 . In 1804 , the colony of Saint - Domingue became an independent state , the Republic of Haiti . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights . See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 . Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ . Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p. 386 References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Blackburn , Robin ( October 2006 ) `` Haiti , Slavery , and the Age of the Democratic Revolution '' The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , Vol. 63 , No. 4 , Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture , pp. 643 -- 74 . Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) Dittrich , Horst , actor , and translator ( 2012 ) . Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen translated into Austrian übertragen , edited by ARBOS -- Company for Music and Theatre , ISBN 978 - 3 - 9503173 - 2 - 9 , ARBOS - Edition 2012 Kates , Gary and Hufton , Olwen. ( 1998 ) `` In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women . '' The French Revolution : Recent Debates and New Controversies . London : Routledge McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online Smith , George H. ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 115 -- 17 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n73 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Wallerstein , Immanuel ( 2003 ) . `` Citizens all ? Citizens some ! The making of the citizen '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History 45 , ( 4 ) : 650 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource Frank Maloy Anderson The Constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the History of France , 1789 - 1907 contains the text of the rights of man on page 59 Jacques - Guillaume Thouret , `` Report on the Basis of Political Eligibility '' ( 29 September 1789 ) , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , accessed 26 October 2011 . Olympe de Gouges , Declaration of the Rights of Woman , 1791 , College of Staten Island Library ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , accessed 26 October 2011 . `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Légifrance ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789 '' . Ministère de la Justice et des Libertés : TEXTES & RÉFORMES ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Human rights Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v. Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Constitutions of France 1791 1793 ( Year I ) 1795 ( Year III ) 1799 ( Year VIII ) 1802 ( Year X ) 1804 ( Year XII ) 1814 1815 1830 1848 1852 1875 1940 1945 1946 1958 ( Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment ) Proposed : Girondin constitutional project ( 1793 ) VIAF : 185684735 LCCN : no90010771 GND : 4200626 - 0 Human rights portal Law portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=809098185 '' Categories : 1789 in law 1789 events of the French Revolution French law Human rights instruments Human rights in France Government of France Memory of the World Register Political charters History of human rights Popular sovereignty Age of Enlightenment 18th century in Paris 1789 documents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing French - language text All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 03 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration%20of%20the%20Rights%20of%20Man%20and%20of%20the%20Citizen

how many episodes are there in mind your language season 1

Series Episodes Premiere Finale 13 30 December 1977 23 March 1978 8 5 October 1978 23 November 1978 8 25 October 1979 20 December 1979 13 4 January 1986 21 April 1986

13

List of Mind Your Language episodes

list of mind your language episodes

This is a list of episodes of the British comedy Mind Your Language . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Series 1 1.2 Series 2 1.3 Series 3 1.4 Series 4 2 External links Overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Premiere Finale 13 30 December 1977 23 March 1978 8 5 October 1978 23 November 1978 8 25 October 1979 20 December 1979 13 4 January 1986 21 April 1986 Series 1 ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate 01 `` The First Lesson '' 30 December 1977 ( 1977 - 12 - 30 ) Jeremy Brown starts his new job as the teacher of English as a Foreign Language class , and meets his students for the first time . A diverse group of ten foreign adult students in London , hailing from nine different countries in Europe and Asia . The Europeans consist of two au pairs , the young , flirtatious and beautiful Danielle ( from France ) and prim and proper Anna ( from West Germany ) ; two young single men , Giovanni ( from Italy ) and Max ( from Greece ) ; and a laid - back middle - aged bartender , Juan ( from Spain ) , who speaks no English . The Asians consist of Su - Li , a revolutionary - minded secretary from the Chinese Embassy , who is a staunch follower of Chairman Mao 's teachings ; Taro , a Japanese businessman , as well as three students from South Asia : Ranjeet , a devout Punjabi Sikh ; Ali , an unemployed Pakistani Muslim ; and Jamila , an Urdu - speaking housewife who can not speak any English . The school principal , Miss Courtney , nearly dismisses Mr Brown immediately as she had requested a female teacher , but she gives in and he is allowed to stay on a trial basis . 02 `` An Inspector Calls '' 5 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 05 ) An education inspector arrives at the school to observe the classes , but Mr Brown mistakes him for a new African foreign student . The inspector plays along and sits in his class pretending to be a student and in the end is very impressed with Mr Brown 's teaching methods . 03 `` A Fate Worse Than Death '' 12 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 12 ) Ranjeet asks Mr Brown to help him escape an arranged marriage . Ranjeet eventually escapes the marriage but Mr Brown in turn is pressured to marry the woman instead . He writes a letter to her father explaining the reason that he can not marry her . 04 `` All Through the Night '' 19 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 19 ) Concerned that his students ' English is not improving , Mr Brown keeps them after class -- so late that they get locked in the building . 05 `` The Best Things in Life '' 26 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 26 ) Jamila is arrested for shoplifting a magazine due to her mis understanding the term `` free '' in promotional material . However , Mr Brown and Ali later discover that Jamila has shoplifted many other items in the past . Mr Brown and his students then work together to return the stolen items without being noticed . 06 `` Come Back , All Is Forgiven '' 2 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 02 ) It is Mr Brown 's birthday and everyone in the class has brought him a present . However , it is not all happy returns when Miss Courtney informs Mr Brown that his trial month is over and she is not satisfied with his teaching . However , she finds out that the new teacher is taking over the school , so she dismisses her and brings Mr Brown back . 07 `` The Cheating Game '' 9 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 09 ) In order to see how prepared they are for their upcoming exam , the students prepare to take a mock exam . When the students make a lot of mistakes in class and see that their teacher has no faith in them , they decide to cheat in order to ace the exam and fake their progress . 08 `` Better to Have Loved and Lost '' 16 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 16 ) Ali and Su Li surprise the class when they announce that they are to marry . Mr Brown gets a much bigger shock when he finds out that Ali is already married and plans to take Su Li as his second wife . Ali informs Mr Brown that Su Li knows about his first wife and the fact that he was marrying her to have a child . Later , Ali 's first wife informs him that she is pregnant . Su Li also does not want to marry him anymore , so they decide to cancel the wedding . 09 `` Kill or Cure '' 23 February 1978 ( 1978 - 02 - 23 ) Mr Brown becomes ill and can not come to class , so Miss Courtney takes charge . The students ' English is not up to her expectations , so she sends some of them away and tells Anna to take over the class . Anna then sends the rest of the students home for the same reason . They all visit Mr Brown at his flat , each with their own ' remedy ' to make him feel better . 10 `` Hello , Sailor '' 2 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 02 ) Juan brings his Russian sailor friend Boris , who has come to England to escape Russia , to Mr Brown 's class . Boris explains that he wants to stay in England to be with his English girlfriend . Everything seems to be going alright until the captain of a Russian ship comes to the classroom to take his roaming sailor home - and says that Boris has a wife in Russia . 11 `` A Point of Honour '' 10 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 10 ) Mr Brown finds himself in a lot of trouble when Danielle tells Mr Jarvis , a pestering Irish woodwork teacher at the school , that she is engaged to Mr Brown . Mr Brown soon finds himself running around the school in an attempt to quash the false rumour , only to leave wrong impressions and ending up in the school gymnasium to box against the philandering teacher . He is able to win it because Max and Giovanni tie Mr Jarvis ' shoelaces together , causing him to fall over . 12 `` How 's Your Father ? '' 17 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 17 ) At the beginning of the lesson , Mr Brown asks the students to speak aloud for one minute each on various topics . The class learns that Taro 's childhood was very lonely because his parents died when he was a child . Mr Brown sympathises by telling the class how he was left on the front steps of an orphanage in Jeremy Street when he was two weeks old on Easter Monday - nearly 30 years ago - and therefore grew up without any parents as well . Sid tells Mr Brown that he left his baby at an orphanage on an Easter Monday , which makes Mr Brown assume that Sid is his father . He later realises that he can not be Sid 's son when Sid tells him that the baby he abandoned was a girl . 13 `` The Examination '' 24 March 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 24 ) The students prepare to take their Lower Cambridge Certificate exam at the end of the first term . Mr Brown has an disagreement with a couple in the bar which comes back to haunt him when it turns out that the man will be supervising the exam . Series 2 ( edit ) Episode Title Original Airdate 14 `` All Present If Not Correct '' 7 October 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 07 ) At the start of the new school year , Mr Brown has two new students , Zóltan from Hungary ( who speaks no English ) and au pair Ingrid from Stockholm . Mr Brown and Miss Courtney are disappointed that all ten of his students from last year failed their exams and have returned to his class ; she tells him that if he does not improve , she will dismiss him . Zóltan asks Mr Brown to write a letter to his girlfriend . Mr Brown wrongly believes that he has won £ 100,000 on Premium Bonds , and writes an insulting letter of resignation to Miss Courtney . He mistakenly gives the letters to the wrong people . As a result , Ms Courtney wrongly believes that Zóltan is in love with her and Zóltan 's girlfriend beats him up . 15 `` Queen for a Day ! '' 14 October 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 14 ) It is announced that the Queen will be visiting the school , and Miss Courtney gets over-excited about the event . The students wear their national costumes . The visit is cancelled without anyone at the school being told . A woman who looks and speaks like the Queen is looking for her husband who is a student there . She is mistaken for the Queen . 16 `` Brief Re-encounter '' 21 October 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 21 ) Albert Collins , who was Miss Courtney 's fiancé 25 years ago , phones her at the school then visits her there later that day . He proposes to her , then asks to borrow money from her - which she accepts . Sid recognises him as a conman who was in prison with Sid 's brother - in - law and tells Mr Brown that Albert 's speciality is to propose to lonely women then flee with their money . Mr Brown tells Ms Courtney about Albert . Mr Brown , backed - up by his male students , see that Albert leaves for good . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' 28 October 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 28 ) Ranjeet has been saving up his money to visit his mother in India as a surprise for her sixtieth birthday . He hands £ 230 cash in an envelope to Mr Brown for safe keeping , but Mr Brown accidentally drops it in front of the school later that day . Sid picks it up and puts £ 100 of it on a horse to win a race . The horse wins , but is disqualified . The students , along with Mr Brown and Sid , make £ 100 in the street in various ways in order to replace what Sid lost . Ranjeet flies to India ; soon afterwards his mother arrives in his class , intending to surprise him . 18 `` Do n't Forget the Driver '' 4 November 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 04 ) Mr Brown and his students go on a field trip to a stately home . They are travelling on a coach which Sid is driving . They are stranded in the countryside when the coach breaks down due to it running out of petrol . Sid obtains some petrol from a local farm and they continue . They arrive late , so the Earl who owns it sends them away . They become lost on the way back . They work out where they are , but then realise that the coach has a punctured tyre . 19 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 11 November 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 11 ) The students are in their classroom playing darts badly while waiting for Mr Brown . Miss Courtney comes into the room and is disappointed with the students ' lack of progress . Mr Brown arrives and tells the class that he is having his flat painted and has to find elsewhere to stay tonight . He initially decides to stay at the YMCA , but after Giovanni and Max offer to let him stay at their flat , he goes there . He goes onto the balcony , and Max , not realising he is out there , locks the door . Mr Brown can not re-enter , so he tries to pick the lock . A neighbour phones to report him ; the police arrest him and take him to the police station , while the rest of the students have arrived at Max and Giovanni 's . Sid is brought in , having been arrested for being drunk and disorderly . Jeremy asks Sid to verify his identity , but he is too drunk to recognise him . Max and Giovanni arrive and verify Mr Brown 's identity and the fact that he is staying at their flat . The police release Mr Brown without charge and he goes back to Max and Giovanni 's with them . The other students are pleased to see him return and then leave in pairs . Mr Brown locks the door to the balcony , not realising that Max and Giovanni are there . The same neighbour phones the police about them . Mr Brown lets Max and Giovanni in , then is arrested . He is taken to the police station , where he is put in a cell with Sid . 20 `` Take Your Partners '' 18 November 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 18 ) Miss Courtney coerces Mr Brown to buy two tickets to a charity dance . Anna , Ingrid and Danielle want to be his partner , so Mr Brown has them decide amongst themselves which of them will he will dance with ; they choose Anna . Gladys and Miss Courtney both pressure him to take them . He therefore takes Anna , Gladys and Miss Courtney - taking turns in dancing with each . 21 `` After Three '' 25 November 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 25 ) The class have to prepare for the school 's talent show . The students individually do various performances in class in front of Mr Brown and Miss Courtney . They are all rejected due to being very inadequate and / or unsuitable . During the show , the class instead sing the Mind Your Language opening theme together , dressed in their traditional outfits . Series 3 ( edit ) Episode Title Original airdate 22 `` I Belong To Glasgow '' 28 October 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 28 ) Max and Giovanni bring in their new cockatoo in its cage . Danielle tells Mr Brown that she is dating five men , and that she sees one on each weekday . Mr Brown tells Miss Courtney that Ingrid and Zoltan have not arrived . She tells him that Zoltan wrote to her to tell her that he has moved back to Hungary . An affluent Arab Sheikh enrols his Scottish chauffeur in Mr Brown 's class , due to not being able to understand the Scots language which he speaks . Miss Courtney initially refuses to take a new student midway through a course , but changes her mind when the Sheikh gives her £ 2,000 . The new Glaswegian student causes trouble for everyone in the class due to his obnoxious , hostile , confrontational attitude . Mr Brown refuses to continue teaching him , so he teaches Scots to the Sheikh on his own instead . 23 `` Who Loves Ya Baby ? '' 3 November 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 03 ) Au pair Danielle brings her boss ' 9 - month - old baby to school in his pram . Gladys suggests that she leave him the canteen , which she does . Gladys tells Sid , but when the baby and pram go missing , he tells Danielle . Miss Courtney assumes the baby is the son of one of the students , who abandoned him . Miss Courtney tells Mr Brown that she found the baby and pram and leaves him in her office with Mr Brown whilst she finds out who the baby belongs to . Danielle tells Miss Courtney that he is the son of the couple whom she works for . Gladys takes the baby out of the pram whilst Mr Brown is out of the room . When Mr Brown returns with Sid , they are horrified that the baby is missing . On Sid 's suggestion , Mr Brown goes onto the window ledge to look for the baby . Miss Courtney sees Gladys holding the baby in the corridor , collects the pram , closes the window and gives the pram to Gladys . Mr Brown can not find the baby , and twice narrowly avoids falling to the ground . Gladys meets Sid in the corridor , and they explain what has happened . Danielle takes the baby and pram into the classroom . Mr Brown knocks on the classroom window and is let in by Giovanni . 24 `` No Flowers By Request '' 10 November 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 10 ) Juan suffers abdominal pain and is taken to hospital , accompanied by Mr Brown . At the hospital , Mr Brown falls down some stairs , breaking his left leg , and is admitted to hospital . Juan returns to class , where Miss Courtney is covering for Mr Brown . When Juan telephones the hospital , a miscommunication results in a nurse telling Juan that Mr Brown has died . The students go to the funeral , not realising that it was another patient , also named Mr Brown , who had died . Mr Brown arrives at school in a wheelchair , his leg in plaster , shocking Sid and Miss Courtney . Sid pushes Mr Brown to the funeral , where the students are delighted to see Mr Brown , who explains the misunderstanding . Sid lets go of Mr Brown 's wheelchair whilst on a steep hill . Mr Brown rolls down the hill and falls into an empty grave , breaking his right leg and left arm . He is re-admitted to hospital , where his students give him the flowers that they were going to put on his grave . 25 `` Just the Job '' 17 November 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 17 ) Mr English , the principal of a language school , visits . He offers Mr Brown a better - paid job , having been recommended him by Ingrid . Mr Brown leaves the same day , only to learn when he arrives that the vacancy no longer exists . He tries to return to his old position , but finds that it has been filled by Mr Wilkins . Giovanni suggests to the students that they all act stupidly , so that Mr Wilkins quits . The plan works and Mr Brown returns to his old position . 26 `` Guilty or Not Guilty ? '' 24 November 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 24 ) All the students are brought to court together for causing various acts of mischief at different places in London . Miss Courtney oversees the session as one of the magistrates , while Mr Brown acts as their barrister . They are all acquitted , and leave the court . As Mr Brown is about to get into his car , a policeman stops him because his Vehicle Excise Duty has expired . 27 `` Repent At Leisure '' 1 December 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 01 ) Anna 's au pair visa is set to expire . The others think that she should marry Mr Brown to become a British citizen . 28 `` The School Fete '' 8 December 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 08 ) The school holds a fete , and Max is held responsible for hiring Arthur Mullard . 29 `` What a Tangled Web '' 15 December 1979 ( 1979 - 12 - 15 ) Ali suspects that his wife is having an affair . Mr Brown follows her and finds that she is going to Ranjeet 's house . Series 4 ( edit ) The fourth series was created by TRI Films LTD and first aired on TSW in late 1984 , and some other ITV regions during 1986 , but has yet to be released on DVD . Episode Title Original Airdate : TSW 30 `` Never Say Die '' 30 September 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 30 ) 31 `` Too Many Cooks '' TBA 32 `` Easy Come Easy Go '' TBA 33 `` Fifty Years On '' TBA On Miss Courtney 's birthday , she starts to receive threatening letters and mistakes Mr Browns present as a bomb . 34 `` Time and Tide '' TBA 35 `` Ghoulies and Ghosties '' TBA 36 `` Mama Mia ! '' TBA 37 `` A Rash Decision '' TBA 38 `` Wedding Fever '' TBA 39 `` Everybody 's Out '' TBA 40 `` Untitled '' TBA 41 `` Untitled '' TBA 42 `` Untitled '' 31 December 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 31 ) External links ( edit ) List of Mind Your Language episodes at TV.com List of Mind Your Language episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mind_Your_Language_episodes&oldid=856662920 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mind%20Your%20Language%20episodes

where is the source and mouth of the mississippi river located

Mississippi River Ojibwe : Misi - ziibi , Dakota : Mníšošethąka , Myaamia : Mihsi - siipiiwi , Cheyenne : Ma'xeé'ometāā'e , Kiowa : Xósáu , Arapaho : Beesniicie , Pawnee : Kickaátit Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument , Iowa Name origin : Ojibwe word misi - ziibi , meaning `` Great River '' , or gichi - ziibi , meaning `` Big River '' Nickname : `` Old Man River , '' `` Father of Waters '' Country United States States Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , Louisiana Tributaries - left St. Croix River , Wisconsin River , Rock River , Illinois River , Kaskaskia River , Ohio River - right Minnesota River , Des Moines River , Missouri River , White River , Arkansas River Cities Saint Cloud , MN , Minneapolis , MN , St. Paul , MN , La Crosse , WI , Quad Cities , IA / IL , St. Louis , MO , Memphis , TN , Baton Rouge , LA , New Orleans , LA Source Lake Itasca - location Itasca State Park , Clearwater County , MN - elevation 1,475 ft ( 450 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 14 ′ 23 '' N 95 ° 12 ′ 27 '' W  /  47.23972 ° N 95.20750 ° W  / 47.23972 ; - 95.20750 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Pilottown , Plaquemines Parish , LA - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W  /  29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W  / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Coordinates : 29 ° 09 ′ 04 '' N 89 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W  /  29.15111 ° N 89.25333 ° W  / 29.15111 ; - 89.25333 Length 2,320 mi ( 3,734 km ) Basin 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,981,076 km ) Discharge for mouth ; max and min at Baton Rouge , LA - average 593,000 cu ft / s ( 16,792 m / s ) - max 3,065,000 cu ft / s ( 86,791 m / s ) - min 159,000 cu ft / s ( 4,502 m / s ) Mississippi River basin

Mississippi River

mississippi river

The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . The stream is entirely within the United States ( although its drainage basin reaches into Canada ) , its source is in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana .

Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries . Most were hunter - gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country , which resulted in the river 's storied steamboat era . During the American Civil War , the Mississippi 's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory due to the river 's importance as a route of trade and travel , not least to the Confederacy . Because of substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that supplanted riverboats , the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees , locks and dams , often built in combination . Since modern development of the basin began , the Mississippi has also seen its share of pollution and environmental problems -- most notably large volumes of agricultural runoff , which has led to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone off the Delta . In recent years , the river has shown a steady shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta ; a course change would be an economic disaster for the port city of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and significance 2 Physical geography 2.1 Divisions 2.1. 1 Upper Mississippi 2.1. 2 Middle Mississippi 2.1. 3 Lower Mississippi 2.2 Watershed 2.3 Outflow 2.4 Course changes 2.4. 1 Prehistoric courses 2.4. 2 Historic course changes 2.5 New Madrid Seismic Zone 3 Length 4 Cultural geography 4.1 State boundaries 4.2 Communities along the river 4.3 Bridge crossings 5 Navigation and flood control 5.1 19th century 5.2 20th century 5.3 21st century 6 History 6.1 Native Americans 6.2 European exploration 6.3 Colonization 6.4 Steamboat era 6.5 Civil War 6.6 20th and 21st centuries 6.7 Future 7 Recreation 8 Ecology 8.1 Fish 8.2 Other fauna 8.3 Introduced species 9 Cultural references 9.1 Literature 9.2 Music 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Name and significance ( edit ) The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . In the 18th century , the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States , and since the country 's expansion westward , the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern , Southern , and Midwestern United States , and the Western United States . This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase `` Trans - Mississippi '' as used in the name of the Trans - Mississippi Exposition . It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it , such as `` the highest peak east of the Mississippi '' or `` the oldest city west of the Mississippi '' . The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns , which begin with W to the east and K to the west , mixing together in media markets along the river . Physical geography ( edit ) The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of the river itself , its watershed , its outflow , its prehistoric and historic course changes , and possibilities of future course changes . The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy . These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands . Divisions ( edit ) The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections : the Upper Mississippi , the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River ; the Middle Mississippi , which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River ; and the Lower Mississippi , which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico . Upper Mississippi ( edit ) The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca ( 2004 ) Mississippi head of navigation , St. Anthony Falls Confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers , viewed from Wyalusing State Park in Wisconsin The Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri . It is divided into two sections : The headwaters , 493 miles ( 793 km ) from the source to Saint Anthony Falls in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and A navigable channel , formed by a series of man - made lakes between Minneapolis and St. Louis , Missouri , some 664 miles ( 1,069 km ) . The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca , 1,475 feet ( 450 m ) above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County , Minnesota . The name `` Itasca '' was chosen to designate the `` true head '' of the Mississippi River as a combination of the last four letters of the Latin word for truth ( veritas ) and the first two letters of the Latin word for head ( caput ) . However , the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams . From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis , Missouri , the waterway 's flow is moderated by 43 dams . Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes , including power generation and recreation . The remaining 29 dams , beginning in downtown Minneapolis , all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river . Taken as a whole , these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river . Beginning just below Saint Paul , Minnesota , and continuing throughout the upper and lower river , the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river 's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks . The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids , Minnesota . Before it was built in 1913 , steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud , Minnesota , depending on river conditions . The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis . Above the dam , the river 's elevation is 799 feet ( 244 m ) . Below the dam , the river 's elevation is 750 feet ( 230 m ) . This 49 - foot ( 15 m ) drop is the largest of all the Mississippi River locks and dams . The origin of the dramatic drop is a waterfall preserved adjacent to the lock under an apron of concrete . Saint Anthony Falls is the only true waterfall on the entire Mississippi River . The water elevation continues to drop steeply as it passes through the gorge carved by the waterfall . After the completion of the St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in 1963 , the river 's head of navigation moved upstream , to the Coon Rapids Dam . However , the Locks were closed in 2015 to control the spread of invasive Asian carp , making Minneapolis once again the site of the head of navigation of the river . The Upper Mississippi has a number of natural and artificial lakes , with its widest point being Lake Winnibigoshish , near Grand Rapids , Minnesota , over 11 miles ( 18 km ) across . Lake Onalaska , created by Lock and Dam No. 7 , near La Crosse , Wisconsin , is more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) wide . Lake Pepin , a natural lake formed behind the delta of the Chippewa River of Wisconsin as it enters the Upper Mississippi , is more than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide . By the time the Upper Mississippi reaches Saint Paul , Minnesota , below Lock and Dam No. 1 , it has dropped more than half its original elevation and is 687 feet ( 209 m ) above sea level . From St. Paul to St. Louis , Missouri , the river elevation falls much more slowly , and is controlled and managed as a series of pools created by 26 locks and dams . The Upper Mississippi River is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling in the Twin Cities ; the St. Croix River near Prescott , Wisconsin ; the Cannon River near Red Wing , Minnesota ; the Zumbro River at Wabasha , Minnesota ; the Black , La Crosse , and Root rivers in La Crosse , Wisconsin ; the Wisconsin River at Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; the Rock River at the Quad Cities ; the Iowa River near Wapello , Iowa ; the Skunk River south of Burlington , Iowa ; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota , the Chippewa River in Wisconsin , the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa , and the Illinois River in Illinois . The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands . From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque , Iowa , the river is entrenched , with high bedrock bluffs lying on either side . The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque , though they are still significant through Savanna , Illinois . This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi , which is a meandering river in a broad , flat area , only rarely flowing alongside a bluff ( as at Vicksburg , Mississippi ) . The confluence of the Mississippi ( left ) and Ohio ( right ) rivers at Cairo , Illinois , the demarcation between the Middle and the Lower Mississippi River Middle Mississippi ( edit ) The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River 's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis , Missouri , for 190 miles ( 310 km ) to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . The Middle Mississippi is relatively free - flowing . From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence , the Middle Mississippi falls 220 feet ( 67 m ) over 180 miles ( 290 km ) for an average rate of 1.2 feet per mile ( 23 cm / km ) . At its confluence with the Ohio River , the Middle Mississippi is 315 feet ( 96 m ) above sea level . Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois , no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River . Lower Mississippi ( edit ) Lower Mississippi River near New Orleans The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico , a distance of about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) . At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi , the long - term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo , Illinois is 281,500 cubic feet per second ( 7,970 cubic metres per second ) , while the long - term mean discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes , Illinois ( just upriver from Cairo ) is 208,200 cu ft / s ( 5,900 m / s ) . Thus , by volume , the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River ( and the Allegheny River further upstream ) , rather than the Middle Mississippi . In addition to the Ohio River , the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River , flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas ; the Arkansas River , joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post ; the Big Black River in Mississippi ; and the Yazoo River , meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg , Mississippi . The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in width in several places . Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River , with 30 % of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route , rather than continuing down the Mississippi 's current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf . Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary , it is actually not , because its water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River . Watershed ( edit ) Map of the Mississippi River watershed . Play media An animation of the flows along the rivers of the Mississippi watershed . See also : List of drainage basins by area The Mississippi River has the world 's fourth - largest drainage basin ( `` watershed '' or `` catchment '' ) . The basin covers more than 1,245,000 square miles ( 3,220,000 km ) , including all or parts of 31 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico , part of the Atlantic Ocean . The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40 % of the landmass of the continental United States . The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains , Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet ( 4,400 m ) . Sequence of NASA MODIS images showing the outflow of fresh water from the Mississippi ( arrows ) into the Gulf of Mexico ( 2004 ) In the United States , the Mississippi River drains the majority of the area between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the crest of the Appalachian Mountains , except for various regions drained to Hudson Bay by the Red River of the North ; to the Atlantic Ocean by the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River ; and to the Gulf of Mexico by the Rio Grande , the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers , the Chattahoochee and Appalachicola rivers , and various smaller coastal waterways along the Gulf . The Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico about 100 miles ( 160 km ) downstream from New Orleans . Measurements of the length of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico vary somewhat , but the United States Geological Survey 's number is 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . The retention time from Lake Itasca to the Gulf is typically about 90 days . Outflow ( edit ) The Mississippi River discharges at an annual average rate of between 200 and 700 thousand cubic feet per second ( 7,000 -- 20,000 m / s ) . Although it is the fifth - largest river in the world by volume , this flow is a small fraction of the output of the Amazon , which moves nearly 7 million cubic feet per second ( 200,000 m / s ) during wet seasons . On average , the Mississippi has only 8 % the flow of the Amazon River . Fresh river water flowing from the Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico does not mix into the salt water immediately . The images from NASA 's MODIS ( to the right ) show a large plume of fresh water , which appears as a dark ribbon against the lighter - blue surrounding waters . These images demonstrate that the plume did not mix with the surrounding sea water immediately . Instead , it stayed intact as it flowed through the Gulf of Mexico , into the Straits of Florida , and entered the Gulf Stream . The Mississippi River water rounded the tip of Florida and traveled up the southeast coast to the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS . Before 1900 , the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico . During the last two decades , this number was only 145 million metric tons per year . The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi , Missouri , and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams , meander cutoffs , river - training structures , and bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them . Course changes ( edit ) Over geologic time , the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course , as well as additions , deletions , and other changes among its numerous tributaries , and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region . Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching , the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so . This occurs because the deposits of silt and sediment begin to clog its channel , raising the river 's level and causing it to eventually find a steeper , more direct route to the Gulf of Mexico . The abandoned distributaries diminish in volume and form what are known as bayous . This process has , over the past 5,000 years , caused the coastline of south Louisiana to advance toward the Gulf from 15 to 50 miles ( 24 to 80 km ) . The currently active delta lobe is called the Birdfoot Delta , after its shape , or the Balize Delta , after La Balize , Louisiana , the first French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi . Prehistoric courses ( edit ) The current form of the Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age . The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present - day United States and Mississippi basin . When the ice sheet began to recede , hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited , creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley . During the melt , giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed , creating such features as the Minnesota River , James River , and Milk River valleys . When the ice sheet completely retreated , many of these `` temporary '' rivers found paths to Hudson Bay or the Arctic Ocean , leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features `` oversized '' for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period . Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present , blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island , Illinois , diverting it to its present channel farther to the west , the current western border of Illinois . The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin , Illinois . South of Hennepin , to Alton , Illinois , the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the Illinoian Stage . View along the former riverbed at the Tennessee / Arkansas state line near Reverie , Tennessee ( 2007 ) Timeline of outflow course changes c. 5000 BC : The last Ice Age ended ; world sea level became what it is now . c. 2500 BC : Bayou Teche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 800 BC : The Mississippi diverted further east . c. 200 AD : Bayou Lafourche became the main course of the Mississippi . c. 1000 AD : The Mississippi 's present course took over . Before c. 1400 AD : The Red River of the South flowed parallel to the lower Mississippi to the sea 15th century : Turnbull 's Bend in the lower Mississippi extended so far west that it captured the Red River of the South . The Red River below the captured section became the Atchafalaya River . 1831 : Captain Henry M. Shreve dug a new short course for the Mississippi through the neck of Turnbull 's Bend . 1833 to November 1873 : The Great Raft ( a huge logjam in the Atchafalaya River ) was cleared . The Atchafalaya started to capture the Mississippi and to become its new main lower course . 1963 : The Old River Control Structure was completed , controlling how much Mississippi water entered the Atchafalaya . Cahokia 's rise and fall linked to river flooding ( article in Popular Archaeology periodical ) Historic course changes ( edit ) In March 1876 , the Mississippi suddenly changed course near the settlement of Reverie , Tennessee , leaving a small part of Tipton County , Tennessee , attached to Arkansas and separated from the rest of Tennessee by the new river channel . Since this event was an avulsion , rather than the effect of incremental erosion and deposition , the state line still follows the old channel . The town of Kaskaskia , Illinois once stood on a peninsula at the confluence of the Mississippi and Kaskaskia ( Okaw ) Rivers . Founded as a French colonial community , it later became the capital of the Illinois Territory and was the first state capital of Illinois until 1819 . Beginning in 1844 , successive flooding caused the Mississippi River to slowly encroach east . A major flood in 1881 caused it to overtake the lower 10 miles of the Kaskaskia River , forming a new Mississippi channel and cutting off the town from the rest of the state . Later flooding destroyed most of the remaining town , including the original State House . Today , the remaining 2,300 acre island and community of 14 residents is known as an enclave of Illinois and is accessible only from the Missouri side . New Madrid Seismic Zone ( edit ) The New Madrid Seismic Zone , along the Mississippi River near New Madrid , Missouri , between Memphis and St. Louis , is related to an aulacogen ( failed rift ) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico . This area is still quite active seismically . Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area , and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river . Length ( edit ) When measured from its traditional source at Lake Itasca , the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) . When measured from its longest stream source ( most distant source from the sea ) , Brower 's Spring in Montana , the source of the Missouri River . it has a length of 3,710 miles , making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile , Amazon , and Yangtze . When measured by the largest stream source ( by water volume ) , the Ohio River , by extension the Allegheny River , would be the source , and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania . Cultural geography ( edit ) State boundaries ( edit ) The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states , from Minnesota to Louisiana , and is used to define portions of these states ' borders , with Wisconsin , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , and Mississippi along the east side of the river , and Iowa , Missouri , and Arkansas along its west side . Substantial parts of both Minnesota and Louisiana are on either side of the river , although the Mississippi defines part of the boundary of each of these states . In all of these cases , the middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was used as the line to define the borders between adjacent states . In various areas , the river has since shifted , but the state borders have not changed , still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment , leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel , contiguous with the adjacent state . Also , due to a meander in the river , a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee , but isolated from the rest of its state . Lake Pepin , the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi , is part of the Minnesota -- Wisconsin border . The Mississippi River in downtown Baton Rouge Communities along the River ( edit ) Metro Area Population Minneapolis - Saint Paul 3,615,901 St. Louis 2,916,447 Memphis 1,316,100 New Orleans 1,214,932 Baton Rouge 802,484 Quad Cities , IA - IL 382,630 St. Cloud , MN 189,148 La Crosse , WI 133,365 Cape Girardeau -- Jackson MO - IL 96,275 Dubuque , IA 93,653 In Minnesota , the Mississippi River runs through the Twin Cities ( 2007 ) Community of boathouses on the Mississippi River in Winona , MN ( 2006 ) The Mississippi River at the Chain of Rocks just north of St. Louis ( 2005 ) Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below ; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river . They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end . Bemidji , Minnesota Grand Rapids , Minnesota Jacobson , Minnesota Palisade , Minnesota Aitkin , Minnesota Riverton , Minnesota Brainerd , Minnesota Fort Ripley , Minnesota Little Falls , Minnesota Sartell , Minnesota St. Cloud , Minnesota Monticello , Minnesota Anoka , Minnesota Coon Rapids , Minnesota Brooklyn Park , Minnesota Brooklyn Center , Minnesota Minneapolis , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Nininger , Minnesota Hastings , Minnesota Prescott , Wisconsin Prairie Island , Minnesota Diamond Bluff , Wisconsin Red Wing , Minnesota Hager City , Wisconsin Maiden Rock , Wisconsin Stockholm , Wisconsin Lake City , Minnesota Maple Springs , Minnesota Camp Lacupolis , Minnesota Pepin , Wisconsin Reads Landing , Minnesota Wabasha , Minnesota Nelson , Wisconsin Alma , Wisconsin Buffalo City , Wisconsin Weaver , Minnesota Minneiska , Minnesota Fountain City , Wisconsin Winona , Minnesota Homer , Minnesota Trempealeau , Wisconsin Dakota , Minnesota Dresbach , Minnesota La Crescent , Minnesota La Crosse , Wisconsin Brownsville , Minnesota Stoddard , Wisconsin Genoa , Wisconsin Victory , Wisconsin Potosi , Wisconsin De Soto , Wisconsin Lansing , Iowa Ferryville , Wisconsin Lynxville , Wisconsin Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin Marquette , Iowa McGregor , Iowa Wyalusing , Wisconsin Guttenberg , Iowa Cassville , Wisconsin Dubuque , Iowa Galena , Illinois Bellevue , Iowa Savanna , Illinois Sabula , Iowa Fulton , Illinois Clinton , Iowa Cordova , Illinois Port Byron , Illinois LeClaire , Iowa Rapids City , Illinois Hampton , Illinois Bettendorf , Iowa East Moline , Illinois Moline , Illinois Davenport , Iowa Rock Island , Illinois Buffalo , Iowa Muscatine , Iowa New Boston , Illinois Keithsburg , Illinois Oquawka , Illinois Burlington , Iowa Dallas City , Illinois Fort Madison , Iowa Nauvoo , Illinois Keokuk , Iowa Warsaw , Illinois Quincy , Illinois Hannibal , Missouri Louisiana , Missouri Clarksville , Missouri Grafton , Illinois Portage Des Sioux , Missouri Alton , Illinois St. Louis , Missouri Ste . Genevieve , Missouri Kaskaskia , Illinois Chester , Illinois Grand Tower , Illinois Cape Girardeau , Missouri Thebes , Illinois Commerce , Missouri Cairo , Illinois Wickliffe , Kentucky Columbus , Kentucky Hickman , Kentucky New Madrid , Missouri Tiptonville , Tennessee Caruthersville , Missouri Osceola , Arkansas Reverie , Tennessee Memphis , Tennessee West Memphis , Arkansas Tunica , Mississippi Helena - West Helena , Arkansas Napoleon , Arkansas ( historical ) Arkansas City , Arkansas Greenville , Mississippi Vicksburg , Mississippi Waterproof , Louisiana Natchez , Mississippi Morganza , Louisiana St. Francisville , Louisiana New Roads , Louisiana Baton Rouge , Louisiana Donaldsonville , Louisiana Lutcher , Louisiana Destrehan , Louisiana New Orleans , Louisiana Pilottown , Louisiana La Balize , Louisiana ( historical ) Bridge crossings ( edit ) See also : List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River and List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River The Stone Arch Bridge , the Third Avenue Bridge and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis ( 2004 ) The road crossing highest on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert , through which the river ( locally named `` Nicolet Creek '' ) flows north from Lake Nicolet under `` Wilderness Road '' to the West Arm of Lake Itasca , within Itasca State Park . The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855 . It spanned the river in Minneapolis , Minnesota where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located . No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River . The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856 . It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport , Iowa . Steamboat captains of the day , fearful of competition from the railroads , considered the new bridge a hazard to navigation . Two weeks after the bridge opened , the steamboat Effie Afton rammed part of the bridge , setting it on fire . Legal proceedings ensued , with Abraham Lincoln defending the railroad . The lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States , which ruled in favor of the railroad . Below is a general overview of selected Mississippi bridges which have notable engineering or landmark significance , with their cities or locations . They are sequenced from the Upper Mississippi 's source to the Lower Mississippi 's mouth . Stone Arch Bridge -- Former Great Northern Railway ( now pedestrian ) bridge at Saint Anthony Falls connecting downtown Minneapolis with the historic Marcy - Holmes neighborhood . I - 35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge -- In Minneapolis , opened in September 2008 , replacing the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge which had collapsed catastrophically on August 1 , 2007 , killing 13 and injuring over 100 . Eisenhower Bridge ( Mississippi River ) -- In Red Wing , Minnesota , opened by Dwight D. Eisenhower in November 1960 . I - 90 Mississippi River Bridge -- Connects La Crosse , Wisconsin , and Winona County , Minnesota , located just south of Lock and Dam No. 7 . Black Hawk Bridge -- Connects Lansing in Allamakee County , Iowa and rural Crawford County , Wisconsin ; locally referred to as the Lansing Bridge and documented in the Historic American Engineering Record . The Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge ( 2004 ) Dubuque - Wisconsin Bridge -- Connects Dubuque , Iowa , and Grant County , Wisconsin . Julien Dubuque Bridge -- Joins the cities of Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois ; listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Savanna - Sabula Bridge -- A truss bridge and causeway connecting the city of Savanna , Illinois , and the island city of Sabula , Iowa . The bridge carries U.S. Highway 52 over the river , and is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64 . Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 . Fred Schwengel Memorial Bridge -- A 4 - lane steel girder bridge that carries Interstate 80 and connects LeClaire , Iowa , and Rapids City , Illinois . Completed in 1966 . I - 74 Bridge -- Connects Bettendorf , Iowa , and Moline , Illinois ; originally known as the Iowa - Illinois Memorial Bridge . Government Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois and Davenport , Iowa , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 15 ; the fourth crossing in this vicinity , built in 1896 . Rock Island Centennial Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1940 . Sergeant John F. Baker , Jr . Bridge -- Connects Rock Island , Illinois , and Davenport , Iowa ; opened in 1973 . Norbert F. Beckey bridge at Muscatine , Iowa , with LED lighting Norbert F. Beckey Bridge -- Connects Muscatine , Iowa , and Rock Island County , Illinois ; became first U.S. bridge to be illuminated with light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights decoratively illuminating the facade of the bridge . Great River Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting Burlington , Iowa , to Gulf Port , Illinois . Fort Madison Toll Bridge -- Connects Fort Madison , Iowa , and unincorporated Niota , Illinois ; also known as the Santa Fe Swing Span Bridge ; at the time of its construction the longest and heaviest electrified swing span on the Mississippi River . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1999 . Keokuk -- Hamilton Bridge -- Connects Keokuk , Iowa and Hamilton , Illinois ; opened in 1985 replacing an older bridge which is still in use as a railroad bridge . Bayview Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge bringing westbound U.S. Highway 24 over the river , connecting the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois . Quincy Memorial Bridge -- Connects the cities of West Quincy , Missouri , and Quincy , Illinois , carrying eastbound U.S. 24 , the older of these two U.S. 24 bridges . Clark Bridge -- A cable - stayed bridge connecting West Alton , Missouri , and Alton , Illinois , also known as the Super Bridge as the result of an appearance on the PBS program , Nova ; built in 1994 , carrying U.S. Route 67 across the river . This is the northernmost river crossing in the St. Louis metropolitan area , replacing the Old Clark Bridge , a truss bridge built in 1928 , named after explorer William Clark . The Chain of Rocks Bridge at St. Louis , Missouri Chain of Rocks Bridge -- Located on the northern edge of St. Louis , notable for a 22 - degree bend occurring at the middle of the crossing , necessary for navigation on the river ; formerly used by U.S. Route 66 to cross the Mississippi . Replaced for road traffic in 1966 by a nearby pair of new bridges ; now a pedestrian bridge . Eads Bridge -- A combined road and railway bridge , connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis , Illinois . When completed in 1874 , it was the longest arch bridge in the world , with an overall length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . The three ribbed steel arch spans were considered daring , as was the use of steel as a primary structural material ; it was the first such use of true steel in a major bridge project . Chester Bridge -- A truss bridge connecting Route 51 in Missouri with Illinois Route 150 , between Perryville , Missouri , and Chester , Illinois . The bridge can be seen in the beginning of the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night . In the 1940s , the main span was destroyed by a tornado . Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge -- Connecting Cape Girardeau , Missouri and East Cape Girardeau , Illinois , completed in 2003 and illuminated by 140 lights . Caruthersville Bridge -- A single tower cantilever bridge carrying Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412 across the Mississippi River between Caruthersville , Missouri and Dyersburg , Tennessee . The Hernando de Soto Bridge in Memphis , Tennessee ( 2009 ) Hernando de Soto Bridge -- A through arch bridge carrying Interstate 40 across the Mississippi between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Harahan Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying two rail lines of the Union Pacific Railroad across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee . Frisco Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying a rail line across the river between West Memphis , Arkansas , and Memphis , Tennessee , previously known as the Memphis Bridge . When it opened on May 12 , 1892 , it was the first crossing of the Lower Mississippi and the longest span in the U.S. Listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . Memphis & Arkansas Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying Interstate 55 between Memphis and West Memphis ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Helena Bridge Greenville Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Old Vicksburg Bridge Vicksburg Bridge Natchez - Vidalia Bridge John James Audubon Bridge -- The second - longest cable - stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere ; connects Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes in Louisiana . It is the only crossing between Baton Rouge and Natchez . This bridge was opened a month ahead of schedule in May 2011 , due to the 2011 floods . Huey P. Long Bridge -- A truss cantilever bridge carrying US 190 ( Airline Highway ) and one rail line between East Baton Rouge and West Baton Rouge Parishes in Louisiana . Horace Wilkinson Bridge -- A cantilevered through truss bridge , carrying six lanes of Interstate 10 between Baton Rouge and Port Allen in Louisiana . It is the highest bridge over the Mississippi River . Sunshine Bridge Gramercy Bridge Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge Huey P. Long Bridge -- In Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , the first Mississippi River span built in Louisiana . Crescent City Connection -- Connects the east and west banks of New Orleans , Louisiana ; the fifth - longest cantilever bridge in the world . Navigation and flood Control ( edit ) Main article : List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River Towboat and barges at Memphis , Tennessee Ships on the lower part of the Mississippi A clear channel is needed for the barges and other vessels that make the main stem Mississippi one of the great commercial waterways of the world . The task of maintaining a navigation channel is the responsibility of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , which was established in 1802 . Earlier projects began as early as 1829 to remove snags , close off secondary channels and excavate rocks and sandbars . Steamboats entered trade in the 1820s , so the period 1830 -- 1850 became the golden age of steamboats . As there were few roads or rails in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase , river traffic was an ideal solution . Cotton , timber and food came down the river , as did Appalachian coal . The port of New Orleans boomed as it was the trans - shipment point to deep sea ocean vessels . As a result , the image of the twin stacked , wedding cake Mississippi steamer entered into American mythology . Steamers worked the entire route from the trickles of Montana , to the Ohio River ; down the Missouri and Tennessee , to the main channel of the Mississippi . Only with the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s did steamboat traffic diminish . Steamboats remained a feature until the 1920s . Most have been superseded by pusher tugs . A few survive as icons -- the Delta Queen and the River Queen for instance . Oil tanker on the Lower Mississippi near the Port of New Orleans Barge on the Lower Mississippi River A series of 29 locks and dams on the upper Mississippi , most of which were built in the 1930s , is designed primarily to maintain a 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel for commercial barge traffic . The lakes formed are also used for recreational boating and fishing . The dams make the river deeper and wider but do not stop it . No flood control is intended . During periods of high flow , the gates , some of which are submersible , are completely opened and the dams simply cease to function . Below St. Louis , the Mississippi is relatively free - flowing , although it is constrained by numerous levees and directed by numerous wing dams . On the lower Mississippi , from Baton Rouge to the mouth of the Mississippi , the navigation depth is 45 feet ( 14 m ) , allowing container ships and cruise ships to dock at the Port of New Orleans and bulk cargo ships shorter than 150 - foot ( 46 m ) air draft that fit under the Huey P. Long Bridge to traverse the Mississippi to Baton Rouge . There is a feasibility study to dredge this portion of the river to 50 feet ( 15 m ) to allow New Panamax ship depths . 19th century ( edit ) Lock and Dam No. 11 , north of Dubuque , Iowa ( 2007 ) In 1829 , there were surveys of the two major obstacles on the upper Mississippi , the Des Moines Rapids and the Rock Island Rapids , where the river was shallow and the riverbed was rock . The Des Moines Rapids were about 11 miles ( 18 km ) long and just above the mouth of the Des Moines River at Keokuk , Iowa . The Rock Island Rapids were between Rock Island and Moline , Illinois . Both rapids were considered virtually impassable . In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built to connect the Mississippi River to Lake Michigan via the Illinois River near Peru , Illinois . The canal allowed shipping between these important waterways . In 1900 , the canal was replaced by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . The second canal , in addition to shipping , also allowed Chicago to address specific health issues ( typhoid fever , cholera and other waterborne diseases ) by sending its waste down the Illinois and Mississippi river systems rather than polluting its water source of Lake Michigan . The Corps of Engineers recommended the excavation of a 5 - foot - deep ( 1.5 m ) channel at the Des Moines Rapids , but work did not begin until after Lieutenant Robert E. Lee endorsed the project in 1837 . The Corps later also began excavating the Rock Island Rapids . By 1866 , it had become evident that excavation was impractical , and it was decided to build a canal around the Des Moines Rapids . The canal opened in 1877 , but the Rock Island Rapids remained an obstacle . In 1878 , Congress authorized the Corps to establish a 4.5 - foot - deep ( 1.4 m ) channel to be obtained by building wing dams which direct the river to a narrow channel causing it to cut a deeper channel , by closing secondary channels and by dredging . The channel project was complete when the Moline Lock , which bypassed the Rock Island Rapids , opened in 1907 . To improve navigation between St. Paul , Minnesota , and Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , the Corps constructed several dams on lakes in the headwaters area , including Lake Winnibigoshish and Lake Pokegama . The dams , which were built beginning in the 1880s , stored spring run - off which was released during low water to help maintain channel depth . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota ( 2007 ) Lock and Dam No. 15 , is the largest roller dam in the world Davenport , Iowa ; Rock Island , Illinois . ( 1990 ) 20th century ( edit ) In 1907 , Congress authorized a 6 - foot - deep ( 1.8 m ) channel project on the Mississippi , which was not complete when it was abandoned in the late 1920s in favor of the 9 - foot - deep ( 2.7 m ) channel project . In 1913 , construction was complete on Lock and Dam No. 19 at Keokuk , Iowa , the first dam below St. Anthony Falls . Built by a private power company ( Union Electric Company of St. Louis ) to generate electricity ( originally for streetcars in St. Louis ) , the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro - electric plants in the world at the time . The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids . Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1917 . Lock and Dam No. 2 , near Hastings , Minnesota , was completed in 1930 . Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Corps 's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river . It was thought that the river 's velocity would scour off bottom sediments , deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding . The 1927 flood proved this to be so wrong that communities threatened by the flood began to create their own levee breaks to relieve the force of the rising river . The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1930 authorized the 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) channel project , which called for a navigation channel 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) feet deep and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide to accommodate multiple - barge tows . This was achieved by a series of locks and dams , and by dredging . Twenty - three new locks and dams were built on the upper Mississippi in the 1930s in addition to the three already in existence . Formation of the Atchafalaya River and construction of the Old River Control Structure . Project design flood flow capacity for the Mississippi river in thousands of cubic feet per second . Until the 1950s , there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois . Chain of Rocks Lock ( Lock and Dam No. 27 ) , which consists of a low - water dam and an 8.4 - mile - long ( 13.5 km ) canal , was added in 1953 , just below the confluence with the Missouri River , primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis . It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water . U.S. government scientists determined in the 1950s that the Mississippi River was starting to switch to the Atchafalaya River channel because of its much steeper path to the Gulf of Mexico . Eventually the Atchafalaya River would capture the Mississippi River and become its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico , leaving New Orleans on a side channel . As a result , the U.S. Congress authorized a project called the Old River Control Structure , which has prevented the Mississippi River from leaving its current channel that drains into the Gulf via New Orleans . Because the large scale of high - energy water flow threatened to damage the structure , an auxiliary flow control station was built adjacent to the standing control station . This $300 million project was completed in 1986 by the Corps of Engineers . Beginning in the 1970s , the Corps applied hydrological transport models to analyze flood flow and water quality of the Mississippi . Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois , which had structural problems , was replaced by the Mel Price Lock and Dam in 1990 . The original Lock and Dam 26 was demolished . A low - water dam deepens the pool above the Chain of Rocks Lock near St. Louis ( 2006 ) Soldiers of the Missouri Army National Guard sandbag the River in Clarksville , Missouri , June 2008 , following flooding . 21st century ( edit ) The Corps now actively creates and maintains spillways and floodways to divert periodic water surges into backwater channels and lakes , as well as route part of the Mississippi 's flow into the Atchafalaya Basin and from there to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . The main structures are the Birds Point - New Madrid Floodway in Missouri ; the Old River Control Structure and the Morganza Spillway in Louisiana , which direct excess water down the west and east sides ( respectively ) of the Atchafalaya River ; and the Bonnet Carré Spillway , also in Louisiana , which directs floodwaters to Lake Pontchartrain ( see diagram ) . Some experts blame urban sprawl for increases in both the risk and frequency of flooding on the Mississippi River . Some of the pre-1927 strategy is still in use today , with the Corps actively cutting the necks of horseshoe bends , allowing the water to move faster and reducing flood heights . History ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Main articles : Woodland period , Hopewell tradition , and Mississippian culture Monks Mound , a platform mound at the site of the Mississippian city of Cahokia . The area of the Mississippi River basin was first settled by hunting and gathering Native American peoples and is considered one of the few independent centers of plant domestication in human history . Evidence of early cultivation of sunflower , a goosefoot , a marsh elder and an indigenous squash dates to the 4th millennium BCE . The lifestyle gradually became more settled after around 1000 BCE during what is now called the Woodland period , with increasing evidence of shelter construction , pottery , weaving and other practices . A network of trade routes referred to as the Hopewell interaction sphere was active along the waterways between about 200 and 500 CE , spreading common cultural practices over the entire area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . A period of more isolated communities followed , and agriculture introduced from Mesoamerica based on the Three Sisters ( maize , beans and squash ) gradually came to dominate . After around 800 CE there arose an advanced agricultural society today referred to as the Mississippian culture , with evidence of highly stratified complex chiefdoms and large population centers . The most prominent of these , now called Cahokia , was occupied between about 600 and 1400 CE and at its peak numbered between 8,000 and 40,000 inhabitants , larger than London , England of that time . At the time of first contact with Europeans , Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed , and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress . Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne , Sioux , Ojibwe , Potawatomi , Ho - Chunk , Fox , Kickapoo , Tamaroa , Moingwena , Quapaw and Chickasaw . The word Mississippi itself comes from Messipi , the French rendering of the Anishinaabe ( Ojibwe or Algonquin ) name for the river , Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) . The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca Omashkoozo - zaaga'igan ( Elk Lake ) and the river flowing out of it Omashkoozo - ziibi ( Elk River ) . After flowing into Lake Bemidji , the Ojibwe called the river Bemijigamaag - ziibi ( River from the Traversing Lake ) . After flowing into Cass Lake , the name of the river changes to Gaa - miskwaawaakokaag - ziibi ( Red Cedar River ) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as Wiinibiigoonzhish - ziibi ( Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River ) , Gichi - ziibi ( Big River ) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River , then finally as Misi - ziibi ( Great River ) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River . After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft , the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and Gichi - ziibi was named `` Mississippi River '' . The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians , known as the Gichi - ziibiwininiwag , are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known as the Gichi - ziibi . The Cheyenne , one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River , called it the Máʼxe - éʼometaaʼe ( Big Greasy River ) in the Cheyenne language . The Arapaho name for the river is Beesniicíe . The Pawnee name is Kickaátit . The Mississippi was spelled Mississipi or Missisipi during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint - Louis . European exploration ( edit ) Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto A.D. 1541 by William Henry Powell depicts Hernando De Soto and Spanish Conquistadores seeing the Mississippi River for the first time . Ca . 1681 map of Marquette and Jolliet 's 1673 expedition . Route of the Marquette - Jolliete Expedition of 1673 On May 8 , 1541 , Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River , which he called Río del Espíritu Santo ( `` River of the Holy Spirit '' ) , in the area of what is now Mississippi . In Spanish , the river is called Río Mississippi . French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century . Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo ( `` Big river '' in Sioux language ) in 1673 . Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception . When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century , natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River . When he found the Chicago Portage , he remarked that a canal of `` only half a league '' ( less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , 3 km ) would join the Mississippi and the Great Lakes . In 1848 , the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River . This both accelerated the development , and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes . In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France , calling the river Colbert River after Jean - Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane , for King Louis XIV . On March 2 , 1699 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi , following the death of La Salle . The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage . In 1718 , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) upriver , New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean - Baptiste Le Moyne , Sieur de Bienville , with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile , the capital of French Louisiana at the time . Colonization ( edit ) See also : Flood of 1851 A Home on the Mississippi ( 1871 ) Following Britain 's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires . The Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of the Mississippi . Spain also ceded Florida to Britain to regain Cuba , which the British occupied during the war . Britain then divided the territory into East and West Florida . Article 8 of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) states , `` The navigation of the river Mississippi , from its source to the ocean , shall forever remain free and open to the subjects of Great Britain and the citizens of the United States '' . With this treaty , which ended the American Revolutionary War , Britain also ceded West Florida back to Spain to regain the Bahamas , which Spain had occupied during the war . In 1800 , under duress from Napoleon of France , Spain ceded an undefined portion of West Florida to France . When France then sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. in 1803 , a dispute arose again between Spain and the U.S. on which parts of West Florida exactly had Spain ceded to France , which would in turn decide which parts of West Florida were now U.S. property versus Spanish property . These aspirations ended when Spain was pressured into signing Pinckney 's Treaty in 1795 . France reacquired ' Louisiana ' from Spain in the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800 . The United States then secured effective control of the river when it bought the Louisiana Territory from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The last serious European challenge to U.S. control of the river came at the conclusion of War of 1812 when British forces mounted an attack on New Orleans -- the attack was repulsed by an American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson . In the Treaty of 1818 , the U.S. and Great Britain agreed to fix the border running from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel north . In effect , the U.S. ceded the northwestern extremity of the Mississippi basin to the British in exchange for the southern portion of the Red River basin . So many settlers traveled westward through the Mississippi river basin , as well as settled in it , that Zadok Cramer wrote a guide book called The Navigator , detailing the features and dangers and navigable waterways of the area . It was so popular that he updated and expanded it through 12 editions over a period of 25 years . Shifting sand bars made early navigation difficult . The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , that were centered near New Madrid , Missouri . Steamboat era ( edit ) Main article : Steamboats of the Mississippi Mark Twain 's book , Life on the Mississippi , covered the steamboat commerce which took place from 1830 to 1870 on the river before more modern ships replaced the steamer . The book was published first in serial form in Harper 's Weekly in seven parts in 1875 . The full version , including a passage from the then unfinished Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and works from other authors , was published by James R. Osgood & Company in 1885 . The first steamboat to travel the full length of the Lower Mississippi from the Ohio River to New Orleans was the New Orleans in December 1811 . Its maiden voyage occurred during the series of New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 -- 12 . The Upper Mississippi was treacherous , unpredictable and to make traveling worse , the area was not properly mapped out or surveyed . Until the 1840s only two trips a year to the Twin Cities landings were made by steamboats which suggests it was not very profitable . Steamboat transport remained a viable industry , both in terms of passengers and freight until the end of the first decade of the 20th century . Among the several Mississippi River system steamboat companies was the noted Anchor Line , which , from 1859 to 1898 , operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans . Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami , wrote about his journey on the Virginia , which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota . He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi . The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi , as well as the nature of travel itself . The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade . Civil War ( edit ) Battle of Vicksburg ( ca . 1888 ) Mississippi River from Eunice , Arkansas , a ghost town . Eunice was destroyed by gunboats during the Civil War . Control of the river was a strategic objective of both sides in the American Civil War . In 1862 Union forces coming down the river successfully cleared Confederate defenses at Island Number 10 and Memphis , Tennessee , while Naval forces coming upriver from the Gulf of Mexico captured New Orleans , Louisiana . The remaining major Confederate stronghold was on the heights overlooking the river at Vicksburg , Mississippi , and the Union 's Vicksburg Campaign ( December 1862 to July 1863 ) , and the fall of Port Hudson , completed control of the lower Mississippi River . The Union victory ending the Siege of Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 , was pivotal to the Union 's final victory of the Civil War . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) See also : Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Great Flood of 1951 , and Great Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Flood of 1993 The `` Big Freeze '' of 1918 -- 19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis , Tennessee , preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois . This resulted in widespread shortages , high prices , and rationing of coal in January and February . In the spring of 1927 , the river broke out of its banks in 145 places , during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated 27,000 sq mi ( 70,000 km ) to a depth of up to 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . In 1962 and 1963 , industrial accidents spilled 3.5 million US gallons ( 13,000,000 L ) of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers . The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin , creating an ecological disaster and a demand to control water pollution . On October 20 , 1976 , the automobile ferry , MV George Prince , was struck by a ship traveling upstream as the ferry attempted to cross from Destrehan , Louisiana , to Luling , Louisiana . Seventy - eight passengers and crew died ; only eighteen survived the accident . In 1988 , the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below zero on the Memphis gauge . The remains of wooden - hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres ( 18,000 m ) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis , Arkansas . They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The State of Arkansas , the Arkansas Archeological Survey , and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two - month data recovery effort . The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought . The Great Flood of 1993 was another significant flood , primarily affecting the Mississippi above its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo , Illinois . Two portions of the Mississippi were designated as American Heritage Rivers in 1997 : the lower portion around Louisiana and Tennessee , and the upper portion around Iowa , Illinois , Minnesota and Missouri . The Nature Conservancy 's project called `` America 's Rivershed Initiative '' announced a ' report card ' assessment of the entire basin in October 2015 and gave the grade of D+ . The assessment noted the aging navigation and flood control infrastructure along with multiple environmental problems . Campsite at the river in Arkansas In 2002 , Slovenian long - distance swimmer Martin Strel swam the entire length of the river , from Minnesota to Louisiana , over the course of 68 days . In 2005 , the Source to Sea Expedition paddled the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to benefit the Audubon Society 's Upper Mississippi River Campaign . Future ( edit ) Geologists believe that the lower Mississippi could take a new course to the Gulf . Either of two new routes -- through the Atchafalaya Basin or through Lake Pontchartrain -- might become the Mississippi 's main channel if flood - control structures are overtopped or heavily damaged during a severe flood . Failure of the Old River Control Structure , the Morganza Spillway , or nearby levees would likely re-route the main channel of the Mississippi through Louisiana 's Atchafalaya Basin and down the Atchafalaya River to reach the Gulf of Mexico south of Morgan City in southern Louisiana . This route provides a more direct path to the Gulf of Mexico than the present Mississippi River channel through Baton Rouge and New Orleans . While the risk of such a diversion is present during any major flood event , such a change has so far been prevented by active human intervention involving the construction , maintenance , and operation of various levees , spillways , and other control structures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The Old River Control Structure complex . View is to the east - southeast , looking downriver on the Mississippi , with the three dams across channels of the Atchafalaya River to the right of the Mississippi . Concordia Parish , Louisiana is in the foreground , on the right , and Wilkinson County , Mississippi , is in the background , across the Mississippi on the left . The Old River Control Structure , between the present Mississippi River channel and the Atchafalaya Basin , sits at the normal water elevation and is ordinarily used to divert 30 % of the Mississippi 's flow to the Atchafalaya River . There is a steep drop here away from the Mississippi 's main channel into the Atchafalaya Basin . If this facility were to fail during a major flood , there is a strong concern the water would scour and erode the river bottom enough to capture the Mississippi 's main channel . The structure was nearly lost during the 1973 flood , but repairs and improvements were made after engineers studied the forces at play . In particular , the Corps of Engineers made many improvements and constructed additional facilities for routing water through the vicinity . These additional facilities give the Corps much more flexibility and potential flow capacity than they had in 1973 , which further reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure in this area during other major floods , such as that of 2011 . Because the Morganza Spillway is slightly higher and well back from the river , it is normally dry on both sides . Even if it failed at the crest during a severe flood , the flood waters would have to erode to normal water levels before the Mississippi could permanently jump channel at this location . During the 2011 floods , the Corps of Engineers opened the Morganza Spillway to 1 / 4 of its capacity to allow 150,000 ft / sec of water to flood the Morganza and Atchafalaya floodways and continue directly to the Gulf of Mexico , bypassing Baton Rouge and New Orleans . In addition to reducing the Mississippi River crest downstream , this diversion reduced the chances of a channel change by reducing stress on the other elements of the control system . Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure . Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated , `` The Mississippi wants to go west . 1973 was a forty - year flood . The big one lies out there somewhere -- when the structures ca n't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way . That is when the river 's going to jump its banks and try to break through . '' Another possible course change for the Mississippi River is a diversion into Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans . This route is controlled by the Bonnet Carré Spillway , built to reduce flooding in New Orleans . This spillway and an imperfect natural levee about 4 -- 6 meters ( 12 to 20 feet ) high are all that prevents the Mississippi from taking a new , shorter course through Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico . Diversion of the Mississippi 's main channel through Lake Pontchartrain would have consequences similar to an Atchafalaya diversion , but to a lesser extent , since the present river channel would remain in use past Baton Rouge and into the New Orleans area . Recreation ( edit ) Great River Road in Wisconsin near Lake Pepin ( 2005 ) The sport of water skiing was invented on the river in a wide region between Minnesota and Wisconsin known as Lake Pepin . Ralph Samuelson of Lake City , Minnesota , created and refined his skiing technique in late June and early July 1922 . He later performed the first water ski jump in 1925 and was pulled along at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) by a Curtiss flying boat later that year . There are seven National Park Service sites along the Mississippi River . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself . The other six National Park Service sites along the river are ( listed from north to south ) : Effigy Mounds National Monument Gateway Arch National Park ( includes Gateway Arch ) Vicksburg National Military Park Natchez National Historical Park New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Ecology ( edit ) The American paddlefish is an ancient relict from the Mississippi The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the `` mother fauna '' of North American fresh water . Fish ( edit ) About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin , far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate / subtropical regions , except the Yangtze . Within the Mississippi basin , streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species . Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics , as well as relicts such as paddlefish , sturgeon , gar and bowfin . Because of its size and high species diversity , the Mississippi basin is often divided into subregions . The Upper Mississippi River alone is home to about 120 fish species , including walleye , sauger , large mouth bass , small mouth bass , white bass , northern pike , bluegill , crappie , channel catfish , flathead catfish , common shiner , freshwater drum and shovelnose sturgeon . Other fauna ( edit ) In addition to fish , several species of turtles ( such as snapping , musk , mud , map , cooter , painted and softshell turtles ) , American alligator , aquatic amphibians ( such as hellbender , mudpuppy , three - toed amphiuma and lesser siren ) , and cambarid crayfish ( such as the red swamp crayfish ) are native to the Mississippi basin . Introduced species ( edit ) Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive . Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp , including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior . They have spread throughout much of the basin , even approaching ( but not yet invading ) the Great Lakes . The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil . Cultural references ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Literature ( edit ) William Faulkner uses the Mississippi River and Delta as the setting for many hunts throughout his novels . It has been proposed that in Faulkner 's famous story , The Bear , young Ike first begins his transformation into a man , thus relinquishing his birthright to land in Yoknapatawpha County through his realizations found within the woods surrounding the Mississippi River . Many of the works of Mark Twain deal with or take place near the Mississippi River . One of his first major works , Life on the Mississippi , is in part a history of the river , in part a memoir of Twain 's experiences on the river , and a collection of tales that either take place on or are associated with the river . Twain 's most famous work , Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , is largely a journey down the river . The novel works as an episodic meditation on American culture with the river having multiple different meanings including independence , escape , freedom , and adventure . Herman Melville 's novel The Confidence - Man portrayed a Canterbury Tales - style group of steamboat passengers whose interlocking stories are told as they travel down the Mississippi River . The novel is written both as cultural satire and a metaphysical treatise . Like Huckleberry Finn , it uses the Mississippi River as a metaphor for the larger aspects of American and human identity that unify the otherwise disparate characters . The river 's fluidity is reflected by the often shifting personalities and identities of Melville 's `` confidence man '' . Much of Edna Ferber 's 1926 novel Show Boat takes place on the Mississippi River . The novel is the basis for the celebrated 1927 musical play by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II . Music ( edit ) On The Mississippi , music sheet cover for a 1912 song The song `` When the Levee Breaks '' , made famous in the version performed by Led Zeppelin on the album Led Zeppelin IV , was composed by Memphis Minnie McCoy in 1929 after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 . Another song about the flood was `` Louisiana 1927 '' by Randy Newman for the album Good Old Boys . Ferde Grofé composed a set of movements for symphony orchestra entitled `` Mississippi Suite '' , based on the lands the river travels through . The stage and movie musical Show Boat 's central musical piece is the spiritual - influenced ballad `` Ol ' Man River '' . Its composer , Jerome Kern , also composed an orchestral piece entitled `` Mark Twain Suite '' . The musical Big River is based on the travels of Huckleberry Finn down the river . The Johnny Cash song `` Big River '' is about the Mississippi River , and about drifting the length of the river to pursue a relationship that fails . The places mentioned in the song are Saint Paul , Davenport , St. Louis , Memphis , Baton Rouge and New Orleans . `` Louisiana 1927 '' is a 1974 song written and recorded by Randy Newman on the album Good Old Boys . It tells the story of the Great Mississippi River Flood of 1927 which left 700,000 people homeless in Louisiana and Mississippi . Illinois - born singer Lissie has a song called Oh Mississippi dedicated to the river . `` Roll On Mississippi '' and `` Mississippi Cotton Picking Delta Town '' are two classics from Charley Pride that refer to the Mississippi River . The late Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn collaborated on the song `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' . Paul Simon mentions the river and the Mississippi Delta in his song `` Graceland '' . See also ( edit ) Atchafalaya Basin Capes on the Mississippi River Chemetco Great River Road List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Lists of crossings of the Mississippi River Mississippi embayment Mississippi River floods The Waterways Journal Weekly Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ decolonialatlas ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Headwaters of the Mississippi River in Ojibwe '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Myaamia Dictionary Search '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Cheyenne '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English -- Kiowa '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` XML File of Arapaho Place Names '' . Jump up ^ `` Southband Pawnee Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ James L. Shaffer and John T. Tigges . The Mississippi River : Father of Waters . Chicago , Ill. : Arcadia Pub. , 2000 . Jump up ^ The Upper Mississippi River Basin : A Portrait of the Father of Waters As Seen by the Upper Mississippi River Comprehensive Basin Study . Chicago , Ill. : Army Corps of Engineers , North Central Division , 1972 . Jump up ^ Heilbron , Bertha L. `` Father of Waters : Four Centuries of the Mississippi '' . American Heritage , vol. 2 , no . 1 ( Autumn 1950 ) : 40 - 43 . Jump up ^ The United States Geological Survey recognizes two contrasting definitions of a river 's source.USGS.gov By the stricter definition , the Mississippi would share its source with its longest tributary , the Missouri , at Brower 's Spring in Montana . The other definition acknowledges `` somewhat arbitrary decisions '' and places the Mississippi 's source at Lake Itasca , which is publicly accepted as the source , USGS.gov and which had been identified as such by Brower himself.MT.gov Jump up ^ Kammerer , J.C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code : 08 - 09 - 01 - 00 - Lower Mississippi - New Orleans Watershed ^ Jump up to : `` Lengths of the major rivers '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States Geography : Rivers '' . www.ducksters.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 States That Border the Mississippi '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi ( river US ) facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about Mississippi ( river US ) '' . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ethan Shaw . `` The 10 Tallest Mountains East of the Mississippi '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Madrid -- 220 + Years Old and Counting '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Upham , Warren . `` Minnesota Place Names : A Geographical Encyclopedia '' . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock Closure '' . US Army Corps of Engineers . 2015 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River Facts '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2001 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Upper Mississippi River Navigation Chart Jump up ^ Middle Mississippi River Regional Corridor : Collaborative Planning Study ( July 2007 update ) . St. Louis , Missouri , USA : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Louis District . 2007 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` MMRP : Middle Mississippi River Partnership '' . Middle Mississippi River Partnership . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frits van der Leeden , Fred L. Troise , David Keith Todd : The Water Encyclopedia , 2nd edition , p. 126 , Chelsea , Mich . ( Lewis Publishers ) , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 87371 - 120 - 3 Jump up ^ USGS stream gage 07022000 Mississippi River at Thebes , IL Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Republished in McPhee , John ( 1989 ) . The Control of Nature . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 12890 - 1 . Jump up ^ Angert , Joe and Isaac . `` Old River Control '' . The Mighty Mississippi River . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Includes map and pictures . Jump up ^ Kemp , Katherine ( January 6 , 2000 ) . `` The Mississippi Levee System and the Old River Control Structure '' . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi '' . nps.gov . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert , Colorado '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information about the Mississippi River '' . Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . National Park Service . 2004 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Wetland : Resource Center '' . Americaswetlandresources.com . November 4 , 1939 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrologie du bassin de l'Amazone '' ( PDF ) . Grands Bassins Fluviaux , Paris ( in French ) . November 22 -- 24 , 1993 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meade , R.H. , and J.A. Moody , 1984 , Causes for the decline of suspended - sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system , 1940 -- 2007 Hydrology Processes vol. 24 , pp. 35 -- 49 . Jump up ^ McKay , E.D. , 2007 , Six Rivers , Five Glaciers , and an Outburst Flood : the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River . ( PDF ) Proceedings of the 2007 Governor 's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System : Our continuing Commitment , 11th Biennial Conference , Oct. 2 -- 4 , 2007 , 11 p . Jump up ^ McKay , E . D. , and R.C. Berg , 2008 , Optical ages spanning two glacial - interglacial cycles from deposits of the ancient Mississippi River , north - central Illinois . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , Vol. 40 , No. 5 , p. 78 with Powerpoint presentation Jump up ^ The New Yorker : Atchalafaya , File : Geomorphology of Old River. jpg , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARKANSAS V. TENNESSEE , 246 U.S. 158 : : Volume 246 : : 1918 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knopp , Lisa ( 2012 ) . What the river carries : encounters with the Mississippi , Missouri , and Platte . Columbia , Mo. : University Of Missouri Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1974 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Rob ( January 27 , 2005 ) . Settlements of the Mississippi River . Heinemann - Raintree Library -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` encyclopediaofarkansas.net '' . encyclopediaofarkansas.net. April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yale.edu `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation '' , Avalon project at the Yale Law School Jump up ^ Google Streetview image at 47.1938103 N , 95.2306761 W Jump up ^ Costello , Mary Charlotte ( 2002 ) . Climbing the Mississippi River Bridge by Bridge . Volume Two : Minnesota . Cambridge , Minnesota : Adventure Publications . ISBN 0 - 9644518 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Ross ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Hell Gate of the Mississippi : The Effie Afton Trial and Abraham Lincoln 's Role in It '' . The Annals of Iowa . 68 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ `` US Army Corps of Engineers , Brief History '' . Usace.army.mil . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River '' . USGS : Status and trends of the nation 's biological resources . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Waterway System Facts , December 2005 '' ( PDF ) . USACE Navigation Data Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Valley Trade & Transport Council '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corps to Study Lower Mississippi River Deepening Project -- International Dredging Review -- June 2015 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mississippi and its Uses '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resource Management Section , Rock Island Engineers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix E : Nine - foot navigation channel maintenance activities '' . National Park Service , Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Comprehensive Management Plan . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Mississippi River & Tributaries Project : Designing the Project Flood ( PDF ) . Information Paper . United States Army Corps of Engineers . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Old River Control Structure on the Lower Mississippi River '' . sjsu.edu . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Salter ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Levees among possible cause of more frequent flooding '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project '' . US Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Richerson , P.J. ; Boyd , R. ; Bettinger , R.L. ( 2001 ) . `` Was Agriculture Impossible During the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene ? A Climate Change Hypothesis '' . American Antiquity. 66 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 411 . doi : 10.2307 / 2694241 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippian Mounds '' . Sacred Land Film Project . Sacredland.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 2003 ) . `` Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity '' . American Antiquity. 68 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 3557032 . JSTOR 3557032 . Jump up ^ Pauketat , Timothy R. ( 1998 ) . `` Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia '' . Journal of Archaeological Research . 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 89 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022839329522 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lynne P. ( 2001 ) . Archaeology of the Appalachian highlands . University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 142 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Yourdictionary.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gilfillan , Joseph A. , `` Minnesota Geographical Names Derived from the Chippewa Language '' in The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota : The Fifteenth Annual Report for the Year 1886 ( St. Paul : Pioneer Press Company , 1887 ) Jump up ^ `` English - Arapaho dictionary '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search -- prototype version . `` River '' , Southband Pawnee `` . American Indian Studies Research Institute . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bellin , Jacques - Nicolas ( 1703 -- 1772 ) Cartographe ; Dheulland , Guillaume ( 17 ? - 177 ) Graveur ; Charlevoix , Pierre - François - Xavier de ( 1682 -- 1761 ) Auteur du texte ( January 1 , 1744 ) . `` Carte de la Louisiane , cours du Mississipi et pais voisins ... / par Nicolas Bellin ... ; Dheulland sculpsit '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delisle , Guillaume ( 1675 -- 1726 ) Auteur du texte ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi. 100 lieues françoises ( = 0m. 092 ; 1 : 4.830. 000 environ ) . Dressé sur un grand nombre de mémoires entre autres sur ceux de M. Le Maire / par Guillaume Delisle de l'Académie Royale des Sciences '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fer , Nicolas de ( 1647 ? -- 1720 ) Cartographe ( January 1 , 1718 ) . `` Le cours du Mississipi ou de St Louis , fameuse rivière ... aux environs de laquelle se trouve le pays appellé Louisiane / dressée ... par N. de Fer '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NA - Watersheds. gif ( 3060x2660 pixels ) '' . cec.org . June 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jolliet and La Salle 's Canal Plans '' . Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor '' . Nps.gov . August 24 , 1984 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre Le Moyne , Sieur d'Iberville '' ( bio ) , webpage from The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume VII , 1910 , New York : CathEn - 07614b . Jump up ^ `` Plan of New Orleans the Capital of Louisiana ; With the Disposition of Its Quarters and Canals as They Have Been Traced by Mr. de la Tour in the Year 1720 '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roseman , Curtis C. , and Elizabeth M. Roseman . Grand Excursions On The Upper Mississippi River : Places , Landscapes , And Regional Identity After 1854 . Iowa City : University Of Iowa Press , 2004 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Thomas Ruys . River Of Dreams : Imagining The Mississippi Before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2007 . eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Missouri State University : The Big Freeze , 1918 -- 1919 '' . Semo.edu . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manulik , Joseph ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Mississippi River Oil Spill , 1962 -- 1963 '' . MNopedia . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UA - WRI Research Station , Historical Archeology . `` Ghost Boats of the Mississippi '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi River Basin Receives D+ in First - Ever Report Card '' ( Press Release ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Mississippi Valley Division . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . US Army Corps of Engineers website Jump up ^ `` Source to Sea '' . Source to Sea . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Mississippi River Campaign '' . National Audubon Society . 2006 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paddling the Mississippi River to Benefit the Audubon Society '' . Source to Sea : The Mississippi River Project . Source to Sea 2006 . 2006 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Controlling the Mighty Mississippi 's path to the sea '' . Americaswetlandresources.com . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi Rising : Apocalypse Now ? ( April 28 , 2011 ) '' . Daily Impact . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will the Mississippi River change its course in 2011 to the red line ? '' . Mappingsupport . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jeff Masters ' WunderBlog : Mississippi River sets all - time flood records ; 2nd major spillway opens : Weather Underground '' . Wunderground.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contributing Op - Ed columnist . `` Floods are a reminder of the Mississippi River 's power : John Barry '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Morganza ready for flood The Advertiser '' . theadvertiser.com . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Estimated Inundation ( US Army Corps of Engineers ) Jump up ^ Mark Schleifstein , The Times - Picayune . `` Mississippi River flooding in New Orleans area could be massive if Morganza spillway stays closed '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( February 23 , 1987 ) . `` McPhee , The Control of Nature : Atchafalaya '' . Newyorker.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnet Carre Spillway , Norco , LA '' . Johnweeks.com. April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning '' . USA Water Ski.org. 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , W.J. ( 1998 ) . Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology . pp. 5 and 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China '' . Ecosystems Biodiversity . pp. 41 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fish of the Mississippi River '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species of the Mississippi River '' . Jump up ^ Conant , R. ; and J.T. Collins ( 1998 ) . Reptiles and Amphibians , Eastern and Central North America . Peterson Field Guides ( 3 ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 395 - 90452 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hobbs , H.H. , Jr. ( 1989 ) . `` An Illustrated Checklist of the American Crayfishes ( Decapoda : Astacidae , Cambaridae , and Parastacidae ) '' . Smithsonian Journal of Zoology. 480 ( 480 ) : 1 -- 236 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00810282.480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matheny , K. ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Invasive Asian carp less than 50 miles from Lake Michigan '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designation of Infested Waters '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Further reading ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen . The Mississippi and the Making of a Nation : From the Louisiana Purchase to Today ( National Geographical Society , 2002 ) heavily illustrated Anfinson , John O. ; Thomas Madigan ; Drew M. Forsberg ; Patrick Nunnally ( 2003 ) . The River of History : A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area . St. Paul , MN : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District . OCLC 53911450 . Anfinson , John Ogden . Commerce and conservation on the Upper Mississippi River ( US Army Corps of Engineers , St. Paul District , 1994 ) Bartlett , Richard A. ( 1984 ) . Rolling rivers : an encyclopedia of America 's rivers . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 003910 - 0 . OCLC 10807295 . Botkin , Benjamin Albert . A Treasury of Mississippi River folklore : stories , ballads & traditions of the mid-American river country ( 1984 ) . Carlander , Harriet Bell . A history of fish and fishing in the upper Mississippi River ( PhD Diss . Iowa State College , 1954 ) online ( PDF ) Daniel , Pete . Deep'n as it come : The 1927 Mississippi River flood ( University of Arkansas Press , 1977 ) Fremling , Calvin R. Immortal river : the Upper Mississippi in ancient and modern times ( U. of Wisconsin Press , 2005 ) , popular history Milner , George R . `` The late prehistoric Cahokia cultural system of the Mississippi River valley : Foundations , florescence , and fragmentation . '' Journal of World Prehistory ( 1990 ) 4 # 1 pp : 1 -- 43 . Morris , Christopher . The Big Muddy : An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples From Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 300 pages ; links drought , disease , and flooding to the impact of centuries of increasingly intense human manipulation of the river . Penn , James R. ( 2001 ) . Rivers of the world : a social , geographical , and environmental sourcebook . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 042 - 5 . OCLC 260075679 . Smith , Thomas Ruys ( 2007 ) . River of dreams : imagining the Mississippi before Mark Twain . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3233 - 3 . OCLC 182615621 . Scott , Quinta ( 2010 ) . The Mississippi : A Visual Biography . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1840 - 7 . OCLC 277196207 . Pasquier , Michael ( 2013 ) . Gods of the Mississippi . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 2530 - 0806 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mississippi River . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mississippi River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mississippi River . Mississippi River , project of the American Land Conservancy Flood management in the Mississippi River Friends of the Mississippi River Mississippi River Challenge -- annual canoe & kayak event on the Twin Cities stretch Mississippi River Field Guide Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MN ) from the NPS Mississippi River Facts from the NPS `` Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' , from the digital library of Northern Illinois University Interactive detailed satellite photos and zoomable USGS topographic quad maps of the lower Mississippi , the alternative course for the river , and the various control structures and floodways Lower Mississippi Valley -- Engineering Geology Mapping Program -- PDF files of publications about and maps of the geology of the Mississippi River Valley and its tributaries . Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Map `` Old Man River Loses His Kinks '' , April 1942 , Popular Science article on 1930 - 40s project to improve barge navigation between Helena and Natchez The short film `` The River ( 1938 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The River ( Part II ) ( 1937 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` The Valley of the Giant : Mississippi River story '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive Geographic data related to Mississippi River at OpenStreetMap Roundtable discussion on Imagining the River , University of Minnesota , 2009 MRTIS -- Mississippi River Traffic Information System American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal VIAF : 253636607 LCCN : sh85086206 GND : 4039589 - 3 SELIBR : 154276 NDL : 00971063 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_River&oldid=827966117 '' Categories : Mississippi River Mississippi River watershed American Heritage Rivers Borders of Arkansas Borders of Illinois Borders of Iowa Borders of Kentucky Borders of Louisiana Borders of Minnesota Borders of Mississippi Borders of Missouri Borders of Tennessee Borders of Wisconsin Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Illinois Rivers of Iowa Rivers of Kentucky Rivers of Louisiana Rivers of Minnesota Rivers of Mississippi Rivers of Missouri Rivers of Tennessee Rivers of Wisconsin Mississippi embayment Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 20 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%20River

now you show me 2 full movie in hindi

Now You See Me 2

now you see me 2

Now You See Me 2 is a 2016 American heist thriller film directed by Jon M. Chu and written by Ed Solomon . The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Jesse Eisenberg , Mark Ruffalo , Woody Harrelson , Dave Franco , Daniel Radcliffe , Lizzy Caplan , Jay Chou , Sanaa Lathan , Michael Caine and Morgan Freeman . It is sequel to the 2013 film Now You See Me and follows the Four Horsemen who resurface and are forcibly recruited by a tech genius to pull off an almost impossible heist . This is the second installment of the film series .

