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Medieval Data 10

David S. Bachrach, The Foundations of Royal Power in Early Medieval Germany. Material Resources and Governmental Administration in a Carolingian Successor State. Woodbridge, Boydell Press 2022

Matthias Becher

article

Historische Zeitschrift

Early Medieval Serbs in the Balkans

Danijel Džino

This paper discusses the problem of appearance Serb ethnonym in Balkans, as evidenced ninth-century Frankish Royal Annals and mid-tenth-century Byzantine treaty De Administrando Imperio. Written evidence is analysed together with available archaeological information order to criticize currently dominating ideas concerning migration seventh century, well offer different perspectives on origins early medieval Balkans.

article

Historical studies on Central Europe

Ernst Kantorowicz’s Synthronos: New Perspectives on Medieval Charisma

Alfons Puigarnau

In this text, the author analyzes notion of charisma that appears implicitly in medieval political theology Ernst H. Kantorowicz. The text to be analyzed is Synthronos, a manuscript from 1951 on iconography sharing-throne between gods and kings, which was unable publish before he died. surveyed St. Paul’s grace Max Weber’s sociology dominion order find third way broaden definition charisma. Finally, new perspective proposed, based literary artistic representations, along with visual rhetoric, as driving forces ruler’s gifts.

article

Religions

Early to Late Medieval Europe

Louis G. Kelly

By the fifth century Latin had become language of education and been brought to new areas via expansion Christianity. The grammars by Donatus (fourth century) Priscian’s (sixth were canonical textbooks.The Carolingian Renaissance (eighth-ninth linguistic consequences: promotion scholarship, return original texts, reform pronunciation. twelfth represents a turning point in study language: aim is not just describing practical training, but reflecting on relationship between ‘dialectic’ (logic) grammar (cf. Peter Helias). This opened way general/formal theory language, ‘speculative grammar.’ It flourished thirteenth century, with idea that intervenes both knowledge reality ‘modes signifying.' Modistae systematized their predecessors’ work investigated further relation meaning universal properties language. In fifteenth nominalists, for whom modes signifying unnecessary, attacked theories.The author notes an interest pragmatics coming from theologians, rather than grammarians philosophers. chapter closes review vernaculars (Catalan, Provençal, Old French).

chapter

Cambridge University Press eBooks

The Problem(s) with the Carolingian Reform(s)

Rutger Kramer

chapter

BRILL eBooks

Sapiential Rulership in the Carolingian Renaissance and Its Anglo-Saxon and Ottonian Continuators

Manuel Alejandro Rodríguez de la Peña

chapter

Routledge eBooks

Spatio-temporal analysis of ecclesiastical constructions in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula (10th-13th centuries)

Enrique Capdevila Montes|Antonio Uriarte González

The European Petrifying Wealth project addresses the boom in construction that took place Europe first centuries of 2nd millennium and social factors related to it. This task involves handling a large amount information from different sources, for which spatial relational database has been implemented. Through statistical analyses, this article analyses geographical distribution, its chronological evolution, ecclesiastical buildings northern half Iberian Peninsula between 10th 13th centuries. results show complex varied scenario, is interpreted light historical phenomena, such as emergence development political entities, conquest repopulation new territories, or formation economic, territorial cultural networks.

article

CEM|DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))

Conceptualizing Ideoclasm: Monument Removal Through an Iconoclastic Lens

Haley Catherine Menard

This paper seeks to explore and expand upon the concept of iconoclasm by suggesting a new term encapsulate physical rhetorical work icon denial: ideoclasm. As form resistance perpetuation celebration an ideology, breaking signifier or – can serve as part process advocating for larger cultural change. Through survey events in history iconoclasm, we understand significance other forms ‘breaking’. Conceptualizing ideoclasm this way allows reconsideration who has iconoclastic agency denial icon, since they no longer have be enacting destruction. is strikingly relevant contemporary monument removal movements where advocates positioned performers even if not achieved performed official authorities.

dissertation

Issue Information

No abstract is available for this article.

paratext

Early Medieval Europe

Political Renaissance from the Roman Empire to the Thought of Hannah Arendt

chapter

The MIT Press eBooks

Cato the Icelander

Victor Frans

Reynistaðarbók (AM 764 4to, ca. 1376–1386) contains a summary of Roman history likely based on vernacular source common to Rómverja saga.1 A passage therein is some importance for our understanding Hugsvinnsmál, the Old Norse translation Dicta or Disticha Catonis, yet it has received little scholarly attention until this point.2 Describing aftermath defeat Pompey Great at Pharsalus and later that his allies in Africa, includes comment Cato Younger was author poem question. It does not, however, give Latin title but version, presupposing an equivalence between original translation. The Hugsvinnsmál draws name Cato, derived from catus (wise, clear-sighted), translating into counterpart hugsvinnr joining supposed author's ‘speaking name’ with mál dicta (sayings). Through these other means which will be addressed below, AM 4to ties school curriculum, past poetic tradition together: Þá er Julius hafði sigrat Yspaniam ok Yberium ferr hann út yfir hafit eftir Pompeio, áttu þeir tvær orrostur. Var hin síðari í Thessalonialandi. Fellu þar flestir kappar Pompei, en sjálfr flýði með honum spekingr, gjört hefir Hugsvinnsmál. Pompeius á Egiptaland vænti sér friðar. En varð drepinn svikliga þeim hætti Septimius, riddari Tholomei konungs þá réð Egiptalandi.3 Ok sá bana sinn ráðinn, vafði mötlinum um höfuð lauk saman augun helt öndunni, eigi vildi spilla sinni frægð né einu andvarpi. var laginn gegnum sverði, þagði sem sauðr, svá hans æfi.Cato enn Leptis spurði þau tíðindi Juba konungr sigraðr fallinn. Þóttiz sjá ríki mundi ganga alla veröld, engum kosti þjóna. Tók þat ráð drekka eitr sínum vilja, dó því.4(When had conquered Hispania Iberia, he sailed across sea after Pompey, they fought two battles. last one Thessaly. There, most Pompey's champions fell, himself fled together him wise, who composed Egypt hoped safety there, treacherously slain way, knight King Ptolemy, then ruled Egypt, [led away men struck down]. When saw death looming, draped head cloak, closed eyes held breath, did not wish diminish fame even single sigh. He pierced sword, kept as silent sheep, thus life ended.Cato still when heard news defeated fallen. seemed could see how power would stretch over whole world, wished no way serve him. thereupon resolved drink poison, own free will, died way.)5To expand upon my introductory remarks, I want focus three possible implications reference Cato's authorship: I. Firstly, text mention have been expected, instead version In words, despite divergences form content, very represented if were complete agreement its textual model.II. are furthermore presumed penned by particular Uticensis, rather than any candidates authorship. Even so, knowledge famous (or indeed lesser-known hypothetical) Catones may prevalent Iceland time. This statement might, therefore, merely assumption part writer unaware problem. There must case associating since etymology immediately clear without help glosses commentaries, Hugsvinnr being fairly close name, stems (wise). imply continued awareness work original.III. Lastly, noteworthy reader assumed familiar suggesting well known. This, combination simple regular meter, repetition formulae and—in regard pre-Christian past—harmless point use within educational context.To test validity claims, essential understand poems interpreted earlier scholarship.The suggested date composition Catonis (henceforth DC) gradually pushed back new evidence come light. Modern scholars initially repetitive commonplace truisms typical late antique literature, all perceived stagnation. oldest explicit letter Emperor Valentinian, written personal physician sometime 364 375 AD, referring “illud Catonis” (that [saying] Cato), followed dicts.6 Already mid-third century, Christian poet Commodian seems drawn inspiration few sayings DC. Later studies also identified paraphrases DC funerary inscriptions stemming second notably dated tentatively around 100 AD.7 Since Lucan, 65 named preface book II made person this, dating AD now likely. perhaps light renewed interest during time Younger, whose might used lend authority work, Serena Connolly, fitting collection moral teachings.8 Throughout Middle Ages there much speculation identity titular below relation account Reynistaðarbók.There taught Visigothic Spain, here transmitted Italy Carolingian world churchmen fleeing Muslim invasion.9 Spain 57 short prose precepts, breves sententiae, interpolated prefatory epistle poem, though possibility exists work. Whatever be, seem accepted commented Remigius Auxerre (ca. 841–908) Expositio super Catonem.10The question relevance interpretation preserved manuscript, Codex Veronensis Bibliothecae Capularis 163 fol. (ninth century), headed M. ad filium suum, which, we shall see, affinity Icelandic title. more commonly known, refers dactylic hexameter couplets, appears both medieval manuscripts early print. called Libri philosophi, slightly recent according Boas, Ethica occurs Carmina Burana printed editions.11The takes advice father son, stressing honesty, diligence, piety kindness.12 addition meter language, ideal use, attested throughout Ages, often appearing Donatus's grammar. Catoniani, collections texts intended beginners Latin, testifies poem.13 are, addition, various glosses, commentaries introductions work—the ascribed Auxerre, Catonem, already mentioned—as number paraphrases, reworkings, extended versions edited modern times titles novus, rhythmicus, interpolatus, leoninus, secundus.14 Some texts, others exercises verse composition, using starting synonyms, antonyms, variation different stylistic figures. Further proof poem's popularity abundance translations prose. English, Anglo-Norman (no less three), French, Occitan, High German, Franconian, quite Italy, instance Venetian seven known Tuscany alone.15 translated Greek Byzantine monk Maximus Planudes (d. 1310).16Though teachings large extent agreed views morality, interpretations distichs, Richard Hazelton shown, pointing similarities Book Proverbs, Epistles Paul, writings church fathers.17 One gloss describes “satis concordans scripturis que instruunt mores, sicut Proverbia Salomonis vel Liber sapiencie” (conforming scriptures teach morals, such Proverbs Solomon Wisdom).18 distichs regularly associated four cardinal virtues, their classical origin, become central thought: “materia hoc opere sunt quattuor virtutes principales, scilicet iusticia, prudencia, fortitudo, temperancia” (Cato's subject matter justice, prudence, fortitude, temperance).19 Hazelton's “Cato simply ‘safe’ nor teaching negligible; converted utilitas.”20 meant benefit (prodesse) readers “ut . animum nostrum honestam vitam deducamus” (in order us direct mind towards honorable life).21 should noted utilitas emphasized manuscript where words harðla nytsöm, “very useful,” added title.22Since read secular surprising Icelander take task making sources, first make appearance First Grammatical Treatise, distich quoted vernacular.23 Moreover, fragment IV DC, possibly thirteenth 2010 Åslaug Ommundsen National Museum Reykjavík (Þjms. fragm. 104). Another 103) originally same contained portions versified Æsop another constituted Catonianus. demonstrates type beginner's circulation Iceland.24 From Late mentioned inventory Viðey monastery 1397 med Glosa (Cato gloss).25 On basis examples, reasonable assume, just Hermann Pálsson did, played important role clerical education infancy.26The Hsv) similarity gnomic poetry vein Hávamál contemporary Sólarljóð.27 Just like eddic poems, Hsv ljóðaháttr similarly contain life, Sólarljóð imparted son.28Hsv generally ranked among best said greater effect original's precepts variety structure rhythm. many cases resorts formulaic expressions, highly regular, discussed later.There 50 fragments Hsv, only small medieval. lack witnesses could, attributed wear tear inevitably befalling exemplars popular relationship complex, stemma established previous researchers shows divided main branches witnesses: 624 (fifteenth closer text, especially appear, mainly five manuscripts, Lbs 1199 (seventeenth eighteenth century) complete, having verse.29 Tuvestrand edition aforementioned emendations, while SkP editors Tarrin Wills Stefanie Würth supplementing readings witnesses.30It unclear whether began oral composition. context product learned Latinate milieu, following adapting experimenting methods. easy tell branch translation, considerable differences them, drafts poet, else improved centuries.31 fact memorized, may, conceivable, long native poetry. Nor disregarded writing, memorized orally, refined, whereupon down again, giving rise scribal traditions.32 If transmission oral, explain smaller groups manuscripts.33 details committed memory; emphasis learning through reading invariably replaced verbs pertaining hearing remembrance. Many changes recitation. stanza places audience aural setting, addressing them reminiscent Vǫluspá skaldic “Heyri seggir” (may listen), “praecepta mea ita legito ut intellegas” (read you understand), (st. 2) proclaims “mun þú eptir öll” (remember it).34 practice reflect actually used, clarifying function Hsv.The model belonged Vulgate tradition. To specific, Ruggerini finds so-called Vulgata recentior, incorporating traits recentissima, “period transition half twelfth beginning century.”35 uncertain made, linguistic criteria, recognized Hugo Gering, rule out primarily due enclitic negations -a -at.36 scholarship accepts 1200 century.37The thoroughly several points matter, example 96, stanzas (III. 11; IV. 35), encouraging son content what grieve loss material things.38 poet's good, fails grasp allusions mythology, concerning Kairos (Lat. Caerus), god opportunity. curl hair front otherwise bald head, implying fleeting moment seized; once passed, too grasp.39 metaphor volatility life. alone this; English similar misunderstanding, interprets obscure allusion symbol wealth.40The evidently calque corresponding neuter plural genitive names signifying “wise” “clear-sighted.” Medieval somewhat faulty etymology, comes Greek, idea mediated Isidore Seville writers, Conrad Hirsau, active century.41 adjective (with Sabine origin), Greek.42 dependent introduction intention adaptation original. brings method.Most saying, exception 1–16, adapted 52, 109, 110, 146, distichs. prefaces ones before books II–IV, translated, III placed end. Gerhard Alexander theorizes reasons discrepancies translation: leave “unisländisches” (un-Icelandic) omits mistakes transmission, either corrupt errors copying translation.43 Concerning “un-Icelandic” ideas original, telling translator's cultural environment. exhortation “Litteras disce” (learn letters) 38 becomes “rúnir nem þú” runes) 12.44 Things relating setting left out, forum, wine divorce (DC 5, II. 21, III. 12), poets Vergil, Æmilius Macer Ovid praef.) “bragnar spakir” (wise men; st. 56).45 Likewise, view evident stanza, worth quoting full:46Gamansamlig ljóðskaltu af greppum nemaok mörg fræði muna,þvít ágætlig ljóðbera fyrir ýta sonuskáld til skemtanar.47This can compared text: Multa legas facito, perlectis perlege multa,nam miranda canunt, sed non credenda poetae.48(Make sure much, read, examine much; sing things marveled at, believed.)Though admittedly poets’ ability amuse translator omitting inherent untrustworthiness embody ethos Iceland, skalds seen authorities antiquity. self-critical approach thought undermine itself.The makes changes. As observed, imperative, prefers impersonal constructions maðr, parallel poetry.49 doing aim produce varied style, considering almost finite imperative. Others tendency associate specific situations render abstract concepts concrete words; instance, (IV. 18) speaks old age, (Hsv 122) replaces “öldruðum afa” (an elderly grandfather).50 Furthermore, speaker patently present additions singular, “tel ek” 17), “trú ek,” 78), “sá 80), “hygg 95, 105, 135, 136, 143), penultimate 148): “Ástsamlig / mun þú, einkason, ek hefi kvæði kent” (My remember loving lay).51 genre, presence manner, Hsv's near-contemporaries Merlínússpá Sólarljóð.Some attributable Christianization Several concern references mythology. Besides misunderstanding above, alluding Janus unrecognizable Hsv: Quod sequitur specta quodque imminet ante, videto:illum imitare deum, partem qui spectat utramque.52Um lítazþarf maðr veguok við villu varaz;glöggþekkinnskyldi gumna hverrok fróðr forsjáll vera.53While difficult above consciously deity. Perhaps lost adapt; chose paraphrase opening Hávamál: Gáttir allar,áðr gangi fram,um scoðaz scyli,um scygnaz scyli;þvíat óvíst vita,hvar óvinirsitia fleti fyrir.54(Every entrance, proceed, scan spy; cannot foes seated hall.)In Venus Bacchus given “lostasemi” “ofdrykkja” 132), accurate personifications love drinking 30).55 Similarly, Fortuna never included translation.56 omission deities necessarily Christianization; rendering meaningful audience, cases, find counterparts gods.Similarly, draw far-reaching conclusions God singular editions gods plural. Granted trying restore, (though others), variants manuscripts.57 Here probably dealing affecting existing analysis runs difficulty; exact translator, itself, inevitable target remain cases.A feature closely related influence vocabulary Hsv. Larrington numerous closest parallels homilies religious texts. They list heiðinn (as describing Hugsvinnr), lærifaðir, hreint hjarta, syndugr, himneskr, líkamr, líkams lestir, lostasemi, sællífi (eternal life), synd, reykelsi, ǫlmusa jarðligr, gæska (grace), heilsa (to save) vǫmm (sin).58 distinctly mentioning. “eins guðs” (of god) 119 manifests belief denigrating lust “ljót munúð” (ugly bodily desire) 73 emphasizing virtues “Þarflátr þakklátr skaltu þínum guði vera” (You humble thankful your God) 3, 1 “Deo supplica” (pray God).59 cleric, seeing experience sermons Latin.To summarize, hints uses vocabulary, consistently tenets Christ, Mary, saints. At time, paradoxically pagan practices culture removed, anything remotely connected heathendom. therefore so monotheization, placing dim past. relates represented, discuss next section.To provide historical background Lucan's Pharsalia, accessus summa historiae, outline events leading up complementing narrative poem. served minor sources saga fill certain gaps story, surviving model.60 disputed between, hand, posited historiae and, other, Jakob Benediktsson maintained directly saga, turn rested Veraldar Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir pointed explanation why found saga.61 Either expanded source, longer, pared transmission. Þorbjörg Helgadóttir put forth hypothesis sections passages Clemens unidentified Lucanum.62 each show distinctive missing others, enough conclude begun Romulus Remus, stretching reign Augustus.63 Younger's authorship uncertainty detail passing authors texts.64 inconceivable summa. remains Younger. high consider Hugsvinnsmál” Hugsvinnsmál).65The choice summarist puzzling reasons. begin with, presents equivalent unrecognizable. far obvious listeners Cato; dislodges position favor progeny. These understood exceedingly free—by word word, fit context—it essentially Using Rita Copeland's term, say “appropriated” original; “[displaces] proposes serve. Like commentary, tends represent itself ‘service’ authoritative source; displaces originary force models.”66A attitude observed parts summary. noted, explanations clearly audience.67 mentioning clari

