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λ§μ½μ μΈκ³μΈμκ² μ°λ¦¬μ μ§κ΅¬μμ μλ¬Όμ λν΄ λ°±κ³Όμ¬μ μ μ°λΌκ³ νλ€λ©΄, κ·Έ 30κΆ μ€μμ 27κΆμ λ°ν
리μμ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€μ λν΄ μ¨μΌ ν κ²μ
λλ€. λλ¨Έμ§ λͺ κΆμ μλ¬Όκ³Ό κ³°ν‘μ΄, λλ¬Όλ€μ λν κ²μ΄κ² μ£ . μΈκ°μ κ°μ£Ό μ λμΌ κ²λλ€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘κΈ΄ νκ² μ§λ§, κ²°κ΅ κ°μ£ΌμΌ λΏμ΄κ² μ£ . | If an intelligent extra-terrestrial was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet, 27 out of 30 of these volumes would be devoted to bacteria and virus, with just a few of the volumes left for plants, fungus and animals, humans being a footnote; interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless. |
μμ§ν μ§κΈμ΄μΌλ§λ‘ μ§κ΅¬μμ λ―ΈνμΈ μλͺ
체μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό νκΈ°μ κ°μ₯ ν₯λ―Έλ‘μ΄ μκΈ°μ
λλ€. | This is honestly the most exciting period ever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet. |
λ°μ΄λ¬μ€λ μ§κ΅¬μμμ κ°μ₯ μ§λ°°μ μΈ μλ¬Όμ΄μ§λ§ μμ§ μ°λ¦¬λ κ·Έμ λν΄ κ±°μ μμ§ λͺ»ν©λλ€. | The dominant things that exist here we know almost nothing about. |
κ²°κ΅ μ°λ¦¬λ νλ₯ν λꡬλ₯Ό μμ λ£μκ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ―Έμ§μ μΈκ³λ₯Ό νꡬνκ³ μ΄ν΄ν μ μκ² λ κ²μ
λλ€. | And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world and understand them. |
μ λ§ κ°μ¬ν©λλ€. | Thank you very much. |
(λ°μ) μλ
νμΈμ. λΆλ§ν¬μ±μ΄μΈ λμ λ½κΆ μ¬λμ΄λ€ 보λ μ€λ μμΉ¨ μΈμ
μμ μ κ° λΉκ΄λ‘ μ μν μ λ§‘κ² λ λ― νλ€μ. κ°μν΄μ£ΌμκΈΈ. | (Applause) Good morning. I think, as a grumpy Eastern European, I was brought in to play the pessimist this morning. So bear with me. |
λ, μ λ ꡬ μλΉμνΈ μ°λ°©μ΄μλ 벨λΌλ£¨μ€ μΆμ μ
λλ€. μ¬λ¬λΆλ€ μ€ μΌλΆλ μμλ― κ·Έλ€μ§ μμ μ£Όμμ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμμ μ€μμμ€λ μλλλ€. | Well, I come from the former Soviet Republic of Belarus, which, as some of you may know, is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy. |
λ°λ‘ κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ λ νμ κΈ°μ μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² μ€μ λ‘ μ κ° μν κ·Έ κ³³ κ°μ κΆμμ£Όμ μ¬νλ€μ μ¬νΈνκ³ κ°λ°©μν¬ μ μλκ°λΌλ μ£Όμ μ 맀λ£λμμ£ . | So that's why I've always been fascinated with how technology could actually reshape and open up authoritarian societies like ours. |
κ·Έλμ μ λ λνμ μ‘Έμ
νκ³ μ΄μλ‘ μΌλ‘ μΆ©λ§ν΄μ μ΄λ€ NGOμ λ€μ΄κ°κΈ°λ‘ νμ΅λλ€. κ·Έκ³³μμλ μ€μ λ‘ λ΄λ―Έλμ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ ꡬμλ ¨μ μλΉ λΆλΆμ ν΄λΉνλ μ§μμμ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμμ λ―Έλμ΄ κ°νμ μΆκ΅¬νκ³ μμμ£ . | So, I'm graduating college and, feeling very idealistic, I decided to join the NGO which actually was using new media to promote democracy and media reform in much of the former Soviet Union. |
νμ§λ§, λλκ²λ, μ λ λ
μ¬λ κ·Έλ κ² μ½κ² 무λμ§μ§ μλλ€λ κ²μ μκ² λμμ΅λλ€. | However, to my surprise, I discovered that dictatorships do not crumble so easily. |