On July 3 , 2013 , a sequel to Now You See Me was officially announced to be in development . Filming began in November 2014 and lasted until May 2015 . The film was released on June 10 , 2016 by Summit Entertainment , received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $334 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Now You See Me 3 7.2 Spin - off film 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Eighteen months after outwitting the FBI , the remaining members of the Four Horsemen -- J. Daniel Atlas ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , Merritt McKinney ( Woody Harrelson ) and Jack Wilder ( Dave Franco ) -- are in hiding in New York City , awaiting further instructions from The Eye , the secret society of magicians they 've been recruited into . Atlas , having grown tired of waiting for a mission , seeks out The Eye himself . His search leads him to an underground tunnel in which he hears a voice that tells him that his wait may be coming to an end . The Horseman handler FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ) ultimately assigns them a new mission , exposing corrupt businessman Owen Case ( Ben Lamb ) , whose new software secretly steals data on its users for Case 's benefit . Lula May ( Lizzy Caplan ) is added to the team to replace former member Henley Reeves ( Isla Fisher ) , who has left the Horsemen after breaking up with Atlas . The Horsemen hijack the launch party for the new software , but the show is interrupted by a mysterious individual who reveals to the world that Wilder , believed to be dead , is actually alive , and that Rhodes is their mole , forcing him to escape . While escaping , the Horsemen enter their escape tube on a roof and emerge in Macau , where they are captured by mercenaries and Chase McKinney ( also played by Woody Harrelson ) , Merritt 's twin brother . The Horsemen are then brought before Chase 's employer , technology prodigy Walter Mabry ( Daniel Radcliffe ) , Case 's former business partner , who faked his death after Case stole Walter 's company . Mabry conscripts the Horsemen into stealing the data - mining device developed by Case to prevent him from using it . The chip allows the user to decrypt and access any electronic device around the world . The Horsemen agree to steal the device . They get supplies at a famous magic shop in Macau , run by Li ( Jay Chou ) and Bu Bu ( Tsai Chin ) , and secretly contact The Eye to arrange to hand over the device after they steal it . Meanwhile , Rhodes is branded a fugitive and forced to spring his rival Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ) , whom Rhodes blames for the death of his father , out of jail for help . The Horsemen infiltrate the facility and steal the chip , despite being interrogated and searched by security guard Allen Scott - Frank ( Henry Lloyd - Hughes ) . Atlas is then confronted by Mabry , revealing that Atlas had been fooled into thinking that Mabry was The Eye . Rhodes intervenes and pretends to retrieve the device but is captured by Mabry 's forces and taken to a nearby yacht where he learns Mabry is acting on behalf of his father , Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ) , whom Rhodes exposed with the help of the Horsemen in the first film . Tressler places Rhodes in a replica of the same safe that his father died in and leaves him to drown , but Rhodes escapes and is rescued by the Horsemen . They find that the chip they had stolen appears to be a fake . Rhodes and the Horsemen broadcast that they will be performing live in London at midnight on New Year 's Eve . Mabry and Tressler , thinking that they have the computer chip , make haste to London , where the Horsemen are performing a series of tricks on the streets . At the Shard , Mabry , Tressler and Chase discover that Rhodes is still alive and capture the five , taking them on his private plane . Mabry takes the card from them , and Rhodes and the other Horsemen are thrown out of the plane supposedly in flight . However , Tressler finds that the plane has never taken off , and instead is on a barge in the middle of the River Thames , their criminal activities being broadcast live to the world by the Horsemen in the process . Mabry , Tressler and Chase are arrested and Rhodes , now going by his real surname , `` Shrike '' , entrusts the information they 've gathered on the real criminals ' activities to the FBI , who allows him a head start to escape . Rhodes and the Horsemen are then taken to meet the leaders of the Eye in a secret library in Greenwich observatory . They find that the members of the Eye include Li , Bu Bu , Allen , and Bradley . Bradley reveals that he was actually Lionel Shrike 's partner , and he had been masquerading as his rival as part of their planned act : he had exposed Lionel 's first act planning to be dumbfounded by his second act , only to abandon the Eye after Lionel 's death . Before Bradley leaves , he asks Rhodes to be his successor in the Eye 's leadership and request that the Horsemen enter a curtain . The Horsemen , with Rhodes , go behind the curtain , and find a door behind it . They enter the room and find a staircase ; the camera zooms out to the stairs , forming an Eye . Cast ( edit ) Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel Atlas . He is the self - appointed leader of the Four Horsemen . Mark Ruffalo as Agent Dylan Rhodes / Shrike . The Fool : Former FBI agent , leader of The Four Horsemen , and the son of the late illusionist Lionel Shrike . William Henderson as young Dylan . Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney and Chase McKinney . They specialize in hypnosis . Dave Franco as Jack Wilder , a magician specializing in card tricks . Lizzy Caplan as Lula May , a new member of The Four Horsemen , replacing Henley . Daniel Radcliffe as Walter Mabry , Arthur Tressler 's illegitimate young technology tycoon son . Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley , a magic debunker , exposing the tricks of other magicians . Jay Chou as Li , a Macanese magic shop owner . Sanaa Lathan as Agent Natalie Austin . Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler , the Four Horsemen 's former sponsor , who wants revenge for losing his money and power . Henry Lloyd - Hughes as Allen Scott - Frank , head of the Macau Science Center and member of the Eye . Ben Lamb as Owen Case , Walter 's former business partner . David Warshofsky as Agent Cowan . Tsai Chin as Bu Bu , Li 's grandmother who supposedly does not speak English . Richard Laing as Lionel Shrike , a magician who drowned while performing an escape trick thirty years ago . Zach Gerard as Hannes Pike Zoey Callandria Jones as Hannes ' attractive woman Alberto Calvet Gonzalez as Hannes ' scientist Production ( edit ) On July 3 , 2013 , after the box office success of the first film , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film , with production beginning in 2014 for an unspecified release date . In September 2014 , it was confirmed that Jon M. Chu would replace Louis Leterrier as director . On October 2 , 2014 , Michael Caine confirmed in an interview that Daniel Radcliffe would be playing his son in the film , and that shooting is expected to begin in December in London . The film was produced by Lionsgate and Summit Entertainment . In October 2014 , it was announced that Isla Fisher would be unable to reprise her role as Henley Reeves due to her pregnancy , and Lizzy Caplan was cast as new character Lula to replace her as the Fourth Horseman . The sequel was thought to be titled Now You See Me : Now You Do n't , but it was announced in November 2014 that the film had changed its title to Now You See Me : The Second Act . On January 28 , 2015 , Henry Lloyd - Hughes was confirmed to play the role of a tech whiz kid named Allen Scott - Frank . On December 22 , 2014 , it was reported that Morgan Freeman was not going to reprise his role as Thaddeus Bradley , but on January 19 , 2015 , film director Chu posted a selfie with Freeman on his Instagram , verifying that he would return . Filming ( edit ) On November 25 , 2014 , Mark Ruffalo posted to his Facebook that filming had begun on the sequel , as the film was shooting in London , England . On March 11 , 2015 , shooting began in China , where filming took place in Macau and the Macau Science Center , and ended on May 12 , 2015 in New York City . Soundtrack ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released June 10 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Length 77 : 37 Label Varese Sarabande Producer Brian Tyler Brian Tyler film scores chronology Criminal ( 2016 ) Criminal 2016 Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Power Rangers 2017 The film 's music was written and composed by Brian Tyler . The soundtrack was released on June 10 , 2016 by Varese Sarabande . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Brian Tyler . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Now You See Me 2 Fanfare '' 3 : 20 2 . `` Now You See Me 2 Main Titles '' 3 : 00 3 . `` 300 Seconds '' 7 : 25 4 . `` The Setup '' 5 : 45 5 . `` Sleight of Hand '' 5 : 52 6 . `` Revelatory '' 1 : 24 7 . `` A Special Invitation '' 4 : 38 8 . `` Equivoque '' 3 : 18 9 . `` Off The Grid ( Walter 's Theme ) '' 2 : 13 10 . `` Trifecta '' 3 : 53 11 . `` The Fool '' 1 : 55 12 . `` Buffy the Chippie '' 2 : 58 13 . `` Behind the Curtain '' 4 : 10 14 . `` Thaddeus ' Game '' 2 : 23 15 . `` Octa '' 1 : 37 16 . `` United '' 1 : 36 17 . `` Deliverance '' 4 : 10 18 . `` Diversion Tactics '' 4 : 34 19 . `` Sibling Rivalry '' 1 : 55 20 . `` Bazaar Getaway '' 2 : 09 21 . `` The New Horseman '' 1 : 05 22 . `` See You in 3 to 5 '' 1 : 41 23 . `` The Big Finish '' 3 : 56 24 . `` Finale '' 2 : 40 Total length : 77 : 37 Release ( edit ) In November 2014 , the film was officially titled Now You See Me 2 , and was set to be released on June 10 , 2016 . In March 2016 , the film 's international release date was announced as July 4 , 2016 . Home media ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 was released on Digital HD on August 19 , with a subsequent Blu - ray Combo Pack and DVD released on September 6 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 grossed $65.1 million in the United States and Canada and $269.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $334.9 million , against a budget of $90 million . In the United States and Canada , Now You See Me 2 opened on June 10 , 2016 , alongside Warcraft and The Conjuring 2 , and was projected to gross $23 -- 26 million from 3,232 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $1.8 million from its Thursday night previews , besting the $1.5 million made by its predecessor , and $8.4 million on its first day . It went on to gross $22.3 million in its opening weekend , finishing third at the box office behind The Conjuring 2 ( $40.4 million ) and Warcraft ( $24.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 24 , 2016 and had an opening day of $14.8 million , a record for Lionsgate and up 67.9 % from the original 's first day . In its opening weekend the film grossed $44.4 million , also a record for Lionsgate . China was the largest territory for the film , with a total gross of $97.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) Now You See Me 2 received mixed reviews from critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 34 % based on 165 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Now You See Me 2 packs in even more twists and turns than its predecessor , but in the end , it has even less hiding up its sleeve . '' On another aggregator , Metacritic , the film has a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same grade earned by its predecessor . Although critics and fans were disappointed that Isla Fisher was not returning as Henley Reeves , many praised Lizzy Caplan 's addition to the cast . Caplan was described as `` one of the sequel 's biggest improvements '' by Entertainment Weekly , while Dave White of TheWrap wrote that she `` provides a fresh infusion of smart - ass energy into the boy 's club . '' Australian film magazine Filmink also noted that Caplan `` over-shadows her skilled co-stars with her sassy and commanding screen presence . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote that `` all bearded creepy grins , ( Daniel Radcliffe ) makes Walter a megalomaniac imp , like the world 's youngest Bond villain . '' Randy Cordova of The Arizona Republic , who preferred the film to the original , said of the villain character that `` In ( Radcliffe 's ) hands , he is a spoiled and petulant baddie , alternately creepy and hilarious . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the sequel `` up ( s ) the ludicrous quotient '' from the original , `` double - timing the convoluted plotting and embracing implausibility as an aesthetic ... ( I ) f ( director Jon M . ) Chu does n't seem comfortable with the swooping , lens - flare - speckled flashiness that director Louis Leterrier brought to the first film , he seems even less interested than his predecessor in creating the impression of a recognizably real world -- which is a good thing , at least for a movie about a superstar heist crew called the Horsemen that involves twins , multiple secret identities , and a global corporate surveillance plot that can only be foiled through the use of stage magic . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a mixed review but considered it `` more fun '' than its predecessor . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Summer Movie Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Dave Franco Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Lizzy Caplan Nominated Future ( edit ) Now You See Me 3 ( edit ) In May 2015 , Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had indeed `` already begun early planning '' for Now You See Me 3 . It was later confirmed that Lizzy Caplan will be reprising the role of Lula May , and that a new cast member , Benedict Cumberbatch , will be joining the cast . It was also confirmed that Isla Fisher will not be returning to the series as Henley Reeves , after her absence from the first sequel . Spin - off film ( edit ) In July 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lionsgate want to make a Now You See Me spin - off with a primarily Chinese cast , starring Jay Chou as Li , his character from Now You See Me 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOW YOU SEE ME 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory , ' Independence Day 2 , ' ' Warcraft , ' ' Conjuring 2 , ' And The June Box Office Preview '' . Forbes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Ruffalo . `` And so it begins ... Now You See Me ... again . '' . Mark Ruffalo 's Verified Facebook . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Harrelson creates very different twins in ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sanaa Lathan To Arrest Tricksters In ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , James ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` First look at Daniel Radcliffe in magic heist Now You See Me 2 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' to get sequel '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Sets Dates for Now You See Me 2 and Dirty Grandpa '' . ComingSoon.net . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to Play Michael Caine 's Son in NOW YOU SEE ME 2 '' . GeekTyrant.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film Briefs : Weinsteins Will Distribute Quentin Tarantino 's ' Hateful Eight ' Worldwide ; Lionsgate , eOne Expand Joint Agreement '' . Deadline.com . September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Sciretta ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now You See Me 2 Cast And Plot Revealed '' . Slash Film . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lily Aria ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Release Date , Updates And News : Officially Titled ' Now You See Me : Now You Do n't ; ' Plot Revealed , Confirmed New Cast Includes Daniel Radcliffe , Lizzy Caplan And Jay Chou '' . Franchise Herald . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` NOW YOU SEE ME 2 Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ H. Shaw - Williams . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ′ Official Title Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Lloyd - Hughes Conjures Role In ' Now You See Me : The Second Act ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aria , Lily ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` Official Title For ' Now You See Me ' Sequel Revealed : ' Now You See Me 2 : The Second Act ' Release Date Set For 2016 ; Cast Details And Plot Unleashead '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe Filming a new Project '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jim . `` Now You See Me 2 Home Release Date Announcement '' . The Movie Blog . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Opens in First in 11 International Markets With $9.3 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Warcraft ' Invades The U.S. On Thursday Night '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Conjuring 2 ' Screams Up $37 M+ , ' Warcraft ' Spoils At $26 M+ , ' Now You See Me 2 ' At $22 M + '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Now You See Me 2 ' Steals $23 Million Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Conjuring Record China Weekend Bow For Lionsgate -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Now You See Me2 : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Dave ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' Review '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watson , Sophia ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Now You See Me 2 '' . Filmink . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cordova , Randy . `` ' Now You See Me 2 ' surpasses original . '' The Arizona Republic ( newspaper ) . June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Now You See Me 2 doubles down on giddy ludicrousness '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune review of Now You See Me 2 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' in the Works at Lionsgate '' . Variety . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Sophie ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Release Date Confirmed As Production Rolls In Plus A New Cast Member To Join The Gang '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stojilović , Milena ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Now You See Me 3 Release Date & A New Cast Member '' . OppTrends . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stojilović , Milena ( February 25 , 2017 ) . `` Now You See Me 3 Isla Fisher Replaced By Another Actress '' . OppTrends . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Espiritu , Emmanuelle ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Release Date , Cast News : Isla Fisher Officially Out , Benedict Cumbercatch In ? '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jabin , Bhatz ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ' Update : Benedict Cumberbatch Reportedly Joins Cast '' . Travelers Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate to Make Chinese Spinoff of ' Now You See Me ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Now You See Me 2 on IMDb Now You See Me 2 at AllMovie Now You See Me 2 at Box Office Mojo Now You See Me 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Now You See Me 2 at Metacritic Films directed by Jon M. Chu Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) G.I. Joe : Retaliation ( 2013 ) Justin Bieber 's Believe ( 2013 ) Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_2&oldid=804302325 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s thriller films American films American sequel films American thriller films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Film scores by Brian Tyler Films directed by Jon M. Chu Films about magic and magicians Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in 1984 Films set in 2014 Films set in 2015 Films set in London Films set in New Jersey Films set in New York City Films set in Macau Films set in Sydney Films set in Tokyo Films shot in London Films shot in Macau American heist films New Year films Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20You%20See%20Me%202

the song of maria clara by jose rizal explanation

María Clara

maria clara

María Clara , whose full name is María Clara de los Santos , is the mestiza heroine in Noli Me Tángere , a novel by José Rizal , the national hero of the Republic of the Philippines . Her name and character has since become a byword in Filipino culture for the traditional , feminine ideal .

María Clara is the childhood sweetheart and fiancée of Noli Me Tángere 's main protagonist , Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin , the son of Don Rafael Ibarra . Although raised as the daughter of Captain Santiago `` Kapitán Tiyago '' de los Santos and his wife Doña Pía Alba , who are both native Filipinos . María Clara is revealed to have been the illegitimate daughter of Padre Dámaso , a Spanish friar , who coerced Doña Pía into illicit sexual relations . Dámaso is made the girl 's godfather ; Doña Pía had died giving birth to Mariá Clara . Kapitán Tiyago 's cousin , Tía Isabel , then came to be the dominant maternal figure in her life . As her beau Crisóstomo Ibarra was studying in Europe , Kapitan Tiyago sent María Clara to the Beaterio de Santa Clara , a convent school where she cultivated femininity under religion . Later in the novel , María Clara discovers the truth that Dámaso is her biological father . Contents 1 Description 2 Characterization 2.1 Physical appearance 2.2 Personality 3 Basis and legacy 4 María Clara 's song by José Rizal ( in English ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) In the novel , María Clara is regarded as the most beautiful and celebrated lady in the town of San Diego . A devout Roman Catholic , she became the epitome of virtue ; `` demure and self - effacing '' and endowed with beauty , grace and charm , she was promoted by Rizal as the `` ideal image '' of a Filipino woman who deserves to be placed on the `` pedestal of male honour '' . In Chapter 5 , María Clara and her traits were further described by Rizal as an `` Oriental decoration '' with `` downcast '' eyes and a `` pure soul '' . Characterization ( edit ) Physical appearance ( edit ) Because of her parentage , María Clara had Eurasian features , described by Rizal thus : `` María Clara did not have the small eyes of her father : like her mother she had them large and black , beneath long lashes ; gay and smiling when she played , sad and soulful and pensive when she was not laughing . Since childhood her hair had an almost golden hue ; her nose , of a correct profile , was neither sharp nor flat ; her mouth reminded one of her mother 's , small and perfect , with two beautiful dimples on her cheeks . Her skin had the fine texture of an onion layer , the whiteness of cotton , according to her enthusiastic relatives . They saw traces of Capitan Tiago 's paternity in the small and well - rounded ears of María Clara . '' Personality ( edit ) María Clara had been described in her childhood as everybody 's idol , growing up among smiles and loves . Although Noli only touches upon her briefly in chapters , she is depicted as playful , exchanging wit and bantering with Ibarra , as well as expressing jealous possession when talking about him to her friends . She is also very kind and considerate , and notices people whom others do n't ; she was the only person who noticed Elías during the fishing excursion , and offered him biscuits . During the eve of the feast of San Diego , she also approached and offered her locket to a leper , despite her friends ' warnings and shows of disgust . During the latter half of the novel , she was often sickly and subdued . Having been separated from Ibarra , and hearing the news of his excommunication , she took ill , and eventually was blackmailed by Padre Salvi into distancing herself from Ibarra . She was also coerced into giving up Ibarra 's love letters , which were ultimately used to implicate him . In spite of her broken engagement with Ibarra , and subsequent engagement to Linares , she remained fiercely devoted to Ibarra . Upon hearing the news of his death , she told Padre Dámaso : `` While he was alive , I was thinking on keeping on : I was hoping , I was trusting ! I wanted to live to be able to hear about him ... but now that they have killed him , there is no longer a reason for me to live and suffer ... While he was alive , I could get married ... I thought of flight afterwards ... my father does not want anything but the connections ! Now that he is dead nobody else shall claim me as his wife ... When he was alive I could degrade myself , there was left the comfort of knowing he lived and perhaps would think of me . Now that he is dead ... the convent for me or the grave ! '' This ultimatum caused Padre Dámaso to relent and permit his daughter entry into the Royal Monastery of Saint Clare ( that until 1945 stood in Intramuros ) . Basis and legacy ( edit ) Rizal based the fictional character of María Clara from his real - life girlfriend and cousin , Leonor Rivera . Although praised and idolised , María Clara 's chaste , `` masochistic '' and `` easily fainting '' character had also been denounced as the `` greatest misfortune that has befallen the Filipina in the last one hundred years '' . In Filipino fashion , María Clara 's name has become the eponym for a multi-piece ensemble known as the María Clara gown , emulating the character 's traits of being delicate , feminine , self - assured , and with a sense of identity . María Clara 's song by José Rizal ( in english ) ( edit ) Sweet the hours in the native country , where friendly shines the sun above ! Life is the breeze that sweeps the meadows ; tranquil is death ; most tender , love . Warm kisses on the lips are playing as we awake to mother 's face : the arms are seeking to embrace her , the eyes are smiling as they gaze . How sweet to die for the native country , where friendly shines the sun above ! Death is the breeze for him who has no country , no mother , and no love ! See also ( edit ) Cult of domesticity English rose ( epithet ) Girl next door Ideal womanhood Molly Mormon Yamato nadeshiko References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vartti , Riitta ( editor ) . Preface to the Finnish anthology Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja ( Firefly - Filipino Short Stories ) , Kääntöpiiri : Helsinki , Finland 2001 / 2007 Jump up ^ Yoder , Robert L. Philippine Heroines of the Revolution : Maria Clara they were not , univie.ac.at , July 16 , 1998 ^ Jump up to : 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Capitan Tiago '' . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . pp. 50 -- 51 . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 23 : The Fishing Excursion '' . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . p. 183 . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 28 : At Nightfall '' . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . pp. 248 -- 249 . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 61 : Wedding Plans for Maria Clara '' . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . pp. 532 -- 535 . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ 1861 - 1896. , Rizal , José , ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 63 : Padre Damaso Explains '' . Noli me tángere . Lacson - Locsin , Ma . Soledad ( María Soledad ) , Locsin , Raul L. Makati City : Bookmark . p. 547 . ISBN 9715691889 . OCLC 36165520 . Jump up ^ The History of Filipino Women 's Writings , an article from Firefly -- Filipino Short Stories ( Tulikärpänen -- filippiiniläisiä novelleja ) , 2001 / 2007 , retrieved on : April 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ Moreno , Jose `` Pitoy '' . Costume at the Fin de Siecle -- Maria Clara , Philippine Costume , koleksyon.com External links ( edit ) Description of María Clara at en.wikibooks.org Full text in Tagalog ( `` Ang Awit ni Maria Clara '' ) Full text in Spanish ( `` Canto de Maria '' ) Full text in English ( `` The Song of Maria Clara '' ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= María_Clara&oldid = 850507818 '' Categories : Fictional Filipino people Noli Me Tangere ( novel ) characters Philippine literature Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 09 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%25C3%25ADa%20Clara

all cast members of young and the restless

The Young and the Restless cast members

the young and the restless cast members

The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera , created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . It first aired on March 26 , 1973 . The longest - running current cast member is Doug Davidson , who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23 , 1978 . Jeanne Cooper , who portrayed the soap opera 's matriarch Katherine Chancellor , holds the record for the series ' longest - running cast member , airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013 . Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden , who portray Nikki and Victor Newman , are the second and third longest - running cast members , having joined in February 1979 and February 1980 , respectively . Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982 , and rounds out the series ' top four longest - running cast members . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : both main and recurring members , as well as those who are debuting , departing or returning from the series .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Departing 3 Previous cast members 4 References and notes 5 External links Cast Main cast Actor Character Duration Peter Bergman Jack Abbott 1989 -- Marco Annicelli 2015 Eric Braeden Victor Newman 1980 -- Sharon Case Sharon Newman 1994 -- Doug Davidson Paul Williams 1978 -- Eileen Davidson Ashley Abbott 1982 -- 88 , 1999 -- Melissa Claire Egan Chelsea Newman 2011 -- Cait Fairbanks Tessa Porter 2017 -- Noah Alexander Gerry Charlie Ashby 2017 -- Daniel Goddard Cane Ashby 2007 -- Caleb Atkinson 2011 Camryn Grimes Cassie Newman 1997 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 Mariah Copeland 2014 -- Amelia Heinle Victoria Newman 2005 -- Bryton James Devon Hamilton 2004 -- Christel Khalil Lily Ashby 2002 -- Tristan Lake Leabu Reed Hellstrom 2016 -- Christian LeBlanc Michael Baldwin 1991 -- 93 , 1997 -- Kate Linder Esther Valentine 1982 -- Thad Luckinbill J.T. Hellstrom 1999 -- 2010 , 2017 -- Mishael Morgan Hilary Hamilton 2013 -- Joshua Morrow Nicholas Newman 1994 -- Melissa Ordway Abby Newman 2013 -- Melody Thomas Scott Nikki Newman 1979 -- Kristoff St. John Neil Winters 1991 -- Lexie Stevenson Mattie Ashby 2017 -- Jason Thompson Billy Abbott 2016 -- Gina Tognoni Phyllis Summers 2014 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Marla Adams Dina Abbott Mergeron 1983 -- 86 , 1991 , 1996 , 2008 , 2017 -- Robert Adamson Noah Newman 2012 -- Catherine Bach Anita Lawson 2012 -- Lauralee Bell Christine Blair Williams 1983 -- 2006 , 2010 -- Corbin Bernsen Todd Williams 2003 -- 04 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 , 2017 -- Tracey E. Bregman Lauren Fenmore Baldwin 1983 -- 95 , 2000 -- Sarah Smythe Jason Canela Arturo 2018 -- Sean Carrigan Stitch Rayburn 2013 -- Judith Chapman Jill Foster Abbott Gloria Abbott Bardwell 2005 -- Annalisa Cochrane Zoey 2017 -- Angell Conwell Leslie Michaelson 2010 -- Jerry Douglas John Abbott 1982 -- 2013 , 2015 -- Alistair Wallingford 2008 Max Ehrich Fenmore Baldwin 2012 -- Margarita Franco Mrs. Martinez 2016 -- Kelly Frye Michelle Hazelton 2016 -- David Faustino Howard Green 2016 -- Robert Gant David Sherman 2013 -- Stacy Haiduk Patty Williams 2009 -- 12 , 2015 -- Emily Peterson 2009 -- 12 Shanica Knowles Simone 2018 -- Alyvia Alyn Lind Faith Newman 2011 -- Beth Maitland Traci Abbott 1982 -- 96 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 -- Morgan Obenreder Crystal 2017 -- Dax Randall Moses Winters 2016 -- Marcia Rodd Myrna Bloodworth 2017 -- Tristan Rogers Colin Atkinson 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- Ted Shackelford William Bardwell 2006 -- 07 Jeffrey Bardwell 2007 -- Abhi Sinha Ravi Shapur 2016 -- Terrell Tilford Barton Shelby 2014 -- Jess Walton Jill Atkinson 1987 -- Ray Wise Ian Ward 2014 -- Cast changes Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Robert Adamson Noah Newman TBA Melissa Claire Egan Chelsea Newman Previous cast members Main article : List of previous The Young and the Restless cast members References and notes ^ Jump up to : The Young and the Restless Weekdays . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Doug Davidson '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Jeanne Cooper '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Eric Braeden '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Cast Bio : Kate Linder '' . Sony . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Adamson to exit The Young and the Restless '' . Soap Central . United States . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Melissa Claire Egan to Exit The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Melissa Claire Egan Confirms Y&R Exit '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Young and the Restless Melissa Claire Egan Confirms Exit From Soap '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Actress Melissa Claire Egan to Exit CBS Soap '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . External links Soaps.com -- Young and Restless The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Dina Mergeron Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless_cast_members&oldid=825806508 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series The Young and the Restless Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Young%20and%20the%20Restless%20cast%20members

who did steve reevis play on dances with wolves

Reevis ' first movie job was as a stunt rider in the 1987 film War Party , which also had his brother , Tim , who later performed in Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show at Disneyland Paris . Reevis ' first acting role , in 1988 , was in Universal 's Twins . He had a nonspeaking role as Sioux Warrior # 1 in the Academy Award - winning Dances with Wolves in 1990 . In 1993 , he was cast as the Apache scout , Chato , in Geronimo : An American Legend starring Wes Studi as the titular warrior . Reevis played the Native American lead role in Last of the Dogmen ( 1995 ) with Tom Berenger .

Sioux Warrior # 1

Steve Reevis

steve reevis

Steve Reevis ( August 14 , 1962 -- December 7 , 2017 ) was a Blackfoot Native American actor . The role of Shep Proudfoot in the Academy Award - winning film Fargo ( 1996 ) is perhaps the best known performance by Reevis .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Selected filmography 3 Television 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Steve Reevis grew up on the Blackfeet Reservation . Reevis graduated from South Dakota 's Flandreau Indian School and attended Haskell Indian Junior College in Lawrence , Kansas , where he received a degree in arts . Reevis ' first movie job was as a stunt rider in the 1987 film War Party , which also had his brother , Tim , who later performed in Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show at Disneyland Paris . Reevis ' first acting role , in 1988 , was in Universal 's Twins . He had a nonspeaking role as Sioux Warrior # 1 in the Academy Award - winning Dances with Wolves in 1990 . In 1993 , he was cast as the Apache scout , Chato , in Geronimo : An American Legend starring Wes Studi as the titular warrior . Reevis played the Native American lead role in Last of the Dogmen ( 1995 ) with Tom Berenger . In 1996 , Reevis received an award from First Americans in the Arts ( FAITA ) for his supporting roles in both the critically acclaimed film Fargo and in the made - for - television movie Crazy Horse . In 2004 , he repeated this honor for his work on the ABC series Line of Fire . Reevis appeared in Columbia 's 2003 film The Missing , in the 2005 remake of The Longest Yard , and in TNT 's 2005 miniseries Into the West . Reevis also appeared on Fox 's drama series Bones . Reevis died on December 7 , 2017 , of undisclosed causes in Missoula , Montana , at the age of 55 . Selected filmography ( edit ) Twins ( 1988 ) - Native American Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) - Sioux # 1 / Warrior # 1 Geronimo : An American Legend ( 1993 ) -- Chato Last of the Dogmen ( 1995 ) - Yellow Wolf Wild Bill ( 1995 ) - Sioux Chief Fargo ( 1996 ) -- Shep Proudfoot Crazy Horse ( 1996 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) -- Two Stone The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) -- Baby Face Bob Into the West ( 2005 ) -- Older Loved By The Buffalo Comanche Moon ( 2008 ) -- Worm Road to Paloma ( 2013 ) Television ( edit ) Promised Land - episode `` The Outrage '' ( 1997 ) - Sheriff Lamont Nez Walker , Texas Ranger - episode `` Mayday '' ( 1997 ) - Jake Stonecrow JAG - episode `` The Return of Jimmy Blackhorse '' ( 1998 ) - Sammy Wheeler Walker , Texas Ranger - episode `` Way of the Warrior '' ( 1999 ) - John Wolf / Lone Wolf . Malcolm in the Middle - episode `` Poker # 2 '' ( 2002 ) - Piama 's dad Bones - episode `` The Man in the Bear '' ( 2005 ) - Sherman Rivers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cottrell , Chris . `` Haskell runners enjoyed another memorable year '' , Lawrence Journal - World , December 25 , 1985 , p. 13 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris . `` ' Geronimo ' is not the story of Geronimo '' , Deseret News , December 10 , 1993 , p . W3 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cherry , Nanciann . `` ' Geronimo ' tale of man waging a losing battle '' , Toledo Blade , December 11 , 1993 , pp. P1 , P4 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calhoun Times . `` Flutist , actor to perform at New Echota Saturday '' . July 10 , 2002 , p. 3A . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth . `` ' Dogmen ' Charms With Its Familiarity '' , Los Angeles Times , September 8 , 1995 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paseman , Lloyd . `` ' Dogmen ' a satisfying adventure '' ( Review ) . Eugene Register - Guard , September 15 , 1995 , p. 17D . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cauthron , Randy M. `` Updating ' The Longest Yard ' '' The Daily Reporter ( Spencer , Iowa ) , June 3 , 2005 , p. 7 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Reevis , ' Fargo , ' ' Dancing With Wolves ' Actor , Dies at 55 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . December 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . External links ( edit ) Steve Reevis on IMDb BNE : XX1265434 ISNI : 0000 0000 5963 7736 VIAF : 87028122 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Reevis&oldid=830988775 '' Categories : 1962 births 2017 deaths People from Browning , Montana American male film actors American male television actors Native American male actors Male actors from Montana People from Morongo Valley , California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Русский Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 02 : 39 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Reevis

how many deserts are there in south africa

Category : Deserts of South Africa

category : deserts of south africa

This category has the following 2 subcategories , out of 2 total .

► Kalahari Desert ‎ ( 17 P ) ► Karoo ‎ ( 1 C , 114 P ) Pages in category `` Deserts of South Africa '' The following 3 pages are in this category , out of 3 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . Kalahari Desert Namib Richtersveld Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Deserts_of_South_Africa&oldid=588279122 '' Categories : Geography of South Africa Deserts by country Deserts of Africa Talk Help About Wikipedia বাংলা Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano ქართული მარგალური Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2013 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3ADeserts%20of%20South%20Africa

who wrote the song up on cripple creek

`` Up on Cripple Creek '' is the fifth song on The Band 's eponymous second album , The Band . It was released as an ( edited ) single on Capitol 2635 in November 1969 and reached # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Up on Cripple Creek '' was written by Band guitarist and principal songwriter Robbie Robertson , with drummer Levon Helm singing lead vocal .

Robbie Robertson

Up on Cripple Creek

up on cripple creek

`` Up on Cripple Creek '' is the fifth song on The Band 's eponymous second album , The Band . It was released as an ( edited ) single on Capitol 2635 in November 1969 and reached # 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Up on Cripple Creek '' was written by Band guitarist and principal songwriter Robbie Robertson , with drummer Levon Helm singing lead vocal .

A 1976 live performance of `` Up on Cripple Creek '' appears in the Band 's concert film The Last Waltz , as well as on the accompanying soundtrack album . In addition , live performances of the song appear on Before the Flood , which records the Band 's 1974 tour with Bob Dylan , as well as on the 2001 expanded edition of Rock of Ages , originally released in 1972 . `` Up on Cripple Creek '' is notable as it is one of the first instances of a Hohner clavinet being played with a wah - wah pedal . The riff can be heard after each chorus of the song . The clavinet , especially in tandem with a wah - wah pedal was a sound that became famous in the early to mid-1970s , especially in funk music . The Band performed the song on the Ed Sullivan Show in November 1969 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics and music 2 Chart performance 3 Personnel 4 In popular culture 5 Recorded covers 6 References 7 External links Lyrics and music ( edit ) Drawing upon the Band 's musical roots -- the American South , American rock and roll , and bluegrass / country -- the song is sung from the point of view of a truck driver who goes to Lake Charles , Louisiana , to stay with a local girl , Bessie , with whom he has a history . In the song , he gambles , drinks , listens to music , and spends time with `` little Bessie , '' who takes an active role in the goings - on , while expressing her opinions , further endearing herself to the narrator . At the end of the song , after exhausting himself on the road , he talks about going home to his woman , `` big mama , '' but is tempted to return to Bessie again . Or he may not be cheating . Truckers also use the term `` Big Mama '' to refer to their dispatcher over the CB radio . Concerns about the weather in other parts of the country and the line `` this life of living on the road '' suggest over-the - road trucking . At the start of the song he 's hauling logs off a mountain and at the end he may be weighing options : `` rolling in '' to home base for a new cargo or seeing his Bessie again . Robertson has said of the song : We 're not dealing with people at the top of the ladder , we 're saying what about that house out there in the middle of that field ? What does this guy think , with that one light on upstairs , and that truck parked out there ? That 's who I 'm curious about . What is going on in there ? And just following the story of this person , and he just drives these trucks across the whole country , and he knows these characters that he drops in on , on his travels . Just following him with a camera is really what this song 's all about . AllMusic critic Bill Janovitz describes the melody as `` light and catchy , '' also stating that the song has a `` New Orleans groove . '' Janovitz also regards the `` non-traditional , funky style '' of Garth Hudson 's clavinet playing a precursor of Stevie Wonder 's similar keyboard playing on `` Superstition . '' The hip hop duo Gang Starr sampled the rhythm track on their own song `` Beyond Comprehension . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 - 70 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Singles Chart 10 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 25 Personnel ( edit ) Levon Helm -- lead vocals , drums Rick Danko -- bass guitar , backing vocals Garth Hudson -- clavinet with wah - wah pedal , Lowrey organ Richard Manuel -- piano , backing vocals Robbie Robertson -- electric guitar In popular culture ( edit ) The song played into the credits of episode 11 of the second season of The Last Man on Earth . Recorded covers ( edit ) The Oak Ridge Boys , on their 1982 album Bobbie Sue Tom Wopat , on the 1979 The Dukes of Hazzard TV show soundtrack Gomez , on the 2007 Band tribute album Endless Highway : The Music of The Band Farmboy , on the 2003 album Farmboy Apollo Sunshine , on the 2005 album Live at the Paradise Chadwick Stokes Urmston , on the 2011 album Live at the Armory Blackberry Smoke with Bob Weir , on the 2017 DVD An Evening At TRI References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard chart positions from AllMusicGuide ^ Jump up to : Janovitz , B. `` Up on Cripple Creek '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Miller returns to Earth on a solid The Last Man On Earth '' . www.avclub.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Band Rick Danko Levon Helm Garth Hudson Richard Manuel Robbie Robertson Richard Bell Randy Ciarlante Stan Szelest Jim Weider Studio albums Music from Big Pink The Band Stage Fright Cahoots Moondog Matinee Northern Lights -- Southern Cross Islands Jericho High On The Hog Jubilation with Bob Dylan Planet Waves The Basement Tapes Live albums Rock of Ages Before the Flood The Last Waltz ( 1978 album ) Live at Watkins Glen The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 : Bob Dylan Live 1966 The Last Waltz ( 2002 album ) Live at the Academy of Music 1971 Compilations The Best of The Band Anthology To Kingdom Come Across The Great Divide The Best of The Band , Vol. II Greatest Hits A Musical History The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Films The Last Waltz Festival Express Singles `` Uh - Uh - Uh '' `` The Stones I Throw '' `` Go Go Liza Jane '' `` The Weight '' / `` I Shall Be Released '' `` Rag Mama Rag '' / `` The Unfaithful Servant '' `` Up on Cripple Creek '' / `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Time to Kill '' / `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Life Is a Carnival '' `` On a Night Like This '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( with Bob Dylan ) `` Ophelia '' `` Atlantic City '' Other songs `` Tears of Rage '' `` We Can Talk '' `` Long Black Veil '' `` Chest Fever '' `` Lonesome Suzie `` This Wheel 's on Fire '' `` Across the Great Divide '' `` When You Awake '' `` Whispering Pines '' `` Jemima Surrender '' `` Look Out Cleveland '' `` King Harvest ( Has Surely Come ) '' `` Sleeping '' `` The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show '' `` Daniel and the Sacred Harp '' `` Stage Fright '' `` When I Paint My Masterpiece '' `` Do n't Do It '' `` Mystery Train '' `` Acadian Driftwood '' `` It Makes No Difference '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' Related Discography Bob Dylan Bob Dylan World Tour 1966 Bob Dylan and The Band 1974 Tour Cate Brothers Ronnie Hawkins Big Pink List of Basement Tapes songs List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1975 ) No Reason to Cry John Simon This Wheel 's on Fire : Levon Helm and the Story of The Band Allen Toussaint Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up_on_Cripple_Creek&oldid=804421905 '' Categories : The Band songs 1969 songs Songs written by Robbie Robertson Song recordings produced by John Simon ( record producer ) 1969 singles Capitol Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 22 : 21 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%20on%20Cripple%20Creek

who plays tupac mother in all eyez on me

Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party .

Danai Gurira

All Eyez on Me ( film )

all eyez on me ( film )

All Eyez on Me is a 2017 American biographical drama film about hip - hop artist Tupac Shakur , directed by Benny Boom and written by Jeremy Haft , Eddie Gonzalez and Steven Bagatourian . Titled after Shakur 's 1996 fourth studio album of the same name , the film stars Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Shakur with Kat Graham , Lauren Cohan , Hill Harper and Danai Gurira in supporting roles .

Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14 , 2017 , in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16 , 2017 , on what would have been Shakur 's 46th birthday . The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences , and grossed $54 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historical accuracy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995 , a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur . In 1971 , Tupac 's mother , Afeni Shakur , is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges . She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society , but the system sworn to protect its citizens . From an early age , Tupac is taught about black pride , and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood . His stepfather , Mutulu , is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni , who in turn influences her son and Tupac 's sister Set . Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck , and the murder of two officers and a guard . FBI agents follow Afeni and her children . Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs ' apartment , with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground . As Tupac gets older , he distances himself more and more from his mother 's ideals and behavior . He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts , where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett . Tupac 's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit `` Same Song '' . Under his manager , Leila Steinberg , he begins to have hip - hop albums produced . Although his music becomes popular , he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' , which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin , has a baby on the bathroom floor , turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money , and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets . Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song . Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice , as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls , both performing to excited crowds at venues . He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music , such as donating money to poor black citizens . Outside of his performances , Tupac has run - ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking , and is beaten by two officers . On another occasion , he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man . When they try to intervene , one man pulls a gun on Tupac . He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun . It soon reveals that the two men were off - duty cops , and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them . Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel , and they do business together in music . When things go awry , Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel . Nigel 's guys want to retaliate against Tupac , but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so . The other guys appear to go against Nigel 's orders . In 1993 , Tupac meets a young woman named Briana , and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night . Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming , indicating that the other men raped her . Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges . On November 30 , 1994 , Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios . Tupac is shot five times before the men flee . Biggie and other guys in Tupac 's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital . When Biggie tries to visit Tupac , he is turned down for not being a family member . Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors ' orders . The following day , Tupac 's sentence is declared in his trial . He is found not guilty of rape , but is found guilty of illegal touching , and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison . While in prison , Tupac hears Biggie 's song `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie 's alleged involvement in his shooting . Tupac encounters Mutulu in there , who encourages him to work after he gets out . Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death . Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison . Following his release , Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight , who also collaborates with other artists , like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg . Tupac and Dre work on the hit song `` California Love '' . He releases the track `` Hit Em Up '' as a response to `` Who Shot Ya ? '' in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie 's wife Faith Evans . In Tupac 's final months , he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music , movies , and TV shows . Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings . Later , however , Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners , with Suge taking over the west coast part of Death Row , and Tupac taking over the east coast . Tupac agrees to it . On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac , Suge , and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon match at the MGM Grand . One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain . Tupac and company confront the gang member , and Tupac attacks him , knocking him to the ground . Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him . Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes . He tells Kidada about the situation . She tries to go with him , but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour . Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them . On the road , a car pulls alongside the car and Tupac is shot multiple times before the car flees the scene . The ending text states that six days later , Tupac was pronounced dead . To this day , his murder remains unsolved . By the age of 25 , he released 15 albums , seven posthumous albums , 713 songs , and seven movies . Cast Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party . Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg , Tupac 's mentor . Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival . Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight , a record producer . Grace Gibson as Faith Evans , Biggie Smalls 's wife and singer . Lian Amado as Angie Martinez , radio personality , rapper , and actress . Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy Chris Clarke as Shock G the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground . Money - B as himself , member of Digital Underground . Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility . Johnell Young as Ray Luv , Tupac 's friend . Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder . Rayan Lawrence as Treach James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal E.D.I. Mean as himself Young Noble as himself DeRay Davis as Legs Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre Hill Harper as Journalist Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack Phil Armijo as Johnny `` J '' Production Development On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur 's biopic titled Tupac , which would follow his life from growing up to his death . Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film , and the script was from Steven Bagatourian , Stephen J. Rivele , and Christopher Wilkinson . James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures ' L.T. Hutton , and Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer , with production scheduled to begin that summer . On September 19 , 2013 , Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek . Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film . On February 12 , 2014 , John Singleton again signed on to rewrite , direct and produce the film . On April 16 , 2014 , Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film . Gonzalez , Haft , and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film , about Tupac 's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip - hop artist , to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25 . On April 7 , 2015 , it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences , while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties . On October 28 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett / Furla / Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013 . In the agreement , terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million , mutual approval for the lead actor 's selection , filming schedule , and distribution and sales agreements . Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road , which Morgan Creek rejected , and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval . Casting On November 30 , 2015 , it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin . Early - December 2015 , the film 's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me On December 24 , 2015 , newcomer Demetrius Shipp , Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac . Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival , reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious . On January 11 , 2016 , Danai Gurira was added to the film 's cast to play Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur , a political activist and member of the Black Panthers . Following Gurira 's casting , Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight . On January 13 , Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . On January 15 , Lauren Cohan joined the film 's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg , a key figure in Tupac 's life as his mentor . Money B would appear in the film as himself , Tupac 's coworker at Digital Underground , Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility , and Johnell Young as a Tupac 's close friend , Ray Luv . On January 19 , TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls ' wife , Faith Evans , who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur . On January 22 , 2016 , Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist . Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Filming Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming wrapped on April 12 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , Nevada . Marketing On June 16 , 2016 , on what would have been Shakur 's 45th birthday , a teaser trailer for the film was released . On September 13 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of Shakur 's death , a second teaser trailer was released . It was announced that the film will be released on June 16 , 2017 . On February 10 , 2017 , a third teaser trailer was released , confirming Summit , Morgan Creek , Program Pictures , and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors . On April 6 , 2017 , a fourth trailer was released . No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie 's release . Reception Box office All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million , against a production budget of $40 million . In North America , All Eyez on Me was released on June 16 , 2017 , alongside Rough Night , 47 Meters Down and Cars 3 , and was originally projected to gross $17 -- 20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $12.8 million on Friday ( including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $31 million . It ended up debuting to $26.4 million , finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ( $53.7 million ) and Wonder Woman ( $41.3 million ) . Deadline.com attributed the film 's success to the release corresponding with Tupac 's birthday , as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015 . Despite its surprising opening weekend success , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend , dropping 78 % to $5.8 million , the 16th largest such decline in history . In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6 % to $1.8 million , finishing 11th at the box office . Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr. 's fine lead performance , All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface - skimming , by - the - numbers biopic of a larger - than - life icon . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 38 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying : `` Almost all the dialogue is that flat - footed . It 's a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur 's own words , which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` Comprehensive but sketchy , richly atmospheric but often under - dramatized , it is not , in the end , a very good movie ( there are a few scenes , like Tupac 's initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records , that are embarrassingly bad ) . Yet it 's highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger , and the desperation of its violence , it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived : a place that wanted to be all about pride and power , but was really about flying over the abyss . '' Historical accuracy On her Twitter account , Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles . Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book . She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac 's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument . She did , however , praise the performances of Shipp and Graham . Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film , praising their respective portrayals . See also Notorious ( 2009 film ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 film ) References Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac 's Highly - Anticipated Biopic Receives Official Release Date '' . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Casts Lead Roles for Shakur , Biggie Smalls '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Newcomer Demetrius Shipp Jr . Cast As Tupac As Biopic Begins Filming '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's Danai Gurira Set To Play Tupac 's Mom Afeni Shakur In ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lauren Cohan Steps Into Key Role In Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Jamie Hector Joins Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : A. Obenson , Tambay ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Annie Ilonzeh Cast to Play Kidada Jones in Morgan Creek 's Tupac Shakur Biopic '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Kat Graham Joins Tupac Movie , Portraying Jada Pinkett Smith ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dominic L. Santana is Suge Knight in Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . EURweb . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Verhoeven , Beatrice ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Grace Gibson Is Faith Evans in 2Pac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me Chris Clarke as Shock G '' . blackfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` Minister EnQi interviews Chris Clarke as Shock G aka Humpty Hump in All Eyes On Me Tupac Movie '' . wn.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Guess Which Digital Underground Member Will Be Appearing As Himself In The Upcoming Tupac Biopic ? '' . Bossip . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hernández , Victoria ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac `` All Eyez On Me '' Biopic Casts Two More Roles `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's A Rundown Of Everyone Casted In the 2Pac Biopic '' . revolt.tv . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Trevor Donovan Joins JL Ranch ; Keith Robinson Is All Bout ' All Eyez On Me ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the COMPLETE cast of the Tew - Pack `` All Eyez on Me '' biopic movie `` . thecoli.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1666185/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Retrieved December 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Tupac Biopic ' All Eyez on Me ' Casts Villain Haitian Jack '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Cina , Mark ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Morgan Creek 's ' Tupac ' Biopic to Begin Shooting This Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tupac Shakur Biopic Gets New Momentum As Emmett / Furla / Oasis To Co-Finance '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` John Singleton Back as Director for Tupac Shakur Biopic ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Open Road Acquires U.S. On ' Tupac ' , John Singleton - Directed Pic On Hip - Hop Icon '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Carl Franklin to Replace Director John Singleton on Tupac Biopic '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Producer Brings $10 M Lawsuit Over Secret Star Casting '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tupac Biopic Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Set To Begin On Tupac Shakur Biopic ' All Eyez On Me , ' Benny Boom Confirmed To Direct '' . Bossip . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic Begins Filming '' . Boom 92 Houston . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' All Eyez on Me ' Tupac Shakur Movie Wrapped Filming in Vegas : Buzz '' . Music Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ * Please enter your name . `` Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' Completes Filming in Las Vegas ( VIDEO ) '' . Theboombox.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez On Me '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Biopic : New ' All Eyez On Me ' Trailer Released On ' Dear Mama ' Rapper 's 20 - Year Death Anniversary '' . 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tupac All Eyez on Me Pushed Back , Releases Latest Trailer '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' should unseat ' Wonder Woman ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Driver ' Speeds to $27 M+ ; Ferrell & Poehler 's ' House ' Burns Down as ' Despicable Me 3 ' Dominates '' . Deadline.com . July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Eyez on Me reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Glenn ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' Is Uninspired . Tupac Shakur Was Anything But . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jada Pinkett Smith shares her truth about Tupac , disputes ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . Los Angeles Times . June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy and Suge Knight Approve of Tupac Shakur Movie ' All Eyez on Me ' '' . XXLMag.com . June 8 , 2017 . External links Official website All Eyez on Me on IMDb All Eyez on Me at Box Office Mojo Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Films directed by Benny Boom Next Day Air ( 2009 ) S.W.A.T. : Firefight ( 2011 ) All Eyez on Me ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Eyez_on_Me_(film)&oldid=799984281 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films African - American films American biographical films American drama films 2010s biographical films 2010s drama films Biographical films about musicians Drama films based on actual events Films shot in Atlanta Morgan Creek Productions films Summit Entertainment films Films set in New York City Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films directed by Benny Boom Works about Tupac Shakur Hood films Hip hop films Films set in Baltimore Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 00 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Eyez%20on%20Me%20%28film%29

who has scored more goals messi or ronaldo

Player Club Goals Years Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United Real Madrid 110 2003 -- present Lionel Messi Barcelona 97 2005 -- present Raúl Real Madrid Schalke 04 71 1995 -- 2011 Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 56 1998 -- 2009 5 Karim Benzema Lyon Real Madrid 51 2006 -- present

