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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ™Έκ³„μΈμ—κ²Œ 우리의 μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ 생물에 λŒ€ν•΄ 백과사전을 쓰라고 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, κ·Έ 30ꢌ μ€‘μ—μ„œ 27κΆŒμ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ™€ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 써야 ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ λͺ‡ κΆŒμ€ 식물과 곰팑이, 동물듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 것이겠죠. 인간은 각주 정도일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κΈ΄ ν•˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ, κ²°κ΅­ 각주일 뿐이겠죠.
If an intelligent extra-terrestrial was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet, 27 out of 30 of these volumes would be devoted to bacteria and virus, with just a few of the volumes left for plants, fungus and animals, humans being a footnote; interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless.
μ†”μ§νžˆ μ§€κΈˆμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ˜ 미확인 생λͺ…체에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ ν₯미둜운 μ‹œκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is honestly the most exciting period ever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet.
λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λŠ” μ§€κ΅¬μƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 지배적인 μƒλ¬Όμ΄μ§€λ§Œ 아직 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그에 λŒ€ν•΄ 거의 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
The dominant things that exist here we know almost nothing about.
κ²°κ΅­ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 손에 λ„£μ—ˆκ³ , 이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ―Έμ§€μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  이해할 수 있게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world and understand them.
정말 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thank you very much.
(λ°•μˆ˜) μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”. λΆˆλ§Œνˆ¬μ„±μ΄μΈ λ™μœ λŸ½κΆŒ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‹€ λ³΄λ‹ˆ 였늘 μ•„μΉ¨ μ„Έμ…˜μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ λΉ„κ΄€λ‘ μž 역할을 맑게 된 λ“― ν•˜λ„€μš”. κ°μ•ˆν•΄μ£Όμ‹œκΈΈ.
(Applause) Good morning. I think, as a grumpy Eastern European, I was brought in to play the pessimist this morning. So bear with me.
뭐, μ €λŠ” ꡬ μ†ŒλΉ„μ—νŠΈ μ—°λ°©μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 벨라루슀 μΆœμ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ•„μ‹œλ“― 그닀지 자유주의적 민주주의의 μ˜€μ•„μ‹œμŠ€λŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Well, I come from the former Soviet Republic of Belarus, which, as some of you may know, is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy.
λ°”λ‘œ 그렇기에 μ €λŠ” 항상 기술이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ œκ°€ μ†ν•œ κ·Έ κ³³ 같은 κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒλ“€μ„ μž¬νŽΈν•˜κ³  κ°œλ°©μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€λΌλŠ” μ£Όμ œμ— λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
So that's why I've always been fascinated with how technology could actually reshape and open up authoritarian societies like ours.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ‘Έμ—…ν•˜κ³  μ΄μƒλ‘ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ©λ§Œν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ NGO에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 뉴미디어λ₯Ό 톡해 κ΅¬μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 상당 뢀뢄에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ™€ λ―Έλ””μ–΄ κ°œν˜μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
So, I'm graduating college and, feeling very idealistic, I decided to join the NGO which actually was using new media to promote democracy and media reform in much of the former Soviet Union.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ†€λžκ²Œλ„, μ €λŠ” λ…μž¬λž€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ‰½κ²Œ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
However, to my surprise, I discovered that dictatorships do not crumble so easily.
사싀 κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‚¬νšŒλ³€ν™”μ˜ λ„μ „μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜κ³  μΌλΆ€λŠ” 심지어 더 얡압적이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
In fact, some of them actually survived the Internet challenge, and some got even more repressive.
κ·Έ λŒ€λͺ©μ—μ„œ 제 이상둠은 κ³ κ°ˆλ˜μ—ˆκ³  μ €λŠ” NGO일을 κ·Έλ§Œλ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 인터넷이 λ―Όμ£Όν™”λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°©ν•΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So this is when I ran out of my idealism and decided to quit my NGO job and actually study how the Internet could impede democratization.