article

Journal of English and Germanic Philology

Of Rectangles and Centuries. A History of the Use of a Garden Pattern from Romanesque Europe to Nineteenth-Century New Orleans

David Lewis

Settlers of New Orleans brought with them ideas gardens that influenced the way they shaped in colony. Although influence those has been acknowledged studies gardens, specific connections between and have not made. To illuminate some connections, this study focuses on one garden pattern — a composition long, rectangular planting beds -- is common to at least fifty European dating from ninth century. A developmental history chronicles use ninth-century Europe nineteenth-century constructed used show group which contain can be identified as distinct tradition. In past containing grouped other geometric patterns described such terms formal, French or parterre. This shows predates development formal parterre suggests through more careful it possible identify traditions also gardens.

dissertation

LSU Digital Commons (Louisiana State University)

Isidore of Seville and Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada

Rodrigo Furtado

Isidore of Seville (c. 570–636) and Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada (1170–1247) mark the beginning end point a type historiography in Iberia that is still very dependent on late antique models. Isidore’s Chronicon (CPL 1205) Historiae 1204) were considered canonical models what “writing history” should mean, forming backbone all major texts compilations written until thirteenth century. In this paper, I analyze how used at two levels: structuring his own work as source. terms structure, will show was main model for Rada’s historiographical project. Concerning use text source, identify which versions by Rada, how, concretely, he adapted text. argue did not just copy Historiae, but took both structure text, rethought them, made completely new own.

article

Medievalista online|Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)|Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)

The Medieval Constitution of Liberty

Alexander William Salter|Andrew Young

Why did enduring traditions of economic and political liberty emerge in Western Europe not elsewhere? Representative democracy, constitutionalism, the rule law are crucial for establishing a just prosperous society, which we usually treat as fruits Renaissance Enlightenment, European societies put Dark Ages behind them. In The Medieval Constitution Liberty, Salter Young point instead to constitutional order that characterized High Middle Ages. They provide historical account how this evolved following fall Roman Empire. This runs from settlements militarized Germanic elites within imperial frontiers, host successor kingdoms sixth seventh centuries, through short-lived Carolingian empire late eighth ninth centuries so-called “feudal anarchy” followed its demise. Given unique backdrop, consider resulting structures property rights. argue reality approximated ideal type, they term polycentric sovereignty. theoretical analysis sovereignty, arguing bargains between rights holders sort will lead improvements governance.

book

Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)

A ‘Grammar of Asymmetrical Dependency’ for Early Scandinavia (to c. 1350)

Stefan Brink

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

Transcripciones latinas de fórmulas islámicas en textos ibéricos medievales sobre Muḥammad

Grant Kynaston

Este artículo examina una característica lingüística a menudo olvidada en la polémica cristiana sobre Muḥammad Iberia medieval: transliteración de fórmulas islámicas del árabe al latín. Tras esbozar un marco para evaluar estas expresiones dentro contexto multilingüe más amplio al-Andalus, dos polémicas latinas región que contienen transcripciones sustanciales similares. En primer lugar, se transcripción declaración fe islámica el Liber scale Mahometi, siglo XIII, e identifica patrón vernacularización y distorsión presentación frases árabes texto. segundo analiza Tultusceptru los siglos IX-X, considerada corrupta por estudiosos anteriores, evalúa datos fonológicos frase. defiende lectura novedosa que, su vez, indica mayor conciencia sensibilidad pensamiento islámico parte polemista. Por último, lecturas son corroboradas comparando las interpretaciones textos takbīr.

article

Al-qantara

Carolingian Influences

T. D. Kendrick

chapter

Routledge eBooks

Rituals in Slavic Pre-Christian Religion

Juan Antonio Álvarez-Pedrosa|Enrique Santos Marinas

chapter

Amsterdam University Press eBooks|Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)

Gyula László’s theory of the “two-time conquest of the Magyars” and the archaeology of the Avars

Csanád Bálint

Abstract Gyula László’s theory, published in 1970, was virtually ignored and received with tacit dismissal by the Hungarian archaeological scholarship international community largely unaware of it. This paper aims to provide clarity for latter research. Not a single element theory accepted or acceptable even at time its birth: distribution late Avar Conquest-era sites do not complement each other; István Kniezsa's map is highly discussed suitable proving that eighth century Avars were Hungarians; Byzantine sources record immigration military group people, who later moved on; “Ugri Bjelii” mentioned Russian Primary Chronicle cannot be applicable this immigration; so-called “griffin-tendril” population about 30 years as supposed there migration from Káma region seventh century) connecting “Uuangariorum marcha” “Onogurs” uncertain; no trace any anthropological material period. Errare humanum est .

article

Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print)

Some notes on the date of Attila's death

Péter Kovács

Abstract In his paper the author deals with date of Attila's death. Several scholarly works dealt already death and written sources. The antique source dates to year 453 shortly before planned campaign against Marcian. On other hand, Leo Great's letters has not been examined regarding this issue. one 11 March 451, pope mentions still existing dangers ( flagella ) where obviously refer Attila Huns. This means nothing was known about in middle Rome, so Hun king must have died a little bit later.

article

Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Print)

Lake Ladoga. The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe

Aimed at researchers, students and all interested in history, this multidisciplinary study offers a spectacular view of the history Europe’s largest lake. Adopting lens coastal edited volume presents development vast Great Lake’s catchment area over long-time span, from archaeological traces to Viking routes fishery huts luxury villas power elite. It reflects on people’s sensory-historical relationships with aquatic nature, considers benefits harms plants factories human communities environment. The focus is central northern parts shores Lake Ladoga, which belonged Finnish rule between 1812 1944. approach permits an unusually wide range questions. What has meant local residents cultural emotional terms? How should we conceptualize extensive diverse networks activities that surrounded lake? kind Ladoga beaches did Finns have cede Soviet Union end war 1944? reminisced about their lost homelands? Russians transformed profile region, what state Ladoga’s waters today? first overall presentation today entirely part Russia, aimed international readership. rich source material cross-border research consists both archival chronicles, folklore, reminiscence, modern satellite images. helps readers understand better economic, political, socio-cultural characteristics areas, dynamics vulnerable border regions.

article

Distance to innovations, kinship intensity, and psychological traits

David Le Bris|Victor Gay

Psychological traits display substantial variation worldwide. These psychological variations could be explained by the intensity of kinship ties which, we hypothesize, depends on reception innovations that gradually complexified family organizations. originated from several centers across world also spread other crucial novelties such as agriculture. Less exposed to these innovations, areas far innovation should exhibit lower intensity. Indeed, show distance is strongly associated with This especially outside Western Europe in which exposure Church seems play an additional role.

article

PLOS ONE|HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)|HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)|PubMed Central|PubMed

La circulation des modèles bibliques entre chrétiens et juifs au Moyen Âge: L’exemple de la figure de Rachel

Axelle Neyrinck

Résumé L’article porte sur la figure de Rachel et les modes d’appropriation variés matriarche en contexte chrétien. Cette étude cas permet d’observer circulation d’un type biblique dans un relations interculturelles dissymétriques. Il ne s’agit pas d’esquisser une histoire des moyens techniques cette mais montrer que celle-ci dépend mutabilité Rachel, c’est-à-dire sa capacité à prendre sens contextes sources variées. Comme d’autres figures bibliques, elle fait l’objet d’une lutte entre juifs chrétiens aux premiers siècles notre ère. À l’époque carolingienne, l’exégèse chrétienne le typus Ecclesiae ; grégorienne, devient mater Ecclesia , constitue “image ecclésiologique,” l’instar Vierge. Dans quelques chrétiennes, est même appelée “vierge.” Ainsi, “marianisée” culture majoritaire, ce qui n’est sans effet conceptions juives partir du onzième siècle.

article

Medieval Encounters

When was Britain? Answers from Scotland and England

Joseph Smith

article

Public history weekly

Democracy and the Corporation: The Long View

David Ciepley

There is an unexamined paradox in the history of government West. The so-called absolutist monarchs Europe overwhelmingly chartered republican corporations—e.g., towns, universities, and guilds whose members elected their leaders. Indeed, modern constitutional democracy patterned after them. Yet, democracies themselves have authoritarian universities business corporations subjects no vote. After this Great Inversion, corporations, which once distributed power wealth, now concentrate them, straining democracy. Against backdrop, article analyzes major types relation maintained between states corporations: constitutive (states charter corporations), mimetic recurrently copy one another's organizational features), instrumental (each leans on other, sometimes captures it, to better advance its own purposes). then examines special challenges that corporate economies pose considers whether a partial reversal Inversion could reduce

article

Annual Review of Political Science

Gücün Aynası Yahut Taklidi: Prusya Kralı Büyük Friedrich’in Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na Gönderdiği Mektuplarda Vurguladığı Nüfuz Alanları

Hüseyin Ercan

Erken Modern Çağ uluslararası diplomasisinin pratiklerinden biri, sarayların ka- lem dairesi tarafından üretilen ve bir başka saraya gönderilen nâmelerde hükümranlık gücünün Tanrı’nın lütfuyla kullanıldığına (kutsal hak) işaret etmek sahip ve/veya sahiplik iddiasında olunan mülkleri tadat etmektir. Çok sayıda dilde mâkes bulan bu pratik, dayanılan kutsiyetin hükümran arazinin farklı olduğu gerek Hıris- tiyan gerekse Müslüman devletlerce XV. yüzyıldan itibaren yaygın şekilde kulla- nılmaya başlanmış XIX. yüzyıla kadar sürmüştür. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yoğunluk kazanmış olan Osmanlı-Prusya diplomatik ilişkilerinin göstergesi dö- nemin belgelerinin yukarıdaki pratiği ne ölçüde yansıttığı, makalenin araştırma konusunu oluşturur. Bunun için Prusya Devleti’ni Avrupa’nın büyük güçlerinden biri hâline getiren Büyük Friedrich 1758-1762 yılları arasında Bâbıâlî’ye gönderilmiş söz konusu tarihî seyrinin devamı olarak hâmil Latince beş nâme incelenmektedir. Ayrıca edilen mülkler, coğrafya sahasında neşredilmiş çağdaş Alman kaynaklarından hareketle yüz ölçümü nüfus bakımından ele alınarak Osmanlı Devleti’ne ait verilerle mukayese edilmektedir.

article

Osmanlı araştırmaları

Rita Nakashima Brock, Rebecca Ann Parker, and Governmental Atonement Theology

Andrew John Blosser

The writings of Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Parker have perspicaciously highlighted challenges that atonement theology faces in its interface with the experiences abused women children. These thinkers alerted theological community to fact an model which commends or valorizes divinely-mandated suffering innocent victim (Jesus) can nefariously encourage domestic abuse victims accept their own abuse, as if it were God’s will. therefore recommend abandoning language attaches any salvific significance Cross atonement. This thesis explores recommends alternative form language—called “governmental theology”—which may ameliorate problems noted by Parker. study briefly examines history evolution governmental view from early moorings Hugo Grotius, up contemporary adaptation René Girard. focus then shifts selected biblical expressions view. Finally, this demonstrates ways present a saving event for victims, while not implicating God abuse.

dissertation

Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University)

The Manuscripts of Leo the Great’s Letters. The Transmission and Reception of Papal Documents in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. By Matthew J.J.Hoskin. Instrumenta patristica et mediaevalia 83. Turnhout: Brepols. 2022. 516 pp. ISBN 987 2 503 58966 4; e‐ISBN 978 2 503 58967 1.