μ¬μ€ κ·Έ μ€ λͺλͺμ μ€μ λ‘ μ¬νλ³νμ λμ μμ μ΄μλ¨μκ³ μΌλΆλ μ¬μ§μ΄ λ μ΅μμ μ΄ λμμ£ . | In fact, some of them actually survived the Internet challenge, and some got even more repressive. |
κ·Έ λλͺ©μμ μ μ΄μλ‘ μ κ³ κ°λμκ³ μ λ NGOμΌμ κ·Έλ§λμμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΈν°λ·μ΄ λ―Όμ£Όνλ₯Ό μ΄λ»κ² λ°©ν΄ν μ μλμ§ μ€μ λ‘ μ°κ΅¬νκΈ° μμνμ΅λλ€. | So this is when I ran out of my idealism and decided to quit my NGO job and actually study how the Internet could impede democratization. |
μ΄λ° λ°μμ μ΄λ λμλ κ²°μ½ μΈκΈ°μλ μ£Όμ₯μ μλμμ£ . μλ§λ μ¬μ ν κ΄κ°μμ κ³μ λͺλͺ λΆλ€μκ²λ μΈκΈ°κ° μμ κ²μ
λλ€. | Now, I must tell you that this was never a very popular argument, and it's probably not very popular yet with some of you sitting in this audience. |
λ§μ μ μΉ μ§λμλ€μκ²λ μΈκΈ°κ° μμλλ° νΉν λ―Έκ΅μ μ μΉμΈλ€μκ² κ·Έλ¬μ΅λλ€. μ΄μ§ΈμμΈμ§ κ·ΈλΆλ€μ λ΄λ―Έλμ΄κ° λ―Έμ¬μΌλ‘ ν΄λ΄μ§ λͺ»νλ μΌλ€μ ν΄λΌ κ²μ΄λΌ μκ°νμ£ . | It was never popular with many political leaders, especially those in the United States who somehow thought that new media would be able to do what missiles couldn't. |
μ¦ λ€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ λ°©λ²λ€μ μ΄λ―Έ μλνμ§λ§ μ€ν¨ν "μ΄λ €μ΄ μν©"μ μλ μ§μμμ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμλ₯Ό νμ±νμν€λ κ² λ§μ
λλ€. | That is, promote democracy in difficult places where everything else has already been tried and failed. |
2009λ
μ μ΄λ₯΄λ¬μλ μ΄ μμμ΄ μκ΅μλ λλ¬νμ£ . κ³ λ λΈλΌμ΄ μ΄λ¦¬λ κ·Έ λͺ©λ‘μ μλ§ μΆκ°ν΄μΌ ν κ² κ°μ΅λλ€. | And I think by 2009, this news has finally reached Britain, so I should probably add Gordon Brown to this list as well. |
κ·Έλ μ§λ§, μ΄λ° λ
Όμλ€μ μ£Όλ‘ μ ν΅μ΄λΌλ μΈ‘λ©΄μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ μ§νλμ΄ μμ§μ. | However, there is an underlying argument about logistics, which has driven so much of this debate. Right? |
μ¦ μμΈν λ€μ¬λ€λ³΄λ©΄ μ΄λ° μ£Όμ₯μ μλΉλΆλΆμ κ²½μ μ±μ κ΄ν κ²μ
λλ€. | So if you look at it close enough, you'll actually see that much of this is about economics. |
μ¬μ΄λ²μ ν νΌμλ‘ μλ€μ, λ§μΉ 80λ
λμ ν©μ€μ 볡μ¬κΈ°κ° κ·Έλ¬λ― λΈλ‘κ·Έμ μμ
λ€νΈμλ€μ΄ μμμ κ²½μ μ±μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ λ³νμμΌ°λ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯ν©λλ€. κ·Έλμ μ¬λλ€μ΄ νμ°μ μΌλ‘ μ ννλ©° μΌμ΄λ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ λ§μ΄μ£ . | The cybertopians say, much like fax machines and Xerox machines did in the '80s, blogs and social networks have radically transformed the economics of protest, so people would inevitably rebel. |
κ°λ¨ν λ§νμλ©΄, μ§κΈκΉμ§μ κ°μ μ μ¬λλ€μκ² μΆ©λΆν μ°κ²°μ±μ λΆμ¬ν΄μ£Όκ³ , μΆ©λΆν λꡬλ₯Ό 곡κΈν΄μ£Όλ©΄, λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμλ νμ°μ μΌλ‘ λ°λΌμ¬ κ²μ΄λΌλ κ²λλ€. | To put it very simply, the assumption so far has been that if you give people enough connectivity, if you give them enough devices, democracy will inevitably follow. |
μ λ μ΄ μ£Όμ₯μ νλ²λ λ―Ώμ μ μμ΅λλ€. μλ§, μλ‘ λμνλ μΌμ΄ μλ λ―Έκ΅λν΅λ Ήλ€μ΄ μ΄ κ±΄μμλ§νΌμ 3λͺ