Cristiano Ronaldo

Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry

messi - - ronaldo rivalry

Portuguese professional footballer

International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Buildings Airport renamed after Ronaldo Museu CR7 Films Ronaldo Other Galaxy named after Ronaldo 's CR7 mantle The Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry is an association football rivalry between fans of Argentine forward Lionel Messi and Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo , and supposedly between the athletes themselves . Having won a combined nine Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or awards ( 5 for Messi and 4 for Ronaldo ) , both are widely regarded as the two best players of their generation and among the best of all time in the sport . Both players have regularly broken the 50 goal barrier in a single season , and have scored over 500 goals each in their careers for club and country . They are also the only two players to score seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to establish who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to past global sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry in Formula One motor racing . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry by saying : `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi has denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . In response to claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented : `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating : `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing '' . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . When asked which he preferred , then FIFA president Sepp Blatter commented that Messi will `` always get a lot of votes because he plays well and scores goals '' before saying that Ronaldo `` is like a commander on the field of play . This is the other side of football and it 's good to have commanders on the field . They do n't have the same attitude and that gives life to football . One has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other but that does n't matter . I ca n't say who is the best . I like both of them , but I prefer Messi '' . At club level , with Messi and Ronaldo representing rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's most popular regular - season club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . Off the field , they are the face of two rival sportswear manufacturers , Messi of Adidas and Ronaldo of Nike , which are also the respective kit suppliers of their national teams and the opposite for their clubs . The two highest paid players in football , Ronaldo and Messi are among the world 's best paid sports stars : in combined income from salaries , bonuses and off - field earnings in 2016 , Ronaldo was first earning $88 million and Messi was second with $81.4 million . They have the two biggest social media followings in the world among sportspeople with a combined 200 million Facebook fans by July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Lionel Messi 1.2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2 Origins 3 Season by season 3.1 2009 -- 10 3.2 2010 -- 11 3.3 2011 -- 12 3.4 2012 -- 13 3.5 2013 -- 14 3.6 2014 -- 15 3.7 2015 -- 16 4 Awards and records 4.1 World 's best player awards 4.1. 1 Ballon d'Or 4.1. 2 FIFA World Player of the Year 4.1. 3 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player 4.1. 4 FIFA Ballon d'Or 4.2 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 4.3 European Golden Shoe 4.4 FIFA Club World Cup Best Player 4.5 UEFA Champions League top scorers 4.5. 1 All - time 4.5. 2 Top scorer by season 4.6 Records in La Liga 4.6. 1 All - time 4.6. 2 Hat - tricks 4.6. 3 Top scorer by season 4.6. 4 El Clásico 5 Player statistics 6 Player honours 6.1 Team 6.1. 1 Lionel Messi 6.1. 2 Cristiano Ronaldo 6.2 Individual 6.2. 1 Lionel Messi 6.2. 2 Cristiano Ronaldo 7 Head - to - head 7.1 Results 7.2 Hat - tricks and more 7.3 FIFA World Cup goals 7.4 UEFA Champions League Final goals 7.5 FIFA Club World Cup goals 8 Comparison studies 9 Personal quotes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Lionel Messi ( edit ) Main article : Lionel Messi `` It 's only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Ronaldo . '' -- Messi addresses his perceived rivalry with Cristiano Ronaldo Struggling with growth hormone deficiency as a child , Messi joined Barcelona at the age of 13 with the club paying for his treatment . He made his senior debut in 2003 and had cemented his place in the first team , as well as earning nominations for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year awards , by the age of 20 . Born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , Santa Fe Province , Messi has spent his entire professional career at Spanish club Barcelona . His prodigious talents were spotted at an early age ; he was discovered by Barcelona scout Josep Maria Minguella at the age of 13 , and promptly moved to Spain where he progressed through Barcelona 's youth academy La Masia , before making his senior debut on 16 October 2004 . At the age of 10 , Messi was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency and upon joining Barcelona , the club paid for his treatment . Throughout the early years of his career , Messi had to endure the pressure of the tag New Maradona , comparisons furthered by scoring goals comparable to those Diego Maradona scored against England in the 1986 FIFA World Cup ; on 19 April 2007 , he scored a mazy dribble against Getafe which bore remarkable resemblance to that of Maradona 's , before scoring his own version of the Hand of God on 9 June against rivals Espanyol . Maradona himself said of the comparison `` I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi '' . Messi is the all - time top goalscorer in La Liga , has scored co-record seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks , and holds a single Champions League game scoring record with five goals . On 17 April 2016 , Messi scored his 500th professional career goal . While representing Argentina under - 20 at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , he scored a total of six goals , including two goals in the final to help Argentina win the tournament , and was awarded the Golden Ball and the Golden Boot as the tournament 's best player and top scorer respectively . He made his senior debut two months later , coming on as a substitute , but was sent off for violent conduct minutes later . He has scored five goals in World Cups , with his first coming in 2006 , while the other four were scored in 2014 as Argentina reached the final for the first time in 24 years , before losing to Germany . Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . During the 2007 Copa América , Messi scored in the quarter - finals and semi-finals to help Argentina reach the final . He was named the best young player of the tournament . In the 2015 Copa América semi-final , he assisted three goals to help Argentina reach another Copa América final , only to be defeated on penalties . Messi was reportedly offered the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , but refused to accept it . In the Copa América Centenario the following season , he scored five goals and provided four assists , to become the all - time leading assists provider in Copa América history , and led Argentina to their third consecutive final in a major tournament , but missed his penalty in the resulting shoot - out , leading to a second consecutive defeat to Chile in the Copa América Final . Messi won an Olympic gold medal when he represented Argentina 's Olympic team in the 2008 Olympic games , as Argentina successfully defended the title they won four years previously in 2004 . Cristiano Ronaldo ( edit ) Main article : Cristiano Ronaldo `` I like to see all good players , and Messi is one of them . He is a player , I really enjoy seeing him on the pitch , and all the great players . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo talks about Messi in an interview with Fox Sports Argentina After moving to Manchester United from Sporting CP in 2003 , Ronaldo established himself as a world - class player , before Real Madrid paid a then world - record transfer fee of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) to sign him in 2009 . Born on 5 February 1985 in Funchal , Madeira , Ronaldo began his professional career with Sporting CP , making his senior debut on 7 October 2002 , and in 2003 caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , who signed him for £ 12.2 million ( € 15 million ) . Ronaldo 's talents were noted early on , with United legend George Best saying `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me '' . Ronaldo spent six years at Manchester United , helping them win three consecutive Premier League titles between 2006 and 2009 , an FA Cup in 2004 , and reach two UEFA Champions League finals in 2008 and 2009 , scoring United 's goal in the former . He departed United having scored 118 goals in 292 appearances , before he became the world 's most expensive player when he moved to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . During the 2007 -- 08 Premier League season , he scored a record 31 goals in a 38 - game season , including his first senior hat - trick in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United . After the end of his eight season at Real Madrid , Ronaldo had already amassed a total of 406 goals , making him the top scorer in the club 's history . Former Real manager José Mourinho referred to him as a `` goalscoring machine . '' He holds the record for most goals in a single Champions League season , after scoring a total of 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 . This tally included one from a penalty kick in the final as the club won La Decima , where he became the first player to score for two different teams in Champions League finals . He is also alongside Messi the only player to score seven Champions League hat - tricks as well as the only player to score a Champions League hat - trick in consecutive matches . In December 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga when , in his 178th La Liga game , he scored a hat - trick against Celta Vigo ; his 23rd hat - trick was also a La Liga record . Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer for the Portugal national football team . As of 10 September 2017 , he has scored 78 goals in 145 appearances since his debut in 20 August 2003 . He has scored goals in three consecutive World Cups , having scored against Iran in 2006 , North Korea in 2010 , and Ghana in 2014 . Ronaldo has also scored a total of nine goals in the UEFA European Championship , making him the all - time joint top scorer of the competition along with Michel Platini . Including qualifying games , Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer with 29 goals , following his 23rd goal , against Armenia in 2014 . At Euro 2016 , Cristiano Ronaldo helped Portugal to win their first major tournament by scoring three goals and providing another three . Although he missed the majority of the final through injury , he was still awarded the Silver Boot as one of the second - highest goalscorers of the tournament . He has been voted into the UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament three times , in 2004 , 2012 and 2016 . Origins ( edit ) In 2007 , Ronaldo and Messi finished as runners - up to A.C. Milan 's Kaká in both the Ballon d'Or , an award rewarded to the player voted as the best in the world by an international panel of sports journalists , and the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year , an award voted for by coaches and captains of international teams . In an interview that year , Messi was quoted as saying `` Cristiano Ronaldo is an extraordinary player and it would be brilliant to be in the same team as him '' . They first played in a game together when United were drawn to play Barcelona in the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , and were immediately pitted as major rivals . Ronaldo missed a penalty in the first leg , but United eventually advanced to the final via a Paul Scholes goal . At the end of the year , Ronaldo was awarded the Ballon d'Or and vowed that he would win the award again . The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was contested between Man Utd and Barcelona on 27 May 2009 at Stadio Olimpico in Rome , Italy . The match , described as a `` dream clash '' , was again hyped as the latest battle between the two , this time to settle who was the best player in the world ; Ronaldo claimed he was the better of the two , while Messi 's club - mate Xavi sided with him . United manager Alex Ferguson was more diplomatic , praising both players as being amongst the world 's elite talents . Messi , playing in a central role he was unaccustomed to so he would avoid a direct battle with United left - back Patrice Evra , scored Barcelona 's second in a 2 -- 0 victory with a header in the 70th minute . Meanwehile , Ronaldo was subdued for much of the game despite some early chances to score , and his frustration eventually showed when he was booked for a rash tackle on Carles Puyol . Season by season ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 ( edit ) On 11 June 2009 , Manchester United accepted an offer of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) for Ronaldo to be transferred to Barcelona 's El Clásico rivals Real Madrid . The transfer was confirmed on 1 July . At the end of the year , Messi was awarded the Ballon d'Or by a record margin of 240 points . In the first league meeting of the two players , on 29 November 2009 , it was Messi 's Barcelona who came out on top , winning 1 -- 0 with a goal from Zlatan Ibrahimović . In the second El Clásico of the season , Messi scored his 40th goal of the season in a 2 -- 0 win . Messi was said to have made a fool out of Ronaldo by the Spanish press , which claimed that Ronaldo 's `` reign in the football world has ended '' . 2010 -- 11 ( edit ) On 20 November 2010 , the pair both scored hat - tricks on the same day for the first time ; Ronaldo hit three goals against Athletic Bilbao in a 5 -- 1 win , while Messi scored three as Barcelona thrashed Almería 8 -- 0 . The achievement was said to have proven why they are widely considered `` the world 's best players '' . In January 2011 , Messi won the inaugural combined version of the FIFA Ballon d'Or . The two players faced each other whilst representing their international sides for the first time on 9 February 2011 , as Argentina played Portugal in a friendly in Geneva , Switzerland , their first meeting for 40 years . Both players were on the scoresheet , with Ronaldo scoring an equaliser before Messi scored an 89th - minute penalty to win the game 2 -- 1 . The two came face - to - face in four pulsating games in the season finale , and the fixtures were hyped as the definitive games as to which of the two was the better player . In the first game of the series on 16 April 2011 , Messi scored a 51st - minute penalty to give Barcelona the lead until the 82nd minute , when Ronaldo scored a penalty of his own to give Real Madrid a share of the points . In the second game , the 2011 Copa del Rey Final , Ronaldo scored the only goal of the game in extra time to give Real Madrid a 1 -- 0 win , and the club 's first trophy under manager José Mourinho . The third game was the first leg of the Champions League semi-final . The match was ugly and ill - tempered , with Madrid 's Pepe and Barcelona 's José Manuel Pinto both sent off , before Messi provided two moments of magic , including one described as `` one of the best goals in Champions League history '' , to give Barcelona a two - goal lead in the tie . Following the game , Messi was praised as both the current best in the world and amongst the greatest players of all time . Of the seven goals scored in the four games , Messi scored three and Ronaldo scored two . 2011 -- 12 ( edit ) Messi finished the 2012 calendar year with 91 goals to his name , breaking the previous record held by Gerd Müller and winning his fourth consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or in the process . On 24 September 2011 , both players scored a hat - trick on the same day for the second time ; Ronaldo scored three in a 6 -- 2 win against Rayo Vallecano , and Messi scored three in a 5 -- 0 win over Atlético Madrid . In January , Messi won his third consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player to win the award three times after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten . Having been drawn against each other in the Copa Del Rey quarter - finals later in the month , Ronaldo scored a goal in each game , but Barcelona advanced 4 -- 3 on aggregate . On 7 March 2012 , Messi became the first player in the Champions League era to score five goals in a single game as Barcelona beat Bayer Leverkusen 10 -- 2 on aggregate . Following the achievement , Messi was hailed as the best in the world by his manager Pep Guardiola , and club mate Xavi . while journalists and pundits debated whether he was the greatest player of all time . Later in the month , he became Barcelona 's all - time leading goalscorer when he scored a hat - trick against Granada , overtaking César Rodríguez Álvarez 's record of 232 goals . On 21 April 2012 , Ronaldo scored the winning goal in El Clásico as Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 and closed in on the league championship . 2012 -- 13 ( edit ) In the first El Clásico of the season on 7 October 2012 , both players scored twice in a 2 -- 2 at the Camp Nou , the sixth straight match between the two clubs that Ronaldo had scored in . Ronaldo scored in the 23rd minute to put Madrid 1 -- 0 in front , then Messi scored two either side of half - time to put Barcelona in the lead , but for only five minutes before Ronaldo scored a 66th - minute equaliser . Messi finished the calendar year of 2012 with an all - time record of 91 goals for both club and country , overtaking Gerd Müller 's record of 85 goals . In January , Messi won his record fourth consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or . At the end of the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same day for the third time ; Ronaldo scored three against Getafe as Real Madrid won 4 -- 0 before Messi went one better by scoring four goals against Osasuna as Barcelona won 5 -- 1 . It was Ronaldo 's 20th hat - trick and Messi 's 200th career league goal . In the Copa Del Rey semi-final second leg , Ronaldo scored two goals to help Real Madrid advance to the final in a 3 -- 1 victory . The goals meant he had scored in six consecutive El Clásico 's at the Nou Camp . 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) By the end of the 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League season , Ronaldo had broken the record for the most goals scored by a player in a single season , finding the back of the net 17 times to help Real Madrid win a record tenth title . On 6 September 2013 , Ronaldo scored his first hat - trick whilst representing Portugal , helping them come from 2 -- 1 down against Northern Ireland to win 4 -- 2 . Later in the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same Champions League matchday for the first time ; Ronaldo scored three against Galatasaray as Real Madrid won 6 -- 1 , while a day later Messi scored a hat - trick against Ajax as Barcelona won 4 -- 0 . This latest accomplishment was said to `` defy the accepted wisdom that football is a team game '' . On November 19 , 2013 , Ronaldo scored all four of Portugal 's goals in the two - legged play - off against Sweden which ensured Portugal 's place at 2014 FIFA World Cup . His hat - trick in the second - leg made him tied for Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer after equalling Pauleta 's record tally of 47 international goals . The next day , it was announced the voting period for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or had been extended , much to the chagrin of Barcelona president Sandro Rosell . At the beginning of 2014 , Ronaldo ended Messi 's reign as the best player in world when he was awarded the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or . With both players captaining their respective country and therefore receiving the opportunity to vote , neither player voted for the other to decide who would receive the award or for the player who finished third , Franck Ribéry , with Ronaldo instead choosing to vote for Radamel Falcao , Gareth Bale and Mesut Özil , and Messi voting for clubmates Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Neymar . In the second El Clásico of the season on 23 March 2014 , Messi became the all - time top scorer in the fixture after he scored a hat - trick , including two penalty kicks , as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 4 -- 3 , while Ronaldo also scored a goal from the penalty spot which initially put Real Madrid 3 -- 2 in front ; it was a match described as `` astonishing '' , `` thrilling '' and `` the best Clasico in recent years '' . 2014 -- 15 ( edit ) At the start of the season , the race to beat Raúl 's Champions League goal scoring record of 71 goals dominated the headlines , with Messi beating Ronaldo to equal the record when he scored against Ajax on 5 November , and beating the record on 25 November with three goals against APOEL in a 4 -- 0 victory . Following this milestone goal , Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed Messi was the `` greatest player of all time '' . Ronaldo equalled Raúl 's tally on 26 November when he scored the only goal of the game against Basel . For the second time in the season , the two players faced each other , this time in the shirts of their respective nations at Old Trafford , and was their last meeting before the announcement of the 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or . The British press called the match an `` international version of the Premier League 's 39th game '' , which claimed that it `` offers unique opportunity for a new seam of support to become embroiled in the Ronaldo v Messi arguments '' . Portugal defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 , although neither Ronaldo nor Messi appeared on the score sheet . On 3 November , in a 4 -- 0 victory over Granada , Ronaldo made league history when he scored his 17th league goal of the season in just 10 games ; the record was previously held by Isidro Lángara , who scored 16 goals in the first ten games of the 1935 -- 36 season for Real Oviedo . On 22 November , Messi equalled , and then went past , Telmo Zarra 's goalscoring record of 251 when he scored a hat - trick against Sevilla . Luis Enrique praised him following the achievement , saying that he is `` one - of - a-kind and we 'll never see anyone like him ever again and we are privileged to have him and be able to watch him '' . On 6 December , Ronaldo overtook Zarra 's record of 22 La Liga hat - tricks , which he jointly held with Alfredo Di Stéfano , when he scored three against Celta Vigo . The goals meant he became the quickest player to reach 200 La Liga goals , accomplishing the feat in just 178 games , surpassing Zarra 's record of 219 games to reach the milestone . The following day , Messi responded by scoring his third hat - trick in his four games , his 21st La Liga hat - trick in total . The continuous record breaking was said be down to the pairs ' `` spellbinding skill , relentless application , athletic charisma '' , while journalist Sid Lowe said that this latest accomplishment `` probably does n't count as a story any more '' . On 12 January 2015 , Ronaldo won his second consecutive Ballon d'Or , garnering 37.66 % of the votes , ahead of Messi with 15.76 % . Both players again refused to vote for each other ; Ronaldo voted for Real Madrid teammates Sergio Ramos , Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema , while Messi voted for teammates from both club and country , picking Ángel Di María , Andrés Iniesta and Javier Mascherano . Both players were praised for their accomplishments throughout 2014 , with neither player clearly being the world 's best a `` tribute simply to the status of both men '' , while Ronaldo was declared a `` truly worthy recipient '' , having scored 61 goals to Messi 's 58 , and it was declared that the time had come to finally give Ronaldo the respect he deserves within the confines of the rivalry . On 5 April , Ronaldo scored five times in one game for the first time in his career , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 defeat of Granada in La Liga . He followed this up on 8 April with a goal against Rayo Vallecano in a 2 -- 0 victory ; his 300th Real Madrid goal . 10 days later , he became the second player in the history of football to score 50 or more goals in a season on five occasions , when he scored the third goal in a 3 -- 1 victory against Málaga , while earlier in the day , Messi scored his 400th Barcelona goal in a 2 -- 0 win against Valencia . 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) On 30 September 2015 , Ronaldo scored a brace ( 2 goals ) during a Champions League match against Swedish side Malmö to surpass 500 career goals and become Real Madrid 's joint all - time top goalscorer , equalling Raúl 's record of 323 goals . He surpassed that record with a goal against Levante on 17 October 2015 . The 2015 -- 16 season started with Ronaldo scoring five goals against Espanyol to overtake Raúl 's La Liga tally for Real Madrid , before scoring twice against Malmö in the Champions League to equal Raúl 's overall total of 323 goals , the first of which was his 500th career goal . Raúl described Ronaldo as `` incredible '' . Ronaldo surpassed Raúl 's overall goalscoring record on 17 October 2015 , scoring the second goal in a 3 -- 0 La Liga win for Real Madrid at home against Levante to take his overall tally to 324 goals . On 8 December 2015 , Ronaldo set a Champions League record of 11 goals in the group stage after scoring four goals against Malmö . His four - goal haul equalled a club record in the competition , jointly held by Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and Hugo Sánchez . On 17 February 2016 , Messi scored his 300th La Liga goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting Gijon . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta Vigo on 5 March , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . Ronaldo scored a hat - trick against Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall . Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar ( MSN ) managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . Awards and records ( edit ) Throughout the existence of the rivalry , the pair have dominated awards ceremonies and broken a multitude of goalscoring records for both club and country , feats which have been described as `` incredible '' , `` ridiculous '' , and `` remarkable '' . The rivalry itself has been described as one about records and reputation of the players , rather than one based in loathing . World 's best player awards ( edit ) Awards ceremonies to crown the world 's best player were held annually since 1956 , when the inaugural Ballon d'Or awarding took place . The Ballon d'Or was presented to the player who had been voted to have performed the best over the previous year , and was established by French journalist Gabriel Hanot . Originally , votes could only be awarded to European players before a 1995 rule change . In the voting for the 2004 Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing in joint 12th with Milan Baroš on 11 points . In 2005 he received three points , and in 2006 received five points , the same year Messi earned his first votes , finishing with three points . The FIFA World Player of the Year was established in 1991 . In the voting for the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing 13th with 45 points . In 2005 he received 13 points , and in 2006 received 69 points . Messi received his first votes in 2007 . Both players dominated the voting of both awards from 2007 until the 2010 merging , winning their first trophies in 2008 and 2009 , respectively , and continued to reign in the combined FIFA Ballon d'Or . Ballon d'Or ( edit ) See also : Ballon d'Or Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Points 444 277 255 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 446 281 179 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 473 233 170 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Points 745 316 198 FIFA World Player of the Year ( edit ) See also : FIFA World Player of the Year Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Points 1047 504 426 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 935 678 203 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 1073 352 196 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player ( edit ) See also : The Best FIFA Football Awards Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 % 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( PSG ) Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 % FIFA Ballon d'Or ( edit ) Further information : FIFA Ballon d'Or In 2010 , it was announced that the two awards would be merged into one main award applicable for players worldwide , with an expanded panel of voters . Ronaldo presenting his second FIFA Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu before a match against Atlético Madrid on 15 January 2015 . Year 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 22.65 % 17.36 % 16.48 % 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 47.88 % 21.60 % 9.23 % 2012 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.17 % 23.68 % 10.91 % 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 27.99 % 24.72 % 23.36 % 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 37.66 % 15.76 % 15.72 % 2015 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.33 % 27.76 % 7.86 % Laureus world Sports award for sportsman of the year ( edit ) Further information : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year The Laureus World Sports Awards is an annual award ceremony honouring remarkable individuals from the world of sports along with the greatest sporting achievements throughout the year . With five and four nominations respectively , Messi and Ronaldo are the only footballers to be nominated on multiple occasions . Messi was also part of the Barcelona side which won the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2012 , and were runners - up in 2006 , 2007 , 2010 and 2016 . When playing for Manchester United , Ronaldo was part of the team which finished runners - up in 2009 , and in 2015 and 2017 was part of the Real Madrid team which also finished as runners - up . Year Winner Runners - up 2009 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Kenenisa Bekele ( Athletics ) Alberto Contador ( Cycling ) Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) 2011 Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Kobe Bryant ( Basketball ) Andrés Iniesta ( Football ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Manny Pacquiao ( Boxing ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2012 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cadel Evans ( Cycling ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Dirk Nowitzki ( Basketball ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2013 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Bradley Wiggins ( Cycling ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2014 Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) 2015 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Renaud Lavillenie ( Athletics ) Rory McIlroy ( Golf ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Marc Márquez ( Motorcycling ) 2016 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Jordan Spieth ( Golf ) 2017 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) Andy Murray ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) European Golden Shoe ( edit ) See also : European Golden Shoe The European Golden Shoe is awarded to the top goalscorer in Europe . It is awarded based on a weighted points system that allows players in tougher leagues to win even if they score fewer goals than a player in a weaker league . Goals scored in the top five leagues according to the UEFA coefficients rankings are multiplied by a factor of two , and goals scored in the leagues ranked six to 21 are multiplied by 1.5 . Since the points system was established in 1996 , Ronaldo and Messi are two of only four players , along with Mário Jardel and Luis Suárez , to score 80 or more points , while Messi is the only player to score 100 points . He was also the first player to win the award three times . Messi received his fourth Golden Boot in 2016 -- 17 season . Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times . By virtue of being the top scorer in Europe , each also received the Premier League Golden Boot and the Pichichi Trophy in the respective seasons . Season Player Club Goals Points 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 2008 -- 09 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 2010 -- 11 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Luis Suárez Liverpool 2014 -- 15 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 2015 -- 16 Luis Suárez Barcelona 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2016 -- 17 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 FIFA club world Cup best player ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Club World Cup awards In every edition of the FIFA Club World Cup , three players are awarded as Golden , Silver and Bronze ball winners . Messi is the only player to have won two Golden Balls , receiving them in the successful campaigns of 2009 and 2011 . He later won the Silver Ball in the 2015 title . Ronaldo received the Silver Ball in his championships in 2008 and 2014 , and got his first Golden Ball in 2016 . Edition Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 2008 Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Damián Manso ( LDU Quito ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Juan Sebastián Verón ( Estudiantes de La Plata ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Santos ) 2014 Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Ivan Vicelich ( Auckland City ) 2015 Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Gaku Shibasaki ( Kashima Antlers ) UEFA Champions League top scorers ( edit ) See also : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers Cristiano Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions league all - time top goalscorer with 109 goals while Messi is second with 96 to his name . The two had broken each other 's record over the course of 2015 , after Messi surpassed the previous record holder , Raúl , in November 2014 . Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015 -- 16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League , setting the record at 11 goals . All - time ( edit ) As of 26 September 2017 Player Club Goals Years Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United Real Madrid 110 2003 -- present Lionel Messi Barcelona 97 2005 -- present Raúl Real Madrid Schalke 04 71 1995 -- 2011 Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 56 1998 -- 2009 5 Karim Benzema Lyon Real Madrid 51 2006 -- present Top scorer by season ( edit ) Season Player Club Goals 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 8 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Barcelona 9 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 8 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 12 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 14 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 12 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 17 2014 -- 15 Neymar Barcelona 10 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) Real Madrid 16 2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 6 ) Real Madrid 12 Records in La Liga ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) As of 10 September 2017 Player Club Goals Years Lionel Messi Barcelona 360 2004 -- present Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 286 2009 -- present Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 251 1940 -- 1955 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid , Rayo Vallecano 234 1981 -- 1994 5 Raúl Real Madrid 228 1994 -- 2010 Hat - tricks ( edit ) Player Club Hat - tricks Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 32 Lionel Messi Barcelona 28 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 22 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 22 5 Edmundo Suárez Valencia , Alcoyano 19 Top scorer by season ( edit ) Key Player won the European Golden Shoe Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio 2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97 2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 34 1.18 2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35 2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44 2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37 2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11 2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09 El Clásico ( edit ) Messi overtook Alfredo Di Stéfano 's record of 18 El Clásico goals when he scored a hat - trick on 23 March 2014 . In the history of the fixture , Ronaldo is the only player to score in six consecutive games . Player Club Goals Years Lionel Messi Barcelona 25 2005 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 18 1953 -- 1963 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 17 2009 -- Raúl Real Madrid 15 1995 -- 2008 5 César Barcelona 14 1945 -- 1954 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 14 1955 -- 1969 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 14 1959 -- 1964 Player statistics ( edit ) Club statistics As of 26 September 2017 Lionel Messi Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 2004 -- 05 24 7 0 0 0 0 26 7 2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 36 17 2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16 2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38 2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 47 2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 60 2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58 2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 49 41 2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 7 11 0 0 11 14 Total 421 371 62 44 117 96 26 21 626 532 Cristiano Ronaldo Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2002 -- 03 27 0 0 0 33 5 2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26 2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 6 5 Total 490 372 71 41 148 108 16 11 725 534 International statistics As of 10 September 2017 Lionel Messi Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2005 -- 06 0 10 2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10 2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10 2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9 2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11 2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9 2013 -- 14 7 11 7 2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10 2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 0 Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 122 61 Cristiano Ronaldo Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13 2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7 2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15 2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5 2007 -- 08 7 0 12 2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7 2009 -- 10 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 5 2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9 2013 -- 14 7 10 11 2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5 2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6 2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 0 Total 38 14 65 50 44 15 147 79 Player honours ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Lionel Messi ( edit ) League championships ( 8 ) La Liga ( 8 ) : 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Domestic cups ( 11 ) Copa del Rey ( 5 ) : 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Supercopa de España ( 6 ) : 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Continental championships ( 7 ) UEFA Champions League ( 4 ) : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 UEFA Super Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 Worldwide club cups ( 3 ) FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2011 , 2015 → Total : 29 Cristiano Ronaldo ( edit ) League championships ( 5 ) Premier League ( 3 ) : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 La Liga ( 2 ) : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Domestic cups ( 9 ) FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2003 -- 04 Copa del Rey ( 2 ) : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Football League Cup ( 2 ) : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira ( 1 ) : 2002 FA Community Shield ( 1 ) : 2007 Supercopa de España ( 2 ) : 2012 , 2017 Continental championships ( 6 ) UEFA Champions League ( 4 ) : 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Super Cup ( 2 ) : 2014 , 2017 Worldwide club cups ( 3 ) FIFA Club World Cup ( 3 ) : 2008 , 2014 , 2016 International ( 1 ) UEFA European Championship ( 1 ) : 2016 → Total : 24 Individual ( edit ) Lionel Messi ( edit ) World player of the year FIFA ( 5 ) FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2009 FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 4 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 European player of the year ( 3 ) UEFA Club Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2008 -- 09 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award / UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award ( 2 ) : 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 World Cup Best player ( 1 ) World Cup Golden Ball ( 1 ) : 2014 Club World Cup Best player ( 2 ) Club World Cup Golden Ball ( 2 ) : 2009 , 2011 League player of the year ( 6 ) LFP Player of the Year ( 6 ) : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Top goalscorer ( 13 ) Continental top goalscorer ( 4 ) European Golden Shoe ( 4 ) : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 Continental championship top goalscorer ( 5 ) UEFA Champions League top scorer ( 5 ) : 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 League top goalscorer ( 4 ) La Liga top scorer ( 4 ) : 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 Team of the Year ( 19 ) World Team of the Year ( 11 ) FIFPro World XI ( 11 ) : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Continental Team of the Year ( 8 ) UEFA Team of the Year ( 8 ) : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 → Total : 49 Cristiano Ronaldo ( edit ) World player of the year FIFA ( 5 ) FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2008 FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2 ) : 2013 , 2014 The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2 ) : 2016 , 2017 European player of the year ( 4 ) UEFA Club Footballer of the Year ( 1 ) : 2007 -- 08 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award / UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award ( 3 ) : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Club World Cup Best player ( 1 ) Club World Cup Golden Ball ( 1 ) : 2016 League player of the year ( 3 ) PFA Players ' Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 LFP Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013 -- 14 Top goalscorer ( 15 ) Continental top goalscorer ( 4 ) European Golden Shoe ( 4 ) : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Continental championship top goalscorer ( 6 ) UEFA Champions League top scorer ( 6 ) : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 League top goalscorer ( 4 ) Premier League Golden Boot ( 1 ) : 2007 -- 08 La Liga top scorer ( 3 ) : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 International top goalscorer ( 1 ) UEFA European Championship ( 1 ) : 2012 Team of the Year ( 22 ) World Team of the Year ( 11 ) FIFPro World XI ( 11 ) : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Continental Team of the Year ( 11 ) UEFA Team of the Year ( 11 ) : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 → Total : 50 Head - to - head ( edit ) In recent years , it has been said that the rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona has been `` encapsulated '' by the individual rivalry between Ronaldo and Messi , with neither player ever participating in a goalless El Clásico . See also : List of El Clásico matches Legend Final Semi-finals No . Date Competition Home team Away team Score Goals scored by the duo 000000002008 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2008 Champions League Barcelona Manchester United 0 -- 0 000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2008 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 1 -- 0 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 70 ' ) 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2009 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 5 000000002010 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2010 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 33 ' ) 6 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2010 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 7 000000002011 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2011 Friendly Argentina Portugal 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 53 ' ) , Messi ( 83 ' ( pen . ) ) 8 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 Messi ( 51 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 81 ' ( pen . ) ) 9 000000002011 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2011 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Ronaldo ( 103 ' ) 10 000000002011 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2011 Champions League Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 76 ' , 87 ' ) 11 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2011 Champions League Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 12 000000002011 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2011 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 Messi ( 45 ' ) 13 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 20 ' ) , Messi ( 53 ' , 88 ' ) 14 000000002011 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 15 000000002012 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2012 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 11 ' ) 16 000000002012 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2012 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 68 ' ) 17 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 73 ' ) 18 000000002012 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2012 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 55 ' ) , Messi ( 70 ' ) 19 000000002012 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2012 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 19 ' ) , Messi ( 45 ' ) 20 000000002012 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 23 ' , 66 ' ) , Messi ( 31 ' , 61 ' ) 21 000000002013 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2013 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 22 000000002013 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2013 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Ronaldo ( 12 ' , 57 ' ) 23 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Messi ( 18 ' ) 24 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 25 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 4 Messi ( 42 ' , 65 ' ( pen . ) , 84 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 55 ' ( pen . ) ) 26 000000002014 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 35 ' ( pen . ) ) 27 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2014 Friendly Argentina Portugal 0 -- 1 28 000000002015 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2015 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 31 ' ) 29 000000002015 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2015 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4 30 000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 85 ' ) 31 3 December 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 32 23 April 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 Messi ( 33 ' , 90 + 2 ' ) 33 13 August 2017 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Messi ( 77 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 80 ' ) Results ( edit ) Competition Games played Messi wins Draws Ronaldo wins Messi goals Ronaldo goals La Liga 16 9 10 8 Champions League 5 0 Copa del Rey 5 0 5 Supercopa de España 5 6 Friendly 0 Total official matches 33 15 8 10 20 18 Last updated 13 August 2017 Hat - tricks and more ( edit ) A hat - trick occurs in association football when a player scores three goals in a single game . Ronaldo holds the record of most La Liga hat - tricks with 32 . Messi & Ronaldo both share the record for most UEFA Champions League hat - tricks with seven . Legend Five goals in a match Four goals in a match Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Real Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain 9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Real Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic 15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland 18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States 23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala 26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain 27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus 32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States 40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Real Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland 23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey 24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden 27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia 36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal 43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain 44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal FIFA World Cup goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil 5 Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany 000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil UEFA Champions League Final goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales FIFA Club World Cup goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 Comparison studies ( edit ) Some studies aimed to critically find a `` true '' measure to compare the two : 1 ) A 2015 study compared Messi to Ronaldo using two metrics : total goals scored and weighted expected points added , a measure that gives bigger value to match deciding goals . While Ronaldo scored more goals , Messi was overall more influential in terms of points earned to his team due to his goals by scoring more decisive goals . 2 ) A Five Thirty Eight study has compared Messi to Ronaldo over a variety of matrices and found : Ronaldo having more shots , while Messi 's shots get a higher goal conversion relative to what is expected from the location shots are taken . The said article has added many more statistical comparisons . Personal quotes ( edit ) In 2017 , Messi said : `` No , I have always said it -- and ( Ronaldo ) from his part -- that he is armed with the presence of us both . We try to achieve the best every year for our team , and what is said outside of that , I do n't think is very important . He is a phenomenal player with a lot of quality . All the world knows , and that is why he is one of the best of the world . '' See also ( edit ) Messi ( 2014 film ) Ronaldo ( film ) References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Record for most goals in a UEFA Champions League season . Jump up ^ Record for most goals in a La Liga season . Jump up ^ Includes one goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi hails 400 goals for Barcelona and Argentina '' . BBC . 28 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Otway , Jack ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo equals Lionel Messi record in Atletico Madrid win '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 's Messi v Real Madrid 's Ronaldo '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` Lionel Messi v Cristiano Ronaldo -- world 's greatest players locked in new battle '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Messi and Ronaldo : 2 Stars in Their Own Universe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` The Phenomenon of Messi and Ronaldo '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Special Two '' . The Times . 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Telegraph . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid ask Fifa to retract Sepp Blatter 's ' disrespectful ' comments as Cristiano Ronaldo reacts angrily '' . The Telegraph . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Madrid hit back at Blatter 's comments '' . ESPN . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nike vs Adidas Adds Faces to World Cup Sports Marketing Rivalry '' . NBC . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricadela , Aaron ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo World Cup Ad Goes Global as Web Starts to Trump TV '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Embury - dennis , Tom ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo goes top of the Facebook charts as Real Madrid star overtakes Shakira to become most liked person '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . 14 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . Fan Page List.com . Retrieved 29 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 17 January 2005 ) . `` Young guns take centre stage '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 3 July 2005 ) . `` Prodigy Messi hailed by Argentina '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Ronald ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` The lost boys of Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Messi has all the qualities to take world by storm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` Childhood move to Barcelona was medicine for Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Barcelona initially unconvinced that Leo Messi would succeed as a pro '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 22 August 2005 ) . `` Messi handles ' new Maradona ' tag '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi -- the new Maradona ? '' . UEFA Official Website. 30 September 2005 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` There 's something about Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goal hero Messi spares a thought for Maradona '' . ESPN . 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 20 April 2007 ) . `` The new Diego : Messi scores Maradona 's goal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi emulates Maradona with ' hand of god ' goal '' . ESPN . 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona hails Messi as successor '' . BBC . 24 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Maradona : Messi is my successor '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi smashes scoring record with hat - trick '' . BBC . 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gangoso , Eduard ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Seventh Champions League hat - trick for Leo Messi '' . FC Barcelona Official Website . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 5 goals in CL '' . ESPN . 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi nets 500th career goal vs. Valencia '' . ESPN FC. 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Messi Sparks High Drama in the Lowlands '' . FIFA . July 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's debut dream turns sour '' . ESPN . 18 August 2005 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014 's Best '' . FIFA. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BeIN Sports : Messi habría rechazado el MVP del torneo '' ( BeIN Sports : Messi reportedly rejects MVP award for tournament ) ( in Spanish ) . AS.com. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi allegedly refuses best player award at Copa America as trophy removed from ceremony '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Sets Copa América Assists Record , Thrills Gillette Stadium '' . NESN. 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I enjoy watching Messi '' . 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best On Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United tie up title treble '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Why Ronaldo made the difference '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo piles on the pain for limp Newcastle '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC . 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : `` Cristiano is like Zidane , a one - off '' `` . Marca. 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA Official Website. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League final facts and figures '' . UEFA Official Website. 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new record as Portugal beat Armenia 1 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 15 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lucas ( 28 February 2007 ) . `` Messi full of praise for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi keen to team up with Ronaldo '' . World Soccer. 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo v Messi : Gifted duo who share a path '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo a better player than Lionel Messi ? '' . The Guardian . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jeffrey ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo , Messi and 20 Other Guys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Norrish , Mike ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Manchester United 's Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or and says best is yet to come '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ; Ogden , Mark ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Manchester United v Barcelona : Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi in dream clash '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawton , James ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Stage is set for Ronaldo v Messi , the sparkling final Europe deserves '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Champions League Final May Settle Ronaldo - Messi Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo -- I 'm still No. 1 '' . Sky Sports . 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is not in the same league as Lionel Messi , says Xavi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi top class '' . Manchester Evening News . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson can not separate Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mole , Giles ( 28 May 2009 ) . `` Manchester United v Barcelona : Lionel Messi centre of attention in Rome '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` As gladiators clash , Messi is the champion '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United v Barcelona : Cristiano Ronaldo clockwatch '' . The Telegraph . 28 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ; Jackson , Jamie ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United accept £ 80m Cristiano Ronaldo bid from Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United accept £ 80m bid for Cristiano Ronaldo from Real Madrid '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United confirm Real 's one - off £ 80m payment for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . 1 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo completes £ 80m Real move '' . BBC . 1 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or by record margin as Barcelona dominate voting '' . The Guardian . 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona forward Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or award '' . BBC . 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Barcelona and Real Madrid warn European rivals '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinnott , John ( 10 April 2010 ) . `` Barcelona secure crucial win over rivals Real Madrid '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lionel Messi makes fool of Cristiano Ronaldo ' -- Spain press verdict '' . The Guardian . 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Giles ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Messi and Ronaldo trade hat - tricks before ' El Clasico ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Ed ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi and Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo in scintillating form ahead of El Clásico '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins 2010 Fifa Ballon d'Or ahead of Xavi and Iniesta '' . The Guardian . 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi claims World Player of the Year award for second straight year '' . CNN . 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 8 February 2011 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Portugal face Lionel Messi 's Argentina in Geneva , but which of the pair is the world 's greatest ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Messi v Ronaldo and much more . Is this the best night of friendlies ever ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brookfield , Saul ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Finally , Ronaldo and Messi meet on national stage '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi eclipses Cristiano Ronaldo as Argentina beat Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brookfield , Saul ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Messi 's winner overshadows Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilmour , Rod ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid v Barcelona : El Clásico 's World Series 2011 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Four battles , one war : Winner takes all for Barcelona and Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Minder , Raphael ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Madrid vs. Barcelona : Four Times a Soccer Classic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Plotting their game plans '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Messi v Ronaldo : majestic maestros ready for game 's No1 face - off '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo has 90 minutes to steal limelight and cast shadow on stellar Messi '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Penalties apiece as first Clasico is drawn '' . ESPN . 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's late goal gives Real Madrid win over Barcelona in Copa del Rey '' . The Guardian . 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi capitalises for Barcelona as Real Madrid see red again '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Rob ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Messi magic inspires Barca '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Messi 's Goals Worthy of Praise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Messi 's moment of beauty seals Barça victory on an ugly night '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Mike ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Masterful Messi lights up Bernabeu clash '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 1 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi powers into the pantheon of greats '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : what they 're saying about Barcelona striker '' . The Telegraph . 28 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevin , Pat ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi joins the greats '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 19 May 2011 ) . `` The Messi and Ronaldo show '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hat tricks fuel Barcelona , Real to romps '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat - tricks for Messi and Ronaldo '' . RTÉ. 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best '' . ESPN . 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi awarded his third Ballon d'Or '' . CNN . 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` Barcelona see off Real Madrid and José Mourinho with little problem '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Barcelona hold off Real Madrid 's classic comeback to progress '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 5 goals in CL '' . ESPN . 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardiola gushes over Messi '' . ESPN . 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xavi -- Messi is the best '' . Sky Sports . 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Barcelona 's Lionel Messi the greatest player ever ? '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ; Moore , Glenn ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` The best ever : Messi or Maradona ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi hailed as ' greatest ever ' '' . ESPN . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Barcelona 's Lionel Messi the greatest - ever footballer ? '' . BBC . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Peter ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` Simply the best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's achievements beyond exaggeration as another record goes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi breaks Barcelona goal - scoring record '' . BBC . 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi ' the best ' after breaking Barcelona 's all - time scoring record '' . CNN . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 21 April 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo shocks Barcelona as Real Madrid close on title '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 2 Real Madrid 2 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo star in El Clasico '' . Sky Sports . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 7 October 2012 ) . `` Barcelona and Real Madrid draw El Clásico thriller at Camp Nou '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi finishes 2012 with 91st goal '' . ESPN . 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 91 for Messi '' . beIN Sports . 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins record - breaking fourth consecutive Fifa Ballon d'Or in Zurich '' . The Telegraph . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or ahead of Ronaldo & Iniesta '' . BBC . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Groome , Ronan ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick ... so Lionel Messi goes one better '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores three , so Messi nets four '' . FourFourTwo. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi reach scoring milestones with hat - tricks '' . The Telegraph . 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrish , Rob ( 27 February 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou to reach final '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo v Barcelona : have goals on Real Madrid striker 's last six Nou Camp visits made Barca his bunnies ? '' . The Telegraph . 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo treble seals Portugal comeback against Northern Ireland '' . The Guardian . 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Braden ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Lionel Messi rises to the goal scoring challenge set by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi , after Ronaldo hat - trick , scores three against Ajax '' . CNN . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Messi Can Be Upstaged , but Not for Long '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Philip ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo showed ' I am here ' after stunning hat - trick for Portugal in World Cup play - off against Sweden '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick fires Portugal past battling Sweden '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo closes in on award ahead of Franck Ribery and Lionel Messi after voting is extended '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA extend Ballon d'Or voting deadline '' . ESPN . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lucas ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Barcelona chief Sandro Rosell anger at voting for Ballon d'Or '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa Ballon d'Or after stellar year at Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or award for player of the year '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Daniel ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Ballon d'Or : the full vote breakdown of Ronaldo , Messi and all the nominees '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Fifa Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi fail to vote for each other '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa Ballon d'Or 2013 vote '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Official Website. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi hat - trick gives Barcelona victory over Real Madrid '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi hat - trick out - guns Cristiano Ronaldo in seven - goal El Clasico thriller '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Andy ( 23 March 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Barcelona '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnett , George ; Sedghi , Ami ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` Champions League goalscoring record : charting Messi , Ronaldo and Raúl '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 2 November 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo are closing in on Raul 's UEFA Champions League goalscoring record of 71 '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi equals Champions League goals record before Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi becomes Champions League 's all - time top scorer '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Peter ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi breaks Champions League record : ' He 's the greatest player of all time , ' says Barca coach '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Basel vs Real Madrid match report : Cristiano Ronaldo scores only goal for Los Blancos '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs Argentina : Cristiano Ronaldo ready for another battle with Lionel Messi '' . Telegraph . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International friendly : Portugal pip Argentina late on at Old Trafford '' . Sky Sports . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks Isidro Langara 's 79 - year La Liga record '' . ESPN . 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona and Argentina forward Lionel Messi sets new La Liga goalscoring record '' . Sky Sports . 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi breaks La Liga record as Barca cruise '' . FourFourTwo. 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona boss Luis Enrique honoured to work with ' one of a kind ' Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . 23 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes hat - trick king as Real Madrid equal Spanish record '' . RTÉ Sport. 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Records tumble for Real Madrid striker -- scoring 23rd La Liga hat - trick and 200th goal in the division on Saturday night '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits 200 with record - breaking hat - trick '' . FourFourTwo. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheen , Tom ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona star responds to Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick with one of his own '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi keeps pace with Cristiano Ronaldo in hat - trick race '' . CNN . 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi are too good for La Liga -- it should not be this easy '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo 's feats approaching new extremes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Paul ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` The strange world of Ballon d'Or voting : starring Ronaldo , Messi and Mascherano '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Third Ballon d'Or confirms Cristiano Ronaldo 's state - of - the - art genius '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo bestrides Europe , he is a worthy winner '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Ballon d'Or win a good time to rethink the Cristiano Ronaldo narrative and give him the respect he deserves '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores five as Real Madrid thrash Granada 9 -- 1 in Easter morning La Liga clash '' . The Telegraph . 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Train , Rob ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's 300th goal helps lead Real Madrid to a win over Rayo '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 50th goal of the season in Real Madrid 's victory '' . ESPN . 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 400th goal for Barcelona in all competitions '' . ESPN . 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheen , Tom ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores five goals as Real Madrid beat Espanyol 6 -- 0 to pass Raul as all - time top goalscorer -- in 347 fewer matches '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal , ties Real Madrid scoring record '' . ESPN . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . beIN Sports . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raul : Ronaldo is incredible '' . Football Espana. 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Iain ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks record with four goals in Real Madrid mauling of Malmo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks Champions League record in Real Madrid thrashing of Malmo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi breaks the 300 goal barrier in the league '' . FCBarcelona. 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw . '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Messi sirve el doblete '' ( Messi hands out double ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Adriana Garcia ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Barca 's double double hailed in Spanish media '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Güell ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Messi , Suárez and Neymar Jr end season with 131 goals '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Mike ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi 's incredible record - breaking year in numbers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Marina ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi : tit - for - tat miracles getting ridiculous '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Harland , Nick ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's remarkable Real Madrid goalscoring record in full '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jim ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi is a rivalry to write history rather than a bitter personal feud '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As another record falls , Ronaldo and Messi continue to drive each other to greater heights '' . The National . 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) 2004 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 14 December 2004 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) 2005 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 29 November 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) 2006 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or and Fifa 's world player of the year awards to merge '' . The Guardian . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa and Ballon d'Or player awards to be merged '' . The Telegraph . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Laureus World Sports Awards '' . Laureus . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Golden Shoe '' . European Sports Media . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Awarded Golden Shoe for Third Time after 46 La Liga Goals for Barcelona '' . The Independent . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receives record fourth Golden Boot for Real Madrid goals '' . The Guardian . 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bravo , Luis Javier ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Spain -- List of Topscorers ( '' Pichichi `` ) 1929 -- 2014 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apoel Nic 0 -- 4 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport. 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League '' . World Football . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time leading scorers '' . Stat Bunker . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League '' Top Scorer `` . World Football . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by numbers : The Real Madrid star 's record - breaking Champions League stats '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi inspires Barcelona to 4 -- 3 win over Real Madrid in El Clasico '' . CNN . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ De Jongh , Boudewijn ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid reach Copa del Rey final for record 38th time '' . Infostrada . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ van de Laarschot , Arabella ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` A Statistical Breakdown of El Clásico '' . Infostrada . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hersevoort , Tim ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins elite group of players '' . Infostrada . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto . `` Lionel Andrés Messi '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Fear and Loathing '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Lionel Messi vs Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid 's superstar heads into El Clasico in the shadow of the Barcelona magician '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Barcelona vs. Real Madrid , Messi vs. Ronaldo always more than just a game '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo fires five goals for Real Madrid '' . Sky Sports . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( 11 March 2007 ) . `` Messi 's 3 against Real Madrid pull Barcelona even '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi cup hat - trick boosts Barca bid '' . CNN . 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi hat - trick as Barca stay two points clear '' . CNN . 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Messi hits Barcelona hat - trick '' . CNN . 16 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's brilliance for Barcelona leaves Pep Guardiola lost for words '' . The Telegraph . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Lionel Messi blows Arsenal away with four goals for Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi inspires Barca romp '' . Sky Sports . 21 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi celebrates in style '' . Sky Sports . 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi stars as Barcelona seal record league win '' . BBC . 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi hat - trick powers Barca '' . CNN . 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi back on song for Barcelona '' . The National . 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ducker , James ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Lionel Messi shows that hat - tricks are best form of rest cure '' . The Times . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Messi hat - trick sinks Malaga '' . CNN . 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores four in Barcelona 's 5 -- 1 defeat of Valencia '' . The Guardian . 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona forward Lionel Messi scores first hat - trick for Argentina to silence critics '' . The Telegraph . 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rostance , Tom ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores five in Barcelona Champions League win '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona forward Lionel Messi scores eighth hat - trick of season as Argentine becomes club 's all - time record scorer '' . The Telegraph . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi sets European record '' . ESPN . 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four - goal Lionel Messi gives Pep Guardiola perfect Barcelona send - off '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick for Argentina against Brazil '' . BBC . 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores his 21st hat - trick for Barcelona in thrilling 5 -- 4 win over Deportivo La Coruna '' . The Telegraph . 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Lionel Messi overtakes Diego Maradona with hat - trick to become third - highest goal scorer for Argentina '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick as Barcelona beat Valencia in thriller '' . BBC . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick as Barcelona beat Ajax 4 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Tim ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in 7 -- 0 Barcelona win '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi hat - trick settles Clasico on record - breaking night '' . ESPN . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi breaks La Liga goalscoring record vs. Sevilla '' . ESPN . 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in Barcelona 's victory over Apoel Nicosia '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Messi nets Barcelona derby hat - trick '' . RTÉ Sport. 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi nets stunning hat - trick in rout of Deportivo '' . The Guardian . 18 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hat - trick helps Barcelona thrash Levante 5 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hat trick sees Barcelona top of La Liga '' . ESPN . 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's hat trick guides Barcelona 's win over local rivals Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo piles on the pain for limp Newcastle '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble keeps Real in title hunt '' . CNN . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rampant Madrid hit eight past Levante '' . CNN . 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Kaka keep Real Madrid 's title hopes alive '' . CNN . 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's hat trick revs Real Madrid 's 7 -- 0 rout of Malaga '' . USA Today . 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo blasts hat - trick to put Barcelona 's La Liga title party on ice '' . The Telegraph . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo 's hat - trick helps Real hit six '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Madrid thrash Osasuna '' . CNN . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Real Madrid move clear '' . CNN . 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona in La Liga '' . The Telegrapg. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo crushes Atlético dreams to keep Real Madrid rolling '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid sink Deportivo La Coruña '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo fires warning to former club Manchester United '' . CNN . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick as Real Madrid hit six '' . BBC . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo forced to go it alone in pursuit of greatness at Real Madrid '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo nets hat - trick in Real Madrid rout of Real Sociedad '' . The Independent . 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Rolls to Win as Ronaldo Scores Three '' . The New York Times . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four and Gareth Bale hits one in rout '' . The Telegraph . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo claims hat - trick in rout of Athletic Bilbao '' . The Guardian . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores record 23rd hat - trick as Real Madrid register their 18th consecutive win '' . The Telegraph . 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores five including eight - minute hat trick in Real Madrid blitz '' . The Guardian . 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo nets hat trick as Real Madrid hold on to beat Sevilla '' . ESPN . 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores hat trick but Real Madrid come up short for title '' . ESPN . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real beat city rivals '' . Sky Sports . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat trick just enough for Portugal to defeat Armenia '' . ESPN . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo fires five to become Real Madrid 's record La Liga scorer '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble sees injury - hit hosts through '' . beIN Sports . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 0 Espanyol : Cristiano Ronaldo scores a perfect hat - trick -- 5 things we learned '' . Mirror Online . 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers -- Portugal - Faroe Islands '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Messi vs. Ronaldo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messi -- Ronaldo_rivalry&oldid = 807307650 '' Categories : International association football rivalries Association football records and statistics Football rivalries in Spain Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with peacock terms from February 2017 All articles with peacock terms Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Қазақша नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messi%25E2%2580%2593Ronaldo%20rivalry

who was candace based on in phineas and ferb

Phineas and Ferb

phineas and ferb

Phineas and Ferb is an American animated musical comedy television series . Originally broadcast as a one - episode preview on August 17 , 2007 and again previewed on September 28 , 2007 , the series officially premiered on February 1 , 2008 on Disney Channel , and follows Phineas Flynn and his British stepbrother Ferb Fletcher on summer vacation . Every day , the boys embark on some grand new project , which annoys their controlling sister , Candace , who frequently tries to reveal their shenanigans to her and Phineas ' mother , Linda Flynn - Fletcher , and less frequently to Ferb 's father , Lawrence Fletcher . The series follows a standard plot system ; running gags occur every episode , and the b - plot almost always features Phineas and Ferb 's pet platypus Perry the Platypus working as a spy ( named `` Agent P '' ) for OWCA ( the Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) , to defeat the latest scheme of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , a mad scientist driven largely by a need to assert his evilness . Sometimes , other villains scoff at his level of evil . The two plots intersect at the end to erase all traces of the boys ' project just before Candace can show it to their mother . This usually leaves Candace very frustrated .

Creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh had previously worked together on Fox 's The Simpsons and Nickelodeon 's Rocko 's Modern Life . The creators also voice two of the main B - plot characters : Major Monogram and Dr. Doofenshmirtz . Phineas and Ferb was conceived after Povenmire sketched a triangular boy -- the prototype for Phineas -- in a restaurant . Povenmire and Marsh developed the series concept together and pitched it to networks for 16 years before securing a run on Disney Channel . The series is also known for some of its memorable songs , which have appeared in almost every episode since the first - season `` Flop Starz '' . Disney 's managers particularly enjoyed the episode 's song , `` Gitchee , Gitchee Goo '' , and requested that a song appear in each subsequent episode . The show 's creators write and record each number , and vary musical tempo depending on each song 's dramatic use . The music has earned the series a total of four Emmy nominations : in 2008 for the main title theme and for the song `` I Ai n't Got Rhythm '' from the episode `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' , and then in 2010 for the song `` Come Home Perry '' from the episode `` Oh , There You Are , Perry '' as well as one for its score . The series has also been popular with adults . On August 25 , 2011 , the show was picked up for a fourth season along with a possible spin - off show and a feature film on the Disney Channel . Disney Channel officially announced on November 9 , 2011 that the fourth season was picked up with new episodes rolling out starting December 7 , 2012 . It is now the longest running Disney Channel Original Series , beating Kim Possible 's 5 years and 3 months , and is also the longest running Disney XD Original Series . On February 15 , 2014 , it was announced that production of the show had been completed and no new episodes had been ordered , and that the show would go on an indefinite hiatus . However , new episodes started airing on Disney XD in June 2014 , and on Disney Channel in the summer of 2014 . On May 7 , 2015 , Disney officially announced that the series has wrapped up after four seasons , and the final hour - long episode titled `` Phineas and Ferb : Last Day of Summer '' would premiere on June 12 , 2015 on Disney XD , simulcast on Disney Channel . A 73 - hour marathon of the show would begin on Disney XD on June 9 , 2015 . The series officially ended on June 12 , 2015 on Disney Channel and Disney XD . It was also announced that a stand - alone hour - long special titled `` O.W.C.A. Files '' would be released the following Fall . The special officially premiered on Disney XD on November 9 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Characters 4 Music 5 Origins 5.1 Early inspirations 5.2 Conception 5.3 Pitching and pickup 6 Production 6.1 Writing style 6.2 Visual aspects and animation 6.3 Cast 7 Reception and achievements 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Ratings 7.3 Marketing and merchandise 7.4 Homages 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Films 8.1 Television film 8.2 Theatrical film 9 Crossovers 9.1 Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel 9.2 Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars 9.3 Milo Murphy 's Law crossover 10 Phineas and Ferb : The Best LIVE Tour Ever 11 Spin - off 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Povenmire drew inspiration for the show from his boyhood in Mobile , Alabama . The show follows the adventures of stepbrothers Phineas Flynn ( Vincent Martella ) and Ferb Fletcher ( Thomas Sangster ) , who live in the fictional city of Danville , in a ( never specified ) Tri-State area , as they seek ways to occupy their time during their summer vacation . Often these adventures involve elaborate , life - sized and ostensibly dangerous construction projects . Phineas 's older sister , Candace Flynn ( Ashley Tisdale ) , has two obsessions : `` busting '' Phineas and Ferb 's schemes and ideas , and winning the attention of a boy named Jeremy ( Mitchel Musso ) . Meanwhile , the boys ' pet platypus , Perry , acts as a secret agent for an all - animal government organization called the O.W.C.A. ( `` Organization Without a Cool Acronym '' ) , fighting Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz . Much of the series ' humor relies on running gags used in almost every episode , with slight variation . Most episodes follow a pattern : Some incident gives Phineas an idea for a project , and he announces , `` Hey Ferb , I know what we 're gon na do today ! '' Meanwhile , Perry slips away , using one of many hidden tunnels , to a secret underground base . Phineas ( or occasionally another character ) remarks , `` Hey , where 's Perry ? '' Major Monogram briefs Perry ( whom he calls `` Agent P '' ) on his mission ; this sometimes amounts to nothing more than `` Doctor Doofenshmirtz is up to something ; find out what it is , and put a stop to it ! '' Candace sees what the boys are doing , and resolves to tell her Mom to `` bust them '' . Perry breaks into the skyscraper office of Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. ( complete with its own easy listening jingle ) . Doofenshmirtz traps Perry and explains his current evil plan . Perry escapes the trap and they battle . Phineas and Ferb complete their project . Mom gets home and Candace thinks that , at last , Mom will see what the boys have been up to and believe her . But just as Mom is about to step into the back yard , all evidence vanishes , usually as a side effect of Doofenshmirtz 's device . Doofenshmirtz , foiled again , cries out , `` Curse you , Perry the Platypus ! '' Other running gags : An adult asks Phineas if he is rather young to be performing some complex activities ; he responds , `` Yes , yes , I am '' . This is often parodied . Doofenshmirtz 's names for his contraptions all have the same suffix , `` - inator '' , as in Shrinkinator , Giant Dog Biscuit - inator , `` Eradicate Rodney 's - Inator '' , etc . Eventually he starts calling them `` inators '' as a generic term . Doofenshmirtz has a daughter , Vanessa , who generally finds his work boring , but sometimes tries to prove to her mother that he is evil . Like Candace , she always fails . Ferb rarely speaks more than once in an episode . Garden gnomes are often seen or used as plot points . Isabella , who has a crush on Phineas , comes into the backyard and asks , `` Whatcha doin ' ? '' in a distinctive singsong tone . She does n't like it when other characters ( besides Phineas ) say that line . For example , in `` Suddenly Suzy '' , after both Suzy and Candace speak that line , Isabella grumbles `` Uh , hello ! ? '' and `` Do I even need to be here ? '' , respectively . Aspects of the show 's humor are aimed at adults , including its frequent pop - cultural references . Co-creator Dan Povenmire , who had previously worked on Family Guy , sought to create a less raunchy show that would make similar use of comic timing , metahumor , humorous blank stares , wordplay and breaking the fourth wall . Povenmire describes the show as a combination of Family Guy and SpongeBob SquarePants . Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh , the other co-creator , said the show was not created just for kids ; he simply did not exclude them as an audience . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 47 August 17 , 2007 February 18 , 2009 65 February 19 , 2009 February 11 , 2011 62 March 4 , 2011 November 30 , 2012 48 December 7 , 2012 June 12 , 2015 Special November 9 , 2015 Movie August 5 , 2011 Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb characters A platypus was included in the series due to its interesting appearance . The series ' main characters live in a blended family , a premise the creators considered underused in children 's programming and which reflected Marsh 's own upbringing . Marsh considers explaining the family background `` not important to the kids ' lives . They are a great blended family and that 's all we need to know . '' The choice of a platypus as the boys ' pet was similarly inspired by media underuse , as well as to exploit the animal 's striking appearance . The platypus also gives them freedom to `` make stuff up '' since `` no one knows very much about them . '' An additional reason for choosing a platypus allowed them to own that `` mental real estate '' , so that if a person thinks `` platypus '' , they 'll associate it with `` Agent P '' , just as an ogre is now commonly associated with Shrek . Marsh called the characters `` cool , edgy and clever without ( ... ) being mean - spirited . '' Animation director Rob Hughes is said to have noted that `` in all the other shows every character is either stupid or a jerk , but there are no stupid characters or jerks in this one . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : List of Phineas and Ferb songs `` Every episode since ( Flop Starz ) has a song in it . It 's not always the characters singing onscreen -- they do n't break into song just to advance the plot . The music does n't come out of nowhere , sometimes it 's just a montage over action . We 've done every genre known to man : ABBA , Broadway show tunes , 16th - century madrigals '' Dan Povenmire on the songs . Phineas and Ferb follows structural conventions Povenmire and Marsh developed while writing Rocko 's Modern Life , whereby each episode features `` a song or a musical number , plus a big action / chase scene '' . Both creators had musical backgrounds , as Povenmire performed rock and roll in his college years and Marsh 's grandfather was the bandleader Les Brown . The creators ' original pitch to Disney emphasized Perry 's signature `` secret agent theme '' and the song `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo '' from the episode `` Flop Starz '' . Disney 's managers enjoyed the songs and asked Povenmire and Marsh to write one for each episode . The songs span many genres , from 16th - century madrigals to Broadway show tunes . Each is written in an intensive session during episode production : a concept , score , and lyrics are developed quite quickly . Together , Marsh and Povenmire can `` write a song about almost anything '' and in only one hour at most . After they finish writing the song , Povenmire and Marsh sing it over the answering machine of series composer Danny Jacob on Friday nights . By the following Monday , the song is fully produced . The title sequence music , originally named ' Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day ' and performed by the American group Bowling for Soup , was nominated for an Emmy award in 2008 . The creators originally wrote a slower number , more like a `` classic Disney song '' , but the network felt changes were needed to appeal to modern children and commissioned a rock version which made the final cut . A season 2 clip show broadcast in October 2009 focused on the music of Phineas and Ferb , featuring a viewer - voted top - 10 of songs from the series ; the end result was the `` Phineas and Ferb 's Musical Cliptastic Countdown . '' This clip show had a sequel , called the `` Phineas and Ferb Musical Cliptastic Countdown Hosted by Kelly Osbourne '' . Kelly Osbourne hosted the special in live form , while Dr. Doofenshmirtz and Major Monogram were animated . It aired on June 28 , 2013 . Origins ( edit ) Phineas and Ferb co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh in 2009 . Early inspirations ( edit ) Dan Povenmire attributes the show 's genesis to growing up in Mobile , Alabama , where his mother told him never to waste a day of summer . To occupy himself , Povenmire undertook projects such as hole - digging and home movie - making . Povenmire recalled , `` My mom let me drape black material all the way across one end of our living room to use as a space field . I would hang little models of spaceships for these little movies I made with a Super 8 camera . '' He was an artistic prodigy and displayed his very detailed drawings at art shows . Meanwhile , Marsh grew up in a large , blended family . As with Povenmire , Marsh spent his summers exploring and taking part in several activities in order to have fun . Conception ( edit ) Drawn on butcher paper , this first drawing of Phineas began a rapid growth of characters and the outline of the artistic style . While attending the University of Southern California , Povenmire started a daily comic strip called Life Is a Fish , and received money from the merchandise that was designed based on his series . Povenmire eventually dropped out and started drawing people on street corners to make a living , until he was finally called by Tommy Chong to work on a short bit of animation in the film Far Out Man . Povenmire began to take up animation professionally , working on shows such as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Marsh had become a vice president of sales and marketing for a computer company , until he `` freaked out '' and decided to quit . His friend helped him put together a portfolio and go into the animation business . Povenmire and Marsh eventually started working across from each other as layout artists on The Simpsons . The two bonded over mutual tastes in humor and music , becoming fast friends . They continued their working relationship as a writing team on the Nickelodeon series Rocko 's Modern Life , where they conceived the idea for their own series . While eating dinner at a Wild Thyme restaurant in South Pasadena , California , Povenmire drew a quick sketch of a `` triangle kid '' on butcher paper . He tore it out and called Marsh that night to report , `` Hey , I think we have our show . '' The triangle doodle sparked rapid development of characters and designs . Povenmire decided that his sketch `` looked like a Phineas '' , and named Ferb after a friend who `` owns more tools than anyone in the world . '' The creators based their character designs on angular shapes in homage to MGM / Warner Bros. animator / director Tex Avery , adding geometric shapes to the backgrounds for continuity . Pitching and pickup ( edit ) Disney Channel was the first network to give the series a chance , though initially declined when Dan Povenmire originally pitched it to them . Their early attempts to pitch the show failed and , though they remained committed to the concept , Povenmire and Marsh began to drift apart after their work on Rocko 's . Marsh moved to London and worked on shows including Postman Pat and Bounty Hamster . Povenmire began working on the primetime Fox series Family Guy , as well as Nickelodeon series SpongeBob SquarePants , always carrying a Phineas and Ferb portfolio for convenient pitching to networks like Cartoon Network and Fox Kids . These networks passed on the show , believing the series ' premise was too complex to succeed . Povenmire persisted and later pitched the series to Nickelodeon , where it was considered by high - level executives but rejected again as too complicated . Then , after 16 years of trying , Povenmire landed a pitch with Disney . The network did not immediately accept the show , but told Povenmire they would keep the packet . Povenmire assumed this meant an end to negotiations , aware that the phrase usually `` means they throw it in the trash later . '' Disney then surprised him by accepting . Said Povenmire , `` Disney was the first to say , ' Let 's see if you can do it in 11 minutes . ' We did it in the pilot and they said , ' Let 's see if you can do it for 26 episodes . ' '' Povenmire was initially worried that his work on Family Guy ( an adult show known for its lowbrow humor ) would concern Disney , which markets primarily towards families . However , the Disney Channel 's Senior Vice President of Original Series , Adam Bonnett , was a Family Guy fan who appreciated Povenmire 's connection to the show and received his pitch well . In 2006 , after the Disney Channel accepted the show , Povenmire and Marsh turned their attention to the company 's overseas executives . Instead of a normal script , the two drew out storyboards and played them in a reel . Povenmire voiced over the reel with his dialogue and added sound effects . This novel approach secured the executives ' support . Production ( edit ) Writing style ( edit ) The show uses four major writers to devise story ideas according to `` strict guidelines '' , such as that the boys ' schemes never appear to be `` magical . '' Stories are reviewed at weekly sessions on a Monday , then simultaneously scripted and storyboarded . A very rough design is built before the storyboard , featuring little more than suggested scenes and dialogue , is drafted ; the writers then gather for a `` play - by - play '' walkthrough of the storyboard in front of the whole crew , whose reactions to the jokes are assessed before rewrites are made . The writers as well include running gags in every episode , which are generally lines spoken by characters . Almost every episode is set into two eleven - minute segments . Visual aspects and Animation ( edit ) The stages of development for a scene during the opening theme , from the original draft ( top ) to the final design ( bottom ) . The top appears briefly in the Season 1 theme . Rough Draft Studios in South Korea , Wang Film Productions in Taiwan , and Synergy Animation and Hong Ying Animation in Shanghai animate the series in 2D Animation using the software packages Toon Boom . Povenmire undertakes the bulk of production direction , along with Zac Moncrief and Robert Hughes . The series adopts artistic features from animator Tex Avery , such as geometric shapes integrated into characters , objects , and backgrounds . Dan Povenmire said of this inclusion , `` There 's a little bit of Tex Avery in there - he had that very graphic style ( in his later cartoons ) . '' Triangles are featured as an easter egg in the background of every episode , sometimes in trees or buildings . Bright colors are also a prominent element of the animation . Marsh elaborates , `` The idea at the end of the day was candy . One of the things that I think works so well is that the characters are so bright and candy - colored and our backgrounds are a much more realistic depiction of the world : the soft green of the grass , the natural woods for the fence . In order for all the stuff that they do to work , their world needs to be grounded in reality . '' The designers sought to keep their characters visually simple , so that kids `` would easily be able to draw ( them ) themselves . '' Characters were also crafted to be recognizable from a distance , a technique the creators say is based on Matt Groening 's goal of making characters recognizable by silhouette . Cast ( edit ) Phineas and Ferb are voiced by Vincent Martella and Thomas Sangster , respectively . Sangster was one of many British actors cast ; Marsh lived in the United Kingdom for seven years , and developed a fondness for the British . The rest of the cast includes Ashley Tisdale as their sister , Candace ; Bobby Gaylor as Buford van Stomm , who has a tendency to bully but is kept distracted by being included in the adventures ; Maulik Pancholy as Baljeet Tjinder , a very intelligent boy who would be Buford 's main victim but who is almost friends with him due to the adventures ; Dee Bradley Baker as Perry the Platypus and just plain Perry , as Phineas calls him ; Caroline Rhea as Linda Flynn - Fletcher , who is Phineas and Candace 's mother , and stepmother to Ferb ; Jack McBrayer as Irving who admires Phineas and Ferb , and creator of the Phineas and Ferb Fansite ; Kelly Hu as Candace 's best friend , Stacy ; creators Dan Povenmire as Dr. Doofenshmirtz and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh as Major Monogram , respectively ; Olivia Olson as Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's not - really - evil daughter Vanessa ; Tyler Mann as Carl , Major Monogram 's goofy super genius intern ; Alyson Stoner as Isabella Garcia - Shapiro , a sweet girl who leads the Fireside Girls and has a crush on Phineas ( it is revealed that Isabella 's family is `` Mexican Jewish '' and lives across the street from the Flynn - Fletchers ) ; Mitchel Musso as Jeremy , Candace 's crush then later her boyfriend . Madison Pettis also stars as Adyson Sweetwater ; The show 's casting organization is responsible for selecting most of the voice actors and actresses , choosing actors such as Vincent Martella and Mitchel Musso for major roles based on perceived popularity with target demographics . Povenmire and Marsh select guest stars , casting people that they `` really want to work with '' . They also solicit guest roles from actors they feel would lend an interesting presence to the show . Guest stars have included pop culture figures like Damian Lewis , boxer Evander Holyfield , film stars Cloris Leachman and Ben Stiller , and pop singer Kelly Clarkson . Povenmire and Marsh have also solicited several stars of The Rocky Horror Picture Show to make guest appearances Tim Curry and Barry Bostwick , while creator Richard O'Brien voices Lawrence , Ferb 's father and Candace and Phineas 's stepfather . In addition , guest stars have also included the likes of Tina Fey , Seth MacFarlane , David Mitchell , Jaret Reddick , Clay Aiken , Chaka Khan , and Kevin Smith . O'Brien's participation eventually became regular , as he was cast to play Lawrence Fletcher , the children 's father , who appears in about half of the episodes in the show . Reception and achievements ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The show has received generally positive reviews . The New York Times commented favorably , describing the show as `` Family Guy with an espionage subplot and a big dose of magical realism '' . It considered the pop - culture references ubiquitous `` but ( placed ) with such skill that it seems smart , not cheap . '' Whitney Matheson wrote in her USA Today blog `` Pop Candy '' that the series was an achievement in children 's programming . Matheson applauded the writing and called it `` an animated version of Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose . '' Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show 's humor and plot , giving it four out of five stars . The Seattle Times wrote that the story of the show was `` valiant '' and that the main characters of Phineas and Ferb were `` young heroes '' . Variety noted the show 's appeal to all ages with its `` sense of wit and irreverence . '' Similar reviews have emphasized the series ' popularity with adults ; Elastic Pops Rebecca Wright wrote , in a review for the volume one DVD , `` As an adult , I really enjoyed watching this Phineas and Ferb DVD , and I think it is one that the whole family can enjoy . '' Wright also called the series ' `` irreverent style '' reminiscent of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . Wired 's Matt Blum has stated in reviews on the series that he `` can stand to watch just about anything with ( his ) kids , but he actually looks forward to watching Phineas and Ferb with them . '' Notable adult celebrities who have openly considered themselves fans of the series include Bob Eubanks , Anthony LaPaglia , Ben Stiller , Chaka Khan , Jeff Sullivan and Jake Gyllenhaal . Among the negative reviews is one that charges the series with a lack of originality . Maxie Zeus of Toon Zone argued that the show is `` derivative , but obviously so , and shorn of even the best features of what has been stolen . '' Zeus took issue with the writing , feeling that certain jokes and conventions were `` ripped - off '' from other shows . Kevin McDonough of Sun Coast Today criticized the show for its plot complexity , constant action , and `` characters ( that ) can do just about anything . '' McDonough stated that `` it 's never clear whether P&F are intended to entertain children or are merely a reflection of grown - up animators engaged in a juvenile lark . '' Marylin Moss of The Hollywood Reporter described Phineas and Ferb as `` Pretty mindless but kids of all ages might find a humorous moment in it . '' Moss called the plot lines redundant but did praise the music styles and guest stars . Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz gave a positive assessment for Phineas and Ferb in their 2016 book titled TV ( The Book ) , stating that `` In television , formula often seems to come from a lack of imagination ... Phineas and Ferb though , managed at the same time to be wildly imaginative and slavishly formulaic , using its repetitive structure not as a crutch , but as a sturdy framework on which it could hang all kinds of fantastic new ideas . '' They further added that `` the characters ' awareness of that formula , and any deviations from it , quickly became one of the show 's most fertile sources of humor . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first episode , `` Rollercoaster '' , garnered a total of 10.8 million viewers when aired as a preview on August 17 , 2007 , holding onto more than half the record - setting audience of its lead - in , High School Musical 2 . When Phineas and Ferb officially debuted in February the next year , it proved cable 's number one watched animated series premiere by `` tweens '' . Throughout the first quarter that followed , it peaked as the top - rated animated series for ages 6 -- 10 and 9 -- 14 , also becoming number three animated series for all of cable television for viewers age 6 -- 10 . By the time the commissioning of the second season was announced in May 2008 , the series had become a top - rated program in the 6 -- 11 and 9 -- 14 age groups . The Disney Channel 's airing of `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted '' was watched by 3.7 million viewers . The episodes `` Perry Lays an Egg '' and `` Gaming the System '' on Disney Channel achieved the most views by ages 6 -- 11 and 9 -- 14 of any channel in that night 's time slot . This achievement propelled the series to the number one animated telecast that week for the target demographics . On June 7 , 2009 , Disney announced that the show had become the number one primetime animated television show for the demographics 6 - 10 and 9 - 14 . The premiere of `` Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation '' garnered 2.62 million viewers during its debut on Disney XD , the most watched telecast in the channel 's history ( including Toon Disney ) and the number three program of the night in all demographics . It received 5.2 million viewers for its debut on Disney Channel . It was the highest rated episode of the series to date and 5th highest for the week . The premiere of `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' garnered 3.862 million viewers , was watched by 22 % of kids 2 -- 11 , 13 % of teens , 5 % of households , and 3 % of adults 18 -- 49 , also being the # 1 program on that night and it was 25th for the week in viewership . On Disney XD , the episode ranked in the channel 's top 3 telecasts of the year in viewers with 1.32 million , and Boys 6 -- 11 with 365,000 , with a 2.9 rating . The hour telecast on August 2 , 2010 is currently the Emmy - winning animated series ' No. 2 telecast of all time on Disney XD in Total Viewers , in kids 6 -- 14 with 677,000 and a 1.9 rating , Boys 6 -- 14 with 435,000 and a 2.3 rating , and kids 6 -- 11 with 542,000 and a 2.2 rating , Boys 6 -- 11 and Boys 9 -- 14 235,000 with a 1.9 rating , behind only December 2009 's `` Phineas and Ferb 's Christmas Vacation '' . Marketing and merchandise ( edit ) Disney has licensed a number of products from the show , including plush toys of characters Perry , Ferb , Phineas , and Candace . Disney released several T - shirts for the show and launched a `` Make your own T - shirt '' program on its Disney website . Authors have novelized several episodes . Two season one DVDs , entitled The Fast and the Phineas and The Daze of Summer , have been released ; the discs include episodes never broadcast in America . A third DVD was released on October 5 , 2010 , called A Very Perry Christmas . Some reviewers were displeased that the discs covered selected episodes rather than providing box sets of whole series , but noted that Disney does not generally release full - season DVD sets . In 2009 , Disney licensed a Nintendo DS game , titled like the show , Phineas and Ferb . The game 's story follows the title characters as they try to build a roller coaster to stop boredom over the summer ( in reference to the show 's pilot episode ) . The player controls Phineas , Ferb and occasionally Agent P ( Perry the Platypus ) . Phineas scavenges for spare parts for the rollercoaster while Ferb fixes various objects around town , gaining access to new areas as a result . Ferb can also construct new parts of the rollercoaster and its vehicle - themed carts . Each activity features a short mini-game . The game was well received and garners a 76.67 % on GameRankings . A sequel entitled Phineas and Ferb : Ride Again was released on September 14 , 2010 . Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh have also announced that there is a Phineas and Ferb Wii game in development . It was later confirmed that this game would be a video game adaptation of the TV movie , also available for Nintendo DS and PlayStation 3 . In 2012 , Disney opened an interactive game based on the series in Epcot , titled Agent P 's World Showcase Adventure , which centered around Perry and Dr. Doofenshmirtz , based on the previous attraction Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure . Disney has been focusing on the development of their `` Infinity '' system . Also in 2012 , Disney Mobile launched a mobile game titled Where 's My Perry ? for iOS and Android . It was based on Disney 's popular Where 's My Water ? game , using similar physics . In this game , Agent P is trying to get into O.W.C.A. headquarters but the transport tubes are out , so he needs water for the backup underground hydrogenerators . If you struggle or get stuck , Major Monogram and Carl will offer encouragement while Doofenshmirtz will taunt him . Phineas and Ferb never appear in the game except in the opening splash screen . The game was expanded to include levels featuring Doofenshmirtz and other animal agents . The game has a 4.0 rating on iTunes , but has not been updated in more than a year . Disney has commissioned Majesco Entertainment to create the newest Phineas and Ferb video game for release in August 2013 , entitled Phineas and Ferb : Quest for Cool Stuff , which is available on Xbox 360 , Wii U , Wii , Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS . Homages ( edit ) The United Kingdom Disney Channel has aired a series entitled Oscar and Michael 's Phineas and Ferb Fan Club Show in homage to the animated series . The show features two boys who attempt to be like Phineas and Ferb by taking part in adventures to alleviate boredom . The series aims at educating kids and promoting activity and creativity . It entered its second season on April 10 , 2009 . The television series Psych has made references to Phineas and Ferb in its sixth season . In the episode `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader , '' main character Shawn Spencer ( portrayed by James Roday ) states that he learned his British accent from the granddad on Phineas and Ferb ( he tells this to guest star Malcolm McDowell , who also happens to voice the granddad ) . And in `` The Amazing Psych Man & Tap - Man , Issue # 2 , '' Shawn once again name - drops the series , stating : `` I 'm missing a Phineas and Ferb marathon . Perry the Platypus . He 's a real platypus . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2008 British Academy Children 's Awards Best International Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Main Title Theme Music `` Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day '' Nominated Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics `` I Ai n't Got Rhythm '' ( Episode : `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together ! '' ) Nominated 2009 Annie Awards Best Animated Television Program Phineas and Ferb Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards Best International Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Short - Format Animated Program `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' Nominated Pulcinella Awards Best TV Series for Kids Phineas and Ferb Won Special Mention : Best Flash Animation Phineas and Ferb Won Annie Awards Best Writing in a Television Production `` Nerds of a Feather '' Nominated Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Writing in Animation Phineas and Ferb Won Outstanding Original Song -- Children 's and Animation `` Come Home Perry '' ( Episode : `` Oh , There You Are , Perry '' ) Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition Danny Jacob Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Live Action and Animation Robert Poole II , Robbi Smith , and Roy Braverman Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated 2011 Children 's Representatives Ceremony ( Israel ) Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Won Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Jill Daniels ( Episode : `` Wizard Of Odd '' ) Won Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Brian Woods ( Episode : `` Wizard Of Odd '' ) Won 2012 Cynopsis Kids ! magination Awards Best Tween Series Phineas and Ferb Won Best Tween Special / TV Movie `` Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension '' Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Jill Daniels ( Episode : `` Doof Dynasty '' ) Won Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Dan Povenmire ( Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension '' ) Nominated Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program `` The Doonkleberry Imperative '' Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Animated Series Phineas and Ferb Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Phineas and Ferb Nominated 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote - Television Phineas and Ferb Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Short - Format Animated Program `` Thanks But No Thanks '' Nominated 2015 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Special Class Animated Program `` Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '' Nominated 2016 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` Last Day of Summer '' Nominated 1. ^ A Academy of Television Arts & Sciences announced that they would not present the award to either nominee in the category . 2. ^ B Shared with Back at the Barnyard . Films ( edit ) Television film ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension On March 3 , 2010 , a Disney press release announced a made - for - television film , based on Phineas and Ferb entitled Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension . It aired on the Disney Channel on August 5 , 2011 . The film concerned Phineas and Ferb accidentally helping Dr. Doofenshmirtz with an invention of his , which takes them to a parallel dimension . There , Perry reveals his double life as a secret agent to them , and , to save their friends from an alternative Dr. Doofenshmirtz , who is far more devious and threatening than his prime counterpart , they team up with their alternate dimension selves to stop him . Theatrical film ( edit ) On January 11 , 2011 , Disney Channels Worldwide chief Gary Marsh announced that a feature film based on Phineas and Ferb was in development by Tron : Legacy producer Sean Bailey . As of September 6 , 2011 , Dan and Swampy had finished writing the script . In October 2011 , the film , tentatively titled simply Phineas and Ferb , was given the release date of July 26 , 2013 by Walt Disney Pictures , a slot previously occupied by Thor : The Dark World . On October 27 , 2011 , it was announced that Michael Arndt , who had written Little Miss Sunshine and Toy Story 3 , had been hired to write the draft for the film . The project will now be produced by Mandeville Films . In October 2012 , Disney moved the release date to 2014 , and in August 2013 , the film was removed from its schedule . This led to speculation that it was cancelled , but Swampy Marsh confirmed via Twitter that the film was just on hold . On July 12 , 2015 , it was confirmed that a form of the script of the film was completed . Crossovers ( edit ) Phineas and Ferb : mission Marvel ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel In 2012 , it was announced that a crossover between Phineas and Ferb and Marvel Entertainment , would air in the summer of 2013 , titled Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel . It features Marvel Comics superheroes Iron Man , Spider - Man , the Hulk and Thor and the villains the Red Skull , Whiplash , Venom and M.O.D.O.K. . It is the first major animated crossover between Marvel and Disney since the acquisition of Marvel Entertainment by Disney in 2009 . Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars In July 2013 , the producers announced a Phineas and Ferb / Star Wars crossover which was used as a sidebar to the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The special aired on July 26 , 2014 . Milo Murphy 's Law crossover ( edit ) Co-creator Dan Povenmire has said that he would like to do a crossover with his and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh 's follow - up show , Milo Murphy 's Law , which takes place in the same universe as Phineas and Ferb . On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that the crossover is planned to be broadcast in 2018 . Before this crossover airs , a character from Phineas and Ferb , Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz , cameoed at the end of the episode `` Fungus Among Us '' . Phineas and Ferb : the best live Tour Ever ( edit ) Phineas and Ferb : The Best LIVE Tour Ever was a touring two - act stage of the TV show . A projection system played video in the same style as the TV show on the rear of the stage ; the characters were first introduced there in their cartoon forms , but then used a backyard slide that continued into a physical slide out of which the live cast members emerged into the real world . The performers wore prosthetics to make their characters resemble their cartoon counterparts -- mostly head pieces , but a full body suit in the cases of Buford and Perry . The 2011 - 2012 season of the tour began on August 21 , 2011 in Lakeland , Florida and ended on April 22 , 2012 in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The 2012 - 2013 season began on August 23 , 2012 in Wheeling , West Virginia and ran until February 18 , 2013 in Chattanooga , Tennessee . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Disney produced a live - action talk show where the two characters ( as cartoons ) interview celebrities , similarly to Space Ghost Coast to Coast , which began airing in December 2010 as a two - minute talk - show format , featuring real - life celebrities such as Tony Hawk , Randy Jackson , Neil Patrick Harris , Seth Rogen , Taylor Swift , Andy Samberg , Tom Bergeron , Emma Roberts , Jack Black , Regis Philbin , Howie Mandel , David Beckham and Guy Fieri . The show officially ended on November 25 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strike , Joe . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , PFage 1 `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Strike , Joe . ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 2 `` . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : A Day With ' Phineas and Ferb ' . MSN TV . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy Awards website '' . Results for Disney nominations in 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Similar reviews have emphasized the series ' popularity with adults ; Elastic Pop 's Rebecca Wright wrote , in a review for the volume one DVD , `` As an adult , I really enjoyed watching this Phineas and Ferb DVD , and I think it is one that the whole family can enjoy . '' Wright also called the series ' `` irreverent style '' reminiscent of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle . `` DVD Review : Phineas and Ferb -- The Fast and the Phineas '' . DVDizzy. 2008 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Notable adult celebrities who have openly considered themselves fans of the series include Bob Eubanks , Anthony LaPaglia , Ben Stiller , Chaka Khan , and Jake Gyllenhaal . Wiser , Paige ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` An interview with the creators of ' Phineas and Ferb ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Wiser , Paige ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` With a song in their ' Ferb ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Phineas And Ferb ' Creators Sign Deals With Disney For Series , Feature , Potential Spinoff -- '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Jean ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Fourth Season of Emmy Award - Winning Animated Series `` Phineas and Ferb '' -- `` . Disney Channel Media Net . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Production is over on `` Phineas and Ferb , '' Future of Show Up in the Air ( UPDATED ) `` . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Disney 's Phineas and Ferb to End in June , With 73 - Hour Marathon - TVLine '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Dan Povenmire , Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ( 2008 ) . Original Pitch By Dan Povenmire ( DVD ) . Disney DVD . Jump up ^ Writers : Kim Roberson , Marc Ceccarelli ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Traffic Cam Caper '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Writers : Kim Roberson , Piero Piluso , Ken Osborne ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Out to Launch '' . Phineas and Ferb . Season 1 . Disney Channel . ^ Jump up to : Ciborowski , Marc ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Disney 's Phineas and Ferb do it all '' . The Examiner . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Blum , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb : Kid Inventors and a Secret Agent Platypus '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Galas , Marjorie . `` Phineas and Ferb : Music , Mischief , And The Endless Summer Vacation '' . 411 News . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Susan ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Bored Stepbrothers , Intrepid Platypus '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Strike , Joe ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` From Swampy & Dan Emerges Phineas and Ferb '' , Page 3 `` . Animation World Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Rosario ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' Helped Inspire ' Phineas and Ferb ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney gives ' Ferb ' pickup , major push - Q&A : Dan Povenmire '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Sherry ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Quick wit , funny characters drive Phineas and Ferb '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ David Kahn ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Phineas & Ferb on Mental Real Estate '' . Leaders Say What . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Lauren ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` USC dropout makes it big in animation '' . Daily Trojan . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haugsted , Linda ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) . `` ' Ferb ' Goes Global at Premiere '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Preps ' Phineas And Ferb ' Fall Event '' . Multichannel News . 2009 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` KerryClemens.com '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Mark . `` Disney animator sees summers in Mobile as inspiration '' . Alabama press . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent @ Comic Con 2008 ( 1 : 56 ) . MSN TV News . 2008 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rocko ' writers return to TV with ' Phineas and Ferb ' '' . Reading Eagle . 2009 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Holman , Curt ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` '' Phineas and Ferb '' trails after the boys of summer `` . Creating Loafing . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( 2009 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb Creators Talk About Emmy Nom ! '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Walker , Lex ( 2009 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb : The Daze of Summer '' . Just Press Play . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Ryan ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Disney Renews Phineas and Ferb '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kuttner , Julia ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) . `` New Cartoon Role For Love Actually Star Thomas Sangster '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Yoo , Jean . `` Phineas and Ferb -- Show description '' . Disney Channel Medianet . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Vincent @ Comic Con 2008 ( 2 : 00 ) . MSN TV News . 2008 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( 2009 - 06 - 06 ) . `` TV Taste Test : I sample ' Phineas , ' ' That Metal Show ' and more '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Phineas and Ferb television review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Disney summer , oil , Globetrotters , TV Lookout '' . Seattle , Washington : The Seattle Times . 2008 - 01 - 27 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb Review '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wright , Rebecca ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) . `` DVD Review : Phineas and Ferb -- The Fast and the Phineas '' . Elastic Pop . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wiser , Paige ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` An interview with the creators of ' Phineas and Ferb ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jeff ( 2011 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Lookout Landing Game Thread '' . Lookout Landing . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Zeus , Maxie ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` '' Phineas and Ferb `` : Spawn of Frankenstein '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Kevin ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' is frantic from start to finish '' . Sun Coast Today . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Moss , Marylin ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb -- Bottom Line : Mindless but fast - moving animated characters and events should make kids stay tuned '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ; Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 6 September 2016 ) . TV ( The Book ) : Two Experts Pick the Greatest American Shows of All Time . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1455588190 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` '' High School Musical 2 '' : OMG ! It 's a cable ratings record `` . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Aaron H. ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Phineas , Ferb and Springtime Fun '' . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Disney Channel 's `` Phineas & Ferb '' is Friday 's # 1 TV telecast in Key Kids `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Disney Channel is TV 's No. 1 Network in Total Day Among Tweens 9 - 14 for the Sixth Time in 7 Weeks '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` The Debut of `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' is Disney XD 's # 1 Telecast Ever Across All Demos `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jones , Anthony ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Disney XD Earns Most - Watched Day And Telecast With `` Phineas And Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` . All Headline News . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Umstead , R. Thomas ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Disney Rings In Holiday Ratings For ` Phineas And Ferb ' Special '' . Multichannel News . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 Friday Cable : Phineas and Ferb + Eureka , Haven , The Pillars of the Earth & More Archived 2010 - 08 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Posted on 09 August 2010 by Robert Seidman . Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles , Burn Notice , Royal Pains , Covert Affairs Top Week 's Cable Viewing Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Posted on 10 August 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Disney XD 's Premiere of Phineas and Ferb Summer Belongs to You among the top 3 telecasts of the year in total viewers and boys Published August 4 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Phineas and Ferb toys '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb shirts '' . Stylinonline.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Phineas and Ferb '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Cornelius , David ( 2008 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb : The Fast and the Phineas : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb : The Daze of Summer DVD Review '' . Ultimate Disney . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb : : DS Game Review '' . Kidzworld . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb -- Nintendo DS '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb Video Game '' . Game Trailers . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb for the DS '' . Game Rankings . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( 2009 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb : A Sci - Fi Episode , a Soundtrack Album , and an Interview ! '' . Wired . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` High Impact Games -- News '' . High Impact Games . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World : Agent P at Disney World 's Epcot '' . OrlandoSentinel.com. 2012 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wheres-my-perry/id528805631?mt=8 Jump up ^ Culafi , Alex ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Phineas and Ferb : Quest for Cool Stuff '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) . `` E3 2013 -- PHINEAS & FERB CREATORS ON THE QUEST FOR COOL STUFF AND MISSION MARVEL '' . Geek Exchange . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seaford boy stars in Disney show '' . Mid Sussex Times . 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Schoolboy back for Disney fun '' . Eastbourne Today . 2009 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Awards Winners '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 2008 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Emmy Nominations : Additional Nominee List '' . BuddyTV. 2008 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 36th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2008 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The BAFTA Kids ' Vote '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas And Ferb -- Cartoon -- Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 '' . Nick.com . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Emmy Awards nominations '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Zahed , Ramin ( 2009 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Cosmic Quantum Ray , Phineas & Ferb Big Winners at Cartoons on the Bay '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Aaron H. `` 38th Annual Annie Award Nominations '' . Animation Insider . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces Winners of the 37th Annual Daytime Entertainment Creative Arts Emmy Awards '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . 2010 - 06 - 25 . p. 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full list of 2010 Daytime Emmy Award nominations '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas And Ferb -- Cartoon -- Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 '' . Nick.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas And Ferb -- Cartoon -- Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 '' . Nick.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dulce María y `` Grachi '' , ganadores del Kids ' Choice Awards `` . Milenio.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Nominees / Winners '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cynopsis Kids marketing awards for best kids TV shows and marketing and PR programs '' . Cynopsis.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Nominees / Winners '' . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ TVLine , Team ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks and Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TVLine , Team ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Nominees '' . TVLine . TVLine Media , LLC . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Primetime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners - Outstanding Animated Program '' . Television Academy . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fujimori , Sachi . `` For Montvale Boy , It Was All Worth the Tux '' . California Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Disney Channel & Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 - 11 '' . TVBytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Planning Phineas and Ferb Feature Film '' . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' reinvent the essence of Disney Channel charm in kid - friendly TV movie '' . New York : Nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Official : Disney 's ' Lone Ranger ' Sets May 31 , 2013 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ SZeitchik , Steven ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Phineas and Ferb ' gets the ' Toy Story ' treatment '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Disney 's Marvel Movie Moves : Iron Man 3 , Thor 2 Going 3D , Ant - Man Dated For 2015 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas And Ferb Off Disney 's Release Schedule '' . Deadline . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` swampy marsh on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jim Hill Media '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Phineas And Ferb ' And Marvel 's Favorite Super Heroes Team Up For Animated Movie '' . Allyourtv.com. 2012 - 07 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt . `` First Animated Disney -- Marvel Crossover Announced -- And It 's Phineas and Ferb ! GeekDad '' . Wired.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : ' Phineas and Ferb ' Heads to ' Star Wars ' Universe in Special Episode '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Phineas and Ferb 's ' ' Star Wars ' Special Lands Premiere Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb Finale , ' Last Day of Summer ' , May Not Be as Final as We Think '' . The Huffington Post . 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : Disney XD Sets ' Milo Murphy 's Law ' and ' Phineas and Ferb ' Crossover ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Phineas and Ferb : The Best Live Tour Ever ! ' coming to Columbus '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Disney 's Phineas and Ferb LIVE ! '' . Disney.go.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Disney XD orders ' Tron : Legacy ' toon '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPhineas and Ferbat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Phineas and Ferb on IMDb Phineas and Ferb at the Big Cartoon DataBase Phineas and Ferb at TV.com Phineas and Ferb at TV Guide 2000s portal 2010s portal Cartoon portal Disney portal Television in the United States portal Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spiderman ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big Hero 6 ( 2017 ) Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Works by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh TV series Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 - 2015 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 - 2011 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2016 - present ) Films Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phineas_and_Ferb&oldid=808728547 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2007 American television series debuts 2010s American animated television series 2010s American comedy television series 2015 American television series endings American children 's animated television series American children 's comedy television series American musical television series Animated duos Cartoons animated with Toon Boom Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English - language television programs Family Channel shows Animated musical television series Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Flash cartoons Television series about siblings Television series about vacationing Television series by Disney Television Animation Television series created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh Television shows set in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas%20and%20Ferb

who defines the specifications of a product or service

View model

view model

A view model or viewpoints framework in systems engineering , software engineering , and enterprise engineering is a framework which defines a coherent set of views to be used in the construction of a system architecture , software architecture , or enterprise architecture . A view is a representation of a whole system from the perspective of a related set of concerns .