이런 λ°œμƒμ€ μ–΄λŠ λ•Œμ—λ„ κ²°μ½” μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” μ£Όμž₯은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ£ . μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 관객석에 계신 λͺ‡λͺ‡ λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 인기가 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Now, I must tell you that this was never a very popular argument, and it's probably not very popular yet with some of you sitting in this audience.
λ§Žμ€ μ •μΉ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ 인기가 μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ° 특히 미ꡭ의 μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄μ§Έμ„œμΈμ§€ 그뢄듀은 뉴미디어가 λ―Έμ‚¬μΌλ‘œ 해내지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 일듀을 ν•΄λ‚Ό 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
It was never popular with many political leaders, especially those in the United States who somehow thought that new media would be able to do what missiles couldn't.
즉 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  방법듀을 이미 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ "μ–΄λ €μš΄ 상황"에 μžˆλŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 민주주의λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
That is, promote democracy in difficult places where everything else has already been tried and failed.
2009년에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬μ„œλŠ” 이 μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μ˜κ΅­μ—λ„ λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆμ£ . κ³ λ“  브라운 총리도 κ·Έ λͺ©λ‘μ— μ•„λ§ˆ μΆ”κ°€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And I think by 2009, this news has finally reached Britain, so I should probably add Gordon Brown to this list as well.
κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ, 이런 λ…ΌμŸλ“€μ€ 주둜 μœ ν†΅μ΄λΌλŠ” 츑면을 기반으둜 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μ§€μš”.
However, there is an underlying argument about logistics, which has driven so much of this debate. Right?
즉 μžμ„Ένžˆ 듀여닀보면 이런 μ£Όμž₯의 상당뢀뢄은 κ²½μ œμ„±μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So if you look at it close enough, you'll actually see that much of this is about economics.
μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„λ‘ μžλ“€μ€, 마치 80λ…„λŒ€μ— νŒ©μŠ€μ™€ 볡사기가 κ·Έλž¬λ“― λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μ†Œμ…œλ„€νŠΈμ›λ“€μ΄ μ‹œμœ„μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„±μ„ 극적으둜 λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λ©° 일어날 것이라고 말이죠.
The cybertopians say, much like fax machines and Xerox machines did in the '80s, blogs and social networks have radically transformed the economics of protest, so people would inevitably rebel.
κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ˜ 가정은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 연결성을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•΄μ£Όκ³ , μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 곡급해주면, λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λŠ” ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ”°λΌμ˜¬ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
To put it very simply, the assumption so far has been that if you give people enough connectivity, if you give them enough devices, democracy will inevitably follow.
μ €λŠ” 이 μ£Όμž₯을 ν•œλ²ˆλ„ 믿은 적 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„λ§ˆ, μ„œλ‘œ λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 일이 μ—†λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήλ“€μ΄ 이 κ±΄μ—μ„œλ§ŒνΌμ€ 3λͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ λ™μ˜ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ 그런 생각이 λ“€μ—ˆλ‚˜ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I never really bought into this argument, in part because I never saw three American presidents agree on anything else in the past.
(μ›ƒμŒ) ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ 그런 μ£Όμž₯의 근간에 μžˆλŠ” λ…Όλ¦¬λŠ” μ œκ°€ 'μ•„μ΄νŒŸ 자유주의'라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ λ…Όλ¦¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”, 자기 μ•„μ΄νŒŸμ„ μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ΄λž€μΈμ΄λ‚˜ 쀑ꡭ인은 자유주의적 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ„ μ‚¬λž‘ν•  것이라고 κ°€μ •ν•˜μ£ .
(Laughter) But, you know, even beyond that, if you think about the logic underlying it, is something I call iPod liberalism, where we assume that every single Iranian or Chinese who happens to have and love his iPod will also love liberal democracy.