Rosamond McKitterick

The Life of Pope Leo I (440–61) in the sixth-century serial biography popes known as Liber pontificalis notes that ‘despatched many letters on faith which are kept safe today archive’ (‘multas epistolas fidei misit . quae hodie reconditae archivo tenentur’), and goes to explain a number these confirmed synod Chalcedon – twelve Marcian, thirteen Emperor Leo, nine Bishop Flavian, eighteen bishops throughout east. As Matthew Hoskin explains, it was not just Leo’s theology were treasured, but also those responding matters church life discipline. From sixth century onwards, letters, along with other early popes, can be found variety contexts, least compilations appear have been prepared dossiers relating particular arguments or for occasions, commonly regarded canon law collections. There has spate attention such recent years, volumes epistolography, formation letter collections author anthologies, didactic literary collections, groupings based recipients, third-party take their own, archival is ‘shift genre’ focus, when papal one individual issue became ‘decretal’ wider application, well studies tackle manuscripts codicology, asking who did compiling, when, where, what purpose resources hand. Hoskin’s important book complements all this work by scholars Bronwen Neil, Pauline Allen, Geoffrey Dunn, Ralph Mathisen, Ian Wood, Dominic Moreau, Klaus Herbers Achim Thomas Hack. achieves precisely he sets out do, namely, provide an analysis containing way mapping letters’ transmission reception Middle Ages. His intended Prolegomena new critical edition replace provided Ballerini brothers 1750s (reprinted J.P. Migne’s Patrologia Latina). generously acknowledges, good, more come light, produced within death, editions add letters. indicate complex pattern reception, may included participation officials Rome, only earliest centuries even under fifteenth-century popes. exposes multitude contexts read, copied, reorganized, augmented excerpted period from fifth fifteenth centuries. He documents interweavings groups interrelated manuscripts. able expose dual legacy theological discussions preservation his pronouncements pastoral, disciplinary clerical tradition. highlights assemblies particularly influential history, late (some nevertheless extant eighth- ninth-century manuscripts), notably Quesnelliana, Sanblasiana, Corbeiensis, Dionysiana, Dionysio-Hadriana, Hispana, pseudo-Isidorean ‘Decretals’ descendants. occurrence singly, principal manuscripts, gives welcome role Codex Grimanica (Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, 1645) contains 104 arranged chronologically, Ratisbonensis 72 (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 14540). In addition study career major printed divides survey into sections analysing identifies pre-Carolingian canonical (even though most cases manuscript eighth later), Chalcedonian Greek transmission, abundant Carolingian tradition post-Carolingian (which include both twelfth-century expansion copies made context papacy) Conciliar movement. further indication information any subsequent will need record, provides tables accompany textual variants diverse witnesses, using control, comments shared. addition, there invaluable conspectus (pp. 406–64) each 173 (the figure includes 30 whose authorship doubted), note lost spuria. array admirable clarity methodical consistency. Like so texts Rome Ages, peculiarity I’s Frankish and, indeed, Carolingian. degree himself successors had distinct recipients heirs needs considered further, does interesting observation bifurcation primarily branches how relate dissemination sermons. notion ‘proto’ useful. enterprise designed pursue codicological described. Indeed, single-minded respect rarely indicating else contains. Nor space consider motivation behind rationale selection. focus text suggest about links connections history. Nevertheless, exposition means, amply meticulously documented, others investigate manner, example, Remensis recently investigated M. Eber, S. Esders, D. Ganz T. Stuber (‘Selection Presentation Texts Early Medieval Canon Law Collections: Approaching Remensis, Berlin Staatsbibliothek Phillipps 1743’, Scholz G. Schwedler (eds), Creative Selection between Emending Forming Memory (Berlin 2020), pp. 105–36). One oddity presentation index. It bizarre arrangement shelf marks, apparently done automatic ‘sort’ without adjustment, sequence beginning 1 given priority. Munich list five-figure marks ‘1’ before four-figure ones, Paris gr. 1115 comes 415, etc. Further, could perhaps consideration categorization problem ‘canon law’ itself. has, however, covered impressive amount ground present useful compendium information. knowledge understanding

article

Early Medieval Europe

Combining dental calculus with isotope analysis in the Alps: New evidence from the Roman and medieval cemeteries of Lamon, Italy

Elena Fiorin|John V. Moore|Janet Montgomery|Marta Mariotti Lippi|Geoff Nowell|Paolo Forlin

This study presents the results of integrated isotopic and dental calculus analyses a number individuals buried in two cemeteries Roman medieval chronology Lamon(Belluno), northern Italy. Eleven from cemetery San Donato six Pietro are presented discussed. The suggest continuity geographic residence for populations, with most analysed showing local or regional origin. Carbon nitrogen isotopes indicative diet based on mixed C3/C4 plant consumption rich animal proteins, no significant difference between populations. C4 plants, more resilient to Alpine climate, is consistently documented both by calculus. Dental permit characterisation typology crop consumed, namely millet, barley/wheat legumes may also differing cooking processes periods. Phytoliths, vascular elements, fungal spores remains provide new insights into but also, hypothetically, possible medicinal treatments. presence birds such as fowls ducks some has emerged. Overall, this open window biographies analysed, their diet, mobility, habits, environment, thus stimulating further systematic investigation populations occupying an sector which still poorly understood archaeological perspective.

article

Quaternary International|Durham Research Online (Durham University)|Durham Research Online (Durham University)

<scp>MEMOR</scp>: A database of archeological human remains collections from Flanders, Belgium

Isabelle De Groote|Katrien Van de Vijver|Barbara Veselka|Pieterjan De Potter|Liesbeth Massagé|Lien Van der Dooren|Jeroen Vandenborre|Maarten Larmuseau|Jonas Danckers|Bart Robberechts

The aim of this article is to describe a newly created open access database archeological human remains collections from Flanders, Belgium. MEMOR (www.memor.be) was provide an overview the current practices loans, reburial, and research potential skeletons sites currently stored in Flanders. In addition, project aimed legal ethical framework for handling around stakeholder involvement anthropologists, geneticists, contract archeologists, local, regional national government agencies, local government, universities, representatives major religions. has resulted creation rich with many available study. using open-source Arches data management platform that freely organizations worldwide configure accordance their individual needs without restrictions on its use. Each collection linked information about excavation site originate from, size time period. tab reveals whether any analyses were performed, notes are assemblage. contains 742 collections, ranging 1 over 1000 individuals. New will continue be added when new assemblages excavated studied. can also expanded include other regions material categories, such as archaeozoological collections.

article

American journal of biological anthropology|PubMed

Luther vs. the Lutherans (and Catholics)

Nicholas A. Cumming

Abstract This article examines the reception and authority of Martin Luther Philip Melanchthon in Francis Turretin’s (1623–1687) Institutio Theologiae Elencticae (1679–1685). Scholarship on Reformers seventeenth-century Calvinism has continued to grow I argue that Turretin utilized both fluid diverse ways. In particular, Melanchthon, alongside being authorities against Roman Catholicism, were also used as evidence “innovations” Lutherans. For Turretin, two God’s prophets sent at Reformation Catholics Lutherans needed return “pure” Reformed doctrine illustrated by Melanchthon. Though these not only sources for they substantial witnesses Lutheran Catholic innovations post-Reformation period. Ultimately more than Lutheran.

article

Church History and Religious Culture

Restoration as Fabrication of Origins

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

Preview AbstractAbstract The new publication of a study on the textual history, transmission and significance Ho­ miliary Paul Deacon, one oldest collections homilies from early Carolingian pe­ riod, gives reason to rethink methodological ...

paratext

Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung

حروب بيبن القصير ضد دوقية أكيتانيا (742-768م)

جمال فاروق السيد الوكيل

article

Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb Bi-Qinā (Print)

The Influence of State Policy on the Development of Zinc-, and Lead Metallurgy in the Szopienice settlement (With a Particular Emphasis on the Environmental Impact of the Industry)

P Boroń|Jakub Grudniewski

The article deals with the interrelationship between state policy and development of metallurgy in Szopienice settlement impact industry on environment. was part Habsburg monarchy from 1526. In 1742 it annexed to Kingdom Prussia, 1922 Second Polish Republic. Back times, granted Georg von Giesche a monopoly exploit calamine deposits Upper Silesia (1702). Calamine initially used produce brass, but late 18th century, zinc production using began Silesia. Expanding its road rail infrastructure, Prussian contributed establishing new smelters by private capital 19th century. “Wilhelmine” smelter established 1834 concern Szopienice. 1860s, lead also next smelter. Both had disastrous environment residents’ health, which went hand dramatic housing-, hygiene standards. At beginning 20th metallurgical hospital at initiative concern. However, recording poisoning cases did not begin until 1920s. After World War II, problem environmental attempted be publicized 1970s through studies children who contracted disease. population resettled most endangered zone, were treated during months -long stays sanatoriums.

article

Historica

Reframing the “Documentary Revolution” in Medieval Italy

Maureen C. Miller

Previous articleNext article FreeReframing the “Documentary Revolution” in Medieval ItalyMaureen C. MillerMaureen Miller Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreIn last quarter of nineteenth century, clerics congregation San Salvatore Naples were preparing a petition, or maybe legal defense, regarding their taxes. Someone from appears have been delegated research and document exemption tax called collecta, as historian Hiroshi Takayama termed it, “the notorious collecta.” Imposts identified with fearsome appellation first appear under twelfth-century Norman kings southern Italy infrequent, extraordinary levies. Frederick II, that stupor mundi thirteenth made them annual developed both rates systems collection even papacy considered excessive.1 The notes our late nineteenth-century researcher on Salvatore’s exemptions survive today cardboard box at Archivio Storico Diocesano Naples.2 They are certainly not notable monuments resistance, which had into fine art peninsula long before. But researcher’s consultation volumes containing copies thirteenth- fourteenth-century documents does merit notice. From his notes, it these collections congregation’s included sources early year 1213. For now, I want call your attention fact drawn up Italy; created an ecclesiastical institution; archived, conserved, consulted until least closing decades century. Sadly, like many historical medieval Italy, they did Second World War.The registers being century archived future use is significant because undermines claims exceptionally innovative, “revolutionary,” documentary sophistication city-republics northern whose history dominates narratives Italian Middle Ages. There two persistent obstacles understanding phenomenon change Italy. First tendency historians focus either secular institutions institutions. deeply engrained tradition writing histories north-central separately. Both inherited conventions support excellent richly textured local studies. inadequate capturing addressing complex, widely experienced transformations. Each generation scholars, course, innovates contributes growth knowledge within frameworks pressing issues its era. This one good reason cross-generational dialogue.Luckily, us privileged kind dialogue frequently. As near end my teaching career, years discussion having students bearing particularly stimulating fruit research. Here, another obstructive academic convention surfaces, see separate, competing, spheres. most better sharing than letting questions influence it. Fortunately, repeating courses regular rotation allows some queries sink in, if slowly. finally emboldened me venture out earlier scholars.I. QuestionsLet begin, then, those student background genesis. At very dawn dreamed what be field: decade, remained but dream: life was dominated sections Western Civilization survey. When could offer seminar, encouraged topics broad interest (e.g., Crusades) would ensure decent enrollment small college 1,600 students. Halfway through second decade thanks great department chair—George Mason University’s Jack Censer—I got chance teach upper-division course probably common, reproduced syllabus encountered “medieval Italy” graduate school, where studied eminent historian: Doktorvater, David Herlihy. he researched taught part gave birth urban republics communes now wealthiest region it.3Herlihy’s motives focusing social historian. A Byzantinist well doctorate, convert study communal What appealed him enough voluminous documentation—the tens thousands notarial documents—that produced conserved cities copious documentation allowed write illumined lives marginalized actors, women.4 He other medievalists responded inequities then challenged society, bringing new long-appreciated works seeking approaches, sources, methods undermine partial version In case studies, allure bounty during Ages continues factor dominance general narratives.But there also factors behind historians’ preoccupation half peninsula. Over forged nation-state, city provided successful example victory over external domination forum debating alternatives monarchy structure governance. contrast Italy’s continuous subordination foreigners twelfth famously allied defeated Emperor Barbarossa 1176. historians, autonomous “ideal principle” (principio ideale) intense research.5 Through analyses political development, across when elite commune contested, debated merits oligarchic democratic narratives, monitory examples: failed experiments democracy passions masses inevitably led tyranny.6 discipline professionalized, continuing salience such debates rich available fuel established Ages, pattern reinforced Republic 1946.7 Thus, emphasis past rooted time master’s 1982. Looking back realize never questioned geographical discrimination: enthusiasm socially politically progressive agenda Herlihy’s propelled headlong archival riches.But, asked, about South? myriad forms basic question raised survey Were Was commercial revolution Did South universities Bologna Padua? poetry written South’s vernacular similar Dante’s dolce stil nuovo? These all doctoral training previous prepared answer. And why asking? Mostly knew ancestors who emigrated United States, forebearers come North. came South.8 twentieth centuries, millions Italians majority impoverished villages Sicily, Calabria, Puglia, Basilicata. unification 1860s beginning War 1914, close five million peasants, third population, left crushing poverty homeland seek work North America.9 Work found, hostility. nineteenth- twentieth-century undesirable immigrants. Although descendants immigrants White, first-generation described “swarthy,” lazy, innately criminal, “as bad Negroes.”10The prejudices faced America, however, them; fellow citizens barbarous savages. sixteenth Counter-Reformation missionaries likened Calabrians animals dubbed “our Indies.”11 Modern positivism further essentialized north-south polarity racialized opposition between Aryan ethnicity peninsula’s north—characterized physique, morality, civic-mindedness—and “barbarous” Mediterranean South—marked weakness inclination toward immorality criminality—was disseminated period, national constellation known “Southern Question” (questione meridionale)—that is, causes “backwardness” how might solved? Many different causes—economic, political, social, cultural—occupied intellectuals publication Pasquale Villari’s elucidation problem Lettere meridionali 1875, concerns continue relevant.12 Economic aspects Southern Question, fact, remain urgent, wake 2008 global recession: 2019, population per capita income only fifty-six percent central parts economic Question relevant: northerners’ racist views prominent among gained renewed potency 1980s rise right-wing, originally separatist, Lega Nord—now discreetly rebranded simply Lega.13In neither poor nor backward. major so Europeans invaded Normans eleventh Angevins, Aragonese, Spanish Hapsburgs, Bourbons Scholars intensively explored impact monarchs later fortunes region’s economy, II’s regularization generalization collecta has particular scrutiny.14 despite politics, remains under-represented narrations history.When asked various versions “what South?” prompted integrate delighted doing slowly revising incorporating Byzantine, Arab, Norman-Hohenstaufen Their questions, indeed, analytical framework present version, comparative north, south, central—that papal—Italy interrogating similarities differences cultures regions. It much now. learned lot process, helped begin still applied Why north south treated separately? More important, equally? To give just ready example, volume New Cambridge History covering devoted four chapters, totaling eighty-five pages, while covered twenty-four pages.15 true experiences different, quantity surviving regions unequal, linguistic demands mastering complete body greater. All figure separate unequal treatment halves. studying overcoming imbalance requires ways.II. Révolution documentaireIn 2014 began researching changing material Central leap dependence upon single-sheet parchments, charters, widespread “registers.” capacious term used designate parchment booklets books varied considerably form content. earliest usage, regestum registrum letters memorials, can lists. While register Mantua, registers, comprised chiefly lists lands held locales, Benedictine monastic community Cava de’ Tirreni Salerno incomes reckoned coin measures agriculture products.16 Collected documents, Europe usually cartularies, frequently discussed Regestum farfense compiled Abbey Farfa Libri iurium, rights, emerged city-states centuries relating rights claimed governments treaties communities rulers.17 Not collections, entirely copies. Some summaries systematically add originals chronological sequence, others deftly intermingle originals.18 Formats vary widely: pocket-sized gigantic. bound codices survived unbound gatherings common relate lands, incomes, assist collection, exercise. reason, administrative codices. Materially, redacting data notebooks, gatherings, quaterni, often intrigued archives kinds initially redacted change: parchments overwhelmingly record donations property, exchanges leases exact same types transactions. So form?Looking secondary literature brought frustration clarity. Most oft-cited essay leading historian, Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur, enormous contributions Ages.19 Entitled “Révolution documentaire et révolution scripturaire: Le cas de l’Italie médiévale,” piece appeared venerable journal Bibliothèque l’École des chartes 1995.20 argued administration via notebooks (quaterni) constituted “documentary revolution.” Vigueur’s manifesto generally revolution’s makers leaders notaries specifically thirteenth-century movement Popolo. Popolo hardly represented people, although status leadership any degree, somewhat less aristocratic consular solidified power commune’s existence.21 movements pursue equitable policies assessment undertook public projects construction aqueducts bring fresh water center, infrastructure grain provisioning, plazas roads, cathedrals.22 Vigueur insisted innovations fostered hyper-elite temporary chief executives Podestà, “revolution” justified describing “rapid radical” changes “which accompanied mutation regime, substituted itself nobility principal functions government.”23Unsurprisingly, welcomed notion revolution”; burnished specialization underwrote plethora codicological studies source editions.24 unconvinced narrow attribution Paolo Cammarosano, took broader view. book Italia medievale, Cammarosano sketched period hegemony production conservation extending antiquity fourteenth quantitative explosion number rapid multiplication typologies kingdom broke initiated fundamental documents. himself acknowledged length role innovation, underscoring fifteenth general, affecting private texts narrative traditional institutions.”25 Despite admirable breadth Cammarosano’s study—note temporal institutions—work since focused communes. scholarship undermined sharp distinction (like rights), served collect safeguard (such deliberations councils ongoing records judicial fiscal administration), contended directly enacted innovative character governing force pre-Popolo broadly recognized detailed individual genres finium “boundary books” enumerated, measured, delimited properties center surrounding countryside. Particularly influential evidence novelty published Hagen Keller’s project “Pragmatische Schriftlichkeit,” especially findings redaction statutes centuries.26But revolution” development governments? Already ago, scholars documented registers.27 few registers—such series bishops Trent 1205, Mantua commencing 1214—originated quite before communes.28 Might church revolutionary?Indeed, dioceses produce millennium. keeping correspondence, sporadically, 354. We Gregory Great’s sixth- seventh-century survival papyrus 880s copied onto parchment. Honorius I’s eleventh-century canonical Cardinal Deusdedit, compilations canons reference papal letters. sparse wonder, Veronika Unger has, whether Innocent III (r. 1198–1216). bears noting Great 590–604) III, six (876–82) Pope John VIII’s and, famous VII (1073–85).29 Moreover, distinctive producing tenth Ravenna creating akin deemed revolutionary republics. Thirty-six folios Breviarium ecclesiae Ravennatis, 960–83, clearly extensive. Organized topographically, registrations charters see’s rights: liber iurium one. archiepiscopal archive fragments, each labeled breviarium format tenth-century breviarium, suggests sporadically produced.30Indeed, we look closely governments, innovators churches. Orvieto, key using single-leaf occurred bishop’s court 1211, next cathedral chapter 1215, government 1220. Città di Castello 1192, episcopal 1207, 1221.31 Whether level tiny Umbrian diocese Castello, chronology sketches shared pattern: mark watershed. may watershed definitely seem conserving registers. relatively wealthy Rome poorer Castello. latter continued quaterni 1207 ten huge volumes, create after innovating 1192 volume: eleven dozen fourteenth.32 Even impressive continuity evident 1214 century.33So, relying compiling revolution,” communes, limited Lots making archiving ones first. tempted, point research, short establishing point. students’ classroom kept coming mind: South?III. Going SouthI set try find out. occur too? North, ninth on. entire peninsula, Romanized antiquity, entrance Germanic peoples Lombards 568 cultural rupture: Lombard Pavia duchies: Spoleto centered Benevento. Carolingian conquest 774 rupture, Arab Byzantine Sicily Aghlabid emirs Ifriqiya (827–902). sum, roughly 850, incorporated empire, divided Lombard, Islamic rule.34 fragmentation gradually overcome mainland centuries. comes regno or, subsequently, “Two Sicilies.”35These no consider assessing traditions Italy.36 taken consideration, clear: (namely, deep South, Calabria) administered rulers successors dafātir, likely maintained civil wars Kalbid era 1040s, Jeremy Johns argued, land inhabitants conquerors island centuries.37Given object all, developmental lag ancient civilizational “dark ages” descended portions arrival Lombards. Research reveals continuities royal Calabria indicates important discontinuities. Furthermore, level, monasteries different. represent exist significantly occurring comparable heralded North.At government, fragmentary observations possible. First, compelling duchies theme Longobardia (which predominantly Latinate population).38 Greek-speakers majority, found existing cadastral them, Greek personnel charge draw writs transfer bestowing followers allies. Vera von Falkenhausen concluded “that system regularly updated efficaciously functional.”39 Second, conquered similarly availed themselves Arabic boundaries villeins belonging lands; Arabic-proficient allies servants referenced transfer. Once distribution spoils over, continuation system.