μ΄λ λμνλκΉ κ·Έλ° μκ°μ΄ λ€μλ λ΄
λλ€. | I never really bought into this argument, in part because I never saw three American presidents agree on anything else in the past. |
(μμ) νμ§λ§ κ·Έ μ΄μμΌλ‘ κ·Έλ° μ£Όμ₯μ κ·Όκ°μ μλ λ
Όλ¦¬λ μ κ° 'μμ΄ν μμ μ£Όμ'λΌκ³ λΆλ₯΄λ κ²μ
λλ€. κ·Έ λ
Όλ¦¬μμ μ°λ¦¬λ, μκΈ° μμ΄νμ μμ νκ³ μ¬λνλ λͺ¨λ μ΄λμΈμ΄λ μ€κ΅μΈμ μμ μ£Όμμ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμλ μ¬λν κ²μ΄λΌκ³ κ°μ νμ£ . | (Laughter) But, you know, even beyond that, if you think about the logic underlying it, is something I call iPod liberalism, where we assume that every single Iranian or Chinese who happens to have and love his iPod will also love liberal democracy. |
μ λ κ·Έκ²μ΄ νλ Έλ€κ³ λ΄
λλ€. | And again, I think this is kind of false. |
νμ§λ§ λ ν° λ¬Έμ κ° μμ΅λλ€. μ΄ λ
Όλ¦¬, μ¦ "νν λμ μμ΄νμ λΏλ¦¬μ" λ μ΄λ° νμ΄λ©΄ ν λ§μ€ ν리λλ¨Όμ μ κ° μ λͺ©μΌλ‘ λ±μ΄κ΅°μ. | But I think a much bigger problem with this is that this logic -- that we should be dropping iPods not bombs -- I mean, it would make a fascinating title for Thomas Friedman's new book. |
(μμ) λ λ³΄ν΅ λ³λ‘ μ’μ μ§νκ° μλμ£ . | (Laughter) But this is rarely a good sign. Right? |
μ¬ννΌ μ΄ λ
Όλ¦¬μ λ³΄λ€ ν° λ¬Έμ λ κΈ°μ μ μλλ μ¬μ©λ²κ³Ό μ€μ μ¬μ©λ²μ νΌλνλ€λ μ μ
λλ€. | So, the bigger problem with this logic is that it confuses the intended versus the actual uses of technology. |
μ¬λ¬λΆλ€ κ°μ΄λ°, μΈν°λ·μ΄λΌλ λ΄λ―Έλμ΄κ° λλμ΄μμ λ§μλ΄λλ‘ λμΈ μ μλ€κ³ μκ°νμλ λΆμ λ₯΄μλ€ μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό νλ² λ³΄μκΈ° λ°λλλ€. 90λ
λμ κ·Έκ³³μμ μΈμ’
μ μ¦μ€λ₯Ό μλ© μ§ν΄λμλ μΌμ λν μ±
μμ λ°λ‘ λ κ°μ λΌλμ€ λ°©μ‘κ΅μ μμ΅λλ€. | For those of you who think that new media of the Internet could somehow help us avert genocide, should look no further than Rwanda, where in the '90s it was actually two radio stations which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place. |
νμ§λ§ κ·Έ μ΄μμΌλ‘, λ€μ μΈν°λ· μ΄μΌκΈ°λ₯Ό νμλ©΄ μ€μ λ³Ό μ μλ κ΄κ²½μ μ΄λ€ μ λΆλ€μ μ λμ λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ νμ©νλ λ°©λ²μ μμ§νλ€λ κ²μ΄μ£ . | But even beyond that, coming back to the Internet, what you can actually see is that certain governments for propaganda purposes. Right? |
κ·Έλ€μ΄ λ§λ€μ΄λ΄λ κ²μ μ λ 'μ€νν°λ·'(spinternet)μ΄λΌκ³ λΆλ¦
λλ€. | And they are building what I call the Spinternet. |
μ΄μλ₯Ό μ‘°μνλ κ²(spin), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΈν°λ·μ΄λΌλ λ λ¨μ΄λ₯Ό ν©μ±νμ£ . | The combination of spin, on the one hand, and the Internet on the other. |
λ¬μμμ μ€κ΅κ³Ό μ΄λκΉμ§ μ΄λ₯΄λ λλΌλ€μ μ λΆλ€μ μ€μ λ‘ λΈλ‘κ±°λ€μ κ³ μ©νκ³ νλ ¨μν€κ³ λμ μ§λΆν΄μ λ―Όκ°ν μ μΉμ μ΄μμ κ΄ν΄ μ΄λ
μ λκΈμ λ¨κΈ°κ³ μ΄λ
μ λΈλ‘κ·ΈκΈμ μλ© μ°λλ‘ νκ³ μμ΅λλ€. | So governments from Russia to China to Iran are actually hiring, training and paying bloggers in order to leave ideological comments and create a lot of ideological blog posts to comment on sensitive political issues. Right? |