μ €λŠ” 그것이 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And again, I think this is kind of false.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 논리, 즉 "폭탄 λŒ€μ‹  μ•„μ΄νŒŸμ„ 뿌리자" 뭐 이런 ν‘œμ–΄λ©΄ ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ ν”„λ¦¬λ“œλ¨Όμ˜ μ‹ κ°„ 제λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ λ”±μ΄κ΅°μš”.
But I think a much bigger problem with this is that this logic -- that we should be dropping iPods not bombs -- I mean, it would make a fascinating title for Thomas Friedman's new book.
(μ›ƒμŒ) 뭐 보톡 λ³„λ‘œ 쒋은 징후가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
(Laughter) But this is rarely a good sign. Right?
μ—¬ν•˜νŠΌ 이 λ…Όλ¦¬μ˜ 보닀 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 기술의 μ˜λ„λœ μ‚¬μš©λ²•κ³Ό μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ ν˜Όλ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So, the bigger problem with this logic is that it confuses the intended versus the actual uses of technology.
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ κ°€μš΄λ°, μΈν„°λ„·μ΄λΌλŠ” 뉴미디어가 λŒ€λŸ‰μ‚΄μƒμ„ 막아내도둝 λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄은 λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€ 사둀λ₯Ό ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€. 90λ…„λŒ€μ— κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 인쒅적 증였λ₯Ό μž”λœ© μ§€νŽ΄λ†“μ•˜λ˜ 일에 λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„μ€ λ°”λ‘œ 두 개의 λΌλ””μ˜€ 방솑ꡭ에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
For those of you who think that new media of the Internet could somehow help us avert genocide, should look no further than Rwanda, where in the '90s it was actually two radio stations which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ, λ‹€μ‹œ 인터넷 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜μžλ©΄ μ‹€μ œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 광경은 μ–΄λ–€ 정뢀듀은 선동을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μˆ™μ§€ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
But even beyond that, coming back to the Internet, what you can actually see is that certain governments for propaganda purposes. Right?
그듀이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 μ €λŠ” 'μŠ€ν•€ν„°λ„·'(spinternet)이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And they are building what I call the Spinternet.
이슈λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것(spin), 그리고 μΈν„°λ„·μ΄λΌλŠ” 두 단어λ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν–ˆμ£ .
The combination of spin, on the one hand, and the Internet on the other.
λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ™€ 쀑ꡭ과 μ΄λž€κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄λŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ˜ 정뢀듀은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν•˜κ³  ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œν‚€κ³  λˆμ„ μ§€λΆˆν•΄μ„œ λ―Όκ°ν•œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ΄μŠˆμ— κ΄€ν•΄ 이념적 λŒ“κΈ€μ„ 남기고 이념적 λΈ”λ‘œκ·ΈκΈ€μ„ μž”λœ© 쓰도둝 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So governments from Russia to China to Iran are actually hiring, training and paying bloggers in order to leave ideological comments and create a lot of ideological blog posts to comment on sensitive political issues. Right?
λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ™œ 그런 짓을 ν• κΉŒ, κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So you may wonder, why on Earth are they doing it?
μ™œ 사이버곡간에 λ›°μ–΄λ“€κΉŒμš”?
Why are they engaging with cyberspace?
제 이둠은 κ·Έ κ°€μš΄λ° λ§Žμ€ κ³³λ“€μ—μ„œ, 검열이 생각보닀 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ•½ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Well my theory is that it's happening because censorship actually is less effective than you think it is in many of those places.
λΉ„νŒμ  λ‚΄μš©μ„ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ— μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ” μˆœκ°„, 비둝 κ·Έ 글을 λ°”λ‘œ μ°¨λ‹¨μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  해도, κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έ 수천개둜 νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°€μ£ .
The moment you put something critical in a blog, even if you manage to ban it immediately, it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other blogs.
차단을 더 μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ μ‹œν‚¬μˆ˜λ‘ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 검열을 피해가도둝 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³ , 그리고 κ²°κ΅­,그듀은 이 μ«“κ³  μ«“κΈ°λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So the more you block it, the more it emboldens people to actually avoid the censorship and thus win in this cat-and-mouse game.
