Scheduled Commit

data/retrieval_battle-76c7b5f4-5fbc-4311-bf05-8defcdc1ba4e.jsonl

@@ -69,3 +69,5 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723001746.7401, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "leftvote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "c4f3d89f32dd4b66854d816bb7071e74", "0_model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "0_prompt": "Is embedding vectors the only method to calculate similarity of text documents?", "0_output": [["Is embedding vectors the only method to calculate similarity of text documents?", "Stackoverflow Stackexchange\n\nQ: Best way to compare meaning of text documents? I'm trying to find the best way to compare two text documents using AI and machine learning methods. I've used the TF-IDF-Cosine Similarity and other similarity measures, but this compares the documents at a word (or n-gram) level.\nI'm looking for a method that allows me to compare the meaning of the documents. What is the best way to do that?\n\nA: You should start reading about word2vec model.\nuse gensim, get the pretrained model of google.\nFor vectoring a document, use Doc2vec() function. \nAfter getting vectors for all your document, use some distance metric like cosine distance or euclidean distance for comparison.  \n"]], "0_corpus": "stackexchange", "1_conv_id": "f26f551c048942b1ae4396ef0942d21c", "1_model_name": "Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R", "1_prompt": "Is embedding vectors the only method to calculate similarity of text documents?", "1_output": [["Is embedding vectors the only method to calculate similarity of text documents?", "Stats Stackexchange\n\nQ: Other documents features than tf-idf for clustering? What are other feature representations for documents that are used for clustering textual documents? The only representation I'm aware of is tf-idf. Are there other ones?\n\nA: Technically, TF/IDF is not a feature extraction scheme.\nThe feature representation is \"the words in the document\". The TF/IDF part is the weighting of the individual features for similarity computation.\nThere are other representations, including bag of words, n-grams (really look this one up) and in a wider sense: minhash.\n"]], "1_corpus": "stackexchange"}
 {"tstamp": 1723013175.683, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "bothbadvote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "63985312d9a24edfade790f214db7924", "0_model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "0_prompt": "code civil côte d'ivoire", "0_output": [["code civil côte d'ivoire", "Stackoverflow Stackexchange\n\nQ: CodeIgniter Error: variable references I've deployed my source code in XAMPP. I'm getting following errors.\n\nNotice: Only variable references should be returned by reference in C:\\xampp\\htdocs\\3c_app\\public_html\\system\\core\\Common.php on line 257\n  Fatal error: Class 'CI_Controller' not found in C:\\xampp\\htdocs\\3c_app\\public_html\\system\\core\\CodeIgniter.php on line 233.\n\nMy source files are:\nCommon.php\n// Are any values being dynamically replaced?\n    if (count($replace) > 0)\n    {\n        foreach ($replace as $key => $val)\n        {\n            if (isset($config[$key]))\n            {\n                $config[$key] = $val;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    return $_config[0] =& $config;\n}\n\nline 257 is:    return $_config[0] =& $config; and \nCodeigniter.php \n// Fetch the config file\n    if ( ! file_exists($file_path))\n    {\n        exit('The configuration file does not exist.');\n    }\n\n    require($file_path);\n\nline 233: if ( ! file_exists($file_path))\nCan any one help???\n\nA: Try this one: \nChange it in your Common.php\nif (count($replace) > 0){\n    foreach ($replace as $key => $val){\n        if (isset($config[$key])){\n            $config[$key] = $val;\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n$_config[0] =& $config;\nreturn $_config[0];\n\nSee also here , for more reference : Only variable references should be returned by reference - Codeigniter . I hope this helps.\n"]], "0_corpus": "stackexchange", "1_conv_id": "8c654d3a8e184e6ebac96b8816ed03b8", "1_model_name": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "1_prompt": "code civil côte d'ivoire", "1_output": [["code civil côte d'ivoire", "Stackoverflow Stackexchange\n\nQ: Library of ISO standards Is there any library that covers ISO standards of international abbreviations, formats and other, or everybody uses his version of CountryCodes like:\n    public enum CountryCode\n    {\n        AL, // Albania\n        AD, // Andorra\n        AM, // Armenia\n        AT, // Austria\n        ...\n    }\n\nWant to have country codes, currency and funds name and code elements\nBCL implements many ISO standards but they spread among a lot of classes. Will be useful when you know, that if you need to format date by ISO 8601, you use Iso.Formatting.Format(DateTime.Now);\nPS:\nI know about System.Globalization.CultureInfo\n\nA: The RegionInfo class is your primary resource.  It includes currency names (ISO, English and native) and two and three letter region names.\n"]], "1_corpus": "stackexchange"}
 {"tstamp": 1723013298.0488, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "rightvote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "070ba3115f4b48ebb718833cf62ba782", "0_model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "0_prompt": "How to fly to the moon?", "0_output": [["How to fly to the moon?", "Delta-v budget\n\nEarth–Moon space—low thrust Current electric ion thrusters produce a very low thrust (milli-newtons, yielding a small fraction of a g), so the Oberth effect cannot normally be used. This results in the journey requiring a higher delta-v and frequently a large increase in time compared to a high thrust chemical rocket. Nonetheless, the high specific impulse of electrical thrusters may significantly reduce the cost of the flight. For missions in the Earth–Moon system, an increase in journey time from days to months could be unacceptable for human space flight, but differences in flight time for interplanetary flights are less significant and could be favorable.