λλ체 μ κ·Έλ° μ§μ ν κΉ, κΆκΈν΄ νμ€μ§ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ΅λλ€. | So you may wonder, why on Earth are they doing it? |
μ μ¬μ΄λ²κ³΅κ°μ λ°μ΄λ€κΉμ? | Why are they engaging with cyberspace? |
μ μ΄λ‘ μ κ·Έ κ°μ΄λ° λ§μ κ³³λ€μμ, κ²μ΄μ΄ μκ°λ³΄λ€ ν¨κ³Όκ° μ½ν΄μ κ·Έλ λ€κ³ λ΄
λλ€. | Well my theory is that it's happening because censorship actually is less effective than you think it is in many of those places. |
λΉνμ λ΄μ©μ λΈλ‘κ·Έμ μ¬λ¦¬λ μκ°, λΉλ‘ κ·Έ κΈμ λ°λ‘ μ°¨λ¨μν¨λ€κ³ ν΄λ, κ·Έ λ΄μ©μ λ€λ₯Έ λΈλ‘κ·Έ μμ²κ°λ‘ νΌμ Έλκ°μ£ . | The moment you put something critical in a blog, even if you manage to ban it immediately, it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other blogs. |
μ°¨λ¨μ λ μν€λ©΄ μν¬μλ‘ μ¬λλ€λ‘ νμ¬κΈ κ²μ΄μ νΌν΄κ°λλ‘ μν₯μ μ£Όκ³ , κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ²°κ΅,κ·Έλ€μ μ΄ μ«κ³ μ«κΈ°λ κ²μμμ μΉλ¦¬νκ² λ©λλ€. | So the more you block it, the more it emboldens people to actually avoid the censorship and thus win in this cat-and-mouse game. |
κ·Έλ κΈ°μ λ©μμ§λ₯Ό ν΅μ νλ μ μΌν λ°©λ²μ κ·Έκ²μ μ‘°μνλ κ²μ
λλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄ λΉνμ κΈμ μ΄ μ¬λμ CIA μμμ΄λΌκ³ μ£Όμ₯νλ μ§ λ§μ
λλ€. | So the only way to control this message is actually to try to spin it and accuse anyone who has written something critical of being, for example, a CIA agent. |
μ΄λ° μΌμ΄ κ½€ μ’
μ’
λ²μ΄μ§κ³€ νμ£ . | And, again, this is happening quite often. |
μ€κ΅μμ μ΄λ° λ°©λ²μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² μλνλμ§ κ·Έ μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό λ³΄μ£ . | Just to give you an example of how it works in China, for example. |
2009λ
2μμ ν° μ¬κ±΄μ΄ νλ μμμ΅λλ€. "κ³ μμ΄ νΌνκΈ°" μ¬κ±΄μΌλ‘ λΆλ¦¬κ³€ νμ£ . | There was a big case in February 2009 called "Elude the Cat." |
λͺ¨λ₯΄μλ λΆλ€μ μν΄ κ°λ¨ν μμ½νμλ©΄ | And for those of you who didn't know, I'll just give a little summary. |
24μΈμ μ€κ΅ λ¨μ±μ΄ κ°μ₯μμ μ¬λ§νμ΅λλ€. | So what happened is that a 24-year-old man, a Chinese man, died in prison custody. |
κ·Έλ°λ° κ²½μ°°μ΄ λ°ννκΈ°λ₯Ό κ·Έ μ¬λμ΄ λ€λ₯Έ μ£μλ€κ³Ό μ¨λ°κΌμ§ λμ΄λ₯Ό νλ€κ°, - μ¨λ°κΌμ§μ΄ μ€κ΅μμ μμ΄λ‘ "κ³ μμ΄ νΌνκΈ°(θΊ²η«η«)"μ
λλ€ - 머리λ₯Ό λ²½μ λΆλͺν κ·Έλ κ² λμλ€κ³ νμ£ . λ§μ μ€κ΅ λΈλ‘κ±°λ€μ μ΄ν΄μν¬λ§ν ν΄λͺ
μ΄ μλμμ£ . | And police said that it happened because he was playing hide and seek, which is "elude the cat" in Chinese slang, with other inmates and hit his head against the wall, which was not an explanation which sat well with many Chinese bloggers. |
μλ§μ λΉνμ μΈ λκΈμ΄ μ¬λΌμμ£ . | So they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments. |
μ λͺ
ν μ€κ΅ μ¬μ΄νΈμΈ QQ.comμλ λΆκ³Ό λͺμκ° λ§μ μ΄ μ΄μμ λν΄ 3λ§5μ²κ°μ λκΈμ΄ λ¬λ Έμ΅λλ€. | In fact, QQ.com, which is a popular Chinese website, had 35,000 comments on this issue within hours. |
κ·Έλ°λ° μ΄λ κ΄κ³μλ€μ΄ λ§€μ° μ§λ₯μ μΈ λμ²λ₯Ό νμ£ . | But then authorities did something very smart. |
κ·Έ λκΈλ€μ μ§μ°λ λ°©λ²μ ννμ§ μκ³ , λΈλ‘κ±°λ€μκ² μμ λ΄λ°μμ΅λλ€. | Instead of trying to purge these comments, they instead went and reached out to the bloggers. |