그렇기에 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법은 그것을 μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΉ„νŒμ  글을 μ“΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ CIA μš”μ›μ΄λΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ“ μ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So the only way to control this message is actually to try to spin it and accuse anyone who has written something critical of being, for example, a CIA agent.
이런 일이 κ½€ μ’…μ’… λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
And, again, this is happening quite often.
μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ 이런 방법이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ·Έ 사둀λ₯Ό 보죠.
Just to give you an example of how it works in China, for example.
2009λ…„ 2월에 큰 사건이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "고양이 ν”Όν•˜κΈ°" μ‚¬κ±΄μœΌλ‘œ 뢈리곀 ν•˜μ£ .
There was a big case in February 2009 called "Elude the Cat."
λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹œλŠ” 뢄듀을 μœ„ν•΄ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄
And for those of you who didn't know, I'll just give a little summary.
24μ„Έμ˜ 쀑ꡭ 남성이 감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So what happened is that a 24-year-old man, a Chinese man, died in prison custody.
그런데 경찰이 λ°œν‘œν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ£„μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό μˆ¨λ°”κΌ­μ§ˆ 놀이λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‹€κ°€, - μˆ¨λ°”κΌ­μ§ˆμ΄ μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ€μ–΄λ‘œ "고양이 ν”Όν•˜κΈ°(躲猫猫)"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ - 머리λ₯Ό 벽에 λΆ€λ”ͺν˜€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ . λ§Žμ€ 쀑ꡭ λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ„ μ΄ν•΄μ‹œν‚¬λ§Œν•œ ν•΄λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
And police said that it happened because he was playing hide and seek, which is "elude the cat" in Chinese slang, with other inmates and hit his head against the wall, which was not an explanation which sat well with many Chinese bloggers.
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΉ„νŒμ μΈ λŒ“κΈ€μ΄ μ˜¬λΌμ™”μ£ .
So they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments.
유λͺ…ν•œ 쀑ꡭ μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμΈ QQ.comμ—λŠ” 뢈과 λͺ‡μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ— 이 μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 3만5천개의 λŒ“κΈ€μ΄ λ‹¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In fact, QQ.com, which is a popular Chinese website, had 35,000 comments on this issue within hours.
그런데 μ΄λ•Œ κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ΄ 맀우 지λŠ₯적인 λŒ€μ²˜λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ£ .
But then authorities did something very smart.
κ·Έ λŒ“κΈ€λ“€μ„ μ§€μš°λŠ” 방법을 νƒν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ , λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ—κ²Œ 손을 λ‚΄λ°€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Instead of trying to purge these comments, they instead went and reached out to the bloggers.
기본적으둜 이런 μ œμ•ˆμ„ ν–ˆμ£ . "자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ„€ν‹°μ¦Œ μˆ˜μ‚¬λŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ£Όμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€."
And they basically said, "Look guys. We'd like you to become netizen investigators."
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 500λͺ…이 지원을 ν–ˆκ³ , κ·Έ 쀑 4λͺ…이 μ„ μ •λ˜μ–΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 문제의 μ‹œμ„€μ„ λ°©λ¬Έν•˜κ³  μ‹œμ°°λ₯Ό ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ„ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ— 남기도둝 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So 500 people applied, and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question, and thus inspect it and then blog about it.
λ©°μΉ  μ΄λ‚΄λ‘œ, 사건 전체가 μžŠν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλƒ₯ κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄ κ²°μ½” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ² μ£ .
Within days the entire incident was forgotten, which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content.
μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ£Όλ™μ•ˆ κ·Έ 이야기λ₯Ό 계속 ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
People would keep talking about it for weeks.
이 사건은, κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ ꡭ가와 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 일에 κ΄€ν•œ λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ ν₯미둜운 이둠과도 λ§žλ¬Όλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And this actually fits with another interesting theory about what's happening in authoritarian states and in their cyberspace.