\nThe table below presents delta-vs in km/s, normally accurate to 2 significant figures and will be the same in both directions, unless aerobraking is used as described in the high thrust section above.\nEarth Lunar Gateway—high thrust\nThe Lunar Gateway space station is planned to be deployed in a highly elliptical seven-day near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) around the Moon.  Spacecraft launched from Earth would perform a powered flyby of the Moon followed by a NRHO orbit insertion burn to dock with the Gateway as it approaches the apoapsis point of its orbit.\nInterplanetary\nThe spacecraft is assumed to be using chemical propulsion and the Oberth effect.\nAccording to Marsden and Ross, \"The energy levels of the Sun–Earth  and  points differ from those of the Earth–Moon system by only 50 m/s (as measured by maneuver velocity).\"\nWe may apply the formula"]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "d3c0a8299bc049f4a7e8b105d99655ae", "1_model_name": "Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct", "1_prompt": "How to fly to the moon?", "1_output": [["How to fly to the moon?", "Lunar lander\n\nA lunar lander or Moon lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon. As of 2024, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo Program. Several robotic landers have reached the surface, and some have returned samples to Earth.\nThe design requirements for these landers depend on factors imposed by the payload, flight rate, propulsive requirements, and configuration constraints. Other important design factors include overall energy requirements, mission duration, the type of mission operations on the lunar surface, and life support system if crewed. The relatively high gravity (higher than all known asteroids, but lower than all Solar System planets) and lack of lunar atmosphere negates the use of aerobraking, so a lander must use propulsion to decelerate and achieve a soft landing.\nHistory"]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013650.4891, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "rightvote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "36d441bf4439455687ffa0c34ec7fc3d", "0_model_name": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "0_prompt": "How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "0_output": [["How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "Rubik's Cube\n\nIn 1981, thirteen-year-old Patrick Bossert developed a solution for solving the cube, along with a graphical notation, designed to be easily understood by novices. It was subsequently published as You Can Do The Cube and became a best-seller.\nIn 1997, Denny Dedmore published a solution described using diagrammatic icons representing the moves to be made, instead of the usual notation.\nPhilip Marshall's The Ultimate Solution to Rubik's Cube takes a different approach, averaging only 65 twists yet requiring the memorisation of only two algorithms. The cross is solved first, followed by the remaining edges (using the Edge Piece Series FR'F'R), then five corners (using the Corner Piece Series URU'L'UR'U'L, which is the same as the typical last layer corner permutation algorithm), and finally the last three corners.\nRubik's Cube solver programs\nThe most move optimal online Rubik's Cube solver programs use Herbert Kociemba's two-phase algorithm which can typically determine a solution of 20 moves or fewer. The user has to set the colour configuration of the scrambled cube, and the program returns the steps required to solve it.\nCompetitions and records\nSpeedcubing competitions\nSpeedcubing (or speedsolving) is the practice of trying to solve a Rubik's Cube in the shortest time possible. There are a number of speedcubing competitions that take place around the world."]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "807b76baa0994befa2bbf712b9fdc0b2", "1_model_name": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "1_prompt": "How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "1_output": [["How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "Optimal solutions for the Rubik's Cube\n\nThe letters M, S and E are used to denote the turning of a middle layer. M (short for \"Middle\" layer) represents turning the layer between the R and L faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (front to back), as seen facing the L face. S (short for \"Standing\" layer) represents turning the layer between the F and B faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (top to bottom), as seen facing the F face. E (short for \"Equator\" layer) represents turning the layer between the U and D faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (left to right), as seen from the D face. As with regular turns, a 2 signifies a half turn and a prime (') indicates a turn counterclockwise.\nInstead, lowercase letters r, f and u are also used to denote turning layers next to R, F and U respectively in the same direction as R, F and U. This is more consistent with expectations.\nIn multiple-layer cubes, numbers may precede face names to indicate rotation of the nth layer from the named face.  2R, 2F and 2U are then used to denote turning layers next to R, F and U respectively in the same direction as R, F and U. Using this notation for a three-layer cube is more consistent with multiple-layer cubes.\nRotating the whole cube:\nThe letters x, y and z are used to signify cube rotations. x signifies rotating the cube in the R direction. y signifies the rotation of the cube in the U direction. z signifies the rotation of the cube on the F direction. These cube rotations are often used in algorithms to make them smoother and faster. As with regular turns, a 2 signifies a half turn and a prime (') indicates a turn counterclockwise. Note that these spacial rotations are usually represented with lowercase letters."]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013779.4566, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "tievote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "1127f56afb0e43d29f687575f13c7628", "0_model_name": "mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1", "0_prompt": "What are the rules of race walking?", "0_output": [["What are the rules of race walking?", "Racewalking\n\nRules There are only two rules that govern race walking. The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.\nAthletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips.  If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion.  Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground.  World-class race walkers (male and female) can average under 4 and 5 minutes per kilometre in a 20 km race walk (12 to 15 kilometers per hour or 7.5 to 9 miles per hour)."]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "859b8a339e30475594614432b3f65df5", "1_model_name": "intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct", "1_prompt": "What are the rules of race walking?", "1_output": [["What are the rules of race walking?", "Racewalking\n\nRules There are only two rules that govern race walking. The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.\nAthletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips.  If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion.  Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground.  World-class race walkers (male and female) can average under 4 and 5 minutes per kilometre in a 20 km race walk (12 to 15 kilometers per hour or 7.5 to 9 miles per hour)."]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}

data/retrieval_individual-76c7b5f4-5fbc-4311-bf05-8defcdc1ba4e.jsonl

@@ -293,3 +293,7 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723013165.0276, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013162.6548, "finish": 1723013165.0276, "ip": "", "conv_id": "8c654d3a8e184e6ebac96b8816ed03b8", "model_name": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "prompt": "code civil côte d'ivoire", "output": [["code civil côte d'ivoire", "Stackoverflow Stackexchange\n\nQ: Library of ISO standards Is there any library that covers ISO standards of international abbreviations, formats and other, or everybody uses his version of CountryCodes like:\n    public enum CountryCode\n    {\n        AL, // Albania\n        AD, // Andorra\n        AM, // Armenia\n        AT, // Austria\n        ...\n    }\n\nWant to have country codes, currency and funds name and code elements\nBCL implements many ISO standards but they spread among a lot of classes. Will be useful when you know, that if you need to format date by ISO 8601, you use Iso.Formatting.Format(DateTime.Now);\nPS:\nI know about System.Globalization.CultureInfo\n\nA: The RegionInfo class is your primary resource.  It includes currency names (ISO, English and native) and two and three letter region names.\n"]], "corpus": "stackexchange"}
 {"tstamp": 1723013397.036, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013396.7726, "finish": 1723013397.036, "ip": "", "conv_id": "c590ab5512934068b45765d07abd529b", "model_name": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "prompt": "How to see atoms?", "output": [["How to see atoms?", "Atom\n\nIdentification While atoms are too small to be seen, devices such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) enable their visualization at the surfaces of solids. The microscope uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon, which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would be insurmountable in the classical perspective. Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two biased electrodes, providing a tunneling current that is exponentially dependent on their separation. One electrode is a sharp tip ideally ending with a single atom. At each point of the scan of the surface the tip's height is adjusted so as to keep the tunneling current at a set value. How much the tip moves to and away from the surface is interpreted as the height profile. For low bias, the microscope images the averaged electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels—the local density of the electronic states near the Fermi level. Because of the distances involved, both electrodes need to be extremely stable; only then periodicities can be observed that correspond to individual atoms. The method alone is not chemically specific, and cannot identify the atomic species present at the surface.\nAtoms can be easily identified by their mass. If an atom is ionized by removing one of its electrons, its trajectory when it passes through a magnetic field will bend. The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom. The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. If a sample contains multiple isotopes, the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions. Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis.\nThe atom-probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3-D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time-of-flight mass spectrometry."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
 {"tstamp": 1723013397.036, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013396.7726, "finish": 1723013397.036, "ip": "", "conv_id": "cc6b948a773c4c9db0991c5a9d0c8452", "model_name": "Alibaba-NLP/gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct", "prompt": "How to see atoms?", "output": [["How to see atoms?", "Optical microscope\n\nX-ray microscope It is important to note that higher frequency waves have limited interaction with matter, for example soft tissues are relatively transparent to X-rays resulting in distinct sources of contrast and different target applications.\nThe use of electrons and X-rays in place of light allows much higher resolution – the wavelength of the radiation is shorter so the diffraction limit is lower. To make the\nshort-wavelength probe non-destructive, the atomic beam imaging system (atomic nanoscope) has been proposed and widely discussed in the literature, but it is not yet competitive with conventional imaging systems.\nSTM and AFM are scanning probe techniques using a small probe which is scanned over the sample surface. Resolution in these cases is limited by the size of the probe; micromachining techniques can produce probes with tip radii of 5–10 nm.