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*(A) The provisions in this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)) for reducing transmit power based on antenna gain shall not require that the power levels be reduced below the limits specified in [paragraph (c)(1)(i)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)(1)(i)) of this section.
(B) The provisions of [§ 15.204(c)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.204#p-15.204(c)(2)) and [(4)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.204#p-15.204(c)(4)) that permit the use of different antennas of the same type and of equal or less directional gain do not apply to intentional radiator systems operating under this provision. In lieu thereof, intentional radiator systems shall be certified using the specific antenna(s) with which the system will be marketed and operated. Compliance testing shall be performed using the highest gain and the lowest gain antennas for which certification is sought and with the intentional radiator operated at its maximum available output power level. The responsible party, as defined in [§ 2.909 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.909), shall supply a list of acceptable antennas with the application for certification.
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*(2) Field disturbance sensors/radars shall not exceed −10 dBm peak conducted output power and 10 dBm peak EIRP except that field disturbance sensors/radars that limit their operation to all or part of the specified frequency band may operate without being subject to a transmitter conducted output power limit if they operate in compliance with [paragraph (b)(3)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(b)(3)) of this section or with one or more of the provisions below:
(i) _57.0-59.4 GHz:_ the peak EIRP level shall not exceed 20 dBm for indoor operation or 30 dBm for outdoor operation;
(ii) _57.0-61.56 GHz:_ the peak EIRP shall not exceed 3 dBm except that the peak EIRP shall not exceed 20 dBm if the sum of continuous transmitter off-times of at least two milliseconds equals at least 16.5 milliseconds within any contiguous interval of 33 milliseconds;
(iii) _57.0-64.0 GHz:_
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*(A) The peak EIRP shall not exceed 14 dBm, and the sum of continuous transmitter off-times of at least two milliseconds shall equal at least 25.5 milliseconds within any contiguous interval of 33 milliseconds, except as specific in [paragraph (c)(2)(iii)(B)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)(2)(iii)(B)) of this section;
(B) The peak EIRP shall not exceed 20 dBm, and the sum of continuous transmitter off-times of at least two milliseconds shall equal at least 16.5 milliseconds within any contiguous interval of 33 milliseconds when operated outdoors:
(_1_) As part of a temporary or permanently fixed application; or
(_2_) When being used in vehicular applications to perform specific tasks of moving something or someone, except for in-cabin applications;
(iv) A field disturbance sensor may operate in any of the modes in the above sub-sections so long as the device operates in only one mode at any time and does so for at least 33 milliseconds before switching to another mode.
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*(v) _61.0-61.5 GHz:_ For field disturbance sensors/radars that occupy 500 MHz bandwidth or less that are contained wholly within the frequency band 61.0-61.5 GHz, the average power of any emission, measured during the transmit interval, shall not exceed 40 dBm, and the peak power of any emission shall not exceed 43 dBm. In addition, the average power of any emission outside of the 61.0-61.5 GHz band, measured during the transmit interval, but still within the 57-71 GHz band, shall not exceed 10 dBm, and the peak power of any emission shall not exceed 13 dBm.
(3) For pulsed field disturbance sensors/radars operating in the 57-64 GHz band that have a maximum pulse duration of 6 ns, the average EIRP shall not exceed 13 dBm and the transmit duty cycle shall not exceed 10% during any 0.3 µs time window. In addition, the average integrated EIRP within the frequency band 61.5-64.0 GHz shall not exceed 5 dBm in any 0.3 µs time window. Peak emissions shall not exceed 20 dB above the maximum permitted average emission limit applicable to the equipment under test. The radar bandwidth is the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission, as based on the complete transmission system including the antenna.
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*(4) The provisions in [§ 15.35(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.35#p-15.35(b)) and [(c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.35#p-15.35(c)) that require emissions to be averaged over a 100 millisecond period and that limits the peak power to 20 dB above the average limit do not apply to devices operating under [paragraphs (c)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)(2)) and [(3)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)(3)) of this section.
(d) _Limits on spurious emissions._
(1) The power density of any emissions outside the 57-71 GHz band shall consist solely of spurious emissions.
(2) Radiated emissions below 40 GHz shall not exceed the general limits in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209).
(3) Between 40 GHz and 200 GHz, the level of these emissions shall not exceed 90 pW/cm2 at a distance of 3 meters.
(4) The levels of the spurious emissions shall not exceed the level of the fundamental emission.
(e) _Limits on transmitter conducted output power._
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*(1) Except as specified in [paragraph (e)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(e)(2)) of this section, the peak transmitter conducted output power of devices other than field disturbance sensors/radars shall not exceed 500 mW. Depending on the gain of the antenna, it may be necessary to operate the intentional radiator using a lower peak transmitter output power in order to comply with the EIRP limits specified in [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.255#p-15.255(c)) of this section.
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*(2) Devices other than field disturbance sensors/radars with an emission bandwidth of less than 100 megahertz must limit their peak transmitter conducted output power to the product of 500 mW times their emission bandwidth divided by 100 megahertz. For the purposes of this paragraph, emission bandwidth is defined as the instantaneous frequency range occupied by a steady state radiated signal with modulation, outside which the radiated power spectral density never exceeds 6 dB below the maximum radiated power spectral density in the band, as measured with a 100 kilohertz resolution bandwidth spectrum analyzer. The center frequency must be stationary during the measurement interval, even if not stationary during normal operation (_e.g.,_ for frequency hopping devices).
(f) _Frequency stability._ Fundamental emissions must be contained within the frequency bands specified in this section during all conditions of operation. Equipment is presumed to operate over the temperature range −20 to + 50 degrees Celsius with an input voltage variation of 85% to 115% of rated input voltage, unless justification is presented to demonstrate otherwise.
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*(g) _Radio frequency radiation exposure._ Radio frequency devices operating under the provisions of this part are subject to the radio frequency radiation exposure requirements specified in [§§ 1.1307(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1307#p-1.1307(b)), [1.1310](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1310), [2.1091](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1091), and [2.1093 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1093), as appropriate. Applications for equipment authorization of mobile or portable devices operating under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
(h) _Group installation._ Any transmitter that has received the necessary FCC equipment authorization under the rules of this chapter may be mounted in a group installation for simultaneous operation with one or more other transmitter(s) that have received the necessary FCC equipment authorization, without any additional equipment authorization. However, no transmitter operating under the provisions of this section may be equipped with external phase-locking inputs that permit beam-forming arrays to be realized.
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*(i) _Compliance measurement._ Measurement procedures that have been found to be acceptable to the Commission in accordance with [§ 2.947 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.947) may be used to demonstrate compliance.
(1) For purposes of demonstrating compliance with this section, corrections to the transmitter conducted output power may be made due to the antenna and circuit loss.
(2) Compliance measurements of frequency-agile field disturbance sensors/radars shall be performed with any related frequency sweep, step, or hop function activated.
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*\[[63 FR 42279](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/63-FR-42279), Aug. 7, 1998, as amended at [66 FR 7409](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/66-FR-7409), Jan. 23, 2001; [68 FR 68547](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/68-FR-68547), Dec. 9, 2003; [78 FR 59850](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/78-FR-59850), Sept. 30, 2013; [81 FR 79936](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/81-FR-79936), Nov. 14, 2016; [83 FR 63](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/83-FR-63), Jan. 2, 2018; [85 FR 18149](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-18149), Apr. 1, 2020; [88 FR 47394](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/88-FR-47394), July 24, 2023\]
#### § 15.256 Operation of level probing radars within the bands 5.925-7.250 GHz, 24.05-29.00 GHz, and 75-85 GHz.
(a) Operation under this section is limited to level probing radar (LPR) devices.
(b) LPR devices operating under the provisions of this section shall utilize a dedicated or integrated transmit antenna, and the system shall be installed and maintained to ensure a vertically downward orientation of the transmit antenna's main beam.
(c) LPR devices operating under the provisions of this section shall be installed only at fixed locations. The LPR device shall not operate while being moved, or while inside a moving container.
(d) Hand-held applications are prohibited.
(e) Marketing to residential consumers is prohibited.
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*(f) The fundamental bandwidth of an LPR emission is defined as the width of the signal between two points, one below and one above the center frequency, outside of which all emissions are attenuated by at least 10 dB relative to the maximum transmitter output power when measured in an equivalent resolution bandwidth.
(1) The minimum fundamental emission bandwidth shall be 50 MHz for LPR operation under the provisions of this section.