article

Speculum

Contributors to the Medieval Academy of America

Previous articleNext article FreeContributors to the Medieval Academy of AmericaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreWe are grateful all contributors for helping us maintain and expand Academy’s program activities. Their generosity is acknowledged below.Patron ($1,000+)Teodolinda BaroliniThomas N. BissonDaniel R. Lisa Fagin Davis Charitable TrustRichard K. EmmersonSharon KinoshitaSara McDougallMaureen C. MillerSidney Stern Memorial TrustM. Teresa TavorminaSiegfried WenzelThe Samuel L. Westerman Foundation1 anonymous donorIn honor Monica H. GreenChristopher BaswellIn Mary-Jo ArnBetsy BowdenIn memory Derek PearsallBetsy Paul ThomasBetsy Hoyt DugganRoger HillasIn Alan GaylordRoger V. A. KolveRoger Peter TravisRoger Richard RousePaul W. KnollBenefactor ($500–$999)Rebecca BaltzerLisa BitelRenate Blumenfeld-KosinskiElizabeth BrownProfessor Mrs. Donald EpsteinSharon Ann FarmerChristopher KleinhenzAdam J. KostoMaryanne KowaleskiSara LiptonKarl F. MorrisonBarbara RosenweinBarbara ShailorLaura Ackerman SmollerScott WaughLouisa WoodvilleGrover ZinnIn Elizabeth ParkerCaroline BaconIn Nina GarsoïanWilliam Chester JordanIn Barbara NolanV. Kolve †In Hena KhanThe Whitman Family FundIn GreenJocelyn Wogan-BrowneSupporter ($151–$499)Alan Edgar BernsteinConstance Brittain BouchardJacqueline BrownSue CarltonRaeleen Chai-ElsholzCelia ChazelleCarmela Vircillo FranklinPatrick GearyElina GertsmanAnna GonosovaJoel KayeMarcia KupferGary LudwigJoaquin Martinez-PizarroGene McHamLawrence NeesFrancis OakleyLilian M. RandallJoel T. RosenthalDorothy ShepardGeorge SperaGabrielle SpiegelNathan StraussThomas P. TurleyLuke WengerIn George Hardin BrownThomas BestulIn Bernard BachrachJohn MurphyIn MAA teamWilliam NorthIn Professor Anne HudsonChristina von NolckenFriends (Up $150)Timothy O. BaldwinJennifer BallPaul BauschatzGail I. BerlinMichael BlechnerMia BlossSheila BondeWilliam BondsThomas BranigarMarina S. BrownleeBrigitte BuettnerKeith BusbyAnnemarie Weyl CarrCarol ChaseAnne ClarkMark CruseGeorge DameronElizabeth DobbsJoseph DyerBradford FletcherGuillermo Andres FloresJaroslav Thayer FoldaJohn B. FreedEnid GamerAaron GiesPaul E. GillAdelaide HagensElizabeth Haluska-RauschTracy Chapman HamiltonFrancisco HernandezJohn HirshAnn HubertOlga ImpeyNicholas G. ItsinesVirginia JansenDale KinneyGordon KiplingKaren KlocknerMiriamne Ara KrummelIrmeli KuehnelToby LangenCarla LordSusan LunasEugene LymanClark MainesE. MatterBernard McGinnWilliam MonroeThomas MorrisseyKenneth NassauFrancis OakleyJudith Hathaway OliverElizabeth ParkerMichael PutnamMarie RichardsJean RittmuellerSusanne RobertsD. Fairchild RugglesJoan RuzikaHelene ScheckNancy SevcenkoSteven SharbroughWalter SimonsMary SirridgeCharles SmithSebastian SobeckiMadison U. SowellDavid SpearEvelyn StaudingerCarole StrawPetrus TaxTisBest PhilanthropyStewart ThomsenRalph TurnerMary VetterlingLinda Ehrsam VoigtsRonald WaldronJulia WalworthAndrew WelshE. Gordon WhatleyKeren WickMary Beth WinnC. Winston-AllenJennifer Goodman WollockNancy WuBailey Young2 donorsIn KolveSusannah BaxendaleIn Walter GoffartRoberta FrankIn ThorneThomas GreenIn James BrundageMarie KelleherTravel FundAlbert Russell AscoliTimothy BaldwinHeather McCune BruhnAlice Mary Colby-HallRaymond CormierLaurie CroppClifford DavidsonDaniel D’EliaNicole Guenther DiscenzaRichard EmmersonElizabeth FisherMartin FoysJohn Y. HoodDean JamesVirginia JansenHerbert KesslerAshby KinchAtria LarsonStephen McCluskeyLaura MorrealeTed MorrisseyDenise O’MalleyPatricia Ruth OrrBernard O’TooleWendy PfefferWilliam SchipperE. Howard ShealyWilliam SherrillNancy Van BaakAngela WeislFellows FundSuzanne Conklin AkbariTeodolinda BaroliniChristopher BaswellBrigitte Miriam Bedos-RezakThomas BissonLisa BitelRobert BjorkRenate BrownCaroline BynumCelia ChazellePaul Edward DuttonSusan EinbinderDyan ElliottRichard FarmerJoan FerranteSean FieldM. Cecilia GaposchkinPatrick GertsmanDorothy GlassMonica GreenRichard Firth GreenFiona GriffithsJeffrey HamburgerAntonette D. HealeyGeraldine HengJoel KayeThomas KellyChristopher KleinhenzV. †Adam KowaleskiMarcia KupferSara LiptonMaureen MillerKarl MorrisonLawrence NeesLilian RandallAmy RemensnyderKathryn ReyersonJoel RosenthalBarbara RosenweinLucy Freeman SandlerBarbara ShailorJerome SingermanDaniel SmailLaura SmollerM. Alison StonesSiegfried WenzelGrover ZinnSustaining MembersChristopher BaswellArdis ButterfieldMegan Cassidy-WelchTodd ChavezRita CopelandChristopher CoppeansRoger DahoodMatthew GabrieleJoel KayeMichael KulikowskiPatrick LaneRobert McCarthy, Jr.James MortonDelfi Nieto-IsabelAlison Locke PerchukMichael ReynoldsShane Thomas RogersHenry SchilbDaniel SmailJesus VelascoMichelle WarrenNicholas WatsonAnna WilsonJocelyn Wogan-BrowneJaime Ernesto YordanThe Olivia Remie Constable FundThis fund was established in (1960–2014) endow a series annual research awards junior, adjunct, unaffiliated scholars. director Institute at University Notre Dame Fellow Academy. A scholar teacher specializing Mediterranean Iberian studies, economic, religious, social history, history medieval cities urban life, held prominent place Studies. Thanks donors, Fund fully endowed.Supporter ($151–$499)Carol Neuman de VegvarTeofilo RuizFriends $150)Michael BaileyJohn BernhardtRoss BrannGeorge ConklinVirginia JansenMaryanne KowaleskiJulia MarvinMarguerite RagnowSusanne RobertsHelene ScheckThe Green 2021 Green. Dr. Green’s body scholarship public advocacy makes large innovative contribution our awareness understanding pandemics, their vectors, historiography, topics increasing urgency wake COVID-19 pandemic 2020. Her work towards global health reframes discussion epidemics pandemics: it relevant biomedical researchers, molecular biologists, population geneticists, policymakers as well historians medievalists from fields. collaborative approach serves model others follow, engaging with archaeologists, paleobiologists, forging connections between modernity Middle Ages both scholarly spheres. Donations this support Prize, awarded annually distinguished project that shows value studies present day.Supporter ($151–$499)Charlotte GoldyJonathan RoseFriends $150)David DefriesAbigail FireyCatherine MooneyJoel PattisonMiriam ShadisThe Belle Da Costa Greene FundThe Award, be granted medievalist color travel. (1883–1950) art historian first manuscript librarian Pierpont Morgan collection. She also known person second woman elected America (1939). According Library & Museum website, “Greene barely twenty when hired her, yet her intelligence, passion, self-confidence eclipsed relative inexperience, [and] she managed help build one America’s greatest private libraries.” was, just importantly, black who passed white order gain entrance acceptance into racially fraught professional landscape early twentieth-century New York. legacy highlights difficulties faced by color, personal sacrifices they make belong field, extraordinary contributions Studies.Friends $150)Cynthia Turner CampNicole DiscenzaKavita Mudan FinnPaula GersonR. Stephen HumphreysJitske JasperseWilliam NorthJilana OrdmanJoel RosenthalIn Aaron MacksRobin ZyliczPaul Meyvaert FundAn important impactful mentor multiple fields, served decades various capacities, including Executive Director, Editor Speculum, President, Fellow. Meyvaert’s field Carolingian literature were considerable. Together, formidable team, each bringing own talents ideas shared table. At time death 2015, family America.Benefactor ($500–$999)Robert SomervilleSupporter ($151–$499)Mark KearneyRoger RayTimothy RunyanFriends $150)Charles AtkinsonAbigail FireyJerome Singerman supports Jerome Book Prize meritorious monograph on topic. Until his retirement summer 2021, Jerry long-time acquisitions editor Pennsylvania Press. He acquired books Penn Press wide variety fields included modern eighteenth-century American Jewish critical race studies. But members he best over thirty years series, which now includes hundreds titles, dozens have won range across The 2023 Annual Meeting America.Patron ($1,000+)Michael BaileyCaroline BynumSusan CraneFiona GriffithsWilliam JordanChristopher Karras Mazo FundBarbara NewmanEdward PetersPeter StallybrassLiliane WeissbergBonnie WheelerBenefactor ($500–$999)Cristina Maria CervoneLynda CoonDyan ElliottTheodore EvergatesM. GaposchkinRichard GreenSarah McNamerLisa RosnerDavid John WallaceNicholas WatsonSupporter ($151–$499)Judith BennettRenate Blumenfeld-KosinskiDaniel BoyarinRoss BrannJessica BrantleyPaul Harris FreedmanCharlotte Newman GoldyCharles JaegerRichard KieckheferWilliam MonroeCatherine MooneyTeofilo RuizLeah ShopkowPatricia Tyson StroudClaire WatersFriends $150)Hannah BarkerJacqueline BrownMary CarruthersEva Del SoldatoSusanna FeinKathryn Hellerstein David SternKathryn Kerby-Fulton EngenBarbara LeckieMeg LejaEmma LiptonJames MuldoonCaroline Laura PalmerAnn Marie RasmussenJoel RosenthalJesus VelascoLegacy SocietyThe has Legacy Society recognize those estate plans. Membership open individuals indicate made such provision Academy.Those wish receive further information about already plans should contact ([email protected]). Members notify Director whether names lists or prefer remain anonymous.John BaldwinCharles Julian BishkoHarry Blair ShailorMildred BlissMary CarruthersBertha Reed CoffmanRalph Adams CramMarie-Thérèse d’AlvernyLisa DavisJohn DonovanKathleen ElliottPeter FergussonJoan FerranteStacia FischerJames GillespieBruce Harrison, Jr.John Henneman, Jr.Donald HowardDavid Erle HuylerHerbert KesslerPearl KibrePaul Oskar KristellerCarol LanhamJanet LumianskyBarbara NewmanWilliam Mendel NewmanFlorence RidleyPaul SachsLinda VoigtsDeborah WebsterLaurence WelchCharles WoodAnonymous DetailsFiguresReferencesCited Speculum Volume 98, Number 3July journal Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/725755 © America. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing article.