Since the early 1990s there have been a number of efforts to prescribe approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures . These recent efforts define a set of views ( or viewpoints ) . They are sometimes referred to as architecture frameworks or enterprise architecture frameworks , but are not usually called `` view models '' . Usually a view is a work product that presents specific architecture data for a given system . However , the same term is sometimes used to refer to a view definition , including the particular viewpoint and the corresponding guidance that defines each concrete view . The term view model is related to view definitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 View model topics 3.1 View 3.2 Viewpoints 3.3 Modeling perspectives 3.4 Viewpoint model 3.5 Architecture description 4 Types of system view models 4.1 Three - schema approach 4.2 4 + 1 view model of architecture 5 Types of enterprise architecture views 5.1 Zachman Framework 5.2 RM - ODP views 5.3 DoDAF views 5.4 Federal Enterprise Architecture views 5.5 Nominal set of views 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The purpose of views and viewpoints is to enable humans to comprehend very complex systems , to organize the elements of the problem and the solution around domains of expertise and to separate concerns . In the engineering of physically intensive systems , viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization . Most complex system specifications are so extensive that no single individual can fully comprehend all aspects of the specifications . Furthermore , we all have different interests in a given system and different reasons for examining the system 's specifications . A business executive will ask different questions of a system make - up than would a system implementer . The concept of viewpoints framework , therefore , is to provide separate viewpoints into the specification of a given complex system in order to facilitate communication with the stakeholders . Each viewpoint satisfies an audience with interest in a particular set of aspects of the system . Each viewpoint may use a specific viewpoint language that optimizes the vocabulary and presentation for the audience of that viewpoint . Viewpoint modeling has become an effective approach for dealing with the inherent complexity of large distributed systems . Architecture description practices , as described in IEEE Std 1471 - 2000 , utilize multiple views to address several areas of concerns , each one focusing on a specific aspect of the system . Examples of architecture frameworks using multiple views include Kruchten 's `` 4 + 1 '' view model , the Zachman Framework , TOGAF , DoDAF , RM - ODP , and Hamdaqa 's `` 5 + 1 '' view model . History ( edit ) In the 1970s , methods began to appear in software engineering for modeling with multiple views . Douglas T. Ross and K.E. Schoman in 1977 introduce the constructs context , viewpoint , and vantage point to organize the modeling process in systems requirements definition . According to Ross and Schoman , a viewpoint `` makes clear what aspects are considered relevant to achieving ... the overall purpose ( of the model ) '' and determines How do we look at ( a subject being modelled ) ? As examples of viewpoints , the paper offers : Technical , Operational and Economic viewpoints . In 1992 , Anthony Finkelstein and others published a very important paper on viewpoints . In that work : `` A viewpoint can be thought of as a combination of the idea of an `` actor '' , `` knowledge source '' , `` role '' or `` agent '' in the development process and the idea of a `` view '' or `` perspective '' which an actor maintains . '' An important idea in this paper was to distinguish `` a representation style , the scheme and notation by which the viewpoint expresses what it can see '' and `` a specification , the statements expressed in the viewpoint 's style describing particular domains '' . Subsequent work , such as IEEE 1471 , preserved this distinction by utilizing two separate terms : viewpoint and view , respectively . Since the early 1990s there have been a number of efforts to codify approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures . These are often terms architecture frameworks or sometimes viewpoint sets . Many of these have been funded by the United States Department of Defense , but some have sprung from international or national efforts in ISO or the IEEE . Among these , the IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software - Intensive Systems ( IEEE Std 1471 - 2000 ) established useful definitions of view , viewpoint , stakeholder and concern and guidelines for documenting a system architecture through the use of multiple views by applying viewpoints to address stakeholder concerns . The advantage of multiple views is that hidden requirements and stakeholder disagreements can be discovered more readily . However , studies show that in practice , the added complexity of reconciling multiple views can undermine this advantage . IEEE 1471 ( now ISO / IEC / IEEE 42010 : 2011 , Systems and software engineering -- Architecture description ) prescribes the contents of architecture descriptions and describes their creation and use under a number of scenarios , including precedented and unprecedented design , evolutionary design , and capture of design of existing systems . In all of these scenarios the overall process is the same : identify stakeholders , elicit concerns , identify a set of viewpoints to be used , and then apply these viewpoint specifications to develop the set of views relevant to the system of interest . Rather than define a particular set of viewpoints , the standard provides uniform mechanisms and requirements for architects and organizations to define their own viewpoints . In 1996 the ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing ( RM - ODP ) was published to provide a useful framework for describing the architecture and design of large - scale distributed systems . View model topics ( edit ) View ( edit ) A view of a system is a representation of the system from the perspective of a viewpoint . This viewpoint on a system involves a perspective focusing on specific concerns regarding the system , which suppresses details to provide a simplified model having only those elements related to the concerns of the viewpoint . For example , a security viewpoint focuses on security concerns and a security viewpoint model contains those elements that are related to security from a more general model of a system . A view allows a user to examine a portion of a particular interest area . For example , an Information View may present all functions , organizations , technology , etc. that use a particular piece of information , while the Organizational View may present all functions , technology , and information of concern to a particular organization . In the Zachman Framework views comprise a group of work products whose development requires a particular analytical and technical expertise because they focus on either the `` what , '' `` how , '' `` who , '' `` where , '' `` when , '' or `` why '' of the enterprise . For example , Functional View work products answer the question `` how is the mission carried out ? '' They are most easily developed by experts in functional decomposition using process and activity modeling . They show the enterprise from the point of view of functions . They also may show organizational and information components , but only as they relate to functions . Viewpoints ( edit ) In systems engineering , a viewpoint is a partitioning or restriction of concerns in a system . Adoption of a viewpoint is usable so that issues in those aspects can be addressed separately . A good selection of viewpoints also partitions the design of the system into specific areas of expertise . Viewpoints provide the conventions , rules , and languages for constructing , presenting and analysing views . In ISO / IEC 42010 : 2007 ( IEEE - Std - 1471 - 2000 ) a viewpoint is a specification for an individual view . A view is a representation of a whole system from the perspective of a viewpoint . A view may consist of one or more architectural models . Each such architectural model is developed using the methods established by its associated architectural system , as well as for the system as a whole . Modeling perspectives ( edit ) Modeling perspectives is a set of different ways to represent pre-selected aspects of a system . Each perspective has a different focus , conceptualization , dedication and visualization of what the model is representing . In information systems , the traditional way to divide modeling perspectives is to distinguish the structural , functional and behavioral / processual perspectives . This together with rule , object , communication and actor and role perspectives is one way of classifying modeling approaches Viewpoint model ( edit ) In any given viewpoint , it is possible to make a model of the system that contains only the objects that are visible from that viewpoint , but also captures all of the objects , relationships and constraints that are present in the system and relevant to that viewpoint . Such a model is said to be a viewpoint model , or a view of the system from that viewpoint . A given view is a specification for the system at a particular level of abstraction from a given viewpoint . Different levels of abstraction contain different levels of detail . Higher - level views allow the engineer to fashion and comprehend the whole design and identify and resolve problems in the large . Lower - level views allow the engineer to concentrate on a part of the design and develop the detailed specifications . Illustration of the views , products and data in Architecture Framework . In the system itself , however , all of the specifications appearing in the various viewpoint models must be addressed in the realized components of the system . And the specifications for any given component may be drawn from many different viewpoints . On the other hand , the specifications induced by the distribution of functions over specific components and component interactions will typically reflect a different partitioning of concerns than that reflected in the original viewpoints . Thus additional viewpoints , addressing the concerns of the individual components and the bottom - up synthesis of the system , may also be useful . Architecture description ( edit ) An architecture description is a representation of a system architecture , at any time , in terms of its component parts , how those parts function , the rules and constraints under which those parts function , and how those parts relate to each other and to the environment . In an architecture description the architecture data is shared across several views and products . At the data layer are the architecture data elements and their defining attributes and relationships . At the presentation layer are the products and views that support a visual means to communicate and understand the purpose of the architecture , what it describes , and the various architectural analyses performed . Products provide a way for visualizing architecture data as graphical , tabular , or textual representations . Views provide the ability to visualize architecture data that stem across products , logically organizing the data for a specific or holistic perspective of the architecture . Types of system view models ( edit ) Three - schema approach ( edit ) The notion of a three - schema model was first introduced in 1977 by the ANSI / X3 / SPARC three - level architecture , which determined three levels to model data . The Three - schema approach for data modeling , introduced in 1977 , can be considered one of the first view models . It is an approach to building information systems and systems information management , that promotes the conceptual model as the key to achieving data integration . The Three schema approach defines three schemas and views : External schema for user views Conceptual schema integrates external schemata Internal schema that defines physical storage structures At the center , the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the users think of them and talk about them . The physical schema describes the internal formats of the data stored in the database , and the external schema defines the view of the data presented to the application programs . The framework attempted to permit multiple data models to be used for external schemata . Over the years , the skill and interest in building information systems has grown tremendously . However , for the most part , the traditional approach to building systems has only focused on defining data from two distinct views , the `` user view '' and the `` computer view '' . From the user view , which will be referred to as the `` external schema , '' the definition of data is in the context of reports and screens designed to aid individuals in doing their specific jobs . The required structure of data from a usage view changes with the business environment and the individual preferences of the user . From the computer view , which will be referred to as the `` internal schema , '' data is defined in terms of file structures for storage and retrieval . The required structure of data for computer storage depends upon the specific computer technology employed and the need for efficient processing of data . 4 + 1 view model of architecture ( edit ) Illustration of the 4 + 1 view model or architecture . 4 + 1 is a view model designed by Philippe Kruchten in 1995 for describing the architecture of software - intensive systems , based on the use of multiple , concurrent views . The views are used to describe the system in the viewpoint of different stakeholders , such as end - users , developers and project managers . The four views of the model are logical , development , process and physical view : The four views of the model are concerned with : Logical view : is concerned with the functionality that the system provides to end - users . Development view : illustrates a system from a programmers perspective and is concerned with software management . Process view : deals with the dynamic aspect of the system , explains the system processes and how they communicate , and focuses on the runtime behavior of the system . Physical view : depicts the system from a system engineer 's point of view . It is concerned with the topology of software components on the physical layer , as well as communication between these components . In addition selected use cases or scenarios are utilized to illustrate the architecture . Hence the model contains 4 + 1 views . Types of enterprise architecture views ( edit ) Enterprise architecture framework defines how to organize the structure and views associated with an enterprise architecture . Because the discipline of Enterprise Architecture and Engineering is so broad , and because enterprises can be large and complex , the models associated with the discipline also tend to be large and complex . To manage this scale and complexity , an Architecture Framework provides tools and methods that can bring the task into focus and allow valuable artifacts to be produced when they are most needed . Architecture Frameworks are commonly used in Information technology and Information system governance . An organization may wish to mandate that certain models be produced before a system design can be approved . Similarly , they may wish to specify certain views be used in the documentation of procured systems - the U.S. Department of Defense stipulates that specific DoDAF views be provided by equipment suppliers for capital project above a certain value . Zachman Framework ( edit ) Simplified illustration of the Zachman Framework with an explanation of the rows . The original framework is more advanced , see for an example here . The Zachman Framework , originally conceived by John Zachman at IBM in 1987 , is a framework for enterprise architecture , which provides a formal and highly structured way of viewing and defining an enterprise . The Framework is used for organizing architectural `` artifacts '' in a way that takes into account both who the artifact targets ( for example , business owner and builder ) and what particular issue ( for example , data and functionality ) is being addressed . These artifacts may include design documents , specifications , and models . The Zachman Framework is often referenced as a standard approach for expressing the basic elements of enterprise architecture . The Zachman Framework has been recognized by the U.S. Federal Government as having `` ... received worldwide acceptance as an integrated framework for managing change in enterprises and the systems that support them . '' RM - ODP views ( edit ) The RM - ODP view model , which provides five generic and complementary viewpoints on the system and its environment . The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing ( RM - ODP ) specifies a set of viewpoints for partitioning the design of a distributed software / hardware system . Since most integration problems arise in the design of such systems or in very analogous situations , these viewpoints may prove useful in separating integration concerns . The RMODP viewpoints are : the enterprise viewpoint , which is concerned with the purpose and behaviors of the system as it relates to the business objective and the business processes of the organization the information viewpoint , which is concerned with the nature of the information handled by the system and constraints on the use and interpretation of that information the computational viewpoint , which is concerned with the functional decomposition of the system into a set of components that exhibit specific behaviors and interact at interfaces the engineering viewpoint , which is concerned with the mechanisms and functions required to support the interactions of the computational components the technology viewpoint , which is concerned with the explicit choice of technologies for the implementation of the system , and particularly for the communications among the components RMODP further defines a requirement for a design to contain specifications of consistency between viewpoints , including : the use of enterprise objects and processes in defining information units the use of enterprise objects and behaviors in specifying the behaviors of computational components , and use of the information units in defining computational interfaces the association of engineering choices with computational interfaces and behavior requirements the satisfaction of information , computational and engineering requirements in the chosen technologies DoDAF views ( edit ) The Department of Defense Architecture Framework ( DoDAF ) defines a standard way to organize an enterprise architecture ( EA ) or systems architecture into complementary and consistent views . It is especially suited to large systems with complex integration and interoperability challenges , and is apparently unique in its use of `` operational views '' detailing the external customer 's operating domain in which the developing system will operate . DoDAF linkages among views . The DoDAF defines a set of products that act as mechanisms for visualizing , understanding , and assimilating the broad scope and complexities of an architecture description through graphic , tabular , or textual means . These products are organized under four views : Overarching All View ( AV ) , Operational View ( OV ) , Systems View ( SV ) , and the Technical Standards View ( TV ) . Each view depicts certain perspectives of an architecture as described below . Only a subset of the full DoDAF viewset is usually created for each system development . The figure represents the information that links the operational view , systems and services view , and technical standards view . The three views and their interrelationships driven -- by common architecture data elements -- provide the basis for deriving measures such as interoperability or performance , and for measuring the impact of the values of these metrics on operational mission and task effectiveness . Federal enterprise architecture views ( edit ) In the US Federal Enterprise Architecture enterprise , segment , and solution architecture provide different business perspectives by varying the level of detail and addressing related but distinct concerns . Just as enterprises are themselves hierarchically organized , so are the different views provided by each type of architecture . The Federal Enterprise Architecture Practice Guidance ( 2006 ) has defined three types of architecture : Federal Enterprise Architecture levels and attributes Enterprise architecture , Segment architecture , and Solution architecture . By definition , Enterprise Architecture ( EA ) is fundamentally concerned with identifying common or shared assets -- whether they are strategies , business processes , investments , data , systems , or technologies . EA is driven by strategy ; it helps an agency identify whether its resources are properly aligned to the agency mission and strategic goals and objectives . From an investment perspective , EA is used to drive decisions about the IT investment portfolio as a whole . Consequently , the primary stakeholders of the EA are the senior managers and executives tasked with ensuring the agency fulfills its mission as effectively and efficiently as possible . By contrast , segment architecture defines a simple roadmap for a core mission area , business service , or enterprise service . Segment architecture is driven by business management and delivers products that improve the delivery of services to citizens and agency staff . From an investment perspective , segment architecture drives decisions for a business case or group of business cases supporting a core mission area or common or shared service . The primary stakeholders for segment architecture are business owners and managers . Segment architecture is related to EA through three principles : structure , reuse , and alignment . First , segment architecture inherits the framework used by the EA , although it may be extended and specialized to meet the specific needs of a core mission area or common or shared service . Second , segment architecture reuses important assets defined at the enterprise level including : data ; common business processes and investments ; and applications and technologies . Third , segment architecture aligns with elements defined at the enterprise level , such as business strategies , mandates , standards , and performance measures . Nominal set of views ( edit ) In search of `` Framework for Modeling Space Systems Architectures '' Peter Shames and Joseph Skipper ( 2006 ) defined a `` nominal set of views '' , Derived from CCSDS RASDS , RM - ODP , ISO 10746 and compliant with IEEE 1471 . Illustration of the `` Nominal set of views '' . This `` set of views '' , as described below , is a listing of possible modeling viewpoints . Not all of these views may be used for any one project and other views may be defined as necessary . Note that for some analyses elements from multiple viewpoints may be combined into a new view , possibly using a layered representation . In a latter presentation this nominal set of views was presented as an Extended RASDS Semantic Information Model Derivation . Hereby RASDS stands for Reference Architecture for Space Data Systems . see second image . Enterprise Viewpoint Organization view -- Includes organizational elements and their structures and relationships . May include agreements , contracts , policies and organizational interactions . Requirements view -- Describes the requirements , goals , and objectives that drive the system . Says what the system must be able to do . Scenario view -- Describes the way that the system is intended to be used , see scenario planning . Includes user views and descriptions of how the system is expected to behave . Information viewpoint Metamodel view -- An abstract view that defines information model elements and their structures and relationships . Defines the classes of data that are created and managed by the system and the data architecture . Information view -- Describes the actual data and information as it is realized and manipulated within the system . Data elements are defined by the metamodel view and they are referred to by functional objects in other views . Reference Architecture for Space Data Systems . Functional viewpoint Functional Dataflow view -- An abstract view that describes the functional elements in the system , their interactions , behavior , provided services , constraints and data flows among them . Defines which functions the system is capable of performing , regardless of how these functions are actually implemented . Functional Control view -- Describes the control flows and interactions among functional elements within the system . Includes overall system control interactions , interactions between control elements and sensor / effector elements and management interactions . Physical viewpoint Data System view -- Describes instruments , computers , and data storage components , their data system attributes and the communications connectors ( busses , networks , point to point links ) that are used in the system . Telecomm view -- Describes the telecomm components ( antenna , transceiver ) , their attributes and their connectors ( RF or optical links ) . Navigation view -- Describes the motion of the major elements within the system ( trajectory , path , orbit ) , including their interaction with external elements and forces that are outside of the control of the system , but that must be modeled with it to understand system behavior ( planets , asteroids , solar pressure , gravity ) Structural view -- Describes the structural components in the system ( s / c bus , struts , panels , articulation ) , their physical attributes and connectors , along with the relevant structural aspects of other components ( mass , stiffness , attachment ) Thermal view -- Describes the active and passive thermal components in the system ( radiators , coolers , vents ) and their connectors ( physical and free space radiation ) and attributes , along with the thermal properties of other components ( i.e. antenna as sun shade ) Power view -- Describes the active and passive power components in the system ( solar panels , batteries , RTGs ) within the system and their connectors , along with the power properties of other components ( data system and propulsion elements as power sinks and structural panels as grounding plane ) Propulsion view -- Describes the active and passive propulsion components in the system ( thrusters , gyros , motors , wheels ) within the system and their connectors , along with the propulsive properties of other components MBED Top Level Ontology based on the Nominal set of views . Engineering viewpoint Allocation view -- Describes the allocation of functional objects to engineered physical and computational components within the system , permits analysis of performance and used to verify satisfaction of requirements Software view - Describes the software engineering aspects of the system , software design and implementation of functionality within software components , select languages and libraries to be used , define APIs , do the engineering of abstract functional objects into tangible software elements . Some functional elements , described using a software language , may actually be implemented as hardware ( FPGA , ASIC ) Hardware views -- Describes the hardware engineering aspects of the system , hardware design , selection and implementation of all of the physical components to be assembled into the system . There may be many of these views , each specific to a different engineering discipline . Communications Protocol view -- Describes the end to end design of the communications protocols and related data transport and data management services , shows the protocol stacks as they are implemented on each of the physical components of the system . Risk view -- Describes the risks associated with the system design , processes , and technologies , assigns additional risk assessment attributes to other elements described in the architecture Control Engineering view - Analyzes system from the perspective of its controllability , allocation of elements into system under control and control system Integration and Test view -- Looks at the system from the perspective of what must be done to assemble , integrate and test system and sub-systems , and assemblies . Includes verification of proper functionality , driven by scenarios , in satisfaction of requirements . IV&V view -- independent validation and verification of functionality and proper operation of the system in satisfaction of requirements . Does system as designed and developed meet goals and objectives . Technology viewpoint Standards view -- Defines the standards to be adopted during design of the system ( e.g. communication protocols , radiation tolerance , soldering ) . These are essentially constraints on the design and implementation processes . Infrastructure view -- Defines the infrastructure elements that are to support the engineering , design , and fabrication process . May include data system elements ( design repositories , frameworks , tools , networks ) and hardware elements ( chip fabrication , thermal vacuum facility , machine shop , RF testing lab ) Technology Development & Assessment view -- Includes description of technology development programs designed to produce algorithms or components that may be included in a system development project . Includes evaluation of properties of selected hardware and software components to determine if they are at a sufficient state of maturity to be adopted for the mission being designed . In contrast to the previous listed view models , this `` nominal set of views '' lists a whole range of views , possible to develop powerful and extensible approaches for describing a general class of software intensive system architectures . See also ( edit ) Enterprise Architecture framework Organizational architecture Software development methodology Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework TOGAF Zachman Framework Ontology ( information science ) Knowledge Acquisition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ISO / IEC / IEEE 42010 : 2011 , Systems and software engineering -- Architecture description Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 10746 - 1 , Information technology -- Open Distributed Processing -- Reference model : Overview ^ Jump up to : Edward J. Barkmeyer ea ( 2003 ) . Concepts for Automating Systems Integration NIST 2003 . Jump up ^ Hamdaqa , Mohammad ; Tahvildari , Ladan . `` The ( 5 + 1 ) architectural view model for cloud applications '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of 24th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering : 46 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Ross and K.E. Schoman , Jr . `` Structured analysis for requirements definition . '' IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering , SE - 3 ( 1 ) , January 1977 . Jump up ^ A. Finkelstein , J. Kramer , B. Nuseibeh , L. Finkelstein , and M. Goedicke . `` Viewpoints : A framework for integrating multiple perspectives in system development . '' International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering , 2 ( 1 ) : 31 - 58 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Shames , Joseph Skipper . `` Toward a Framework for Modeling Space Systems Architectures '' . NASA , JPL . Jump up ^ Easterbrook , S. ; Yu , E. ; Aranda , J. ; Fan , Yuntian ; Horkoff , J. ; Leica , M. ; Qadir , R.A. ( 1 August 2005 ) . `` Do viewpoints lead to better conceptual models ? An exploratory case study '' . 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering ( RE'05 ) : 199 -- 208 . doi : 10.1109 / RE. 2005.23 . Jump up ^ Sinan Si Alhir ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding the Model Driven Architecture ( MDA ) '' . In : Methods & Tools . Fall 2003 . Jump up ^ US Department of the Treasury Chief Information Officer Council ( 2000 ) . Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework . Version 1 , July 2000 . Archived 18 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IEEE - 1471 - 2000 Jump up ^ John Krogstie , ( 2003 ) . Conceptual modeling , Archived March 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Matthew West and Julian Fowler ( 1999 ) . Developing High Quality Data Models Archived December 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive ( EPISTLE ) . Jump up ^ STRAP SECTION 2 APPROACH . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ John F. Sowa ( 2004 ) . ( `` The Challenge of Knowledge Soup '' ) . published in : Research Trends in Science , Technology and Mathematics Education . Edited by J. Ramadas & S. Chunawala , Homi Bhabha Centre , Mumbai , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gad Ariav & James Clifford ( 1986 ) . New Directions for Database Systems : Revised Versions of the Papers . New York University Graduate School of Business Administration . Center for Research on Information Systems , 1986 . Jump up ^ itl.nist.gov ( 1993 ) Integration Definition for Information Modeling ( IDEFIX ) . 21 Dec 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Kruchten , Philippe ( 1995 , November ) . Architectural Blueprints -- The `` 4 + 1 '' View Model of Software Architecture . IEEE Software 12 ( 6 ) , pp. 42 - 50 . Jump up ^ US Department of Veterans Affairs ( 2008 ) A Tutorial on the Zachman Architecture Framework Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 06 Dec 2008 . Jump up ^ A Comparison of the Top Four Enterprise Architecture Methodologies , Roger Sessions , Microsoft Developer Network Architecture Center , Jump up ^ Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework Archived September 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 10746 - 1 : 1998 Information technology -- Open Distributed Processing : Reference Model -- Part 1 : Overview , International Organization for Standardization , Geneva , Switzerland , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : DoD ( 2007 ) DoD Architecture Framework Version 1.5 . 23 April 2007 Archived March 11 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office ( 2006 ) . FEA Practice Guidance . ^ Jump up to : Peter Shames & Joseph Skipper ( 2006 ) . Towards a Framework for Modeling Space Systems Architectures. 25 May 2006 . Attribution This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology website http://www.nist.gov . External links ( edit ) Media related to View models at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Software engineering Fields Computer programming Requirements engineering Software deployment Software design Software maintenance Software testing Systems analysis Formal methods Concepts Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Orthogonality Programming paradigm Software Software archaeology Software architecture Software configuration management Software development methodology Software development process Software quality Software quality assurance Software verification and validation Structured analysis Orientations Agile Aspect - oriented Object orientation Ontology Service orientation SDLC Models Developmental Agile EUP Executable UML Incremental model Iterative model Prototype model RAD UP Scrum Spiral model V - Model Waterfall model XP Other SPICE CMMI Data model ER model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model Systems model View model Languages IDEF UML USL SysML Software engineers Victor Basili Kent Beck Grady Booch Fred Brooks Barry Boehm Peter Chen Danese Cooper Ward Cunningham Tom DeMarco Edsger W. Dijkstra Delores M. Etter Martin Fowler Adele Goldstine Margaret Hamilton C.A.R. Hoare Lois Haibt Mary Jean Harrold Grace Hopper Watts Humphrey Michael A. Jackson Ivar Jacobson Alan Kay Nancy Leveson Stephen J. Mellor Bertrand Meyer David Parnas Trygve Reenskaug Winston W. Royce James Rumbaugh Mary Shaw Peri Tarr Elaine Weyuker Niklaus Wirth Edward Yourdon Related fields Computer science Computer engineering Project management Risk management Systems engineering Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=View_model&oldid=801118442 '' Categories : Enterprise architecture Software engineering Systems engineering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Institute of Standards and Technology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View%20model

who made the world's first computer virus

Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986 , and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS . It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table ( FAT ) file system . Brain was written by two brothers , Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi , from Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan .

Basit Farooq Alvi|Amjad Farooq Alvi

Brain ( computer virus )

brain ( computer virus )

Brain is the industry standard name for a computer virus that was released in its first form in January 1986 , and is considered to be the first computer virus for MS - DOS . It infects the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table ( FAT ) file system . Brain was written by two brothers , Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi , from Lahore , Punjab , Pakistan .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Author response 3 Variants 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) Brain affects the IBM PC computer by replacing the boot sector of a floppy disk with a copy of the virus . The real boot sector is moved to another sector and marked as bad . Infected disks usually have five kilobytes of bad sectors . The disk label is usually changed to © Brain , and the following text can be seen in infected boot sectors : Welcome to the Dungeon ( c ) 1986 Basit & Amjads ( pvt ) Ltd VIRUS_SHOE RECORD V9. 0 Dedicated to the dynamic memories of millions of viruses who are no longer with us today - Thanks GOODNESS ! ! BEWARE OF THE er ... VIRUS : this program is catching program follows after these messages ... $ # @ % $ @ ! ! There are many minor and major variations to that version of the text . The virus slows down the floppy disk drive and makes seven kilobytes of memory unavailable to DOS . Brain was written by Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi , who at the time lived in Chah Miran , near Lahore Railway Station , in Lahore , Pakistan . The brothers told TIME magazine they had written it to protect their medical software from piracy , and it was supposed to target copyright infringement only . The cryptic message `` Welcome to the Dungeon '' , a safeguard and reference to an early programming forum on Dungeon BBS , appeared after a year because the brothers licensed a beta version of the code . The brothers could not be contacted to receive the final release of this version of the program . Brain lacks code for dealing with hard disk partitioning , and avoids infecting hard disks by checking the most significant bit of the BIOS drive number being accessed . Brain does not infect the disk if the bit is clear , unlike other viruses at the time , which paid no attention to disk partitioning and consequently destroyed data stored on hard disks by treating them in the same way as floppy disks . Brain often went undetected , partially due to this deliberate non-destructiveness , especially when the user paid little to no attention to the slow speed of floppy disk access . The virus came complete with the brothers ' address and three phone numbers , and a message that told the user that their machine was infected and to call them for inoculation : Welcome to the Dungeon © 1986 Basit & Amjads ( pvt ) . BRAIN COMPUTER SERVICES 730 NIZAM BLOCK ALLAMA IQBAL TOWN LAHORE - PAKISTAN PHONE : 430791 , 443248 , 280530 . Beware of this VIRUS ... Contact us for vaccination ... This program was originally used to track a heart monitoring program for the IBM PC , and pirates were distributing illicit copies of the disks . This tracking program was supposed to stop and track illegal copies of the disk , however the program also sometimes used the last 5k on an Apple floppy , making additional saves to the disk by other programs impossible . Author response ( edit ) When the brothers began to receive a large number of phone calls from people in United Kingdom , United States and elsewhere , demanding that they disinfect their machines , they were stunned and tried to explain to the outraged callers that their motivation had not been malicious . Their phone lines were overloaded . The brothers with another brother Shahid Farooq Alvi are still in business in Pakistan as Brain NET Internet service providers with a company called Brain Telecommunication Limited . In 2011 , 25 years after Brain was released , Mikko Hyppönen of F - Secure travelled to Pakistan to interview Basit and Amjad for a documentary . Being inspired by this documentary and its wide spread , a group of Pakistani bloggers interviewed Basit and Amjad , under the banner of Bloggerine . Variants ( edit ) Ashar is an older version of Brain . There are six variants , each with a different message . See also ( edit ) Computing portal Pakistan portal Timeline of computer viruses and worms Rootkit Iqbal Town , Lahore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leyden , John ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` PC virus celebrates 20th birthday '' . The Register . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Avoine , Gildas ; Pascal Junod ; Philippe Oechslin ( 2007 ) . Computer system security : basic concepts and solved exercises . EFPL Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4620 - 5 . The first PC virus is credited to two brothers , Basit Farooq Alvi and Amjad Farooq Alvi , from Pakistan Jump up ^ Philip Elmer - Dewitt ; Ross H. Munro / Lahore ( September 26 , 1988 ) . `` Technology : You Must Be Punished '' . TIME . Jump up ^ Acohido , Brian ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Documentary examines the inception of PC viruses 25 years ago '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Searching for the first PC virus in Pakistan '' . F - Secure . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To The Roots Of PC Virus '' . Bloggerine . External links ( edit ) `` BrainNET website '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2004 - 05 - 01 . Description of ( c ) Brain at F - Secure site BRAIN Searching for the first PC virus in Pakistan Information on the Brain Virus And Variants at textfiles.com TED talk by Mikko Hyppönen Fighting viruses , defending the net ( hide ) Hacking in the 1980s Malware 1260 Brain Byte Bandit Cascade Christmas Tree EXEC Elk Cloner Father Christmas Ghostball Jerusalem Lamer Exterminator Morris worm Ping - Pong SCA Scores Stoned Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain_(computer_virus)&oldid=795695657 '' Categories : Hacking in the 1980s Boot viruses Pakistani inventions Information technology in Pakistan 1986 in computer science Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 22 : 18 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20%28computer%20virus%29

what are the ingredients in herb de provence

Herbes de Provence ( French pronunciation : ​ ( ɛʁb. də. pʁɔ. vɑ̃s ) ) is a mixture of dried herbs typical of the Provence region of southeast France . Formerly simply a descriptive term , commercial blends started to be sold under this name in the 1970s . These blends often contain savory , marjoram , rosemary , thyme , and oregano . Lavender leaves are also included in products in the North American market . The herb mixture is typically used with grilled foods and stews .

Herbes de Provence

herbes de provence

Herbes de Provence ( French pronunciation : ​ ( ɛʁb. də. pʁɔ. vɑ̃s ) ) is a mixture of dried herbs typical of the Provence region of southeast France . Formerly simply a descriptive term , commercial blends started to be sold under this name in the 1970s . These blends often contain savory , marjoram , rosemary , thyme , and oregano . Lavender leaves are also included in products in the North American market . The herb mixture is typically used with grilled foods and stews .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Herbs used 3 Sale 4 Uses 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) `` ... the famous mixtures of herbes de Provence ... were unknown to my Provençal grandmothers , who used , individually and with discernment , thyme , rosemary and savory gathered in the countryside . '' Provençal cuisine has traditionally used many herbs which were often characterized collectively as herbes de Provence , but not in specific combinations , and not sold as a mixture . It was in the 1970s that homogenised mixtures were formulated by spice wholesalers , including notably Ducros in France ( now part of McCormick & Company ) . Herbs used ( edit ) These mixtures typically contain savory , marjoram , rosemary , thyme , oregano , and other herbs . In the North American market , lavender leaves are also typically included ( perhaps due to American association of Provence with its fields of lavender ) , though lavender does not appear in the recipes in Jean - Baptiste Reboul 's 1910 compendium of Provençal cooking . Sale ( edit ) As the name herbes de Provence is generic , and does not have Protected Geographical Status , there is no guarantee that any herb mixture on the market actually comes from Provence ; indeed , the vast majority of these blends come from central and eastern Europe , North Africa , and China . Herbes de Provence are often sold in larger bags than other herbs , and the price in Provence is considerably lower than for other herbs . Uses ( edit ) Herbes de Provence are used to flavour grilled foods such as fish and meat , as well as vegetable stews . The mixture can be added to foods before or during cooking or mixed with cooking oil prior to cooking so as to infuse the flavour into the cooked food . They are rarely added after cooking is complete . See also ( edit ) List of herbs French cuisine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Laget , Francis ( 2005 ) . `` From its Birthplace in Egypt to Marseilles , an Ancient Trade : ' Drugs and Spices ' '' . Diogenes. 52 ( 3 ) : 131 -- 139 . doi : 10.1177 / 0392192105055941 . Jump up ^ Crum , Hannah ; LaGory , Alex ( 2016 ) . The Big Book of Kombucha . Storey Publishing . p. 200 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Mélogue , François ( 2015 ) . Cuisine of the Sun : A Ray of Sunshine on Your Plate . Eat Till You Bleed . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reboul , Jean - Baptiste ( 1910 ) . La Cuisinière Provençale . Jump up ^ Jacques Marseille , ed. ( 2002 ) . Dictionnaire de la Provence et de la Côte d'Azur . Paris : Éd . Larousse . p. 382 . ISBN 2035751055 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herbs of Provence . ( show ) Culinary herbs and spices ( show ) Herbs Angelica Basil holy Thai Bay leaf Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese ( rau răm ) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff ( show ) Spices Aonori ( ground seaweed ) Ajwain Allspice Amchoor ( mango powder ) Anise star Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot ( krachai ) Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Mace Mango - ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella ( kalonji ) Njangsa Nutmeg Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Salt Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso seeds / berries Sumac Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Peppers Alligator Brazilian Chili Cayenne Paprika Long Peruvian Sichuan ( huājiāo ) Japanese pricklyash Tasmanian Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) ( show ) Mixtures Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five - spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Idli podi Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Onion powder Panch phoron Persillade Powder - douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Vadouvan Yuzukoshō Za'atar ( show ) Lists and related topics Lists of herbs and spices Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbes_de_Provence&oldid=795852537 '' Categories : Herbs Herb and spice mixtures Provence French cuisine Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbes%20de%20Provence

where is the world's largest swimming pool located

San Alfonso del Mar

san alfonso del mar

San Alfonso del Mar is a private resort in Algarrobo , Chile , about 100 km ( 62 mi ) west of Santiago . The resort has one of the world 's largest swimming pools . At the time of its construction it was the largest .

The pool is 1,013 m ( 3,323 ft ) long , covering 8 ha ( 20 acres ) , containing some 250 million litres ( 66 million US gallons ) of seawater , with a maximum depth of 11.5 ft ( 3.5052 m ) . The water is pumped from the Pacific Ocean , filtered , and treated . Access to the pool is for residents only . There is no hotel at the premises , just apartments . Development ( edit ) The pool was developed by Fernando Fischmann ; his Chilean company Crystal Lagoons built the pool , opening in December 2006 . Early estimates put the total cost of construction at about US $3.5 million for the filtration system alone . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big Dipper '' . National Geographic . April 2010 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Record '' . World Record Academy . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Largest swimming pool by area '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson ; David P. Mikkelson . `` Pool Queue : Worlds Largest Swimming Pool '' . Snopes . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Crystal Lagoons Corporation LLC . `` Patent US 8790518 B2 '' . US Patent Office . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Minimal and maximal depths were 1.2 and 3.5 meters , being 2.8 meters the average depth . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Swimming Pool San Alfonso del Mar '' . Explorra . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Janelle Nanos ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Today Pic The World 's Largest '' . National Geographic Blogs . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Alfonso del Mar . San Alfonso del Mar Crystal Lagoons Coordinates : 33 ° 21 ′ S 71 ° 39.2 ′ W  /  33.350 ° S 71.6533 ° W  / - 33.350 ; - 71.6533 Greater Valparaíso Cities Valparaíso Viña del Mar Concón Quintero Quilpué Villa Alemana Universities Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso Federico Santa María Technical University University of Valparaíso University of Educational Sciences `` Playa Ancha '' Culture and sports El Mercurio de Valparaíso newspaper Everton de Viña del Mar Football Club Santiago Wanderers Football Club Trolleybuses in Valparaíso ( national monument ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Alfonso_del_Mar&oldid=839612519 '' Categories : Beaches of Chile Resorts in Chile Buildings and structures in Valparaíso Region Construction records Buildings and structures completed in 2006 Tourist attractions in Valparaíso Region Landforms of Valparaíso Region Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 15 : 12 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Alfonso%20del%20Mar

age of the planet of the apes full movie

Planet of the Apes

planet of the apes

Original series

Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $145,847,510 $287,867,730 $433,715,240 # 344 # 223 $150 million Total $792,991,338 $1,275,398,594 $2,148,372,595 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 266 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=801270205 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20of%20the%20Apes

who were involved in the battle of gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally / ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ / ( listen ) , with an / s / sound ) was fought July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North .

Battle of Gettysburg

battle of gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally / ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ / ( listen ) , with an / s / sound ) was fought July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North .

After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North -- the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war - ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook . In the late afternoon of July 2 , Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank , and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top , the Wheatfield , Devil 's Den , and the Peach Orchard . On the Union right , Confederate demonstrations escalated into full - scale assaults on Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . All across the battlefield , despite significant losses , the Union defenders held their lines . On the third day of battle , fighting resumed on Culp 's Hill , and cavalry battles raged to the east and south , but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge , known as Pickett 's Charge . The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire , at great loss to the Confederate army . Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia . Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three - day battle , the most costly in US history . On November 19 , President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Initial movements to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 First day of battle 3.1 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge 4 Second day of battle 4.1 Plans and movement to battle 4.2 Attacks on the Union left flank 4.3 Attacks on the Union right flank 5 Third day of battle 5.1 Lee 's plan 5.2 The largest artillery bombardment of the war 5.3 Pickett 's Charge 5.4 Cavalry battles 6 Aftermath 6.1 Casualties 6.2 Confederate retreat 6.3 Union reaction to the news of the victory 6.4 Effect on the Confederacy 6.5 Gettysburg Address 7 Historical assessment 7.1 Decisive victory controversies 7.2 Lee vs. Meade 8 Battlefield preservation 9 Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Memoirs and primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Military situation Main articles : Gettysburg Campaign and Gettysburg Battlefield Further information : Battle of Chancellorsville , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Gettysburg Campaign ( through July 3 ) ; cavalry movements shown with dashed lines Confederate Union This 1863 oval - shaped map depicts Gettysburg Battlefield during July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , showing troop and artillery positions and movements , relief hachures , drainage , roads , railroads , and houses with the names of residents at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg . A Harper 's Weekly illustration showing Confederate troops escorting captured African American civilians south into slavery . En route to Gettysburg , the Army of Northern Virginia kidnapped approximately 40 black civilians and sent them south into slavery . Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a major victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville ( April 30 -- May 6 , 1863 ) , Robert E. Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North ( the first was the unsuccessful Maryland Campaign of September 1862 , which ended in the bloody Battle of Antietam ) . Such a move would upset U.S. plans for the summer campaigning season and possibly reduce the pressure on the besieged Confederate garrison at Vicksburg . The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war - ravaged Virginia a much - needed rest . In addition , Lee 's 72,000 - man army could threaten Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North . Initial movements to battle Thus , on June 3 , Lee 's army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg , Virginia . Following the death of Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , Lee reorganized his two large corps into three new corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet ( First Corps ) , Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ( Second ) , and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill ( Third ) ; both Ewell and Hill , who had formerly reported to Jackson as division commanders , were new to this level of responsibility . The Cavalry Division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart . The Union Army of the Potomac , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of seven infantry corps , a cavalry corps , and an Artillery Reserve , for a combined strength of more than 100,000 men . The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station , near Culpeper , Virginia . The 9,500 Confederate cavalrymen under Stuart were surprised by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton 's combined arms force of two cavalry divisions ( 8,000 troopers ) and 3,000 infantry , but Stuart eventually repulsed the Union attack . The inconclusive battle , the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war , proved for the first time that the Union horse soldier was equal to his Southern counterpart . By mid-June , the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland . After defeating the U.S. garrisons at Winchester and Martinsburg , Ewell 's Second Corps began crossing the river on June 15 . Hill 's and Longstreet 's corps followed on June 24 and 25 . Hooker 's army pursued , keeping between the U.S. capital and Lee 's army . The U.S. crossed the Potomac from June 25 to 27 . Lee gave strict orders for his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population . Food , horses , and other supplies were generally not seized outright , although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants with Confederate money were not well received . Various towns , most notably York , Pennsylvania , were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies , under threat of destruction . During the invasion , the Confederates seized some 40 northern African Americans . A few of them were escaped fugitive slaves , but most were freemen ; all were sent south into slavery under guard . On June 26 , elements of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early 's division of Ewell 's Corps occupied the town of Gettysburg after chasing off newly raised Pennsylvania militia in a series of minor skirmishes . Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant supplies . Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge , and destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines . The following morning , Early departed for adjacent York County . Meanwhile , in a controversial move , Lee allowed J.E.B. Stuart to take a portion of the army 's cavalry and ride around the east flank of the Union army . Lee 's orders gave Stuart much latitude , and both generals share the blame for the long absence of Stuart 's cavalry , as well as for the failure to assign a more active role to the cavalry left with the army . Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle . By June 29 , Lee 's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg ( 28 miles ( 45 km ) northwest of Gettysburg ) to Carlisle ( 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of Gettysburg ) to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River . In a dispute over the use of the forces defending the Harpers Ferry garrison , Hooker offered his resignation , and Abraham Lincoln and General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck , who were looking for an excuse to get rid of him , immediately accepted . They replaced Hooker early on the morning of June 28 with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade , then commander of the V Corps . On June 29 , when Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the Potomac River , he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown , located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles ( 13 km ) west of Gettysburg . On June 30 , while part of Hill 's Corps was in Cashtown , one of Hill 's brigades , North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew , ventured toward Gettysburg . In his memoirs , Maj. Gen. Henry Heth , Pettigrew 's division commander , claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in town -- especially shoes . When Pettigrew 's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30 , they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town , and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them . When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth what he had seen , neither general believed that there was a substantial U.S. force in or near the town , suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia . Despite General Lee 's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated , Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front . Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday , July 1 , two brigades of Heth 's division advanced to Gettysburg . Opposing forces Union Key commanders ( Army of the Potomac ) Maj. Gen . George Meade , ( Commanding ) USA Maj. Gen . John F. Reynolds , USA Maj. Gen . Winfield Scott Hancock , USA Maj. Gen . Daniel Sickles , USA Maj. Gen . George Sykes , USA Maj. Gen . John Sedgwick , USA Maj. Gen . Oliver Otis Howard , USA Maj. Gen . Henry Warner Slocum , USA Maj. Gen . Alfred Pleasonton , USA Further information : Union order of battle The Army of the Potomac , initially under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker ( Maj. Gen. George Meade replaced Hooker in command on June 28 ) , consisted of more than 100,000 men in the following organization : I Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth , Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson , and Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday . II Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John C. Caldwell , John Gibbon , and Alexander Hays . III Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles , with divisions commanded by Maj. Gen. David B. Birney and Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys . V Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. George Sykes ( George G. Meade until June 28 ) , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . James Barnes , Romeyn B. Ayres , and Samuel W. Crawford . VI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright , Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe , and Maj. Gen. John Newton . XI Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Oliver Otis Howard , with divisions commanded by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr , and Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz . XII Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . Alpheus S. Williams and John W. Geary . Cavalry Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton , with divisions commanded by Brig . Gens . John Buford , David McM . Gregg , and H. Judson Kilpatrick . Artillery Reserve , commanded by Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler . ( The preeminent artillery officer at Gettysburg was Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt , chief of artillery on Meade 's staff . ) During the advance on Gettysburg , Maj. Gen. Reynolds was in operational command of the left , or advanced , wing of the Army , consisting of the I , III , and XI Corps . Note that many other Union units ( not part of the Army of the Potomac ) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign , but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg . These included portions of the Union IV Corps , the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna , and various garrisons , including that at Harpers Ferry . Confederate Key commanders ( Army of Northern Virginia ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , ( Commanding ) CSA Lt. Gen . James Longstreet , CSA Lt ... Gen . Richard S. Ewell , CSA Lt. Gen . A.P. Hill , CSA Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart , CSA Further information : Confederate order of battle In reaction to the death of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson after Chancellorsville , Lee reorganized his Army of Northern Virginia ( 75,000 men ) from two infantry corps into three . First Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Lafayette McLaws , George Pickett , and John Bell Hood . Second Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Jubal A. Early , Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson , and Robert E. Rodes . Third Corps , commanded by Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill , with divisions commanded by Maj . Gens . Richard H. Anderson , Henry Heth , and W. Dorsey Pender . Cavalry division , commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , with brigades commanded by Brig . Gens . Wade Hampton , Fitzhugh Lee , Beverly H. Robertson , Albert G. Jenkins , William E. `` Grumble '' Jones , and John D. Imboden , and Col. John R. Chambliss . First day of battle Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , First Day Overview map of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 , 1863 Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge Anticipating that the Confederates would march on Gettysburg from the west on the morning of July 1 , Buford laid out his defenses on three ridges west of the town : Herr Ridge , McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge . These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small cavalry division against superior Confederate infantry forces , meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town at Cemetery Hill , Cemetery Ridge , and Culp 's Hill . Buford understood that if the Confederates could gain control of these heights , Meade 's army would have difficulty dislodging them . First shot monument Heth 's division advanced with two brigades forward , commanded by Brig . Gens . James J. Archer and Joseph R. Davis . They proceeded easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike . Three miles ( 5 km ) west of town , about 7 : 30 a.m. on July 1 , the two brigades met light resistance from vedettes of Union cavalry , and deployed into line . According to lore , the Union soldier to fire the first shot of the battle was Lt. Marcellus Jones . In 1886 Lt. Jones returned to Gettysburg to mark the spot where he fired the first shot with a monument . Eventually , Heth 's men reached dismounted troopers of Col. William Gamble 's cavalry brigade , who raised determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with fire from their breechloading carbines . Still , by 10 : 20 a.m. , the Confederates had pushed the Union cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge , when the vanguard of the I Corps ( Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds ) finally arrived . North of the pike , Davis gained a temporary success against Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler 's brigade but was repulsed with heavy losses in an action around an unfinished railroad bed cut in the ridge . South of the pike , Archer 's brigade assaulted through Herbst ( also known as McPherson 's ) Woods . The U.S. Iron Brigade under Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith enjoyed initial success against Archer , capturing several hundred men , including Archer himself . General Reynolds was shot and killed early in the fighting while directing troop and artillery placements just to the east of the woods . Shelby Foote wrote that the Union cause lost a man considered by many to be `` the best general in the army . '' Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday assumed command . Fighting in the Chambersburg Pike area lasted until about 12 : 30 p.m. It resumed around 2 : 30 p.m. , when Heth 's entire division engaged , adding the brigades of Pettigrew and Col. John M. Brockenbrough . As Pettigrew 's North Carolina Brigade came on line , they flanked the 19th Indiana and drove the Iron Brigade back . The 26th North Carolina ( the largest regiment in the army with 839 men ) lost heavily , leaving the first day 's fight with around 212 men . By the end of the three - day battle , they had about 152 men standing , the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment , North or South . Slowly the Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods toward Seminary Ridge . Hill added Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender 's division to the assault , and the I Corps was driven back through the grounds of the Lutheran Seminary and Gettysburg streets . As the fighting to the west proceeded , two divisions of Ewell 's Second Corps , marching west toward Cashtown in accordance with Lee 's order for the army to concentrate in that vicinity , turned south on the Carlisle and Harrisburg roads toward Gettysburg , while the Union XI Corps ( Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard ) raced north on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road . By early afternoon , the U.S. line ran in a semicircle west , north , and northeast of Gettysburg . However , the U.S. did not have enough troops ; Cutler , whose brigade was deployed north of the Chambersburg Pike , had his right flank in the air . The leftmost division of the XI Corps was unable to deploy in time to strengthen the line , so Doubleday was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage his line . Around 2 p.m. , the Confederate Second Corps divisions of Maj . Gens . Robert E. Rodes and Jubal Early assaulted and out - flanked the Union I and XI Corps positions north and northwest of town . The Confederate brigades of Col. Edward A. O'Neal and Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson suffered severe losses assaulting the I Corps division of Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson south of Oak Hill . Early 's division profited from a blunder by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow , when he advanced his XI Corps division to Blocher 's Knoll ( directly north of town and now known as Barlow 's Knoll ) ; this represented a salient in the corps line , susceptible to attack from multiple sides , and Early 's troops overran Barlow 's division , which constituted the right flank of the Union Army 's position . Barlow was wounded and captured in the attack . As U.S. positions collapsed both north and west of town , Gen. Howard ordered a retreat to the high ground south of town at Cemetery Hill , where he had left the division of Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr in reserve . Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock assumed command of the battlefield , sent by Meade when he heard that Reynolds had been killed . Hancock , commander of the II Corps and Meade 's most trusted subordinate , was ordered to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle . Hancock told Howard , `` I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw . '' When Howard agreed , Hancock concluded the discussion : `` Very well , sir , I select this as the battle - field . '' Hancock 's determination had a morale - boosting effect on the retreating Union soldiers , but he played no direct tactical role on the first day . General Lee understood the defensive potential to the Union if they held this high ground . He sent orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken `` if practicable . '' Ewell , who had previously served under Stonewall Jackson , a general well known for issuing peremptory orders , determined such an assault was not practicable and , thus , did not attempt it ; this decision is considered by historians to be a great missed opportunity . The first day at Gettysburg , more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody second and third days , ranks as the 23rd biggest battle of the war by number of troops engaged . About one quarter of Meade 's army ( 22,000 men ) and one third of Lee 's army ( 27,000 ) were engaged . Second day of battle Robert E. Lee 's plan for July 2 , 1863 Further information : Battle of Gettysburg , Second Day ; Little Round Top ; Culp 's Hill ; and Cemetery Hill Plans and movement to battle Throughout the evening of July 1 and morning of July 2 , most of the remaining infantry of both armies arrived on the field , including the Union II , III , V , VI , and XII Corps . Two of Longstreet 's brigades were on the road : Brig. Gen. George Pickett , had begun the 22 mile ( 35 km ) march from Chambersburg , while Brig. Gen. E.M. Law had begun the march from Guilford . Both arrived late in the morning . Law completed his 28 - mile ( 45 km ) march in eleven hours . The Union line ran from Culp 's Hill southeast of the town , northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town , then south for nearly two miles ( 3 km ) along Cemetery Ridge , terminating just north of Little Round Top . Most of the XII Corps was on Culp 's Hill ; the remnants of I and XI Corps defended Cemetery Hill ; II Corps covered most of the northern half of Cemetery Ridge ; and III Corps was ordered to take up a position to its flank . The shape of the Union line is popularly described as a `` fishhook '' formation . The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile ( 1,600 m ) to the west on Seminary Ridge , ran east through the town , then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp 's Hill . Thus , the Union army had interior lines , while the Confederate line was nearly five miles ( 8 km ) long . Lee 's battle plan for July 2 called for a general assault of Meade 's positions . On the right , Longstreet 's First Corps was to position itself to attack the Union left flank , facing northeast astraddle the Emmitsburg Road , and to roll up the U.S. line . The attack sequence was to begin with Maj . Gens . John Bell Hood 's and Lafayette McLaws 's divisions , followed by Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson 's division of Hill 's Third Corps . On the left , Lee instructed Ewell to position his Second Corps to attack Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill when he heard the gunfire from Longstreet 's assault , preventing Meade from shifting troops to bolster his left . Though it does not appear in either his or Lee 's Official Report , Ewell claimed years later that Lee had changed the order to simultaneously attack , calling for only a `` diversion '' , to be turned into a full - scale attack if a favorable opportunity presented itself . Lee 's plan , however , was based on faulty intelligence , exacerbated by Stuart 's continued absence from the battlefield . Though Lee personally reconnoitered his left during the morning , he did not visit Longstreet 's position on the Confederate right . Even so , Lee rejected suggestions that Longstreet move beyond Meade 's left and attack the Union flank , capturing the supply trains and effectively blocking Meade 's escape route . Lee did not issue orders for the attack until 11 : 00 a.m. About noon , General Anderson 's advancing troops were discovered by General Sickles ' outpost guard and the Third Corps -- upon which Longstreet 's First Corps was to form -- did not get into position until 1 : 00 p.m. Hood and McLaws , after their long march , were not yet in position and did not launch their attacks until just after 4 p.m. and 5 p.m. , respectively . Attacks on the Union left flank Overview map of the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 2 , 1863 As Longstreet 's left division , under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws , advanced , they unexpectedly found Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles 's III Corps directly in their path . Sickles had been dissatisfied with the position assigned him on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge . Seeing ground better suited for artillery positions a half mile ( 800 m ) to the west -- centered at the Sherfy farm 's Peach Orchard -- he violated orders and advanced his corp to the slightly higher ground along the Emmitsburg Road , moving away from Cemetery Ridge . The new line ran from Devil 's Den , northwest to the Peach Orchard , then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm . This created an untenable salient at the Peach Orchard ; Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys 's division ( in position along the Emmitsburg Road ) and Maj. Gen. David B. Birney 's division ( to the south ) were subject to attacks from two sides and were spread out over a longer front than their small corps could defend effectively . The Confederate artillery was ordered to open fire at 3 : 00 p.m. After failing to attend a meeting at this time of Meade 's corps commanders , Meade rode to Sickles ' position and demanded an explanation of the situation . Knowing a Confederate attack was imminent and a retreat would be endangered , Meade refused Sickles ' offer to withdraw . Meade was forced to send 20,000 reinforcements : the entire V Corps , Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell 's division of the II Corps , most of the XII Corps , and portions of the newly arrived VI Corps . Hood 's division moved more to the east than intended , losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road , attacking Devil 's Den and Little Round Top . McLaws , coming in on Hood 's left , drove multiple attacks into the thinly stretched III Corps in the Wheatfield and overwhelmed them in Sherfy 's Peach Orchard . McLaws 's attack eventually reached Plum Run Valley ( the `` Valley of Death '' ) before being beaten back by the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps , moving down from Little Round Top . The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle , and Sickles 's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball . Caldwell 's division was destroyed piecemeal in the Wheatfield . Anderson 's division , coming from McLaws 's left and starting forward around 6 p.m. , reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge , but could not hold the position in the face of counterattacks from the II Corps , including an almost suicidal bayonet charge by the 1st Minnesota regiment against a Confederate brigade , ordered in desperation by Hancock to buy time for reinforcements to arrive . As fighting raged in the Wheatfield and Devil 's Den , Col. Strong Vincent of V Corps had a precarious hold on Little Round Top , an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line . His brigade of four relatively small regiments was able to resist repeated assaults by Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law 's brigade of Hood 's division . Meade 's chief engineer , Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren , had realized the importance of this position , and dispatched Vincent 's brigade , an artillery battery , and the 140th New York to occupy Little Round Top mere minutes before Hood 's troops arrived . The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine , ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher , was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war . Attacks on the Union right flank Union breastworks on Culp 's Hill Ewell interpreted his orders as calling only for a cannonade . His 32 guns , along with A.P. Hill 's 55 guns , engaged in a two - hour artillery barrage at extreme range that had little effect . Finally , about six o'clock , Ewell sent orders to each of his division commanders to attack the Union lines in his front . Maj. Gen. Edward `` Allegheny '' Johnson 's Division `` had not been pushed close to ( Culp 's Hill ) in preparation for an assault , although one had been contemplated all day . It now had a full mile ( 1,600 m ) to advance and Rock Creek had to be crossed . This could only be done at few places and involved much delay . Only three of Johnson 's four brigades moved to the attack . '' Most of the hill 's defenders , the Union XII Corps , had been sent to the left to defend against Longstreet 's attacks , leaving only a brigade of New Yorkers under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene behind strong , newly constructed defensive works . With reinforcements from the I and XI Corps , Greene 's men held off the Confederate attackers , though giving up some of the lower earthworks on the lower part of Culp 's Hill . Early was similarly unprepared when he ordered Harry T. Hays ' and Isaac E. Avery 's Brigades to attack the Union XI Corps positions on East Cemetery Hill . Once started , fighting was fierce : Col. Andrew L. Harris of the Union 2nd Brigade , 1st Division , came under a withering attack , losing half his men . Avery was wounded early on , but the Confederates reached the crest of the hill and entered the Union breastworks , capturing one or two batteries . Seeing he was not supported on his right , Hays withdrew . His right was to be supported by Robert E. Rodes ' Division , but Rodes -- like Early and Johnson -- had not been ordered up in preparation for the attack . He had twice as far to travel as Early ; by the time he came in contact with the Union skirmish line , Early 's troops had already begun to withdraw . Jeb Stuart and his three cavalry brigades arrived in Gettysburg around noon but had no role in the second day 's battle . Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton 's brigade fought a minor engagement with newly promoted 23 - year - old Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer 's Michigan cavalry near Hunterstown to the northeast of Gettysburg . Third day of battle Further information : Culp 's Hill ; Pickett 's Charge ; and Battle of Gettysburg , Third Day cavalry battles Overview map of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg , July 3 , 1863 Lee 's plan General Lee wished to renew the attack on Friday , July 3 , using the same basic plan as the previous day : Longstreet would attack the U.S. left , while Ewell attacked Culp 's Hill . However , before Longstreet was ready , Union XII Corps troops started a dawn artillery bombardment against the Confederates on Culp 's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works . The Confederates attacked , and the second fight for Culp 's Hill ended around 11 a.m. Harry Pfanz judged that , after some seven hours of bitter combat , `` the Union line was intact and held more strongly than before . '' Lee was forced to change his plans . Longstreet would command Pickett 's Virginia division of his own First Corps , plus six brigades from Hill 's Corps , in an attack on the U.S. II Corps position at the right center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge . Prior to the attack , all the artillery the Confederacy could bring to bear on the U.S. positions would bombard and weaken the enemy 's line . Much has been made over the years of General Longstreet 's objections to General Lee 's plan . In his memoirs , Longstreet described their discussion as follows : ( Lee ) rode over after sunrise and gave his orders . His plan was to assault the enemy 's left centre by a column to be composed of McLaws 's and Hood 's divisions reinforced by Pickett 's brigades . I thought that it would not do ; that the point had been fully tested the day before , by more men , when all were fresh ; that the enemy was there looking for us , as we heard him during the night putting up his defences ; that the divisions of McLaws and Hood were holding a mile ( 1,600 m ) along the right of my line against twenty thousand men , who would follow their withdrawal , strike the flank of the assaulting column , crush it , and get on our rear towards the Potomac River ; that thirty thousand men was the minimum of force necessary for the work ; that even such force would need close co-operation on other parts of the line ; that the column as he proposed to organize it would have only about thirteen thousand men ( the divisions having lost a third of their numbers the day before ) ; that the column would have to march a mile ( 1,600 m ) under concentrating battery fire , and a thousand yards ( 900 m ) under long - range musketry ; that the conditions were different from those in the days of Napoleon , when field batteries had a range of six hundred yards ( 550 m ) and musketry about sixty yards ( 55 m ) . He said the distance was not more than fourteen hundred yards ( 1280 m ) . General Meade 's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half ( 1.6 or 2.4 km ) ( Captain Long , the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888 , stated that it was a trifle over a mile ) . He then concluded that the divisions of McLaws and Hood could remain on the defensive line ; that he would reinforce by divisions of the Third Corps and Pickett 's brigades , and stated the point to which the march should be directed . I asked the strength of the column . He stated fifteen thousand . Opinion was then expressed that the fifteen thousand men who could make successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle ; but he was impatient of listening , and tired of talking , and nothing was left but to proceed . The `` High Water Mark '' on Cemetery Ridge as it appears today . The monument to the 72nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( `` Baxter 's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves '' ) appears at right , the Copse of Trees to the left . The largest artillery bombardment of the War Around 1 p.m. , from 150 to 170 Confederate guns began an artillery bombardment that was probably the largest of the war . In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew would follow , the Army of the Potomac 's artillery , under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Jackson Hunt , at first did not return the enemy 's fire . After waiting about 15 minutes , about 80 U.S. cannons added to the din . The Army of Northern Virginia was critically low on artillery ammunition , and the cannonade did not significantly affect the Union position . Pickett 's charge Around 3 p.m. , the cannon fire subsided , and 12,500 Southern soldiers stepped from the ridgeline and advanced the three - quarters of a mile ( 1,200 m ) to Cemetery Ridge in what is known to history as `` Pickett 's Charge '' . As the Confederates approached , there was fierce flanking artillery fire from Union positions on Cemetery Hill and north of Little Round Top , and musket and canister fire from Hancock 's II Corps . In the Union center , the commander of artillery had held fire during the Confederate bombardment ( in order to save it for the infantry assault , which Meade had correctly predicted the day before ) , leading Southern commanders to believe the Northern cannon batteries had been knocked out . However , they opened fire on the Confederate infantry during their approach with devastating results . Nearly one half of the attackers did not return to their own lines . Although the U.S. line wavered and broke temporarily at a jog called the `` Angle '' in a low stone fence , just north of a patch of vegetation called the Copse of Trees , reinforcements rushed into the breach , and the Confederate attack was repulsed . The farthest advance of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead 's brigade of Maj. Gen. George Pickett 's division at the Angle is referred to as the `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' , arguably representing the closest the South ever came to its goal of achieving independence from the Union via military victory . Union and Confederate soldiers locked in hand - to - hand combat , attacking with their rifles , bayonets , rocks and even their bare hands . Armistead ordered his Confederates to turn two captured cannons against Union troops , but discovered that there was no ammunition left , the last double canister shots having been used against the charging Confederates . Armistead was wounded shortly afterward three times . Cavalry battles There were two significant cavalry engagements on July 3 . Stuart was sent to guard the Confederate left flank and was to be prepared to exploit any success the infantry might achieve on Cemetery Hill by flanking the U.S. right and hitting their trains and lines of communications . Three miles ( 5 km ) east of Gettysburg , in what is now called `` East Cavalry Field '' ( not shown on the accompanying map , but between the York and Hanover Roads ) , Stuart 's forces collided with U.S. cavalry : Brig. Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg 's division and Brig. Gen. Custer 's brigade . A lengthy mounted battle , including hand - to - hand sabre combat , ensued . Custer 's charge , leading the 1st Michigan Cavalry , blunted the attack by Wade Hampton 's brigade , blocking Stuart from achieving his objectives in the U.S. rear . Meanwhile , after hearing news of the day 's victory , Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick launched a cavalry attack against the infantry positions of Longstreet 's Corps southwest of Big Round Top . Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth protested against the futility of such a move , but obeyed orders . Farnsworth was killed in the attack , and his brigade suffered significant losses . Aftermath Casualties `` The Harvest of Death '' : Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , photographed July 5 or July 6 , 1863 , by Timothy H. O'Sullivan The two armies suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties . Union casualties were 23,055 ( 3,155 killed , 14,531 wounded , 5,369 captured or missing ) , while Confederate casualties are more difficult to estimate . Many authors have referred to as many as 28,000 Confederate casualties , and Busey and Martin 's more recent 2005 work , Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , documents 23,231 ( 4,708 killed , 12,693 wounded , 5,830 captured or missing ) . Nearly a third of Lee 's general officers were killed , wounded , or captured . The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225 . In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war in terms of total casualties , Gettysburg also had the highest number of Generals killed in action of any battle in the war . The Confederacy lost generals Paul Jones Semmes , William Barksdale , Richard Garnett , and Lewis Armistead , as well as J. Johnston Pettigrew during the retreat after the battle . The Union lost Generals John Reynolds , Samuel K. Zook , Stephen H. Weed , and Elon J. Farnsworth , as well as Strong Vincent , who after being mortally wounded was given a deathbed promotion to brigadier general . Additional senior officer casualties included the wounding of Union Generals Dan Sickles ( lost a leg ) , Francis C. Barlow , and Winfield Scott Hancock . For the Confederacy , Major General John Bell Hood lost the use of his left arm , while Major General Henry Heth received a shot to the head on the first day of battle ( though incapacitated for the rest of the battle , he remarkably survived without long term injuries , credited in part due to his hat stuffed full of paper dispatches ) . Confederate Generals James Kemper and Isaac R. Trimble were severely wounded during Pickett 's charge and captured during the Confederate retreat . General James J. Archer , in command of a brigade that most likely was responsible for killing Reynolds , was taken prisoner shortly after Reynolds ' death . The following tables summarize casualties by corps for the Union and Confederate forces during the three - day battle . Union Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) I Corps 6059 ( 666 / 3231 / 2162 ) II Corps 4369 ( 797 / 3194 / 378 ) III Corps 4211 ( 593 / 3029 / 589 ) V Corps 2187 ( 365 / 1611 / 211 ) VI Corps 242 ( 27 / 185 / 30 ) XI Corps 3807 ( 369 / 1924 / 1514 ) XII Corps 1082 ( 204 / 812 / 66 ) Cavalry Corps 852 ( 91 / 354 / 407 ) Artillery Reserve 242 ( 43 / 187 / 12 ) Confederate Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) First Corps 7665 ( 1617 / 4205 / 1843 ) Second Corps 6686 ( 1301 / 3629 / 1756 ) Third Corps 8495 ( 1724 / 4683 / 2088 ) Cavalry Corps 380 ( 66 / 174 / 140 ) Bruce Catton wrote , `` The town of Gettysburg looked as if some universal moving day had been interrupted by catastrophe . '' But there was only one documented civilian death during the battle : Ginnie Wade ( also widely known as Jennie ) , 20 years old , was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen in town while she was making bread . Another notable civilian casualty was John L. Burns , a 69 - year old veteran of the War of 1812 who walked to the front lines on the first day of battle and participated in heavy combat as a volunteer , receiving numerous wounds in the process . Despite his age and injuries , Burns survived the battle and lived until 1872 . Nearly 8,000 had been killed outright ; these bodies , lying in the hot summer sun , needed to be buried quickly . Over 3,000 horse carcasses were burned in a series of piles south of town ; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench . Meanwhile , the town of Gettysburg , with its population of just 2,400 , found itself tasked with taking care of 14,000 wounded Union troops and an additional 8,000 Confederate prisoners . Confederate retreat Further information : Retreat from Gettysburg Gettysburg Campaign ( July 5 -- July 14 , 1863 ) The armies stared at one another in a heavy rain across the bloody fields on July 4 , the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant . Lee had reformed his lines into a defensive position on Seminary Ridge the night of July 3 , evacuating the town of Gettysburg . The Confederates remained on the battlefield , hoping that Meade would attack , but the cautious Union commander decided against the risk , a decision for which he would later be criticized . Both armies began to collect their remaining wounded and bury some of the dead . A proposal by Lee for a prisoner exchange was rejected by Meade . Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg . Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles - long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him , using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport , Maryland . Meade 's army followed , although the pursuit was half - spirited . The recently rain - swollen Potomac trapped Lee 's army on the north bank of the river for a time , but when the Union troops finally caught up , the Confederates had forded the river . The rear - guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 added some more names to the long casualty lists , including General Pettigrew , who was mortally wounded . General James Kemper , severely wounded during Pickett 's charge , was captured during Lee 's retreat . In a brief letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck written on July 7 , Lincoln remarked on the two major Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg . He continued : Now , if Gen. Meade can complete his work so gloriously prosecuted thus far , by the literal or substantial destruction of Lee 's army , the rebellion will be over . Halleck then relayed the contents of Lincoln 's letter to Meade in a telegram . Despite repeated pleas from Lincoln and Halleck , which continued over the next week , Meade did not pursue Lee 's army aggressively enough to destroy it before it crossed back over the Potomac River to safety in the South . The campaign continued into Virginia with light engagements until July 23 , in the minor Battle of Manassas Gap , after which Meade abandoned any attempts at pursuit and the two armies took up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River . Union reaction to the news of the victory The news of the Union victory electrified the North . A headline in The Philadelphia Inquirer proclaimed `` VICTORY ! WATERLOO ECLIPSED ! '' New York diarist George Templeton Strong wrote : The results of this victory are priceless ... The charm of Robert E. Lee 's invincibility is broken . The Army of the Potomac has at last found a general that can handle it , and has stood nobly up to its terrible work in spite of its long disheartening list of hard - fought failures ... Copperheads are palsied and dumb for the moment at least ... Government is strengthened four-fold at home and abroad . -- George Templeton Strong , Diary , p. 330 . However , the Union enthusiasm soon dissipated as the public realized that Lee 's army had escaped destruction and the war would continue . Lincoln complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles that `` Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it ! '' Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb wrote to his father on July 17 , stating that such Washington politicians as `` Chase , Seward and others , '' disgusted with Meade , `` write to me that Lee really won that Battle ! '' Effect on the Confederacy In fact , the Confederates had lost militarily and also politically . During the final hours of the battle , Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens was approaching the Union lines at Norfolk , Virginia , under a flag of truce . Although his formal instructions from Confederate President Jefferson Davis had limited his powers to negotiate on prisoner exchanges and other procedural matters , historian James M. McPherson speculates that he had informal goals of presenting peace overtures . Davis had hoped that Stephens would reach Washington from the south while Lee 's victorious army was marching toward it from the north . President Lincoln , upon hearing of the Gettysburg results , refused Stephens 's request to pass through the lines . Furthermore , when the news reached London , any lingering hopes of European recognition of the Confederacy were finally abandoned . Henry Adams wrote , `` The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success . It is now conceded that all idea of intervention is at an end . '' Compounding the effects of the defeat would be end of the Siege of Vicksburg , which surrendered to Grant 's Federal armies in the West on July 4 , the day after the Gettysburg battle . The immediate reaction of the Southern military and public sectors was that Gettysburg was a setback , not a disaster . The sentiment was that Lee had been successful on July 1 and had fought a valiant battle on July 2 -- 3 , but could not dislodge the Union Army from the strong defensive position to which it fled . The Confederates successfully stood their ground on July 4 and withdrew only after they realized Meade would not attack them . The withdrawal to the Potomac that could have been a disaster was handled masterfully . Furthermore , the Army of the Potomac had been kept away from Virginia farmlands for the summer and all predicted that Meade would be too timid to threaten them for the rest of the year . Lee himself had a positive view of the campaign , writing to his wife that the army had returned `` rather sooner than I had originally contemplated , but having accomplished what I proposed on leaving the Rappahannock , viz. , relieving the Valley of the presence of the enemy and drawing his Army north of the Potomac . '' He was quoted as saying to Maj . John Seddon , brother of the Confederate secretary of war , `` Sir , we did whip them at Gettysburg , and it will be seen for the next six months that that army will be as quiet as a sucking dove . '' Some Southern publications , such as the Charleston Mercury , criticized Lee 's actions in the campaign and on August 8 , he offered his resignation to President Davis , who quickly rejected it . Gettysburg became a postbellum focus of the `` Lost Cause '' , a movement by writers such as Edward A. Pollard and Jubal Early to explain the reasons for the Confederate defeat in the war . A fundamental premise of their argument was that the South was doomed because of the overwhelming advantage in manpower and industrial might possessed by the North . However , they claim it also suffered because Robert E. Lee , who up until this time had been almost invincible , was betrayed by the failures of some of his key subordinates at Gettysburg : Ewell , for failing to seize Cemetery Hill on July 1 ; Stuart , for depriving the army of cavalry intelligence for a key part of the campaign ; and especially Longstreet , for failing to attack on July 2 as early and as forcefully as Lee had originally intended . In this view , Gettysburg was seen as a great lost opportunity , in which a decisive victory by Lee could have meant the end of the war in the Confederacy 's favor . After the war , General Pickett was asked why Confederates lost at Gettysburg . He replied `` I always thought the Yankees had something to do with it . '' Gettysburg Address Main article : Gettysburg Address Gettysburg , November 19 , 1863 . Crowd of citizens , soldiers , and etc. , with a red arrow indicating Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg National Cemetery The ravages of war were still evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when , on November 19 , the Soldiers ' National Cemetery was dedicated . During this ceremony , President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address . Historical assessment Decisive victory controversies The nature of the result of the Battle of Gettysburg has been the subject of controversy for years . Although not seen as overwhelmingly significant at the time , particularly since the war continued for almost two years , in retrospect it has often been cited as the `` turning point '' , usually in combination with the fall of Vicksburg the following day . This is based on the observation that after Gettysburg Lee 's army conducted no more strategic offensives -- his army merely reacted to the initiative of Ulysses S. Grant in 1864 and 1865 -- and by the speculative viewpoint of the Lost Cause writers that a Confederate victory at Gettysburg might have resulted in the end of the war . ( The Army of the Potomac ) had won a victory . It might be less of a victory than Mr. Lincoln had hoped for , but it was nevertheless a victory -- and , because of that , it was no longer possible for the Confederacy to win the war . The North might still lose it , to be sure , if the soldiers or the people should lose heart , but outright defeat was no longer in the cards . Bruce Catton , Glory Road It is currently a widely held view that Gettysburg was a decisive victory for the Union , but the term is considered imprecise . It is inarguable that Lee 's offensive on July 3 was turned back decisively and his campaign in Pennsylvania was terminated prematurely ( although the Confederates at the time argued that this was a temporary setback and that the goals of the campaign were largely met ) . However , when the more common definition of `` decisive victory '' is intended -- an indisputable military victory of a battle that determines or significantly influences the ultimate result of a conflict -- historians are divided . For example , David J. Eicher called Gettysburg a `` strategic loss for the Confederacy '' and James M. McPherson wrote that `` Lee and his men would go on to earn further laurels . But they never again possessed the power and reputation they carried into Pennsylvania those palmy summer days of 1863 . '' However , Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones wrote that the `` strategic impact of the Battle of Gettysburg was ... fairly limited . '' Steven E. Woodworth wrote that `` Gettysburg proved only the near impossibility of decisive action in the Eastern theater . '' Edwin Coddington pointed out the heavy toll on the Army of the Potomac and that `` after the battle Meade no longer possessed a truly effective instrument for the accomplishments of his task . The army needed a thorough reorganization with new commanders and fresh troops , but these changes were not made until Grant appeared on the scene in March 1864 . '' Joseph T. Glatthaar wrote that `` Lost opportunities and near successes plagued the Army of Northern Virginia during its Northern invasion , '' yet after Gettysburg , `` without the distractions of duty as an invading force , without the breakdown of discipline , the Army of Northern Virginia ( remained ) an extremely formidable force . '' Ed Bearss wrote , `` Lee 's invasion of the North had been a costly failure . Nevertheless , at best the Army of the Potomac had simply preserved the strategic stalemate in the Eastern Theater ... '' Furthermore , the Confederacy soon proved it was still capable of winning significant victories over the Northern forces in both the East ( Battle of Cold Harbor ) and West ( Battle of Chickamauga ) . Peter Carmichael refers to the military context for the armies , the `` horrendous losses at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg , which effectively destroyed Lee 's offensive capacity , '' implying that these cumulative losses were not the result of a single battle . Thomas Goss , writing in the U.S. Army 's Military Review journal on the definition of `` decisive '' and the application of that description to Gettysburg , concludes : `` For all that was decided and accomplished , the Battle of Gettysburg fails to earn the label ' decisive battle ' . '' The military historian John Keegan agrees . Gettysburg was a landmark battle , the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed . The Union had restored to it the belief in certain victory , and the loss dispirited the Confederacy . If `` not exactly a decisive battle '' , Gettysburg was the end of Confederate use of Northern Virginia as a military buffer zone , the setting for Grant 's Overland Campaign . Lee vs. Meade George G. Meade Prior to Gettysburg , Robert E. Lee had established a reputation as an almost invincible general , achieving stunning victories against superior numbers -- although usually at the cost of high casualties to his army -- during the Seven Days , the Northern Virginia Campaign ( including the Second Battle of Bull Run ) , Fredericksburg , and Chancellorsville . Only the Maryland Campaign , with its tactically inconclusive Battle of Antietam , had been less than successful . Therefore , historians have attempted to explain how Lee 's winning streak was interrupted so dramatically at Gettysburg . Although the issue is tainted by attempts to portray history and Lee 's reputation in a manner supporting different partisan goals , the major factors in Lee 's loss arguably can be attributed to : ( 1 ) his overconfidence in the invincibility of his men ; ( 2 ) the performance of his subordinates , and his management thereof ; ( 3 ) his failing health , and ( 4 ) the performance of his opponent , George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac . Robert E. Lee Throughout the campaign , Lee was influenced by the belief that his men were invincible ; most of Lee 's experiences with the Army of Northern Virginia had convinced him of this , including the great victory at Chancellorsville in early May and the rout of the Union troops at Gettysburg on July 1 . Since morale plays an important role in military victory when other factors are equal , Lee did not want to dampen his army 's desire to fight and resisted suggestions , principally by Longstreet , to withdraw from the recently captured Gettysburg to select a ground more favorable to his army . War correspondent Peter W. Alexander wrote that Lee `` acted , probably , under the impression that his troops were able to carry any position however formidable . If such was the case , he committed an error , such however as the ablest commanders will sometimes fall into . '' Lee himself concurred with this judgment , writing to President Davis , `` No blame can be attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me , nor should it be censured for the unreasonable expectations of the public -- I am alone to blame , in perhaps expecting too much of its prowess and valor . '' The most controversial assessments of the battle involve the performance of Lee 's subordinates . The dominant theme of the Lost Cause writers and many other historians is that Lee 's senior generals failed him in crucial ways , directly causing the loss of the battle ; the alternative viewpoint is that Lee did not manage his subordinates adequately , and did not thereby compensate for their shortcomings . Two of his corps commanders -- Richard S. Ewell and A.P. Hill -- had only recently been promoted and were not fully accustomed to Lee 's style of command , in which he provided only general objectives and guidance to their former commander , Stonewall Jackson ; Jackson translated these into detailed , specific orders to his division commanders . All four of Lee 's principal commanders received criticism during the campaign and battle : James Longstreet suffered most severely from the wrath of the Lost Cause authors , not the least because he directly criticized Lee in postbellum writings and became a Republican after the war . His critics accuse him of attacking much later than Lee intended on July 2 , squandering a chance to hit the Union Army before its defensive positions had firmed up . They also question his lack of motivation to attack strongly on July 2 and 3 because he had argued that the army should have maneuvered to a place where it would force Meade to attack them . The alternative view is that Lee was in close contact with Longstreet during the battle , agreed to delays on the morning of July 2 , and never criticized Longstreet 's performance . ( There is also considerable speculation about what an attack might have looked like before Dan Sickles moved the III Corps toward the Peach Orchard . ) J.E.B. Stuart deprived Lee of cavalry intelligence during a good part of the campaign by taking his three best brigades on a path away from the army 's . This arguably led to Lee 's surprise at Hooker 's vigorous pursuit ; the meeting engagement on July 1 that escalated into the full battle prematurely ; and it also prevented Lee from understanding the full disposition of the enemy on July 2 . The disagreements regarding Stuart 's culpability for the situation originate in the relatively vague orders issued by Lee , but most modern historians agree that both generals were responsible to some extent for the failure of the cavalry 's mission early in the campaign . Richard S. Ewell has been universally criticized for failing to seize the high ground on the afternoon of July 1 . Once again the disagreement centers on Lee 's orders , which provided general guidance for Ewell to act `` if practicable . '' Many historians speculate that Stonewall Jackson , if he had survived Chancellorsville , would have aggressively seized Culp 's Hill , rendering Cemetery Hill indefensible , and changing the entire complexion of the battle . A differently worded order from Lee might have made the difference with this subordinate . A.P. Hill has received some criticism for his ineffective performance . His actions caused the battle to begin and then escalate on July 1 , despite Lee 's orders not to bring on a general engagement ( although historians point out that Hill kept Lee well informed of his actions during the day ) . However , Hill 's illness minimized his personal involvement in the remainder of the battle , and Lee took the explicit step of temporarily removing troops from Hill 's corps and giving them to Longstreet for Pickett 's Charge . Winfield S. Hancock In addition to Hill 's illness , Lee 's performance was affected by heart troubles , which would eventually lead to his death in 1870 ; he had been diagnosed with pericarditis by his staff physicians in March 1863 , though modern doctors believe he had in fact suffered a heart attack . He wrote to Jefferson Davis that his physical condition prevented him from offering full supervision in the field , and said , `` I am so dull that in making use of the eyes of others I am frequently misled . '' As a final factor , Lee faced a new and formidable opponent in George G. Meade , and the Army of the Potomac fought well on its home territory . Although new to his army command , Meade deployed his forces relatively effectively ; relied on strong subordinates such as Winfield S. Hancock to make decisions where and when they were needed ; took great advantage of defensive positions ; nimbly shifted defensive resources on interior lines to parry strong threats ; and , unlike some of his predecessors , stood his ground throughout the battle in the face of fierce Confederate attacks . Lee was quoted before the battle as saying Meade `` would commit no blunders on my front and if I make one ... will make haste to take advantage of it . '' That prediction proved to be correct at Gettysburg . Stephen Sears wrote , `` The fact of the matter is that George G. Meade , unexpectedly and against all odds , thoroughly outgeneraled Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg . '' Edwin B. Coddington wrote that the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac received a `` sense of triumph which grew into an imperishable faith in ( themselves ) . The men knew what they could do under an extremely competent general ; one of lesser ability and courage could well have lost the battle . '' Meade had his own detractors as well . Similar to the situation with Lee , Meade suffered partisan attacks about his performance at Gettysburg , but he had the misfortune of experiencing them in person . Supporters of his predecessor , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , lambasted Meade before the U.S. Congress 's Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , where Radical Republicans suspected that Meade was a Copperhead and tried in vain to relieve him from command . Daniel E. Sickles and Daniel Butterfield accused Meade of planning to retreat from Gettysburg during the battle . Most politicians , including Lincoln , criticized Meade for what they considered to be his half - hearted pursuit of Lee after the battle . A number of Meade 's most competent subordinates -- Winfield S. Hancock , John Gibbon , Gouverneur K. Warren , and Henry J. Hunt , all heroes of the battle -- defended Meade in print , but Meade was embittered by the overall experience . Battlefield preservation Battle of Gettysburg Protected area M1857 12 - Pounder `` Napoleon '' at Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Country United States State Pennsylvania County Adams Municipalities Cumberland , Franklin Straban Campaign Theater Gettysburg Eastern Landmark High Water Mark monument @ The Angle on Cemetery Ridge Owners private , federal Website : Park Home ( NPS.gov ) Today , the Gettysburg National Cemetery and Gettysburg National Military Park are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service as two of the nation 's most revered historical landmarks . Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields , it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation . Many historically significant locations on the battlefield lie outside the boundaries of Gettysburg National Military Park and are vulnerable to residential or commercial development . On July 20 , 2009 , a Comfort Inn and Suites opened on Cemetery Hill , adjacent to Evergreen Cemetery , just one of many modern edifices infringing on the historic field . The Baltimore Pike corridor attracts development that concerns preservationists . Some preservation successes have emerged in recent years . Two proposals to open a casino at Gettysburg were defeated in 2006 and most recently in 2011 , when public pressure forced the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board to reject the proposed gambling hub at the intersection of Routes 15 and 30 , near East Cavalry Field . The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011 . Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far . The Civil War Trust has preserved 815 acres around the site , some of which is now part of the 4,998 acres of Gettysburg National Military Park . Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963 Gettysburg National Military Park Quarter , issued 2011 During the Civil War Centennial , the U.S. Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles , as they occurred over a four - year period , beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961 . The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962 , the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963 , the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964 , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965 . A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in 1936 . As was typical for the period , mintage for the coin was very low , just 26,928 . On January 24 , 2011 , the America the Beautiful quarters released a 25 - cent coin commemorating Gettysburg National Military Park and the Battle of Gettysburg . The reverse side of the coin depicts the monument on Cemetery Ridge to the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry . In popular culture Film records survive of two Gettysburg reunions , held on the battlefield . At the 50th anniversary ( 1913 ) , veterans re-enacted Pickett 's Charge in a spirit of reconciliation , a meeting that carried great emotional force for both sides . At the 75th anniversary ( 1938 ) , 2500 veterans attended , and there was a ceremonial mass hand - shake across a stone wall . This was recorded on sound film , and some Confederates can be heard giving the Rebel Yell . Iced Earth 's three - part song cycle Gettysburg ( 1863 ) , published in 2004 , dramatizes the battle . The Battle of Gettysburg was depicted in the 1993 film Gettysburg , based on Michael Shaara 's 1974 novel The Killer Angels . The film and novel focused primarily on the actions of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , John Buford , Robert E. Lee , and James Longstreet during the battle . The first day focused on Buford 's cavalry defense , the second day on Chamberlain 's defense at Little Round Top , and the third day on Pickett 's Charge . The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories . Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg ( sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci - fi elements in an account of the battle ) : Novels : Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore ; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor ; Civil War Trilogy ( Gettysburg , Grant Comes East , Never Call Retreat ) by Newt Gingrich , William R. Forstchen , and Albert S. Hanser ; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney ; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett . Also : Harry Turtledove 's Southern Victory series has an analogous battle taking place at Camp Hill , another southeast Pennsylvania town . Short fiction : `` If Lee Had NOT Won the Battle of Gettysburg '' by Winston Churchill in If It Had Happened Otherwise and If , or History Rewritten , `` Sidewise in Time '' by Murray Leinster in various collections , `` A Hard Day for Mother '' by William R. Forstchen in Alternate Generals 1 , `` An Old Man 's Summer '' by Esther Friesner also in AG 1 , `` If the Lost Order Had n't Been Lost '' by James M. McPherson in What If ? and What Ifs ? of American History , `` East of Appomattox '' by Lee Allred in Alternate Generals 3 . Also : In `` Maureen Birnbaum on the Art of War '' ( tribute to Horseclans ) within George Alec Effinger 's sword and sorcery spoof Maureen Birnbaum , Barbarian Swordsperson , two armies in a post-apocalyptic world fight a battle at the Gettysburg site sometime in our distant future . Film and television : The Time Tunnel episode 25 `` The Death Merchant , '' Twin Peaks Season 2 ( as a play within a play acted out by characters in the 1990s ) , C.S.A. : The Confederate States of America , Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter X-Men : Origins Wolverine Ultimate General : Gettysburg is a tactical battle simulator video game first released in June 2014 that allows the player to lead soldiers of either side in the Battle of Gettysburg . An expanded version of the game , Ultimate General : Civil War , covering the entire 4 - year conflict , was pre-released in November 2016 . See also American Civil War portal Bibliography of the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Gettysburg Cyclorama , a painting by the French artist Paul Philippoteaux depicting Pickett 's Charge Armies in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Notes Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . See the discussion regarding historians ' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decisive victory . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , pages 155 - 168 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 283 - 291 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 151 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 : `` Engaged strength '' at the battle was 93,921 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , state that `` engaged strength '' at the battle was 71,699 ; McPherson , p. 648 , lists the strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 1 , page 187 ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Busey and Martin , p. 260 , cite 23,231 total ( 4,708 killed ; 12,693 wounded ; 5,830 captured / missing ) . See the section on casualties for a discussion of alternative Confederate casualty estimates , which have been cited as high as 28,000 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume XXVII , Part 2 , pages 338 - 346 Jump up ^ Robert D. Quigley , Civil War Spoken Here : A Dictionary of Mispronounced People , Places and Things of the 1860 's ( Collingswood , NJ : C.W. Historicals , 1993 ) , p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 9637745 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Antietam , the culmination of Lee 's first invasion of the North , had the largest number of casualties in a single day , about 23,000 . ^ Jump up to : Rawley , p. 147 ; Sauers , p. 827 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Army , p. 83 ; McPherson , p. 665 ; Eicher , p. 550 . Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point . Eicher uses the arguably related expression , `` High - water mark of the Confederacy '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica.com. 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Williamson ; Hsieh , Wayne Wei - siang ( 2016 ) . `` The War in the East , 1863 '' . A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War . Princeton University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Symonds , pp. 49 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 8 -- 9 ; Eicher , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 489 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Trudeau , pp. 45 , 66 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frank ( September 25 , 1864 ) . `` The Rebellion Record : A Diary of American Events , with Documents , Narratives Illustrative Incidents , Poetry , Etc '' . Putnam -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Nye , pp. 272 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Symonds , pp. 41 -- 43 ; Sears , pp. 103 -- 106 ; Esposito , text for Map 94 ( Map 34b in the online version ) ; Eicher , pp. 504 -- 507 ; McPherson , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 123 ; Trudeau , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 181 , 189 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 508 -- 509 , discounts Heth 's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious . However , many mainstream historians accept Heth 's account : Sears , p. 136 ; Foote , p. 465 ; Clark , p. 35 ; Tucker , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Martin , p. 25 ; Pfanz , First Day , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 508 ; Tucker , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 155 -- 58 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Gettysburg : Who Really Fired the First Shot - HistoryNet '' . www.historynet.com . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Gettysburg and the American Civil War - The First Shot Marker '' . archive.org . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 80 -- 81 . The troopers carried single - shot , breechloading carbines manufactured by Sharps , Burnside , and others . It is a modern myth that they were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines . Nevertheless , they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle - loaded carbine or rifle . Jump up ^ Symonds , p. 71 ; Coddington , p. 266 ; Eicher , pp. 510 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Tucker , pp. 112 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Foote , p. 468 Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 184 ; Symonds , p. 74 ; Pfanz , First Day , pp. 269 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 298 , 501 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 275 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 156 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , pp. 337 -- 38 ; Sears , pp. 223 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 482 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , First Day , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 517 ; Sears , p. 228 ; Trudeau , p. 253 . Both Sears and Trudeau record `` if possible . '' Jump up ^ Martin , p. 9 , citing Thomas L. Livermore 's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America ( Houghton Mifflin , 1900 ) . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 365 Jump up ^ Clark , p. 74 ; Eicher , p. 521 . Jump up ^ James Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox . ( Philadelphia , PA : J.R. Lippincott company , 1896 ) , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 255 ; Clark , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 408 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 364 , 368 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Mannassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 366 Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 119 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Second Day , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Eicher , pp. 523 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , p. 369 Jump up ^ Eicher Jump up ^ Harman , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 312 -- 24 ; Eicher , pp. 530 -- 35 ; Coddington , p. 423 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 527 -- 30 ; Clark , pp. 81 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Morgan , James . `` Who saved Little Round Top ? '' . Camp Chase Gazette . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Col. Chamberlain did not lead the charge . Lt. Holman Melcher was the first officer down the slope . Jump up ^ Edward Porter Alexander , Military Memoirs of a Confederate . ( New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1907 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 537 -- 38 ; Sauers , p. 835 ; Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 205 -- 34 ; Clark , pp. 115 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Report of Maj. Gen. R.E. Rodes , CSA , commanding division . JUNE 3 - AUGUST 1 , 1863. -- The Gettysburg Campaign . O.R. -- SERIES I -- VOLUME XXVII / 2 ( S # 44 ) Jump up ^ Sears , p. 257 ; Longacre , pp. 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Harman , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Culp 's Hill , pp. 284 -- 352 ; Eicher , pp. 540 -- 41 ; Coddington , pp. 465 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 542 ; Coddington , pp. 485 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Longstreet , From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America , ( Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1896 ) , pp. 386 - 387 Jump up ^ See discussion of varying gun estimates in Pickett 's Charge article footnote . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 661 -- 63 ; Clark , pp. 133 -- 44 ; Symonds , pp. 214 -- 41 ; Eicher , pp. 543 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 549 -- 50 ; Longacre , pp. 226 -- 31 , 240 - 44 ; Sauers , p. 836 ; Wert , pp. 272 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Examples of the varying Confederate casualties for July 1 -- 3 are Sears , p. 498 ( 22,625 ) ; Coddington , p. 536 ( 20,451 , `` and very likely more '' ) ; Trudeau , p. 529 ( 22,874 ) ; Eicher , p. 550 ( 22,874 , `` but probably actually totaled 28,000 or more '' ) ; McPherson , p. 664 ( 28,000 ) ; Esposito , map 99 ( `` near 28,000 '' ) ; Clark , p. 150 ( 20,448 , `` but probably closer to 28,000 , '' which he inaccurately cites as a nearly 40 % loss ) ; Woodworth , p. 209 ( `` at least equal to Meade 's and possibly as high as 28,000 '' ) ; NPS ( 28,000 ) Jump up ^ Glatthaar , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Busey and Martin , pp. 125 -- 47 , 260 -- 315 . Headquarters element casualties account for the minor differences in army totals stated previously . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 391 . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg 's Most Unlikely Hero , An Elderly Citizen Who Volunteered '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat . `` Nursing the Wounded at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; Coddington , pp. 539 -- 44 ; Clark , pp. 146 -- 47 ; Sears , p. 469 ; Wert , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Clark , pp. 147 -- 57 ; Longacre , pp. 268 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 564 . Jump up ^ Coddington , pp. 535 -- 74 ; Sears , pp. 496 -- 97 ; Eicher , p. 596 ; Wittenberg et al. , One Continuous Fight , pp. 345 -- 46 ... Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 664 . Jump up ^ Donald , p. 446 ; Woodworth , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 650 , 664 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Army , pp. 86 , 93 , 102 - 05 ; Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , p. 665 , in contrast to Gallagher , depicts Lee as `` profoundly depressed '' about the battle . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Sears , p. 503 ; Woodworth , p. 221 . Gallagher 's essay `` Jubal A. Early , The Lost Cause , and Civil War History : A Persistent Legacy '' in Lee and His Generals is a good overview of the Lost Cause movement . Jump up ^ `` This site is temporarily unavailable '' . www.brotherswar.com . Jump up ^ White , p. 251 . White refers to Lincoln 's use of the term `` new birth of freedom '' and writes , `` The new birth that slowly emerged in Lincoln 's politics meant that on November 19 at Gettysburg he was no longer , as in his inaugural address , defending an old Union but proclaiming a new Union . The old Union contained and attempted to restrain slavery . The new Union would fulfill the promise of liberty , the crucial step into the future that the Founders had failed to take . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 665 ; Gallagher , Lee and His Generals , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 550 ; McPherson , p. 665 Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 415 ; Woodworth , p. xiii ; Coddington , p. 573 ; Glatthaar , p. 288 ; Bearss , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , p. xvii ; Goss , Major Thomas ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Gettysburg 's `` Decisive Battle '' '' ( PDF ) . Military Review : 11 -- 16 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keegan , pp. 202 , 239 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 499 -- 500 ; Glatthaar , p. 287 ; Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee 's `` overweening confidence in the superiority of his soldiers over his enemy possessed him . '' Jump up ^ For example , Sears , p. 504 : `` In the final analysis , it was Robert E. Lee 's inability to manage his generals that went to the heart of the failed campaign . '' Glatthaar , pp. 285 -- 86 , criticizes the inability of the generals to coordinate their actions as a whole . Fuller , p. 198 , states that Lee `` maintained no grip over the operations '' of his army . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 195 , for example , refers to orders to Stuart that `` were as usual vague . '' Fuller , p. 197 , wrote `` As was ( Lee 's ) custom , he relied on verbal instructions , and left all details to his subordinates . '' Jump up ^ Woodworth , pp. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 501 -- 502 ; McPherson , pp. 656 -- 57 ; Coddington , pp. 375 -- 80 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Longstreet at Gettysburg may be found in James Longstreet # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 502 ; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign may be found in J.E.B. Stuart # Gettysburg . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 654 ; Coddington , pp. 317 -- 19 ; Eicher , pp. 517 -- 18 ; Sears , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Jim ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Civil War Medicine ( and Writing ) : Medical Department # 18 - Lee 's Health at Gettysburg '' . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 506 ; Coddington , p. 573 . Jump up ^ Sears , pp. 505 -- 507 . Jump up ^ `` Preservation Trust Helps Secure Key Piece of Ground in Gettysburg , Baltimore Civil War Roundtable Newsletter , August 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Gettysburg casino plan defeated , Penn State Civil War History Center , April 15 , 2011 Archived April 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Writer , SCOT ANDREW PITZER Times Staff . `` Country club site acquisition ends 25 - year Park Service effort '' . Jump up ^ `` Gettysburg - Civil War Trust '' . www.civilwar.org . Jump up ^ `` Arago : 1963 Civil War Centennial Issue '' . arago.si.edu . Jump up ^ HNAI US Coin Auction Catalog # 1145 , Stamford , CT . Heritage Capital Corporation . 2010 . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters ® Program - U.S. Mint '' . www.usmint.gov . References Bearss , Edwin C. Fields of Honor : Pivotal Battles of the Civil War . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 7568 - 3 . Busey , John W. , and David G. Martin . Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , 4th ed . Hightstown , NJ : Longstreet House , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 944413 - 67 - 6 . Carmichael , Peter S. , ed . Audacity Personified : The Generalship of Robert E. Lee . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2929 - 1 . Catton , Bruce . Glory Road . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04167 - 5 . Clark , Champ , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Gettysburg : The Confederate High Tide . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4758 - 4 . Coddington , Edwin B . The Gettysburg Campaign ; a study in command . New York : Scribner 's , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5 . Donald , David Herbert . Lincoln . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80846 - 3 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Foote , Shelby . The Civil War : A Narrative . Vol. 2 , Fredericksburg to Meridian . New York : Random House , 1958 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49517 - 9 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. Grant and Lee : A Study in Personality and Generalship . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13400 - 5 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Army in Confederate History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2631 - 7 . Gallagher , Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2958 - 5 . Glatthaar , Joseph T. General Lee 's Army : From Victory to Collapse . New York : Free Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82787 - 2 . Harman , Troy D. Lee 's Real Plan at Gettysburg . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0054 - 2 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Keegan , John . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Longacre , Edward G . The Cavalry at Gettysburg . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7941 - 8 . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Martin , David G. Gettysburg July 1 . rev . ed . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 81 - 0 . Murray , Williamson and Wayne Wei - siang Hsieh . `` A Savage War : A Military History of the Civil War '' . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69 - 116940 - 8 . Nye , Wilbur S. Here Come the Rebels ! Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 080 - 6 . First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The First Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2624 - 3 . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg -- The Second Day . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1749 - X . Pfanz , Harry W. Gettysburg : Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2118 - 7 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Sauers , Richard A. `` Battle of Gettysburg . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Sears , Stephen W. Gettysburg . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4 . Symonds , Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Tagg , Larry . The Generals of Gettysburg . Campbell , CA : Savas Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 30 - 9 . Trudeau , Noah Andre . Gettysburg : A Testing of Courage . New York : HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019363 - 8 . Tucker , Glenn . High Tide at Gettysburg . Dayton , OH : Morningside House , 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 914427 - 82 - 7 . First published 1958 by Bobbs - Merrill Co . Wert , Jeffry D. Gettysburg : Day Three . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85914 - 9 . White , Ronald C. , Jr . The Eloquent President : A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words . New York : Random House , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6119 - 9 . Wittenberg , Eric J. , J. David Petruzzi , and Michael F. Nugent . One Continuous Fight : The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , July 4 -- 14 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 43 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Beneath a Northern Sky : A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign . Wilmington , DE : SR Books ( scholarly Resources , Inc . ) , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2933 - 8 . Memoirs and primary sources Paris , Louis - Philippe - Albert d'Orléans . The Battle of Gettysburg : A History of the Civil War in America . Digital Scanning , Inc. , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 58218 - 066 - 0 . First published 1869 by Germer Baillière . New York ( State ) , William F. Fox , and Daniel Edgar Sickles . New York at Gettysburg : Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg . Albany , NY : J.B. Lyon Company , Printers , 1900 . OCLC 607395975 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Adkin , Mark . The Gettysburg Companion : The Complete Guide to America 's Most Famous Battle . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 0439 - 7 . Bachelder , John B . The Bachelder Papers : Gettysburg in Their Own Words . Edited by David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd. 3 vols . Dayton , OH : Morningside Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 89029 - 320 - 1 . Bachelder , John B. Gettysburg : What to See , and How to See It : Embodying Full Information for Visiting the Field . Boston : Bachelder , 1873 . OCLC 4637523 . Ballard , Ted , and Billy Arthur . Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book . Carlisle , PA : United States Army Center of Military History , 1999 . OCLC 42908450 . Bearss , Edwin C. Receding Tide : Vicksburg and Gettysburg : The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War . Washington DC : National Geographic Society , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0510 - 1 . Boritt , Gabor S. , ed . The Gettysburg Nobody Knows . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . Desjardin , Thomas A. These Honored Dead : How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81267 - 3 . Frassanito , William A. Early Photography at Gettysburg . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1995 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 032 - X . Lyon Fremantle , Arthur J. The Fremantle Diary : A Journal of the Confederacy . Edited by Walter Lord . Short Hills , NJ : Burford Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58080 - 085 - 8 . First published 1954 by Capicorn Books . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Three Days at Gettysburg : Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 629 - 9 . Gottfried , Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81175 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg : An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign , June 3 -- 13 , 1863 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 30 - 2 . Grimsley , Mark , and Brooks D. Simpson . Gettysburg : A Battlefield Guide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7077 - 1 . Guelzo , Allen C. Gettysburg : The Last Invasion . New York : Vintage Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74069 - 4 . First published in 2013 by Alfred A. Knopf . Hall , Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34258 - 9 . Haskell , Frank Aretas . The Battle of Gettysburg . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 6012 - 0 . Hawthorne , Frederick W. Gettysburg : Stories of Men and Monuments . Gettysburg , PA : Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 9657444 - 0 - X . Hoptak , John David . Confrontation at Gettysburg : A Nation Saved , a Cause Lost . Charleston , SC : The History Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 426 - 1 . Huntington , Tom . Pennsylvania Civil War Trails : The Guide to Battle Sites , Monuments , Museums and Towns . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3379 - 3 . Laino , Philip , Gettysburg Campaign Atlas , 2nd ed . Dayton , OH : Gatehouse Press 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934900 - 45 - 1 . McMurry , Richard M. `` The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash . '' In The Gettysburg Nobody Knows , edited by Gabor Boritt . New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510223 - 1 . McPherson , James M. Hallowed Ground : A Walk at Gettysburg . New York : Crown Publishers , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 61023 - 6 . Petruzzi , J. David , and Steven Stanley . The Complete Gettysburg Guide . New York : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 63 - 0 . Shaara , Michael . The Killer Angels : A Novel . New York : Ballantine Books , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44412 - 7 . First published 1974 by David McKay Co . Stackpole , Gen. Edward J. They Met at Gettysburg . Harrisburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 1956 , OCLC 22643644 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Gettysburg , Gettysburg Battlefield and Gettysburg National Military Park . Find more aboutBattle of Gettysburgat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity External media Images GettysburgPhotographs.com CivilWar.org maps & photos Gettysburg.edu paintings & photos Video GettysburgAnimated.com Battle of Gettysburg : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Animated map of the Battle of Gettysburg ( Civil War Trust ) Gettysburg National Military Park ( National Park Service ) Papers of the Gettysburg National Military Park seminars U.S. Army 's Interactive Battle of Gettysburg with Narratives Military History Online : The Battle of Gettysburg Official Records : The Battle of Gettysburg The Brothers War : The Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg Discussion Group archives List of 53 Confederate generals at Gettysburg Encyclopædia Britannica : Battle of Gettysburg National Park Service battle description A film clip `` Blue and Gray At 75th Anniversary of Great Battle , 1938 / 07 / 04 ( 1938 ) '' is available at the Internet Archive Gettysburg Campaign Engagements Brandy Station Second Winchester Aldie Middleburg Upperville Sporting Hill Hanover Carlisle Hunterstown Fairfield Gettysburg 1st day 2nd Day 3rd day Longstreet 's Assault Artillery barrage Pickett 's Charge East cavalry battles Retreat Monterey Pass Williamsport Boonsboro Funkstown Manassas Gap Confederate commanders Robert E. Lee E. Porter Alexander Richard H. Anderson Jubal A. Early Richard S. Ewell Henry Heth A.P. Hill John B. Hood Allegheny Johnson James Longstreet Lafayette McLaws W. Dorsey Pender J. Johnston Pettigrew George E. Pickett Robert E. Rodes J.E.B. Stuart Isaac R. Trimble Lewis Armistead Union commanders Joseph Hooker / George G. Meade John Buford Joshua L. Chamberlain George A. Custer Abner Doubleday John Gibbon George S. Greene Winfield S. Hancock Oliver Otis Howard Henry J. Hunt Alfred Pleasonton John F. Reynolds John Sedgwick Daniel E. Sickles Henry W. Slocum George Sykes Gouverneur K. Warren Army of the Potomac ( order of battle ) I Corps II Corps III Corps V Corps VI Corps XI Corps XII Corps Iron Brigade 1st Minnesota 20th Maine Medal of Honor recipients Army of N. Virginia ( order of battle ) First Corps Second Corps Third Corps Cavalry Corps Campaign geography Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Departments : Monongahela Susquehanna Virginia West Virginia Maryland Pennsylvania Gettysburg Battlefield template timeline Pennsylvania in the American Civil War Commons category American Civil War Campaigns and battles Gettysburg Campaign ( template ) Fairfield Gettysburg ( template ) Hanover Hunterstown Fights and skirmishes Carlisle Chambersburg Monterey Pass Greencastle skirmishes Cities and counties Harrisburg Philadelphia Pittsburgh Franklin County Units and people Monongahela department Susquehanna department Regiments Posts and hospitals Camp Letterman Fort Mifflin Camp Curtin Camp Scott Camp Union Camp William Penn Carlisle Barracks Mower General Hospital Satterlee General Hospital York General Hospital Manufacturers Frankford Arsenal Phoenix Iron Works Civil War museums and historic sites Civil War Museum of Philadelphia National Civil War Museum Gettysburg Battlefield Gettysburg National Cemetery Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center Monuments and memorials North Carolina Monument The Pennsylvania State Memorial Smith Memorial Arch 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Municipalities and communities of Adams County , Pennsylvania , United States County seat : Gettysburg Boroughs Abbottstown Arendtsville Bendersville Biglerville Bonneauville Carroll Valley East Berlin Fairfield Gettysburg Littlestown McSherrystown New Oxford York Springs Townships Berwick Butler Conewago Cumberland Franklin Freedom Germany Hamilton Hamiltonban Highland Huntington Latimore Liberty Menallen Mount Joy Mount Pleasant Oxford Reading Straban Tyrone Union CDPs Aspers Cashtown Flora Dale Gardners Hampton Heidlersburg Hunterstown Idaville Lake Heritage Lake Meade McKnightstown Midway Orrtanna Table Rock Unincorporated communities Barlow Beechersville Bermudian Bittinger Cross Keys Fairplay Graefenburg Greenmount Iron Springs Knoxlyn Maria Furnace Mount Tabor Peach Glen Round Top Tillie Two Taverns Wenksville Ghost town Tartown Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Central Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York GND : 4197727 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gettysburg&oldid=807742113 '' Categories : Battle of Gettysburg Battles of the Gettysburg Campaign Battles of the American Civil War in Pennsylvania Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1863 in Pennsylvania Battles in Pennsylvania Gettysburg Campaign Gettysburg Battlefield Conflicts in 1863 1863 in the United States History of Adams County , Pennsylvania Union victories of the American Civil War Last stand battles July 1863 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2016 Geobox usage tracking for protected area type Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Gettysburg