κΈ°λ³Έμ μΌλ‘ μ΄λ° μ μμ νμ£ . "μ, μ¬λ¬λΆλ€μ΄ λ€ν°μ¦ μμ¬λκ° λμ£Όμμμ€." | And they basically said, "Look guys. We'd like you to become netizen investigators." |
κ·Έλμ 500λͺ
μ΄ μ§μμ νκ³ , κ·Έ μ€ 4λͺ
μ΄ μ μ λμ΄ μ€μ λ‘ λ¬Έμ μ μμ€μ λ°©λ¬Ένκ³ μμ°°λ₯Ό νμ¬ κ·Έ λ΄μ©μ λΈλ‘κ·Έμ λ¨κΈ°λλ‘ νλ μμ΄μμ΅λλ€. | So 500 people applied, and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question, and thus inspect it and then blog about it. |
λ©°μΉ μ΄λ΄λ‘, μ¬κ±΄ μ μ²΄κ° μνμ‘μ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ₯ κ·Έ λ΄μ©μ μ°¨λ¨νλ €κ³ νλ€λ©΄ κ²°μ½ κ·Έλ κ² λμ§ λͺ»νκ² μ£ . | Within days the entire incident was forgotten, which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content. |
μ¬λλ€μ μμ£Όλμ κ·Έ μ΄μΌκΈ°λ₯Ό κ³μ νμ κ²μ
λλ€. | People would keep talking about it for weeks. |
μ΄ μ¬κ±΄μ, κΆμμ£Όμ κ΅κ°μ κ·Έλ€μ μ¬μ΄λ²κ³΅κ°μμ λ²μ΄μ§λ μΌμ κ΄ν λλ€λ₯Έ ν₯λ―Έλ‘μ΄ μ΄λ‘ κ³Όλ λ§λ¬Όλ¦½λλ€. | And this actually fits with another interesting theory about what's happening in authoritarian states and in their cyberspace. |
μ μΉνμλ€μ΄ 'κΆμμ£Όμμ μκ³ 'λΌκ³ λΆλ₯΄λ κ²μ΄μ£ . μ λΆκ° μ€μ λ‘ λΉνμλ€μκ² μμ λ΄λ°μ΄ μλ‘ λκ²°ν μ μλλ‘ ν΄μ€ λ μΌμ΄λ©λλ€. | This is what political scientists call authoritarian deliberation, and it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics and letting them engage with each other online. |
μ°λ¦¬λ νν, κ·Έλ κ² νλ©΄ λ
μ¬μ κΆμ νΌν΄λ₯Ό μ€ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°νκ³€ νλλ° μ€νλ € κ°νν΄μ£Όλ κ²½μ°κ° λ§μ΅λλ€. | We tend to think that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships, but in many cases it only strengthens them. |
μ κ·Έλ°κ°, κΆκΈνμ€ μ μμ£ . | And you may wonder why. |
μ κ·μμ£Όμμ μκ³ κ° λ
μ¬μλ€μκ² λμμ΄ λλμ§ λͺκ°μ§ 짧μ μ΄μ λ€μ λ€μ΄λ³΄μ£ . | I'll just give you a very short list of reasons why authoritarian deliberation may actually help the dictators. |
첫λ²μ§Έ μ΄μ λ κ°λ¨ν©λλ€. | And first it's quite simple. |
κ·Έλ€ λλΆλΆμ μ 보μ μμ ν κ²°μ¬μνμμ μλνκ³€ νμ£ . | Most of them operate in a complete information vacuum. |
μ κΆμ λν μλ‘ λΆμνλ μνλ€μ νΉμ μ§μ λ§νΌμ λ°μ΄ν°κ° μ¬μ€ μμ΅λλ€. | They don't really have the data they need in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime. |
κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ¬λλ€μ΄ μ€μ λ‘ μ¨λΌμΈμ λ°μ΄λ€μ΄ λΈλ‘κ·Έμ μν€μμ μ 보μ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό 곡μ νλλ‘ νλ κ²μ νλ₯ν μ νμ
λλ€. κ·Έλ μ§ μλ€λ©΄, νκΈ κ΄λ£λ€κ³Ό μ€λ¬΄μ§λ€μ΄ μ€μ κ·Έ λλΌμμ μ΄λ€ μν©μ΄ λ²μ΄μ§κ³ μλμ§ κ³μν΄μ μννλκΉμ. | So encouraging people to actually go online and share information and data on blogs and wikis is great because otherwise, low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats will continue concealing what's actually happening in the country, right? |
μ΄λ° κ΄μ μμ 보μλ©΄, λΈλ‘κ·Έμ μν€λ‘ μ§μμ μμ°νλ κ²μ λ¬΄μ² λμμ΄ λ©λλ€. | So from this perspective, having blogs and wikis produce knowledge has been great. |