article

Speculum

How Icelandic Is French Law? A Few Remarks about the Discovery and Usage of Icelandic Antiquities in French Legal Historiography during the Nineteenth Century

Gilduin Davy

In Chateaubriand's Voyage en Amérique et Italie, we read: “In Gothic languages, Scandinavia was called Mannaheim, which means ‘country of men,’” and what the Latin sixth century has translated with vigor by these words: “the factory human race.”2 This extract, as an echo Jordanes's vagina nationum, demonstrates growing interest for in French intellectual life during nineteenth century, especially Iceland, described Chateaubriand Norse historical archive.” Just MacPherson's Ossian had at end preceding discovery Ari Thorgilsson or Snorri Sturluson (“the Herodote North” Chateaubriand) further opened a new field research scholars.In fact, this been up from least middle eighteenth when Montesquieu fantasized about mythicized North homeland freedom (in opposition to South) saw it not only mankind but “factory instruments that break iron forged South” (Montesquieu 1973, EL, XVIII:5; Mohnike 2016, 18; Davy 2010, 96–7). Reviving Montesquieu's approach, scholars well drew its waters many streams.Legal historians did hesitate tap into (Sturmel 2002, 90–121; Audren Halpérin 2013), testifying their own curiosity, more generally scientific lawyers Scandinavia. demonstrated academician Louis-Jean Koenigswarter wrote 1853: “The ancient customs laws have real advantages those who study antiquities European over first written barbarians.”3 historical, legal, geographical sciences Iceland is reflected also superlatives used qualify Nordic island. For Jean-Marie Pardessus, Professor Faculty Law Paris, is, all parts Northern Europe, most remarkable civilisation, literature laws” (Pardessus 1834, 45). Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, geographer politician, Icelandic nation “is one intelligent world,” “no faithful traditions’ (Bory St-Vincent Lacroix 1840, 251–8). Henri Prentout, University Caen, interesting country picture Scandinavian society [the] 9th century” (Prentout 1911, 206). Pardessus's judgment singularities reads follows: I could say almost than Norway, because alliances invasions [that] came Europe quickly altered pure race Norway. . That so true wanted mores, customs, laws, always focused on Iceland.4Such affirmation scholar surprising become home myth few centuries earlier, dating back perhaps reception France Olaus Magnus's Historia om nordiska folken sixteenth (Davy 2019, 12), Rudbeck's Atlantica sive Manheim, work influenced (Wolfram 1990, 2) confusion Plato's Atlantis story Virgil's Ultima Thule, managed trace civilizations (Anttila 2014, 245). Thus, Xavier Marmier writes significant: Beyond Baltic Sea, leave our science. A wall fog hides surroundings Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Spitzberg, Finland, Russia appear behind imprecise forms confuse themselves imagination. It here Thule; half fabulous Ancients, foggy kingdom whose cannot identify position precision, are told strange things. (Marmier 95)In since beginning early modern period, Thule seemed embody sort original sanctuary where origins peoples be found, birthplace world. Why should not, therefore, fons origo homo juridicus? Certainly, were unanimous assimilating Iceland. But such assimilation often made them, contributed mythical approach quest Europe's nations there.At John Pinkerton reminded everyone famous talented based “imaginary hypothesis” Scythian migration outwards. minds, he says, language, mythology, morals Scythes preserved “Icelandic desert” intact, advance through “a very curious object study” (Pinkerton 1804, 247). years later, 1822, Fabre d'Olivet believed located source Mexican legislators Atlantis, Borean race, “whose peregrinations led America” (Fabre 188). The belief repeated jurist Ernest Glasson same (1889, 12). Here, find ourselves threshold larger Indo-European perspective, amply exploited Malte-Brun, example, envisaged “one great family banks Ganges River shores Iceland” (Malte-Brun 1828, 400), Frédéric Eichhoff (1853, 11–2) Adolphe Pictet (1859, 3).Furthermore, days Montesquieu, there no doubting been, long ago, freedom. idea became widespread century. Nys (the Belgian promoter international law), Far liberty's servant defensor fought independence men versus despotism” (Nys 1896, 125). embodies topos memory migrations, Norsemen being forced flee tyranny Harald Fairhair (Haraldr inn hárfagri) ninth Land freedom, founded anti-monarchical legacy, land equality, being, Prentout pointed out, dominant trait old (1911, 206).Following footsteps Paul-Henri Mallet, Athens Ice,” several presented “paragon democracy.” “Common misfortune brought them together,” Georges Depping, “all equal, impose domination others.” And, after enumerating powers assemblies “lavmand” (i.e., lawman, lögmaðr/lögsögumaðr, presided Althing), added: Here simple democratic government small Free State, separated boreal seas, seated between rocks, volcanoes, ices Iceland.5Various step transformed antecedent Parliamentary system. Charles Hertz medieval republic (1879, 336); Gabriel Gravier origin Parliaments (1887, 171); Joseph-Louis Ortolan attributed word “Republic” (1831, 373); depicted “mother England grand-mother United-States” (1896, 100).All legal reflections attest evidence relationship woven fantasy scholarly world until following There therefore questions asked stance period toward meant. On hand, allowed renew indigenous culture locating unknown (or hitherto ignored) sources national law elsewhere Roman law-codes they termed “barbarian.” other retain notion civil law-code whilst avoiding risk ever perilous “Germanism.” When comes meaning, use gave liberal disposition (almost 1830s 1840s) base political opinions flourish.It even birth “Norse school” universities, “school history wing.” school focused, discovering rediscovering) (see section below) and, modeling way discover distant II below).At Noël la Morinière, interested Normandy, admitted contemporary ignorance texts: “They familiar people,” said. “These documents seem us like Boreal forests know sea littoral milieu dare penetrate” (Morinière 1799, 28). And Domenico Alberto Azuni, Sardinian summoned Paris Napoleon Bonaparte, published his treaty maritime 1810, ignore Norwegian, Swedish, Danish course, laws. Pardessus monumental Collection des lois maritimes Themis review 1823, disregarded subject before fifteenth 1839, Édouard Laboulaye, member Académie inscriptions belles lettres Collège France, wondered out loud: ‘Who knows name Gragàs [sic], Icelanders?’ (Laboulaye 49). So need how took shape.The corpus texts known less writings pioneers studies seventeenth (Isaac La Peyrère Martinière) authors Des Roches Parthenay Mallet. former, presentation Edda sagas, Eiríkr saga rauða (Saga Erik Red), Histoire du Dannemarc (1730), showed intellectuals begin acquainted wealth (Des 1730, lii–lviii). Mallet rooted within domain learning. analyzed Edda, sagas Grágás, joined together three elements poetic, narrative, triptych patrimony (1755). Swiss scholar, tabernacle immemorial 2022). Eichhoff, linguist philologist, translating Völuspá (sometimes “mythological code Scandinavians” [Cordier Launay Valéri 1806, 168]), How recognize [this patrimony] vigorous Scandinavia's beliefs, Germania, across barbarian Middle Ages; latter fade obscurity Gospel light, cast late spine-chilling gleam frozen rocks Iceland?6Mallet both follow path Giambattista Vico hope poetry myths will help unravel mystery cultures (Gianturco 1977, 93–4). philological development fables legends becomes “literal mime history,” mythological “its articulated discourse” (Schefer 172). reading offered challenge exegetic gradually band Lerminier, Klimrath, Laferrière (Audren 2001, 4). At influence Vico's New Science two lines thought.On how, via members Coppet group draw inspiration liberalism. Germaine Staël, take example someone destiny remained important (Gaudemet 1998, 109), “naturally metaphysic” “soul,” “genius,” “spirit.” These lessons she derived discovered her (Berthier With Sismondi 1807, religion, liberty paramount, “not peoples, Europeans too” (Sismondi 17). would notable consequences works some jurists Klimrath 2006, 123). Ginoulhiac, Toulouse, affirmed nothing “because German Frankish Gauls kept, songs, events founders, hardly preserve route legislation adopted” (Ginoulhiac 1884, 151). words, lawmen key oldest laws.On Eddic understanding symbolism. Dareste, historian jurist, thought formulas conducive spirit (Dareste Chavanne 1881, 5). stood, according “collection universal symbols” (Klimrath 1843, 149). Portal looked light. view, “legends society's ages” (Portal 1874, 202). studied (on “quasi-monopoly”) folktales contained mythology access juridical prehistory (Koenigswarter 1842, 67). doubt alluring hypothesis, presupposition sagas’ potential illustrates aim Romanticism, comprehend cosmogony, things emergence myths, epics (Lund 1974, 108). 1867, Paul Gide (Professor André’s father) status women Germanic world, declaring “literally” law, referring Brennu Njál's (Gide 1885, 205), said author folktale outlined institutions Nation” (1834, 45–54). decades Rodolphe Dareste attempt translation (based English translations), considered society” ii). More generally, Guillaume Jollivet thesis dowry 1879, although down later on, still provide precious information primitive accurately reflect 258). nineteenth-century clearly heed various injunctions nature worked: insisted difficulties distinguishing truth falsehood predilection marvelous (1755, 106), Pinkerton, felt fact full mistruths (1804, 384). contrary, simply establish connections law-codes—Pardessus, Koenigswarter, Du Boys, few.The standard edition established Johan Schlegel 1829 (that Viljámur Finsens [1852] seems large part century), began circles second quarter engaged correspondence publisher work, serious misunderstanding result unless Grágás “under eyes” kind custumal collection 1889, 343), compilation court decisions comparable Olim 278), however, codes text officially enacted 1831, 194, 201).Despite nuances, regarded draft law,” put (1850, barrister Léonce Delaporte, defended reproduced faithfully (1881, 154). Gide, law's monument (1885, 229). Jacques Flach (Laboulaye's successor France), dates twelfth reveals much older (Flach 1870, 46). habitual regard substrate native sociologist Lévy-Bruhl see third twentieth (Lévy-Bruhl 1929, 457n3). Moreover, composition Grágás's manuscripts problematic confidence given narrative referred tenth (as Geffroy said), it) “if judge seniority institution date official writing, then claim birthright,” recent terms promulgation sometimes earliest origins.”7In satisfaction ignored created heedless enthusiasm debt obliged recognize. That, least, affirmed: people deserve respect gratitude. Their cherished sentiment, love liberty. endowed institutions, render service thanks indeed, possess groups, [i.e., Norwegian People], literary monuments order. come rich hopes genius.8That sentiment duly noted, mind historiographical re-interpretation past undertaken.In wrote: Tacitus described, somewhat modified doubt. Everywhere else, contrast, under impact natural normal development, fundamentally falsified alien influences.9From postulate arises question: What laws?In place, adopted philosophy ninth-century Vikings replicating fifth common (for strictly Germanic) stem classic perception matrix nations, calls (1842, 66). Scanzia, wrote, chroniclers show departure hordes impart tribes southward movement” ethnogenetic connected waves invaders, Antiquity Carolingian epoch—and Lucien Musset attitude We encounter chronological certain jurists, Laferrière, decide endorse (Durelle-Marc 2015, 174). centuries, civilisation Germans decided join invasion,” Lavisse, “renowned teacher” Third Republic (1893, 730; Nora 1984, 247–91).In elaborated Tacitus's Germania revealed them. Jollivet, “reveals strongest analogy documented Tacitus” (Jollivet 277). 1897, Valroger content repeat “old enlightens completes Caesar teach (Valroger 326).The similarities knew speculated enlightening. As previously rejected grounds now “confirmed found indisputable links usages civilized ‘barbarian’ arrived scene.”10So, basis genealogy, explored explain (Guillouard 1894–1896, 31–2). point revealing: Visigothic reformation writing ancestral law-codes, Gula-Things-Laug, eddas sagas” 216).Accordingly, taught Auguste Iceland: attentive societies emerged. codes, offer distinctive legislation, terms, Christianity; theatre stage viking boat, Odin's palace, Uppsala's temple bloody sacrifices, takes prejudices, discourses rediscover, part, habitudes genius Ages.11From 1840s read light 280; Jobbé-Duval 1880, 115). archivist Viollet, epoch “always corresponds law” 251n1). Sometimes, true, liberties etymology. Edmé Rathery suggested vassals (vassi) Lex salica “vask” (Rathery 52). His placed him shadow emphasized feudalism (Ourliac 1995, 26).For manifested itself “Germanic civilization” (Zernack 2011, 174–82). They argued linguistic community different branches trunk” (Joye 2007, 287). Schegel's works, integrated component barbaric 1853, 42–4) filled gap “monument legislation” science repair omission 1–3). “Icelandic, veins riches explore; complete antique primordial forms,” Boys.12This sought exact expression tudesc customs” (Espinay 1862, 30), without critics. Ludovic Beauchet, professor Nancy, debatable (Beauchet 1885b, xiiin1). Even so, nevertheless declared thirteenth “affords particular rigorous solidarity yet Christian Church, close past” 1885a, 65). Thirty “to affirm else purity” probably false. accepted throw better Church it, agree, [European scholars] greatly illuminate history, onto antiquity, thereby races” 1850, 186).For attractive impermeability influences, contrast so-called “barbarian” suffered weight ius Romanorum imposed (Esmein 1892, 40). lawyer Eugène Mouton Christianity sedentary civilization replaced nomadic heroic Empire's invaders. throughout documents, possible (Mouton 1887, 82–3). Independent that, year year, subjected legacy Rome (Minier 1854, 22). opposites 67).Even fastidious reasons look sources. Jean-Servais-Guillaume Nypels, teacher criminal Liège, (1863): history. extensive vernacular language ideas alteration.He amongst present purest form, free every element.13The reason isolation, out. According Edmond Bonnal Ganges, latitudes Icelanders owe originality (Bonnal 1875, 199). Legislation stated Cauchy, (1862, 316). thesis, 1874 Émile alone canonical influences foundations (Jobbé-Duval 85–6). pristine tradition. way, constructed abstraction accorded role reconstruction (Halpérin (1851, 64). foreign Albert Boys (1865, 21), immune meddling added Firmin (Laferrière 1858, 8). credo 1850s 1860s. “Roman forever penetrated converted” 5).The tended turn sanctuary. “among countries, merits attention. venerable literature. Danemark, marked 490). While Denmark lonely kept 42).The argument frequently character insist idiom centuries. Unlike Latin, points retained unarguable authenticity vein, general assembly colony time down; each orally President Assembly ‘Promulgator law’ [Lawspeaker, i.e., lögsögumaðr].”14 explains focusing oral tradition long-surviving memory. any event, proof conservatism (even revolutions conservative recalled [1885, 230]). process “sanctification” focus Lawspeaker 2021).Although clumsy “zangmand,” 1837 Revue britannique), illustrated central place lögsögumaðr: Geffroy, Commonwealth's chief magistrate (1864, 352); transcription lögsaga (1890, 721–7); “viva vox juris civilis” [the living voce law], 492). Finally, physical incarnation genius.” overstated. ways, history's attractiveness desire original, fantasized, social model project beliefs law. predicated lot assumptions, turned true. starting faith pan-scandinavianism proved (Urbańczyk 2009, 137–62).So universities just fantasy? inspired pioneering generation (Laferrière, Laboulaye), largely romanticism. lesser generation, confront methodological change faculties Law, face hazards geopolitical context Europe. aspiration explore justify, liberalism, 1851 19–23) ambition distinguish (those “Southern Germans,” course) neither sufficient introduce specific discipline universities. ideological bias advocates, incautiously expressed, may served limit impact. First World War, primitivism Snorri's progressively abandoned relevant research. witnessed revolution History attendant prospectus offering approaches, “Durkhemian sociology”—both perspectives understand (Mucchielli 55–98). era.Thus, note approval registered Beauchet declined go search Swedish property (Histoire propriété foncière Suède, Larose, 1904). congratulate “becoming lost idle speculation.”15