\nAdditionally, methods such as electron or X-ray microscopy use a vacuum or partial vacuum, which limits their use for live and biological samples (with the exception of an environmental scanning electron microscope). The specimen chambers needed for all such instruments also limits sample size, and sample manipulation is more difficult. Color cannot be seen in images made by these methods, so some information is lost. They are however, essential when investigating molecular or atomic effects, such as age hardening in aluminium alloys, or the microstructure of polymers."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013623.6941, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013621.4932, "finish": 1723013623.6941, "ip": "", "conv_id": "36d441bf4439455687ffa0c34ec7fc3d", "model_name": "nomic-ai/nomic-embed-text-v1.5", "prompt": "How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "output": [["How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "Rubik's Cube\n\nIn 1981, thirteen-year-old Patrick Bossert developed a solution for solving the cube, along with a graphical notation, designed to be easily understood by novices. It was subsequently published as You Can Do The Cube and became a best-seller.\nIn 1997, Denny Dedmore published a solution described using diagrammatic icons representing the moves to be made, instead of the usual notation.\nPhilip Marshall's The Ultimate Solution to Rubik's Cube takes a different approach, averaging only 65 twists yet requiring the memorisation of only two algorithms. The cross is solved first, followed by the remaining edges (using the Edge Piece Series FR'F'R), then five corners (using the Corner Piece Series URU'L'UR'U'L, which is the same as the typical last layer corner permutation algorithm), and finally the last three corners.\nRubik's Cube solver programs\nThe most move optimal online Rubik's Cube solver programs use Herbert Kociemba's two-phase algorithm which can typically determine a solution of 20 moves or fewer. The user has to set the colour configuration of the scrambled cube, and the program returns the steps required to solve it.\nCompetitions and records\nSpeedcubing competitions\nSpeedcubing (or speedsolving) is the practice of trying to solve a Rubik's Cube in the shortest time possible. There are a number of speedcubing competitions that take place around the world."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013623.6941, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013621.4932, "finish": 1723013623.6941, "ip": "", "conv_id": "807b76baa0994befa2bbf712b9fdc0b2", "model_name": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "prompt": "How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "output": [["How to solve a Rubik's cube?", "Optimal solutions for the Rubik's Cube\n\nThe letters M, S and E are used to denote the turning of a middle layer. M (short for \"Middle\" layer) represents turning the layer between the R and L faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (front to back), as seen facing the L face. S (short for \"Standing\" layer) represents turning the layer between the F and B faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (top to bottom), as seen facing the F face. E (short for \"Equator\" layer) represents turning the layer between the U and D faces 1 quarter turn clockwise (left to right), as seen from the D face. As with regular turns, a 2 signifies a half turn and a prime (') indicates a turn counterclockwise.\nInstead, lowercase letters r, f and u are also used to denote turning layers next to R, F and U respectively in the same direction as R, F and U. This is more consistent with expectations.\nIn multiple-layer cubes, numbers may precede face names to indicate rotation of the nth layer from the named face.  2R, 2F and 2U are then used to denote turning layers next to R, F and U respectively in the same direction as R, F and U. Using this notation for a three-layer cube is more consistent with multiple-layer cubes.\nRotating the whole cube:\nThe letters x, y and z are used to signify cube rotations. x signifies rotating the cube in the R direction. y signifies the rotation of the cube in the U direction. z signifies the rotation of the cube on the F direction. These cube rotations are often used in algorithms to make them smoother and faster. As with regular turns, a 2 signifies a half turn and a prime (') indicates a turn counterclockwise. Note that these spacial rotations are usually represented with lowercase letters."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013721.7563, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013719.5995, "finish": 1723013721.7563, "ip": "", "conv_id": "1127f56afb0e43d29f687575f13c7628", "model_name": "mixedbread-ai/mxbai-embed-large-v1", "prompt": "What are the rules of race walking?", "output": [["What are the rules of race walking?", "Racewalking\n\nRules There are only two rules that govern race walking. The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.\nAthletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips.  If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion.  Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground.  World-class race walkers (male and female) can average under 4 and 5 minutes per kilometre in a 20 km race walk (12 to 15 kilometers per hour or 7.5 to 9 miles per hour)."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723013721.7563, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723013719.5995, "finish": 1723013721.7563, "ip": "", "conv_id": "859b8a339e30475594614432b3f65df5", "model_name": "intfloat/multilingual-e5-large-instruct", "prompt": "What are the rules of race walking?", "output": [["What are the rules of race walking?", "Racewalking\n\nRules There are only two rules that govern race walking. The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.\nAthletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips.  If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion.  Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground.  World-class race walkers (male and female) can average under 4 and 5 minutes per kilometre in a 20 km race walk (12 to 15 kilometers per hour or 7.5 to 9 miles per hour)."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}