λλ²μ§Έ, μμ¬κ²°μ μ λμ€μ κ΄μ¬μν€λ κ²μ κ²°κ΅ μ€ν¨νκ³ λ§ μ μ±
λ€μ λν λΉλμ λΆμ°μν¬ μ μκΈ°μ λ§€μ° μ’μ΅λλ€. | Secondly, involving public in any decision making is also great because it helps you to share the blame for the policies which eventually fail. |
"κ·Έλ¬λκΉ λ§μΌ, μ°λ¦° λΉμ μκ² λ―Έλ¦¬ λ¬Όμ΄λ΄€κ³ μ‘°μΈμ ꡬνκ³ κ·Έλμ λΉμ μ΄ μ°¬μ±νλ₯Ό λμ‘μ΄. | Because they say, "Well look, we asked you, we consulted you, you voted on it. |
κ·Έλμ λΉμ μ κ·Έκ±Έ λΈλ‘κ·Έ λ©μΈμ μ¬λ Έμ§. | You put it on the front page of your blog. |
λ κ·Έλ. λΉμ μ΄ μλͺ»νκ±°λ€" | Well, great. You are the one who is to blame." |
κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, λͺ¨λ κΆμμ£Όμμ μκ³ μ λͺ©νλ κ΅λ΄μ ν΄μΈ λͺ¨λμμ μ κΆμ μ λΉμ±μ κ°ννλ κ²μ
λλ€. | And finally, the purpose of any authoritarian deliberation efforts is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes, both at home and abroad. |
κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ¬λλ€μ μ¨κ° 곡곡 ν¬λΌμ μ΄μ²νκ³ μμ¬κ²°μ μ μ°Έμ¬μν€λ κ²μ μ¬μ€ κ½€ μ 리ν μΌμ΄μ£ . | So inviting people to all sorts of public forums, having them participate in decision making, it's actually great. |
μλνλ©΄ κ·Έλ κ² ν λ κ·Έλ° κ³Όμ λ€μ κ°λ¦¬ν€λ©° "μ°λ¦¬λ λ―Όμ£Όμ£ΌμμΌ. ν¬λΌλ μ΄μμ" λΌκ³ ν μ μμΌλκΉμ. | Because what happens is that then you can actually point to this initiative and say, "Well, we are having a democracy. We are having a forum." |
ν κ°μ§ μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό λ€μλ©΄ λ¬μμ μ΄λ μ§μμμλ 2020λ
λκΉμ§μ μ μ±
μ λ΅μ μ립νλ κ²μ μλ―Όλ€μ μ°Έμ¬μν΅λλ€. | Just to give you an example, one of the Russian regions, for example, now involves its citizens in planning its strategy up until year 2020. |
κ·Έλ μ£ ? μ΄μ μλ―Όλ€μ μ¨λΌμΈμ μ μν΄μ 2020λ
κΉμ§ κ·Έ μ§μμ΄ μ΄λ€ λͺ¨μ΅μ΄ λμΌν μ§ μμ΄λμ΄λ₯Ό λλλλ€. | Right? So they can go online and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020. |
μ΄κ² μ°Έ, λ¬μμμ κ°λ³Έ μ μ΄ μλ μ¬λμ΄λΌλ©΄ λꡬλΌλ λ¬μμμλ λ€μ λ¬μ λν κ³νμ‘°μ°¨ μλ€λ κ²μ μ κ²μ
λλ€. | I mean, anyone who has been to Russia would know that there was no planning in Russia for the next month. |
μ¦ 2020λ
μ κ³ννκΈ° μν΄ μ¬λλ€μ μ°Έμ¬μν€λ κ²μ΄ κΌ λκ°λ₯Ό λ³νμν€κ² λ€λ μκΈ°κ° μλλΌλ κ±°μ£ . μμ λ₯Ό ν΅μ νλ κ²μ μ¬μ ν λ
μ¬μλ€μ
λλ€. | So having people involved in planning for 2020 is not necessarily going to change anything, because the dictators are still the ones who control the agenda. |
μ΄λ²μλ μ΄λμ μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό λ€μ΄λ³΄μ£ . μ°λ¦¬ κ·Έ κ³³μμ μΌμ΄λ¬λ€λ νΈμν° νλͺ
μ΄μΌκΈ°λ₯Ό λ€μμ΅λλ€. νμ§λ§ μμΈν μ΄ν΄λ³΄λ©΄, λ€νΈμκ³Ό λΈλ‘κ·Έμ νΈμν°μ νμ΄μ€λΆ μλΉμκ° μ€μ λ‘ μλμ νκ³ μμμμ μ μ μμ£ . | Just to give you an example from Iran, we all heard about the Twitter revolution that happened there, but if you look close enough, you'll actually see that many of the networks and blogs and Twitter and Facebook were actually operational. |