article

Scandinavian Studies

Features drawn from exile laws and cases in the Frankish kingdom

Jisook Hong

The exile has been with mankind for a long time since Adam and Eve’s anecdote. Expulsion which went through Ancient Greece Rome appeared in various terms accordance the political social situations of time. It contains contents deprivation citizenship, confiscation property confinement to certain area. In early Middle Ages, Germanic peoples accepted Roman heritage, absorbing customs that drove out those who broke peace community, defined it as law kingdom. Merovingian dynasty, kings chose rather than capital punishment sent bishops isolated spaces such islands monasteries. Meanwhile, parties fought fiercely internal conflict within Carolingian royal family tried solve problem choice exile. Although was temporary solution, Frankish kingdom’s expulsion method keeping alive, sending away, imprisoning returning remarkable compared other periods. Exile punishes commit crimes, but its have changed over also, on hand, politically chosen strategic weapon strengthen or maintain power ruler.

article

Korea Association of World History and Culture

Qualifying Mediterranean connectivity: Byzantium and the Franks during the seventh century

Mischa Meier|Steffen Patzold

In the last two decades, historians researching seventh century ce have increasingly emphasized mobility, communications and connectivity across Mediterranean world that supposedly included close contacts between Franks Byzantium. These studies, however, rely often on optimistic, maximum interpretations of comparatively sparse source base, not always precisely distinguished different forms mobility connectivity. This article argues a closer examination actual cultural political consequences contact Byzantium Gaul is required, possibility discontinuity disintegration should be disregarded. our reading sources, we deliberately adopt sceptical, methodologically cautious minimal position: textual sources can interpreted as showing that, while individual, sporadic continued to exist, there was no established, continuous practice Gaul.

article

Early Medieval Europe

The Symbolism of Love and Death in The Coliseum by Alma-Tadema

Joan Mut i Arbós

L'artiste anglo-néerlandais Lawrence Alma-Tadema est connu comme l'un des principaux représentants de la peinture genre historique victorienne. Ses tableaux ont pour cadre une Antiquité apparemment plaisante, qui procure généralement un sentiment paix au spectateur. Cependant, analyse détaillée sources et références antiques sous-tendent ces images peut révéler significations qui, parfois, impliquent nuances critiques subversives, souvent ironiques. Le tableau Colisée (1896, collection privée) en parfait exemple. Dans celui-ci, succession détails cachés parfois minuscules témoignent solide formation classique l'artiste, que le spectateur découvrir à travers voilées aux sculptures bas-reliefs antiques, ou littérature l'art du XIXe siècle, certains poèmes Lord Byron célèbre Habet Simeon Solomon. En outre, ce contexte nous permet d'entrevoir sous-entendus symboliques masquent critique subtile l'hypocrisie cruauté société antique.

article

Polysèmes

Treaties, Frontiers and Borderlands:The Making and Unmaking of Mercian Border Traditions

Morn Capper

This article explores the complexity and nuance of borderlands border relations focusing on Mercia. Identifying a host maintenance strategies negotiating control over people, places resources, mitigation risk maximisation opportunity, but also strategic escalation de-escalation tensions, study re-evaluates how Mercian traditions supported expanded hegemony between seventh ninth centuries. The significant departures approach presented here are (i) rethinking traditional focus military, religious ethnic identities to integrate these among other activities experiences defining early medieval frontiers (ii) considering reimagining not only Mercia’s during its emergence heyday as kingdom reflecting territory itself became borderland under rule Aethelred Aethelflaed Viking Age, such it was formative in creation Danelaw England. Alfred/Guthrum Treaty Ordinance Dunsaete contextualised against scales negotiation activity framing Mercian/Anglo-Welsh Anglo-Danish borderlands. Different ‘Mercian borderlands’ compared this analysed complex zones interaction, responsive geographical factors, criss-crossed by multi-stranded pathways daily life. were understood maintained militarily, physically, spiritually, ideologically. considers shaped convenience need reinforced or permeable at locality, community levels.

article

Offa's Dyke journal

The Hottest Radical Pre-Colonial and Colonial Massacred of Native Muslim Algerians in the Maghrebians under 74 Changing Portfolios of Diplomatic Agents of Intensive Manipulations of Exploration, Exproriation and Exploitation (3Es) from Early 19th to Mid-20th Centuries

Pr. Njuafac Kenedy Fonju

This paper brings out the identification of 74 French Diplomatic Massacred Agents Native Muslims Algerians (FDMANMA) from 1830 to 1962 with extension radicalism and slaughtering cutting through worst period history. The perpetuators Pre-colonial Colonial Exploration, Expropriation Intensive Exploitation (PCDAEEIE) till Confusing Self-Determination guided by mechanisms neo-colonialism in illustrated how presence Algeria was a historical accident natives. Shortly after July Monarchy Louis Philippe I overthrown Revolution 1848, new government Second Republic ended Algeria's status as colony declared it 1848 Constitution an integral part France. Three civil departments were organized under civilian namely: Alger, Oran, Constantine. Whatever case may be terms pre-colonial colonial activities orchestrated diplomatic agents Algeria, their is our concerns this so that any such claims can well done within tenure offices diverse portfolios 3Es 1962.The scrutiny several documentary evidences, specialized works related materials enable us use analytical statistically approach justify findings which are not frequently seen recent history books makes branch very interesting opens way forward for more research know what each EEIE did Algeria. By year when France granted independence Algerians, later had experienced 132 years manipulations on table No. 1 ahead study No.2 illustrating 19 leaders who appointed agents. In teaching African during periods, students often worried about ...........

article

Cross-currents

EVOLUTION OF RECORDING METHODS: THE AACHEN CATHEDRAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE DOCUMENTATION PROJECT

Douglas Pritchard|Marika Griffo|Martina Attenni|Roberto Barni|Carlo Bianchini|Carlo Inglese|Y. Ley

Abstract. Modern terrestrial laser scanners and photogrammetric imaging systems can provide highly accurate objective as-built records of existing architectural, engineering, industrial sites. This comprehensive digital recording benefits culturally significant places like heritage buildings, monuments, other vital structures. The collected data be instrumental in various ways, including aiding conservation, management, monitoring repair efforts serving as an educational resource for scholars the general public. These technical capabilities are especially well-suited architecturally complex, ornate buildings Aachen Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage site. paper describes recent at is a comparative study previous documentation work done Cologne Cathedral.The 3D Site ongoing collaborative project between Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, partnership with RWTH Dombauhütte Aachen.

article

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

A Puzzling Religious Inscription from Medieval Tuscany: Simbology and Interpretation

Stefano Vicari|Francesco Perono Cacciafoco

At the entrance of some churches in Tuscany (Italy), reproduction an apparently undecipherable inscription can be found. least from 18th century, this epigraphic puzzle has originated a debate on its interpretation. This study proposes hypothesis based Latin alphabet used texts contemporary to where is reproduced and possible interpretation message consistent with official religious doctrine. The proposed deciphering extended full text, including signs that were previously considered as geometric forms or specific elaboration letters not attested other documents.

article

THE VAULTING SYSTEM OF THE PALATINE CHAPEL: THE AACHEN CATHEDRAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE DOCUMENTATION PROJECT

Martina Attenni|Roberto Barni|Carlo Bianchini|Marika Griffo|Carlo Inglese|Y. Ley|D. Pritchard|Giulia Villa

Abstract. As part of a comprehensive survey and modelling project involving the Aachen Cathedral, this paper focuses on its oldest part, Palatine Chapel, domed octagonal hall supported by eight piers enveloped sixteen-sided outer wall. Working data collected during an extensive 3D capturing campaign conducted between 2022 2023, will focus conic vaults covering ambulacrum 1st floor that represent quite peculiar architectural structural solution considering VIII/IX century building know-how. In framework, Chapel's point cloud has been analysed to extract main 2D generative elements surfaces then construct corresponding geometric models. These outputs have compared against captured assess differences actual vault reconstructed ideal shapes. Finally, method used unfold vaults' create high-resolution ortho-images displayed.

article

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

The 10th Century in Western Europe

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The 10th century in Western Europe&lt;/em&gt; includes eleven essays, ranging from Portugal to Iceland, including Spain, England, Ireland, France and Italy, embracing a variety of methodological approaches scrutinizing numerous diverse types sources, archaeological finds along with textual evidence such as historical narratives, hagiography, cartularies. The contributions revise, challenge enhance the existing scholarship on early medieval societies their political social complexities, while making readers aware wide-ranging intertwined processes which defined change continuity tenth-century Europe. Essays both historians archaeologists achieve re-reading tenth century, has been central interpretation development Europe over past decade.&lt;/p&gt;

article

The Importance of Being Lothar: The Power, Violence, Courage and Impiety of a Carolingian Emperor

Leonardo Sernagiotto

chapter

Seminari del Centro interuniversitario per la storia e l’archeologia dell’alto medioevo

A planta da arquitetura monástica e a regra dos beneditinos: séculos VI a XII

José Marcelo Tonini Ximenez

dissertation

English population 1086-1377

Hugo la Poutré

Population size, food production, and consumption are closely related. Hugo La Poutré concentrates on this relationship in his doctoral research at the university of Groningen, Netherlands. He shows by use simulations that English population tripled within two centuries, from million 1100 to over six 1300. Half a century later, Black Death, devastating plague epidemic 1348-1349, caused more than three deaths England alone. During following epidemics, declined even further.Amongst other things, these changes left their mark production food. Pints beer hog roast might not have been uncommon end fourteenth century, but they were when peaked start century. Then, it must pea soup with bread. After all, such large had be fed, arable land is simply productive pasture. makes plausible common people lived an almost vegan diet cereals legumes. To raise peasants spread as much manure possible, let less often lie fallow. Making models, calculates 50 per cent higher what was attained lord’s land. In way, could fed.

dissertation

University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)|University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)

The pandects of Theodulf of Orleans. Carolingian Bibles with critical apparatus: state and prospects of research

Caroline Chevalier-Royet

The biblical pandects produced under the supervision of Bishop Theodulf Orleans (d. 821) between 799 and 818 attest to vitality studies during Carolingian Renaissance. Five Theodulfian Bibles fragments two additional manuscripts have come down us: these share common codicological palaeographical features. homogeneous, consistently applied, editorial choices illustrate Theodulf’s high scholarly ambition his efforts restore Hebraica veritas, which was text established by Jerome. These are (that is, copied in a single volume) with particularly clear page layout, facilitates reading browsing within volume. present stable architecture: order books textual apparatus (poems, forewords, tables, aids placed appendices) were repeated from one volume next, with, however, slight variations reveal continuous efforts. This supplemented marginal notes next various books. number increased as editing work progressed: first they comparisons other Latin manuscripts, while chronologically last point Hebrew text, unique undertaking for period. paper reviews state our knowledge about outlines some avenues research.