(2) LPR devices operating under this section must confine their fundamental emission bandwidth within the 5.925-7.250 GHz, 24.05-29.00 GHz, and 75-85 GHz bands under all conditions of operation.
(g) _Fundamental emissions limits._
(1) All emission limits provided in this section are expressed in terms of Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP).
(2) The EIRP level is to be determined from the maximum measured power within a specified bandwidth.
(i) The EIRP in 1 MHz is computed from the maximum power level measured within any 1-MHz bandwidth using a power averaging detector;
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*(ii) The EIRP in 50 MHz is computed from the maximum power level measured with a peak detector in a 50-MHz bandwidth centered on the frequency at which the maximum average power level is realized and this 50 MHz bandwidth must be contained within the authorized operating bandwidth. For a RBW less than 50 MHz, the peak EIRP limit (in dBm) is reduced by 20 log(RBW/50) dB where RBW is the resolution bandwidth in megahertz. The RBW shall not be lower than 1 MHz or greater than 50 MHz. The video bandwidth of the measurement instrument shall not be less than the RBW. If the RBW is greater than 3 MHz, the application for certification filed shall contain a detailed description of the test procedure, calibration of the test setup, and the instrumentation employed in the testing.
(3) The EIRP limits for LPR operations in the bands authorized by this rule section are provided in Table 1. The emission limits in Table 1 are based on boresight measurements (_i.e.,_ measurements performed within the main beam of an LPR antenna).
Table 1—LPR EIRP Emission Limits
Frequency band of operation
(GHz)
Average
emission limit
(EIRP in dBm measured in
1 MHz)
Peak
emission limit
(EIRP in dBm
measured in *
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*50 MHz)
5.925-7.250
−33
7
24.05-29.00
−14
26
75-85
−3
34
(h) _Unwanted emissions limits._ Unwanted emissions from LPR devices shall not exceed the general emission limit in [§ 15.209 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209).
(i) _Antenna beamwidth._
(A) LPR devices operating under the provisions of this section within the 5.925-7.250 GHz and 24.05-29.00 GHz bands must use an antenna with a −3 dB beamwidth no greater than 12 degrees.
(B) LPR devices operating under the provisions of this section within the 75-85 GHz band must use an antenna with a −3 dB beamwidth no greater than 8 degrees.
(j) _Antenna side lobe gain._ LPR devices operating under the provisions of this section must limit the side lobe antenna gain relative to the main beam gain for off-axis angles from the main beam of greater than 60 degrees to the levels provided in Table 2.
Table 2—Antenna Side Lobe Gain Limits
Frequency range
(GHz)
Antenna side
lobe gain
limit relative
to main
beam gain
(dB)
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*5.925-7.250
−22
24.05-29.00
−27
75-85
−38
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*(k) Emissions from digital circuitry used to enable the operation of the transmitter may comply with the limits in [§ 15.209 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209) provided it can be clearly demonstrated that those emissions are due solely to emissions from digital circuitry contained within the transmitter and the emissions are not intended to be radiated from the transmitter's antenna. Emissions from associated digital devices, as defined in [§ 15.3(k) of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/section-15.3#p-15.3(k)), e.g., emissions from digital circuitry used to control additional functions or capabilities other than the operation of the transmitter, are subject to the limits contained in subpart B, [part 15 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15). Emissions from these digital circuits shall not be employed in determining the −10 dB bandwidth of the fundamental emission or the frequency at which the highest emission level occurs.
(l) _Measurement procedures._
(1) Radiated measurements of the fundamental emission bandwidth and power shall be made with maximum main-beam coupling between the LPR and test antennas (boresight).
(2) Measurements of the unwanted emissions radiating from an LPR shall be made utilizing elevation and azimuth scans to determine the location at which the emissions are maximized.
(3) All emissions at and below 1,000 MHz except 9-90 kHz and 110-490 kHz bands are based on measurements employing a CISPR quasi-peak detector.
(4) The fundamental emission bandwidth measurement shall be made using a peak detector with a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz and a video bandwidth of at least 3 MHz.
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*(5) The provisions in [§ 15.35(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/section-15.35#p-15.35(b)) and [(c) of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/section-15.35#p-15.35(c)) that require emissions to be averaged over a 100 millisecond period and that limits the peak power to 20 dB above the average limit do not apply to devices operating under [paragraphs (a)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.256#p-15.256(a)) through [(l)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.256#p-15.256(l)) of this section.
(6) Compliance measurements for minimum emission bandwidth of frequency-agile LPR devices shall be performed with any related frequency sweep, step, or hop function activated.
(7) Compliance measurements shall be made in accordance with the specific procedures published or otherwise authorized by the Commission.
\[[79 FR 12678](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/79-FR-12678), Mar. 6, 2014\]
#### § 15.257 Operation within the band 92-95 GHz.
(a) Operation of devices under the provisions of this section is limited to indoor use;
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*(1) Devices operating under the provisions of this section, by the nature of their design, must be capable of operation only indoors. The necessity to operate with a fixed indoor infrastructure, e.g., a transmitter that must be connected to the AC power lines, may be considered sufficient to demonstrate this.
(2) The use of outdoor mounted antennas, e.g., antennas mounted on the outside of a building or on a telephone pole, or any other outdoors infrastructure is prohibited.
(3) The emissions from equipment operated under this section shall not be intentionally directed outside of the building in which the equipment is located, such as through a window or a doorway.
(4) Devices operating under the provisions of this section shall bear the following or similar statement in a conspicuous location on the device or in the instruction manual supplied with the device: “This equipment may only be operated indoors. Operation outdoors is in violation of [47 U.S.C. 301](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/uscode/47/301) and could subject the operator to serious legal penalties.”
(b) Operation under the provisions of this section is not permitted on aircraft or satellites.
(c) Within the 92-95 GHz bands, the emission levels shall not exceed the following:
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*(1) The average power density of any emission, measured during the transmit interval, shall not exceed 9 uW/sq. cm, as measured at 3 meters from the radiating structure, and the peak power density of any emission shall not exceed 18 uW/sq. cm, as measured 3 meters from the radiating structure.
(2) Peak power density shall be measured with an RF detector that has a detection bandwidth that encompasses the band being used and has a video bandwidth of at least 10 MHz, or uses an equivalent measurement method.
(3) The average emission limits shall be calculated based on the measured peak levels, over the actual time period during which transmission occurs.
(d) Limits on spurious emissions:
(1) The power density of any emissions outside the band being used shall consist solely of spurious emissions.
(2) Radiated emissions below 40 GHz shall not exceed the general limits in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209).
(3) Between 40 GHz and 200 GHz, the level of these emissions shall not exceed 90 pW/cm2 at a distance of 3 meters.
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*(4) The levels of the spurious emissions shall not exceed the level of the fundamental emission.
(e) The total peak transmitter output power shall not exceed 500 mW.
(f) Fundamental emissions must be contained within the frequency bands specified in this section during all conditions of operation. Equipment is presumed to operate over the temperature range −20 to + 50 degrees Celsius with an input voltage variation of 85% to 115% of rated input voltage, unless justification is presented to demonstrate otherwise.
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*(g) Radio frequency devices operating under the provisions of this part are subject to the radio frequency radiation exposure requirements specified in [§§ 1.1307(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1307#p-1.1307(b)), [1.1310](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1310), [2.1091](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1091), and [2.1093 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1093), as appropriate. Applications for equipment authorization of mobile or portable devices operating under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
(h) Any transmitter that has received the necessary FCC equipment authorization under the rules of this chapter may be mounted in a group installation for simultaneous operation with one or more other transmitter(s) that have received the necessary FCC equipment authorization, without any additional equipment authorization. However, no transmitter operating under the provisions of this section may be equipped with external phase-locking inputs that permit beam-forming arrays to be realized.
\[[69 FR 3265](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-3265), Jan. 23, 2004, as amended at [85 FR 18149](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-18149), Apr. 1, 2020\]
#### § 15.258 Operation in the bands 116-123 GHz, 174.8-182 GHz, 185-190 GHz and 244-246 GHz.
(a) Operation on board an aircraft or a satellite is prohibited.
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*(b) Emission levels within the 116-123 GHz, 174.8-182 GHz, 185-190 GHz and 244-246 GHz bands shall not exceed the following equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) limits as measured during the transmit interval:
(1) The average power of any emission shall not exceed 40 dBm and the peak power of any emission shall not exceed 43 dBm; or
(2) For fixed point-to-point transmitters located outdoors, the average power of any emission shall not exceed 82 dBm and shall be reduced by 2 dB for every dB that the antenna gain is less than 51 dBi. The peak power of any emission shall not exceed 85 dBm and shall be reduced by 2 dB for every dB that the antenna gain is less than 51 dBi. The provisions in this [paragraph (b)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.258#p-15.258(b)(2)) for reducing transmit power based on antenna gain shall not require that the power levels be reduced below the limits specified in [paragraph (b)(1)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.258#p-15.258(b)(1)) of this section.
