Case: Ackroyds (London) Ltd v Islington Plastics Ltd [1962] RPC 97
Outcome: cited
essential attribute of confidential information is what has been described as "relative secrecy": Franchi v Franchi [1967] RPC 149 , at 153; Interfirm Comparison (Australia) Pty Ltd v Law Society of New South Wales [1975] 2 NSWLR 104 at 119. Whether this attribute exists in a given case will be often a question of degree and a variety of criteria have been invoked in varying contexts to sharpen the inquiry to be made: (i) is the information in question widely known, or publicly available in the relevant industry, trade, etc: Coco at 51; cf Ansell Rubber Co at 50; Titan Group Pty Ltd v Steriline Manufacturing Pty Ltd (1990) 19 IPR 353 at 381; (ii) has the confider made the information public by using it in its manufactured products and placing it on the market, or would the ascertainment of the information from the manufactured product by reverse engineering or otherwise require the expenditure of time, effort, money or experimentation: see eg Ackroyds (London) Ltd v Islington Plastics Ltd [1962] RPC 97 ; Aquaculture Corporation v New Zealand Green Mussel Co Ltd (1985) 5 IPR 357 at 379; (iii) did the confider produce or obtain the information only after the expenditure of time and/or money by way of research or in the application of skill and ingenuity; Saltman Engineering Co Ltd ; cf United Sterling Corporation v Felton [1974] RPC 162 ; Interfirm Comparison (Australia) Ltd , at 117; could another person acquire or duplicate the information only by going through a like process: Cranleigh Precision Engineering Ltd v Bryant [1966] RPC 81 at 89-90; Ansell Rubber Co at 49; (iv) what steps has the confider taken to preserve the secrecy of the information and to prevent it becoming public knowledge: Amber Size &amp; Chemical Co Ltd v Menzel (1913) 30 RPC 433 at 438; Dean, at [3.165]-[3.175]; (v) is the information intrinsically valuable or is it valuable to the confider or to a competitor or other interested party: Surveys &amp; Mining Ltd v Morrison [1969] Qd R 470 ; Measures Brothers Ltd v Measures [1910] 1 Ch 336 ; and (vi) would a reasonable person in all the circumstances recognise the information to be the "property" of the confider: Deta Nominees Pty Ltd v Viscount Plastic Products Pty Ltd [1979] VR 167 at 191; Printers &amp; Finishers Ltd v Holloway (No 2) [1965] RPC 239 at 255. The alternative test the "purpose" test asks: Has confidential information been imparted for what was known, or ought reasonably to have been known, to be only for a particular purpose? If it has, its use must be limited to that purpose. This approach has commonly been used in cases in which confidential industrial information has been disclosed (usually under contract) to a manufacturer either by way of licence for a period or so as to manufacture a product for the confider: see Saltman Engineering , at 213; Nichrotherm Electrical Co Ltd v Percy [1956] RPC 272 at 280; Ackroyds (London) Ltd at 104; Torrington Manufacturing Co Ltd v Smith &amp; Sons (England) Ltd [1966] RPC 285. Its use extends beyond that context: see Interfirm Comparison (Australia) at 117; and Gurry "Breach of Confidence" in Finn (ed) Essays in Equity , 118 (1985); Smith Kline &amp; French , at 96.