what is the average climate of the taiga

Taiga is the world 's largest land biome , making up 29 % of the world 's forest cover . The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada . The taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps . Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra . The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia . The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons , but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature . This climate is classified as Dfc , Dwc , Dsc , Dfd and Dwd in the Köppen climate classification scheme , meaning that the short summer ( 24 h average 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or more ) lasts 1 -- 3 months and always less than 4 months . In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) and − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic Cfc climate with milder winters , whilst the extreme south and ( in Eurasia ) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates ( Dfb , Dwb ) with longer summers . The mean annual temperature generally varies from - 5 ° C to 5 ° C ( 23 ° F to 41 ° F ) , but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and interior Alaska - Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to - 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . According to some sources , the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) . Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below 0 ° C , whilst in the Dfd and Dwd climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow - rooted trees like Siberian larch . The winters , with average temperatures below freezing , last five to seven months . Temperatures vary from − 54 ° C to 30 ° C ( - 65 ° F to 86 ° F ) throughout the whole year . The summers , while short , are generally warm and humid . In much of the taiga , - 20 ° C ( - 4 ° F ) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) an average summer day .

Taiga

taiga

Taiga ( / ˈtaɪɡə / ; Russian : тайга́ , IPA : ( tɐjˈɡa ) ; from Turkic ) , also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches .

The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland / coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest . A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands . White spruce taiga , Denali Highway , Alaska Range , Alaska Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate and geography 2 Soils 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 Fire 6 Threats 6.1 Human activities 6.2 Climate change 6.3 Insects 6.4 Pollution 7 Protection 8 Natural disturbance 9 Taiga ecoregions 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Climate and geography Taiga is the world 's largest land biome , making up 29 % of the world 's forest cover . The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada . The taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps . Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra . The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia . The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons , but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature . This climate is classified as Dfc , Dwc , Dsc , Dfd and Dwd in the Köppen climate classification scheme , meaning that the short summer ( 24 h average 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or more ) lasts 1 -- 3 months and always less than 4 months . In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) and − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic Cfc climate with milder winters , whilst the extreme south and ( in Eurasia ) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates ( Dfb , Dwb ) with longer summers . The mean annual temperature generally varies from - 5 ° C to 5 ° C ( 23 ° F to 41 ° F ) , but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and interior Alaska - Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to - 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . According to some sources , the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) . Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below 0 ° C , whilst in the Dfd and Dwd climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow - rooted trees like Siberian larch . The winters , with average temperatures below freezing , last five to seven months . Temperatures vary from − 54 ° C to 30 ° C ( - 65 ° F to 86 ° F ) throughout the whole year . The summers , while short , are generally warm and humid . In much of the taiga , - 20 ° C ( - 4 ° F ) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) an average summer day . The taiga in the river valley near Verkhoyansk , Russia , at 67 ° N , experiences the coldest winter temperatures in the northern hemisphere , but the extreme continentality of the climate gives an average daily high of 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in July . Boreal forest near Shovel Point in Tettegouche State Park , along the northern shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota . The growing season , when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive , is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower threshold to trigger growth . In Canada , Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24 - hour average temperature is + 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) or more . For the Taiga Plains in Canada , growing season varies from 80 to 150 days , and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days . Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga . Other sources mention that 50 -- 100 frost - free days are characteristic . Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80 -- 120 frost - free days . The closed canopy boreal forest in Kenozersky National Park near Plesetsk , Arkhangelsk Province , Russia , on average has 108 frost - free days . The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences ; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145 -- 180 days . The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga -- tundra ecotone , where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50 -- 70 days , and the 24 - hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or less . High latitudes mean that the sun does not rise far above the horizon , and less solar energy is received than further south . But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days , as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day , with only around 6 hours of daylight occurring in the dark winters , depending on latitude . The areas of the taiga inside the Arctic Circle have midnight sun in mid-summer and polar night in mid-winter . Lakes and other water bodies are common in the taiga . The Helvetinjärvi National Park , Finland , situated in the closed canopy taiga ( mid-boreal to south - boreal ) with mean annual temperature of 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) . The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year ( generally 200 -- 750 mm annually , 1,000 mm in some areas ) , primarily as rain during the summer months , but also as fog and snow . This fog , especially predominant in low - lying areas during and after the thawing of frozen Arctic seas , means that sunshine is not abundant in the taiga even during the long summer days . As evaporation is consequently low for most of the year , precipitation exceeds evaporation , and is sufficient to sustain the dense vegetation growth . Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga ecozone . In general , taiga grows to the south of the 10 ° C July isotherm , but occasionally as far north as the 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) July isotherm . Rich in spruces , Scots pines in the western Siberian plain , the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia , before returning to its original floristic richness on the Pacific shores . Two deciduous trees mingle throughout southern Siberia : birch and Populus tremula . Late September in the fjords near Narvik , Norway . This oceanic part of the forest can see more than 1,000 mm precipitation annually and has warmer winters than the vast inland taiga The southern limit is more variable , depending on rainfall ; taiga may be replaced by forest steppe south of the 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) July isotherm where rainfall is very low , but more typically extends south to the 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) July isotherm , and locally where rainfall is higher ( notably in eastern Siberia and adjacent Outer Manchuria ) south to the 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) July isotherm . In these warmer areas the taiga has higher species diversity , with more warmth - loving species such as Korean pine , Jezo spruce , and Manchurian fir , and merges gradually into mixed temperate forest or , more locally ( on the Pacific Ocean coasts of North America and Asia ) , into coniferous temperate rainforests where oak and hornbeam appear and join the conifers , birch and Populus tremula . The area currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America ( except Alaska ) was recently glaciated . As the glaciers receded they left depressions in the topography that have since filled with water , creating lakes and bogs ( especially muskeg soil ) found throughout the taiga . Yukon , Canada . Several of the world 's longest rivers go through the taiga , including Ob , Yenisei , Lena , and Mackenzie . In Sweden the taiga is associated with the Norrland terrain . Soils Taiga soil tends to be young and poor in nutrients . It lacks the deep , organically enriched profile present in temperate deciduous forests . The thinness of the soil is due largely to the cold , which hinders the development of soil and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients . Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in the cool , moist climate , which limits their organic contribution to the soil ; acids from evergreen needles further leach the soil , creating spodosol , also known as podzol . Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles , the forest floor has only lichens and some mosses growing on it . In clearings in the forest and in areas with more boreal deciduous trees , there are more herbs and berries growing . Diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest is high , comparable to the tropical rainforest . Flora Boreal forest near Lake Baikal in Russia Since North America and Asia used to be connected by the Bering land bridge , a number of animal and plant species ( more animals than plants ) were able to colonize both continents and are distributed throughout the taiga biome ( see Circumboreal Region ) . Others differ regionally , typically with each genus having several distinct species , each occupying different regions of the taiga . Taigas also have some small - leaved deciduous trees like birch , alder , willow , and poplar ; mostly in areas escaping the most extreme winter cold . However , the Dahurian larch tolerates the coldest winters in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Siberia . The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as oak , maple , elm and lime scattered among the conifers , and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate mixed forest , such as the eastern forest - boreal transition of eastern Canada . In the interior of the continents with the driest climate , the boreal forests might grade into temperate grassland . There are two major types of taiga . The southern part is the closed canopy forest , consisting of many closely spaced trees with mossy ground cover . In clearings in the forest , shrubs and wildflowers are common , such as the fireweed . The other type is the lichen woodland or sparse taiga , with trees that are farther - spaced and lichen ground cover ; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga . In the northernmost taiga the forest cover is not only more sparse , but often stunted in growth form ; moreover , ice pruned asymmetric black spruce ( in North America ) are often seen , with diminished foliage on the windward side . In Canada , Scandinavia and Finland , the boreal forest is usually divided into three subzones : The high boreal ( north boreal ) or taiga zone ; the middle boreal ( closed forest ) ; and the southern boreal , a closed canopy boreal forest with some scattered temperate deciduous trees among the conifers , such as maple , elm and oak . This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest growing season of the biome , and in some regions ( including Scandinavia , Finland and western Russia ) this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes . The boreal forest is home to many types of berries ; some are confined to the southern and middle closed boreal forest ( such as wild strawberry and partridgeberry ) ; others grow in most areas of the taiga ( such as cranberry and cloudberry ) , and some can grow in both the taiga and the low arctic ( southern part of ) tundra ( such as bilberry , bunchberry and lingonberry ) . The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous , dominated by larch , spruce , fir and pine . The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate so for example the Eastern Canadian forests ecoregion of the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in Canada is dominated by balsam fir Abies balsamea , while further north the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga of northern Quebec and Labrador is notably black spruce Picea mariana and tamarack larch Larix laricina . Evergreen species in the taiga ( spruce , fir , and pine ) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters , although larch , which is extremely cold - tolerant , is deciduous . Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils , while many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing , called `` hardening '' . The narrow conical shape of northern conifers , and their downward - drooping limbs , also help them shed snow . Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year , it is difficult for plants to generate energy from photosynthesis . Pine , spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence . The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to transpiration and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight . Although precipitation is not a limiting factor , the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water , so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens . Moss ( Ptilium crista - castrensis ) cover on the floor of taiga Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests , some broadleaf trees also occur , notably birch , aspen , willow , and rowan . Many smaller herbaceous plants , such as ferns and occasionally ramps grow closer to the ground . Periodic stand - replacing wildfires ( with return times of between 20 -- 200 years ) clear out the tree canopies , allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor . For some species , wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga ; some , e.g. jack pine have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire , dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground ; certain species of fungi ( such as morels ) are also known to do this . Grasses grow wherever they can find a patch of sun , and mosses and lichens thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks . In comparison with other biomes , however , the taiga has low biological diversity . Jack pine cones and morels after fire in a boreal forest . Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome . A very few species in four main genera are found : the evergreen spruce , fir and pine , and the deciduous larch . In North America , one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant . Across Scandinavia and western Russia , the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga , while taiga of the Russian Far East and Mongolia is dominated by larch . Fauna Brown bear , Kamchatka peninsula . Brown bears are among the largest and most widespread taiga omnivores . The boreal forest , or taiga , supports a relatively small range of animals due to the harshness of the climate . Canada 's boreal forest includes 85 species of mammals , 130 species of fish , and an estimated 32,000 species of insects . Insects play a critical role as pollinators , decomposers , and as a part of the food web . Many nesting birds rely on them for food in the summer months . The cold winters and short summers make the taiga a challenging biome for reptiles and amphibians , which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures , and there are only a few species in the boreal forest including red - sided garter snake , common European adder , blue - spotted salamander , northern two - lined salamander , Siberian salamander , wood frog , northern leopard frog , boreal chorus frog , American toad , and Canadian toad . Most hibernate underground in winter . Fish of the taiga must be able to withstand cold water conditions and be able to adapt to life under ice - covered water . Species in the taiga include Alaska blackfish , northern pike , walleye , longnose sucker , white sucker , various species of cisco , lake whitefish , round whitefish , pygmy whitefish , Arctic lamprey , various grayling species , brook trout ( including sea - run brook trout in the Hudson Bay area ) , chum salmon , Siberian taimen , lenok and lake chub . The taiga is home to a number of large herbivorous mammals , such as moose and reindeer / caribou . Some areas of the more southern closed boreal forest also have populations of other deer species such as the elk ( wapiti ) and roe deer . The largest animal in the taiga is the wood bison , found in northern Canada , Alaska and has been newly introduced into the Russian far - east . Small mammals of the Taiga biome include rodent species including beaver , squirrel , North American porcupine and vole , as well as a small number of lagomorph species such as snowshoe hare and mountain hare . These species have adapted to survive the harsh winters in their native ranges . Some larger mammals , such as bears , eat heartily during the summer in order to gain weight , and then go into hibernation during the winter . Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold . Predatory mammals of the taiga must be adapted to travel long distances in search of scattered prey or be able to supplement their diet with vegetation or other forms of food ( such as raccoons ) . Mammalian predators of the taiga include Canada lynx , Eurasian lynx , stoat , Siberian weasel , least weasel , sable , American marten , North American river otter , European otter , American mink , wolverine , Asian badger , fisher , gray wolf , coyote , red fox , brown bear , American black bear , Asiatic black bear , polar bear ( only small areas at the taiga - tundra ecotone ) and Siberian tiger . More than 300 species of birds have their nesting grounds in the taiga . Siberian thrush , white - throated sparrow , and black - throated green warbler migrate to this habitat to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of insects found around the numerous bogs and lakes . Of the 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga only 30 stay for the winter . These are either carrion - feeding or large raptors that can take live mammal prey , including golden eagle , rough - legged buzzard ( also known as the rough - legged hawk ) , and raven , or else seed - eating birds , including several species of grouse and crossbills . Fire Fire has been one of the most important factors shaping the composition and development of boreal forest stands ( Rowe 1955 ) ; it is the dominant stand - renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest ( Amiro et al. 2001 ) . The fire history that characterizes an ecosystem is its fire regime , which has 3 elements : ( 1 ) fire type and intensity ( e.g. , crown fires , severe surface fires , and light surface fires ) , ( 2 ) size of typical fires of significance , and ( 3 ) frequency or return intervals for specific land units ( Heinselman 1981 ) . The average time within a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of an ecosystem is its fire rotation ( Heinselman 1973 ) or fire cycle ( Van Wagner 1978 ) . However , as Heinselman ( 1981 ) noted , each physiographic site tends to have its own return interval , so that some areas are skipped for long periods , while others might burn two - times or more often during a nominal fire rotation . The dominant fire regime in the boreal forest is high - intensity crown fires or severe surface fires of very large size , often more than 10,000 ha , and sometimes more than 400,000 ha ( Heinselman 1981 ) . Such fires kill entire stands . Fire rotations in the drier regions of western Canada and Alaska average 50 -- 100 years , shorter than in the moister climates of eastern Canada , where they may average 200 years or more . Fire cycles also tend to be long near the tree line in the subarctic spruce - lichen woodlands . The longest cycles , possibly 300 years , probably occur in the western boreal in floodplain white spruce ( Heinselman 1981 ) . Amiro et al. ( 2001 ) calculated the mean fire cycle for the period 1980 to 1999 in the Canadian boreal forest ( including taiga ) at 126 years . Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada , but parts of eastern Canada may experience less fire in future because of greater precipitation in a warmer climate ( Flannigan et al. 1998 ) . The mature boreal forest pattern in the south shows balsam fir dominant on well - drained sites in eastern Canada changing centrally and westward to a prominence of white spruce , with black spruce and tamarack forming the forests on peats , and with jack pine usually present on dry sites except in the extreme east , where it is absent ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The effects of fires are inextricably woven into the patterns of vegetation on the landscape , which in the east favour black spruce , paper birch , and jack pine over balsam fir , and in the west give the advantage to aspen , jack pine , black spruce , and birch over white spruce . Many investigators have reported the ubiquity of charcoal under the forest floor and in the upper soil profile , e.g. , La Roi ( 1967 ) . Charcoal in soils provided Bryson et al. ( 1965 ) with clues about the forest history of an area 280 km north of the then current tree line at Ennadai Lake , District Keewatin , Northwest Territories . Two lines of evidence support the thesis that fire has always been an integral factor in the boreal forest : ( 1 ) direct , eye - witness accounts and forest - fire statistics , and ( 2 ) indirect , circumstantial evidence based on the effects of fire , as well as on persisting indicators ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The patchwork mosaic of forest stands in the boreal forest , typically with abrupt , irregular boundaries circumscribing homogenous stands , is indirect but compelling testimony to the role of fire in shaping the forest . The fact is that most boreal forest stands are less than 100 years old , and only in the rather few areas that have escaped burning are there stands of white spruce older than 250 years ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The prevalence of fire - adaptive morphologic and reproductive characteristics of many boreal plant species is further evidence pointing to a long and intimate association with fire . Seven of the ten most common trees in the boreal forest -- jack pine , lodgepole pine , aspen , balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ) , paper birch , tamarack , black spruce -- can be classed as pioneers in their adaptations for rapid invasion of open areas . White spruce shows some pioneering abilities , too , but is less able than black spruce and the pines to disperse seed at all seasons . Only balsam fir and alpine fir seem to be poorly adapted to reproduce after fire , as their cones disintegrate at maturity , leaving no seed in the crowns . The oldest forests in the northwest boreal region , some older than 300 years , are of white spruce occurring as pure stands on moist floodplains ( Rowe 1970 ) . Here , the frequency of fire is much less than on adjacent uplands dominated by pine , black spruce and aspen . In contrast , in the Cordilleran region , fire is most frequent in the valley bottoms , decreasing upward , as shown by a mosaic of young pioneer pine and broadleaf stands below , and older spruce -- fir on the slopes above ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . Without fire , the boreal forest would become more and more homogeneous , with the long - lived white spruce gradually replacing pine , aspen , balsam poplar , and birch , and perhaps even black spruce , except on the peatlands ( Raup and Denny 1950 ) . Threats Human activities Plesetsk Cosmodrome is situated in the taiga Large areas of Siberia 's taiga have been harvested for lumber since the collapse of the Soviet Union . Previously , the forest was protected by the restrictions of the Soviet Forest Ministry , but with the collapse of the Union , the restrictions regarding trade with Western nations have vanished . Trees are easy to harvest and sell well , so loggers have begun harvesting Russian taiga evergreen trees for sale to nations previously forbidden by Soviet law . In Canada , eight percent of the taiga is protected from development , the provincial government allows forest management to occur on Crown land under rigorous constraints . The main forestry practice in the boreal forest of Canada is clearcutting , which involves cutting down most of the trees in a given area , then replanting the forest as a monocrop ( one species of tree ) the following season . Some of the products from logged boreal forests include toilet paper , copy paper , newsprint , and lumber . More than 90 % of boreal forest products from Canada are exported for consumption and processing in the United States . Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are Murmansk , Arkhangelsk , Yakutsk , Anchorage , Yellowknife , Tromsø , Luleå , and Oulu . Most companies that harvest in Canadian forests are certified by an independent third party agency such as the Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ) , Sustainable Forests Initiative ( SFI ) , or the Canadian Standards Association ( CSA ) . While the certification process differs between these groups , all of them include forest stewardship , respect for aboriginal peoples , compliance with local , provincial or national environmental laws , forest worker safety , education and training , and other environmental , business , and social requirements . The prompt renewal of all harvest sites by planting or natural renewal is also required . Climate change Seney National Wildlife Refuge During the last quarter of the twentieth century , the zone of latitude occupied by the boreal forest experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth . Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures . The number of days with extremely cold temperatures ( e.g. , − 20 to − 40 ° C ( - 4 to - 40 ° F ) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region , allowing better survival for tree - damaging insects . In summer , the daily low temperature has increased more than the daily high temperature . In Fairbanks , Alaska , the length of the frost - free season has increased from 60 -- 90 days in the early twentieth century to about 120 days a century later . Summer warming has been shown to increase water stress and reduce tree growth in dry areas of the southern boreal forest in central Alaska , western Canada and portions of far eastern Russia . Precipitation is relatively abundant in Scandinavia , Finland , northwest Russia and eastern Canada , where a longer growth season ( i.e. the period when sap flow is not impeded by frozen water ) accelerate tree growth . As a consequence of this warming trend , the warmer parts of the boreal forests are susceptible to replacement by grassland , parkland or temperate forest . In Siberia , the taiga is converting from predominantly needle - shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate . This is likely to further accelerate warming , as the evergreen trees will absorb more of the sun 's rays . Given the vast size of the area , such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region . In much of the boreal forest in Alaska , the growth of white spruce trees are stunted by unusually warm summers , while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously . Lack of moisture in the warmer summers are also stressing the birch trees of central Alaska . Insects Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest - destroying plagues : the spruce - bark beetle ( Dendroctonus rufipennis ) in Yukon and Alaska ; the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia ; the aspen - leaf miner ; the larch sawfly ; the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana ) ; the spruce coneworm . Pollution The effect of sulphur dioxide on woody boreal forest species was investigated by Addison et al. ( 1984 ) , who exposed plants growing on native soils and tailings to 15.2 μmol / m ( 0.34 ppm ) of SO on CO assimilation rate ( NAR ) . The Canadian maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric SO is 0.34 ppm . Fumigation with SO significantly reduced NAR in all species and produced visible symptoms of injury in 2 -- 20 days . The decrease in NAR of deciduous species ( trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) , willow ( Salix ) , green alder ( Alnus viridis ) , and white birch ( Betula papyrifera ) ) was significantly more rapid than of conifers ( white spruce , black spruce ( Picea mariana ) , and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) ) or an evergreen angiosperm ( Labrador tea ) growing on a fertilized Brunisol . These metabolic and visible injury responses seemed to be related to the differences in S uptake owing in part to higher gas exchange rates for deciduous species than for conifers . Conifers growing in oil sands tailings responded to SO with a significantly more rapid decrease in NAR compared with those growing in the Brunisol , perhaps because of predisposing toxic material in the tailings . However , sulphur uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates . Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic , acid - forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity , but 2 - year - old white spruce that were subjected to simulated acid rain ( at pH 4.6 , 3.6 , and 2.6 ) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant ( P 0.05 ) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control ( pH 5.6 ) ( Abouguendia and Baschak 1987 ) . However , symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments , the number of plants and the number of needles affected increased with increasing rain acidity and with time . Scherbatskoy and Klein ( 1983 ) found no significant effect of chlorophyll concentration in white spruce at pH 4.3 and 2.8 , but Abouguendia and Baschak ( 1987 ) found a significant reduction in white spruce at pH 2.6 , while the foliar sulphur content significantly greater at pH 2.6 than any of the other treatments . Protection Peat bog in Dalarna , Sweden . Bogs and peatland are widespread in the taiga . They are home to a unique flora , and store vast amounts of carbon . In western Eurasia , the Scots pine is common in the boreal forest . Many nations are taking direct steps to protect the ecology of the taiga by prohibiting logging , mining , oil and gas production , and other forms of development . In February 2010 the Canadian government established protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700 - square - kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000 - square - kilometre waterway provincial park that follows alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea . Two Canadian provincial governments , Ontario and Quebec , introduced measures in 2008 that would protect at least half of their northern boreal forest . Although both provinces admitted it will take years to plan , work with Aboriginal and local communities and ultimately map out precise boundaries of the areas off - limits to development , the measures are expected to create some of the largest protected areas networks in the world once completed . Both announcements came the following year after a letter signed by 1,500 scientists called on political leaders to protect at least half of the boreal forest . The taiga stores enormous quantities of carbon , more than the world 's temperate and tropical forests combined , much of it in wetlands and peatland . In fact , current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests . Natural disturbance One of the biggest areas of research and a topic still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland . The phenomenon of wildfire by lightning strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation and because of this , it is considered to be the predominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland . The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term . The recurrent cycle of large , damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years . Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire . Trees , shrubs , and lichens all recover from fire - induced damage through vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules . Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species . The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light / nutrient availability in each different microstate . Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways : self replacement , species - dominance relay , species replacement , or gap - phase self replacement . Self replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire dominant species . Species - dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy . Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay . Gap - Phase Self - Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in Western Canada . It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species . The particular pathway taken after a fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency . Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest line of the lichen woodland taiga . It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that the spruce - moss forest ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances : large fire and the appearance and attack of the spruce budworm . The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga . J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating `` Their ( lichen woodlands ) persistence , along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests , indicate that they are an alternative stable state to the spruce -- moss forests '' . Taiga ecoregions Palearctic boreal forests / taiga East Siberian taiga Russia Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra Iceland Kamchatka - Kurile meadows and sparse forests Russia Kamchatka - Kurile taiga Russia Northeast Siberian taiga Russia Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Russia Sakhalin Island taiga Russia Scandinavian and Russian taiga Finland , Norway , Russia , Sweden Trans - Baikal conifer forests Mongolia , Russia Urals montane tundra and taiga Russia West Siberian taiga Russia Romincka Forest Poland , Russia Nearctic Boreal forests / taiga Alaska Peninsula montane taiga United States Central Canadian Shield forests Canada Cook Inlet taiga United States Copper Plateau taiga United States Eastern Canadian forests Canada Eastern Canadian Shield taiga Canada Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Canada , United States Mid-Continental Canadian forests Canada Midwestern Canadian Shield forests Canada Muskwa - Slave Lake forests Canada Newfoundland Highland forests Canada Northern Canadian Shield taiga Canada Northern Cordillera forests Canada Northwest Territories taiga Canada South Avalon - Burin oceanic barrens Canada Northern Lake Superior Taiga United States , Canada Southern Hudson Bay taiga Canada Yukon Interior dry forests Canada See also Birds of North American boreal forests Boreal Forest Conservation Framework Boreal forest of Canada Drunken trees , effect of global warming on the taiga Intact forest landscape Scandinavian and Russian taiga Success of fire suppression in northern forests Taiga Rescue Network ( TRN ) Agafia Lykov References Jump up ^ `` taiga . '' Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Random House , Inc. 12 Mar. 2008 . web link Jump up ^ `` List of Plants & Animals in the Canadian Wilderness '' . Trails.com. 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Taiga biological station : FAQ '' . Wilds.mb.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` radford : Taiga climate '' . Radford.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia Universalis édition 1976 VOL. 2 ASIE -- Géographie physique , page 568 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Marietta the Taiga and Boreal forest '' . Marietta.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Yakutsk climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The eastern forest - boreal transition '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Canada : Taiga Shield reference Jump up ^ `` Climate of Canadian ecozones '' . Geography.ridley.on.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Berkley : about biomes '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Taiga '' . Blueplanetbiomes . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Yukon : Frost - free days '' . Yukon.taiga.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kenozersky National Park '' . Wild-russia.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` University of Helsinki : Carabid diversity in Finnish taiga '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tundra '' . Blueplanetbiomes . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NatureWorks : Tundra '' . Nhptv.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Arctic '' . saskschools.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Finland vegetation zone and freshwater biome '' ( PDF ) . 113.139 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TAMPERE / PIRKKALA , FINLAND Weather History and Climate Data '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ A.P. Sayre , Taiga , ( New York : Twenty - First Century Books , 1994 ) 16 . Jump up ^ Arno & Hammerly 1984 , Arno et al. 1995 Jump up ^ Sporrong , Ulf ( 2003 ) . `` The Scandinavian landscape and its resources '' . In Helle , Knut . The Cambridge History of Scandinavia . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sayre , 19 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Study reveals for first time true diversity of life in soils across the globe , new species discovered '' . Physorg.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 12 - 3 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , Black Spruce : Picea mariana , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg , November , 2008 Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ George H. La Roi . `` Boreal forest '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Forest '' . forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Sayre , 23 . Jump up ^ `` hww : Nature in the boreal forest biome '' . Hww.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wapiti facts and range '' . Hww.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` western roe deer : facts and range '' . Borealforest.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Canada to Send Wood Bison to Russian Conservation Project '' . Jump up ^ `` Boreal songbird initiative '' . Borealbirds.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 28 . Jump up ^ Rowe , J.S. 1955 . Factors influencing white spruce reproduction in Manitoba and Saskatchewan . Can . Dep . Northern Affairs and National Resources , For . Branch , For . Res . Div. , Ottawa ON , Project MS - 135 , Silv . Tech . Note 3 . 27 p . ^ Jump up to : Amiro , B.D. ; Stocks , B.J. ; Alexander , M.E. ; Flannigan , M.D. ; Wotton , B.M. 2001 . Fire , climate change , carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest . Internat . J. Wildland Fire 10 : 405 -- 413 . ^ Jump up to : Heinselman , M.L. 1981 . Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems . p. 7 -- 57 in Proceedings of the Conference : Fire Regimes in Ecosystem Properties , Dec. 1978 , Honolulu , Hawaii . USDA , For . Serv. , Washington DC , Gen. Tech . Rep. WO - 26 . Jump up ^ Heinselman , M.L. 1973 . Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area , Minnesota . Quart . Res. 3 : 329 -- 382 . Jump up ^ Van Wagner , C.E. 1978 . Age - class distribution and the forest cycle . Can . J. For . Res. 8 : 220 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Flannigan , M.D. ; Bergeron , Y. ; Engelmark , O. ; Wotton , B.M. 1998 . Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming . J. Veg . Sci. 9 : 469 -- 476 . ^ Jump up to : Rowe , J.S. and Scotter , G.W. 1973 . Fire in the boreal forest . Quaternary Res. 3 : 444 -- 464 . ( E3680 , Coates et al. 1994 ) Jump up ^ La Roi , G.H. 1967 . Ecological studies in the boreal spruce -- fir forests of the North American taiga . I. Analysis of the vascular flora . Ecol . Monogr. 37 : 229 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Bryson , R.A. ; Irving , W.H. ; Larson , J.A. 1965 . Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra . Science 147 ( 3653 ) : 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Rowe , J.S. 1970 . Spruce and fire in northwest Canada and Alaska . p. 245 -- 254 in Komarek , E.V. ( Ed . ) . Proc. 10th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference , Tallahassee FL . Jump up ^ Raup , H.M. ; Denny , C.S. 1950 . Photointerpretation of the terrain along the southern part of the Alaska highway . US Geol . Surv . Bull . 963 - D : 95 -- 135 . Jump up ^ `` Taiga Deforestation '' . American.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Murmansk climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anchorage climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coincidence and Contradiction in the Warming Boreal Forest '' . ARCUS . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3215715W . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GL023331 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change , study shows '' . Sciencedaily.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Bibcode : 2011GCBio ... 17.2370 S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2011. 02417. x . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fairbanks Daily News - Miner - New study states boreal forests shifting as Alaska warms '' . Newsminer.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morello , Lauren . `` Forest Changes in Alaska Reveal Changing Climate '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A New Method to Reconstruct Bark Beetle Outbreaks '' . Colorado.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Spruce budworm and sustainable management of the boreal forest '' . Cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. 2007 - 12 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2006_chapin001.pdf Jump up ^ Addison , P.A. ; Malhotra , S.S. ; Khan , A.A. 1984 . Effect of sulfur dioxide on woody boreal forest species grown on native soils and tailings . J. Environ . Qual. 13 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 336 . ^ Jump up to : Abouguendia , Z.M. ; Baschak , L.A. 1987 . Response of two western Canadian conifers to simulated acidic precipitation . Water , Air and Soil Pollution 33 : 15 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Scherbatskoy , T. ; Klein , R.M. 1983 . Response of spruce Picea glauca and birch Betula alleghaniensis foliage to leaching by acidic mists . J. Environ . Qual. 12 : 189 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Braun , David ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks '' . NatGeo News Watch : News Editor David Braun 's Eye on the World . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Kerry ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Ontario to protect vast tract '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsden , William ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Charest promises to protect north '' . Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1,500 Scientists Worldwide Call for Protection of Canada 's Boreal Forest '' . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boreal forest and global change '' . Philos . Trans . R. Soc . Lond . B Biol. Sci. 363 ( 1501 ) : 2245 -- 9 . July 2008 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2196 . PMC 2387060 . PMID 18006417 . Jump up ^ `` Report : The Carbon the World Forgot '' . Boreal Songbird Initiative . ^ Jump up to : Kurkowski , 1911 . ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , 421 . Jump up ^ Johnson , 212 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , 200 Jump up ^ Kurkowski , 1912 . Jump up ^ Payette , 289 . Jump up ^ Jasinski , 561 . General references Arno , S.F. & Hammerly , R.P. 1984 . Timberline . Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers . The Mountaineers , Seattle . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 085 - 7 Arno , S.F. , Worral , J. , & Carlson , C.E. ( 1995 ) . Larix lyallii : Colonist of tree line and talus sites . Pp. 72 -- 78 in Schmidt , W.C. & McDonald , K.J. , eds. , Ecology and Management of Larix Forests : A Look Ahead . USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR - INT - 319 . Hoffmann , Robert S. ( 1958 ) . `` The Meaning of the Word `` Taiga '' '' Ecology 39 ( 3 ) ( Jul. , 1958 ) , pp. 540 - 541 Nilsson , M.C. `` Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver , evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest . '' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3.8 ( 2005 ) : 421 - 428 . Kurkowski , Thomas . `` Relative Importance of Different Secondary Successional Pathways in an Alaskan Boreal Forest . '' Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 38 . ( 2008 ) : 1911 - 1923 . Payette , Serge . `` Origin of the lichen woodland at its southern range limit in eastern Canada : the catastrophic impact of insect defoliators and fire on the spruce - moss forest . '' Canadian journal of forest research . 30.2 ( 2000 ) : 288 - 305 . Johnson , E.A. `` Vegetation Organization and Dynamics of Lichen Woodland Communities in the Northwest Territories . '' Ecology. 62.1 ( 1981 ) : 200 - 215 . Jasinski , J.P. `` The Creation of Alternative Stable States in Southern Boreal Forest : Quebec , Canada . '' Ecological Monographs. 75.4 ( 2005 ) : 561 - 583 . Further reading Sayre , April Pulley ( 1994 ) , Taiga , Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2830 - 7 Gawthrop , Daniel ( 1999 ) , Vanishing Halo : Saving the Boreal Forest , Greystone Books / David Suzuki Foundation , ISBN 0 - 89886 - 681 - 2 Day , Trevor ; Richard Garratt ( 2006 ) , Taiga , Facts On File , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5329 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taiga . The Conservation Value of the North American Boreal Forest from an Ethnobotanical perspective a report by the Boreal Songbird Initiative Boreal Canadian Initiative International Boreal Conservation campaign Tundra and Taiga Threats to Boreal Forests Greenpeace Campaign against lumber giant Weyerhaeuser 's logging practices in the Canadian boreal forest Rainforest Action Network Arctic and Taiga Canadian Geographic Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation Coniferous Forest , Earth Observatory NASA Taiga Rescue Network ( TRN ) A network of NGOs , indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests . Index of Boreal Forests / Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu The Canadian Boreal Forest The Nature Conservancy and its partners Slater museum of natural history : Taiga Taiga Biological Station founded by Dr. William ( Bill ) Pruitt , Jr. , University of Manitoba . hide Biogeographic regionalisations Biomes Terrestrial biomes Polar / montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Aquatic biomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realms Terrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Nearctic Palearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Oceanian Marine Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions List of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiga&oldid=845435388 '' Categories : Taiga and boreal forests Terrestrial biomes Forests Köppen climate classifications Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Russian - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 19 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga

when does season 5 of senora acero come out

The fifth season of the American television series Señora Acero also known as Señora Acero : La Coyote , follow the life of Vicenta Acero , 6 years after the death of her husband Daniel Philips and her new future as a mother . The season was ordered in February 2018 , with filming beginning that August . Principal cast members Carolina Miranda , Ana Lucía Domínguez , and Diego Cadavid return from previous seasons . The season premiered on 15 October 2018 .

15 October 2018

Señora Acero ( season 5 )

senora acero ( season 5 )

The fifth season of the American television series Señora Acero also known as Señora Acero : La Coyote , follow the life of Vicenta Acero , 6 years after the death of her husband Daniel Philips and her new future as a mother . The season was ordered in February 2018 , with filming beginning that August . Principal cast members Carolina Miranda , Ana Lucía Domínguez , and Diego Cadavid return from previous seasons . The season premiered on 15 October 2018 .

Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Upcoming cast 3 Episodes 4 References Plot ( edit ) Pregnant during eight months , the time comes when Vicenta Acero ( Carolina Miranda ) decides to bury her husband Daniel Philips ( Luis Ernesto Franco ) , who died after six months have been in a coma . During the funeral of her husband , Vicenta communicates anonymously with Alberto Fuentes ( David Chocarro ) FBI agent to inform him that the murderer of her husband is at the funeral , after following the track of the call , arrives at the funeral in where is Vicenta and he realizes that it was a false alarm and begins to argue with Vicenta . During the discussion Vicenta begins to give indications of giving birth and there is only time for her to give birth . Alberto of the nothing receives the son of Vicenta and between them a very strong bond is born that unites them immediately . On the other hand El Teca ( William Miller ) , who supposedly died at the hands of Salvador Acero ( Michel Duval ) 5 years ago . El Teca returns after spending 6 years in prison in the United States just to get revenge on the Acero Family , who ended up with his entire family and his cartel . His only goal is to kill Vicenta 's son . Vicenta and Salvador both dedicated to the breeding of horses and Josefina and El Gallo dedicated to politics , have been completely isolated from all the problems for 6 years and away from any danger , but suddenly they will be forced to flee when they find out about the repair of El Teca . Who will use unimaginable methods to destroy them all . Meanwhile La Tuti ( Ana Lucía Domínguez ) has managed to keep her son out of Mexico thanks to the profits she has obtained in her business of exotic dancers , but she will be forced to be always protected by guaruras , to avoid that El Teca extorts her and wants to take away her son Álvaro . Despite all her efforts to keep her family together and safe , Vicenta will make a difficult decision ; Get away from your family and your new love together with your child . Away from her family , Vicenta together with her son will face many dangers , but not everything is bad for her , on the way away from her family and the whole world she meets Lucas Iglesias ( Guillermo Zulueta ) , a hippie who gives her an inn on the beach where he works . In this new refuge , she meets La Mecha ( María Rojo ) , who suddenly becomes a new mother for Vicenta ; and Nancy ( Patricia Manterola ) who becomes her best friend . In this new world in which everyone just wants to defend their children , Vicenta and La Tuti join forces to end El Teca , and thus be able to give their children a better future and to sleep in peace . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Señora Acero characters Carolina Miranda as Vicenta Acero David Chocarro as Alberto Fuentes Paulina Gaitán as Leticia Moreno William Miller as El Teca Mauricio Islas as Héctor Ruiz Omar Fierro as Christian Almeida Ana Lucía Domínguez as `` La Tuti '' Michel Duval as Salvador Acero Aurora Gil as Josefina Aguilar Óscar Priego as Erick Quintanilla / El Gallo Camila Selser as Sofía Gómez Lambda García as Miguel Sandoval Jonathan Islas as Tecolote Miguel Pizarro as Luciano Jessica Segura as Aída Franco Fabian Corres Samantha Siqueiros as Rosario Franco Guillermo Zuleta as Lucas Iglesias Arantza Ruiz as Samantha Peña Eduardo Amer as Bebote Tatiana Martínez Felipe Betancourt as Azuceno Andrea Portugal as Virginia Alan Alarcón as Branco Ruy Senderos as Bernardo Juan Aguirre as Bruto Luisa Sáenz as Reyna Peña Diana Santos as Iris Mauro Sánchez Navarro as Marrano Silvia Carusillo as Regina Ari Placera as Danielito Upcoming cast ( edit ) Isadora Vives as Elizabeth Acero Patricia Manterola as Nancy Salas Emiliano Zurita as Felipe Quintanilla Aguilar María Rojo as Mercedes `` La Mecha '' Berríos Braulio Aranda as Cuauhtémoc Trujillo Manuel Castillo as Álvaro Acacio Mónica Dionne as Rebeca Londoño Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Señora Acero episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 319 `` Vicenta cobra venganza '' 15 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) 1.39 After the death of Phillips , Vicenta kills Romero , awakening the fury of the worst enemy of Los Acero , El Teca Martínez , who goes after her and her son . Six years later , he kidnaps Danielito . 320 `` Vicenta rescata a su hijo '' 16 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 16 ) 1.28 In revenge for the death of his son , El Teca sends to kidnap the child of Señora Acero . She chases the raptor , removes him and retrieves Danielito . Alberto and Vicenta meet again . 321 `` Alberto salva a Vicenta '' 17 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 17 ) 1.29 Alberto goes to great lengths to prove that Vicenta is not responsible for Teca 's escape and the murder of the police . El Teca Martínez falls into the hands of Los Marranos . 322 `` Vicenta abandona a su familia '' 18 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 18 ) 1.28 To protect her most precious treasure , Vicenta says goodbye to her brother and leaves with her son , fleeing from her enemies . Alberto takes a risk , to help them . La Tuti is a victim of El Teca . 323 5 `` Desaparece el hijo de Vicenta '' 19 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 19 ) 1.10 After the confrontation between Vicenta and Miguel 's girlfriend , Danielito disappears without a trace . El Teca receives a heavy blow and destroys La Tuti 's brothel . 324 6 `` Vicenta vive ahora con Alberto '' 22 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 22 ) 1.14 After finding Danielito , Vicenta and her son move to Alberto 's house , who promises to protect them . Los Marranos and El Teca force Héctor Ruiz to agree with them . 325 7 `` Vicenta y su hijo se fugan '' 23 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 23 ) 1.05 After a surprise visit from Almeida to Alberto 's house , Vicenta and the boy escape . They seek refuge , but they do not find it . Some thugs threaten them . The Acero ranch is closed . 326 8 `` Ofrecen oro por Vicenta e hijo '' 24 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 24 ) 1.11 Vicenta and Danielito 's kidnappers see the video in which they offer gold , if they are delivered alive . They are going to exchange them for the reward that El Teca gives . Los Marranos look for La Tuti . 327 9 `` Vicenta pacta con El Marrano '' 26 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 26 ) 1.05 Vicenta , kidnapped , negotiates with El Marrano Mayor : with her , as a bait , they will go to El Teca to kill him and he will keep the gold . Salvador suspects that the Rancho crisis was provoked . 328 10 `` Alberto va por Vicenta '' 29 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 29 ) TBD An FBI operative , led by Alberto , seeks to rescue Vicenta and her son , but they face strong resistance . Salvador beats El Marrano Mayor to release information . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Señora Acero tendrá una quinta temporada : `` Apuntamos hacia una historia nueva , un reto distinto '' , nos avanza su creador `` . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Alma , Camacho . `` Inician filmaciones de la quinta temporada de la serie Señora Acero '' . elsoldetoluca.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Señora Acero tendrá una quinta temporada : `` Apuntamos hacia una historia nueva , un reto distinto '' , nos avanza su creador `` . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Quinta temporada de Señora Acero ¡ ya tiene fecha de estreno ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO PRESENTS THE EXCLUSIVE TRAILER FOR SEASON FIVE OF `` SEÑORA ACERO '' AND UNLEASHES A RELENTLESS PERSECUTION FOR REVENGE `` . nbcumv.com . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : González , Moisés . `` Dos reconocidos galanes de Telemundo se integran a la quinta temporada de Señora Acero '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Exclusiva : Patricia Manterola se une a la quinta temporada de Señora Acero '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO RANKS AS THE # 1 SPANISH - LANGUAGE BROADCAST NETWORK DURING 8 - 11PM PRIMETIME AMONG KEY DEMOS WITH THE RETURN OF `` SEÑORA ACERO '' `` . nbcumv.com . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Conners ' Series Premiere on ABC Delivers On - Par with Latter Half of ' Roseanne ' Spring Run '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : TBS Leads in Young Adults and All Key Male Demos with Red Sox - Astros MLB ALCS Game 4 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : LeBron James ' Lakers Debut on TNT Tops All NBA Games on Season Tip - Off Week '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : FS1 Tops All Key Adult and Male Demos with Game Six of Dodgers - Brewers MLB National League Championship Series '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' Seventh Season Premiere on CW Draws Series ' Top Non-Superhero Crossover Telecast in Total Viewers in Nearly One Year '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Dodgers - Red Sox Draw Four - Year Low for a World Series Game One on Fox '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : World Series on Fox at Four - Year Low Through Two Games '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : 18 - Inning World Series Game Three Helps Fox Quadruple the Runner - Up Network Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . Señora Acero List Episodes Season 4 5 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Señora_Acero_ ( season_5 ) &oldid = 866470930 '' Categories : Señora Acero 2018 Mexican television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%25C3%25B1ora%20Acero%20%28season%205%29

when does the casino open in springfield ma

MGM Springfield is a $960 million resort casino under construction in Springfield , Massachusetts . The casino , which is scheduled to open on August 24th , 2018 , will be owned and operated by MGM Resorts International .