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

The State of Research in Early Chinese Legal History: a Review of Two Important Recent Annotated Translations in English

Arnd Helmut Hafner

article

Bamboo and silk

Batı Avrupa Erken Ortaçağ Tarihinde Kıta Avrupa’sı ve Ada Tarihinde Manor Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Sultan GÜRSOY|Tarık Tolga Gümüş

Son yıllarda tarih araştırmalarında üst sınıf ve onların siyasi çatışmalarına ilişkin olaylardan ziyade alt insanların yaşamlarını biçimlendiren iktisadi toplumsal güçlere daha çok vurgu yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Avrupa’ya özgü olan feodal sistemin ekonomik yönünü oluşturan manor sisteminin ortaya çıkışı üzerine bir değerlendirmedir. Manor olarak adlandırılan toprak sistemi İngiltere’ye olmakla birlikte, bu temelleri Kıta Avrupa’sında atılmıştır. On dokuzucuncu yüzyılda başlayan anlayışıyla birlikte da, toplumu halkların soysa- hayatları yapılan çalışmalar hız kazandı. Yapılan doğrultusunda Avrupa halklarının kökenini toplumlar özgür köylüler miydi yoksa serfler miydi? soruya cevap arayan tarihçiler, Romanist Germanist olmak üzere iki görüş attılar. soru görüşler etrafında Avrupa’sı oradan da İngiltere’nin Roma İmparatorluğu yıkıldıktan sonra sosyo-ekonomik tarihinde meydana gelen gelişmeler ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmeye başlandı. Elde edilen önemli bilgilerden biri de hem tarihini şekillendiren sistemiydi. Avrupa’da ise mark teorisi aynı işlevi görmekteydi. Çalışmamızda manorun çıktığı dönem konuda yapmış tarihçilerin görüşleri değerlendirilmiştir.

article

Manisa Celal bayar üniversitesi sosyal bilmler dergisi

The Formation of the Libri feudorum and Its Context

Attilio L. Stella

chapter

BRILL eBooks

The Libri feudorum in Modern Historiography

Attilio L. Stella

chapter

BRILL eBooks

Table des matières / Table of contents

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

The Afterlife of the Libri feudorum

Attilio L. Stella

chapter

BRILL eBooks

Deus sine nomine: Dialectic as a Tool for the Christian Interpretation of Boethius’s Consolatio III, m. 9, by Adalbold of Utrecht

Marek Otisk

The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius was not only widely read during the Middle Ages, but it also frequently glossed, commented on, and discussed. ninth poem third book, which offers a Platonic image creation cosmos governance over it, had specific place in reception this Boethius’s work. Today we know numerous debates about possible interpretations its Christian understanding, dating back at least to 9th century. This paper deals with commentary on written Adalbold Utrecht († 1026). Attention is focused particular role dialectic selected passages Adalbold’s text inspirational sources his dialectical knowledge. Specifically, possibility definition or description God (Deus sine nomine), arguments explaining appropriateness inappropriateness conceptualizing as form highest good (forma summi boni).

article

Religions|MDPI (MDPI AG)

Glossary

Attilio L. Stella

chapter

BRILL eBooks

Landholding in the Loire valley and the late Carolingian economy (<i>c</i>.840–<i>c</i>.1000)

Niall Ó Súilleabháin

This article builds on recent work the Carolingian economy by giving an overview of landholding patterns and associated economic activity in Loire valley ninth tenth centuries. It demonstrates that only individuals institutions with access to patronage from royal fisc possessed large, unified estates; majority land was held as small, fragmented farmsteads. Moreover, these small parcels changed hands a regular basis through grants leases, allowing investment, agricultural development, social material returns for their owners. The suggests small‐scale property transactions were growth dynamism late .

article

Early Medieval Europe

8.Yüzyıl Avrupasında Hristiyan Din Adamlarına Talimatlar (Karolı Magnı Capıtulare Prımum Örneği)

Özlem Genç

Orta Çağ Avrupası Hristiyanlığın en yoğun yaşandığı yerlerden biridir. Batı Roma`nın yıkılışından yaklaşık 10. yüzyıla kadar süren erken dönemde, geç döneme benzer bir dini cemaat yapılanması yoktur. Bunun yerine dindar halkı yönlendiren yerel din adamları vardır. Onların kontrolünü sağlayanlar ise bağlı bulundukları piskoposlardır. Bu piskoposlar ya da sivil yöneticilerin kendi bölgelerindeki adamlarına talimat iletme yollarından biri capitularia denen kararnamelerdir. Bunlar aynı zamanda her iki tarafın katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen meclislerde alınan kararlardır. Çalışmamıza konu ettiğimiz kararname son derece Frank lider olan Şarlman`ın tahta çıktığında yayımladığı ilk kararnamedir ve talimatlar içermektedir. incelendiğinde adamlarının özel hayatları, halen pagan gelenekler, piskopos onayı, yargılanmaları, verilen cezalar, denetlenmeleri, uzak durmaları gereken dünyevi aktiviteler gibi pek çok konuda değerli bilgiler edinilmektedir. Ayrıca çeşitli görev sorumlulukları olduğu, bahsi geçen dönemin hem hayatında etkili oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.

article

Dinbilimleri akademik araştırma dergisi

Carolingian Schoolbooks and Intellectual Networks

Elizabeth Archibald

chapter

Punctum Books

Stuart Airlie, Making and Unmaking the Carolingians, 751–888. New York, Bloomsbury Academic 2021

Karl Ubl

article

Historische Zeitschrift

Saracens and their World in Boiardo and Ariosto by Maria Pavlova

Francesco Lucioli

Reviewed by: Saracens and their World in Boiardo Ariosto by Maria Pavlova Francesco Lucioli Ariosto. By Pavlova. (Italian Perspectives, 47) Cambridge: Legenda. 2020. xiv+282 pp. £75. ISBN 978–1–781883–47–1. In the Inamoramento de Orlando Matteo Furioso Ludovico Ariosto, Otherness is mainly represented Saracens. However, as explains Introduction to her book (pp. 1–15), scholars have usually highlighted an opposition between Boiardo's admired representation of Saracen world its negative portrayal Ariosto's poem, interpreted these different approaches light historical, political, religious transformations that took place Italy fifteenth sixteenth centuries. aims challenge this reading reconsidering close relationship Islamic through original postcolonial perspective, two poems context literary tradition which they belong. The first chapter 17–65) offers in-depth analysis how Saracens' religion culture were perceived chivalric literature early modern Italian society. Through a Orlandos alongside French texts international relationships Ferrara Turks, it clear portrayals faith—as false but not evil cult—and appreciation culture, particularly values, are perfectly line with both previous contemporary political interest East. core then divided into sections, chapters dedicated 66–126) 127–215). Both preceded overview numerous characters included (also listed useful appendixes at end book, 225–46). section highlight intertextual nature (many most important his work come either from Spagna or Aspramonte), even though 'the debt owes Carolingian limited borrowed names. He also appropriates themes, situations stock characters, doing so, he often gives them meaning, subverting traditional stereotypes' (p. 89). introduces new (such Agricane, Sacripante, Angelica) destined embody main topics poem—as well poem—such love, honour, cortesia, vitality, desire for glory, challenges works reshape dynastic protagonist Ruggiero, whom attributes ancient ancestors: Hector Troy, related Christian father, Alexander Great, [End Page 260] connected mother, explained Aspramonte. furioso begins differences Paganìa (the latter wider, demonstrated inclusion Sweden Norway within world). Besides, characters—and ones, such Fiammetta Isabella—Ariosto problematizes topic was generally presented positive experience Orlando. changes some Saracens, Marsilio Dardinello, probably following respect other (e.g. Andrea da Barberino's Aspramonte). These insights introduce case study, namely final duel Ruggiero Rodomonte. sixteenth- seventeenth-century duels, recognizes Rodomonte moral winner confrontation because remains loyal unlike who, on contrary, betrays faith lord. This exemplifies fact 'at ending lies theme betrayal', again 'one central themes Aspramonte, crucial text Ariosto...

article

Modern Language Review

“Nit allein den rechtglaubigen, sonder auch den irrigen: Two Sixteenth-Century German Catholic Prayer Books as Tools of Re-Catholicisation”

Fredrik Norberg-Schiefauer

Abstract This article presents two German Catholic prayer books written by the sixteenth-century priests Johann Faber OP and Peter Michael Brillmacher SJ – known for their catechetical apologetical work in areas of confessional division. Adding to claims early twentieth-century researchers that these were used “resisting combating Protestantism,” I argue they tools re-Catholicising Protestant populations. By referring Church fathers “and old Christians” as proof ancient origin orthodoxy beliefs practices questioned reformers, countering “misconceptions” about faith, authors strived lead readers direction toward “true religion divine worship.”

article

Journal of early modern Christianity

Preface

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

The Bible in the Carolingian Age

Shari Boodts

Abstract Abstract: This chapter discusses the copying and study of Bible during reign Charlemagne his immediate successors. The Carolingian age was marked by technological innovations that led to a notable increase in production biblical manuscripts, particular single-volume Bibles or pandects, while powerful patrons stimulated creation lavishly decorated luxury bibles. ninth century further witnessed dynamic tradition exegesis Bible, steered large part rulers’ desire consolidate their empire through centralization religious practice education. Although corpus commentaries produced leading intellectuals such as Hrabanus Maurus, Florus Lyons, Haymo Auxerre, it work Theodulf Orleans Alcuin York on text decisive shaping legacy.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

Early Manuscripts of the Latin Bible

David Ganz

Abstract Abstract: This chapter surveys the surviving manuscripts of Latin Bible copied before 800 CE, along with evidence for their production, correction, and use. Information is taken from ancient writings, scribal colophons, other notes in manuscripts. Additional paratextual material discussed, such as prefaces, canon tables, lists. The topics include size format books, including luxury copies on purple parchment, scripts used to copy them, liturgical annotations showing when particular passages were read, presence glosses biblical text. Insular Gospel Books, early pandects Carolingian are treated separate sections. An account also given earliest illustrations Bibles.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

The Great Divide

Ethnicity and identity have formed a major focus in late antique early medieval archaeology history. Wide-ranging debates between the so-called Vienna Toronto Schools had massive impacts beyond history, as has famous project, The Transformation of Roman World.1 Here, new paradigm emerged, slowly substituting previous ‘decline-and-fall’ ideas world with that ‘transformation’. study Antiquity Middle Ages West is thus very much entangled research on identity, ethnicity, grand narratives, such transformation or decline, ‘Germanic’ barbarian invasions. These influential concepts should not be underestimated art visual culture they too frame historical scenes which history set. Since mid-2000s, there been debates, mostly (but solely) triggered by Heather, Ward-Perkins, Halsall.2 question extent to ethnicity played significant role use material culture, it can thereby identified archaeological record, widely, often intensely, debated across archaeology.3 however, embarked different tangent. Largely ignoring recent archaeology, most scholars still emphasise function images fostering perceptions religion.4 But why does remain pervasive terminology?

chapter

Cambridge University Press eBooks

Női nemhez köthető tárgyak férfisírokban az avar kori Közép-Tisza-vidéken

Ádám Máté Horváth

A tanulmány a női nemhez köthető tárgyak közép-Tisza-vidéki férfisírokban való előfordulásáról alkot képet. 18 lelőhelyről 140 férfisírt találtunk hasonló mellékletekkel. kutatás célja, hogy meghatározza leleteket és felderítse ezek lehetséges társadalmi szerepeit. vizsgált ékszerek mellékletek fülbevalók, nyakláncok, gyűrűk, bronzkorongok, orsógombok -karikák, tűtartók tojások voltak. tárgyaknak különböző jelentősége lehetett tulajdonos közösség számára, amelyet szintén fontos elemezni. legtöbb sír az avar kor második felére keltezhető, többségük egykori lokális politikai vezetőréteg tagjaihoz tartozhatott.

article

Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae

Az uralkodói erények mintaképe a 13-14. században Nyugaton és Közép-Európában

Laura Klára Fábián

dissertation

Carolingian Monasticism as seen in the plan of st gall1

Giles Constable

chapter

Routledge eBooks

Star Paths and Traces of Dance

Tomaž Simetinger

The work was originally published by the Slovenian Ethnological Society in 2021 under title Zvezdne poti plesne sledi: Od Platona do romarskega vrtca. Through systematically designed chapters, author equips reader with knowledge necessary to situate phenomenon cultural-historical spaces. He draws reader's attention changing philosophical, moral, ethical, religious and other predispositions that have influenced continue influence phenomena highlighted study. In order answer question posed, sets a broad historical space, ranging from understanding of ancient traditions key philosophical paradigms, through early Christianity, dogmas Middle Ages modern period. It considers those thought premises characterised contemporary understandings dance relation concepts such as sacred content, body, movement... monograph offers hitherto unknown uninterpreted reference literature, sources data, places them within framework multidisciplinary interpretations phenomena. has extended his interest field home disciplines, ethnology cultural anthropology, general history, philosophy, music church theology mythology. is lucid, critical, theoretical, methodological scientifically grounded on history placing movement/dance context sacred.

book

Narrative and Visual Sources of Saint Anne’s Cult in Late Medieval Hungary (14th-16th centuries) in a Comparative Perspective

É. Nagy

dissertation

Tackling Tradition in Education

Rosemary Sage

What do we mean by tradition in education? Why is the idea a travesty of reality? Is this important? With 60%+ students worldwide not reaching required educational standards to cope with life it time review policies and practices. Problems achieving this, due reliance on culture, are defined within context history education society changing more rapidly than ever before. We make mistakes, exaggerate, skew suppress truths our interests maintain comfortable status quo. The Article clarifies these ideas explain why there urgent need for change if wanting world peace progress.

article

Qeios

Introduction

Early medieval art in the post-Roman West often falls between two stools, that of archaeology and history, taken for neither fish nor fowl by respective fields study. This is particularly true material culture deriving from archaeological contexts, most importantly furnished burials mid-fifth to early eighth centuries. While archaeologists historians coming more ‘classical’ tradition focus on legacies Mediterranean Christian late Antiquity Byzantium, tend engage with ‘renaissance’ classical traditions Carolingian period onwards. On other hand, (in German also called frühgeschichtliche Archäologie) mostly neglects historical, visual, or aesthetic perspectives record, attending political elites, identity, economy, environment, landscape. Only few visual world Middle Ages, if so, a formalist iconographic point view. there has been recent interest images, ornamentation, human figure ‘Anglo-Saxon’ England Scandinavia,1 Merovingian Europe largely untouched debate. book tries bridge these gaps, shifting an world.

chapter

Cambridge University Press eBooks

Eriugena’s Angels: A Case Study on a Role of Imagination in Spirituality

Anton Vydra

The question of whether our spirituality is based on imaginative abilities, or it imagination that determines the direction spirituality, a crucial issue this text. theme angels as celestial beings, interpreters and messengers, helpers “brothers humans” serves background for inquiry. Ancient, medieval, renaissance thinkers dealt with them extensively. John Scottus Eriugena, representative Carolingian Neoplatonism, had special place in context. His extensive work Periphyseon is, among other things, re-thinking reflection images time, taken mainly from patristic tradition. Eriugena was undoubtedly deeply spiritual educated man, translator Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagite texts. understanding shows how much daughter his imagination, has influenced life later readers. result could be understood sign level cultivation imagination.

chapter

BRILL eBooks

The Cambridge Handbook of Investment-Driven Intellectual Property

This handbook challenges the conventional wisdom that intellectual property is law of creativity. Traditionally, IP has been instrumental for protecting creations mind, with only inventors original works enjoying exclusive rights. Related, sui generis, and quasi-IP rights, which protect monetary investments efforts rather than originality inventiveness, were considered exceptions to general principles IP. But increasingly, rights are being granted safeguard corporate investments. brings together an international roster contributors explore this emerging trend. Why primary driver legal protection, often main requirement obtain it? Who benefits from such new forms protection? What should scope these be? And they desirable in first place? In doing so, volume highlight systematically critique move 'intellectual' 'investment' property.

chapter

Cambridge University Press eBooks

Arqueología de la relación transcultural de al-Andalus con la Provenza y la República de Pisa (siglos X-XI)

Rafael Azuar

chapter

Ausonius Éditions eBooks

The Oxford Handbook of the Latin Bible

Abstract The Latin Bible stands at the heart of Western culture. For almost fifteen hundred years, it was principal source for scholars, philosophers, and theologians to reflect on ideas narratives which shaped society in Europe beyond. It continues feature Christian liturgy, music, art, has influenced both vernacular language literature. Manuscripts showcase artistic technical achievements Late Antiquity Middle Ages, first book be produced with Gutenberg’s printing press. Biblical interpretation played a central role education, from sermons antiquity medieval schools development university.This Handbook contains thirty-one chapters covering history its earliest translations (the Vetus Latina), revisions by Jerome leading Vulgate, innovations Carolingian period modern scholarship, twentieth-century innovation Nova Vulgata. includes discussions key figures interpreters, most important manuscripts, significance multiple fields.The international team contributors many world’s authorities, along representatives new generation researchers developing approaches insights into this rich diverse material. Each chapter introduces current state extensive references literature electronic resources. This volume provides unique overview one books.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