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*(3) The peak power shall be measured with a detection bandwidth that encompasses the entire occupied bandwidth within the intended band of operation, _e.g.,_ 116-123 GHz, 174.8-182 GHz, 185-190 GHz or 244-246 GHz. The average emission levels shall be measured over the actual time period during which transmission occurs.
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*(4) Transmitters with an emission bandwidth of less than 100 MHz must limit their peak radiated power to the product of the maximum permissible radiated power (in milliwatts) times their emission bandwidth divided by 100 MHz. For the purposes of this [paragraph (b)(4)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.258#p-15.258(b)(4)), emission bandwidth is defined as the instantaneous frequency range occupied by a steady state radiated signal with modulation, outside which the radiated power spectral density never exceeds 6 dB below the maximum radiated power spectral density in the band, as measured with a 100 kHz resolution bandwidth spectrum analyzer. The center frequency must be stationary during the measurement interval, even if not stationary during normal operation (_e.g.,_ for frequency hopping devices).
(c) Spurious emissions shall be limited as follows:
(1) The power density of any emissions outside the band of operation, _e.g.,_ 116-123 GHz, 174.8-182 GHz, 185-190 GHz or 244-246 GHz, shall consist solely of spurious emissions.
(2) Radiated emissions below 40 GHz shall not exceed the general limits in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209).
(3) Between 40 GHz and the highest frequency specified in [§ 15.33](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.33), the level of these emissions shall not exceed 90 pW/cm2 at a distance of 3 meters.
(4) The levels of the spurious emissions shall not exceed the level of the fundamental emission.
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*(d) Fundamental emissions must be contained within the frequency bands specified in this section during all conditions of operation. Equipment is presumed to operate over the temperature range −20 to + 50 degrees Celsius with an input voltage variation of 85% to 115% of rated input voltage, unless justification is presented to demonstrate otherwise.
(e) Regardless of the power density levels permitted under this section, devices operating under the provisions of this section are subject to the radiofrequency radiation exposure requirements specified in [§§ 1.1307(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1307#p-1.1307(b)), [2.1091](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1091), and [2.1093 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1093), as appropriate. Applications for equipment authorization of devices operating under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements for both fundamental emissions and unwanted emissions. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
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*(f) Any transmitter that has received the necessary FCC equipment authorization under the rules of this chapter may be mounted in a group installation for simultaneous operation with one or more other transmitter(s) that have received the necessary FCC equipment authorization, without any additional equipment authorization. However, no transmitter operating under the provisions of this section may be equipped with external phase-locking inputs that permit beam-forming arrays to be realized.
(g) Measurement procedures that have been found to be acceptable to the Commission in accordance with [§ 2.947 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.947) may be used to demonstrate compliance.
\[[84 FR 25691](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/84-FR-25691), June 4, 2019\]
Subpart D—Unlicensed Personal Communications Service Devices
------------------------------------------------------------
#### Source:
[58 FR 59180](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/58-FR-59180), Nov. 8, 1993, unless otherwise noted.
#### § 15.301 Scope.
This subpart sets out the regulations for unlicensed personal communications services (PCS) devices operating in the 1920-1930 MHz band.
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*\[[69 FR 77949](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-77949), Dec. 29, 2004\]
#### § 15.303 Definitions.
_Asynchronous devices._ Devices that transmit RF energy at irregular time intervals, as typified by local area network data systems.
_Emission bandwidth._ For purposes of this subpart the emission bandwidth shall be determined by measuring the width of the signal between two points, one below the carrier center frequency and one above the carrier center frequency, that are 26 dB down relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier. Compliance with the emissions limits is based on the use of measurement instrumentation employing a peak detector function with an instrument resolutions bandwidth approximately equal to 1.0 percent of the emission bandwidth of the device under measurement.
_Isochronous devices._ Devices that transmit at a regular interval, typified by time-division voice systems.
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*_Peak transmit power._ The peak power output as measured over an interval of time equal to the frame rate or transmission burst of the device under all conditions of modulation. Usually this parameter is measured as a conducted emission by direct connection of a calibrated test instrument to the equipment under test. If the device cannot be connected directly, alternative techniques acceptable to the Commission may be used.
_Personal Communications Services (PCS) Devices \[Unlicensed\]._ Intentional radiators operating in the frequency band 1920-1930 MHz that provide a wide array of mobile and ancillary fixed communication services to individuals and businesses.
_Spectrum window._ An amount of spectrum equal to the intended emission bandwidth in which operation is desired.
_Thermal noise power._ The noise power in watts defined by the formula N = kTB where N is the noise power in watts, K is Boltzmann's constant, T is the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin (e.g., 295 °K) and B is the emission bandwidth of the device in hertz.
_Time window._ An interval of time in which transmission is desired.
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*\[[58 FR 59180](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/58-FR-59180), Nov. 8, 1993, as amended at [59 FR 32852](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-32852), June 24, 1994; [60 FR 13073](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/60-FR-13073), Mar. 10, 1995; [69 FR 62620](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-62620), Oct. 27, 2004; [69 FR 77949](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-77949), Dec. 29, 2004; [77 FR 43013](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/77-FR-43013), July 23, 2012\]
#### § 15.305 Equipment authorization requirement.
PCS devices operating under this subpart shall be certified by the Commission under the procedures in [subpart J of part 2 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-2/subpart-J) before marketing. The application for certification must contain sufficient information to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this subpart.
#### § 15.307 \[Reserved\]
#### § 15.309 Cross reference.
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*(a) The provisions of [subpart A of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-A) apply to unlicensed PCS devices, except where specific provisions are contained in subpart D.
(b) The requirements of subpart D apply only to the radio transmitter contained in the PCS device. Other aspects of the operation of a PCS device may be subject to requirements contained elsewhere in this chapter. In particular, a PCS device that includes digital circuitry not directly associated with the radio transmitter also is subject to the requirements for unintentional radiators in subpart B.
#### § 15.313 Measurement procedures.
Measurements must be made in accordance with subpart A, except where specific procedures are specified in subpart D. If no guidance is provided, the measurement procedure must be in accordance with good engineering practice.
#### § 15.315 Conducted limits.
An unlicensed PCS device that is designed to be connected to the public utility (AC) power line must meet the limits specified in [§ 15.207](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.207).
#### § 15.317 Antenna requirement.
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*An unlicensed PCS device must meet the antenna requirement of [§ 15.203](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.203).
#### § 15.319 General technical requirements.
(a) \[Reserved\]
(b) All transmissions must use only digital modulation techniques. Both asynchronous and isochronous operations are permitted within the 1920-1930 MHz band.
(c) Peak transmit power shall not exceed 100 microwatts multiplied by the square root of the emission bandwidth in hertz. Peak transmit power must be measured over any interval of continuous transmission using instrumentation calibrated in terms of an rms-equivalent voltage. The measurement results shall be properly adjusted for any instrument limitations, such as detector response times, limited resolution bandwidth capability when compared to the emission bandwidth, sensitivity, etc., so as to obtain a true peak measurement for the emission in question over the full bandwidth of the channel.
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*(d) Power spectral density shall not exceed 3 milliwatts in any 3 kHz bandwidth as measured with a spectrum analyzer having a resolution bandwidth of 3 kHz.
(e) The peak transmit power shall be reduced by the amount in decibels that the maximum directional gain of the antenna exceeds 3 dBi.
(f) The device shall automatically discontinue transmission in case of either absence of information to transmit or operational failure. The provisions in this section are not intended to preclude transmission of control and signaling information or use of repetitive codes used by certain digital technologies to complete frame or burst intervals.
(g) Notwithstanding other technical requirements specified in this subpart, attenuation of emissions below the general emission limits in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209) is not required.
(h) Where there is a transition between limits, the tighter limit shall apply at the transition point.