λ λλ €μ§κΈ°μΌ νμ§λ§, νλκ°λ€μ΄ μ¬μ ν μ μν μ μμμ£ . κ·Έλ κ² μ μν μ μλ€λ κ²μ μ¬μ€ λ§μ κΆμμ£Όμ κ΅κ°μ λμμ΄ λλ€κ³ ν μ μμ΅λλ€. | They may have become slower, but the activists could still access it and actually argue that having access to them is actually great for many authoritarian states. |
κ·Έλ€μκ² μ 리ν μ΄μ λ 곡κ°λ μΆμ²λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄μ μ 보λ€μ λͺ¨μ μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . | And it's great simply because they can gather open source intelligence. |
κ³Όκ±°μλ μ΄λμ νλκ°λ€μ΄ μλ‘ μ μ΄νλ λ°©μμ μμλ΄κΈ° μν΄ μμ£Ό, μκ°μμ΄ νμνμ΅λλ€. | In the past it would take you weeks, if not months, to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other. |
μ΄μ λ κ·Έλ€μ νμ΄μ€λΆ νμ΄μ§λ₯Ό 보λ κ²λ§μΌλ‘ μλ‘ μ΄λ»κ² μ°κ²°λμ΄ μλμ§ μ μ μμ£ . | Now you actually know how they connect to each other by looking at their Facebook page. |
μλ μ KGBλ, μλ KGBλΏλ§ μλλΌ μ΄λλΌλ, μ΄λ° λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ»κΈ° μν΄ κ³ λ¬Έμ νμ΅λλ€. | I mean KGB, and not just KGB, used to torture in order to actually get this data. |
μ΄μ λ λͺ¨λ μ¨λΌμΈμ λλ €μμ£ . | Now it's all available online. |
(μμ) νμ§λ§ μ¬μ΄λ²μ ν νΌμλ‘ μλ€μ΄ μ μ§λ₯Έ κ°μ₯ 컀λ€λ κ°λ
μ μ€λ₯λ μ¨λΌμΈμ μ νλ©° μ±μ₯ν 'λμ§νΈ μμ£Όλ―Ό'λ€μ κ΄ν κ²μ
λλ€. | (Laughter) But I think the biggest conceptual pitfall that cybertopians made is when it comes to digital natives, people who have grown up online. |
μ°λ¦¬λ νν μ¬μ΄λ² μ€μ²μ£ΌμλΌλ λ§μ μ νκ³€ ν©λλ€. μ¬λλ€μ΄ μΈν°λ· λλΆμ λ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ΄λμ μ°Έμ¬νκ² λλ€λ λ§μ΄μ£ . | We often hear about cyber activism, how people are getting more active because of the Internet. |
μ¬μ΄λ² ν₯λ½μ£Όμ, μ¦ μ¬λλ€μ΄ λ μλμ μ΄ λλ€λ μ΄μΌκΈ°λ λ£κΈ°κ° νλ€μ΄μ. | Rarely hear about cyber hedonism, for example, how people are becoming passive. |
μμΌκΉμ? κ·Έλ€μ μ΄μ§ΈμμΈμ§, μΈν°λ·μ΄ λ³νμ μ΄λ§€λ‘ μμ©ν΄μ μ μμ΄λ€μ κ±°λ¦¬λ‘ λͺ°λ €λμ€κ² ν리λΌκ³ κ°μ ν΄λ²λ¦½λλ€. νμ§λ§ μΈν°λ·μ μλ‘μ΄ 'μΈλ―Όμ μνΈ'μΌ μλ μμ΅λλ€. μ¬λλ€μ λ°©μ νμ΄λ°ν ν¬λ₯΄λ
Έλ λ€μ΄λ°λλ‘ λ§λ λ€λ μ§ λ§μ΄μ£ . | Why? Because they somehow assume that the Internet is going to be the catalyst of change that will push young people into the streets, while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography. |
κ·Έλ€μ§ κ°λ ₯νκ² κ³ λ €λλ 견ν΄λ μλμ£ . | That's not an option being considered too strongly. |
μ¦ κΈΈκ±°λ¦¬μμ μ ννλ λμ§νΈ λ°νμ ν λͺ
λ§λ€ WoWμμλ§ μ ννλ λμ§νΈ λ
Έμλ€μ΄ λ λͺ
μ© μμ μλ μμ΅λλ€. | So for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of Tehran, there may as well be two digital captives who are actually rebelling only in the World of Warcraft. |
μ΄μͺ½μ΄ νμ€μ μ΄μ£ . κ·Έκ² λ±ν μλͺ»λ κ²λ μλλλ€. μ΄μ¨κ±°λ μΈν°λ·μ λ§μ μ μμ΄λ€μκ² ν° νμ μ£Όμμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μΈν°λ·μ κ·Έλ€μκ² μμ΄μ, μ ν λ€λ₯Έ μ¬νμ μν μ νκ³€ νμ£ . | And this is realistic. And there is nothing wrong about it because the Internet has greatly empowered many of these young people and it plays a completely different social role for them. |