August 24th , 2018

MGM Springfield

mgm springfield

MGM Springfield is a $960 million resort casino under construction in Springfield , Massachusetts . The casino , which is scheduled to open on August 24th , 2018 , will be owned and operated by MGM Resorts International .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Proposals 1.2 MGM design 2 Shops 2.1 First Spiritualist Church 2.1. 1 Future tenants 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Proposals ( edit ) MGM Springfield was one of three proposals in the city of Springfield , Massachusetts for the Western Massachusetts casino license . Casinos were also proposed for Holyoke , Palmer , and West Springfield . On December 2 , 2012 , MGM Springfield and Penn National 's Springfield proposal became the remaining two proposals for Springfield when Ameristar withdrew its Springfield proposal for the former Westinghouse site . On April 30 , 2013 , Mayor Dominic Sarno selected MGM Springfield as the winning proposal for the City of Springfield , defeating the Penn National proposal for the north end of the city , and on July 16 Springfield voters approved the casino application , making MGM Springfield the state 's first proposal to win voter approval in its host community . MGM was then in a three - way race with Hard Rock 's West Springfield proposal and Mohegan Sun 's Palmer proposal . On September 11 , 2013 , West Springfield voters voted to block the Hard Rock proposal , leaving only MGM and Mohegan sun in the race for the license . MGM Springfield won the bid for the Western Massachusetts license on November 6 , 2013 , when Palmer voters blocked the Mohegan Sun proposal , leaving MGM Springfield as the only Western Massachusetts proposal to win voter approval . ( Had either Hard Rock or Mohegan Sun won voter approval , the state 's gaming commission would have had to make the final decision . ) MGM officially received the license on June 13 , 2014 . It joined two other license winners : Penn National , which was awarded the slot parlor license , and Wynn Massachusetts , which was awarded the Eastern Massachusetts Region A casino license . As of Nov. 6th 2014 , they now have their region B license and is expected to open in 2018 . On November 4 , 2014 , a referendum attempting to ban casinos in the state failed . The construction of the casino will require the demolition of some buildings in downtown , including the partial demolition of one on the National Register of Historic Places . MGM design ( edit ) On September 22 , 2015 , MGM unveiled a redesigned site plan for the project , abandoning the 25 - story glass - facade hotel on State Street , in favor of a 6 - story hotel , to be located on Main Street . The changes also include the reduction of the parking garage by one floor , and the market - rate apartments being relocated off - site . MGM has pledged to create about 3,000 permanent jobs to benefit the local community job market . The company announced that it will have various job descriptions available , including security officer , assistant executive housekeeper , food and beverage manager , host person , `` 21 dealer , '' concierge , assistant front desk manager , front desk clerk and housekeeper , a spokeswoman said , as some examples . Shops ( edit ) First Spiritualist church ( edit ) The relocated 129 - year - old First Spiritualist Church from Bliss Street , now sits past the former South End Community Center , through the MGM Springfield construction site to a pad where it now sits on Union Street . Future tenants ( edit ) Kringle Candle - will be opening inside of the historic church . See also ( edit ) Massachusetts portal Gambling in Massachusetts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.masslive.com/mgm_springfield/index.ssf/2018/04/mgm_springfield_casino_nears_g.html Jump up ^ http://www.mgmspringfield.com/faq.aspx Jump up ^ Christopher Palmeri ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) . `` MGM Massachusetts Casino Changes Lifts Cost to $950 Million '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Garrett Quinn . `` Mass . Gaming Commission signs off on MGM Springfield casino starting work '' . Masslive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.masslive.com/mgm_springfield/index.ssf/2018/04/mgm_springfield_casino_nears_g.html Jump up ^ Robbins , Carolyn ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` MGM Springfield moves to next phase , accepting license , soil testing in South End '' . The Republican . Springfield , Massachusetts . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : MGM , Springfield . `` MGM Resorts International Accepts Massachusetts Casino License '' . MGM Springfield Official Website . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Andrew . `` A New Type of Casino '' . Pokertube . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Michelle ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` MGM Springfield President Michael Mathis reflects on SJC 's decision on gaming law repeal efforts '' . The Republican . Springfield , Massachusetts . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rizzuto , Robert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Endangered properties in Springfield 's South End relating to MGM 's proposed $800 million casino '' . The Republican . Springfield , Massachusetts . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Springfield drops 25 - story hotel tower from casino design plan , relocates hotel to Main Street '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Peter Goonan ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) . `` MGM Resorts schedules job workshops and diversity vendor fair for Springfield casino jobs , biddable goods '' . Masslive.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.masslive.com/mgm_springfield/index.ssf/2017/09/mgm_reveals_kringle_candle_com.html External links ( edit ) Official website hide MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM_Springfield&oldid=850431497 '' Categories : Springfield , Massachusetts Casinos in Massachusetts Buildings and structures under construction in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 20 : 40 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%20Springfield

who said no to this is your life

Footballer Danny Blanchflower turned down the `` red book '' in February 1961 . Author Richard Gordon ( of Doctor in the House fame ) was asked in 1974 and , like Bill Oddie ( of The Goodies ) in 2001 , he initially turned it down , but changed his mind and appeared on the show . Actor Richard Beckinsale was a feature on the show shortly after his 31st birthday , eight months before his death .

Footballer Danny Blanchflower

This is Your life ( uk TV series )

this is your life ( uk tv series )

This is Your Life is a British biographical television documentary , based on the 1952 American show of the same title . It was hosted by Eamonn Andrews from 1955 until 1964 , and then from 1969 until his death in 1987 aged 64 . Michael Aspel then took up the role of host until the show ended in 2003 . It returned in 2007 as a one - off special presented by Trevor McDonald , which to date was its most recent airing .

In the show the host surprises a special guest , before taking them through their life with the assistance of the ' big red book ' . Both celebrities and non-celebrities have been ' victims ' of the show . The show was originally broadcast live , and over its run it has alternated between being broadcast on the BBC and on ITV . The surprise element was a very important part of the show ; if the guest heard about the project beforehand , it would be immediately abandoned . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Guests 3 Theme music 4 Transmissions 4.1 BBC1 4.2 ITV 4.3 BBC1 4.4 Special 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The British version of the show was launched in 1955 on the BBC and was first presented by Ralph Edwards to the first `` victim '' , Eamonn Andrews , who was the presenter from the second show . The scriptwriter for the first 35 episodes was Gale Pedrick . It ended in 1964 when Andrews moved to Associated British Corporation , but it was revived on ITV ( produced by Thames Television ) in 1969 . The big red book for fireman Tom Breaks , Mon 26 Mar 1962 The only other occasion during Andrews ' presentational run where he was not the presenter was in 1974 when he was the subject a second time , and the show was presented by David Nixon . Michael Aspel ( himself , a `` victim '' in 1980 ) became presenter after Andrews died in 1987 . The show returned to the BBC in 1994 but was still produced independently by Thames Television . The programme was axed again in 2003 . At first , the show was always broadcast live ; later , programmes were sometimes pre-recorded . Live broadcasts ended in 1983 when boxer Alan Minter could not stop swearing during his appearance ; also newspapers were able to find out which star was to be featured and ratings dropped as people no longer watched it just to see who was on that week . The show returned in June 2007 on ITV for a one - of - special programme hosted by Sir Trevor McDonald with guest Simon Cowell . The new edition was co-produced by ITV Productions , STV Productions , TIYL Productions , Click TV and Ralph Edwards Productions . Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway featured a return of This is Your Life to celebrate Ant & Dec 's 25 years together , quizzing them on their 25 years as part of `` Ant vs Dec '' in episode 6 of Series 11 . Michael Aspel returned as host alongside Ashley Roberts . Guests ( edit ) Lynn Redgrave , in December 1996 , was caught while taking her bow in her one - woman show on stage at the Haymarket Theatre , the only time the Redgrave clan was seen together on stage at the same time . Bob Hope and Dudley Moore have been the only subjects of two - part editions of the programme , in 1970 and 1987 respectively . Both were broadcast over two weeks . Clive Mantle 's profile included a post-credits sequence where he thanked the audience for coming . Footballer Danny Blanchflower turned down the `` red book '' in February 1961 . Author Richard Gordon ( of Doctor in the House fame ) was asked in 1974 and , like Bill Oddie ( of The Goodies ) in 2001 , he initially turned it down , but changed his mind and appeared on the show . Actor Richard Beckinsale was a feature on the show shortly after his 31st birthday , eight months before his death . In 1996 , the Sunday Mirror reported that a planned show for Cockney comedy actor Arthur Mullard was pulled after researchers contacted his eldest son . The same report featured claims that Mullard had terrorised his family and had sexually abused his daughter for many years . The series originally included non-celebrities who had done extraordinary things in their lives . In later years , following a persistent criticism of only deeming celebrities worthy of being featured on the show , non-celebrities were featured again . These included businesspeople , military personnel , the clergy and those that had performed outstanding community or charity service but who were not well known to the general public . Examples include : paramedic Allan Norman ; Group Captain Leonard Cheshire ; Cromer lifeboatman Henry `` Shrimp '' Davies ; Colonel Tod Sweeney ; Mary Ward , community nurse to the boat people of the canals ; Chay Blyth ; Sir Nicholas Winton ; Group Captain Sir Douglas Bader ; and Sir Fitzroy Maclean . The series never profiled serving politicians , although retired politicians were occasionally featured , e.g. Lord Brabourne . Forty - two celebrities have appeared on the show twice -- including Honor Blackman , Bob Monkhouse and Eamonn Andrews himself . David Butler was 17 when he became the youngest ever subject of This is Your Life . He was surprised by Eamonn Andrews in the headmaster 's study of Hemel Hempstead Grammar School . David lost both his legs and a hand when , aged 11 , he found an unexploded bomb on Ivinghoe Beacon . When snooker player Stephen Hendry was surprised with the red book in 1990 , aged 21 , he remarked that he had `` hardly had a life '' . Theme music ( edit ) The theme tune used from 1969 was called ' Gala Performance ' and was composed by Laurie Johnson for KPM . Transmissions ( edit ) BBC1 ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 29 July 1955 6 May 1956 15 1 October 1956 27 May 1957 19 30 September 1957 5 May 1958 31 29 September 1958 11 May 1959 33 5 31 August 1959 28 March 1960 31 6 19 September 1960 8 May 1961 34 7 2 October 1961 7 May 1962 32 8 2 October 1962 14 May 1963 31 9 3 October 1963 30 April 1964 30 ITV ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 10 19 November 1969 27 May 1970 26 11 18 November 1970 12 May 1971 26 12 17 November 1971 10 May 1972 26 13 15 November 1972 9 May 1973 26 14 21 November 1973 15 May 1974 27 15 10 October 1974 7 May 1975 27 16 12 November 1975 5 May 1976 26 17 27 October 1976 27 April 1977 27 18 23 November 1977 31 May 1978 27 19 25 October 1978 3 May 1979 27 20 28 November 1979 21 May 1980 26 21 15 October 1980 15 April 1981 26 22 13 October 1981 31 March 1982 26 23 20 October 1982 13 April 1983 26 24 26 October 1983 18 April 1984 26 25 7 November 1984 8 May 1985 27 26 16 October 1985 30 April 1986 26 27 15 October 1986 8 April 1987 26 28 14 October 1987 20 January 1988 7 29 19 October 1988 1 March 1989 20 30 25 October 1989 7 May 1990 27 31 17 October 1990 17 April 1991 26 32 16 October 1991 15 April 1992 26 33 30 September 1992 21 April 1993 30 34 12 January 1994 20 July 1994 26 BBC1 ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 35 2 November 1994 17 May 1995 28 36 6 September 1995 6 March 1996 27 37 20 September 1996 24 March 1997 26 38 1 September 1997 23 February 1998 26 39 7 September 1998 1 March 1999 26 40 1 November 1999 29 May 2000 28 41 9 November 2000 7 June 2001 26 42 17 October 2001 23 May 2002 26 43 2 January 2003 8 August 2003 25 Special ( edit ) 2 June 2007 ( ITV ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mr Gale Pedrick '' . The Times . 24 February 1970 . p. 10 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Woodward , Ian ( May 12 , 1996 ) . `` ARTHUR MULLARD WAS THE COCKNEY COMIC MILLIONS LOVED ... AND A MONSTER WHO RAPED HIS DAUGHTER AT 13 ; ' Behind his TV smile lurked an evil pervert who made me his sex slave , drove my mum to suicide and destroyed my life ' . '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Sunday Mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) This is Your Life on IMDb . A celebration of This Is Your Life Guest and series list ( web.archive.org ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_Your_Life_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=803955809 '' Categories : 1955 British television programme debuts 1950s British television series 1960s British television series 1970s British television series 1980s British television series 1990s British television series 2000s British television series 2007 British television programme endings British television series based on American television series BBC television documentaries ITV television programmes STV Productions Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs Television programmes produced by Thames Television Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20Your%20Life%20%28UK%20TV%20series%29

show me a map of the arctic circle

Arctic Circle

arctic circle

The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone .

As seen from the Arctic , the Sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) . This is also true in the Antarctic region , south of the equivalent Antarctic Circle . The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of 27 February 2018 , it runs 66 ° 33 ′ 47.1 '' north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000 - year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres ( 49 feet ) per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Midnight sun and polar night 3 Human habitation 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : `` near the Bear , northern '' ) and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : `` bear '' ) . Midnight sun and Polar night ( edit ) Relationship of Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Further information : Midnight sun and Polar night The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty - four hours ; as a result , at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once it is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur , in principle , exactly once per year : at the June and December solstices , respectively . However , because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point , part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes ( ′ ) ( 90 km ( 56 mi ) ) south of the Arctic Circle ; similarly , on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the sun may be seen up to about 50 ′ north of the Arctic Circle . That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon . Human habitation ( edit ) Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red Further information : Arctic peoples Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate ; nonetheless , some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples , who today make up 10 % of the region 's population . Tens of thousands of years ago , waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle . Much later , in the historic period , there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants . The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway : Murmansk ( population 307,257 ) , Norilsk ( 175,365 ) , Tromsø ( 71,295 ) and Vorkuta ( 59,231 ) . Rovaniemi ( 61,329 ) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle , lying 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) south of the line . In contrast , the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle , Sisimiut ( Greenland ) , has approximately 5,000 inhabitants . Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities , Barrow , Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants . Geography ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The countries transcending the Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres ( 9,900 mi ) . The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km ( 7,700,000 sq mi ) and covers roughly 4 % of Earth 's surface . The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America and Greenland . The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries : Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) , Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ) . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Climate of the Arctic The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold , but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice - free all year long . In the interior , summers can be quite warm , while winters are extremely cold . For example , summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , while the winter temperatures frequently fall below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Sites along the Arctic Circle ( edit ) Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards , the Arctic Circle passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 66 ° 34 ′ N 000 ° 00 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 0.000 ° E  / 66.567 ; 0.000  ( Prime Meridian ) Arctic Ocean Norwegian Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 48 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 12.800 ° E  / 66.567 ; 12.800  ( Nordland County , Norway ) Norway Nordland County 66 ° 34 ′ N 15 ° 31 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 15.517 ° E  / 66.567 ; 15.517  ( Norrbotten County , Sweden ) Sweden Norrbotten County ( Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 23 ° 51 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 23.850 ° E  / 66.567 ; 23.850  ( Lapland Province , Finland ) Finland Lapland Region , crosses Rovaniemi Airport 66 ° 34 ′ N 29 ° 28 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 29.467 ° E  / 66.567 ; 29.467  ( Karelia , Russia ) Russia Republic of Karelia Murmansk Oblast -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 31 ° 36 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 31.600 ° E  / 66.567 ; 31.600  ( Murmansk , Russia ) Republic of Karelia -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 32 ° 37 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 32.617 ° E  / 66.567 ; 32.617  ( Karelia , Russia ) Murmansk Oblast ( Grand Island ) -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 10 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 33.167 ° E  / 66.567 ; 33.167  ( Murmansk , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 25 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 33.417 ° E  / 66.567 ; 33.417  ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 28 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 34.467 ° E  / 66.567 ; 34.467  ( Murmansk Oblast , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) -- for about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 38 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 34.633 ° E  / 66.567 ; 34.633  ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 35 ° 0 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 35.000 ° E  / 66.567 ; 35.000  ( Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 40 ° 42 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 40.700 ° E  / 66.567 ; 40.700  ( White Sea ) White Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 44.383 ° E  / 66.567 ; 44.383  ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Nenets Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 50 ° 51 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 50.850 ° E  / 66.567 ; 50.850  ( Komi Republic , Russia ) Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 63 ° 48 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 63.800 ° E  / 66.567 ; 63.800  ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 71.083 ° E  / 66.567 ; 71.083  ( Gulf of Ob ) Gulf of Ob 66 ° 34 ′ N 72 ° 27 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 72.450 ° E  / 66.567 ; 72.450  ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Krasnoyarsk Krai -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 83 ° 3 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 83.050 ° E  / 66.567 ; 83.050  ( Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia ) Sakha Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 106 ° 18 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 106.300 ° E  / 66.567 ; 106.300  ( Sakha Republic , Russia ) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 158 ° 38 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 158.633 ° E  / 66.567 ; 158.633  ( Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 171 ° 1 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 171.017 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 171.017  ( Chukchi Sea , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 164 ° 38 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 164.633 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 164.633  ( Seward Peninsula , Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska ( Seward Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 163 ° 44 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 163.733 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 163.733  ( Kotzebue Sound , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Kotzebue Sound 66 ° 34 ′ N 161 ° 56 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 161.933 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 161.933  ( Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska -- passing through Selawik Lake 66 ° 34 ′ N 141 ° 0 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 141.000 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 141.000  ( Yukon , Canada ) Canada Yukon Northwest Territories -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 133 ° 36 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 133.600 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 133.600  ( Northwest Territories , Canada ) , passing through the Great Bear Lake Nunavut -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 115 ° 56 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 115.933 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 115.933  ( Nunavut , Canada ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 82.983 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 82.983  ( Foxe Basin , Hudson Bay ) Canada Foxe Basin , Nunavut 66 ° 34 ′ N 73 ° 25 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 73.417 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 73.417  ( Baffin Island , Nunavut , Canada ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Nettilling Lake 66 ° 30 ′ N 65 ° 29 ′ W  /  66.500 ° N 65.483 ° W  / 66.500 ; - 65.483  ( Baffin Island , Nunavut ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Auyuittuq National Park ( sign location ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 61 ° 24 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 61.400 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 61.400  ( Davis Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Davis Strait 66 ° 34 ′ N 53 ° 16 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 53.267 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 53.267  ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord 66 ° 34 ′ N 37 ° 0 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 37.000 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 37.000  ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Schweizerland 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 9 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 34.150 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 34.150  ( Denmark Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Denmark Strait Greenland Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 26 ° 18 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 26.300 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 26.300  ( Greenland Sea ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 18 ° 1 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 18.017 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 18.017  ( Grímsey , Iceland ) Iceland Island of Grímsey 66 ° 34 ′ N 17 ° 59 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 17.983 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 17.983  ( Greenland Sea , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 32 ′ W  /  66.567 ° N 12.533 ° W  / 66.567 ; - 12.533  ( Norwegian Sea ) A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi , Finland Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66 ° 33 ′ 55 '' N 136 ° 18 ′ 26 '' W  /  66.565325 ° N 136.307169 ° W  / 66.565325 ; - 136.307169 A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway , Sweden See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Circumpolar circle Arctic Cooperation and Politics Territorial claims in the Arctic Arctic haze Scott Polar Research Institute Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obliquity of the Ecliptic ( Eps Mean ) '' . Neoprogrammics.com . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 : 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry ; Scott , Robert . `` Arktikos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry ; Scott , Robert . `` Arktos '' . A Greek -- English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Burn , Chris . The Polar Night ( PDF ) . The Aurora Research Institute . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Population '' . www.athropolis.com . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1 , 2 and 3 . Routledge . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1579584368 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ; Kaufman , Martin M. ( 2012 ) . Physical Geography : Great Systems and Global Environments . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76428 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Circle . Look up arctic circle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Terra Incognita : Exploration of the Canadian Arctic -- Historical essay about early expeditions to the Canadian Arctic , illustrated with maps , photographs and drawings Temporal Epoch Calculations © 2006 by James Q. Jacobs Download : Epoch v2009. xls ( modify D4 ) Useful constants '' See : Obliquity of the ecliptic Arctic topics History Arctic research Exploration of the Arctic History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Geography Arctic Circle Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Arctic geography terminology Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic Nordicity North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic oscillation Arctic sea ice decline ecology and history Climate change in the Arctic Climate of Alaska Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar climate Polar amplification Polar vortex Fauna Arctic fox Beluga whale Bowhead whale Lemming Muskox Narwhal Polar bear Reindeer Seal bearded harp hooded ribbon ringed Snowy owl Walrus Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Chukchi Chukotka Evenks Inuit Gwich'in Khanty Koryaks Nenets Northern indigenous Russian peoples Sami Selkup Yakuts Yukaghir Arctic Winter Games Tsagaan Sar ( New Year 's Day ) Economy Natural resources Petroleum exploration Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Protected areas Transportation Transport Arctic Bridge Arctic shipping routes Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Polar air route Transpolar Sea Route Search and rescue Portal WikiProject Circles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Circle&oldid=826823181 '' Categories : Geography of the Arctic Lines of latitude Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic%20Circle

what was the rationale behind the american invasion of canada

American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . ''

War of 1812

war of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † James Lawrence George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 - 15,000 Casualties and losses 2,200 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh Niagara campaign s Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills Detroit frontier Tippecanoe Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills Chesapeake campaign Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Naval battles of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of its army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie and at the Battle of the Thames , defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation , and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 14 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 4.4. 3 Postwar fighting 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British too were offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt Affair . This led to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President which they succeeded in doing during 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander Affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt Affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . H Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European War , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , but leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent with some officers proving themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . American soldiers were well trained and brave , but in the early battles were often led by officers of questionable ability . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 American leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - In - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he build a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada , largely because the Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and it was believed in Washington that if the Americans could take the rest of Upper Canada , then they would force the British to cede that province to them when it came time to negotiate the peace . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant that the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to have Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . The plan for 1814 to invade Upper Canada via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac . The British were sending supplies to the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac , so is why the island was considered important . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans ' renewed attack on the Niagara peninsula quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 with the 170 garrison quickly surrendering to the 5 , 000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George while the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British suffered heavy casualties in a failed assault and were weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually the British raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms that weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the American advanced into Upper Canada , engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence armed with 104 guns , which had been launched in Kingston that September was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor , gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . On reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 14 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Bellefontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate USS President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had therefore become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship , Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship , Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament , although the American sloops Hornet , Wasp 1807 , Argus ( 1813 ) , Erie ( 1813 ) , Ontario , Peacock ( 1813 ) , Wasp ( 1813 ) , Frolic ( 1813 ) were all ship - rigged and the British Cruizer class sloops which they encountered were brig rigged which gave the American 's a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battle 's superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ship 's being of greater force than the British ships of the same class . Britain to constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates. . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which lead to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time and her hull had begun to rot further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close range engagement , the boarding ( hand to hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and ban single ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 it what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the ( ( HMS Endymion 1797 HMS Endymion ) which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as the had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that the had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British and their Royal Navy and the King 's Army . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the U.S. Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 ( although British and American commissioners had convened peace negotiations at Ghent in June of that year ) . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal by British victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the `` Federal City '' of Washington , D.C. On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when units of the British Army , accompanied by major ships of the Royal Navy , were obviously on their way to the capital . The inexperienced American militia , which had congregated nearby at Bladensburg , Maryland , to protect the capital , were defeated in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from the then named `` President 's House '' ( or `` President 's Palace '' ( executive mansion ) -- now the `` White House '' ) , Fourth President James Madison and the government with members of the Presidential Cabinet , fled to Virginia . Seeing that the Battle of Bladensburg , northeast of the town in rural Prince George 's County was not going well , Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered Captain Thomas Tingey , commandant of the Washington Naval Yard on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River ( now the Anacostia River ) , to set the facility ablaze to prevent the capture of American naval ships , buildings , shops and supplies . Tingey had overseen the Naval Yard 's planning and development since the national capital had been moved from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800 , and waited until the very last possible minute , nearly four hours after the order was given to execute it . The destruction included most of the facility as well as the nearly - completed frigate `` Columbia '' and the sloop `` Argus '' . The British commanders ate the supper that had been prepared for the President and his departmental secretaries after returning from hopeful glorious U.S. victory , before they burned the Executive Mansion ; American morale was reduced to an all - time low . The British viewed their actions as retaliation for the destructive American invasions and raids into Canada , most notably the Americans ' burning of York earlier in 1813 . Later that same evening , a furious storm ( some later weather experts called it a thunderstorm , almost a hurricane ) swept into Washington , D.C. , sending one or more tornadoes into the rough , unfinished town that caused more damage but finally extinguished the fires with torrential rains , leaving fire - blackened walls and partial ruins of the President 's House , The Capitol and Treasury Department that were set alight the first night . In addition , the combustibles used to finish off the Navy Yard destruction that the Americans had started , exploded , killing or maiming a large number of `` Red - Coats . '' The British left Washington , D.C. the day after the storm subsided . Having destroyed Washington 's public buildings , including the President 's Mansion and the Treasury , the British army and navy next moved several weeks later to capture Baltimore , forty miles northeast , a busy port and a key base for American privateers . However , by not immediately going overland to the port city they sneeringly called a `` nest of pirates '' , but returning to their ships anchored in the Patuxent River and proceeding later up to the Upper Bay , they gave the Baltimoreans plenty of time to reinforce their fortifications and gather regular U.S. Army and state militia troops from surrounding counties and states . The subsequent `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on Sunday , September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where the Baltimore harbour 's Patapsco River met the Chesapeake Bay , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by American snipers as he attempted to rally his troops in the first skirmish . The snipers were killed moments later , and the British paused , then continued to march northwestward to the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units deployed further up Long Log Lane on the peninsula at `` Godly Wood '' where the later Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel under command of British Col. Arthur Brooke and American commander for the Maryland state militia and its Third Brigade ( or `` Baltimore City Brigade '' ) , Brig. Gen. John Stricker . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military now arrayed facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' - now part of Patterson Park ) . These overall Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and foreseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith , who had been set in charge of the Baltimore defences instead of the discredited U.S. Army commander for the Mid-Atlantic's 10th Military District ( following the debacle the previous month at Bladensburg ) , William H. Winder. Smith had been earlier a Revolutionary War officer and commander , then wealthy city merchant and U.S. Representative , Senator and later Mayor of Baltimore . The `` Red Coats '' were unable to immediately reduce Fort McHenry , at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor to allow their ships to provide heavier naval gunfire to support their troops to the northeast . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry , where Francis Scott Key placed off - shore in a U.S. truce ship was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' , which later when set to music became named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . At the bombardment of Fort McHenry , the British naval guns , mortars and revolutionary new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore , and the ships mostly stood off out of the Americans ' range , bombarding the fort , which returned very little fire and was not too heavily damaged during the onslaught except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces and resulting in a few casualties . Despite however the heavy bombardment , casualties in the fort were slight and the British ships eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . After a last ditch night feint and barge attack during the heavy rain storm at the time led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west which was split and misdirected partly in the storm , then turned back with heavy casualties by alert gunners at supporting western batteries Fort Covington and Battery Babcock , so the British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops - from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tuckaubatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River at Prospect Bluff ( Fort Gadsden ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , with further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo Gonzalez Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town in November . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Postwar fighting In May 1815 , a band of British - allied Sauk , unaware that the war had ended months before , attacked a small band of U.S. soldiers northwest of St. Louis . Intermittent fighting , primarily with the Sauk , continued in the Missouri Territory well into 1817 , although it is unknown if the Sauk were acting on their own or on behalf of British agents . Several uncontacted isolated warships continued fighting well into 1815 and were the last American forces to take offensive action against the British . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others , becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The Navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . `` Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . '' He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public . '' The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war . '' A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , while the Indians were the losing party . The British won by losing no territories and achieving their great war goal , the total defeat of Napoleon . U.S. won by ( 1 ) securing her honor and successfully resisting a powerful empire once again , thus winning a `` second war of independence '' ; and ( 2 ) ending the threat of Indian raids and the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary -- thereby opening an unimpeded path for the United States ' westward expansion . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon . Except for occasional border disputes and the circumstances of the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained generally peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary and was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812 . It remains in effect to this day . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams - Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early American naval history Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 Bibliography of the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ As Winston Churchill concluded , `` The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power '' . From A History of the English - speaking Peoples : The age of revolution , Volume 3 of A History of the English - speaking Peoples , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Caffrey 1977 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Black 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hooks , J.W. ( 2009 ) . `` A friendly salute the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' Ebscohost P ii Jump up ^ `` John P. Deeben , `` The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires : The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy '' , Prologue Magazine , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Summer 2012 , Vol. 44 , No. 2 `` . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White 2010 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Willig 2008 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hitsman 1965 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 504 ; Zuehlke 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 392 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1955 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Army Historical Series , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith 1989 , pp. 46 -- 63 , esp . pp. 61 -- 63 ; Carroll 2001 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2010 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Bowler 1988 , pp. 11 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1981 , pp. 3 -- 34 ; Stagg 1983 , ; Horsman 1962 , p. 267 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 72 ; Brown 1971 , p. 128 ; Burt 1940 , pp. 305 -- 310 ; Stuart 1988 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ George F.G. Stanley , 1983 , pg. 32 Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1925 , pp. 9 -- 15 ; Hacker 1924 , pp. 365 -- 395 ; Hickey 1989 , p. 47 ; Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 ; Stagg 2012 , pp. 5 -- 6 ; Tucker 2011 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` War of 1812 -- 1815 ( Milestones 1801 -- 1829 ) . US Department of State , Office of the Historian , Web . 26 Apr. 2016 Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , pp. 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Berton 2001 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2012 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Nugent 2008 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Benn , C. , & Marston , D. ( 2006 ) . Liberty or death : Wars that forged a nation . Oxford : Osprey Pub . Jump up ^ John Roderick Heller ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Maass , `` Difficult to Relinquish Territory Which Had Been Conquered '' : Expansionism and the War of 1812 `` , Diplomatic History ( Jan 2015 ) 39 # 1 pp 70 -- 97 doi : 10.1093 / dh / dht132 Abstract Online ^ Jump up to : Horsman , R ... ( 1987 ) . On to Canada : Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812 . Michigan Historical Review , 13 ( 2 ) , 1 -- 24 . Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173101 Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 137 - 139 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2003 ) . Manifest Destiny . Greenwood Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 ( 2002 ) pg. 4 , Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 23 -- 39 . Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 20 & 54 - 55 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Summer 1812 : Congress stages fiery debates over whether to declare war on Britain '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( January 13 , 1991 ) . `` Confrontation in the Gulf ; Congress acts to authorize war in Gulf ; Margins are 5 votes in Senate , 67 in House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation : Province of Upper Canada '' . Library and Archives Canada . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Mackinac Island , 17 July 1812 '' . HistoryofWar.org . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 847 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 72 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Quimby 1997 , pp. 2 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( November 2012 ) . `` Small War , Big Consequences : Why 1812 Still Matters '' . Foreign Affairs . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 233 -- 34 , 349 -- 50 , 478 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ronald J. Dale ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Canada : Battles of the War of 1812 . James Lorimer & Company . p. 17 . ISBN 1550287389 . ^ Jump up to : Burroughs 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Benn & Marston 2006 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Auchinleck , Gilbert ( January 1 , 1855 ) . A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America : During the Years 1812 , 1813 , and 1814 . Maclear & Company . Jump up ^ Peppiatt , Liam . `` Chapter 24 : Andrew Mercer 's Cottage '' . Robertson 's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Hannay 1911 , p. 848 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1985 . Jump up ^ Jones 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : National Guard History eMuseum -- War of 1812 '' . Kynghistory.ky.gov . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Lewiston , NY '' . Historical Association of Lewiston . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prohaska , Thomas J. ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lewiston monument to mark Tuscarora heroism in War of 1812 '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2013 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , pp. 49 - 50 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Grodzinski 2010 , pp. 560 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1987 ) ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 337 . ISBN 0870214454 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D.C. Harvey , `` The Halifax - Castine Expedition '' , Dalhousie Review 18 ( 1938 -- 39 ) : 207 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2002 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Cyrenus Cole , A history of the people of Iowa ( 1921 ) pp. 69 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Concise Historical Atlas of Canada , plate 38 , Geoffrey J. Matthews , University , of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Nolan 2009 , pp. 85 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Stevens 1921 , pp. 480 -- 482 Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : `` First United States Infantry '' . Iaw.on.ca . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Admiralty reply to British press criticism ( Toll 2006 , p. 180 ) . Jump up ^ Gwyn 2003 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` A British View of the Naval War of 1812 U.S. Naval Institute '' . www.usni.org . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 360 -- 365 . Jump up ^ James1817 Jump up ^ Roosevelt Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James1817 Jump up ^ Roosevelt Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Labert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Roosevelt Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Roosevelt Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1882 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Voelcker 2013 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1882 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Forester 1970 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 1996 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt1882 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Voelcker 2013 Jump up ^ DANFS 1991 , Essex . Jump up ^ Gardiner 2000 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1882 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ James 1817 Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1882 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` American Merchant Marine and Privateers in War of 1812 '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` www.princedeneufchatel.com '' . princedeneufchatel.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sealift -- Merchant Mariners -- America 's unsung heroes '' . Msc.navy.mil . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hansard , vol 29 , pp. 649 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Strannack 1909 , p. . Jump up ^ Faye 1997 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` War of 1812 '' . www.eighteentwelve.ca . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hannay 1911 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 55 - 56 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Leckie 1998 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 56 - 57 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Malcomson , `` Freedom by reaching the Wooden World : American Slaves and the British Navy during the War of 1812 '' , The Northern Mariner , Vol . XXII , No. 4 ( October 2012 ) , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` '' Black Sailors and Soldiers in the War of 1812 `` , The War of 1812 , PBS ( 2012 ) '' . Black Soldier and Sailors in the War - War of 1812 - PBS . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith 2011 , pp. 75 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , pp. 81 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Harvey 1938 , pp. 207 -- 213 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herrick , Carole L. ( 2005 ) . August 24 , 1814 : Washington in Flames . Falls Church , VA : Higher Education Publications , Inc. p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 914927 - 50 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Tornado and the Burning of Washington '' . Weatherbook.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2005 , pp. 23 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braund , Kathryn E. , Deerskins and Duffels : The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo - America , 1685 -- 1815 . ( University of Nebraska Press 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( University of New Mexico Press 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 785 . Jump up ^ Waselkov , Gregory A . A Conquering Spirit : Fort Mims and the Redstick War of 1813 -- 1814 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ Braund , Kathryn E. Tohopeka : Rethinking the Creek War and the War of 1812 . ( University of Alabama Press 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Remini , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , pp. 791 - 793 . Jump up ^ Remini 1977 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 146 - 151 . Jump up ^ Bunn , Mike and Clay Williams . Battle for the Southern Frontier : The Creek War and the War of 1812 . Charleston : History Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Carron '' . Pbenyon.plus.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 286 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` The War Of 1812 - ( 7.1 ) Jackson on the Gulf Coast '' . Greg Goebel . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 409 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Sugden , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2012 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' . galafilm.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chartrand , René ( 2012 ) , Forts of the War of 1812 , Oxford , Oxfordshire : Osprey , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Owsley , Frank L. , Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands : The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans , 1812 -- 1815 , University of Alabama Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Reilly 1974 , pp. 303 , 306 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , pp. 136 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : The War of 1812 '' . Army.mil . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Remini 1999 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Edward Frazer and L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) , The Royal Marine Artillery 1803 -- 1923 , Volume 1 , 1804 -- 1859 , London : Royal United Services Institution , OCLC 4986867 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Bullard , Mary R. Black Liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815 . ( University of Georgia Press , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Tanner 1987 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 . Jump up ^ 3. George Daughan , 1812 : The Navy 's War ( New York , NY , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert `` the challenge '' pg. 399 . Jump up ^ Brian Arthur , `` How Britain won the war of 1812 - The Royal Navy 's Blockade of the United States '' , Boydell Press , Suffolk , 2011 , ISBN 9781843836650 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morison 1941 , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 362 -- 365 . Jump up ^ For details of the negotiations , see Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1956 ) pp 196 - 220 ; Robert V. Remini , Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) pp 94 - 122 ; Ward , A.W. ; Gooch , G.P. ( 1922 ) . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 - 1919 : 1783 - 1815 . Macmillan Company . pp. 537 -- 42 . and A.T. Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 , '' American Historical Review ( 1905 ) 11 # 1 pp. 68 -- 87 , esp . pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Remini , Henry Clay ( 1991 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mahan , `` The Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 , '' pp. 73 -- 78 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ward and Gooch , Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , p 540 Jump up ^ Perkins 1964 , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Hickey 2006 , pp. 150 -- 151 ; Hibbert 1997 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Mills 1921 , pp. 19 -- 32 ; Toll 2006 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , pp. 389 -- 391 ; Gash 1984 , pp. 111 -- 119 . Jump up ^ http://www.snopes.com/2016/08/29/star-spangled-banner-and-slavery/ Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 295 ; Updyke 1915 , p. 360 ; Perkins 1964 , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ David Stephen Heidler ; Jeanne T. Heidler ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the War Of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hickey 2006 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Latimer , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Adams 1918 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Schama 2006 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Black Loyalists in New Brunswick , 1789 -- 1853 '' , Atlantic Canada Portal , University of New Brunswick . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lindsay 1920 , p. . Jump up ^ Jay 's treaty and the treaty of ghent - Arbitration , Mediation , and Conciliation , Americanforeignrelations.com , retrieved July 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kaufman 1997 , pp. 110 -- 135 . Jump up ^ CMH , `` Origins of the Militia Myth '' ( February 2006 ) online Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 458 , 459 . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boswell 2009 . Jump up ^ Ipsos Reid . `` Americans ( 64 % ) less likely than Canadians ( 77 % ) to Believe War of 1812 had Significant Outcomes , Important to formation National Identity , but still more likely to Commemorate War '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos Reid . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Defense and Burning of Washington in 1814 : Naval Documents of the War of 1812 '' . U.S. Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 , p. 82 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner and the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia Smithsonian . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Edwin H. ( 2003 ) . The United States Marines : A History , Fourth Edition . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 790 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jasper Trautsch , `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict , '' Reviews in History ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Howe 2007 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Benn 2002 ; Latimer 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Should we still care about the War of 1812 ? , Troy Bickham , July 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Campbell 2007 , p. 10 ; Turner 2000 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Turner 2000 , p . ; Zuehlke 2007 , p . ; Hixson ( 2001 ) ; Williams 1961 , p. 196 ; Watts 1987 , p. 316 Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , Introduction '' ( 2013 ) . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence . Library of America . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John Herd ; Randall , Stephen J. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies . University of Georgia Press . p. 23 . ISBN 9780820331133 . ; Bowman , John Stewart ; Greenblatt , Miriam ( 2003 ) . War of 1812 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 142 -- . ISBN 9781438100166 . ; Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . p. 145 . ISBN 9780816033379 . ; Boyer , Paul S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . The Enduring Vision 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 9780495800941 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Sugden , pp. 301 -- 302 , mentions that ' Brock ' had urged the British government to protect his Indian allies in peace negotiations , and by the end of 1812 he had obtained from Earl Bathurst , colonial secretary , a promise to that effect . ' Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , pp. 435 -- 439 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ PBS , The War of 1812 , Essays . https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/ Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Sugden 1982 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2006 ; Cogliano 2008 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield 1952 , pp. xi -- xiii , 95 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 456 , 467 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902 , pp. 47 , 80 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , pp. 255ff . Jump up ^ Cogliano 2008 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Julius W Pratt , A History of United States Foreign Policy ( 1955 ) , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Akenson 1999 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Landon 1941 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hayes 2008 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Calloway 1986 , pp. 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Hickey 1989 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 2002 , p. 7 ; Latimer 2009 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Stearns 2008 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Hickey , `` ' The Bully Has Been Disgraced by an Infant ' -- The Naval War of 1812 , '' Michigan War Studies Review ( 2014 ) 2014 - 097 online Sources Adams , Henry ( 1918 ) ( 1891 ) . History of the United States of America during the Administrations of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . II : History of the United States During the First Administration of James Madison . New York : Scribner & Sons . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 35 - 6 . Akenson , Donald Harman ( 1999 ) . The Irish in Ontario : A Study in Rural History . McGill - Queens . p. 137 . ISBN 9780773520295 . Allen , Robert S ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Renewing the Chain of Friendship '' . His Majesty 's Indian allies : British Indian policy in the defence of Canada , 1774 -- 1815 . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 175 - 3 . Benn , Carl ( 2002 ) . The War of 1812 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 466 - 5 . Benn , Carl ; Marston , Daniel ( 2006 ) . Liberty or Death : Wars That Forged a Nation . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 022 - 6 . Berton , Pierre ( 1980 ) , The Invasion of Canada : 1813 -- 1814 , Boston : Atlantic -- Little , Brown . Berton , Pierre ( 2001 ) ( 1981 ) . Flames Across the Border : 1813 -- 1814 . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 65838 - 9 . Black , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . America as a Military Power : From the American Revolution to the Civil War . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . pp. 44 , 69 . Boswell , Randy ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Who won War of 1812 baffles poll respondents '' . Canwest News Service . Bowler , R Arthur ( March 1988 ) . `` Propaganda in Upper Canada in the War of 1812 '' . American Review of Canadian Studies . 18 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 02722018809480915 . Brands , H.W. ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson : His Life and Times . Random House Digital . ISBN 9781400030729 . Brown , Roger Hamilton ( 1971 ) . The Republic in Peril ( illustrated ed . ) . Norton . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00578 - 3 . Burroughs , Peter ( 1983 ) . `` Prevost , Sir George '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . V ( 1801 -- 1820 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Burt , Alfred LeRoy ( 1940 ) . The United States , Great Britain and British North America from the revolution to the establishment of peace after the war of 1812 . Yale University Press . pp. 305 -- 310 . Caffrey , Kate ( 1977 ) . The Twilight 's Last Gleaming : Britain vs. America 1812 -- 1815 . New York : Stein and Day . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1920 - 9 . Calloway , Colin G. ( 1986 ) . `` The End of an Era : British - Indian Relations in the Great Lakes Region after the War of 1812 '' . Michigan Historical Review . 12 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 20 . JSTOR 20173078 . doi : 10.2307 / 20173078 . 0890 - 1686 Campbell , Duncan Andrew ( 2007 ) . Unlikely allies : Britain , America and the Victorian origins of the special relationship . Hambledon Continuum . p. 10 . Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( February 1 , 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . ABC - CLIO . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Carroll , Francis M ( 2001 ) . A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 . Toronto : University of Toronto . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8358 - 6 . Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . Cogliano , Francis D ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 247 , 234 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96486 - 5 . Dangerfield , George ( 1952 ) . The Era of Good Feelings . Harcourt , Brace . pp. xi -- xii , 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929587 - 14 - 1 . Drez , Ronald J. ( 2014 ) . The War of 1812 , conflict and deception : the British attempt to seize New Orleans and nullify the Louisiana Purchase . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 362 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5931 - 6 . Egan , Clifford L ( April 1974 ) . `` The Origins of the War of 1812 : Three Decades of Historical Writing '' . Military Affairs . 38 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 75 . JSTOR 1987240 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987240 . Elting , John R. ( 1995 ) . Amateurs to Arms . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80653 - 3 . `` Essex '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships ( DANFS ) . Washington DC : Naval Historical Center . 1991 . Fanis , Maria ( 2011 ) . Secular Morality and International Security : American and British Decisions about War . Ann Harbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press . Faye , Kert ( 1997 ) . Prize and Prejudice Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812 . St. John 's , Nfld : International Maritime Economic History Association . p. 171 . Forester , C.S. ( 1970 ) ( 1957 ) . The Age of Fighting Sail . New English Library . ISBN 0 - 939218 - 06 - 2 . Fraser , Robert Lochiel ( 1985 ) . `` Mallory , Benajah '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . VIII ( 1851 -- 1860 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Gardiner , Robert , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Naval War of 1812 : Caxton pictorial history . Caxton Editions . ISBN 1 - 84067 - 360 - 5 . Gash , Norman ( 1984 ) . Lord Liverpool : The Life and Political Career of Robert Banks Jenkinson , Second Earl of Liverpool , 1770 -- 1828 . Weidenfeld and Nicolson . pp. 111 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 78453 - 6 . Goodman , Warren H. ( 1941 ) . `` The Origins of the War of 1812 : A Survey of Changing Interpretations '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 28 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 186 . JSTOR 3738032 . doi : 10.2307 / 1896211 . Grodzinski , John R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Review '' . Canadian Historical Review . 91 ( 3 ) : 560 -- 1 . doi : 10.1353 / can. 2010.0011 . Gwyn , Julian ( 2003 ) . Frigates and Foremasts : The North American Squadron in Nova Scotian Waters , 1745 -- 1815 . UBC Press . p. 134 . Hacker , Louis M. ( March 1924 ) . `` Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812 : A Conjecture '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . X ( 4 ) : 365 -- 395 . JSTOR 1892931 . Hannay , David ( 1911 ) . `` American War of 1812 '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Harvey , D.C. ( July 1938 ) . `` The Halifax -- Castine expedition '' . Dalhousie Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 13 . Hayes , Derek ( 2008 ) . Canada : An Illustrated History . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 117 . ISBN 9781553652595 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. , eds. ( 1997 ) . `` Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 362 - 4 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ( 2002 ) . The War of 1812 . Westport ; London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31687 - 2 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Wellington : A Personal History . Reading , MA : Perseus Books . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0148 - 0 . Hickey , Donald ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict . Urbana ; Chicago : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hickey , Donald R ( 1995 ) . The War of 1812 : A Short History . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06430 - 5 . Hickey , Donald R ( July 2001 ) . `` The War of 1812 : Still a Forgotten Conflict ? '' . The Journal of Military History . 65 ( 3 ) : 741 -- 769 . JSTOR 2677533 . doi : 10.2307 / 2677533 . Hickey , Donald R ( Sep 2013 ) . `` 1812 : The Old History and the New '' . Reviews in American History . 41 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2013.0081 . Hickey , Donald R ( 2006 ) . Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of The War of 1812 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03179 - 3 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ( 1965 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 27 . Horsman , Reginald ( 1962 ) . The Causes of the War of 1812 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 498 - 04087 - 9 . Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought . Oxford University Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 . Jones , Elwood H. ( 1983 ) . `` Willcocks , Joseph '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . V ( 1801 -- 1820 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Kaufman , Erik ( 1997 ) . `` Condemned to Rootlessness : The Loyalist Origins of Canada 's Identity Crisis '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 3 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 135 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537119708428495 . Kennedy , David M ; Cohen , Lizabeth ; Bailey , Thomas A ( 2010 ) . The American Pageant . Volume I : To 1877 ( 14th ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 16659 - 1 . Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) . The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 27319 - 5 Landon , Fred ( 1941 ) . Western Ontario and the American Frontier . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 123 . Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . 1812 : War with America . Cambridge : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02584 - 4 . Latimer , Jon ( 2009 ) . Niagara 1814 : The final invasion . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 9781846034398 . Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012571 - 3 . Lindsay , Arnett G. ( October 1920 ) . `` Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves , 1783 - 1828 '' . Journal of Negro History . 55 ( 4 ) . Mills , Dudley ( 1921 ) . `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 02 - 01 - 02 . Morison , E. ( 1941 ) . The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783 -- 1860 . Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 205 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 9728155 - 6 - 2 . Nolan , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Johnson , Cantonment Davis , and Fort Edwards '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 85 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Nugent , Walter ( 2008 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1964 ) . Castereagh and Adams : England and The United States , 1812 -- 1823 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925 ) . Expansionists of 1812 . New York : Macmillan . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1955 ) . A history of United States foreign - policy . p. 126 . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) . The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : An Operational and Command Study . East Lansing : Michigan State University Press . pp. 2 -- 12 . Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) . The British at the Gates : The New Orleans Campaign in The War of 1812 . New York : GP Putnam 's Sons . pp. 303 , 306 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . New York : Harper & Row Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5912 - 3 . Remini , Robert ( 1999 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : Andrew Jackson and America 's First Military Victory . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100179 - 8 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2002 ) . Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200128 - 7 . Risjord , Norman K. ( 1961 ) . `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 210 . JSTOR 1918543 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918543 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - Clio . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 188 - 5 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Smith , Dwight L ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Smith , Joshua ( 2007 ) . Borderland Smuggling . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida . pp. 81 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2986 - 4 . Smith , Joshua ( 2011 ) . Battle for the Bay : The War of 1812 . Fredericton , NB : Goose Lane Editions . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86492 - 644 - 9 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( January 1981 ) . `` James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain : Canada , the West Indies , and the War of 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 38 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 34 . JSTOR 1916855 . doi : 10.2307 / 1916855 . Stagg , John C.A. ( 1983 ) . Mr. Madison 's War : Politics , Diplomacy , and Warfare in the Early American republic , 1783 -- 1830 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge University Press . pp. 5 -- 6 . Stearns , Peter N. , ed. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world . 7 . p. 547 . Stevens , Walter B. ( 1921 ) . Centennial history of Missouri ( the center state ) one hundred years in the union . St. Louis and Chicago : S.J. Clarke . Strannack , Lt. Commander Ian ( 1909 ) . The Andrew And The Onions : The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda , 1795 -- 1975 . The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press , The Bermuda Maritime Museum . ISBN 0 - 921560 - 03 - 6 . Stuart , Reginald ( 1988 ) . United States Expansionism and British North America , 1775 - 1871 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 76 . Sugden , John ( January 1982 ) . `` The Southern Indians in the War of 1812 : The Closing Phase '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . Tanner , Helen H. ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 8 . Toll , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4265 - 8 . Trautsch , Jasper M. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate '' . Journal of Military History . 77 ( 1 ) : 273 -- 293 . Trautsch , Jasper . `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews and History ( 2013 ; updated 2014 ) online Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1097 . ISBN 9781851096039 . Turner , Wesley B. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1812 : The War That Both Sides Won . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 9781550023367 . Turner , Wesley B. ( July 4 , 2011 ) . The Astonishing General : The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock . Dundurn Press . p. 311 . Updyke , Frank Arthur ( 1915 ) . The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins U.P. , full text online Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : War of 1812 bibliography Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 - 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 - 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 - 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War , Basic Books , New York , pp. 491 , ISBN 9780465020461 Url Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages James , William , ( 1847 / 1859 ) , The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 5 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 458 , Url James , William ( 1837 ) The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 6 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 468 , Ebook ( full view ) Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; Examines this Wikipedia article Online Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Md. : Scarecrow . Misiak , Zig . War of 1812 : Highlighting Native Nations . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9811880 - 2 - 7 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . `` The template below ( Library resources box ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . The War of 1812 , January 31 , 2013 Indiana University Lilly Library Digital Collection of War of 1812 The War : A War of 1812 Newspaper Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Collection Brock University Library Digital Repository War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. Burning of Washington Georgia Battle of Fort Peter Louisiana Battle of New Orleans Siege of Fort St. Philip Maryland Battle of Baltimore Battle of Bladensburg Battle of Caulk 's Field Battle of North Point Battle of St. Michaels Raid on Havre de Grace Massachusetts Battle of Hampden New York Battle of Big Sandy Creek Battle of Buffalo Battle of Ogdensburg Battle of Plattsburgh Capture of Fort Niagara Raid on Black Rock Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Ohio Battle of Fort Stephenson Copus massacre Siege of Fort Meigs Virginia Battle of Craney Island Raid on Alexandria Skirmish at Farnham Church Battle of Rappahannock River U.S. territories Alabama Battles of Fort Bowyer Illinois Battle of Fort Dearborn Battle of Rock Island Rapids Siege of Prairie du Chien Indiana Battle of the Mississinewa Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Wild Cat Creek Siege of Fort Harrison Siege of Fort Wayne Michigan Battle of Brownstown Battle of Frenchtown Battle of Mackinac Island Battle of Maguaga Siege of Detroit Siege of Fort Mackinac Mississippi Battle of Burnt Corn Battle of Callabee Creek Canoe Fight Battle of Holy Ground Battle of Horseshoe Bend Battle of Talladega Battle of Tallushatchee Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek Fort Mims massacre Kimbell -- James Massacre Missouri Battle of Credit Island Battle of the Sink Hole British North America Lower Canada Battle of the Chateauguay First Battle of Lacolle Mills Second Battle of Lacolle Mills Upper Canada Battle of Beaver Dams Battle of Chippawa Battle of Cook 's Mills Battle of Crysler 's Farm Battle of Fort George Battle of Frenchman 's Creek Battle of Longwoods Battle of Lundy 's Lane Battle of Malcolm 's Mills Battle of Queenston Heights Battle of Stoney Creek Battle of the Thames Battle of York Capture of Fort Erie Raid on Elizabethtown Raid on Port Dover Raid on Gananoque Siege of Fort Erie Spanish Empire Spanish Florida Battle of Pensacola Naval battles Atlantic Ocean Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of HMS Cyane Capture of HMS Epervier Capture of HMS Frolic Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of USS President Chesapeake Bay Flotilla USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Avon Battle of Fayal Sinking of HMS Peacock Sinking of HMS Reindeer USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere USS United States vs HMS Macedonian Caribbean Sea Battle of La Guaira Great Lakes Battle of Lake Erie Battle of Fort Oswego Engagements on Lake Huron Engagements on Lake Ontario First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor Gulf Coast Action of 13 December 1814 Battle of Lake Borgne Pacific Ocean Action off James Island Action off Charles Island Nuku Hiva Campaign Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War Category Portal definition textbooks quotes source texts media news stories Links to related articles History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Military history of Canada History of ... Colonial militia - ( Military of New France ) Crown & Forces Army Navy Air Force Conflicts Beaver Wars King William 's War Queen Anne 's War Father Rale 's War King George 's War Father Le Loutre 's War French and Indian War War of 1812 Fenian raids Red River Rebellion Wolseley Expedition North - West Rebellion Boer War First World War Russian Civil War Second World War Cold War Korean War Gulf War Afghanistan War Intervention in Libya Intervention against ISIL See also Canada in the American Civil War Mackenzie -- Papineau Battalion Canada and the Vietnam War Canada and the Iraq War Lists Bibliography Conflicts Operations Victories Peacekeeping Internment Camps WWI Internment Camps WWII Category Portal WikiProject Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Malta ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land , 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal GND : 4146631 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_1812&oldid=808068834 '' Categories : War of 1812 History of United States expansionism Wars involving Canada Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Invasions of the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing more detailed references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use Canadian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu La . lojban . Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 18 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20of%201812

who is the killer in and then there were fewer

And Then There Were Fewer

and then there were fewer

`` And Then There Were Fewer '' is the first episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . This and most of the other season 9 episodes were produced for the eighth production season . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 26 , 2010 . The episode follows the citizens of Quahog after they are invited by actor James Woods to his stately mansion on a remote island . While there , a series of murders occurs , and the group struggles to determine who committed the mysterious acts , before ultimately attempting to escape from the island , and avoid being murdered themselves . The name of the episode is a parody of Agatha Christie 's murder mystery , And Then There Were None .

The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and directed by Dominic Polcino . It received high acclaim from critics , who praised its storyline and cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 9.41 million homes in its original airing . The episode features guest performances by Drew Barrymore , H. Jon Benjamin , Max Burkholder , Colin Ford , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Tisdale and James Woods , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It was the first Family Guy episode to air in 720p high definition . The episode was nominated for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was released on DVD along with two other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 . The show confirmed afterwards that it was part of the show 's `` real '' canon and those characters that died ( i.e. Diane Simmons , Muriel Goldman etc . ) would not be brought back in the future . However , James Woods is seen in the thirteenth episode of season 10 , `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , in which he tells Peter and Tom that paramedics brought him to a secret science lab made for celebrities and revived him . In the same episode , he hires Peter as his agent after he fired Tucker , but later also fires Peter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The residents of Quahog are all invited to a mansion dinner party by James Woods , who states he has become a born - again Christian thanks to his new girlfriend Priscilla , and wishes to repent for all his wrongdoings . Early into the night , as Woods and Priscilla go to the kitchen , Quagmire 's new companion , Stephanie , is mysteriously shot when she sits in Woods 's seat , leading the guests to believe Woods intends to murder them all . They try to leave , but lightning strikes a tree , causing it to break the bridge . Meanwhile , the main road is flooded due to the storm . Returning amidst accusations , Woods pleads ignorance before he too is murdered in front of the guests by an unseen killer with a knife during a power outage , causing Priscilla to faint . Trapped on the estate with no way of contacting anyone due to a thunderstorm , the guests realize that the killer is among them . They also discover that Stephanie 's body has disappeared . While the guests search for clues in discovering the killer 's identity , they realise that many of them had motives for wanting revenge on James Woods . Tom did not take the part of Freddy Krueger in A Nightmare on Elm Street due to James advising him not to , Brian had the pilot of his series messed up by James , and Quagmire lost Cheryl Tiegs due to him , while Consuela the Mexican Maid says he molested her nephew , causing him to ' shoot himself in the face ' . After reading a notebook of his they find in a secret room , Mort Goldman 's wife , Muriel , disappears after it is discovered that she was being blackmailed by Woods , causing everyone to suspect her as the culprit . Peter accidentally got Joe knocked out , so organizes the groups , however several of them are separated from each other due to the secret passages . However , Muriel turns up dead soon after by being stabbed in the back with the same knife that killed James , placing suspicion on Priscilla , who also disappeared during the commotion . Jillian 's husband , Derek , leaves to get higher up so he can find a cell phone signal so he can contact the police , but is soon murdered by the unseen killer with one of Woods 's Golden Globe Awards . The guests search everyone 's rooms until they locate the bloodstained award and Priscilla 's dead body in Tom Tucker 's guest room . Tom is thus implicated as the killer and is chased and caught by Peter , Joe , Carl , Dr. Hartman , Quagmire , Seamus , and Mayor Adam West . Tom is arrested by the police and the guests prepare to leave . Lois goes to comfort Tom 's co-anchor , Diane Simmons , only to intuitively realize she is the true murderer when she shows a dress for her solo debut on the news , even though she could n't have known Tom would be leaving . Diane reveals that she had dated Woods until he dumped her upon her fortieth birthday , around which Tom arranged her to be replaced on the Channel 5 News . Seeking revenge , Diane bribed Priscilla to make James become a born - again Christian and throw the dinner party so she could murder Woods and frame Tom for the crime , but was forced to kill the other guests after her plan went awry upon Stephanie 's accidental death . Priscilla woke up when she was removing the knife due to Joe pointing out her fingerprints were on it , so had her throat slit . When she was hiding the body in Tom 's room , Muriel saw her so was stabbed . She did not have time to conceal the knife , but was able to wipe her fingerprints clean . She killed Derek to stop the Police getting involved . Diane then attempts to silence Lois by taking her outside and shooting her next to a cliff , only to be shot down from the cliff with a suppressed sniper rifle by Stewie , who proclaims if anyone were to kill Lois , he would be the one to do it . Production and development ( edit ) The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego , California , on July 25 , 2009 , by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane . It was directed by series regular Dominic Polcino and written by series regular Cherry Chevapravatdumrong shortly after the conclusion of the eighth production season , which completed its airing on television on June 20 , 2010 . The episode takes its title from the Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None , and was largely based on the 1985 comedy film Clue . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Elaine Ko and Spencer Porter serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was the first episode of Family Guy to be broadcast in high - definition , with series showrunners Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan overseeing the transition . The episode was dedicated to series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's mother , Ann Perry MacFarlane , following her death from cancer on July 16 , 2010 . The original idea of the episode was sent to series showrunner and executive producer Hentemann in a text from Seth MacFarlane simply stating `` murder mystery . '' `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , along with the two other episodes from Family Guy 's ninth season , was released on a three - disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , a mini-feature entitled `` The Comical Adventures of Family Guy -- Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call '' , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . In addition to the regular cast , actress Drew Barrymore reprised her role as Jillian Russell , the former girlfriend of Brian ; actor James Woods , in his fifth appearance in the series , reprised his role as the overly exaggerated version of himself ; actress Ashley Tisdale ( who is known for playing Candace Flynn on Disney Channel 's Phineas and Ferb , the show created by Family Guy alumnus Dan Povenmire ) made her first official appearance on Family Guy as James Woods 's girlfriend , Priscilla ; and voice actor H. Jon Benjamin reprised his role as Quahog Market owner Carl . Additionally , actors Max Burkholder , Colin Ford and Patrick Stewart also guest starred in the episode in minor roles . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan , Jennifer Tilly , and John Viener reprised their roles as news reporter Diane Simmons , Quahog pharmacist Mort Goldman , Muriel Goldman , Griffin family neighbor Bonnie Swanson , and Jillian 's husband , Derek Wilcox , respectively . A minor appearance was also made by Family Guy writer and regular voice artist Danny Smith . Cultural references ( edit ) Survivor host Jeff Probst was referenced in the episode . The episode borrows heavily from the 1985 comedy film Clue , the 1976 comedy film Murder by Death , and is largely based upon the 1939 Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None . The opening scene of the episode is similar to that of Stanley Kubrik 's The Shining . Once the Griffin family arrives at the mansion , Lois remarks on the estate 's beauty , wondering if television host Jeff Probst has a similar home . As they walk into the mansion , Sir John Everett Millais 's Ophelia is seen . As dinner commences , Carl begins conversing with Tom Tucker , and discusses the plot of the 1986 fantasy film Labyrinth , directed by Jim Henson . After Tucker is accused of murdering James Woods , he reveals that Woods talked him out of auditioning for the lead role in the 1984 hit horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street . The finger is then pointed at Mayor West , who tells the group of his hardships on the social networking service Twitter , after Woods stole his originally intended username . Diane Simmons also goes on to state that Woods had promised to introduce her to former CBS news anchor Dan Rather , but ultimately ended up introducing her to actor and comedian Danny Bonaduce instead . In the extended DVD release , Carl mentions No Way Out , Hard Rain and Days of Thunder . While searching for Muriel Goldman throughout the mansion , Brian and Stewie begin humming and singing the theme song to several television shows , including the CBS science fiction series Lost in Space , the CBS sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show , and the ABC soap opera Dynasty . After discovering the Golden Globe Award underneath Tom Tucker 's bed , Tucker begins to profess his innocence , with Peter then instructing him to `` tell it to Mike Judge . '' In the scene where Diane tells Lois her conspiracy , Picasso 's painting Le Rêve can be seen on the wall behind Diane . At the end of the episode , Seamus asks , `` When we all see each other at school on Monday , are we still gon na be friends ? '' in a reference to The Breakfast Club . Reception ( edit ) `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was broadcast on September 26 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by the season premiere of The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin - off , The Cleveland Show . It was watched by 8.85 million viewers in its first half - hour , and concluded with a total 9.41 million viewers in its second half - hour , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the season premiere of Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season premiere of The Amazing Race on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 4.3 and 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings were Family Guy 's highest since the airing of the season eight episode `` Family Goy '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' received widespread acclaim from critics and viewers , with one critic calling the storyline `` solidly funny , well - plotted , and nearly perfectly executed . '' In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show that preceded the episode , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff commented that he enjoyed `` the ' a bunch of people go to an isolated place and start getting killed ' murder mystery subgenre '' , and that the episode `` made fun of the conceits of the genre '' . In the conclusion of his review VanDerWerff called the episode `` excellent and fun , '' and `` full of surprisingly gorgeous animation and a nicely creepy feel that hung over all of the jokes '' and rated it as a B+ , the best rating between The Simpsons episode `` Elementary School Musical '' and The Cleveland Show episode `` Harder , Better , Faster , Browner '' . Jason Hughes of TV Squad also praised the episode 's writers for doing a `` solid job of creating a genuine mystery throughout the hour , keeping us guessing as to who did it and what their motive may have been . '' Hughes went on to comment positively on the episode 's numerous guest stars , and compared its portrayal of Diane Simmons to that of The Simpsons character Sideshow Bob . Natalie Zutter of Ology also praised the episode , calling it , `` Surprisingly , the best of the evening . '' In the summary of her review , Zutter wrote that it was a `` fun murder mystery that lets us see all our favorite Quahog folks , '' while continuing to wonder whether the characters who were killed off would remain dead . Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number 14 on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of `` yukyukyuks '' -- compiled in 2017 to honor the 18th anniversary of the show -- and praised the interaction of characters who do not normally interact , writing , `` We never thought we 'd see Jillian 's boyfriend Derek hanging out with Seamus the sea captain . '' He expressed his shock at the death of characters such as Muriel Goldman and Diane Simmons and noted , `` That 's one way to cut some dead wood . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20th Century Fox -- Fox In Flight -- Family Guy '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Iverson , Dan ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 10 : Family Guy Returns With Jedi '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vallow , Kara ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . The Haunted Library . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Preview : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` . IGN. 2010 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries -- Ann Perry MacFarlane '' . Newburyport News . 2010 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hentemann , Mark ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Family Guy -- Does a Fan Site Message Board Have a List of Volume 9 DVD Contents and Extras ? '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Family Guy -- Street Date , Cost , and Other New Info for ' Volume 9 ' Come Out '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Stewie with the Revolver in the Library on the Season Premiere of `` Family Guy '' `` . Fox Flash . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Family Guy '' And Then There Were Fewer Cast and crew `` . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hentemann , Mark ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Chevapravatdumrong , Cherry ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Simpsons , Cleveland Show , Family Guy , Makeover , Housewives All Down vs. Last Season 's Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Three Rivers Runs Dry '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` '' Elementary School Musical `` / '' Harder , Better , Faster , Browner `` / '' And Then There Were Fewer `` '' . The A.V. Club . AOL , Inc . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Sundays With Seth : ' Family Guy ' and ' Cleveland Show ' Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zutter , Natalie ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Fox `` Animation Domination '' Review : ' The Simpsons , ' ' The Cleveland Show , ' and ' Family Guy ' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The 16 best ever Family Guy episodes in order of yukyukyuks '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Family Guy portal `` And Then There Were Fewer '' on IMDb `` And Then There Were Fewer '' at TV.com Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 9 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' `` Welcome Back , Carter '' `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' `` Road to the North Pole '' `` New Kidney in Town '' `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' `` Friends of Peter G . '' `` German Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' `` Trading Places '' `` Tiegs for Two '' `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` Foreign Affairs '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_Fewer&oldid=799956362 '' Categories : 2010 American television episodes Black comedy Family Guy ( season 9 ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%20Then%20There%20Were%20Fewer

btm 1st stage comes under which police station

BTM Layout

btm layout

Suburb in Karnataka , India BTM Layout Kuvempunagara Suburb Nickname ( s ) : BTM BTM Layout Coordinates : 12 ° 55 ′ N 77 ° 37 ′ E  /  12.92 ° N 77.61 ° E  / 12.92 ; 77.61 Coordinates : 12 ° 55 ′ N 77 ° 37 ′ E  /  12.92 ° N 77.61 ° E  / 12.92 ; 77.61 Country India State Karnataka Metro Bangalore Languages Official Kannada Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 560029 , 560068 , 560076 Vehicle registration KA - 05 ( 1st Stage ) , KA - 51 ( 2nd to 6th Stages ) BTM Layout ( an abbreviation of Byrasandra , Thavarekere and Madiwala Layout ) ( Kannada : ಬಿ ಟಿ ಎಂ ಬಡಾವಣೆ ) is a neighbourhood in South Bangalore , Karnataka , India . BTM Layout got its abbreviated name as it is situated between ( Byrasandra ) , Tavarekere and Madiwala . However , the actual name is Kuvempunagara . Contents 1 Location 2 Economy 3 Tourist attractions 4 Nearby educational institutions 5 References 6 External links Location ( edit ) The area is around 45 km away from Bengaluru International Airport and 11 km away from the Bangalore City Railway station . BTM Layout 's proximity to Outer Ring Road , Bangalore , Koramangala , HSR Layout , Bannerghatta Road , JP Nagar and Jayanagar makes it one of the most popular residential and commercial places in Bangalore . The 1st Stage of BTM Layout is separated from the 2nd Stage by the Outer Ring Road . BTM Layout is noted for its cafés , boutiques and music venues . A street in a residential part of BTM Layout Economy ( edit ) It is one of the high growth neighbourhoods in terms of property prices , showing an annual growth rate of close to 60 % in early 2010 . Tourist attractions ( edit ) Nearby tourist attractions include Bannerghatta National Park which is approximately 10 km away. Madiwala Lake , which is home to rare bird species is also famous in the neighborhood . Nearby educational institutions ( edit ) St. Miras High School OLF High School Nightingales English High School Shanthiniketan Educational Trust and MES PU College Buddha Education Society PU college Bhudha School Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Alliance University AEC Maruti College Of Dental Science And Research Center New . St Florence Public Convent and High Christ university and school Orchid International School Ekya School Vibgyor High References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bangalore South Map '' . Bangalore Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Betting on the south '' . Deccan Herald . 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BTM Layout '' . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Areas of Bangalore Jayanagar Taverekere Madiwala JP Nagar BTM Layout HSR Layout Bilekahalli Madiwala Lake Bommanahalli Bangalore topics History Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore Fort Bengaluru Pete Chalukyas Hoysalas Kadambas Kempe Gowda Kingdom of Mysore Rashtrakutas Vijayanagara Western Gangas Tippu Sultan Geography Mysore Plateau Dodda Alada Mara Turahalli Forest Nandi Hills Lakes Agara Lake Arekere Lake Bellandur Lake Hebbal lake Hesaraghatta Lake Madivala tank Puttenahalli Lake ( JP Nagar ) Puttenahalli Lake ( Yelahanka ) Sankey Tank Sarakki lake Varthur Lake Vibhutipura Lake Yediyur Lake Civic administration Bangalore Agenda Task Force Bangalore City Police Bangalore Development Authority Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Mayor TRAI Bangalore Regional Office Wards Buildings Bangalore Palace Bangalore Town Hall Central Prison Chinnaswamy Stadium Daly Memorial Hall Karnataka High Court K.R. Market Nehru Planetarium Utility Building Vidhana Soudha Visvesvaraya Museum World Trade Center Transport Bengaluru International Airport HAL Airport Bangalore City railway station Bangalore Cantonment railway station Yesvantpur Junction Bengaluru Commuter Rail Namma Metro BMTC Kempegowda Bus Station Roads 100 Feet Road Avenue Road Bannerghatta Road ( SH 87 ) Brigade Road Church Street Cunningham Road Hosur Road ( NH 7 ) Inner Ring Road JC Road Kasturba Road Lavelle Road M.G. Road Mysore Road ( SH 17 ) NICE Road Old Airport Road Outer Ring Road Tannery Road Places of worship Bull Temple Dodda Ganesha Temple Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple Halasuru Someshwara Temple ISKCON Kote Jalakantheshwara temple Kote Venkataramana Temple Naganatheshwara Temple Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple Ranganathaswamy Temple St. Mary 's Basilica Culture Periodic events Bangalore Fashion Week Bangalore International Film Festival Bangalore Karaga Japan Habba Cinemas Kannada films Sports Banga Beats Bangalore Raptors Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru FC Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC Royal Challengers Bangalore Others Bibliography of Bangalore Groups Bangalore Agenda Task Force Bangalore IT.in Linux User Group Birdwatchers ' Field Club Karnataka Quiz Association Parks Bannerghatta National Park Bugle Rock Cubbon Park Freedom Park Lal Bagh Localities North Bengaluru Banaswadi Chikkabanavara Cox Town Dasarahalli Frazer Town Ganganagar HBR Layout Hebbal Horamavu Jalahalli Kammanahalli Kodigehalli Lingarajapuram Malleswaram Mathikere Milk Colony Palace Guttahalli Peenya R.T. Nagar Ramamurthy Nagar Sadashivanagar Sahakara Nagar Sanjaynagar Thanisandra Vidyaranyapura Vyalikaval Yelahanka Yeswanthpur West Bengaluru Basaveshwaranagar Herohalli Kamalanagar Kengeri Kumbalgodu Mahalakshmi Layout Nagarbhavi Nandini Layout Nayandahalli Rajajinagar Ullalu Vijayanagar Central Bengaluru Austin Town Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore Central Business District Bengaluru Pete Chamarajapet Chickpet Seshadripuram Shivajinagar Vasanth Nagar Wilson Garden East Bengaluru Bellandur Brookefield Carmelaram CV Raman Nagar Domlur Halasuru Hoodi Immadihalli Indiranagar Jeevan Bhima Nagar Kadugodi Kaggadasapura Kodihalli Krishnarajapura Mahadevapura Marathahalli Murphy Town Murugeshpalya Varthur Vimanapura Whitefield Yemalur South Bengaluru Adugodi Agara Anjanapura Arekere Banashankari Basavanagudi Begur Bilekahalli Bommanahalli Bommasandra BTM Layout Chandapura Electronics City Girinagar Hebbagodi HSR Layout Hulimavu Jayanagar Jigani J.P. Nagar Kaggalipura Konanakunte Konappana Agrahara Koramangala Kumaraswamy Layout Madiwala Padmanabhanagar Puttenahalli Rajarajeshwari Nagar Ramanjaneyanagar Taverekere Thyagarajanagar Uttarahalli Institutions Education List of schools in Bangalore Bishop Cotton Boys ' School Baldwin Boys High School KV Hebbal Kensri School Little Flower Public School Mallya Aditi International School National Public School , Indiranagar St. Joseph 's Indian High School St. Germain High School Venkat International Public School Higher education List of Bangalore colleges Acharya Institute of Technology Al - Ameen College of Law Bangalore University Bangalore Institute of Technology Bangalore Medical College B.M.S. College of Engineering Christ University Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering Indian Institute of Astrophysics Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Indian Institute of Science Indian Statistical Institute International Institute of Information Technology National Institute of Fashion Technology National Law School of India University National College National Centre for Software Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute Of Technology University of Agricultural Sciences University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship Hospitals Apollo Hospitals Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals Fortis Hospitals HOSMAT Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology Minto eye hospital Narayana Hrudayalaya NCBS NIMHANS Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics SDS Tuberculosis Sanatorium St. John 's Hospital Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital Victoria Hospital Industry List of Bangalore telecom companies Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Famous people Central business district Bangalore Rural District List of cities known as Silicon Valleys Tourist attractions Lakes Chola temples in Bangalore Economy This article related to a location in Bangalore Urban district , Karnataka , India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BTM_Layout&oldid=856783562 '' Categories : Neighbourhoods in Bangalore Bangalore Urban district geography stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages ಕನ್ನಡ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 14 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTM%20Layout