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*(i) Radio frequency devices operating under the provisions of this part are subject to the radio frequency radiation exposure requirements specified in [§§ 1.1307(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1307#p-1.1307(b)), [1.1310](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1310), [2.1091](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1091), and [2.1093 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1093), as appropriate. All equipment shall be considered to operate in a “general population/uncontrolled” environment. Applications for equipment authorization of mobile or portable devices operating under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
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*\[[58 FR 59180](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/58-FR-59180), Nov. 8, 1993, as amended at [59 FR 32852](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-32852), June 24, 1994; [59 FR 40835](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-40835), Aug. 10, 1994; [60 FR 13073](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/60-FR-13073), Mar. 10, 1995; [61 FR 41018](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/61-FR-41018), Aug. 7, 1996; [69 FR 62621](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-62621), Oct. 27, 2004; [69 FR 77949](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-77949), Dec. 29, 2004; [77 FR 43013](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/77-FR-43013), July 23, 2012; [85 FR 18149](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-18149), Apr. 1, 2020\]
#### § 15.321 \[Reserved\]
#### § 15.323 Specific requirements for devices operating in the 1920-1930 MHz band.
(a) Operation shall be contained within the 1920-1930 MHz band. The emission bandwidth shall be less than 2.5 MHz. The power level shall be as specified in [§ 15.319(c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.319#p-15.319(c)), but in no event shall the emission bandwidth be less than 50 kHz.
(b) \[Reserved\]
(c) Devices must incorporate a mechanism for monitoring the time and spectrum windows that its transmission is intended to occupy. The following criteria must be met:
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*(1) Immediately prior to initiating transmission, devices must monitor the combined time and spectrum windows in which they intend to transmit for a period of at least 10 milliseconds for systems designed to use a 10 milliseconds or shorter frame period or at least 20 milliseconds for systems designed to use a 20 milliseconds frame period.
(2) The monitoring threshold must not be more than 30 dB above the thermal noise power for a bandwidth equivalent to the emission bandwidth used by the device.
(3) If no signal above the threshold level is detected, transmission may commence and continue with the same emission bandwidth in the monitored time and spectrum windows without further monitoring. However, occupation of the same combined time and spectrum windows by a device or group of cooperating devices continuously over a period of time longer than 8 hours is not permitted without repeating the access criteria.
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*(4) Once access to specific combined time and spectrum windows is obtained an acknowledgment from a system participant must be received by the initiating transmitter within one second or transmission must cease. Periodic acknowledgments must be received at least every 30 seconds or transmission must cease. Channels used exclusively for control and signaling information may transmit continuously for 30 seconds without receiving an acknowledgment, at which time the access criteria must be repeated.
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*(5) If access to spectrum is not available as determined by the above, and a minimum of 20 duplex system access channels are defined for the system, the time and spectrum windows with the lowest power level may be accessed. A device utilizing the provisions of this paragraph must have monitored all access channels defined for its system within the last 10 seconds and must verify, within the 20 milliseconds (40 milliseconds for devices designed to use a 20 milliseconds frame period) immediately preceding actual channel access that the detected power of the selected time and spectrum windows is no higher than the previously detected value. The power measurement resolution for this comparison must be accurate to within 6 dB. No device or group of co-operating devices located within 1 meter of each other shall during any frame period occupy more than 6 MHz of aggregate bandwidth, or alternatively, more than one third of the time and spectrum windows defined by the system.
(6) If the selected combined time and spectrum windows are unavailable, the device may either monitor and select different windows or seek to use the same windows after waiting an amount of time, randomly chosen from a uniform random distribution between 10 and 150 milliseconds, commencing when the channel becomes available.
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*(7) The monitoring system bandwidth must be equal to or greater than the emission bandwidth of the intended transmission and have a maximum reaction time less than 50xSQRT (1.25/emission bandwidth in MHz) microseconds for signals at the applicable threshold level but shall not be required to be less than 50 microseconds. If a signal is detected that is 6 dB or more above the applicable threshold level, the maximum reaction time shall be 35xSQRT (1.25/emission bandwidth in MHz) microseconds but shall not be required to be less than 35 microseconds.
(8) The monitoring system shall use the same antenna used for transmission, or an antenna that yields equivalent reception at that location.
(9) Devices that have a power output lower than the maximum permitted under this subpart may increase their monitoring detection threshold by one decibel for each one decibel that the transmitter power is below the maximum permitted.
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*(10) An initiating device may attempt to establish a duplex connection by monitoring both its intended transmit and receive time and spectrum windows. If both the intended transmit and receive time and spectrum windows meet the access criteria, then the initiating device can initiate a transmission in the intended transmit time and spectrum window. If the power detected by the responding device can be decoded as a duplex connection signal from the initiating device, then the responding device may immediately begin transmitting on the receive time and spectrum window monitored by the initiating device.
(11) An initiating device that is prevented from monitoring during its intended transmit window due to monitoring system blocking from the transmissions of a co-located (within one meter) transmitter of the same system, may monitor the portions of the time and spectrum windows in which they intend to receive over a period of at least 10 milliseconds. The monitored time and spectrum window must total at least 50 percent of the 10 millisecond frame interval and the monitored spectrum must be within 1.25 MHz of the center frequency of channel(s) already occupied by that device or co-located co-operating devices. If the access criteria is met for the intended receive time and spectrum window under the above conditions, then transmission in the intended transmit window by the initiating device may commence.
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*(12) The provisions of (c)(10) or (c)(11) of this section shall not be used to extend the range of spectrum occupied over space or time for the purpose of denying fair access to spectrum to other devices.
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*(d) Emissions outside the band shall be attenuated below a reference power of 112 milliwatts as follows: 30 dB between the band and 1.25 MHz above or below the band; 50 dB between 1.25 and 2.5 MHz above or below the band; and 60 dB at 2.5 MHz or greater above or below the band. Emissions inside the band must comply with the following emission mask: In the bands between 1B and 2B measured from the center of the emission bandwidth the total power emitted by the device shall be at least 30 dB below the transmit power permitted for that device; in the bands between 2B and 3B measured from the center of the emission bandwidth the total power emitted by an intentional radiator shall be at least 50 dB below the transmit power permitted for that radiator; in the bands between 3B and the band edge the total power emitted by an intentional radiator in the measurement bandwidth shall be at least 60 dB below the transmit power permitted for that radiator. B” is defined as the emission bandwidth of the device in hertz. Compliance with the emission limits is based on the use of measurement instrumentation employing peak detector function with an instrument resolution bandwidth approximately equal to 1.0 percent of the emission bandwidth of the device under measurement.
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*(e) The frame period (a set of consecutive time slots in which the position of each time slot can be identified by reference to a synchronizing source) of an intentional radiator operating in this band shall be 20 milliseconds or 10 milliseconds/X where X is a positive whole number. Each device that implements time division for the purposes of maintaining a duplex connection on a given frequency carrier shall maintain a frame repetition rate with a frequency stability of at least 50 parts per million (ppm). Each device which further divides access in time in order to support multiple communication links on a given frequency carrier shall maintain a frame repetition rate with a frequency stability of at least 10 ppm. The jitter (time-related, abrupt, spurious variations in the duration of the frame interval) introduced at the two ends of such a communication link shall not exceed 25 microseconds for any two consecutive transmissions. Transmissions shall be continuous in every time and spectrum window during the frame period defined for the device.
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*(f) The frequency stability of the carrier frequency of the intentional radiator shall be maintained within ±10 ppm over 1 hour or the interval between channel access monitoring, whichever is shorter. The frequency stability shall be maintained over a temperature variation of −20° to + 50 °C at normal supply voltage, and over a variation in the primary supply voltage of 85 percent to 115 percent of the rated supply voltage at a temperature of 20 °C. For equipment that is capable only of operating from a battery, the frequency stability tests shall be performed using a new battery without any further requirement to vary supply voltage.
\[[58 FR 59180](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/58-FR-59180), Nov. 8, 1993; [59 FR 15269](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-15269), Mar. 31, 1994. Redesignated at [59 FR 32852](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-32852), June 24, 1994, as amended at [59 FR 32853](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-32853), June 24, 1994; [59 FR 40835](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-40835), Aug. 10, 1994; [59 FR 55373](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/59-FR-55373), Nov. 7, 1994; [60 FR 3303](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/60-FR-3303), Jan. 13, 1995; [69 FR 62621](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-62621), Oct. 27, 2004; [77 FR 43013](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/77-FR-43013), July 23, 2012\]
Subpart E—Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Devices
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#### § 15.401 Scope.
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*This subpart sets out the regulations for Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) devices operating in the 5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.47-5.895 GHz bands, and 5.925-7.125 GHz bands.
\[[86 FR 23295](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/86-FR-23295), May 3, 2021\]
#### § 15.403 Definitions.
_Access Point (AP)._ A U-NII transceiver that operates either as a bridge in a peer-to-peer connection or as a connector between the wired and wireless segments of the network or as a relay between wireless network segments.
_Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC) System._ A system that automatically determines and provides lists of which frequencies are available for use by standard power access points operating in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands.
_Available Channel._ A radio channel on which a _Channel Availability Check_ has not identified the presence of a radar.
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*_Average Symbol Envelope Power._ The average symbol envelope power is the average, taken over all symbols in the signaling alphabet, of the envelope power for each symbol.
_Channel Availability Check._ A check during which the U-NII device listens on a particular radio channel to identify whether there is a radar operating on that radio channel.
_Channel Move Time._ The time needed by a U-NII device to cease all transmissions on the current channel upon detection of a radar signal above the DFS detection threshold.
_Client Device._ A U-NII device whose transmissions are generally under the control of an access point and is not capable of initiating a network
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*_Contention-based protocol._ A protocol that allows multiple users to share the same spectrum by defining the events that must occur when two or more transmitters attempt to simultaneously access the same channel and establishing rules by which a transmitter provides reasonable opportunities for other transmitters to operate. Such a protocol may consist of procedures for initiating new transmissions, procedures for determining the state of the channel (available or unavailable), and procedures for managing retransmissions in the event of a busy channel.
_Digital modulation._ The process by which the characteristics of a carrier wave are varied among a set of predetermined discrete values in accordance with a digital modulating function as specified in document ANSI C63.17-1998.
_Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)_ is a mechanism that dynamically detects signals from other systems and avoids co-channel operation with these systems, notably radar systems.
_DFS Detection Threshold._ The required detection level defined by detecting a received signal strength (RSS) that is greater than a threshold specified, within the U-NII device channel bandwidth.
_Emission bandwidth._ For purposes of this subpart the emission bandwidth is determined by measuring the width of the signal between two points, one below the carrier center frequency and one above the carrier center frequency, that are 26 dB down relative to the maximum level of the modulated carrier.
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*_Fixed client device._ For the purpose of this subpart, a client device intended as customer premise equipment that is permanently attached to a structure, operates only on channels provided by an AFC, has a geolocation capability, and complies with antenna pointing angle requirements.
_Indoor Access Point._ For the purpose of this subpart, an access point that operates in the 5.850-5.895 GHz or the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, is supplied power from a wired connection, has an integrated antenna, is not battery powered, and does not have a weatherized enclosure. Indoor access point devices must bear the following statement in a conspicuous location on the device and in the user's manual: FCC regulations restrict operation of this device to indoor use only.
_In-Service Monitoring._ A mechanism to check a channel in use by the U-NII device for the presence of a radar.
_Non-Occupancy Period._ The required period in which, once a channel has been recognized as containing a radar signal by a U-NII device, the channel will not be selected as an available channel.
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*_Operating Channel._ Once a U-NII device starts to operate on an Available Channel then that channel becomes the Operating Channel.
_Maximum Power Spectral Density._ The maximum power spectral density is the maximum power spectral density, within the specified measurement bandwidth, within the U-NII device operating band.
_Maximum Conducted Output Power._ The total transmit power delivered to all antennas and antenna elements averaged across all symbols in the signaling alphabet when the transmitter is operating at its maximum power control level. Power must be summed across all antennas and antenna elements. The average must not include any time intervals during which the transmitter is off or is transmitting at a reduced power level. If multiple modes of operation are possible (_e.g.,_ alternative modulation methods), the _maximum conducted output power_ is the highest total transmit power occurring in any mode.
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*_Power Spectral Density._ The power spectral density is the total energy output per unit bandwidth from a pulse or sequence of pulses for which the transmit power is at its maximum level, divided by the total duration of the pulses. This total time does not include the time between pulses during which the transmit power is off or below its maximum level.
_Pulse._ A pulse is a continuous transmission of a sequence of modulation symbols, during which the average symbol envelope power is constant.
_RLAN._ Radio Local Area Network.
_Standard Power Access Point._ An access point that operates in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands pursuant to direction from an Automated Frequency Coordination System.
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*_Subordinate Device._ For the purpose of this subpart, a device that operates in the 5.850-5.895 GHz band or in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band under the control of an Indoor Access Point, is supplied power from a wired connection, has an integrated antenna, is not battery powered, does not have a weatherized enclosure, and does not have a direct connection to the internet. Subordinate devices must not be used to connect devices between separate buildings or structures. Subordinate devices must be authorized under certification procedures in [part 2 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-2). Modules may not be certified as subordinate devices.
_Transmit Power Control (TPC)._ A feature that enables a U-NII device to dynamically switch between several transmission power levels in the data transmission process.
_U-NII devices._ Intentional radiators operating in the frequency bands 5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.47-5.895 GHz, and 5.925-7.125 GHz that use wideband digital modulation techniques and provide a wide array of high data rate mobile and fixed communications for individuals, businesses, and institutions.
_Very low power device._ For the purpose of this subpart, a device that operates in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands and has an integrated antenna. These devices do not need to operate under the control of an access point.
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*\[[85 FR 31410](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-31410), May 26, 2020, as amended at [86 FR 23295](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/86-FR-23295), May 3, 2021; [89 FR 890](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-890), Jan. 8, 2024\]
#### § 15.405 Cross reference.
(a) The provisions of [subparts A](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-A), [B](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-B), and [C of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-C) apply to unlicensed U-NII devices, except where specific provisions are contained in subpart E. Manufacturers should note that this includes the provisions of [§§ 15.203](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.203) and [15.205](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.205).
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*(b) The requirements of subpart E apply only to the radio transmitter contained in the U-NII device. Other aspects of the operation of a U-NII device may be subject to requirements contained elsewhere in this chapter. In particular, a U-NII device that includes digital circuitry not directly associated with the radio transmitter also is subject to the requirements for unintentional radiators in subpart B.
\[[63 FR 40835](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/63-FR-40835), July 31, 1998\]
#### § 15.407 General technical requirements.
###### Cross Reference
Link to an amendment published at [89 FR 890](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-890), Jan. 8, 2024.
###### Cross Reference
Link to a correction of the above amendment published at [89 FR 8081](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-8081), Feb. 6, 2024.
(a) _Power limits:_
(1)
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*(i) For an outdoor access point operating in the band 5.15-5.25 GHz, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency band of operation shall not exceed 1 W provided the maximum antenna gain does not exceed 6 dBi. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 17 dBm in any 1 megahertz band. If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, both the maximum conducted output power and the maximum power spectral density shall be reduced by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi. The maximum e.i.r.p. at any elevation angle above 30 degrees as measured from the horizon must not exceed 125 mW (21 dBm).
(ii) For an indoor access point operating in the band 5.15-5.25 GHz, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency band of operation shall not exceed 1 W provided the maximum antenna gain does not exceed 6 dBi. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 17 dBm in any 1 megahertz band. If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, both the maximum conducted output power and the maximum power spectral density shall be reduced by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
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*(iii) For fixed point-to-point access points operating in the band 5.15-5.25 GHz, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency band of operation shall not exceed 1 W. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 17 dBm in any 1 megahertz band. Fixed point-to-point U-NII devices may employ antennas with directional gain up to 23 dBi without any corresponding reduction in the maximum conducted output power or maximum power spectral density. For fixed point-to-point transmitters that employ a directional antenna gain greater than 23 dBi, a 1 dB reduction in maximum conducted output power and maximum power spectral density is required for each 1 dB of antenna gain in excess of 23 dBi. Fixed, point-to-point operations exclude the use of point-to-multipoint systems, omnidirectional applications, and multiple collocated transmitters transmitting the same information. The operator of the U-NII device, or if the equipment is professionally installed, the installer, is responsible for ensuring that systems employing high gain directional antennas are used exclusively for fixed, point-to-point operations.
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*(iv) For client devices in the 5.15-5.25 GHz band, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency band of operation shall not exceed 250 mW provided the maximum antenna gain does not exceed 6 dBi. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 11 dBm in any 1 megahertz band. If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, both the maximum conducted output power and the maximum power spectral density shall be reduced by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
(2) For the 5.25-5.35 GHz and 5.47-5.725 GHz bands, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency bands of operation shall not exceed the lesser of 250 mW or 11 dBm + 10 log B, where B is the 26 dB emission bandwidth in megahertz. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 11 dBm in any 1 megahertz band. If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, both the maximum conducted output power and the maximum power spectral density shall be reduced by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi.