μ μμ΄λ€μ΄ μΈν°λ·μμ μ€μ λ‘ μ»μ΄λ΄λ ν¨μ©μ κ΄ν μ€λ¬Έμλ£λ€μ λͺκ°μ§ 보면, μΈν°λ·μ΄ μ±μν νμ₯μ λμμ΄ λλ€λ λ΅λ³μ ν μ€κ΅ μλλ€μ μμΉκ° λ―Έκ΅μ κ²½μ°λ³΄λ€ 3λ°°λ λ§μ΅λλ€. | If you look at some of the surveys on how the young people actually benefit from the Internet, you'll see that the number of teenagers in China, for example, for whom the Internet actually broadens their sex life, is three times more than in the United States. |
μ¦ μ¬νμ μν μ νλ 건 λ§λλ°, κ·Έκ² λ°λμ μ μΉμ μ°Έμ¬λ‘ μ΄μ΄μ§λ κ²λ§μ μλλλ€. | So it does play a social role, however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement. |
κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ κ° μκ°νκ³€ νλ λ°©μμ μΌμ’
μ μ¬μ΄λ²μꡬμ μκ³ κ΅¬λμ
λλ€. 맀μ¬λ‘μ°μ μꡬ 5λ¨κ³ μ΄λ‘ μ λ² κΌμ΅λλ€. | So the way I tend to think of it is like a hierarchy of cyber-needs in space, a total rip-off from Abraham Maslow. |
νμ§λ§ ν΅μ¬μ μ°λ¦¬κ° λ¬μμμ κΉ‘μ΄μ μ¨λΌμΈμ 보κΈνλ©΄ μ¬λλ€μ μΈν°λ·μΌλ‘ λΆλ¬λ΄λ κ²μ μΈκΆκΈ°κ΅¬ λ³΄κ³ μ κ°μ κ²λ€μ΄ μλλλ€. | But the point here is that when we get the remote Russian village online, what will get people to the Internet is not going to be the reports from Human Rights Watch. |
ν¬λ₯΄λ
Έ, μΉμ€μ€λμν°, μλλ©΄ μ°μ€μ΄ κ³ μμ΄ λμμ κ°μ κ²λ€μ΄μ£ . | It's going to be pornography, "Sex and the City," or maybe watching funny videos of cats. |
μ°λ¦¬κ° κΌ μΈμνκ³ μμ΄μΌ ν μ μ
λλ€. | So this is something you have to recognize. |
κ·Έλμ μ΄λ»κ² ν΄μΌ ν κΉμ? | So what should we do about it? |
μ°μ , μ°λ¦¬λ κ°κ΅¬λΉ μμ΄ν 보κΈμλ₯Ό μκ°νλ κ²μ λ©μΆ°μΌν©λλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ°λ¦¬κ° μ΄λ»κ² νλ©΄ μ§μμΈλ€, λΉνλ‘ μλ€, NGOλ€, μλ―Όμ¬νμ μ±μλ€μκ² νμ λΆμ¬ν μ μμμ§ μκ°ν΄μΌ ν©λλ€. | Well I say we have to stop thinking about the number of iPods per capita and start thinking about ways in which we can empower intellectuals, dissidents, NGOs and then the members of civil society. |
μλνλ©΄ νμ¬κΉμ§ μΌμ΄λ λͺ¨λ μΌλ€μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ μ€νν°λ·κ³Ό κΆμμ£Όμμ μκ³ κ° μλ ν κ·Έλ€μ λͺ©μλ¦¬κ° νΌμ§μ§ μμ κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λ§€μ° ν¬κΈ° λλ¬Έμ
λλ€. | Because even what has been happening up 'til now with the Spinternet and authoritarian deliberation, there is a great chance that those voices will not be heard. |
λ°λΌμ μ λ μ°λ¦¬λ€μ μ ν νΌμμ κ°μ μ€ μΌλΆλ₯Ό λΆμκ³ μ€μ λ‘ κ·Έκ²μ μν΄ λ¬΄μΈκ°λ₯Ό ν΄λκ°μΌ νλ€κ³ λ΄
λλ€. | So I think we should shatter some of our utopian assumptions and actually start doing something about it. |
κ°μ¬ν©λλ€. | Thank you. |
(λ°μ) μ΄λ° μλ§μ΄ μμ§μ. "μ΄λ€ κ²μ΄ λμ 보μ΄μ§ μλλ€κ³ μ‘΄μ¬νμ§ μλ κ²μ μλλ€" λΌκ³ μ. | (Applause) There's an old saying, "Just because you can't see something, doesn't mean it's not there." |
μ μνμ-- μ... μ μ λ λ€λ₯Έ λͺ¨μ΅μ΄μ£ . | My work is -- it's a reflection of myself. |
(μνμ ν΅ν΄) μ κ° μΈμμ 보μ¬μ£Όκ³ μΆμλ κ²μ μμ£Ό μμ κ²μ΄ κ°μ₯ ν° κ²μ΄ λ μλ μλ€λ κ²μ
λλ€. | What I wanted to do is to show the world that the little things can be the biggest things. |