μ •μΉ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 'κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ '라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것이죠. μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΉ„νŒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 손을 λ‚΄λ°€μ–΄ μ„œλ‘œ λŒ€κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 해쀄 λ•Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
This is what political scientists call authoritarian deliberation, and it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics and letting them engage with each other online.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν”νžˆ, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λ…μž¬μ •κΆŒμ— ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό 쀄 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 였히렀 κ°•ν™”ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
We tend to think that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships, but in many cases it only strengthens them.
μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ°€, κΆκΈˆν•˜μ‹€ 수 있죠.
And you may wonder why.
μ™œ κ·„μœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ κ°€ λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 도움이 λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 짧은 μ΄μœ λ“€μ„ 듀어보죠.
I'll just give you a very short list of reasons why authoritarian deliberation may actually help the dictators.
첫번째 μ΄μœ λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And first it's quite simple.
κ·Έλ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ™„μ „ν•œ κ²°μ—¬μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
Most of them operate in a complete information vacuum.
μ •κΆŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œ λΆ€μƒν•˜λŠ” μœ„ν˜‘λ“€μ„ νŠΉμ •μ§€μ„ 만큼의 데이터가 사싀 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They don't really have the data they need in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime.
그렇기에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— λ›°μ–΄λ“€μ–΄ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μœ„ν‚€μ—μ„œ 정보와 데이터λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ„ νƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€λ©΄, ν•˜κΈ‰ κ΄€λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό 싀무진듀이 μ‹€μ œ κ·Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 상황이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ€νν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
So encouraging people to actually go online and share information and data on blogs and wikis is great because otherwise, low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats will continue concealing what's actually happening in the country, right?
이런 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보자면, λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μœ„ν‚€λ‘œ 지식을 μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것은 무척 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So from this perspective, having blogs and wikis produce knowledge has been great.
λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ, μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ— λŒ€μ€‘μ„ κ΄€μ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 κ²°κ΅­ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ³  말 정책듀에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„λ‚œμ„ λΆ„μ‚°μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆκΈ°μ— 맀우 μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Secondly, involving public in any decision making is also great because it helps you to share the blame for the policies which eventually fail.
"κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 말야, 우린 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 미리 λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€κ³  쑰언을 κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³  κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 당신이 μ°¬μ„±ν‘œλ₯Ό λ˜μ‘Œμ–΄.
Because they say, "Well look, we asked you, we consulted you, you voted on it.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 당신은 κ·Έκ±Έ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έ 메인에 μ˜¬λ Έμ§€.
You put it on the front page of your blog.
뭐 그래. 당신이 잘λͺ»ν•œκ±°λ„€"
Well, great. You are the one who is to blame."
그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, λͺ¨λ“  κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” ꡭ내와 ν•΄μ™Έ λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ μ •κΆŒμ˜ 정당성을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
And finally, the purpose of any authoritarian deliberation efforts is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes, both at home and abroad.
그렇기에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ˜¨κ°– 곡곡 ν¬λŸΌμ— μ΄ˆμ²­ν•˜κ³  μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 사싀 κ½€ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ 일이죠.
So inviting people to all sorts of public forums, having them participate in decision making, it's actually great.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  λ•Œ 그런 과정듀을 가리킀며 "μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ•Ό. ν¬λŸΌλ„ μ—΄μž–μ•„" 라고 ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
Because what happens is that then you can actually point to this initiative and say, "Well, we are having a democracy. We are having a forum."
ν•œ 가지 사둀λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ μ–΄λŠ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” 2020λ…„λ„κΉŒμ§€μ˜ μ •μ±…μ „λž΅μ„ μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 것에 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Just to give you an example, one of the Russian regions, for example, now involves its citizens in planning its strategy up until year 2020.
κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 이제 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— μ ‘μ†ν•΄μ„œ 2020λ…„κΉŒμ§€ κ·Έ 지역이 μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ˜μ•Όν• μ§€ 아이디어λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Right? So they can go online and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020.