(3)
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*(i) For the band 5.725-5.850 GHz, the maximum conducted output power over the frequency band of operation shall not exceed 1 W. In addition, the maximum power spectral density shall not exceed 30 dBm in any 500-kHz band. If transmitting antennas of directional gain greater than 6 dBi are used, both the maximum conducted output power and the maximum power spectral density shall be reduced by the amount in dB that the directional gain of the antenna exceeds 6 dBi. However, fixed point-to-point U-NII devices operating in this band may employ transmitting antennas with directional gain greater than 6 dBi without any corresponding reduction in transmitter conducted power. Fixed, point-to-point operations exclude the use of point-to-multipoint systems, omnidirectional applications, and multiple collocated transmitters transmitting the same information. The operator of the U-NII device, or if the equipment is professionally installed, the installer, is responsible for ensuring that systems employing high gain directional antennas are used exclusively for*
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*fixed, point-to-point operations.
(ii) For an indoor access point operating in the 5.850-5.895 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 20 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band. In addition, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 36 dBm. Indoor access points operating on a channel that spans the 5.725-5.850 GHz and 5.850-5.895 GHz bands must not exceed an e.i.r.p. of 36 dBm.
(iii) For client devices operating under the control of an indoor access point in the 5.850-5.895 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 14 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band, and the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 30 dBm. Client devices operating on a channel that spans the 5.725-5.850 GHz and 5.850-5.895 GHz bands must not exceed an e.i.r.p. of 30 dBm.
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*(iv) For a subordinate device operating under the control of an indoor access point in the 5.850-5.895 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 20 dBm e.i.r.p in any 1-megahertz band, and the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 36 dBm.
(v) In the 5.850-5.895 GHz band, client devices must operate under the control of an indoor access point. In all cases, an exception exists for transmitting brief messages to an access point when attempting to join its network after detecting a signal that confirms that an access point is operating on a particular channel. Access points may connect to other access points. Client devices are prohibited from connecting directly to another client device.
Note to paragraph (a)(3):
The Commission strongly recommends that parties employing U-NII devices to provide critical communications services should determine if there are any nearby Government radar systems that could affect their operation.
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*(4) For a standard power access point and fixed client device operating in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 23 dBm e.i.r.p in any 1-megahertz band. In addition, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 36 dBm. For outdoor devices, the maximum e.i.r.p. at any elevation angle above 30 degrees as measured from the horizon must not exceed 125 mW (21 dBm).
(5) For an indoor access point operating in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 5 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band. In addition, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 30 dBm.
(6) For a subordinate device operating under the control of an indoor access point in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 5 dBm e.i.r.p in any 1-megahertz band, and the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 30 dBm.
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*(7) For client devices, except for fixed client devices as defined in this subpart, operating under the control of a standard power access point in 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed 17 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band, and the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 30 dBm and the device must limit its power to no more than 6 dB below its associated standard power access point's authorized transmit power.
(8) For client devices operating under the control of an indoor access point in the 5.925-7.125 GHz bands, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed −1 dBm e.i.r.p. in any 1-megahertz band, and the maximum e.i.r.p. over the frequency band of operation must not exceed 24 dBm.
(9) For very low power devices operating in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands, the maximum power spectral density must not exceed −5 dBm e.i.r.p in any 1-megahertz band and the maximum e.i.r.p must not exceed 14 dBm.
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*(10) Access points operating under the provisions of [paragraphs (a)(5)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(5)) and [(a)(6)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(6)) of this section must employ a permanently attached integrated antenna.
(11) The maximum transmitter channel bandwidth for U-NII devices in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band is 320 megahertz.
(12) The maximum conducted output power must be measured over any interval of continuous transmission using instrumentation calibrated in terms of an rms-equivalent voltage.
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*(13) Power spectral density measurement: The maximum power spectral density is measured as a conducted emission by direct connection of a calibrated test instrument to the equipment under test. If the device cannot be connected directly, alternative techniques acceptable to the Commission may be used. Measurements in the 5.725-5.895 GHz band are made over a reference bandwidth of 500 kHz or the 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device, whichever is less. Measurements in all other bands are made over a bandwidth of 1 MHz or the 26 dB emission bandwidth of the device, whichever is less. A narrower resolution bandwidth can be used, provided that the measured power is integrated over the full reference bandwidth.
(b) _Undesirable emission limits._ Except as shown in [paragraph (b)(10)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(b)(10)) of this section, the maximum emissions outside of the frequency bands of operation shall be attenuated in accordance with the following limits:
(1) For transmitters operating in the 5.15-5.25 GHz band: All emissions outside of the 5.15-5.35 GHz band shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz.
(2) For transmitters operating in the 5.25-5.35 GHz band: All emissions outside of the 5.15-5.35 GHz band shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz.
(3) For transmitters operating in the 5.47-5.725 GHz band: All emissions outside of the 5.47-5.725 GHz band shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz.
(4) For transmitters operating solely in the 5.725-5.850 GHz band:
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*(i) All emissions shall be limited to a level of −27 dBm/MHz at 75 MHz or more above or below the band edge increasing linearly to 10 dBm/MHz at 25 MHz above or below the band edge, and from 25 MHz above or below the band edge increasing linearly to a level of 15.6 dBm/MHz at 5 MHz above or below the band edge, and from 5 MHz above or below the band edge increasing linearly to a level of 27 dBm/MHz at the band edge.
(ii) Devices certified before March 2, 2017 with antenna gain greater than 10 dBi may demonstrate compliance with the emission limits in [§ 15.247(d)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.247#p-15.247(d)), but manufacturing, marketing and importing of devices certified under this alternative must cease by March 2, 2018. Devices certified before March 2, 2018 with antenna gain of 10 dBi or less may demonstrate compliance with the emission limits in [§ 15.247(d)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.247#p-15.247(d)), but manufacturing, marketing and importing of devices certified under this alternative must cease before March 2, 2020.
(5) For transmitters operating solely in the 5.850-5.895 GHz band or operating on a channel that spans across 5.725-5.895 GHz:
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*(i) For an indoor access point or subordinate device, all emissions at or above 5.895 GHz shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of 15 dBm/MHz and shall decrease linearly to an e.i.r.p. of −7 dBm/MHz at or above 5.925 GHz.
(ii) For a client device, all emissions at or above 5.895 GHz shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −5 dBm/MHz and shall decrease linearly to an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz at or above 5.925 GHz.
(iii) For a client device or indoor access point or subordinate device, all emissions below 5.725 GHz shall not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz at 5.65 GHz increasing linearly to 10 dBm/MHz at 5.7 GHz, and from 5.7 GHz increasing linearly to a level of 15.6 dBm/MHz at 5.72 GHz, and from 5.72 GHz increasing linearly to a level of 27 dBm/MHz at 5.725 GHz.
(6) For transmitters operating within the 5.925-7.125 GHz band: Any emissions outside of the 5.925-7.125 GHz band must not exceed an e.i.r.p. of −27 dBm/MHz.
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*(7) For transmitters operating within the 5.925-7.125 GHz bands: Power spectral density must be suppressed by 20 dB at 1 MHz outside of channel edge, by 28 dB at one channel bandwidth from the channel center, and by 40 dB at one- and one-half times the channel bandwidth away from channel center. At frequencies between one megahertz outside an unlicensed device's channel edge and one channel bandwidth from the center of the channel, the limits must be linearly interpolated between 20 dB and 28 dB suppression, and at frequencies between one and one- and one-half times an unlicensed device's channel bandwidth, the limits must be linearly interpolated between 28 dB and 40 dB suppression. Emissions removed from the channel center by more than one- and one-half times the channel bandwidth must be suppressed by at least 40 dB.
(8) The emission measurements shall be performed using a minimum resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz. A lower resolution bandwidth may be employed near the band edge, when necessary, provided the measured energy is integrated to show the total power over 1 MHz.
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*(9) Unwanted emissions below 1 GHz must comply with the general field strength limits set forth in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209). Further, any U-NII devices using an AC power line are required to comply also with the conducted limits set forth in [§ 15.207](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.207).
(10) The provisions of [§ 15.205](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.205) apply to intentional radiators operating under this section.
(11) When measuring the emission limits, the nominal carrier frequency shall be adjusted as close to the upper and lower frequency band edges as the design of the equipment permits.
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*(c) _Transmission discontinuation requirement._ The device shall automatically discontinue transmission in case of either absence of information to transmit or operational failure. The provisions in this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(c)) are not intended to preclude the transmission of control or signaling information or the use of repetitive codes used by certain digital technologies to complete frame or burst intervals. Applicants shall include in their application for equipment authorization a description of how the requirement in this [paragraph (c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(c)) is met.