who is the chairman of google at present

Google

google

Google LLC Google 's logo since 2015 Google 's headquarters , the Googleplex , in August 2014 Formerly Google Inc. ( 1998 -- 2017 ) Type Subsidiary Industry Internet Software Computer hardware Founded September 4 , 1998 ; 20 years ago ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) in Menlo Park , California Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway , Mountain View , California , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Sundar Pichai ( CEO ) Ruth Porat ( CFO ) Products List of Google products Number of employees 85,050 ( Q1 2018 ) Parent Alphabet Inc. ( 2015 -- present ) Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries Website google.com Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet - related services and products , which include online advertising technologies , search engine , cloud computing , software , and hardware . Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University in California . Together they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock . They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4 , 1998 . An initial public offering ( IPO ) took place on August 19 , 2004 , and Google moved to its headquarters in Mountain View , California , nicknamed the Googleplex . In August 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc . Google is Alphabet 's leading subsidiary and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page who became the CEO of Alphabet . The company 's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products , acquisitions , and partnerships beyond Google 's core search engine ( Google Search ) . It offers services designed for work and productivity ( Google Docs , Sheets , and Slides ) , email ( Gmail / Inbox ) , scheduling and time management ( Google Calendar ) , cloud storage ( Google Drive ) , social networking ( Google+ ) , instant messaging and video chat ( Google Allo , Duo , Hangouts ) , language translation ( Google Translate ) , mapping and navigation ( Google Maps , Waze , Google Earth , Street View ) , video sharing ( YouTube ) , note - taking ( Google Keep ) , and photo organizing and editing ( Google Photos ) . The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system , the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser . Google has moved increasingly into hardware ; from 2010 to 2015 , it partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices , and it released multiple hardware products in October 2016 , including the Google Pixel smartphone , Google Home smart speaker , Google Wifi mesh wireless router , and Google Daydream virtual reality headset . Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier . In February 2010 , it announced Google Fiber , a fiber - optic infrastructure that was installed in Kansas City ; in April 2015 , it launched Project Fi in the United States , combining Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different providers ; and in 2016 , it announced the Google Station initiative to make public Wi - Fi available around the world , with initial deployment in India . Alexa Internet monitors commercial web traffic and lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Google is the most valuable brand in the world as of 2017 , but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns , tax avoidance , antitrust , censorship , and search neutrality . Google 's mission statement is `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan was `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase `` Do the right thing '' , while the original one was retained in the code of conduct of Google . Around May 2018 , the slogan was silently removed from the code 's clauses , leaving only one generic reference in its last paragraph . Contents 1 History 1.1 Financing ( 1998 ) and initial public offering ( 2004 ) 1.2 Growth 1.3 2013 onward 1.4 Acquisitions and partnerships 1.4. 1 2000 -- 2009 1.4. 2 2010 -- present 1.5 Google data centers 1.6 Alphabet 2 Products and services 2.1 Advertising 2.2 Search engine 2.3 Enterprise services 2.3. 1 Business incubator 2.4 Consumer services 2.4. 1 Web - based services 2.4. 2 Software 2.4. 3 Hardware 2.5 Internet services 2.6 Other products 2.7 APIs 2.8 Other websites 3 Corporate affairs and culture 3.1 Employees 3.2 Office locations and headquarters 3.2. 1 Mountain View 3.2. 2 New York City 3.2. 3 Other U.S. cities 3.2. 4 International locations 3.3 Doodles 3.4 Easter eggs and April Fools ' Day jokes 3.5 Philanthropy 3.6 Tax avoidance 3.7 Environment 3.8 Lobbying 3.9 Litigation 4 Criticism and controversy 4.1 Legal controversies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Main article : History of Google Google 's original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience in HTML , the markup language used for designing web pages . Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford , California . While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page , the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites . They called this new technology PageRank ; it determined a website 's relevance by the number of pages , and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site . Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine `` BackRub '' , because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site . Eventually , they changed the name to Google ; the name of the search engine originated from a misspelling of the word `` googol '' , the number 1 followed by 100 zeros , which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information . Originally , Google ran under Stanford University 's website , with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu . The domain name for Google was registered on September 15 , 1997 , and the company was incorporated on September 4 , 1998 . It was based in the garage of a friend ( Susan Wojcicki ) in Menlo Park , California . Craig Silverstein , a fellow PhD student at Stanford , was hired as the first employee . Financing ( 1998 ) and initial public offering ( 2004 ) Google 's first production server . Google was initially funded by an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim , co-founder of Sun Microsystems ; the money was given before Google was incorporated . Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998 : Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos , Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton , and entrepreneur Ram Shriram . After some additional , small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999 , a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7 , 1999 , with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital . Early in 1999 , Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite . They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million . He rejected the offer . Vinod Khosla , one of Excite 's venture capitalists , talked the duo down to $750,000 , but Bell still rejected it . Google 's initial public offering ( IPO ) took place five years later , on August 19 , 2004 . At that time Larry Page , Sergey Brin , and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years , until the year 2024 . At IPO , the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share . Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse , underwriters for the deal . The sale of $1.67 bn ( billion ) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 bn . By January 2014 , its market capitalization had grown to $397 bn . The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google , and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires . Yahoo ! , a competitor of Google , also benefitted because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place . There were concerns that Google 's IPO would lead to changes in company culture . Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires . As a reply to this concern , co-founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company 's culture . In 2005 , articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate , no evil philosophy . In an effort to maintain the company 's unique culture , Google designated a Chief Culture Officer , who also serves as the Director of Human Resources . The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on : a flat organization with a collaborative environment . Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees . In 2013 , a class action against several Silicon Valley companies , including Google , was filed for alleged `` no cold call '' agreements which restrained the recruitment of high - tech employees . The stock performed well after the IPO , with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31 , 2007 , primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market . The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors , as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds . GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares . The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG , and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1 . These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc. , Google 's holding company , since the fourth quarter of 2015 . Growth In March 1999 , the company moved its offices to Palo Alto , California , which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start - ups . The next year , Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin 's initial opposition toward an advertising - funded search engine . To maintain an uncluttered page design , advertisements were solely text - based . This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com , an Idealab spin - off created by Bill Gross . When the company changed names to Overture Services , it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company 's pay - per - click and bidding patents . Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo ! and renamed Yahoo ! Search Marketing . The case was then settled out of court ; Google agreed to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo ! in exchange for a perpetual license . In 2001 , Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism . The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor . In 2003 , after outgrowing two other locations , the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics , at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View , California . The complex became known as the Googleplex , a play on the word googolplex , the number one followed by a googol zeroes . The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects . Three years later , Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million . By that time , the name `` Google '' had found its way into everyday language , causing the verb `` google '' to be added to the Merriam - Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary , denoted as : `` to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet '' . The first use of `` Google '' as a verb in pop culture happened on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in 2002 . In 2005 , The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third - quarter profit for Google , largely thanks to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers , magazines , and television to the Internet . In January 2008 , all the data that passed through Google 's MapReduce software component had an aggregated size of 20 petabytes per day . In 2009 , a CNN report about top political searches of 2009 noted that `` more than a billion searches '' are being typed into Google on a daily basis . In May 2011 , the number of monthly unique visitors to Google surpassed one billion for the first time , an 8.4 percent increase from May 2010 ( 931 million ) . The year 2012 was the first time that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue , generating $38 billion the previous year . In January 2013 , then - CEO Larry Page commented , `` We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36 % year - on - year , and 8 % quarter - on - quarter . And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year -- not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half . '' 2013 onward Google 's logo until 2015 Screenshot of the Google homepage in 2015 Google announced the launch of a new company , called Calico , on September 19 , 2013 , to be led by Apple , Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson . In the official public statement , Page explained that the `` health and well - being '' company would focus on `` the challenge of ageing and associated diseases '' . Google celebrated its 15 - year anniversary on September 27 , 2013 , and in 2016 it celebrated its 18th birthday with an animated Doodle shown on web browsers around the world . although it has used other dates for its official birthday . The reason for the choice of September 27 remains unclear , and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo ! Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause . The Alliance for Affordable Internet ( A4AI ) was launched in October 2013 ; Google is part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook , Intel , and Microsoft . Led by Sir Tim Berners - Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world , where only 31 % of people are online . Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5 % of monthly income . The corporation 's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion , a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter . Google 's Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total , with an increase in the number of users ' clicks on advertisements . According to Interbrand 's annual Best Global Brands report , Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world ( behind Apple Inc . ) in 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 , with a valuation of $133 billion . In September 2015 , Google engineering manager Rachel Potvin revealed details about Google 's software code at an engineering conference . She revealed that the entire Google codebase , which spans every single service it develops , consists of over 2 billion lines of code . All that code is stored in a code repository available to all 25,000 Google engineers , and the code is regularly copied and updated on 10 Google data centers . To keep control , Potvin said Google has built its own `` version control system '' , called `` Piper '' , and that `` when you start a new project , you have a wealth of libraries already available to you . Almost everything has already been done . '' Engineers can make a single code change and deploy it on all services at the same time . The only major exceptions are that the PageRank search results algorithm is stored separately with only specific employee access , and the code for the Android operating system and the Google Chrome browser are also stored separately , as they do n't run on the Internet . The `` Piper '' system spans 85 TB of data . Google engineers make 25,000 changes to the code each day and on a weekly basis change approximately 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files . With that much code , automated bots have to help . Potvin reported , `` You need to make a concerted effort to maintain code health . And this is not just humans maintaining code health , but robots too . '' Bots are n't writing code , but generating a lot of the data and configuration files needed to run the company 's software . `` Not only is the size of the repository increasing , '' Potvin explained , `` but the rate of change is also increasing . This is an exponential curve . '' As of October 2016 , Google operates 70 offices in more than 40 countries . Alexa , a company that monitors commercial web traffic , lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world . Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites , including YouTube and Blogger . Acquisitions and partnerships Main article : List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 2000 -- 2009 In 2001 , Google acquired Deja News , the operators of a large archive of materials from Usenet . Google rebranded the archive as Google Groups , and by the end of the year , it had expanded the history back to 1981 . In April 2003 , Google acquired Applied Semantics , a company specializing in making software applications for the online advertising space . The AdSense contextual advertising technology developed by Applied Semantics was adopted into Google 's advertising efforts . In 2004 , Google acquired Keyhole , Inc . Keyhole 's eponymous product was later renamed Google Earth . In April 2005 , Google acquired Urchin Software , using their Urchin on Demand product ( along with ideas from Adaptive Path 's Measure Map ) to create Google Analytics in 2006 . In October 2006 , Google announced that it had acquired the video - sharing site YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock , and the deal was finalized on November 13 , 2006 . On April 13 , 2007 , Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion , transferring to Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies . The deal was approved despite anti-trust concerns raised by competitors Microsoft and AT&T . In addition to the many companies Google has purchased , the firm has partnered with other organizations for research , advertising , and other activities . In 2005 , Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) of offices . In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to enhance each other 's video search services . In 2006 Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then - popular social networking site MySpace . In 2007 , Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa , displacing the former sponsor AOL . NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus ' progress on Christmas Eve , using Google Earth to `` track Santa '' in 3 - D for the first time . In 2008 , Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high - resolution ( 0.41 m monochrome , 1.65 m color ) imagery for Google Earth . The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6 , 2008 . Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine 's photographs . 2010 -- present In 2010 , Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project , putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota . The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power , enough to supply 55,000 homes . The farms , which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources , will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits . NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty - percent stake in the project to get funding for its development . In February 2010 , the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates . The order specifically states that Google Energy -- a subsidiary of Google -- holds the rights `` for the sale of energy , capacity , and ancillary services at market - based rates '' , but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates `` own or control any generation or transmission '' facilities . The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not - yet - built 240 - megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm . Also in 2010 , Google purchased Global IP Solutions , a Norway - based company that provides web - based teleconferencing and other related services . This acquisition enabled Google to add telephone - style services to its list of products . On May 27 , 2010 , Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob . This occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase . Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount . In July 2010 , Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years . On April 4 , 2011 , The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for 6000 Nortel Networks patents . On August 15 , 2011 , Google made its largest - ever acquisition to - date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe . In a post on Google 's blog , Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Google 's patent portfolio . The company 's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry - wide patent battle , as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC , Samsung , and Motorola . The merger was completed on May 22 , 2012 , after the approval of China . This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola 's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies , to help protect Google in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies , mainly Apple and Microsoft , and to allow it to continue to freely offer Android . After the acquisition closed , Google began to restructure the Motorola business to fit Google 's strategy . On August 13 , 2012 , Google announced plans to lay off 4000 Motorola Mobility employees . On December 10 , 2012 , Google sold the manufacturing operations of Motorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million . As a part of the agreement , Flextronics will manufacture undisclosed Android and other mobile devices . On December 19 , 2012 , Google sold the Motorola Home business division of Motorola Mobility to Arris Group for $2.35 billion in a cash - and - stock transaction . As a part of this deal , Google acquired a 15.7 % stake in Arris Group valued at $300 million . In June 2013 , Google acquired Waze , a $966 million deal . While Waze would remain an independent entity , its social features , such as its crowdsourced location platform , were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps , Google 's own mapping service . Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary Deep Mind are located at 6 Pancras Square , London , UK . On January 26 , 2014 , Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies , a privately held artificial intelligence company from London . DeepMind describes itself as having the ability to combine the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build general - purpose learning algorithms . DeepMind 's first commercial applications were used in simulations , e-commerce and games . As of December 2013 , it was reported that DeepMind had roughly 75 employees . Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million though it was not disclosed where the information came from . A Google spokesman would not comment of the price . The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google 's recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics community . On January 29 , 2014 , Google announced that it would divest Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion , a fraction of the original $12.5 billion price paid by Google to acquire the company . Google retained all but 2000 of Motorola 's patents and entered into cross-licensing deals . On September 21 , 2017 , HTC announced a `` cooperation agreement '' in which it would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property , as well as smartphone talent , to Google for $1.1 billion . On December 6 , 2017 , Google made its first investment in India and picked up a significant minority stake in hyper - local concierge and delivery player Dunzo . The Benguluru - based startup received $12 million investment in Google 's series B funding round . On March 29 , 2018 , Google led a Series C funding round into online - to - offline fashion e-commerce start - up Fynd . It was its second direct investment in India with an undisclosed amount . In this way , Google is also looking to build an ecosystem in India across high - frequency hyper - local transactions as well as in the healthcare , financial services , and education sectors . On August 23 , 2018 , Google deleted 39 YouTube accounts , 13 Google+ accounts and 6 blogs on Blogger due to their engagement in politically motivated phishing , the deleted accounts were found to be tied with Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting ( IRIB ) . Google data centers See also : Google data centers Google data centers are located in North and South America , Asia , Europe . Traditionally , Google relied on parallel computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers similar to home PCs to keep costs per query low . In 2005 , it started developing its own designs , which were only revealed in 2009 . In October 2013 , The Washington Post reported that the U.S. National Security Agency intercepted communications between Google 's data centers , as part of a program named MUSCULAR . This wiretapping was made possible because Google did not encrypt data passed inside its own network . Google began encrypting data sent between data centers in 2013 . Google 's most efficient data center runs at 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) using only fresh air cooling , requiring no electrically powered air conditioning ; the servers run so hot that humans can not go near them for extended periods . An August 2011 report estimated that Google had about 900,000 servers in their data centers , based on energy usage . The report does state that `` Google never says how many servers are running in its data centers . '' In December 2016 , Google announced that -- starting in 2017 -- it will power all of its data centers , as well as all of its offices , from 100 % renewable energy . The commitment will make Google `` the world 's largest corporate buyer of renewable power , with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts ( 2,600 megawatts ) of wind and solar energy '' . Google also stated that it does not count that as its final goal ; it says that `` since the wind does n't blow 24 hours a day , we 'll also broaden our purchases to a variety of energy sources that can enable renewable power , every hour of every day '' . Additionally , the project will `` help support communities '' around the world , as the purchase commitments will `` result in infrastructure investments of more than $3.5 billion globally '' , and will `` generate tens of millions of dollars per year in revenue to local property owners , and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenue '' . Alphabet Main article : Alphabet Inc . On August 10 , 2015 , Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet . Google became Alphabet 's leading subsidiary , and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet 's Internet interests . Upon completion of the restructure , Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google , replacing Larry Page , who became CEO of Alphabet . On September 1 , 2017 , Google Inc. announced its plans of restructuring as a limited liability company , Google LLC , as a wholly owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc. , which is formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to hold the equity of its other subsidiaries , including Google LLC and other bets . Products and services See also : List of Google products Advertising Google on ad - tech London , 2010 For the 2006 fiscal year , the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues . In 2011 , 96 % of Google 's revenue was derived from its advertising programs . In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests , Google uses technology from the company DoubleClick , to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history . In 2007 , Google launched `` AdSense for Mobile '' , taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market . Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website , for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page . Google advertisements can be placed on third - party websites in a two - part program . Google 's AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network , through a cost - per - click scheme . The sister service , Google AdSense , allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked . One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud , which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product , causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly . Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid . In February 2003 , Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana , a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship 's sewage treatment practices . Google cited its editorial policy at the time , stating `` Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals , groups , or organizations . '' In June 2008 , Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo ! , which would have allowed Yahoo ! to feature Google advertisements on its web pages . The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized because of antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice . As a result , Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008 . In July 2016 , Google started rejecting all flash - based adverts replacing them by HTML5 . Google 's plan was to go `` 100 % HTML5 '' beginning on January 2 , 2017 . Search engine Main articles : Google Search and Google Images Google Search homepage as of 2 December 2016 According to comScore market research from November 2009 , Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market , with a market share of 65.6 % . Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators . In 2003 , The New York Times complained about Google 's indexing , claiming that Google 's caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content . In both Field v. Google and Parker v. Google , the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google . The publication 2600 : The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that google 's new instant search feature will not search . Google Watch has criticized Google 's PageRank algorithms , saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites . Google also hosts Google Books . The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews , and full books were allowed , into its new book search engine . The Authors Guild , a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors , filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this service . Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books . Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S. , the UK , Australia , and Canada . Furthermore , the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009 , asking it to remove the works of La Martinière ( Éditions du Seuil ) from its database . In competition with Amazon.com , Google sells digital versions of new books . On July 21 , 2010 , in response to Bing , Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at . Although web searches still appear in a batch per page format , on July 23 , 2010 , dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches . The `` Hummingbird '' update to the Google search engine was announced in September 2013 . The update was introduced over the month prior to the announcement and allows users ask the search engine a question in natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box . In August 2016 , Google announced two major changes to its mobile search results . The first change removes the `` mobile - friendly '' label that highlighted easy to read pages from its mobile search results page . For the second change , the company -- starting on January 10 , 2017 -- will punish mobile pages that show intrusive interstitial advertisements when a user first opens a page . Such pages will also rank lower in Google search results . In May 2017 , Google enabled a new `` Personal '' tab in Google Search , letting users search for content in their Google accounts ' various services , including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos . Enterprise services Main article : G Suite G Suite is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google 's services , including Gmail , Google Drive and Docs , Sheets , and Slides , with additional administrative tools , unique domain names , and 24 / 7 support . Google 's search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference Google Search Appliance was launched in February 2002 , targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations . Google launched the Mini three years later , which was targeted at smaller organizations . Late in 2006 , Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition , providing customers with an advertising - free window into Google. com 's index . The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008 . Site Search customers were notified by email in late March 2017 that no new licenses for Site Search would be sold after April 1 , 2017 , but that customer and technical support would be provided for the duration of existing license agreements . On March 15 , 2016 , Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite , `` a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products , designed specifically for the needs of enterprise - class marketers '' which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform . Among other things , the suite is designed to help `` enterprise class marketers '' `` see the complete customer journey '' , generate `` useful insights '' , and `` deliver engaging experiences to the right people '' . Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe , Oracle , Salesforce , and IBM . Business incubator On September 24 , 2012 , Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs , a largely not - for - profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses , with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops , conferences , and mentorships . Presently , there are 7 Campus locations in Berlin , London , Madrid , Seoul , São Paulo , Tel Aviv , and Warsaw . Consumer services Web - based services Google offers Gmail , and the newer variant Inbox , for email , Google Calendar for time - management and scheduling , Google Maps for mapping , navigation and satellite imagery , Google Drive for cloud storage of files , Google Docs , Sheets and Slides for productivity , Google Photos for photo storage and sharing , Google Keep for note - taking , Google Translate for language translation , YouTube for video viewing and sharing , and Google+ , Allo , and Duo for social interaction . In April 2018 , Google introduced the curated job feature for Indian users to search jobs more efficiently . The feature is built in coordination with major job search platforms like Aasaanjobs , Freshersworld , Headhonchos , IBM Talent Management Solutions , LinkedIn and many more . In May 2018 , Google launched a new app named Neighbourly in India through which users can explore information about local places and also know about the people living nearby . In August 2018 , Google introduced Navlekha ( a Sanskrit word meaning , `` a new way to write . '' ) initiative , which will help Indian authors to publish their content in regional languages . On 7 September , 2018 , Google launched a mobile app for Android named ' Blog Compass ' to help bloggers track the visitors and explore through the most relevant and trending topics to write . Software Google develops the Android mobile operating system , as well as its smartwatch , television , car , and Internet of things - enabled smart devices variations . It also develops the Google Chrome web browser , and Chrome OS , an operating system based on Chrome . Hardware In January 2010 , Google released Nexus One , the first Android phone under its own , `` Nexus '' , brand . It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the `` Nexus '' branding until its eventual discontinuation in 2016 , replaced by a new brand called , Pixel . In 2011 , the Chromebook was introduced , described as a `` new kind of computer '' running Chrome OS . In July 2013 , Google introduced the Chromecast dongle , that allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions . In June 2014 , Google announced Google Cardboard , a simple cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality ( VR ) media . In April 2016 , Recode reported that Google had hired Rick Osterloh , Motorola Mobility 's former President , to head Google 's new hardware division . In October 2016 , Osterloh stated that `` a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end - to - end user experience '' , and Google announced several hardware platforms : The Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones with the Google Assistant , a next - generation contextual voice assistant , built - in . Google Home , an Amazon Echo - like voice assistant placed in the house that can answer voice queries , play music , find information from apps ( calendar , weather etc . ) , and control third - party smart home appliances ( users can tell it to turn on the lights , for example ) . Daydream View virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream - ready smartphones put their phones in the headset and enjoy VR content . Google Wifi , a connected set of Wi - Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi - Fi . Internet services In February 2010 , Google announced the Google Fiber project , with experimental plans to build an ultra-high - speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities . Following Google 's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company , Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet 's Access division . In April 2015 , Google announced Project Fi , a mobile virtual network operator , that combines Wi - Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal . In September 2016 , Google began its Google Station initiative , a project for public Wi - Fi at railway stations in India . Caesar Sengupta , VP for Google 's next billion users , told The Verge that 15,000 people get online for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month . The expansion meant that Google was looking for partners around the world to further develop the initiative , which promised `` high - quality , secure , easily accessible Wi - Fi '' . By December , Google Station had been deployed at 100 railway stations , and in February , Google announced its intention to expand beyond railway stations , with a plan to bring citywide Wi - Fi to Pune . As of October 2018 , Orange has teamed up with Google in order to create a transatlantic undersea cable to share data between the United States and France at faster speeds . Planned to begin operation in 2020 , the cable is purported to transfer information at rates `` more than 30 terabits per second , per ( fibre ) pair '' . The cable will span approximately 6600 kilometers in length . Other products Google launched its Google News service in 2002 , an automated service which summarizes news articles from various websites . In March 2005 , Agence France Presse ( AFP ) sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia , a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News . In May 2011 , Google announced Google Wallet , a mobile application for wireless payments . In 2013 , Google launched Google Shopping Express , a delivery service initially available only in San Francisco and Silicon Valley . Google Alerts is a content change detection and notification service , offered by the search engine company Google . The service sends emails to the user when it finds new results -- such as web pages , newspaper articles , or blogs -- that match the user 's search term . In July 2015 Google released DeepDream , an image recognition software capable of creating psychedelic images using a convolutional neural network . Google introduced its Family Link service in March 2017 , letting parents buy Android Nougat - based Android devices for kids under 13 years of age and create a Google account through the app , with the parents controlling the apps installed , monitor the time spent using the device , and setting a `` Bedtime '' feature that remotely locks the device . In April 2017 , Google launched AutoDraw , a web - based tool using artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize users ' drawings and replace scribbles with related stock images that have been created by professional artists . The tool is built using the same technology as QuickDraw , an experimental game from Google 's Creative Lab where users were tasked with drawing objects that algorithms would recognize within 20 seconds . In May 2017 , Google added `` Family Groups '' to several of its services . The feature , which lets users create a group consisting of their family members ' individual Google accounts , lets users add their `` Family Group '' as a collaborator to shared albums in Google Photos , shared notes in Google Keep , and common events in Google Calendar . At announcement , the feature is limited to Australia , Brazil , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Mexico , New Zealand , Russia , Spain , United Kingdom and United States . APIs Google APIs are a set of application programming interfaces ( APIs ) developed by Google which allow communication with Google Services and their integration to other services . Examples of these include Search , Gmail , Translate or Google Maps . Third - party apps can use these APIs to take advantage of or extend the functionality of the existing services . Other websites Google Developers is Google 's site for software development tools , APIs , and technical resources . The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs -- including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google 's developer products . Google Labs was a page created by Google to demonstrate and test new projects . Google owns the top - level domain 1e100.net which is used for some servers within Google 's network . The name is a reference to the scientific E notation representation for 1 googol , 1E100 = 1 × 10 . In March 2017 , Google launched a new website , opensource.google.com , to publish its internal documentation for Google Open Source projects . In June 2017 , Google launched `` We Wear Culture '' , a searchable archive of 3,000 years of global fashion . The archive , a result of collaboration between Google and over 180 museums , schools , fashion institutes , and other organizations , also offers curated exhibits of specific fashion topics and their impact on society . Corporate affairs and culture Eric Schmidt Then - CEO , now Chairman of Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders Sergey Brin and Larry Page ( left to right ) in 2008 . On Fortune magazine 's list of the best companies to work for , Google ranked first in 2007 , 2008 and 2012 and fourth in 2009 and 2010 . Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world 's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index . Google 's corporate philosophy includes principles such as `` you can make money without doing evil , '' `` you can be serious without a suit , '' and `` work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun . '' Employees As of March 2018 , Google has 85,050 employees . Google 's 2017 diversity report states that 31 percent of its workforce are women and 69 percent are men , with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white ( 56 % ) and Asian ( 35 % ) . Within tech roles , however , 20 percent were women ; and 25 percent of leadership roles were held by women . The report also announced that Intel 's former vice-president , CDO , and CHRO Danielle Brown would be joining Google as its new Vice-President of Diversity . A March 2013 report was presented at EclipseCon2013 which detailed that Google had over 10,000 developers based in more than 40 offices . Google 's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system . Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range `` from entry - level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six . '' After the company 's IPO in 2004 , founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1 . Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down , primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google . Before 2004 , Schmidt made $250,000 per year , and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000 . In March 2008 , Sheryl Sandberg , then vice-president of global online sales and operations , began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook . In 2009 , early employee Tim Armstrong left to become CEO of AOL . In July 2012 , Google 's first female engineer , Marissa Mayer , left Google to become Yahoo ! 's CEO . In 2017 former Intel executive Diane Bryant became Chief Operating Officer of Google Cloud . New employees are called `` Nooglers , '' and are given a propeller beanie cap to wear on their first Friday . As a motivation technique , Google uses a policy often called Innovation Time Off , where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20 % of their work time on projects that interest them . Some of Google 's services , such as Gmail , Google News , Orkut , and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors . In a talk at Stanford University , Marissa Mayer , Google 's Vice-President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012 , showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off . Office locations and headquarters Google Mountain View campus garden Bicycles painted in the corporate color scheme are available for free use by any employee traveling around the Googleplex Mountain View Main article : Googleplex Google 's headquarters in Mountain View , California is referred to as `` the Googleplex '' , a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings . The lobby is decorated with a piano , lava lamps , old server clusters , and a projection of search queries on the wall . The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles . Many employees have access to the corporate recreation center . Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines , locker rooms , washers and dryers , a massage room , assorted video games , table football , a baby grand piano , a billiard table , and ping pong . In addition to the recreation room , there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks , with special emphasis placed on nutrition . Free food is available to employees 24 / 7 , with the offerings provided by paid vending machines prorated based on and favoring those of better nutritional value . Google 's extensive amenities are not available to all of its workers . Temporary workers such as book scanners do not have access to shuttles , Google cafes , or other perks . New York City Google 's New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team . In 2006 , Google moved into about 300,000 square feet ( 27,900 m ) of office space in New York City , at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan . The office was designed and built specially for Google , and houses its largest advertising sales team , which has been instrumental in securing large partnerships . The New York headquarters includes a game room , micro-kitchens , and a video game area . In 2010 , Google bought the building housing the headquarter , in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion , the biggest for a single building in the United States that year . In February 2012 , Google moved additional employees to the New York City campus , with a total of around 2,750 employees . In 2018 , Google 's parent company Alphabet bought Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion nearby its current New York HQ . The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York . Other U.S. cities By late 2006 , Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor , Michigan . In November 2006 , Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon 's campus in Pittsburgh , focusing on shopping - related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs . Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta , Georgia ; Austin , Texas ; Boulder , Colorado ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; San Francisco , California ; Seattle , Washington ; Kirkland , Washington ; Birmingham , Michigan ; Reston , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. In October 2006 , the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 mega watts of electricity , enough to satisfy approximately 30 % of the campus ' energy needs . The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world . In addition , Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short , helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds . The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from Bob Widlar , an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor . In 2008 , Google faced accusations in Harper 's Magazine of being an `` energy glutton '' . The company was accused of employing its `` Do n't be evil '' motto and its public energy - saving campaigns to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its servers require . International locations Internationally , Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries . It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world , namely Sydney ( birthplace location of Google Maps ) and London ( part of Android development ) . In November 2013 , Google announced plans for a new London headquarter , a notable 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees . Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal 's announcement in January , Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017 . The new building , if approved , will feature a rooftop garden with a running track , giant moving blinds , a swimming pool , and a multi-use games area for sports . In May 2015 , Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad , India . The new campus , reported to be the company 's largest outside the United States , will accommodate 13,000 employees . Doodles Main article : Google Doodle Since 1998 , Google has been designing special , temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays , events , achievements and people . The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998 . The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed . Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor , until Larry and Sergey asked then - intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000 . From that point onward , Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed `` Doodlers '' . Easter eggs and April Fools ' day jokes Main articles : List of Google April Fools ' Day jokes and List of Google Easter eggs Google has a tradition of creating April Fools ' Day jokes . On April 1 , 2000 , Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web . In 2007 , Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP , or Toilet Internet Service Provider , where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber - optic cable down their toilet . Also in 2007 , Google 's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper , allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them . In 2008 , Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent . In 2010 , Google changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka , Kansas , whose mayor changed the city 's name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Google 's decision in its new Google Fiber Project . In 2011 , Google announced Gmail Motion , an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user 's webcam . Google 's services contain easter eggs , such as the Swedish Chef 's `` Bork bork bork , '' Pig Latin , `` Hacker '' or leetspeak , Elmer Fudd , Pirate , and Klingon as language selections for its search engine . The search engine calculator provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything from Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . When searching the word `` recursion '' , the spell - checker 's result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word , creating a recursive link . When searching for the word `` anagram , '' meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words , Google 's suggestion feature displays `` Did you mean : nag a ram ? '' In Google Maps , searching for directions between places separated by large bodies of water , such as Los Angeles and Tokyo , results in instructions to `` kayak across the Pacific Ocean . '' During FIFA World Cup 2010 , search queries including `` World Cup '' and `` FIFA '' caused the `` Goooo ... gle '' page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read `` Goooo ... al ! '' instead . Philanthropy Main article : Google.org In 2004 , Google formed the not - for - profit philanthropic Google.org , with a start - up fund of $1 billion . The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change , global public health , and global poverty . One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug - in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon . Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program 's executive director in 2004 and Megan Smith has since replaced him has director . In 2008 , Google announced its `` project 10 '' which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites . After two years of silence , during which many wondered what had happened to the program , Google revealed the winners of the project , giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online . In March 2007 , in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute ( MSRI ) , Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View . In 2011 , Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . In July 2012 , Google launched a `` Legalize Love '' campaign in support of gay rights . Tax avoidance Further information : Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland § Multinational tax schemes Google uses various tax avoidance strategies . Out of the five largest American technology companies , it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues . Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda . Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent , while normally the corporate tax rate in for instance the UK is 28 per cent . This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google 's transfer pricing practices . Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom , Chairman Eric Schmidt said , `` It 's called capitalism . We are proudly capitalistic . '' During the same December 2012 interview , Schmidt confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer . Google Vice-President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK . In January 2016 , Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £ 130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future . Environment Since 2007 , Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations . Google disclosed in September 2011 that it `` continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes '' , almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant . Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons , mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers . Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010 . An average search uses only 0.3 watt - hours of electricity , so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5 % of the total electricity consumption by Google . In 2007 , Google launched a project centered on developing renewable energy , titled the `` Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal ( RE < C ) '' project . However , the project was canceled in 2014 , after engineers Ross Koningstein and David Fork understood , after years of study , that `` best - case scenario , which was based on our most optimistic forecasts for renewable energy , would still result in severe climate change '' , writing that they `` came to the conclusion that even if Google and others had led the way toward a wholesale adoption of renewable energy , that switch would not have resulted in significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions '' . In June 2013 , The Washington Post reported that Google had donated $50,000 to the Competitive Enterprise Institute , a libertarian think tank that calls human carbon emissions a positive factor in the environment and argues that global warming is not a concern . In July 2013 , it was reported that Google had hosted a fundraising event for Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe , who has called climate change a `` hoax '' . In 2014 Google cut ties with the American Legislative Exchange Council ( ALEC ) after pressure from the Sierra Club , major unions and Google 's own scientists because of ALEC 's stance on climate change and opposition to renewable energy . In November 2017 , Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power . The purchase made the firm reach 100 % renewable energy . The wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota , one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma . Lobbying In 2013 , Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending , up from 213th in 2003 . In 2012 , the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections . Litigation Main article : Google litigation Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High - Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay a $415 million settlement to employees . On June 27 , 2017 , the company received a record fine of € 2.42 billion from the European Union for `` promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results . '' Commenting on the penalty , New Scientist magazine said : `` The hefty sum -- the largest ever doled out by the EU 's competition regulators -- will sting in the short term , but Google can handle it . Alphabet , Google 's parent company , made a profit of $2.5 billion ( € 2.2 billion ) in the first six weeks of 2017 alone . The real impact of the ruling is that Google must stop using its dominance as a search engine to give itself the edge in another market : online price comparisons . '' The company disputed the ruling . Criticism and controversy Main articles : Criticism of Google and Censorship by Google Google 's market dominance has led to prominent media coverage , including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance , search neutrality , copyright , censorship of search results and content , and privacy . Other criticisms include alleged misuse and manipulation of search results , its use of others ' intellectual property , concerns that its compilation of data may violate people 's privacy , and the energy consumption of its servers , as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly , restraint of trade , anti-competitive practices , and patent infringement . Google adhered to the Internet censorship policies of China , enforced by means of filters colloquially known as `` The Great Firewall of China '' . The Intercept reported in August 2018 that Google is developing for the people 's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine ( known as Dragonfly ) `` that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights , democracy , religion , and peaceful protest '' . Google 's mission statement , from the outset , was `` to organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful '' , and its unofficial slogan is `` Do n't be evil '' . In October 2015 , a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase : `` Do the right thing '' . The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google , now a subsidiary of Alphabet . Google 's commitment to such robust idealism has been increasingly called into doubt due to a number of the firm 's actions and behaviors which appear to contradict this . Following media reports about PRISM , NSA 's massive electronic surveillance program , in June 2013 , several technology companies were identified as participants , including Google . According to leaks of said program , Google joined the PRISM program in 2009 . On August 8 , 2017 , Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the company which argued that `` Google 's ideological echo chamber '' and bias clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion , and that it is also biological factors , not discrimination alone , that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions . Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore in violating company policy by `` advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace '' , and he was fired on the same day . New York Times columnist David Brooks argued Pichai had mishandled the case , and called for his resignation . Reportedly , Google 's influenced New America think tank to expel their Open Markets research group , after the group has criticized Google monopolistic power and supported the EU $2.7 B fine of Google . Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software through the 2017 `` Project Maven '' that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone strikes . Thousands of Google employees , including senior engineers , have signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end a controversial contract with the Pentagon . In response to the backlash , Google ultimately decided to not review their DoD contract , set to expire in 2019 . Legal controversies In 2017 , David Elliot and Chris Gillespie argued before the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals that `` google '' had suffered genericide . The controversy began in 2012 when Gillespie acquired 763 domain names containing the word `` google . '' Google promptly filed a complaint with the National Arbitration Forum ( NAF ) . Elliot then filed a petition for canceling the Google trademark . Ultimately , the court ruled in favor of Google because Elliot failed to show a preponderance of evidence showing the genericide of `` google . '' See also AngularJS Comparison of web search engines Do n't Be Evil Google ( verb ) Google Balloon Internet Google Catalogs Google China Google bomb Google Chrome Experiments Google Get Your Business Online Google logo Google Maps Google platform Google Street View Google tax Google Ventures -- venture capital fund Google X Life sciences division of Google X Googlebot -- web crawler Googlization List of Google apps for Android List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Apple , Inc . Outline of Google Reunion Ungoogleable Surveillance capitalism Calico Google portal Alphabet portal Internet portal Companies portal San Francisco Bay Area portal References Jump up ^ `` Company -- Google '' . 2015 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Claburn , Thomas ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Google Founded By Sergey Brin , Larry Page ... And Hubert Chang ? ! ? '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Locations -- Google Jobs '' . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alphabet Announces First Quarter 2018 Results '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Mountain View , California : Alphabet Inc . April 23 , 2018 . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Alphabet Inc . ( NASDAQ : GOOG , GOOGL ) today announced financial results for the quarter ended March 31 , 2018 . ( ... ) Q1 2018 financial highlights ( : ) The following summarizes our consolidated financial results for the quarters ended March 31 , 2017 and 2018 ( ... ) : ( ... ) Number of employees ( as of ) Three Months Ended March 31 , 2018 ( is ) 85,050 ( . ) Jump up ^ `` Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company '' . Bloomberg L.P. September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sam Byford , The Verge . `` Google Station is a new platform that aims to make public Wi - Fi better . '' September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google is now the world 's most valuable brand '' . The Independent . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Code of Conduct '' . Alphabet . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conger , Kate . `` Google Removes ' Do n't Be Evil ' Clause From Its Code of Conduct '' . Jump up ^ Williamson , Alan ( January 12 , 2005 ) . `` An evening with Google 's Marissa Mayer '' . Alan Williamson . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our history in depth '' . Google Company . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Lawrence ; Brin , Sergey ; Motwani , Rajeev ; Winograd , Terry ( November 11 , 1999 ) . `` The PageRank Citation Ranking : Bringing Order to the Web '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Technology Overview '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Page , Larry ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` PageRank : Bringing Order to the Web '' . Stanford Digital Library Project . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2002 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battelle , John ( August 2005 ) . `` The Birth of Google '' . Wired . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan . `` 9 People , Places & Things That Changed Their Names '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backrub search engine at Stanford University '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 1996 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koller , David ( January 2004 ) . `` Origin of the name `` Google '' `` . Stanford University . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Rachael ( February 12 , 2003 ) . `` From Googol to Google '' . The Stanford Daily . Stanford University . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google ! Beta website '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 1999 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google ! Search Engine '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on November 11 , 1998 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google ! Search Engine '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on December 1 , 1998 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google.com WHOIS , DNS , & Domain Info - DomainTools '' . WHOIS . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Silverstein 's website '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 2 , 1999 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Verne ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Server Assembly '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kopytoff , Verne ( April 29 , 2004 ) . `` For early Googlers , key word is $ $ '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco : Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : On September 7 , 1998 , the day Google officially incorporated , he ( Shriram ) wrote out a check for just over $250,000 , one of four of this size the founders received . Auletta , Ken ( October 26 , 2010 ) . Googled : The End of the World As We Know It ( Reprint ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780143118046 . Jump up ^ `` Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding '' ( Press release ) . Palo Alto , Calif. : Google . June 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2000 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` When Google Wanted To Sell To Excite For Under $1 Million -- And They Passed '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lashinsky , Adam ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Google wins again '' . Fortune . Time Warner . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elgin , Ben ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Google : Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys ? '' . BusinessWeek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Google , Inc . Mountain View , California . 2004 . p. 29 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Google sets $2.7 billion IPO '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kawamoto , Dawn ( April 29 , 2004 ) . `` Want In on Google 's IPO ? '' . ZDNet . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Webb , Cynthia L. ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Google 's IPO : Grate Expectations '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Overview '' . Marketwatch . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuchinskas , Susan ( August 9 , 2004 ) . `` Yahoo and Google Settle '' . internetnews.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quirky Google Culture Endangered ? '' . Wired . Associated Press . April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stefanie ; Kawamoto , Dawn ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` Google IPO at $2.7 billion '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rivlin , Gary ( August 24 , 2005 ) . `` Relax , Bill Gates ; It 's Google 's Turn as the Villain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Utz , Richard ( 2013 ) . `` The Good Corporation ? Google 's Medievalism and Why It Matters '' . Studies in Medievalism. 23 : 21 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ; Wray , Richard ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Search giant may outgrow its fans '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ranka , Mohit ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Google -- Do n't Be Evil '' . OSNews . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's culture czar '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kawamoto , Dawn ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit '' . ctv.ca . October 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Seth ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage - fixing lawsuit '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jay ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Google shares hit $700 '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : La Monica , Paul R. ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Bowling for Google '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` This could cost Google more than $500 million '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pramuk , Jacob ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google to become part of new company , Alphabet '' . CNBC . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Matt ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` 38 photos of Google 's rise from a Stanford dorm room to world domination '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A building blessed with tech success '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stross , Randall ( September 2008 ) . `` Introduction '' . Planet Google : One Company 's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know . New York : Free Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4691 - 7 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Launches Self - Service Advertising Program '' . News from Google . October 23 , 2000 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( July 1 , 1998 ) . `` GoTo Going Strong '' . SearchEngineWatch . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelline , Jeff ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pay - for - placement gets another shot '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stephanie ( August 9 , 2004 ) . `` Google , Yahoo bury the legal hatchet '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US patent 6285999 , Page , Lawrence , `` Method for node ranking in a linked database '' , issued September 4 , 2001 , assigned to The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Jump up ^ Olsen , Stephanie ( July 11 , 2003 ) . `` Google 's movin ' on up '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics '' . Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal . San Jose : American City Business Journals . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krantz , Michael ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Do You `` Google '' ? `` . Google , Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` To Google or Not to Google '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Robinson . `` The First Use of ' to Google ' on Television ? Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vise , David ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean , Jeffrey ; Ghemawat , Sanjay ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` MapReduce : simplified data processing on large clusters '' . ACM Digital Library . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Czajkowski , Grzegorz ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Sorting 1PB with MapReduce '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` Google Processing 20,000 Terabytes A Day , And Growing '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Eric ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Google unveils top political searches of 2009 '' . CNN . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Google 's new record , 1 billion visitors in May '' . It 's All Tech . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fiegerman , Seth ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Google Has Its First $50 Billion Year '' . Mashable . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jane Wakefield ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Google spin - off Calico to search for answers to ageing '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google celebrates 18th birthday with a Doodle - amid some confusion over the correct date '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Google Is 10 Years Old ? Finding The Real Google Birthday '' . searchengineland.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Andrea ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Is today really Google 's birthday ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Hall ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Google celebrates 15th birthday with interactive piñata ' doodle ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Tim Berners - Lee and Google lead coalition for cheaper internet '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results , Stock Passes $1000 Per Share '' . Android Police . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Google earnings up 12 % in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2013 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2014 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2015 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings - 2016 - Best Global Brands '' . Interbrand . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Google is 2 billion lines of code - and it 's all in one place '' . Wired . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tarantola , Andrew ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Google 's codebase is ludicrously huge for good reason '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google locations '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` google.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` youtube.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` blogger.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google acquires Deja '' . Geek.com . Ziff Davis . February 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Drew ( February 12 , 2001 ) . `` Google saves Deja.com Usenet service '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital history saved '' . BBC News . BBC . December 14 , 2001 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , D. ( 2011 ) I 'm Feeling Lucky : The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 41699 - 1 Jump up ^ Morrissey , Brian ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Today in History : Google Buys Applied Semantics '' . Digiday . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bracetti , Alex ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The 15 Most Important Tech Acquisitions of All Time '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Danny ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` AdSense Turns 10 : Reflections On Google 's Great Leap Beyond Search Ads '' . Marketing Land . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Acquires Keyhole Corp '' ( Press release ) . Google , Inc . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Google Has Acquired YouTube '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sorkin , Andrew Ross ; Peters , Jeremy W. ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Google to Acquire YouTube for $1.65 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( November 13 , 2006 ) . `` Google Closes YouTube Acquisition '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auchard , Eric ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` Google closes YouTube deal '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ; Helft , Miguel ( April 14 , 2007 ) . `` Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auletta , Ken ( 2009 ) . Googled : The End of the World As We Know It . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 9780753522431 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( September 29 , 2005 ) . `` Can Google beat the new - office curse ? '' . CNET . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( December 28 , 2005 ) . `` What the Google - AOL deal means for users '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Interactive Media Enters Into Landmark Agreement with Google Inc '' . News from Google . August 7 , 2006 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Santa : NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas , December 1 , 2007 , Danny Sullivan '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the scenes : NORAD 's Santa tracker for Thur , December 21 , 2009 By Daniel Terdiman , CNET '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google : The 2007 Edition , December 24 , 2007 , Danny Sullivan '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shalal - Esa , Andrea ( September 6 , 2008 ) . `` GeoEye launches high - resolution satellite '' . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google gives online life to Life mag 's photos '' . Associated Press . Mountain View , California . November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Google Inc. has opened an online photo gallery that will include millions of images from Life magazine 's archives that have never been seen by the public before Jump up ^ Greg Stirling ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Google Hosting Time - Life Photo Archive , 10 Million Unpublished Images Now Live '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ; Sweet , Cassandra ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Google Invests in Two Wind Farms '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Energy can now buy and sell energy '' . Cnet.com . Jump up ^ Candace Lombardi ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` Google gets go - ahead to buy , sell energy '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd Woody ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility '' . Quartz . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomes , Lee ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Google 's Latest Telephony Play '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Google Closes Acquisition of AdMob '' . AppScout . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Albanesius , Chloe ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google Acquires Mobile Display Ad Firm AdMob '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google buys power from Iowa wind farm '' . News.techworld.com . July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bid for Nortel patents marks Google 's new push into mobile world '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . April 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsukayama , Hayley ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility -- Google Investor Relations '' . Google . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Neil . `` Google CEO : ' Anticompetitive ' Apple , Microsoft forced Motorola deal '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google '' . BBC News . May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Page , Larry . `` Official Google Blog : Supercharging Android : Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility '' . Google Blog at Blogspot.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Google to buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5 B '' . CNet News . Jump up ^ `` Google to cut 4,000 Motorola Mobility jobs , shares rise '' . Reuters . August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Daniel ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Motorola 's retreat continues , sells factories in China and Brazil to Flextronics for $75 million '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flextronics acquires Motorola Mobility 's plants in China , Brazil '' . ZDNet . December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Google sells Motorola Home set top box division to Arris for $2.35 billion '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Motorola Home Finds A New Home At Arris . Google Sells Broadband Unit For $2.35 B To Double Down On Mobile '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Dara ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Google reveals it spent $966 million in Waze acquisition '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Google Bought Waze For $1.1 B , Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helgren , Chris ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Jon ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind '' . PC World . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Opam , Kwame ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported $400 million '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Google sells Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $2.91 billion '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balakrishnan , Saheli Roy Choudhury , Anita ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Google agrees to buy part of HTC for $1.1 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google is buying part of HTC 's smartphone team for $1.1 billion '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google signs agreement with HTC , continuing our big bet on hardware '' . Google . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chanchani , Madhav ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google makes first direct investment in India , funds hyper local startup Dunzo '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google invests Rs 65 crore in hyper local app Dunzo , its first direct investment in an Indian startup '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ www.ETtech.com . `` Google backs O2O fashion commerce platform Fynd - ETtech '' . ETtech.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vijayakumar , Sanjay ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Online fashion firm Fynd secures funding round led by Google '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google invests in O2O e-commerce startup Fynd - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Salinas , Sara ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Google deletes 58 accounts with ties to Iran from YouTube and other sites '' . CNBC . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google Deletes 39 YouTube Channels Linked to Iranian Influence Operation '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google took down 39 YouTube channels linked to Iranian influence campaign '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Data center locations '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Secret : ' Cheap and Fast ' Hardware '' ( PDF ) . PCWorld . October 10 , 2003 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barroso , L.A. ; Dean , J. ; Holzle , U. ( April 29 , 2003 ) . `` Web search for a planet : the google cluster architecture '' . IEEE Micro . 23 ( 2 ) : 22 -- 28 . doi : 10.1109 / mm. 2003.1196112 . ISSN 0272 - 1732 . We believe that the best price / performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs . ^ Jump up to : `` Google uncloaks once - secret server '' . CNET. April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option , he added . `` Ten years ago ... it was clear the only way to make ( search ) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware . You ca n't run it on a mainframe . The margins just do n't work out , '' he said . Jump up ^ Gellman , Barton ; Soltani , Ashkan ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` NSA infiltrates links to Yahoo , Google data centers worldwide , Snowden documents say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ; Miller , Claire Cain ; Perlroth , Nicole ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` N.S.A. Said to Tap Google and Yahoo Abroad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` How the NSA 's MUSCULAR tapped Google 's and Yahoo 's private networks '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Claire Cain ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Angry Over U.S. Surveillance , Tech Giants Bolster Defenses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Humphries ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Google 's most efficient data center runs at 95 degrees '' . geek.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Rich ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Report : Google Uses About 900,000 Servers '' . Data Center Knowledge . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hölzle , Urs ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` We 're set to reach 100 % renewable energy -- and it 's just the beginning '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Google says it will hit 100 % renewable energy by 2017 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Womack , Brian ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barr , Alistair ; Winkler , Rolf ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alphabet Finishes Reorganization With New XXVI Company '' . Bloomberg L.P. September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 10 - K -- Annual Report '' . SEC . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Inc , Form 10 - K , Annual Report , Filing Date January 26 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market '' . Google , Inc . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bright , Peter ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` Surfing on the sly with IE8 's new `` InPrivate '' Internet `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beal , Vangie . `` AdWords - Google AdWords '' . Webopedia . QuinStreet Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beal , Vangie . `` AdSense - Google AdSense '' . Webopedia . QuinStreet Inc . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( July 25 , 2006 ) . `` Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats '' . news.cnet.com . CNET . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Google Somewhat Lifts Oceana Ad Ban '' . webpronews.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mclntyre , Douglas ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Yahoo and Google may dump their deal '' . Bloggingstocks.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Drummond , David ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` Ending our agreement with Yahoo ! '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Will Reject All Flash Based Adverts In a Push For HTML5 Latest Gadgets '' . Latest Gadgets . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings '' . December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arrington , Michael ( July 25 , 2008 ) . `` Google 's Misleading Blog Post : The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stefanie ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Google cache raises copyright concerns '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Field v. Google , CV - S - 04 - 0413 - RCJ - LRL ( Nevada District Court January 19 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Parker v. Google , 04 - CV - 3918 ( Eastern Pennsylvania District Court March 10 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Bosker , Bianca ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Google Instant Censorship : The Strangest Terms Blacklisted By Google '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manjoo , Farhad ( August 29 , 2002 ) . `` Conspiracy Researcher Says Google 's No Good '' . AlterNet . Independent Media Institute . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , China ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project '' . InfoWorld . Jump up ^ Pettersson , Edvard ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Google Wins Preliminary Approval of Online Books Settlement '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Heather ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Google 's French Book Scanning Project Halted by Court '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` Preparing to Sell E-Books , Google Takes on Amazon '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Marissa ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` This Week in Search 7 / 25 / 10 '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Samuel Gibbs ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Google introduces the biggest algorithm change in three years '' . Guardian . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Google will soon start punishing mobile sites that show hard - to - dismiss popups '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Barry ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters '' . Search Engine Roundtable . RustyBrick . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Choose a Plan '' . G Suite by Google Cloud . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Greg ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Google Rebrands Custom Search `` Business Edition '' As `` Google Site Search '' `` . Search Engine Land . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Darrow , Barb ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Google Plans To Discontinue Yet Another Product '' . Fortune . Time Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Abner ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Google reportedly discontinuing paid Site Search in favor of ad - supported version '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muret , Paul ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jack ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new Google for Entrepreneurs '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fell , Jason ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` How Google Wants to Make Starting Up Easier for Entrepreneurs '' . Entrepreneur . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's Inbox is A New Email App From The Gmail Team Designed Not To Be Gmail '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gayomali , Chris ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` When Gmail Launched On April 1 , 2004 , People Thought It Was A Joke '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year 's fitness goals '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real - Time Friend Tracking '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sottek , T.C. ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Google Drive officially launches with 5GB free storage , Google Docs integration '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+ , Now Offers Free , Unlimited Storage '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graziano , Dan ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Google launches Google Keep note - taking service ( video ) '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eadicicco , Lisa ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Google 's Translation App Is About To Get Much Better '' . Time . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamedy , Saba ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levy , Steven ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lunden , Ingrid ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google debuts Allo , an AI - based chat app using its new assistant bot , smart replies and more '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google Duo makes mobile video calls fast and simple '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Making it easier to search for jobs in India '' . Google India Blog. 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Comes Google 's New Friendly Neighbourhood App -- ' Neighbourly ' '' . Inc42 Media . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Navlekha To Help Indians Publish Content in Regional Language '' . Inc42 Media . 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google Launches Blog Compass For Online Bloggers '' . Inc42 Media . 8 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Blog Compass by Google '' . Google India Blog. 7 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking : Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Google reveals Android Wear , an operating system for smartwatches '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ong , Josh ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google announces Android TV to bring ' voice input , user experience and content ' to the living room '' . The Next Web . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Alex ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google Announces Android Auto , Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Android Things is Google 's new OS for smart devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` A fresh take on the browser '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Introducing the Google Chrome OS '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Droid You 're Looking For : Live From The Nexus One Event '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ion , Florence ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` From Nexus One to Nexus 10 : a brief history of Google 's flagship devices '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bohn , Dieter . `` The Google Phone : The inside story of Google 's bold bet on hardware '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pichai , Sundar ; Upson , Linus ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` A new kind of computer : Chromebook '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Google reveals Chromecast : video streaming to your TV from any device for $35 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV '' . BBC News . BBC . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , James ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google 's cardboard virtual - reality goggles '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Google Cardboard Is Google 's Awesomely Weird Answer To Virtual Reality '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Mark ; Fried , Ina ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Google is building a new hardware division under former Motorola chief Rick Osterloh '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Pixel ' phone by Google ' announced '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Google Home is smart , loud , and kind of cute '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ; Kastrenakes , Jacob ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Google 's Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for $79 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Minnie ; Kelly , James ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Think big with a gig : Our experimental fiber network '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Erick ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb / sec Fiber - Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Kevin ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber '' . The Information . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Nick ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Say hi to Fi : A new way to say hello '' . Official Google Blog . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , David ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Google launches ' Project Fi ' wireless service '' . CNN . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huet , Ellen ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Google Unveils Its ' Project Fi ' Wireless Service '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Google Station is a new platform that aims to make public Wi - Fi better '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heater , Brian ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` After arriving at 100th railway station in India , Google 's WiFi is set to hit another 100 in 2017 '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephen ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google Station expands beyond rail stations to bring citywide WiFi to Pune , India '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Singh , Manish ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Indian city to become the first in the world to get Google Station public Wi - Fi network '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google and Orange building cable between US and France '' . Jump up ^ Macht , Joshua ( September 30 , 2002 ) . `` Automatic for the People '' . Time . Jump up ^ Travis , Hannibal ( 2008 ) . `` Opting Out of the Internet in the United States and the European Union : Copyright , Safe Harbors , and International Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 55 : 391 -- 92 . SSRN 1221642 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Tara ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Google Unveils App for Paying With Phone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Somerville , Heather ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Google same - day delivery makes public debut '' . Mercury News . Jump up ^ `` What are Google Alerts ? '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Use Google Alerts for a Live Job Search '' . The Under Cover Recruiter . Jump up ^ `` This Little Service Absolutely Crushes Google Alerts '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mordvintsev , Alexander ; Olah , Christopher ; Tyka , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` DeepDream -- a code example for visualizing Neural Networks '' . Google Research . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mordvintsev , Alexander ; Olah , Christopher ; Tyka , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` Inceptionism : Going Deeper into Neural Networks '' . Google Research . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Titcomb ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Google unleashes machine dreaming software on the public , nightmarish images flood the internet '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diwanji , Pavni ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Introducing the Family Link app : Helping families navigate technology together '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Google built a new app so your kids can have a Google account , too '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Google introduces Family Link , its own parental control software for Android '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw turns your clumsy scribbles into art '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Titcomb , James ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new drawing app can turn your terrible sketches into works of art '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Claire ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Does Google 's AutoDraw AI grasp modern art better than you ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's AutoDraw uses machine learning to help you draw like a pro '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Google adds easy , simple family sharing to Calendar , Keep , and Photos '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Google family groups make it easy to share photos , calendars , Keep , YouTube TV , and more '' . Android Police . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is 1e100.net '' . Google Support . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Google launches new site to showcase its open source projects and processes '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Google presents its open - source goodies to the world '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bain , Marc ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Google has built a stunning , searchable archive of 3,000 years of world fashion '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward , Maria ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Anna Wintour , Andrew Bolton , and More Celebrate the Launch of We Wear Culture '' . Vogue . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( January 22 , 2007 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` In good company '' . Fortune Magazine . 155 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 4 , 2008 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2008 list '' . Fortune Magazine . 157 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 list '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 2 , 2009 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2009 list '' . Fortune Magazine . 159 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( February 8 , 2010 ) . Serwer , Andrew , ed . `` The 2010 list '' . Fortune Magazine . 161 ( 2 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Attractive Employers 2010 '' . Universum Global . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Philosophy '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Naughton , Eileen ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Making progress on diversity and inclusion '' . Diversity . The Keyword . Google . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Yurieff , Kaya ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Google struggles to increase workforce diversity '' . CNNTech . CNNMoney . New York : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Micco , John ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Continuous Integration at Google Scale '' ( PDF ) . EclipseCon . Eclipse Foundation . p. 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Speed and Scale ( : ) > 10,000 developers in 40 + offices Jump up ^ Wakabayashi , Daisuke ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women '' . CNBC . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Google leaders stick with $1 salary '' . CNN Money . CNN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liedtke , Michael ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` Facebook Raids Google for Executive '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Another Googler goes to Facebook : Sheryl Sandberg becomes new COO '' . Venture Beat . March 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rushie , Dominic ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Google executive Marissa Mayer to become Yahoo CEO in surprise move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron . `` Google Cloud brings in former Intel exec Diane Bryant as COO '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Noogler chez Google '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Mediratta , Bharat ; Bick , Julie ( October 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Google Way : Give Engineers Room '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Marissa ( speaker ) ( June 30 , 2006 ) . Marissa Mayer at Stanford University ( Seminar ) . Martin Lafrance . Event occurs at 11 : 33 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20 % time . Jump up ^ `` About the Googleplex '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marion Nestle ( July 2011 ) . `` What Google 's Famous Cafeterias Can Teach Us About Health '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Does Google Have A Class System For Googlers ? '' . SearchEngineLand . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Marguerite ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Annie Georgia ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Ultimate Office : Inside Google 's NYC Compound '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Peter ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Google to Buy New York Office Building '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gustin , Sam ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Emily ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Google Web Grows in City '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Google buys NYC 's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 bn '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google bought Manhattan 's Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion -- TechCrunch '' . techcrunch.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Google closes $2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York ... '' U.S . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over $2 B '' . PCMag UK . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weier , Mary Hayes ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Inside Google 's Michigan Office '' . InformationWeek . UBM plc . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Completes Pittsburgh Office , Holds Open House '' . WTAE . November 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Olson , Thomas ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Google search : Tech - minded workers '' . Trib Total Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google locations '' . ^ Jump up to : Richmond , Riva ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Google plans to build huge solar energy system for headquarters '' . post1.net . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Official Google Blog : Mowing with goats '' . May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegler , MG ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` My Day With The Google Goats '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep Mow Lawns '' . National Semiconductor . Archived from the original on May 6 , 1999 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Strand , Ginger . `` Keyword : Evil '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Google : Our Offices '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney '' . Google Careers . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London '' . Google Careers . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mirani , Leo ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Google 's new 1 - million - square - foot London office -- three years before it 's ready '' . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new London HQ is a ' landscraper ' with a rooftop garden '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian , Matt ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's ' innovative ' new London HQ features giant moving blinds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US '' . Firstpost . Network 18 . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle 4 Google '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival '' . August 30 , 1998 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the people behind the Google Doodles '' . The Guardian . April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google MentalPlex '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Google TiSP '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Paper '' . Google , Inc . April 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gmail Custom Time : Google makes custom time '' . Google . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Eric ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` A different kind of company name '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` April Fools : Google Changes Name to Topeka '' . CBS News . April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's GMail Motion launched April 1 '' . GMA News . April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Language Tools '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' answer to life the universe and everything ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google Search Results for ' recursion ' '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` anagram search '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , John ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Google celebrates World Cup with Gooooooooooal ! '' . CNET Asia . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Foundation '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Philanthropy Google 's Way : Not the Usual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project 10 to the 100th '' . Google , Inc . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Burskirk , Elliot ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million '' . Wired . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Twohill , Lorraine ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` $10 million for Project 10 ^ 100 winners '' . Google , Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 2007 Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students . video Jump up ^ Duffy , Jill ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Mathletes Receive € 1M Donation from Google '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google donating 1 million euros to IMO '' . January 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google launches ' Legalise Love ' gay rights campaign '' . PinkNews.co.uk . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Google slips $3.1 bn through ' Double Irish ' tax loophole '' . The Register . Jump up ^ Leach , Anna ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` French gov ' plans to hand Google € 1bn tax bill ' -- report '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Nikhil ; Wright , Oliver ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Google boss : I 'm very proud of our tax avoidance scheme '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brid - Aine Parnell , May 17 , 2013 ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' I think you DO do evil , using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax ' '' . Theregister.co.uk . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John Gapper , January 23 , 2016 . `` Google strikes £ 130m back tax deal '' . FT.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McGrath , Jack ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Google 's Green Initiative : Environmentally Conscious Technology '' . TechnoBuffalo . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glanz , James ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Google Details , and Defends , Its Use of Electricity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Goal : Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal '' . November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koningstein , Ross ; Fork , David ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` What It Would Really Take to Reverse Climate Change '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Anatomy of a Washington dinner : Who funds the Competitive Enterprise Institute ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Goldenberg ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Google hosts fundraiser for climate change denying US senator '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EVAN HALPER ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Google pulls out of conservative group amid environmentalist pressure '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grace Donnelly ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100 % On Renewable Energy '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Hamburger , Tom ; Gold , Matea ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Google , once disdainful of lobbying , now a master of Washington influence '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Joel ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Apple - Google $415 Million No - Poaching Accord Wins Approval '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's € 2.4 bn fine is small change -- the EU has bigger plans '' . newscientist.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , Jesse ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Google 2.4 % Rate Shows How $60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Case Against Google '' . nytimes.com . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google ranked ' worst ' on privacy '' . BBC News . June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Google 's Gatekeepers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google censors itself for China '' . BBC News . January 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China , Leaked Documents Reveal Ryan Gallagher '' . The Intercept . August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disis , Jill ( 26 September 2018 ) . `` Google grilled over ' Project Dragonfly ' at Senate hearing on data privacy '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Google has ' outgrown ' its 14 - year old mission statement , says Larry Page '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Code of Conduct '' . Alphabet Investor Relations . Alphabet Inc . April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Alphabet replaces Google 's ' Do n't be evil ' with ' Do the right thing ' '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Holly ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Who 's more evil -- Facebook or Google ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Roxane ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Blog That Disappeared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Snowden : Leaks that exposed US spy programme '' . BBC News . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; MacAskill , Ewen ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple , Google and others '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech . The New York Times , August 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out . The New York Times , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ diversitymemo.com Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor . `` The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo '' . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sundar Pichai Should Resign as Google 's C.E.O '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times columnist David Brooks wants Google 's CEO to resign '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ( August 31 , 2017 ) , `` Google Critic Ousted From Think Tank Funded by the Tech Giant '' , The New York Times , pp. A1 , retrieved September 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Tell Google : Stop Killing Monopoly Research '' . citizensagainstmonopoly.org . Jump up ^ `` Google employees revolt , say company should shut down military drone project '' . Ars Technica. April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google staff protest company 's involvement with Pentagon drones programme '' . The Independent . April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wakabayashi , Daisuke ; Shane , Scott ( 1 June 2018 ) . `` Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott v. Google , Inc. , No. 15 - 15809 ( 9th Cir. 2017 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Further reading Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . External links Find more aboutGoogleat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta - Wiki Official website Corporate homepage Google website at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 11 , 1998 ) Carr , David F. ( 2006 ) . `` How Google Works '' . Baseline Magazine . 6 ( 6 ) . Google at Crunchbase Google companies grouped at OpenCorporates Business data for Google , Inc. : Reuters SEC filings Google Overview Alphabet Inc . History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape Ads Ad Manager AdSense Analytics Contributor Partners Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard IME Japanese Pinyin Pay Pay Send Photos Keep News Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android TV Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Wear OS Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Cast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Pay Send Primer Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS Safe Browsing Tango URL Shortener YouTube TV Hardware Cardboard Chromecast Daydream Glass Enterprise Home Jamboard Nest Learning Thermostat Pixel Wifi Development tools AngularJS AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps TensorFlow Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing AMP Blogger Bookmarks Domains Drive Docs Sheets Slides Drawings Forms Fusion Tables FeedBurner Sites My Maps YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Premium Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Dataset Search Dictionary Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Tenor Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Appliance Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Directory Dodgeball DoubleClick Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS Goggles GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Map Maker Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Questions and Answers Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Spaces Squared Talk Toolbar Updater Urchin Videos Wallet Wave Web Accelerator Other . google Arts & Culture ATAP Calico Dragonfly Current Chrome Experiments Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Waymo Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.org Project Loon Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA Sunroof WiFi X Events Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Highly Open Participation Contest I / O Science Fair Searchology Summer of Code Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Chelsea Market Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Sanjay Ghemawat Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Category Portal Alphabet Inc . Subsidiaries Google Google Fiber Calico CapitalG Chronicle Dandelion DeepMind Google GV Jigsaw Loon Sidewalk Verily X Waymo Wing People Arthur D. Levinson Astro Teller David Krane Eric Schmidt Ruth Porat Sundar Pichai Tony Fadell Andrew Conrad Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Category Portal Task Force Links to related articles Open Handset Alliance Mobile operators Bouygues Telecom China Mobile China Telecommunications Corporation China Unicom KDDI Nepal Telecom NTT DoCoMo SoftBank Group Sprint Corporation T - Mobile Telecom Italia Telefónica Telus Vodafone Software companies Access Ascender Corporation eBay Google Myriad Group Nuance Communications NXP Software Omron PacketVideo SVOX VisualOn Semiconductor companies AKM Semiconductor , Inc . Arm Holdings Audience Broadcom CSR plc ( joined as SiRF ) Cypress Semiconductor Freescale Semiconductor Gemalto Intel Marvell Technology Group MediaTek MIPS Technologies Nvidia Qualcomm Qualcomm Atheros Renesas Electronics ST - Ericsson ( joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms ) Synaptics Texas Instruments Handset makers Acer Inc . Alcatel Mobile Phones Asus Chaudhary Group ( with association of LG ) CCI Dell Foxconn Garmin HTC Huawei Kyocera Lenovo Mobile LG Electronics Motorola Mobility NEC Corporation Samsung Electronics Sharp Corporation Sony Mobile Toshiba ZTE Commercialization companies Accenture Borqs Sasken Communication Technologies Teleca The Astonishing Tribe Wind River Systems Wipro Technologies See also Android Dalvik virtual machine Google Nexus T - Mobile G1 Google Lunar X Prize Organizers Google Sundar Pichai Larry Page Sergey Brin X Prize Foundation Peter Diamandis Finalist teams Hakuto Moon Express SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Withdrawn teams Advaeros AngelicvM ARCA Astrobotic Barcelona Moon Team C - Base Open Moon Euroluna FREDNET Independence - X JURBAN LunaTrex Micro-Space Mystical Moon Next Giant Leap Odyssey Moon Omega Envoy Part - Time Scientists Penn State Lunar Lion Team Team Puli Quantum3 Rocket City Space Pioneers SCSG Selenokhod SpaceMETA STELLAR Team Italia Team Phoenicia Team Plan B Team SELENE Spacecraft HHK - 1 / ECA ( TeamIndus ) SORATO ( Hakuto ) MX - 1E ( Moon Express ) Sparrow ( SpaceIL ) Tesla ( Synergy Moon ) Unity ( AngelicvM ) Major mobile device companies Companies with an annual revenue of over US $3 billion Acer Amazon Apple iPhone Asus BBK Electronics OPPO OnePlus Vivo BlackBerry Limited Google Pixel HTC Huawei Honor Karbonn Lava XOLO Lenovo Motorola Mobility LG Electronics Meizu Micromax ( YU ) Microsoft Mobile Microsoft Surface Phone HMD Global Nokia Panasonic Samsung Electronics Sony Mobile TCL BlackBerry Mobile Alcatel Mobile Palm Transsion Tecno Infinix Spice Tinno Mobile Wiko True Xiaomi Redmi ZTE Nubia See also Largest IT companies Category : Mobile technology companies Category : Mobile phone manufacturers Major Internet companies Companies with an annual revenue of over US $2 billion Largest Internet companies Baidu Facebook FMG / Fusion Media Group Google InterActiveCorp Microsoft Naver NetEase Netflix Oath Tencent Twitter Uber Vox Media Yandex Cloud computing Akamai Technologies Alibaba Cloud Amazon Web Services Google IBM Microsoft Oracle Corporation Rackspace Salesforce.com E-commerce only Alibaba Group Amazon.com eBay Flipkart Groupon JD.com Shopify Rakuten See also Largest IT companies List of largest Internet companies Category : Internet companies Major software companies Companies with an annual revenue of over US $3 billion Adobe Inc . Amadeus IT Group Apple Inc . Autodesk BMC Software CA Technologies FIS Google HP Enterprise IBM Intuit Infor Microsoft Oracle Corporation Quest Software Sage Group SAP SE Symantec VMware See also Largest IT companies Largest software companies Category : Software companies WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 4092379 BNF : cb15026135n ( data ) GND : 10122609 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0004 0635 6729 LCCN : no00095539 NKC : kn20050213003 NLA : 50414901 SELIBR : 293303 SUDOC : 110886259 VIAF : 124291214 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&oldid=866223674 '' Categories : Google 1998 establishments in California 2004 initial public offerings Alphabet Inc . American websites Artificial intelligence Cloud computing providers Companies based in Mountain View , California Companies in the PRISM network Computer companies established in 1998 Computer - related introductions in 1998 Internet companies of the United States Internet marketing companies Internet properties established in 1998 Mobile phone manufacturers Multinational companies headquartered in the United States Online advertising Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area Technology companies established in 1998 University spin - offs Virtual reality companies Web portals Web service providers Webby Award winners World Wide Web Eyewear companies of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use American English from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Webarchive template wayback links OpenCorporates groupings Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Search Contents About Wikipedia Meta - Wiki Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kirundi Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 137 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

who have been the hosts of the price is right

The Price Is Right is a television game show franchise originally produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman , and created by Bob Stewart , and is currently produced and owned by FremantleMedia ( Endemol in Netherlands ) . The franchise centers on television game shows , but also includes merchandise such as video games , printed media and board games . The franchise began in 1956 as a television game show hosted by Bill Cullen and was revamped in 1972 . This version was originally hosted by Bob Barker . Since 2007 , Drew Carey has hosted the program .

Bill Cullen|Bob Barker|Drew Carey

The Price Is Right

the price is right

The Price Is Right is a television game show franchise originally produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman , and created by Bob Stewart , and is currently produced and owned by FremantleMedia ( Endemol in Netherlands ) . The franchise centers on television game shows , but also includes merchandise such as video games , printed media and board games . The franchise began in 1956 as a television game show hosted by Bill Cullen and was revamped in 1972 . This version was originally hosted by Bob Barker . Since 2007 , Drew Carey has hosted the program .