이게 μ°Έ, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ— κ°€λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌλ©΄ λˆ„κ΅¬λΌλ„ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ—λŠ” λ‹€μŒ 달에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³„νšμ‘°μ°¨ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I mean, anyone who has been to Russia would know that there was no planning in Russia for the next month.
즉 2020년을 κ³„νšν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이 κΌ­ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ² λ‹€λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ . 의제λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ…μž¬μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So having people involved in planning for 2020 is not necessarily going to change anything, because the dictators are still the ones who control the agenda.
μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό 듀어보죠. 우리 κ·Έ κ³³μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ” νŠΈμœ„ν„° 혁λͺ… 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžμ„Ένžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄, λ„€νŠΈμ›κ³Ό λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ νŠΈμœ„ν„°μ™€ 페이슀뢁 μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μž‘λ™μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
Just to give you an example from Iran, we all heard about the Twitter revolution that happened there, but if you look close enough, you'll actually see that many of the networks and blogs and Twitter and Facebook were actually operational.
더 λŠλ €μ§€κΈ°μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ, ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ΄ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 접속할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ . κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 접속할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 사싀 λ§Žμ€ κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ ꡭ가에 도움이 λœλ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
They may have become slower, but the activists could still access it and actually argue that having access to them is actually great for many authoritarian states.
κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ” 곡개된 좜처λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 정보듀을 λͺ¨μ„ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
And it's great simply because they can gather open source intelligence.
κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μ ‘μ΄‰ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 수주, μˆ˜κ°œμ›”μ΄ ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
In the past it would take you weeks, if not months, to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other.
μ΄μ œλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 페이슀뢁 νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
Now you actually know how they connect to each other by looking at their Facebook page.
μ˜›λ‚ μ— KGBλŠ”, μ•„λ‹ˆ KGB뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 어디라도, 이런 데이터λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 고문을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
I mean KGB, and not just KGB, used to torture in order to actually get this data.
μ΄μ œλŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— λ„λ €μžˆμ£ .
Now it's all available online.
(μ›ƒμŒ) ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„λ‘ μžλ“€μ΄ 저지λ₯Έ κ°€μž₯ μ»€λ‹€λž€ κ°œλ…μ  였λ₯˜λŠ” μ˜¨λΌμΈμ„ μ ‘ν•˜λ©° μ„±μž₯ν•œ '디지털 원주민'듀에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(Laughter) But I think the biggest conceptual pitfall that cybertopians made is when it comes to digital natives, people who have grown up online.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν”νžˆ 사이버 μ‹€μ²œμ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” 말을 μ ‘ν•˜κ³€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 인터넷 덕뢄에 더 적극적으둜 μš΄λ™μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” 말이죠.
We often hear about cyber activism, how people are getting more active because of the Internet.
사이버 ν–₯락주의, 즉 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 더 μˆ˜λ™μ μ΄ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λ“£κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€μ–΄μš”.
Rarely hear about cyber hedonism, for example, how people are becoming passive.
μ™œμΌκΉŒμš”? 그듀은 μ–΄μ§Έμ„œμΈμ§€, 인터넷이 λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ„ 거리둜 λͺ°λ €λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ ν•˜λ¦¬λΌκ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인터넷은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ '인민의 μ•„νŽΈ'일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 방에 ν‹€μ–΄λ°•ν˜€ 포λ₯΄λ…Έλ‚˜ λ‹€μš΄λ°›λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ“ μ§€ 말이죠.
Why? Because they somehow assume that the Internet is going to be the catalyst of change that will push young people into the streets, while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography.
그닀지 κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ €λ˜λŠ” κ²¬ν•΄λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
That's not an option being considered too strongly.
즉 κΈΈκ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 디지털 λ°˜ν•­μ•„ ν•œ λͺ… λ§ˆλ‹€ WoWμ—μ„œλ§Œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 디지털 λ…Έμ˜ˆλ“€μ΄ 두 λͺ…μ”© μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of Tehran, there may as well be two digital captives who are actually rebelling only in the World of Warcraft.