The Use of the Latin Bible in the Early Church

Paul Mattei

Abstract Abstract: The use of the Bible is more than simply application hermeneutic principles and exegetical techniques, or literary genres within which these are deployed. This chapter offers a broad account presence Scripture intellectual religious life Latin Christians in antiquity. chronological scope from beginnings Christian literature to time Bede. may be divided into three stages: Antenicene period, with its major personalities Tertullian, Cyprian, Lactantius; zenith, Nicaea Chalcedon, marked by great Christological Trinitarian controversies, individuals such as Hilary Poitiers, Ambrose Milan, Jerome Stridon, Augustine Hippo (and especially De doctrina christiana); inheritance, teachers Cassiodorus, Gregory Great, Isidore Seville, Bede, who lead dawn Carolingian age. perspective taken necessarily selective, focussing on most important examples.

chapter

Oxford University Press eBooks

Preacher and prophet: intersecting voices of St John the Evangelist in late medieval ‘s-Hertogenbosch

CATHERINE SAUCIER

Abstract The church of Sint-Jan in the town ‘s-Hertogenbosch, on northern frontier medieval diocese Liège, cultivated unique local devotions to widely venerated apostle St John Evangelist. Most notable are five annual feasts, two which unknown elsewhere Western Christendom – John's Exile Island Patmos (27 September) and Return from (3 December). Although figured prominently iconography prophetic vision writing Apocalypse, this event was largely overlooked Johannine liturgy. Drawing an exhaustive study all extant service books, my comparative analysis office chants readings for examines how ‘s-Hertogenbosch clergy synthesised Eastern narratives evangelical activities Patmos. A previously ignored liturgical imprint sheds new light reception a fifth-century text Syrian origin Acts by Prochorus disseminated Byzantium but little known Latin West. Matins source contradict association imagining island as locus preaching Gospel, yet concluding versified responsories, call both preacher prophet attributes that merge musical form melodic embellishment these unstudied chants. More broadly, case demonstrates liturgy might conflate different hagiographic narratives.

article

Plainsong & Medieval Music

Contents

paratext

De Gruyter eBooks

Memnon in the Middle Ages: The Reception of a Homeric Hero

Trevor Dean

Abstract Memnon, the mythic king of Ethiopia killed by Achilles during Trojan War, had a double or fused identity in classical antiquity: both Asian and African for Greek Roman writers because his parentage geographical indeterminacy ‘Aithiopia’ ‘India’, but definitely black-skinned writers. How was this figure received medieval texts images? This paper tracks Memnon through three textual genres from twelfth to fifteenth century – commentaries on Ovid, catalogues famous men, histories War charts ways which overlaid transformed pro-Trojan sentiment, chivalric heroization Christian sacrificial thinking.

article

International Journal of the Classical Tradition

New Ancient Greek in a Neo-Latin World

Raf Van Rooy

The present volume outlines research perspectives on the restoration of classical bilingualism in early modern period. active use Ancient Greek during and after Renaissance has been attracting increasing attention over past few years, but phenomenon’s strong embeddedness Neo-Latin culture taken somewhat for granted. Likewise, many Neo-Latinists have neglected pervasive element humanism intellectual life, especially way scholars deeply internalized language ancient Greece actively used their New knowledge various contexts forms. In this contribution, I aim to bridge gap between studies by laying out paths find most promising from my own perspective background. My discussion focuses production Low Countries (c.1484–1700), with occasional excursuses other areas. have, however, selected suggestions that are broadly applicable Latin–Greek as a pan-European phenomenon. Part 1 situates within broader scholarship Hellenism, argues (Section 1). Section 2, define central concepts survey current state young field studies. 2 offers perspectives, first macroscale, bird’s-eye perspective, then microscale, zooming particular approaches case Overall, advocate an inclusive broad-spectrum approach sensitive historical contingencies local contexts, also paying transregional dimensions bilingualism.

chapter

BRILL eBooks

Bishops, Relics and Multi-Directional Pressures in Carolingian Northern Italy: The Cases of Verona and Milan

Francesco M. Veronese

In the aftermath of conquest Lombard kingdom by Charlemagne (774), a number figures coming from different regions Carolingian world were appointed as counts and bishops in Italy. They called to act intermediaries between local contexts new royal power, foster integration kingdom’s élites broader horizon polity. order achieve that, they had first negotiate their own within political, social, cultural action. The cult saints relics was one key issues addressed boost self-inclusion. A renewed care for memory, celebration, monumental settings special dead remains elements struggle establish channels communication cooperation with societies. Saints also object disputes sometimes conflicts, used support competing claims ecclesiastical primacy. My paper will focus on two case-studies, Verona Milan, highlighting uses saints, relics, hagiography tools cope pressures, demands, resulting unsteady position non-local holding authority over initially unfamiliar with.

chapter

De Gruyter eBooks

Early Middle Ages pottery with admixture of calcium carbonate in ceramic mass (examples from hillforts in the Nida Basin)

Anna Tyniec

Among vessels used in the Early Middle Ages area of western Lesser Poland, special attention should be paid to specimens made ceramic mass with leaning admixture composed minerals containing calcium carbonate. Such are usually determined as Cracow “white” pottery. It seems that centre production pottery carbonate was situated Poland region. A particular place this group has Nida Basin hillforts Stradów. There is matter if could have been some kind a tribal emblem. it could. The product so sensitive changes, impermanent and challenging - for more than 200 years -was dominating among Poland. attachment tradition from material requiring at each stage (mainly firing) testifies creating maintaining specific style consciousness its integrating meaning inside group. From outside proves affiliation producing masses may mentioned written sources Vistulans.

article

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

The Role and Status of the Catholic Church in the Church-State Relationship Within the Roman Empire from A.D. 306 to 814

Jean Zukowski

This study analyzes and compares information from historical documents on the role status of church in development church-state relationships within Roman Empire A.D. 306 to 814 (from Constantine's ascendancy throne, Charlemagne's death). After introductory chapter, chapter 2 at time Constantine. The presents Christian ways understanding religion before Constantine, changes that occurred because conversion Catholicism, his religious policies. Chapter 3 existed form sons reign Justinian. During this time, Catholicism replaced paganism senate political life empire. Also, it examines papacy Justinian's 4 relationship during Clovis. It significance Clovis's Gaul empire, as well model relations. 5 Pope Gregory great Charlemagne. discusses policies importance Catholic Church Frankish empire legitimacy Carolingian dynasty. papacy's struggle for power its independence eastern after alliance with kings. 6 reigns four leaders covered previous chapters- Justinian, Clovis, suggests adopted by Justinian was similar Constantine one Charlemagne proposes just coronation are considered turning points history, Vigilius can be tipping beginning new European relations fight supremacy papacy.

dissertation

Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda Hac Seyahatleri

Özlem Genç

Orta Çağ Avrupası`nda hacı olmak her inançlı Hıristiyan için çok önemlidir. Kıtada sayıda hac mekânı olması insanların böyle bir dinî görevi yerine getirmelerini kolaylaştırmıştır. Hac ziyaretinin temel amacı günahların bağışlanmasıdır ancak hastalığa şifa bulmak, çocuk istemek, gelen dilek teşekkür etmek gibi pek amaç da söz konusudur. Güvenilir kayıtlar olmadığından hacıların sayısı tam olarak bilinmemektedir. boyunca kontrol altında yaşayan kadınlar ziyaretleri yapmışlar daha evlerine yakın yerlere gitmişlerdir. Uzaklara gideceklerse genelde kocaları onlara eşlik etmiştir. Rahibelerin hacca gittiklerine dair kanıt yoktur. Bu dönemde hac, tehlikeli ve masraflı iştir. Başkasının gitmek de seyahatlerinin süresi gidilen mekânın uzaklığına göre değişmekle birlikte genellikle uzundur çünkü ulaşım bugünkü kadar gelişmiş değildir. Ayrıca 1346-1353 arasında yaşanan büyük veba salgını 1337-1453 arasındaki Yüzyıl Savaşları bölgeyi etkileyen olaylar sekteye uğramasına neden olmuştur. Yine din adamları özellikle papalar insanları gitmeye teşvik teşvikin günahlarının bağışlanması iken diğer ruhban sınıfın seyahatlerinden gelir elde etmesidir. öyle büyüktür ki zaman dünyevi liderleri karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Çağ`da kıtanın en önemli üç merkezi Roma, Santiego Compostela Canterbury`dir.

article

Bilimname

The Charisma of Fruits: From Greek Mythology to Genesis

Anna-Maria Moubayed

Concerned with the representations of fruits in Greco-Roman mythology and Genesis, this paper first explores various meanings charis its conceptualization, their embodiments. It then addresses object agency, before questioning possible propriety certain visual textual narratives to emanate and/or appropriate charisma. To do so, presents a discussion linguistic conceptual mutability malleability term ‘charis’ conceptualization into charisma, as well manifestations or translations fruits, thus transforming latter (accidental) actors. Finally, study provides an exploratory reflection on ambiguity metamorphic aspect “charismatic” context myths Genesis narrative represented arts, translation fairy tale modern advertising campaigns.

article

Religions|MDPI (MDPI AG)

Spelling correctness as a witness of changing documentary culture in Tuscia (eighth–ninth centuries)

Timo Korkiakangas

This paper discusses the evolution of documentary culture in early medieval Tuscia by quantitatively examining Latin spelling charter scribes relation to following factors: time, distinction between formulaic and non‐formulaic parts document, scribe’s domicile, professional status, document type. The asks what charters tells us about administrative socio‐cultural changes production scribal education. research data is 997 from Late Charter Treebank, approach that philological corpus linguistics.

article

Early Medieval Europe|Helda (University of Helsinki)

Issue Information

No abstract is available for this article.

paratext

Early Medieval Europe

Miniature as Pictorial Interpretation of the Text in the Context of Medievil Culture Development

О. І. Chumachenko

The purpose of the article is to consider miniature as a pictorial interpretation text, one elements «entertainment» in context development medieval culture. research methodology. An analytical method used collect theoretical material about miniatures Mirovingian period (V–VII centuries), on example Sacramentarium Gelasianum and Gellon Sacramentarium; from times Carolingian revival VIII-IX centuries, («Gospel Godescalk», «Gospel Ada», monastery St. Medard Soissons»). A historical cultural applied analyse role socio-cultural life Medieval Europe ceremonial ritual «entertainment». art that involves detailed examination description book miniature, are summarise findings. scientific novelty work for first time considered text culture, sensual form knowledge an ideal model, personification ritualistic "entertainment" this period. Conclusions. examines visual culture Middle Ages. It has been proven since ancient "Ambrosian Iliad", was ritual, partly artistic "entertainment", which made it possible outline component phenomenon, well handwritten reflects most current events era. brightest examples early Christian tradition Western Europe, presented Merovingian manuscripts V-VIII using Sacramentarium. Graphic decoration becomes not just but turns into element worship. There many images birds, fish, animals, plant ornaments, emphasis red, yellow, green. Great attention paid decorative design capital letters sections, they become special symbolic signs even attributed with magical meaning. begins act available chosen ones. This continues manuscripts, «Source Life» Godescalcus»), «Adoration Lamb» Monastery Soissons») symbolic, personifying theocentric worldview, Gospel source eternal life.&#x0D; Key words: Ages, «entertainment», «Ambrosian Iliad», ornament.

article

Vìsnik Deržavnoï akademìï kerìvnih kadrìv kulʹturi ì mistectv|Scientific notes of Ternopil National Pedagogical University (Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University)

Rethinking the Carolingian reforms

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

Reformatio and correctio in Carolingian theology and orthodoxy

Kristina Mitalaïté

The article aims to study the meaning of correctio and reformation in exegetical treatises, particularly those concerning Genesis Epistles Paul, treatises controversy over worship images (eight ninth centuries) filioque (around 809). In these biblical commentaries, reformatio usually denotes individual self-perfection salvation, projecting it into an eschatological perspective. Correctio, meanwhile, appears where following church fathers, deviant thinker or heretic was often invited correct himself. Theological argumentation methods debate reveal absence uniformity. Although authors quoted same excerpts, thus creating impression uniformity, way they wove such patristic sententiae together deployed them different theological arguments evinces differentiated thinking. Moreover, there no consensus on use one ‘correct’ source auctoritas that served as a guiding rod process establishing orthodox consensus.

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

List of contributors

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

Gender and horizontal networks in Carolingian monasticisms (up to c. 840)

Ingrid Rembold

Horizontal networks of monasticisms, along with the rulers and bishops responsible for regulating them, were moving force behind monastic regulations business definition in Carolingian world: they main agents, short, what has been traditionally labelled ‘Carolingian reform’. These not only set agenda but built consensus these new initiatives; an integral part process by which ideals embedded, to greater or lesser degrees, within individual communities’ praxis. newly-expanded horizontal all-encompassing, however: were, design, overwhelmingly male. And so too those changes identified modern historians as reform’ applied male communities, while female communities addressed their own, explicitly gendered, prescriptions. There was no singular simple reason (among many others) that there ideal monasticism’: rather, like all other parts society, monasticisms fundamentally insurmountably gendered.

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

Error assessment

Irene van Renswoude

This chapter examines how scholars in the Carolingian period developed methods to assess error and distinguish true from false knowledge. It focuses on two instances of controversy that arose ninth century, when (re)introduction classical texts affected traditional modes assessment interpretation. The debates hold central stage this - confrontation between Florus Lyon Amalarius Metz, conflict Prudentius Troyes John Scotus are analyzed as clashes different communities A study manuscripts were produced at time reveals experimented with techniques establish truth, rectify what was considered false, enable reintegration deviant thinkers into community interpretation which they had strayed. becomes clear there a concept correctio world; but did not focus society or culture whole, individuals who found themselves wrong side shifting boundaries – should therefore either ‘correct’ be ‘corrected’ by others.

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

A Carolingian ‘reform of education’? The reception of Alcuin’s pedagogy

Cinzia Grifoni|Giorgia Vocino

The chapter challenges the idea that a reform of education was ever designed at Carolingian court and broadcasted to every school realm. It engages with most influential scholar under Charlemagne’s rule, Alcuin, investigates impact his didactic treatises on ninth-century schools. Manuscript evidence demonstrates Alcuin did not conceive coherent programme arts speech were meant be adopted in learning context. Doubtlessly they circulated quickly, particularly during ninth century, but everywhere. Two case studies illustrate patterns transmission Alcuin’s Italy, both tenth East Francia. These show spread pedagogy straightforward can neither explained according top-down nor centre-periphery dissemination model. position public authority ultimately less relevant for works teaching methods than personal networks he created cultivated lifetime. Particular attention is paid following manuscripts: Munich, BSB, Clm 6407; Wolfenbüttel. HAB, 50 77 Weiss.; Vatican City, BAV, Vat. Lat. 11506.

chapter

Manchester University Press eBooks

<i>Weeds and the Carolingians. Empire, Culture, and Nature in Frankish Europe, AD 750–900.</i> By Paolo Squatriti

Mark McKerracher

Journal Article Weeds and the Carolingians. Empire, Culture, Nature in Frankish Europe, AD 750–900. By Paolo Squatriti Get access (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 224 pp. £75.00). Mark McKerracher of Oxford, UK mark.mckerracher@humanities.ox.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0299-6687 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social History, shad012, https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shad012 Published: 27 April 2023

article

Journal of Social History