In the show , contestants compete to win cash and prizes by guessing the pricing of merchandise . The program has been critically successful and remains a stalwart in the television ratings . It also managed to break away from the quiz show format that has been used in other game shows . Since the current version premiered , it has also been adapted in several international formats around the world , most notably in the United Kingdom , Australia and Mexico . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked it No. 5 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . Contents ( hide ) 1 1956 -- 1965 2 1972 -- present 2.1 Format 2.2 History 2.3 Broadcast history 2.3. 1 Specials 2.4 Licensed merchandise 3 International versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 1956 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) The original version of The Price Is Right was first broadcast on NBC , and later ABC , from 1956 to 1965 . Hosted by Bill Cullen , it involved four contestants bidding on a wide array of merchandise prizes , whose values ranged anywhere from a few dollars , ( in many cases , `` bonus '' prizes were attached after the fact , to the winner ) to thousands , doing so in the manner of auctions except that Cullen did not act out the role of auctioneer . Instead , contestants tried to bid closest to the product 's actual retail price without going over that price . Depending on the prize , contestants were allowed , in proper turn , to make multiple bids ; or only allowed one bid . In the case of the former , each contestant in - turn bid on the displayed item until a buzzer sounded . They could make a final bid , or `` freeze . '' The contestant whose bid was closest to the correct value of the prize -- and had not gone over that value -- won it . There was also a special game set aside for the home viewer , which offered several prizes in a package , which usually included a luxury vacation trip , and / or a new car as part of the package . Viewers submitted their bids via post cards ; the winner was announced on the air . At the end of each episode , the contestant who had won the most ( by dollar value ) was declared the winner and became the returning champion , entitled to play again in the next episode . This version began as part of NBC 's daytime schedule . An alleged series of technical problems made the pilot episode look bad enough for NBC to decline buying the show , but after an appeal from the producers , citing the fact that at that time all TV shows were given up to an initial 13 weeks to succeed or fail , it aired anyway . It became successful enough to warrant a second version of the series , beginning on prime time in the fall of 1957 . Shown weekly , that version had the distinction of being the first TV game show to be broadcast in color . After being a Top - 10 prime time show for some time its ratings gradually but noticeably declined , and by 1963 NBC canceled it , only to be picked up by ABC . ABC 's primetime version ran for one full season ( 1963 -- 64 ) , and the daytime version ended in 1965 . 1972 -- present ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) Format ( edit ) Since 1972 , the current version of The Price Is Right uses the same structure : One Bid , where four players attempt to bid on an initial prize , being as close as possible without going over ; the player closest to the price gets the opportunity to play a pricing game . The first four players are called from the studio audience at the start of the show in Contestant 's Row to play One Bid , and after each pricing game , a new player is called to fill the slot . Pricing games , where the contestant plays for a range of prizes , frequently money or automobiles , with most games based on the player 's knowledge of the retail price of these items . The Showcase , where the two top players of the day are shown two showcases , collections of several prizes . The player with the highest winnings to that point gets the option of either bidding on the first showcase show , or otherwise passing that to the other player who must bid on it ; the second showcase is then bid on by the remaining player . The player who is closest to the retail price of the showcase without going over wins the showcase ; it is possible to win both showcases by being very close to the actual price , while if both players overbid , neither showcase is won . When the new format debuted as The New Price Is Right , shows were thirty minutes in length : three pricing games were played and the two contestants with the highest winnings entered the Showcase . By June 1973 , the show was renamed back to The Price is Right . The show was expanded into a hour - long format on November 3 , 1975 . This allowed for six pricing games to be played . A new feature , the Showcase Showdown , was added to select which players would play in the Showcase . It is used after the first three players completed their pricing games to select one player from this set , and after the next three . In the Showdown , each player is given two chance to spin a wheel which has a monetary amounts from 5 cents to 1 dollar by 5 cent increments . The goal was to be the closest to one dollar from both spins without going over ; a player can opt to not spin a second time . Additional prize money can be won if the player make a total of one dollar exactly with either one or both spins , and even a larger amount if they could can a bonus spin on marked spaces on the wheel . History ( edit ) The series debuted September 4 , 1972 , in two forms : a daily version on CBS with Bob Barker as host , and a weekly version , eventually dubbed `` the nighttime Price Is Right , '' hosted by Dennis James and airing in first - run syndication . Barker took over the nighttime version in 1977 ( which remained a half - hour in length throughout its existence ) and hosted both until the nighttime version was discontinued in 1980 . The syndicated nighttime version returned five years later , with Tom Kennedy as host and running five days a week . This version ran for one season . Barker hosted the program from its debut until June 15 , 2007 . During his 35 years as host , Barker won numerous awards and honors including Daytime Emmys and a Lifetime Achievement Award . Directors of the show included Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , and Bart Eskander , with Eskander receiving a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Direction of a Game Show . Producer Roger Dobkowitz won a Daytime Emmy for his work on the show , which included the development of many of the show 's games that are still being played today . After a season - long search for a successor , Drew Carey took the helm of the show , with production resuming in August 2007 , and his first episode airing on October 15 . It is believed to be the longest - running game show on television ( the Spanish - language variety show Sábado Gigante ended on September 19 , 2015 ) . It is also the longest running game show airing episodes five days - per - week in the world . The Price Is Right is one of two game show franchises ( along with To Tell the Truth ) to be seen nationally in either first - run network or syndication airings in the U.S. in every decade from the 1950s onward . CBS has occasionally aired extra episodes of the show for short periods between the cancellation of one daytime program and the premiere of its successor . On occasion since 1986 , special episodes have aired during prime time hours , most notably to fill in gaps between the Survivor series , and during the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike . On September 22 , 2008 , Terry Kneiss made game show history by bidding the exact amount of his $23,743 showcase . Taping of the show immediately stopped , with Carey and show staffers concerned that cheating was taking place . It was later learned that -- by constantly watching the show , noticing the frequency of certain products showing up on the show , and using statistical analysis -- Kneiss and his wife Linda , who was in the studio audience , had legitimately determined the exact prices of the items in the showcase . Kneiss was awarded the prizes , and the show subsequently discontinued featuring certain products . On April Fools ' Day in 2014 , Craig Ferguson and Carey switched hosting duties , with Carey hosting The Late Late Show and Ferguson taking over the hosting duties on The Price Is Right . The episode also featured Shadoe Stevens as announcer . Barker appeared on the April Fools ' Day episode in 2015 , hosting the first item up for bids and the first pricing game , with Carey hosting the remainder of the episode . Broadcast history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Duration Host Notes CBS 1972 -- 2007 Bob Barker 2007 -- present Drew Carey Syndication 1972 -- 77 Dennis James Weekly series 1977 -- 80 Bob Barker Weekly series 1985 -- 86 Tom Kennedy Daily series . Referred to on - air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right '' 1994 -- 95 Doug Davidson Daily series , The New Price Is Right Specials ( edit ) Primetime episodes have been ordered by CBS on occasion since 1986 . The first , The Price Is Right Special , was a six - week summer series which aired on CBS in 1986 , hosted by Barker . In 2002 , the show celebrated its 30th year with a Las Vegas special . Later in 2002 , the show began its current line of primetime episodes ( known as # xxxSP in show codes ) . Six special episodes titled The Price Is Right Salutes aired in primetime , saluting the branches of the United States armed forces , and for the police and firefighters of America in the wake of the September 11 attacks became the first in the canon . The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular ( # 007SP - # 033SP ) was a series of primetime specials airing from 2003 until 2008 featuring chances at winning $1,000,000 , as well as more expensive prizes than on the daytime counterpart . Two daytime episodes aired in primetime . Episode # 4035K ( June 15 , 2007 , season finale and Bob Barker 's final episode ) was rebroadcast in primetime after airing that morning , leading to the Daytime Emmy Awards . Episode # 4512K , the show 's military special , originally intended for November 11 , 2008 , became the first daytime episode scheduled to originally air in primetime when it was moved to November 14 . The Celebrity Week format in daytime where a celebrity plays along with contestants was adopted for the next series of primetime episodes , which are part of the same series as the 2002 Salutes and 2003 -- 08 $1,000,000 Spectaculars ( # 034SP - # 036SP ) . These shows used former participants on the network 's three primetime reality game shows ( Survivor , The Amazing Race and Big Brother ) who joined contestants as teams . The three - night special aired May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . Licensed merchandise ( edit ) Endless Games , which in the past has produced board games based on several other game shows , including The Newlywed Game and Million Dollar Password , distributes home versions of The Price Is Right , featuring the voice of Rich Fields , including a DVD edition and a Quick Picks travel - size edition . Ubisoft also released a video game version of the show for the PC , Nintendo DS , and Wii console on September 9 , 2008 . An updated version of the game ( The Price Is Right : 2010 Edition ) was released on September 22 , 2009 . Both versions feature the voice of Rich Fields , who was the show 's announcer at the time of the release of the video games in question . In September 2010 , Ludia released the official Facebook version of The Price Is Right game . The game had two million monthly active users only two months after the launch . In October 2011 , Ludia ( now owned by RTL Group ) released The Price Is Right Decades , a video game featuring production elements from various decades of the show , for the Wii , mobile devices , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 to celebrate their 40 years on the CBS network . International versions ( edit ) The 1972 revised format appeared on Australian television the following year and debuted in the U.K. in 1984 . The format has also been adapted elsewhere around the world . Hosts and models from the versions in other countries have made appearances on the U.S. version , usually sitting in the audience and acknowledged by the host during the broadcast . Barker and then - music - director Stan Blits appeared on the Carlo Boszhard - hosted Cash en Carlo at the start of the 200th episode . Currently airing Ended Country Title Network Host Duration dates Notes Argentina El Precio Justo Azul Televisión Frenando Bravo 1999 -- 2000 Used a similar set to U.S. version and a similar logo to French version Australia The Price Is Right ATN - 7 ( 1957 -- 59 ) GTV - 9 ( 1958 ) Seven Network ( 1963 ) Network Ten ( 1973 -- 74 ) Bruce Beeby ( 1957 ) Geoff Manion ( 1958 ) Keith Walshe ( 1959 ) Horrie Dargie ( 1963 ) Garry Meadows ( 1973 -- 74 ) 1957 -- 74 Original series The Price Is Right Seven Network ( 1981 -- 86 , 2012 ) Network Ten ( 1989 ) Nine Network ( 1993 -- 98 , 2003 -- 05 ) Ian Turpie ( 1981 -- 86 , 1989 ) Larry Emdur ( 1993 -- 98 , 2003 -- 05 , 2012 ) September 7 , 1981 -- November 24 , 2005 May 7 , 2012 -- December 19 , 2012 Both versions feature similar elements to U.S. version : the `` Double Bullseye '' playoff and a pricing game similar to the current U.S. 's `` Easy as 1 2 3 '' are used for the Showcase Belgium De Juiste Prijs Le Juste Prix VTM RTL - TVI Jan Theys ( 1990 -- 92 ) Koen Wauters ( 2010 ) Michaël Dufour ( 2010 ) 1990 -- 92 Both versions feature similar elements to French version Brazil O Preço Certo O Preço Certo SBT Rede Record Silvio Santos Juan Alba 1980s October 2009 -- June 2010 Juan Alba 's version used a similar set to the UK Joe Pasquale 's show ( and the French show ) and the same theme tune as the UK , while Silvio Santos ' version used similar elements to U.S. show Bulgaria Това е цената Tova e Cenata This is the price bTV Veselin Kalanovski Niki Stanoev ( co-host ) October 20 -- November 10 , 2013 January 4 , 2014 -- present Aired every Sunday ( 21 : 00 -- 22 : 00 EET ) ; stopped after episode four and it was announced that it was its pilot season ; restarted January 2014 and aired every Saturday form 18 : 00 to 19 : 00 EET Canada Quebec Misez Juste ( 1994 -- 95 ) Price Is Right : À vous de jouer ( 2011 -- 12 ) TQS ( 1994 -- 95 ) V ( 2011 -- 12 ) Alain Léveillé ( 1994 -- 95 ) Philippe Bond ( 2011 -- 12 ) 1994 -- 95 September 2011 -- 12 The original French - Canadian version had a significantly cheaper budget ( car rentals in place of cars , trips to Halifax and Cuba ) and a set more akin to Let 's Make a Deal ; aired twice a week , unlike the two other versions airing at the time ( the U.S. version airs on English - language Canadian stations ) . Chile Diga lo que vale Canal 13 Don Francisco 1981 -- 87 Aired as a segment inside Sábado Gigante . China 购物 街 Gòu Wù Jiē CCTV - 2 Gao Bo Chen Beibei 2007 -- 11 Name translates to `` Shopping Street '' ; borrows many elements from the U.S. version 全 是 你 的 Quan Shi Ni De Beijing TV Li Yong 2015 Used some similar formats to the U.S. version and previous one on CCTV - 2 Colombia El precio es correcto RTI on Cadena Uno or Cadena Dos ( 1981 -- 89 ) Caracol TV ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Gloria Valencia de Castaño ( 1981 -- 89 ) Iván Lalinde ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1981 -- 89 2011 -- 2014 1980s : The second game , Grand Game , was called El Mercadito ( The Little Supermarket ) ; the fourth game was a Colombian rendition of Race Game 2011 : A new season , presented by Iván Lalinde , started April 11 , 2011 on Caracol TV ; this version borrowed many elements from the Mexican show Egypt The Price Is Right Beckham Al Nahar Edward 2015 Estonia Kuum Hind Kanal 2 Emil Rutiku October 2007 Finland Mitä maksaa ? MTV ( Yle ) Nelonen Mikko Yoderson Petri Liski 1983 -- 88 1998 -- 2000 France Le Juste Prix TF1 Max Meynier Eric Galliano Patrick Roy Philippe Risoli Vincent Lagaf ' 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 92 1992 -- 2001 2009 -- 15 Aired at 12 : 05 on TF1 and became one of the most famous game shows of the 1990s . Currently , a version with Vincent Lagaf ' is aired on TF1 at 19 : 00 . Le Juste Euro France 2 Patrice Laffont 2001 -- 02 the series only lasted for three weeks and was aired in December 2001 until January 2002 . The show was later replaced by Attention à la marche ! ( Watch your step ! ) hosted by Jean - Luc Reichmann . Germany Der Preis ist heiß RTL RTLplus Harry Winjnvoord Wolfram Kons 1989 -- 97 2017 -- The first season used a set that had lots of pink and blue , the later series had a set that somewhat resembled the American set ; the theme music was also changed to the American theme ; the intro later included a light box , like the U.S. version , both series used similar props to U.S. show . It was recently featured on Germany 's Gameshow Marathon . Greece H τιμή τιμή δεν έχει H timí timí den échei ANT1 Elias Mpenetos 1991 India Yehi Hai Right Price Zee Rohit Roy Indonesia Tebak Harga ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Price is Right ( 2003 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2016 -- present ) Trans TV ( 2001 -- 02 ; 2003 -- 05 ) Indosiar ( 2010 -- 2011 ) RCTI ( 2016 -- present ) Farhan ( 2001 -- 02 ; 2003 -- 05 ) Stenny Agustaf & VJ Surya ( 2010 ) Ananda Omesh & Gracia Indri ( 2016 -- present ) December 17 , 2001 -- August 16 , 2002 May 2 , 2003 -- May 27 , 2005 August 11 , 2010 -- 2011 December 10 , 2016 -- present The show was on TransTV and hosted by Muhammad Farhan ( commonly known by his last name only ) Israel פחות או יותר Pachot o ' Yoter Channel 2 Aki Avni 1995 -- 98 Italy OK , il Prezzo è Giusto ! Italia 1 ( 1983 -- 87 ) Canale 5 ( 1988 -- 96 ) Rete 4 ( 1987 -- 88 ; 1996 -- 2001 ) Gigi Sabani ( 1983 -- 86 ) Iva Zanicchi ( 1987 -- 2000 ) Emanuela Folliero ( 1999 ) Maria Teresa Ruta ( 2000 -- 01 ) 1983 -- 86 1987 -- 99 May -- June 1999 September 1999 -- June 2000 September 2000 -- June 2001 The second longest continually - running version of The Price Is Right , airing from 1983 to 2001 ; one of three versions to be hosted by a woman ; largely faithful to the U.S. version , but the last two seasons altered the format slightly to use the Showcase round seen on the U.K. version Japan The Chance ザ ・ チャンス ! Za cha - n - su Tokyo Broadcasting System Pink Lady Shiro Ito Masayuki Yuhara 1979 -- 1986 Latvia Veiksmes cena TV3 Valters Krauze January 7 , 2007 Lebanon The Price Is Right بلا TVA LBC ( 2010 -- 11 ) MBC 4 ( 2011 -- present ) Tony Baroud May 25 , 2010 -- present Uses similar elements to French Version , like sound effects Mexico El Precio Es Blanco Imevisión Ángel Fernández 1980s Sponsored by the Departament store chain Blanco , later Gigante , and now Soriana . Atinale Al Precio Televisa Marco Antonio Regil ( 1997 -- 99 ; 2010 ) 1997 -- 99 The 2010 version uses similar elements to the British version ; in 2007 , Regil auditioned to replace Barker for the United States version . Moldova Ghiceşte Pretul Jurnal TV Bogdan Dascál 2016 -- present Morocco السعر الصحيح Al seer al Saheeh 2M 2002 Myanmar The Price is Right Phyo Zaw Linn MRTV - 4 2017 Netherlands Prijs je Rijk Prijzenslag Cash en Carlo The Price is Right AVRO RTL 4 Yorin SBS 6 Fred Oster Hans Kazàn Carlo Boszhard Eddy Zoëy 1986 -- 88 1990 -- 93 2002 -- 04 2012 Prijs je Rijk ( Praise Rich ) used the U.S. theme and similar set ; Prijzenslag ( Price War ) was based on Germany 's Der Preis ist Heiss and Bob Warman 's in the UK ; Cash En Carlo ( Cash & Carlo ) was a version of many European versions to borrow the format of Bruce 's in the UK ( although it does n't borrow the UK version 's props and music cues , but uses another remix of the U.S. Price is Right theme as `` Come on down '' music ) New Zealand The Price Is Right TV3 Dave Jamieson Filmed at TVNZ 's Avalon Studios in Wellington , even though the show screened on the opposition network TV3 ; sponsored by the Farmers department store chain and Farmers actually changed their slogan around this time to Farmers , `` Where The Price Is Right '' . In recent years , the Australian version had been screened on New Zealand 's Prime Television . Pakistan The Price Is Right Geo TV Ali Salman Uses similar elements to Bruce 's Price Is Right and current U.S. logo in tones of blue Peru Diga lo que Vale Panamericana Televisión Johnny López 1982 -- 84 ; 1987 Featured a similar set to American version and a remix of the U.S. Opening as main theme . Philippines The Price Is Right ABC Dawn Zulueta 2001 -- 03 The only other version of the show known to have used the Australian version of the Showcase ; the first version of show ran on ABC - 5 as part of the network 's response to the popularity of Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? on IBC 13 ABS - CBN Kris Aquino February 14 , 2011 -- August 13 , 2011 A second Philippine version of the show was produced by ABS - CBN and hosted by Kris Aquino Poland Dobra cena TVN Grzegorz Wons 1997 -- 98 One of the many European versions that used Bruce 's Price Is Right music Portugal O Preço Certo O Preço Certo em Euros ( January 2002 -- March 2006 ) RTP1 Carlos Cruz ( 1990 -- 92 ) Nicolau Breyner ( 1992 -- 93 ) Jorge Gabriel ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fernando Mendes ( 2003 -- 06 , 2006 -- present ) 1990 -- 1993 ( first edition ) ; January 2002 -- March 2006 ; September 2006 -- present ( second edition ) The title was changed to O Preco Certo em Euros when the escudo was dropped and the Euro was introduced , with Jorge Gabriel and then Fernando Mendes as host , and Miguel Vital as announcer ; this version used Bruce 's Price Is Right props and music ( but used a synthesized version of the U.S. theme for its closing music ) ; when the show still used the escudo , it used a set similar to the U.S. show ( and the German show ) and the same music cues as the US ; in Autumn 2006 the show re-launched once again and took its inspiration from the new UK version by using a similar set and music . The show also removed `` em Euros '' from the name making its new title O Preço Certo since the Euro has been in use for seven years Romania Preţul Correct ProTV Stelian Nistor / Constantin Cotimanis December 1997 -- March 2000 Spune - mi Preţul Kanal D Cosmin Cernat 2009 Russia Цена удачи Tsena udachi NTV Boris Smolkin , replaced by Anton Komolov September 11 , 2005 -- June 25 , 2006 Singapore The Price is Right Mediacorp Channel 5 Slovakia Cena je správna TV JOJ Andrea Lehotská & Matej `` Sajfa '' Cifra ( 2013 ) Michal Hudák ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 2013 -- 14 Spain El Precio Justo TVE1 ( 1988 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2004 ) Antena 3 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Joaquín Prat ( 1988 -- 93 ) Carlos Lozano ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Guillermo Romero ( 2002 -- 04 ) Juan y Medio ( 2006 -- 07 ) 1988 -- 1993 1999 -- 2004 2006 -- 2007 The 1988 -- 93 used a similar set to UK Leslie Crowther 's show and featured a Showcase played similarly to the U.S. version but featured only one Showcase on which both contestants bid ; the 1999 -- 2002 ( Based in Bruce 's Price Is Right ) and 2006 -- 07 ( Based in UK Joe Pasquale 's show ) formats were somewhat resembled to American version and used an hybrid of the UK and U.S. showcase . After the top winner selected a range at random , both contestants bid on the Showcase , hoping that their bid were the fell within the selected range and the closest without going over of the actual price . Thailand ทาย ได้ ให้ เลย Guess Right , Give Now Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5 Badin Kosolpisit 2003 -- 2004 The first version features similar elements to Mexican show The Price Is Right Thailand ราคา พา รวย The Price is Right Thailand 's : Rich Price True 4U Ketsetsawat Palakawong Na Ayutthaya 2015 -- present Second version features similar elements to American show Turkey Kaç Para ? aTV Özkan Uğur Vatan Şaşmaz September 8 , 2003 -- January 23 , 2004 2011 The 2011 version borrowed many elements from the French version like logo and intro and game styles and features a Single - player showcase similarly played as the UK version , hoping that their bid is within the range , high or low United Kingdom The Price Is Right ITV ( 1984 -- 88 , 1995 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 07 ) Sky One ( 1989 -- 90 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Leslie Crowther ( ITV primetime ) Bob Warman ( Sky One daytime ) Bruce Forsyth ( ITV primetime ) Joe Pasquale ( ITV daytime ) Alan Carr ( Channel 4 ) March 24 , 1984 -- January 12 , 2007 December 30 , 2017 The original version of the show ran from 1984 to 1988 ; the show was later revived in 1989 ( ran from 1989 to 1990 ) , in 1995 ( ran from 1995 to 2001 ) , and in 2006 ( ran from 2006 to 2007 ) . The theme from the 1994 -- 95 American syndicated version was used for the show 's 1995 revival . Venezuela El Precio Justo RCTV Winston Vallenilla Vietnam Hãy Chọn Giá Đúng VTV3 Lại Văn Sâm ( 2004 ) Lưu Minh Vũ ( 2005 -- 12 ) Trần Ngọc ( 2012 -- 16 , 2016 -- present ) June 26 , 2004 -- June 25 , 2016 December 3 , 2016 -- present The show featured many similar elements from the U.S. version ; originally hosted by Lại Văn Sâm -- later hosted the Vietnamese version of Who Wants To Be a Millionaire called Ai Là Triệu Phú since January 4 , 2005 . After 620 shows , it was announced in its Facebook fanpage in June 28 that the show was put in hiatus for half of a year to wait for its new time slot . In the following week , it was replaced by Bàn Thắng Vàng ( Golden Goal ) . When Bàn Thắng Vàng has ended , the show returned on December 3 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of television show franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weintraub , Joanne ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' , TV Guide , pp. 14 and 15 . Jump up ^ `` Colorcasting '' . Broadcasting - Telecasting : 35 . 1957 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 5 reasons why we 'll miss ' Sabado Gigante ' '' . September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` Time 's ' Right ' to step down '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome , Chris . `` Jones '' . Esquire . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Episode 7073K. April 1 , 2015 . CBS . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Barker returns to ' The Price Is Right ' '' . CNN . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right on Facebook '' . Jump up ^ `` El precio es correcto '' ( in Spanish ) . Colarte . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paulo Laserna Phillips and Diego Amaral Ceballos , ed. ( 2004 ) . 50 años : la televisión en Colombia : una historia para el futuro ( in Spanish ) ( 1 ed . ) . Zona Editores , Caracol TV . p. 117 . ISBN 958 - 96587 - 5 - X . Jump up ^ `` El precio es correcto '' ( in Spanish ) . Caracol TV . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` The price is right - Blue Circle '' . August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Carr is bringing back The Price Is Right '' . June 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 1965 ) on IMDb The Price Is Right ( 1972 -- ) on IMDb Official Fremantle website and video social network community for The Price Is Right Official CBS website for The Price Is Right The Price Is Right at the National Film and Sound Archive The Price is Right - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 -- 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Price_Is_Right&oldid=827202287 '' Categories : Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions Television series by FremantleMedia The Price Is Right Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from May 2016 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 10 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Price%20Is%20Right

who sang the song mama told me not to come

Mama Told Me Not to Come

mama told me not to come

`` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Randy Newman written for Eric Burdon 's first solo album in 1966 . Three Dog Night 's 1970 cover of the song topped the US pop singles chart . Tom Jones and the Stereophonics ' cover version also hit number four on the UK Singles Chart in 2000 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Newman original and first recordings 2 Three Dog Night version 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Tom Jones and Stereophonics version 5 Other versions 6 Soundtrack appearances 7 References Newman original and first recordings ( edit ) Newman says that the song was inspired by his own lighthearted reflection on the Los Angeles music scene of the late 1960s . As with most Newman songs , he assumes a character - in `` Mama ... '' the narrator is a sheltered and extraordinarily straight - laced young man , who recounts what is presumably his first `` wild '' party in the big city , is shocked and appalled by cigarette - smoking , whiskey - drinking , and loud music and -- in the chorus of the song -- recalls his `` mama told ( him ) not to come . '' The first recording of `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' was cut by Eric Burdon & The Animals . A scheduled single - release of September 1966 was withdrawn , but the song was eventually included on their 1967 album Eric Is Here . Newman 's own version of his song was released on the 1970 album 12 Songs , and was characterized by Newman 's midtempo piano accompaniment , as well as Ry Cooder 's slide guitar part , both of which give the song the feel of a bluesy Ray Charles - style rhythm and blues number . Three Dog Night version ( edit ) `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' Single by Three Dog Night from the album It Ai n't Easy B - side `` Rock & Roll Widow '' Released May 1970 ( 1970 - 05 ) Format 7 - inch 45 RPM Recorded 1969 -- 1970 at American Recording Company Genre Rock Length 2 : 59 ( 45 version ) Label Dunhill Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Producer ( s ) Richard Podolor Three Dog Night singles chronology `` Celebrate '' ( 1970 ) `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Out in the Country '' ( 1970 ) `` Celebrate '' ( February 1970 ) `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' ( May 1970 ) `` Out in the Country '' ( August 1970 ) Also in 1970 , Three Dog Night released a longer , rock ' n roll and funk - inspired version ( titled `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' ) on It Ai n't Easy . Three Dog Night 's version had the same 3 / 4 by 2 / 4 time change as Eric Burdon 's version and featured Cory Wells singing lead in an almost humorous vocal style , Jimmy Greenspoon playing a Wurlitzer electric piano , and Michael Allsup playing guitar . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canadian Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Listener ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 67 Canada 40 UK 42 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Billboard ranked the record as the No. 11 song of 1970 . The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on July 14 , 1970 , the same day that It Ai n't Easy was certified gold . This was the very first # 1 song played on the July 4 , 1970 broadcast of American Top 40 with Casey Kasem . Tom Jones and Stereophonics version ( edit ) The recording of the song by Tom Jones and the Stereophonics ' reached number four on the U.K. Singles Chart in 2000 . This version was produced by Steve Bush and Marshall Bird ( AKA `` Bird & Bush '' ) . Singer Kelly Jones shared in the vocals with Jones , with the song featuring a somewhat livelier , punchier sound than the Three Dog Night version . The video featured an appearance by Welsh actor Rhys Ifans . Other versions ( edit ) P.J. Proby recorded one of the earliest versions of the song in 1967 , followed by Three Dog Night 's 1970 hit . Also in 1970 , American singer / songwriter Odetta covered the song on her album `` Odetta Sings '' . It has also been recorded by a diverse range of artists , including Wilson Pickett , Lou Rawls , The Wolfgang Press , Yo La Tengo , The Slackers , and Paul Frees ( as W.C. Fields ) accompanied by The Animals . Lazlo Bane . Jazz singer Roseanna Vitro included it in her 2011 collection The Music of Randy Newman . A 1970 cover by The Jackson 5 was released on Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls . Tea Leaf Green and Widespread Panic have performed this song live . In 1971 , the comic singer Patrick Topaloff released a French version named Maman , viens me chercher . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Three Dog Night 's version would later appear in Terry Gilliam 's 1998 movie adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson 's 1972 gonzo novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . Due to the song 's upbeat , paranoid mood , it was used for the scene of obsessively drug - using protagonists Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo escaping a `` District Attorneys convention on narcotics and dangerous drugs '' . It also appears as the last song in the movie 's G - rated trailer , mainly accompanying Duke 's wild car ride to have Dr. Gonzo catch a plane in time , a scene where in the R - rated trailer and in the actual film , Viva Las Vegas by Dead Kennedys was used instead . The Three Dog Night version was also used in the 1997 films GI Jane ( played over a montage of scenes showing Jordan O'Neill ( Demi Moore ) conditioning herself for the extreme physical demands of SEAL training ) and Boogie Nights . Also used in the movie The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , when Cameron Diaz is walking up the street . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . 1993 . pp. 27 , 30 , 31 . MCAD2 - 10956 . Jump up ^ Leaf , David ( 1993 ) . Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . p. 18 . MCAD2 - 10956 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Singles '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 13 ( 23 ) . July 25 , 1970 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Three Dog Night Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Mama Told Me Not to Come '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Three Dog Night -- Mama Told Me ( Not To Come ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1970 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 2007 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 05 . Type in `` Three Dog Night '' under Artist to see search results . Jump up ^ `` stereophonics graffiti on the train '' . The Snipe News . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Originals © by Arnold Rypens '' . Originals.be . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 File '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PanicStream.com '' . PanicStream.com. 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Preceded by `` The Love You Save '' by The Jackson 5 Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Three Dog Night version ) July 11 , 1970 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' by The Carpenters Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust Soundtracks James and the Giant Peach Avalon Meet the Parents Cars The Princess and the Frog Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Three Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) Naturally ( 1970 ) Harmony ( 1971 ) Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) Cyan ( 1973 ) Hard Labor ( 1974 ) Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) American Pastime ( 1976 ) It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) Compilations Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) Singles `` Nobody '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` One '' `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Eli 's Coming '' `` Celebrate '' `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' `` Out in the Country '' `` One Man Band '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Liar '' `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' `` Never Been to Spain '' `` The Family of Man '' `` Black & White '' `` Pieces of April '' `` Shambala '' `` Let Me Serenade You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' `` Til the World Ends '' `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Discography Book Tom Jones Discography Studio albums Along Came Jones ( It 's Not Unusual ) ( 1965 ) What 's New Pussycat ? ( 1965 ) A-tom - ic Jones ( 1966 ) From the Heart ( 1966 ) Green , Green Grass of Home ( 1967 ) Delilah ( 1968 ) Help Yourself ( 1968 ) Reload ( 1999 ) Mr. Jones ( 2002 ) Praise & Blame ( 2010 ) Spirit in the Room ( 2012 ) Long Lost Suitcase ( 2015 ) Live albums John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert ( 2005 ) Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas Songs `` All You Need Is Love '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Black Betty '' `` Burning Down the House '' `` Carrying a Torch '' `` Darlin ' '' `` Daughter of Darkness '' `` Delilah '' `` Detroit City '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Help Yourself '' `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' `` Islands in the Stream '' `` It 's Four in the Morning '' `` It 's Not Unusual '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Kiss '' `` Lady Lay Down '' `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Move Closer '' `` Say You 'll Stay Until Tomorrow '' `` Sex Bomb '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` She 's a Lady '' `` Stoned in Love '' `` Till '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` Without Love ( There Is Nothing ) '' `` The Young New Mexican Puppeteer '' `` Thunderball '' Related articles This Is Tom Jones ( 1969 -- 71 TV show ) Tom Jones ( 1980 -- 81 TV show ) Tom Jones : The Right Time ( 1992 TV show ) The Wexford Carols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama_Told_Me_Not_to_Come&oldid=810574865 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1970 singles Songs written by Randy Newman Randy Newman songs Three Dog Night songs Tom Jones ( singer ) songs Eric Burdon songs The Animals songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dunhill Records singles MGM Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for German Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Told%20Me%20Not%20to%20Come

who plays grey worm on game of thrones

Jacob Basil Anderson ( born 18 June 1990 ) is an English actor , singer - songwriter , rapper , and record producer . As an actor , he is known for his role as Grey Worm in the television series Game of Thrones , and his recurring appearances in the first seasons of Episodes and Broadchurch . As a musician , he uses the alias Raleigh Ritchie ; his debut album , You 're a Man Now , Boy , was released in 2016 to very positive reviews .

Jacob Basil Anderson

Jacob Anderson

jacob anderson

Jacob Anderson Anderson at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Jacob Basil Anderson ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 18 June 1990 ( age 28 ) Bristol , England Other names Raleigh Ritchie Occupation Actor , singer - songwriter , rapper , record producer Years active 2007 -- present Musical career Genres Alternative R&B trip hop power pop Labels Columbia Associated acts Stormzy Website raleighritchie.com Jacob Basil Anderson ( born 18 June 1990 ) is an English actor , singer - songwriter , rapper , and record producer . As an actor , he is known for his role as Grey Worm in the television series Game of Thrones , and his recurring appearances in the first seasons of Episodes and Broadchurch . As a musician , he uses the alias Raleigh Ritchie ; his debut album , You 're a Man Now , Boy , was released in 2016 to very positive reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Acting career 3 Music career 4 Discography 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 6 Awards and nominations 6.1 MOBO Awards 6.2 Screen Actors Guild Award 6.3 Urban Music Awards 7 References 8 External links Early and personal life ( edit ) Anderson was born and raised in Bristol , England . His father is of Afro - Caribbean descent . At the age of 17 , Anderson moved to London in order to launch his music career . Acting career ( edit ) Anderson played Angelo in the film 4.3. 2.1 . He starred in the ITV drama series Injustice as Simon , a teenager in a youth offender institution . He also had a one - episode guest role on Outnumbered . He also appeared in an episode of Skins , and appeared in the feature film Comedown , co-starring Adulthood 's Adam Deacon and directed by Kidulthood director Menhaj Huda . Anderson featured in various plays , including Dunsinane for the RSC , King Lear ( with Pete Postlethwaite ) at the Young Vic Theatre , and War Horse at the National Theatre . He was seen in the teen slasher film Demons Never Die , playing Ricky , and is currently appearing in the BBC Two comedy Episodes , alongside Matt LeBlanc and Stephen Mangan . In 2012 , Anderson was cast for the third season of HBO 's television series Game of Thrones as Grey Worm , the leader of the Unsullied . Anderson continues to portray this role through season 4 , season 5 , season 6 and season 7 . Anderson played Dean Thomas , the boyfriend of Chloe Latimer , on the ITV drama Broadchurch in 2013 . Music career ( edit ) In 2006 , Anderson was featured as a vocalist on Typesun 's `` The PL '' . They released another track in 2007 , titled `` Let Me Know . '' Anderson recorded a song with Plan B , which was featured on the Adulthood soundtrack , titled `` I Need Love . '' In 2013 , Anderson signed to Columbia Records , and released a free three - track EP , The Middle Child , under the stage name Raleigh Ritchie . A second EP , Black and Blue , followed in 2014 . Anderson 's musical influences include Erykah Badu , David Bowie , Jill Scott , The Smiths , and Stevie Wonder . He attributes the inspiration for many of the songs on his first album , `` Black and Blue '' to time spent with his older brother , Alfie Anderson , and his younger cousin Matan Inbar - Hansen , on family trips to California . In March 2014 , his track `` Stronger Than Ever '' from Black and Blue was remixed by UK garage producer M.J. Cole and released as a standalone single . `` Stronger Than Ever '' has been used in television adverts promoting the launch of ITV Encore , as well as in montage videos during Sky Sports ' coverage of Professional Darts Corporation events . The song peaked at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart . Anderson supported George Ezra on his Spring 2015 UK tour . His debut album , You 're a Man Now , Boy , was released February 26 , 2016 . He also featured on Stormzy 's debut album `` Gang Signs & Prayer '' track 13 - ' Dont Cry For Me ' which was released on February 24 , 2017 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Raleigh Ritchie discography You 're a Man Now , Boy ( 2016 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Adulthood Omen Chatroom Si 4.3. 2.1 . Angelo 2011 Demons Never Die Ricky 2012 Comedown Lloyd 2012 Offender Patrick 2018 Overlord Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Doctors Ryan Garvey Episode : `` Social Disease '' 2007 The Bill Clayton Fortune Episode : `` Code of Silence '' 2007 The Whistleblowers Anthony James Episode : `` No Child Left Behind '' 2008 Primeval Lucien Episode : `` # 2.4 '' 2008 Casualty Dom Parke Episode : `` Diamond Dogs '' 2008 Spooks Dean Mitchell Episode : `` # 7.6 '' 2011 Injustice Simon 3 episodes 2011 Outnumbered Chugger Episode : `` # 4.2 '' 2012 Skins Ryan Episode : `` Mini '' 2012 Silent Witness Dave 2 episodes 2012 Episodes Kevin 8 episodes 2012 Beaver Falls Randy Episode : `` # 2.2 '' 2013 -- 2014 The Mimic Steven Coombs Series Regular ; 10 episodes 2013 -- present Game of Thrones Grey Worm Recurring ; 28 episodes 2013 Broadchurch Dean Thomas 6 episodes Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 Chicken Shop Date Himself 1 episode 2016 -- 2017 Game Grumps Himself 4 episodes 2017 Jack & Dean Of All Trades Marcus Rose Episode : `` Librarians '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) MOBO Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated work Category Result Ref ( s ) 2014 Raleigh Ritchie Best Newcomer Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award ( edit ) Year Nominated work Category Result Ref ( s ) 2015 Game of Thrones Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Nominated Urban Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominated work Category Result Ref ( s ) 2016 Raleigh Ritchie Best Newcomer Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Games of Thrones Intros New Black Characters '' . Jet. 1 April 2013 . 22 - year - old Jacob Anderson will play Grey Worm Jump up ^ Bustos , Kristina . `` Game of Thrones casts Ed Skrein , Jacob Anderson '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Angela ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Raleigh Ritchie : my family values '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` Raleigh Ritchie : Game of Thrones star Jacob Anderson talks about '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Jacob Anderson as Simon . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Daenerys ' sexy Stormcrow captain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` New prop images from the House of Black and White , actors on set in Split , and more '' . Watchers on the Wall . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Seale , Jack ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Broadchurch : who 's the killer '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing ... Raleigh Ritchie '' . Newsbeat. 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George EZRA on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2015 ( holding page ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for the 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.urbanmusicawards.co/solange-knowles-craig-david-skepta-beyonce-wstrn-giggs-mo-kanye-west/ External links ( edit ) Jacob Anderson on IMDb BNF : cb16701908p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0004 1849 7094 MusicBrainz : 17974c19 - 6b8e - 4f3c - a3ef - 5533a5ad456f VIAF : 305230507 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Anderson&oldid=848356277 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people 21st - century British male actors 21st - century English singers Male actors from Bristol Black British male actors British male film actors British male television actors Columbia Records artists English male singers Black British singers British contemporary R&B singers English singer - songwriters Musicians from Bristol Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 12 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Anderson

working principle of high pressure sodium vapour lamp

Sodium - vapor lamp

sodium - vapor lamp

A sodium - vapor lamp is a gas - discharge lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to produce light at a characteristic wavelength near 589 nm .

There are two varieties of such lamps : low pressure and high pressure . Low - pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient electrical light sources , but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as street lamps . High - pressure sodium lamps produce a broader spectrum of light than the low - pressure lamps , but they still have poorer color rendering than other types of lamps . Low - pressure sodium lamps only give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit color vision at night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Low - pressure sodium 1.1 Light pollution considerations 1.2 Film special effects 2 High - pressure sodium 2.1 `` White '' SON 2.2 Theory of operation 3 End of life 4 ANSI HPS ballast codes 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Low - pressure sodium ( edit ) An unlit 35 W LPS / SOX lamp A running 35 W LPS / SOX lamp Spectrum of a low - pressure sodium lamp . The intense yellow band is the atomic sodium D - line emission , comprising about 90 % of the visible light emission for this lamp type . Low - pressure sodium ( LPS ) lamps have a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube ( arc tube ) containing solid sodium , a small amount of neon , and argon gas in a Penning mixture to start the gas discharge . The discharge tube may be linear ( SLI lamp ) or U-shaped . When the lamp is first started , it emits a dim red / pink light to warm the sodium metal ; within a few minutes as the sodium metal vaporizes , the emission becomes the common bright yellow . These lamps produce a virtually monochromatic light averaging a 589.3 nm wavelength ( actually two dominant spectral lines very close together at 589.0 and 589.6 nm ) . The colors of objects illuminated by only this narrow bandwidth are difficult to distinguish . LPS lamps have an outer glass vacuum envelope around the inner discharge tube for thermal insulation , which improves their efficiency . Earlier LPS lamps had a detachable dewar jacket ( SO lamps ) . Lamps with a permanent vacuum envelope ( SOI lamps ) were developed to improve thermal insulation . Further improvement was attained by coating the glass envelope with an infrared reflecting layer of indium tin oxide , resulting in SOX lamps . LPS lamps are among the most efficient electrical light sources when measured in photopic lighting conditions , producing above 100 and up to 200 lm / W . This high efficiency is partly due to the light emitted being at a wavelength near the peak sensitivity of the human eye . They are used mainly for outdoor lighting ( such as street lights and security lighting ) where faithful color rendition is not important . Recent studies show that under typical nighttime mesopic driving conditions , whiter light can provide better results at a lower level of illumination . LPS lamps are similar to fluorescent lamps in that they are a low - intensity light source with a linear lamp shape . They do not exhibit a bright arc as do High - intensity discharge ( HID ) lamps ; they emit a softer luminous glow , resulting in less glare . Unlike HID lamps , during a voltage dip low - pressure sodium lamps return to full brightness rapidly . LPS lamps are available with power ratings from 10 W up to 180 W ; longer bulb lengths can , however , suffer design and engineering problems . Modern LPS lamps have a service life of about 18,000 hours and do not decline in lumen output with age , though they do increase in energy consumption by about 10 % towards end of life . This property contrasts with mercury vapor HID lamps , which become dimmer towards the end of life to the point of being ineffective , while consuming undiminished electrical power . Light pollution considerations ( edit ) For locations where light pollution is a consideration , such as near astronomical observatories or sea turtle nesting beaches , low - pressure sodium is preferred ( as formerly in San Jose and Flagstaff , Arizona ) . Such lamps emit light on just two dominant spectral lines ( with other much weaker lines ) , and therefore have the least spectral interference with astronomical observation . The yellow color of low - pressure sodium lamps also leads to the least visual sky glow , due primarily to the Purkinje shift of dark - adapted human vision , causing the eye to be relatively insensitive to the yellow light scattered at low luminance levels in the clear atmosphere . One consequence of widespread public lighting is that on cloudy nights , cities with enough lighting are illuminated by light reflected off the clouds . Where sodium vapor lights are the source of urban illumination , the night sky is tinged with orange . Film special effects ( edit ) Sodium vapor process ( occasionally referred to as yellowscreen ) is a film technique that relies on narrowband characteristics of LPS lamp . Color negative film is typically not sensitive to the yellow light from an LPS lamp , but special black - and - white film is able to record it . Using a special camera , scenes are recorded on two spools simultaneously , one with actors ( or other foreground objects ) and another that becomes a mask for later combination with different background . This technique originally yielded results superior to blue - screen technology , and was used in years 1956 to 1990 , mostly by Disney Studios . Notable examples of films using this technique include Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds and the Disney films Mary Poppins and Bedknobs and Broomsticks . Later advancements in blue - and green - screen techniques and computer imagery closed that gap , leaving SVP economically impractical . High - pressure sodium ( edit ) High - pressure sodium lamp in operation Spectrum of high - pressure sodium lamp . The yellow - red band on the left is the atomic sodium D - line emission ; the turquoise line is a sodium line that is otherwise quite weak in a low pressure discharge , but becomes intense in a high - pressure discharge . Most of the other green , blue and violet lines arise from mercury . Diagram showing the spectral output of a typical high - pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamp . Office building illuminated by high - pressure sodium lamps . High - pressure sodium lamp Philips SON - T Master 600 W High - pressure sodium lamps ( sometimes called HPS lights ) have been widely used in industrial lighting , especially in large manufacturing facilities , and are commonly used as plant grow lights . They have also been widely used for outdoor area lighting , such as on roadways , parking lots and security areas . Understanding the change in human color vision sensitivity from photopic to mesopic and scotopic is essential for proper planning when designing lighting for roadways . High - pressure sodium lamps are quite efficient -- about 100 lm / W -- when measured for photopic lighting conditions . The higher power lamps ( 600 W ) have an efficiency of 150 lm / W . As the high - pressure sodium arc is extremely chemically reactive , the arc tube is typically made of translucent aluminum oxide . This construction led General Electric to use the tradename `` Lucalox '' for their line of high - pressure sodium lamps . Xenon at a low pressure is used as a `` starter gas '' in the HPS lamp . It has the lowest thermal conductivity and lowest ionization potential of all the non-radioactive noble gases . As a noble gas , it does not interfere with the chemical reactions occurring in the operating lamp . The low thermal conductivity minimizes thermal losses in the lamp while in the operating state , and the low ionization potential causes the breakdown voltage of the gas to be relatively low in the cold state , which allows the lamp to be easily started . `` White '' SON ( edit ) A variation of the high - pressure sodium introduced in 1986 , the White SON has a higher pressure than the typical HPS / SON lamp , producing a color temperature of around 2700 K with a CRI of 85 , greatly resembling the color of an incandescent light . These lamps are often used indoors in cafes and restaurants for aesthetic effect . However , white SON lamps have higher purchase cost , shorter life , and lower light efficiency , and can not compete with HPS at this time . Theory of operation ( edit ) Diagram of a high - pressure sodium lamp . An amalgam of metallic sodium and mercury lies at the coolest part of the lamp and provides the sodium and mercury vapor that is needed to draw an arc . The temperature of the amalgam is determined to a great extent by lamp power . The higher the lamp power , the higher will be the amalgam temperature . The higher the temperature of the amalgam , the higher will be the mercury and sodium vapor pressures in the lamp and the higher will be the terminal voltage . As the temperature rises , the constant current and increasing voltage consumes increasing energy until the operating level of power is reached . For a given voltage , there are generally three modes of operation : The lamp is extinguished and no current flows . The lamp is operating with liquid amalgam in the tube . The lamp is operating with all amalgam evaporated . The first and last states are stable , because the lamp resistance is weakly related to the voltage , but the second state is unstable . Any anomalous increase in current will cause an increase in power , causing an increase in amalgam temperature , which will cause a decrease in resistance , which will cause a further increase in current . This will create a runaway effect , and the lamp will jump to the high - current state ( # 3 ) . Because actual lamps are not designed to handle this much power , this would result in catastrophic failure . Similarly , an anomalous drop in current will drive the lamp to extinction . It is the second state that is the desired operating state of the lamp , because a slow loss of the amalgam over time from a reservoir will have less effect on the characteristics of the lamp than a fully evaporated amalgam . The result is an average lamp life in excess of 20,000 hours . In practical use , the lamp is powered by an AC voltage source in series with an inductive `` ballast '' in order to supply a nearly constant current to the lamp , rather than a constant voltage , thus assuring stable operation . The ballast is usually inductive rather than simply being resistive to minimize energy waste from resistance losses . Because the lamp effectively extinguishes at each zero - current point in the AC cycle , the inductive ballast assists in the reignition by providing a voltage spike at the zero - current point . The light from the lamp consists of atomic emission lines of mercury and sodium , but is dominated by the sodium D - line emission . This line is extremely pressure ( resonance ) broadened and is also self - reversed because of absorption in the cooler outer layers of the arc , giving the lamp its improved color rendering characteristics . In addition , the red wing of the D - line emission is further pressure broadened by the Van der Waals forces from the mercury atoms in the arc . End of life ( edit ) Sodium vapor street light Closeup after dark At end of life , high - pressure sodium ( HPS ) lamps exhibit a phenomenon known as cycling , caused by a loss of sodium in the arc . Sodium is a highly reactive element and is lost in a reaction with the aluminum oxide of the arc tube . The products are sodium oxide and aluminum : 6 Na + Al O → 3 Na O + 2 Al As a result , these lamps can be started at a relatively low voltage , but , as they heat up during operation , the internal gas pressure within the arc tube rises , and more and more voltage is required to maintain the arc discharge . As a lamp gets older , the maintaining voltage for the arc eventually rises to exceed the maximum voltage output by the electrical ballast . As the lamp heats to this point , the arc fails , and the lamp goes out . Eventually , with the arc extinguished , the lamp cools down again , the gas pressure in the arc tube is reduced , and the ballast can once again cause the arc to strike . The effect of this is that the lamp glows for a while and then goes out , typically starting at a pure or bluish white then moving to a red - orange before going out . More sophisticated ballast designs detect cycling and give up attempting to start the lamp after a few cycles , as the repeated high - voltage ignitions needed to restart the arc reduce the lifetime of the ballast . If power is removed and reapplied , the ballast will make a new series of startup attempts . LPS lamp failure does not result in cycling ; rather , the lamp will simply not strike or will maintain the dull red glow of the start - up phase . In another failure mode , a tiny puncture of the arc tube leaks some of the sodium vapor into the outer vacuum bulb . The sodium condenses and creates a mirror on the outer glass , partially obscuring the arc tube . The lamp often continues operating normally , but much of the light generated is obscured by the sodium coating , providing no illumination . ANSI HPS ballast codes ( edit ) Power output ANSI codes 35 W S76 50 W S68 70 W S62 100 W S54 150 W S55 200 W S66 250 W S50 310 W S67 400 W S51 600 W S106 750 W S111 1000 W S52 See also ( edit ) Arc lamp High - intensity discharge lamp ( HID ) History of street lighting in the United States List of light sources Metal - halide lamp Mercury - vapor lamp Neon lamp Street light Sulfur lamp Light pollution Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sodium : It 's salt , soda and street lights , but also much more '' . Education in Chemistry . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Public Works , Department of Public Works ( 1980 ) . San Jose : Study and report on low - pressure sodium lighting . San Jose : City of San Jose . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Luginbuhl , Christian B. `` Low - Pressure Sodium Issues and FAQ '' . U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station . US Navy . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SLI / H Sodium '' . Lamptech.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SO / H Sodium '' . Lamptech.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SOI / H Sodium '' . Lamptech.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SOX Sodium '' . Lamptech.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Philips SOX low pressure sodium lamp product family leaflet '' ( PDF ) . Philips Lighting product catalog . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mesoptic Street Lighting Demonstration and Evaluation Final Report '' ( PDF ) . Lighting research Center , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . January 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . ( Comparison is with HPS and MH lamps ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Flagstaff Lighting Code '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Luginbuhl , C.B. ( 12 -- 16 July 1999 ) , `` Why Astronomy Needs Low - Pressure Sodium Lighting '' ( PDF ) , in R.J. Cohen ; W.T. Sullivan , Why Astronomy Needs Low - Pressure Sodium Lighting , Preserving the Astronomical Sky , Proceedings of IAU Symposium 196 , Vienna , Austria : International Astronomical Union ( published 2001 ) , p. 81 Jump up ^ Luginbuhl , C.B. ; Boley , P.A. ; Daviws , D.R. ( May 2014 ) . `` The impact of light source spectral power distribution on sky glow '' . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer . Elsevier . 139 : 21 -- 26 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jqsrt. 2013.12. 004 . Jump up ^ Aubé , M. ; Roby , J. ; Kocifaj , M. ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Evaluating Potential Spectral Impacts of Various Artificial Lights on Melatonin Suppression , Photosynthesis , and Star Visibility '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e67798 . PMC 3702543 . PMID 23861808 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0067798 . Jump up ^ `` Philips SDW - T High Pressure Sodium White SON '' . WebExhibits . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . References ( edit ) de Groot , JJ ; van Vliet ; JAJM ( 1986 ) . The High - Pressure Sodium Lamp . Deventer : Kluwer Technische Boeken BV . ISBN 978 - 90 - 201 - 1902 - 2 . OCLC 16637733 . Waymouth , John F ( 1971 ) . Electric Discharge Lamps . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 23048 - 3 . OCLC 214331 . Museum of Electric Discharge Lamps ( hide ) Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium-vapor_lamp&oldid=800197342 '' Categories : Gas discharge lamps Light pollution Sodium Street lighting Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-vapor%20lamp

what is the latest red hat linux version

Red Hat Enterprise Linux GNOME 3 on RHEL 7 Developer Red Hat , Inc . OS family Linux Working state Current Source model Open source ( with exceptions ) Initial release February 22 , 2000 ; 18 years ago ( 2000 - 02 - 22 ) Latest release 7.5 , 6.10 , 5.11 / April 10 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) , June 19 , 2018 ; 54 days ago ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) , September 16 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) Latest preview 6.10 Beta / April 25 , 2018 ; 3 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) Marketing target Commercial market ( including for mainframes , servers , supercomputers ) Available in Multilingual Update method Long - term support ( LTS ) Package manager Yum ( command - line front - end ) , yumex ( graphical front - end ) PackageKit ( graphical front - ends ) RPM ( package format ) Platforms ARM64 , x86 - 32 , x86 - 64 ; Power Architecture ; S / 390 ; z / Architecture Kernel type Monolithic ( Linux ) Userland GNU Default user interface GNOME License Various free software licenses , plus proprietary binary blobs Preceded by Red Hat Linux Official website www.redhat.com/rhel

7.5

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

red hat enterprise linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ) is a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat and targeted toward the commercial market . Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86 , x86 - 64 , Itanium , PowerPC and IBM System z , and desktop versions for x86 and x86 - 64 . All of the Red Hat 's official support and training , together with the Red Hat Certification Program , focuses on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform . Red Hat Enterprise Linux is often abbreviated to RHEL , although this is not an official designation .

The first version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux to bear the name originally came onto the market as `` Red Hat Linux Advanced Server '' . In 2003 Red Hat rebranded Red Hat Linux Advanced Server to `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS '' , and added two more variants , Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES and Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS . Red Hat uses strict trademark rules to restrict free re-distribution of their officially supported versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux , but still freely provides its source code . Third - party derivatives can be built and redistributed by stripping away non-free components like Red Hat 's trademarks . Examples include community - supported distributions like CentOS and Scientific Linux , and commercial forks like Oracle Linux , which does not offer 100 % binary compatibility with Red Hat Enterprise Linux , because Oracle uses a non-standard process to clear the Red Hat brand . Contents 1 Variants 2 Relationship with Fedora 3 Rebuilds 4 Related products and add - ons 5 Version history and timeline 5.1 RHEL 7 5.2 RHEL 6 5.3 RHEL 5 5.4 RHEL 4 5.5 RHEL 3 5.6 RHEL 2.1 6 Product life cycle 6.1 Kernel backporting 7 Extended Update Support ( EUS ) / Z Tree 7.1 Note 7.2 RHEL 6 7.3 RHEL 7 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Variants ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server subscription is available at no cost for development purposes . Developers need to register for the Red Hat Developer Program and agree to licensing terms forbidding production use . This free developer subscription was announced on March 31 , 2016 . There are also `` Academic '' editions of the Desktop and Server variants . They are offered to schools and students , are less expensive , and are provided with Red Hat technical support as an optional extra . Web support based on number of customer contacts can be purchased separately . It is often assumed the branding ES , AS , and WS stand for `` Entry - level Server '' , `` Advanced Server '' and `` Work Station '' , respectively . The reason for this is that the ES product is indeed the company 's base enterprise server product , while AS is the more advanced product . However , nowhere on its site or in its literature does Red Hat say what AS , ES and WS stand for . In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 there are new editions that substitute former Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS / ES / WS / Desktop : Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform ( former AS ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( former ES ) ( limited to two CPUs ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop with Workstation and Multi-OS option Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop with Workstation option ( former WS ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop with Multi-OS option Red Hat Enterprise Linux Desktop ( former Desktop ) Red Hat had also announced its Red Hat Global Desktop Linux edition `` for emerging markets '' . RHEL 4 , 3 , and prior releases had four variants : Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS for mission - critical / enterprise computer systems . Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES for supported network servers Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS for technical power user enterprise desktops for high - performance computing Red Hat Desktop for multiple deployments of single - user desktops for enterprises . Relationship with Fedora ( edit ) Originally , Red Hat sold support for versions of Red Hat Linux ( Red Hat Linux Enterprise Edition 6.2 E was essentially a version of Red Hat Linux 6.2 / 7 with different support levels . ) Starting with RHEL 2.1 AS in 2002 , Red Hat sold their first version of RHEL . It was based on Red Hat Linux , but used a much more conservative release cycle . Later versions included technologies from the Red Hat -- sponsored Fedora community distribution project . Red Hat Enterprise Linux release schedules do not follow that of Fedora ( around 6 months per release ) but are more conservative ( 2 years or more ) . Fedora serves as upstream for future versions of RHEL . RHEL trees are forked off the Fedora repository , and released after a substantial stabilization and quality assurance effort . For example , RHEL 6 was forked from Fedora at the end of 2009 ( approximately at the time of the Fedora 12 release ) and released more or less together with Fedora 14 . By the time RHEL 6 was released , many features from Fedora 13 and 14 had already been backported into it . The Fedora Project lists the following lineages for older Red Hat Enterprise releases : Red Hat Linux 6.2 / 7 → Red Hat Linux Enterprise Edition 6.2 E Red Hat Linux 7.2 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Red Hat Linux 10 beta 1 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Fedora Core 3 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 Fedora Core 6 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Fedora 12 , 13 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Fedora 19 , 20 → Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 ( Note about Fedora Core 1 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 : Red Hat released Red Hat Linux 10 beta 1 , then took two forks from that codebase to seed both Fedora Core 1 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 beta releases . There was some cross-pollination between the two up until shortly before the first production RHEL 3 release . Therefore , both FC1 and RHEL3 came from a common fork of RHL10beta1 . ) In addition , the Fedora project includes Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux ( EPEL ) , a community - provided set of packages for RHEL going beyond the ones that Red Hat selected for inclusion in its supported distribution . The Fedora project provides the following explanation : Both Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are open source . Fedora is a free distribution and community project and upstream for Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Fedora is a general purpose system that gives Red Hat and the rest of its contributor community the chance to innovate rapidly with new technologies . Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a commercial enterprise operating system and has its own set of test phases including alpha and beta releases which are separate and distinct from Fedora development . Rebuilds ( edit ) Main article : Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives Originally , Red Hat 's enterprise product , then known as Red Hat Linux , was made freely available to anybody who wished to download it , while Red Hat made money from support . Red Hat then moved towards splitting its product line into Red Hat Enterprise Linux which was designed to be stable and with long - term support for enterprise users and Fedora as the community distribution and project sponsored by Red Hat . The use of trademarks prevents verbatim copying of Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Since Red Hat Enterprise Linux is based completely on free and open source software , Red Hat makes available the complete source code to its enterprise distribution through its FTP site to anybody who wants it . Accordingly , several groups have taken this source code and compiled their own versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux , typically with the only changes being the removal of any references to Red Hat 's trademarks and pointing the update systems to non-Red Hat servers . Groups which have undertaken this include CentOS ( the 8th most popular Linux distribution as of November 2011 ) , Oracle Linux , Scientific Linux , White Box Enterprise Linux , StartCom Enterprise Linux , Pie Box Enterprise Linux , X / OS , Lineox , and Bull 's XBAS for high - performance computing . All provide a free mechanism for applying updates without paying a service fee to the distributor . Rebuilds of Red Hat Enterprise Linux are free but do not get any commercial support or consulting services from Red Hat and lack any software , hardware or security certifications . Also , the rebuilds do not get access to Red Hat services like Red Hat Network . Unusually , Red Hat took steps to obfuscate their changes to the Linux kernel for 6.0 by not publicly providing the patch files for their changes in the source tarball , and only releasing the finished product in source form . Speculation suggested that the move was made to affect Oracle 's competing rebuild and support services , which further modifies the distribution . This practice however , still complies with the GNU GPL since source code is defined as `` ( the ) preferred form of the work for making modifications to it '' , and the distribution still complies with this definition . Red Hat 's CTO Brian Stevens later confirmed the change , stating that certain information ( such as patch information ) would now only be provided to paying customers to make the Red Hat product more competitive against the growing number of companies offering support for products based on RHEL . CentOS developers had no objections to the change since they do not make any changes to the kernel beyond what is provided by Red Hat . Their competitor Oracle announced in November 2012 that they were releasing a RedPatch service , which allows public view of the RHEL kernel changes , broken down by patch . Related products and Add - ons ( edit ) See also : Commercial products based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux A number of commercial vendors use Red Hat Enterprise Linux as a base for the operating system in their products . Two of the best known are the Console Operating System in VMware ESX Server and Oracle Linux respin . Version History and Timeline ( edit ) RHEL 7 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 ( Maipo ) is based on Fedora 19 , upstream Linux kernel 3.10 , systemd 208 , and GNOME 3.8 ( rebased to GNOME 3.26 in RHEL 7.5 ) . The first beta was announced on 11 December 2013 , and a release candidate was made available on 15 April 2014 . On June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 was officially released . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 ( Maipo ) , June 10 , 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) , uses Linux kernel 3.10. 0 - 123 7.1 , also termed Update 1 , March 5 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 229 ) 7.2 , also termed Update 2 , November 19 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 327 ) 7.3 , also termed Update 3 , November 3 , 2016 ; 20 months ago ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 514 ) 7.4 , also termed Update 4 , August 1 , 2017 ; 12 months ago ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 693 ) 7.5 , also termed Update 5 , April 10 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 862 ) RHEL 6 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 was forked from Fedora 12 and contains many backported features from Fedora 13 and 14 . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 ( Santiago ) , November 10 , 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) , uses Linux kernel 2.6. 32 - 71 6.1 , also termed Update 1 , May 19 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 131 ) 6.2 , also termed Update 2 , December 6 , 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 220 ) 6.3 , also termed Update 3 , June 20 , 2012 ; 6 years ago ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 279 ) 6.4 , also termed Update 4 , February 21 , 2013 ; 5 years ago ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 358 ) 6.5 , also termed Update 5 , November 21 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 431 ) 6.6 , also termed Update 6 , October 13 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 504 ) 6.7 , also termed Update 7 , July 22 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 573 ) 6.8 , also termed Update 8 , May 10 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 642 ) 6.9 , also termed Update 9 , March 21 , 2017 ; 16 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 696 ) 6.10 , also termed Update 10 , June 19 , 2018 ; 54 days ago ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 754 ) 6 ELS + , Extended Life - cycle Support ( ELS ) Start Date November 30 , 2020 ; 2 years ' time ( 2020 - 11 - 30 ) aka added ELS entitlement until ELS end Date June 30 , 2024 ; 5 years ' time ( 2024 - 06 - 30 ) RHEL 5 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 ( Tikanga ) , 2007 , uses Linux kernel 2.6. 18 - 8 5.1 , also termed Update 1 , November 7 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 53 ) 5.2 , also termed Update 2 , May 21 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 92 ) 5.3 , also termed Update 3 , January 20 , 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 01 - 20 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 128 ) 5.4 , also termed Update 4 , September 2 , 2009 ; 8 years ago ( 2009 - 09 - 02 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 164 ) 5.5 , also termed Update 5 , March 30 , 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 194 ) 5.6 , also termed Update 6 , January 13 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 238 ) 5.7 , also termed Update 7 , July 21 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 274 ) 5.8 , also termed Update 8 , February 20 , 2012 ; 6 years ago ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 308 ) 5.9 , also termed Update 9 , January 7 , 2013 ; 5 years ago ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 348 ) 5.10 , also termed Update 10 , October 1 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 371 ) 5.11 , also termed Update 11 , September 16 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) ( kernel 2.6. 18 - 398 ) 5.11 + , Extended Life - cycle Support ( ELS ) Start Date March 31 , 2017 ; 16 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) aka added ELS entitlement until ELS end Date November 30 , 2020 ; 2 years ' time ( 2020 - 11 - 30 ) RHEL 4 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 ( Nahant ) , February 15 , 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 02 - 15 ) , uses Linux kernel 2.6. 9 - 5 4.1 , also termed Update 1 , June 8 , 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 11 ) 4.2 , also termed Update 2 , October 5 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 22 ) 4.3 , also termed Update 3 , March 12 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 03 - 12 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 34 ) 4.4 , also termed Update 4 , August 10 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 08 - 10 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 42 ) 4.5 , also termed Update 5 , May 1 , 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 - 05 - 01 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 55 ) 4.6 , also termed Update 6 , November 15 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 67 ) 4.7 , also termed Update 7 , July 29 , 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 78 ) 4.8 , also termed Update 8 , May 19 , 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 89 ) 4.9 , also termed Update 9 , February 16 , 2011 ; 7 years ago ( 2011 - 02 - 16 ) ( kernel 2.6. 9 - 100 ) RHEL 3 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 ( Taroon ) , October 22 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 10 - 22 ) , uses Linux kernel 2.4. 21 - 4 Update 1 , January 16 , 2004 ; 14 years ago ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 9 ) Update 2 , May 12 , 2004 ; 14 years ago ( 2004 - 05 - 12 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 15 ) Update 3 , September 3 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 09 - 03 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 20 ) Update 4 , December 12 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 12 - 12 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 27 ) Update 5 , May 18 , 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 32 ) Update 6 , September 28 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 09 - 28 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 37 ) Update 7 , March 17 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 40 ) Update 8 , July 20 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( 2006 - 07 - 20 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 47 ) Update 9 , June 15 , 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) ( kernel 2.4. 21 - 50 ) RHEL 2.1 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 AS ( Pensacola ) , March 26 , 2002 ; 16 years ago ( 2002 - 03 - 26 ) , uses Linux kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 3 Update 1 , February 14 , 2003 ; 15 years ago ( 2003 - 02 - 14 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 12 ) Update 2 , May 29 , 2003 ; 15 years ago ( 2003 - 05 - 29 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 24 ) Update 3 , December 19 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 12 - 19 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 34 ) Update 4 , April 21 , 2004 ; 14 years ago ( 2004 - 04 - 21 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 40 ) Update 5 , August 18 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 08 - 18 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 49 ) Update 6 , December 13 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 12 - 13 ) ( kernel 2.4. 9 - e. 57 ) Update 7 , April 28 , 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 04 - 28 ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES ( Panama ) , May 2003 Product Life cycle ( edit ) The life cycle of Red Hat Enterprise Linux is at least seven years for versions 3 and 4 , while it spans at least 10 years for more recent versions 5 , 6 and 7 . The life cycle comprises several phases of varying length with different degrees of support . During the first phase ( `` Production 1 '' ) , Red Hat provides full support and updates software and hardware drivers . In later phases ( `` Production 2 '' and `` Production 3 '' ) only security and other important fixes are provided and support for new hardware is gradually reduced . In the last years of the support lifecycle ( after seven years for the version 4 and earlier , or after 10 years for the version 5 and later ) , critical and security - related fixes are only provided to customers who pay an additional subscription ( `` Extended Lifecycle Support Add - On '' ) that is available for versions 3 , 4 and 5 , and covers a limited number of packages . RHEL Version Release date End of Production 1 phase End of Production 2 phase End of Production 3 phase End of Extended Lifecycle Support Last Minor Release Old version , no longer supported : 2.1 26 March 2002 ( AS ) 1 May 2003 ( ES ) 30 November 2004 31 May 2005 31 May 2009 N / A Old version , no longer supported : 3 23 October 2003 20 July 2006 30 June 2007 31 October 2010 30 January 2014 Old version , no longer supported : 4 14 February 2005 31 March 2009 16 February 2011 29 February 2012 31 March 2017 4.9 Older version , yet still supported : 5 15 March 2007 8 January 2013 31 January 2014 31 March 2017 30 November 2020 5.11 Older version , yet still supported : 6 10 November 2010 10 May 2016 10 May 2017 30 November 2020 30 June 2024 6.10 Current stable version : 7 10 June 2014 Q4 2019 Q4 2020 30 June 2024 N / A 7.5 Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release Kernel backporting ( edit ) To maintain a stable application binary interface ( ABI ) , Red Hat does not update the kernel version , but instead backports new features to the same kernel version with which a particular version of RHEL has been released . New features are backported throughout the Production 1 phase of the RHEL lifecycle . Consequently , RHEL may use a Linux kernel with a dated version number , yet the kernel is up - to - date regarding not only security fixes , but also certain features . One specific example is the SO_REUSEPORT socket option which was added to Linux kernel 3.9 , and was subsequently backported and became available since RHEL 6.5 , which uses version 2.6. 32 of the Linux kernel . Extended Update support ( EUS ) / z tree ( edit ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Assumes knowledge about what EUS and / or Z Tree is and makes assumptions about use cases for using it . Please help improve this article if you can . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Extended Update Support ( EUS ) allows an organization / company to choose when they change to a new minor version . For the first 6 months of the EUS channel / yum repo , features may be added , but then the channel is locked down so that only bug and security fixes are patched . The organization / company then has 24 months to move to a new EUS branch . EUS allows the organization / company to stay on a minor version if required by a third party application which is only tested with a particular minor version of RHEL , such as Oracle Database , IBM DB2 , IBM Cloud Orchestrator , etc . There may also be extra costs associated with using the EUS repos / channels depending on the agreement the organization / company has with Red Hat . For more information on what is Included / Excluded from the EUS see . Note ( edit ) The EUS update mechanism for using older minor version branches is not available to CentOS , Oracle Linux and Scientific Linux , as Red Hat do not publish source packages for rebuilding . As such , projects clearly state to ensure users run on the latest available minor version within a supported major release RHEL 6 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 was forked from Fedora 12 and contains many backported features from Fedora 13 and 14 . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 ( Santiago ) , 10 November 2010 , uses Linux kernel 2.6. 32 - 71 6.7 , also termed Update 7 , July 22 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 573 ) 1st Day of EUS Window July 22 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) Last Day of EUS Window July 31 , 2018 ; 12 days ago ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 6.8 , also termed Update 8 , May 10 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) ( kernel 2.6. 32 - 642 ) 1st Day of EUS Window May 10 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) Last Day of EUS Window May 30 , 2018 ; 2 months ago ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) RHEL 7 ( edit ) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 ( Maipo ) is based on Fedora 19 , upstream Linux kernel 3.10 , 10 June 2014 , uses Linux kernel 3.10. 0 - 123 7.1 , also termed Update 1 , March 5 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 229 ) 1st Day of EUS Window March 5 , 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) Last Day of EUS Window March 31 , 2017 ; 16 months ago ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 7.2 , also termed Update 2 , November 19 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 327 ) 1st Day of EUS Window November 19 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) Last Day of EUS Window November 30 , 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 7.3 , also termed Update 3 , November 3 , 2016 ; 20 months ago ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 514 ) 1st Day of EUS Window November 3 , 2016 ; 20 months ago ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) Last Day of EUS Window November 30 , 2018 ; 3 months ' time ( 2018 - 11 - 30 ) Features may be updated 7.4 , also termed Update 4 , August 1 , 2017 ; 12 months ago ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 693 ) 1st Day of EUS Window August 1 , 2017 ; 12 months ago ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) Last Day of EUS Window August 31 , 2019 ; 12 months ' time ( 2019 - 08 - 31 ) 7.5 , also termed Update 5 , April 10 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) ( kernel 3.10. 0 - 862 ) 1st Day of EUS Window April 10 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Last Day of EUS Window April 30 , 2020 ; 20 months ' time ( 2020 - 04 - 30 ) See also ( edit ) Red Hat Virtualization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Explaining Why We Do n't Endorse Other Systems '' . the Free Software Foundation . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Press Releases '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 2001 - 03 - 04 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.10 Beta now available Jump up ^ 6.10 Release Notes - Red Hat Customer Portal Jump up ^ `` Red Hat introduces Arm server support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Supported Architectures '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tips and tricks : How do I properly refer to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 , Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 , Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 in documentation and when conversing with fellow users and customers ? '' . redhatmagazine.com. 2008 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ESR : `` We Do n't Need the GPL Anymore '' `` . onlamp.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Downloads : Red Hat Developers '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enterprise Linux Academic Subscriptions '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Moving to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 '' . Red Hat . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Version Comparison Chart '' . Red Hat . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Red_Hat_Global_Desktop_Linux : _The_Best_Kept_Secret ? '' . linuxtoday.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fedora project wiki , History of Red Hat Linux '' . fedoraproject.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fedora project wiki , Red Hat Enterprise Linux History '' . fedoraproject.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Announces Availability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Beta '' . Red Hat. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fedora project wiki , the difference between Fedora and RHEL '' . fedoraproject.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Linux Distributions - Facts and Figures '' . distrowatch.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SLURM at CEA '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Controversy surrounds Red Hat 's `` obfuscated '' source code release `` . The H. Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat defends changes to kernel source distribution '' . The H. Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Neil McAllister ( 12 Nov 2012 ) . `` Oracle : Get your Red Hat Linux patches from us , it 's easier . New service lets public browse kernel fixes '' . The Register . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Project : RedPatch '' . oss.oracle.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` RHEL 7.5 Release Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Red Hat Summit '' . See for example this presentation Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Release Candidate Now Available '' . redhat.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Unveils Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 '' . redhat.com. 2014 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Updates and Related Kernel Versions '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` redhat - release enhancement update for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2 now available '' . Red Hat , Inc. 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3 now available - Red Hat Customer Portal '' . access.redhat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 now available '' . access.redhat.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.5 Released '' . access.redhat.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` redhat - release - as - 2.1 AS - 121. src. rpm '' . Red Hat . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle '' . Access.redhat.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Extended Life Cycle Support Add - On ( ELS ) , and what is its support life cycle ? '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Errata Support Policy '' . Red Hat . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 - End Of Life '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Release Dates '' . Red Hat . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` What is backporting and how does it affect Red Hat Enterprise Linux ( RHEL ) ? '' . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Why does Red Hat Linux use such an old kernel ? '' . stackexchange.com . Jump up ^ `` SO_REUSEPORT on linux '' . StackOverflow.com . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Backport SO_REUSEPORT patch from kernel 3.9 + to help support haproxy graceful restart '' . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Which RHEL version supports the SO_REUSEPORT socket option ? '' . Red Hat . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Extended Update Support ( EUS ) Standard Operating Environment ( SOE ) Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Extended Update Support ( EUS ) Standard Operating Environment ( SOE ) Guide : What Is Included / Excluded from EUS '' . Jump up ^ CentOS FAQ https://wiki.centos.org/FAQ/General#head-fe8a0be91ee3e7dea812e8694491e1dde5b75e6d ^ Jump up to : `` Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle : Extended Update Support '' . Further reading ( edit ) Jang , Michael H. ( 2007 ) . RHCE Red Hat Certified Engineer Linux Study Guide ( RHEL 5 ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 226454 - 8 . Ghori , Asghar ( 2009 ) . Red Hat Certified Technician & Engineer ( RHEL 5 ) . Reston : Global Village Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61584 - 430 - 2 . Fox , Tammy ( 2007 ) . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Administration Unleashed . Indianapolis , Ind. : Sams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 32892 - 3 . OCLC 137291425 . McCarty , Bill ( 2004 ) . Learning Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora . Sebastopol , CA : O'Reilly . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00589 - 4 . OCLC 55130915 . Negus , Christopher ( 2008 ) . Fedora 9 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Bible . Indianapolis , Ind. : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 37362 - 0 . OCLC 222155845 . Sobell , Mark G. ( 2008 ) . Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 714295 - 8 . OCLC 216616647 . Collings , Terry ( 2005 ) . Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 For Dummies . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 7713 - 0 . OCLC 58973830 . Petersen , Richard ( 2005 ) . Red Hat Enterprise Linux & Fedora Core 4 : The Complete Reference . London : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 226154 - 7 . OCLC 62293551 . External links ( edit ) Official website Brian Stevens , CTO and vice president of engineering , Red Hat on why Red Hat Enterprise Linux is `` The Business OS for Flexibility and Value '' Red Hat Enterprise Linux at DistroWatch Red Hat Major products Red Hat Enterprise Linux Directory Server Cluster Suite GFS2 WildFly ( JBoss ) Fedora ( List of Fedora releases ) Virtual Machine Manager Anaconda Ceph yum RPM Satellite CloudForms SPICE Ansible Services RHN OpenShift Projects Fedora Project Spacewalk Defunct Red Hat Linux Red Hat Database Fedora Legacy Mugshot Important people Jim Whitehurst Matthew Szulik Bob Young Marc Ewing Michael Tiemann Mergers and acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions C2Net Cygnus Solutions Inktank Storage JBoss MetaMatrix Qumranet Related Red Hat Certification Program Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivatives Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora derivatives Red Hat Enterprise Linux CentOS ClearOS Fermi Linux Inspur K - UX Oracle Linux RedSleeve Rocks Cluster Distribution Scientific Linux Turbolinux Yellow Dog Linux Fedora Aurora SPARC Linux Berry Linux BLAG Linux and GNU Korora MythDora Planet CCRMA Qubes OS Red Flag Linux Linux distributions Android Android - IA Android - x86 LineageOS CyanogenMod Remix OS Replicant Arch Antergos ArchBang ArchLabs Chakra Manjaro Linux Parabola GNU / Linux - libre Debian antiX Astra Linux Bharat Operating System Solutions deepin Devuan Elive Endless OS gNewSense HandyLinux Kali Linux Knoppix MX Linux Parrot Security OS SparkyLinux SolydXK SteamOS Tails Ubuntu Official : Edubuntu Kubuntu Lubuntu Ubuntu Budgie Ubuntu GNOME Ubuntu Kylin Ubuntu MATE Ubuntu Studio Xubuntu Other : Asturix Bodhi Linux elementary OS KDE neon Linux Mint Pinguy OS Trisquel Uruk Fedora BLAG Linux and GNU Korora Red Hat CentOS ClearOS Linpus Linux Oracle Linux Qubes OS Rocks Cluster Distribution Scientific Linux SME Server Gentoo Calculate Linux Chromium OS Chrome OS Funtoo Linux Sabayon Linux Slackware Austrumi Linux DeLi Linux DNALinux Kongoni NimbleX Platypux Porteus Salix OS Slax TopologiLinux VectorLinux Zenwalk Mandriva ALT Linux Mageia OpenMandriva Lx PCLinuxOS ROSA Linux Other 4MLinux Alpine Linux CRUX Frugalware Linux GeckoLinux GoboLinux GuixSD KaOS Kwort Linux Lunar Linux NixOS openSUSE SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Puppy Linux Source Mage Solus Void Linux Uruk GNU / Linux Comparison List Commons GND : 4780226 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux&oldid=851011450 '' Categories : Enterprise Linux distributions IA - 32 Linux distributions Linux distributions Power Linux distributions Red Hat software RPM - based Linux distributions X86 - 64 Linux distributions Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles needing cleanup from February 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 13 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Hat%20Enterprise%20Linux