(d) _Operational restrictions for 6 GHz U-NII devices._
(1) Operational restrictions include:
(i) _Oil platforms._ Operation of standard power access points, fixed client devices, very low power devices, and indoor access points in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band is prohibited on oil platforms.
(ii) _Land vehicles._ Operation of standard power access points, fixed client devices, and indoor access points in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band is prohibited on vehicles (_e.g.,_ cars, trains).
(iii) _Boats._ Operation of standard power access points, fixed client devices, and indoor access points in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band is prohibited on boats.
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*(iv) _Aircraft._ Standard power access points, fixed client devices, very low power devices, and indoor access points in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band are prohibited from operating on aircraft, except that very low power devices and indoor access points are permitted to operate in the 5.925-6.425 GHz bands in large aircraft while flying above 10,000 feet.
(v) _Unmanned aircraft systems._ Operation of transmitters in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band is prohibited for control of or communications with unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) \[Reserved\]
(3) Transmitters operating under the provisions of [paragraphs (a)(5)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(5)), [(a)(6)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(6)), and [(a)(8)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(8)) of this section are limited to indoor locations.
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*(4) In the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, indoor access points and subordinate devices must bear the following statement in a conspicuous location on the device and in the user's manual: FCC regulations restrict operation of this device to indoor use only. The operation of this device is prohibited on oil platforms, cars, trains, boats, and aircraft, except that operation of this device is permitted in large aircraft while flying above 10,000 feet.
(5) In the 5.925-7.125 GHz band, client devices, except fixed client devices, must operate under the control of a standard power access point, indoor access point or subordinate devices; Subordinate devices must operate under the control of an indoor access point. In all cases, an exception exists for transmitting brief messages to an access point when attempting to join its network after detecting a signal that confirms that an access point is operating on a particular channel. Access points and subordinate devices may connect to other access points or subordinate devices. Client devices are prohibited from connecting directly to another client device.
(6) All U-NII transmitters, except for standard power access points, operating in the 5.925-7.125 GHz band must employ a contention-based protocol.
(7) Fixed client devices may only connect to a standard power access point.
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*(8) Very low power devices may not employ a fixed outdoor infrastructure. Such devices may not be mounted on outdoor structures, such as buildings or poles.
(9) Very low power devices must prioritize operations on frequencies above 6.105 GHz prior to operating on frequencies between 5.925 GHz and 6.105 GHz.
(10) Very low power devices operating in the 5.925-6.425 and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands shall employ a transmit power control (TPC) mechanism. A very low power device is required to have the capability to operate at least 6 dB below the maximum EIRP power spectral density (PSD) value of −5 dBm/MHz.
(e) Within the 5.725-5.850 GHz and 5.850-5.895 GHz bands, the minimum 6 dB bandwidth of U-NII devices shall be at least 500 kHz.
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*(f) Radio frequency devices operating under the provisions of this part are subject to the radio frequency radiation exposure requirements specified in [§§ 1.1307(b)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1307#p-1.1307(b)), [1.1310](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-1.1310), [2.1091](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1091), and [2.1093 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.1093), as appropriate. All equipment shall be considered to operate in a “general population/uncontrolled” environment. Applications for equipment authorization of mobile or portable devices operating under this section must contain a statement confirming compliance with these requirements. Technical information showing the basis for this statement must be submitted to the Commission upon request.
(g) Manufacturers of U-NII devices are responsible for ensuring frequency stability such that an emission is maintained within the band of operation under all conditions of normal operation as specified in the users manual.
(h) Transmit Power Control (TPC) and Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS).
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*(1) Transmit power control (TPC). U-NII devices operating in the 5.25-5.35 GHz band and the 5.47-5.725 GHz band shall employ a TPC mechanism. The U-NII device is required to have the capability to operate at least 6 dB below the mean EIRP value of 30 dBm. A TPC mechanism is not required for systems with an e.i.r.p. of less than 500 mW.
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*(2) Radar Detection Function of Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS). U-NII devices operating with any part of its 26 dB emission bandwidth in the 5.25-5.35 GHz and 5.47-5.725 GHz bands shall employ a DFS radar detection mechanism to detect the presence of radar systems and to avoid co-channel operation with radar systems. Operators shall only use equipment with a DFS mechanism that is turned on when operating in these bands. The device must sense for radar signals at 100 percent of its emission bandwidth. The minimum DFS detection threshold for devices with a maximum e.i.r.p. of 200 mW to 1 W is −64 dBm. For devices that operate with less than 200 mW e.i.r.p. and a power spectral density of less than 10 dBm in a 1 MHz band, the minimum detection threshold is −62 dBm. The detection threshold is the received power averaged over 1 microsecond referenced to a 0 dBi antenna. For the initial channel setting, the manufacturers shall be permitted to provide for either random channel selection or manual channel selection.
(i) Operational Modes. The DFS requirement applies to the following operational modes:
(A) The requirement for channel availability check time applies in the master operational mode.
(B) The requirement for channel move time applies in both the master and slave operational modes.
(ii) Channel Availability Check Time. A U-NII device shall check if there is a radar system already operating on the channel before it can initiate a transmission on a channel and when it has to move to a new channel. The U-NII device may start using the channel if no radar signal with a power level greater than the interference threshold values listed in [paragraph (h)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(h)(2)) of this section, is detected within 60 seconds.
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*(iii) Channel Move Time. After a radar's presence is detected, all transmissions shall cease on the operating channel within 10 seconds. Transmissions during this period shall consist of normal traffic for a maximum of 200 ms after detection of the radar signal. In addition, intermittent management and control signals can be sent during the remaining time to facilitate vacating the operating channel.
(iv) Non-occupancy Period. A channel that has been flagged as containing a radar system, either by a channel availability check or in-service monitoring, is subject to a non-occupancy period of at least 30 minutes. The non-occupancy period starts at the time when the radar system is detected.
(i) _Device Security._ All U-NII devices must contain security features to protect against modification of software by unauthorized parties.
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*(1) Manufacturers must implement security features in any digitally modulated devices capable of operating in any of the U-NII bands, so that third parties are not able to reprogram the device to operate outside the parameters for which the device was certified. The software must prevent the user from operating the transmitter with operating frequencies, output power, modulation types or other radio frequency parameters outside those that were approved for the device. Manufacturers may use means including, but not limited to the use of a private network that allows only authenticated users to download software, electronic signatures in software or coding in hardware that is decoded by software to verify that new software can be legally loaded into a device to meet these requirements and must describe the methods in their application for equipment authorization.
(2) Manufacturers must take steps to ensure that DFS functionality cannot be disabled by the operator of the U-NII device.
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*(j) _Operator Filing Requirement:_ Before deploying an aggregate total of more than one thousand outdoor access points within the 5.15-5.25 GHz band, parties must submit a letter to the Commission acknowledging that, should harmful interference to licensed services in this band occur, they will be required to take corrective action. Corrective actions may include reducing power, turning off devices, changing frequency bands, and/or further reducing power radiated in the vertical direction. This material shall be submitted to Laboratory Division, Office of Engineering and Technology, Federal Communications Commission, 7435 Oakland Mills Road, Columbia, MD 21046. Attn: U-NII Coordination, or via Web site at _[https://www.fcc.gov/labhelp](https://www.fcc.gov/labhelp)_ with the SUBJECT LINE: “U-NII-1 Filing”.
(k) _Automated frequency coordination (AFC) system._
(1) Standard power access points and fixed client devices operating under [paragraph (a)(4)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(a)(4)) of this section must access an AFC system to determine the available frequencies and the maximum permissible power in each frequency range at their geographic coordinates prior to transmitting. Standard power access points and fixed client devices may transmit only on frequencies and at power levels that an AFC system indicates as available.
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*(2) An AFC system must be capable of determining the available frequencies in steps of no greater than 3 dB below the maximum permissible e.i.r.p of 36 dBm, and down to at least a minimum level of 21 dBm.
(3) An AFC system must obtain information on protected services within the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands from Commission databases and use that information to determine frequency availability for standard power access points and fixed client devices based on protection criteria specified in [paragraph (l)(2)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(l)(2)) of this section.
(4) An AFC system must use the information supplied by standard power access points and fixed client devices during registration, as set forth in this section, to determine available frequencies and the maximum permissible power in each frequency range for a standard power access point at any given location. All such determinations and assignments must be made in a non-discriminatory manner, consistent with this part.