이μͺ½μ΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄μ£ . 그게 λ”±νžˆ 잘λͺ»λœ 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜ 인터넷은 λ§Žμ€ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 νž˜μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그런데 인터넷은 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ, μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬νšŒμ  역할을 ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
And this is realistic. And there is nothing wrong about it because the Internet has greatly empowered many of these young people and it plays a completely different social role for them.
μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ μΈν„°λ„·μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” νš¨μš©μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ„€λ¬Έμžλ£Œλ“€μ„ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 보면, 인터넷이 μ„±μƒν™œ ν™•μž₯에 도움이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 닡변을 ν•œ 쀑ꡭ μ‹­λŒ€λ“€μ˜ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€ 미ꡭ의 κ²½μš°λ³΄λ‹€ 3λ°°λ‚˜ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
If you look at some of the surveys on how the young people actually benefit from the Internet, you'll see that the number of teenagers in China, for example, for whom the Internet actually broadens their sex life, is three times more than in the United States.
즉 μ‚¬νšŒμ  역할을 ν•˜λŠ” 건 λ§žλŠ”λ°, 그게 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ°Έμ—¬λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So it does play a social role, however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement.
그렇기에 μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜λŠ” 방식은 μΌμ’…μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μš•κ΅¬μ˜ μœ„κ³„ κ΅¬λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맀슬둜우의 μš•κ΅¬ 5단계 이둠을 λ² κΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So the way I tend to think of it is like a hierarchy of cyber-needs in space, a total rip-off from Abraham Maslow.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 핡심은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ˜ κΉ‘μ΄Œμ— μ˜¨λΌμΈμ„ λ³΄κΈ‰ν•˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” 것은 인ꢌ기ꡬ λ³΄κ³ μ„œ 같은 것듀이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
But the point here is that when we get the remote Russian village online, what will get people to the Internet is not going to be the reports from Human Rights Watch.
포λ₯΄λ…Έ, μ„ΉμŠ€μ•€λ”μ‹œν‹°, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 우슀운 고양이 λ™μ˜μƒ 같은 것듀이죠.
It's going to be pornography, "Sex and the City," or maybe watching funny videos of cats.
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΌ­ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So this is something you have to recognize.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
So what should we do about it?
μš°μ„ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 가ꡬ당 μ•„μ΄νŒŸ λ³΄κΈ‰μˆ˜λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 지식인듀, λΉ„νŒλ‘ μžλ“€, NGOλ“€, μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ„±μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ νž˜μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ 생각해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Well I say we have to stop thinking about the number of iPods per capita and start thinking about ways in which we can empower intellectuals, dissidents, NGOs and then the members of civil society.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λͺ¨λ“  일듀에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μŠ€ν•€ν„°λ„·κ³Ό κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ κ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν•œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 퍼지지 μ•Šμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 맀우 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Because even what has been happening up 'til now with the Spinternet and authoritarian deliberation, there is a great chance that those voices will not be heard.
λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„μ  κ°€μ • 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό λΆ€μˆ˜κ³  μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 그것을 μœ„ν•΄ 무언가λ₯Ό ν•΄λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
So I think we should shatter some of our utopian assumptions and actually start doing something about it.
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Thank you.
(λ°•μˆ˜) 이런 μ˜›λ§μ΄ μžˆμ§€μš”. "μ–΄λ–€ 것이 λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€" λΌκ³ μš”.
(Applause) There's an old saying, "Just because you can't see something, doesn't mean it's not there."
제 μž‘ν’ˆμ€-- 음... μ €μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄μ£ .
My work is -- it's a reflection of myself.
(μž‘ν’ˆμ„ 톡해) μ œκ°€ 세상에 보여주고 μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜ 것은 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ 것이 κ°€μž₯ 큰 것이 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
What I wanted to do is to show the world that the little things can be the biggest things.