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*(5) An AFC system must store registered information in a secure database until a standard power access point or fixed client device ceases operation at a location. For the purpose of this paragraph, a standard power access point or fixed client device is considered to have ceased operation when that device has not contacted the AFC system for more than three months to verify frequency availability information.
(6) An AFC system must verify the validity of the FCC identifier (FCC ID) of any standard power access point and fixed client device seeking access to its services prior to authorizing the access point to begin operation. A list of standard power access points with valid FCC IDs and the FCC IDs of those devices must be obtained from the Commission's Equipment Authorization System.
(7) The general purposes of AFC system include:
(i) Enacting all policies and procedures developed by the AFC system operators pursuant to this section.
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*(ii) Registering, authenticating, and authorizing standard power access point and fixed client device operations, individually or through a network element device representing multiple standard power access points from the same operating network.
(iii) Providing standard power access points and fixed client devices with the permissible frequencies and the maximum permissible power in each frequency range at their locations using propagation models and interference protection criteria defined in [paragraph (l)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(l)) of this section.
(iv) Obtaining updated protected sites information from Commission databases.
(8) Standard power access points and fixed client devices:
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*(i) Must register with and be authorized by an AFC system prior to the standard power access point and fixed client device's initial service transmission, or after a standard power access point or fixed client device changes location, and must obtain a list of available frequencies and the maximum permissible power in each frequency range at the standard power access point and fixed client device's location.
(ii) Must register with the AFC system by providing the following parameters: Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude referenced to North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83)), antenna height above ground level, FCC identification number, and unique manufacturer's serial number. If any of these parameters change, the standard power access point or fixed client device must provide updated parameters to the AFC system. All information provided by the standard power access point and the fixed client device to the AFC system must be true, complete, correct, and made in good faith.
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*(iii) Must provide the registration information to the AFC system either directly and individually or by a network element representing multiple standard power access points or fixed client devices from the same operating network. The standard power access point, fixed client device or its network element must register with the AFC system via any communication link, wired or wireless, outside 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands.
(iv) Must contact an AFC system at least once per day to obtain the latest list of available frequencies and the maximum permissible power the standard power access point or fixed client device may operate with on each frequency at the standard power access point and fixed client device's location. If the standard power access point or fixed client device fails to successfully contact the AFC system during any given day, the standard power access point or fixed client device may continue to operate until 11:59 p.m. of the following day at which time it must cease operations until it re-establishes contact with the AFC system and re-verifies its list of available frequencies and associated power levels.
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*(v) Must incorporate adequate security measures to prevent it from accessing AFC systems not approved by the FCC and to ensure that unauthorized parties cannot modify the device to operate in a manner inconsistent with the rules and protection criteria set forth in this section and to ensure that communications between standard power access points, fixed client devices and AFC systems are secure to prevent corruption or unauthorized interception of data. Additionally, the AFC system must incorporate security measures to protect against unauthorized data input or alteration of stored data, including establishing communications authentication procedures between client devices and standard power access points.
(9) Standard power access point and fixed client device geo-location capability:
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*(i) A standard power access point and a fixed client device must include either an internal geo-location capability or an integrated capability to securely connect to an external geolocation devices or service, to automatically determine the standard power access point's geographic coordinates and location uncertainty (in meters), with a confidence level of 95%. The standard power access point and fixed client device must report such coordinates and location uncertainty to an AFC system at the time of activation from a power-off condition.
(ii) An external geo-location source may be connected to a standard power access point or fixed client device through either a wired or a wireless connection. A single geo-location source may provide location information to multiple standard power access points or fixed client devices.
(iii) An external geo-location source must be connected to a standard power access point or fixed client device using a secure connection that ensures that only an external geo-location source approved for use with a standard power access point or fixed client device provides geographic coordinates to that standard power access point or fixed client device. Alternatively, an extender cable may be used to connect a remote receive antenna to a geo-location receiver within a standard power access point or fixed client device.
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*(iv) The applicant for certification of a standard power access point or fixed client device must demonstrate the accuracy of the geo-location method used and the location uncertainty. For standard power access points and fixed client devices that may not use an internal geo-location capability, this uncertainty must account for the accuracy of the geo-location source and the separation distance between such source and the standard power access point or fixed client device.
(10) An AFC system operator will be designated for a five-year term which can be renewed by the Commission based on the operator's performance during the term. If an AFC system ceases operation, it must provide at least 30-days' notice to the Commission and transfer any registration data to another AFC system operator.
(11) The Commission will designate one or more AFC system operators to provide service in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands.
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*(12) The Commission may permit the functions of an AFC system, such as a data repository, registration, and query services, to be divided among multiple entities; however, entities designated as AFC system operators will be held accountable for the overall functioning and system administration of the AFC system.
(13) The AFC system must ensure that all communications and interactions between the AFC system and standard power access points and fixed client devices are accurate and secure and that unauthorized parties cannot access or alter the database, or the list of available frequencies and associated powers sent to a standard power access point.
(14) An AFC system must implement the terms of international agreements with Mexico and Canada.
(15) Each AFC system operator designated by the Commission must:
(i) Maintain a regularly updated AFC system database that contains the information described in this section, including incumbent's information and standard power access points and fixed client devices registration parameters.
(ii) Establish and follow protocols and procedures to ensure compliance with the rules set forth in this part.
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*(iii) Establish and follow protocols and procedures sufficient to ensure that all communications and interactions between the AFC system and standard power access points and fixed client devices are accurate and secure and that unauthorized parties cannot access or alter the AFC system, or the information transmitted from the AFC system to standard power access points or fixed client devices.
(iv) Provide service for a five-year term. This term may be renewed at the Commission's discretion.
(v) Respond in a timely manner to verify, correct, or remove, as appropriate, data in the event that the Commission or a party presents to the AFC system Operator a claim of inaccuracies in the AFC system. This requirement applies only to information that the Commission requires to be stored in the AFC system.
(vi) Establish and follow protocols to comply with enforcement instructions from the Commission, including discontinuance of standard power access point operations in designated geographic areas.
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*(16) An AFC system operator may charge fees for providing service in registration and channel availability functions. The Commission may, upon request, review the fees and can require changes to those fees if the Commission finds them unreasonable.
(l) _Incumbent Protection by AFC system: Fixed Microwave Services._ A standard power access point or fixed client device must not cause harmful interference to fixed microwave services authorized to operate in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands. Based on the criteria set forth below, an AFC system must establish location and frequency-based exclusion zones (both co-channel and adjacent channel) around fixed microwave receivers operating in the 5.925-6.425 GHz and 6.525-6.875 GHz bands. Individual standard power access points and fixed client devices must not operate co-channel to fixed microwave system frequencies within co-channel exclusion zones, or on adjacent channel frequencies within adjacent channel exclusion zones.
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*(1) Propagation Models: Propagation models to determine the appropriate separation distance between a standard power access point or a fixed client device and an incumbent fixed microwave service receiver. For a separation distance:
(i) Up to 30 meters, the AFC system must use the free space path-loss model.
(ii) More than 30 meters and up to and including one kilometer, the AFC system must use the Wireless World Initiative New Radio phase II (WINNER II) model. The AFC system must use site-specific information, including buildings and terrain data, for determining the line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight path component in the WINNER II model, where such data is available. For evaluating paths where such data is not available, the AFC system must use a probabilistic model combining the line-of-sight path and non-line-of-sight path into a single path-loss as follows:
Path-loss (L) = Σi P(i) \* Li = PLOS \* LLOS + PNLOS \* LNLOS,
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where PLOS is the probability of line-of-sight, LLOS is the line-of-sight path loss, PNLOS is the probability of non-line-of sight, LNLOS is the non-line-of-sight path loss, and L is the combined path loss. The WINNER II path loss models include a formula to determine PLOS as a function of antenna heights and distance. PNLOS is equal to (1−PLOS). In all cases, the AFC system will use the correct WINNER II parameters to match the morphology of the path between a standard power access point and a fixed microwave receiver (_i.e.,_ Urban, Suburban, or Rural).
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(iii) More than one kilometer, the AFC system must use Irregular Terrain Model (ITM) combined with the appropriate clutter model. To account for the effects of clutter, such as buildings and foliage, that the AFC system must combine the ITM with the ITU-R P.2108-0 (06/2017) clutter model for urban and suburban environments and the ITU-R P.452-16 (07/2015) clutter model for rural environments. The AFC system should use the most appropriate clutter category for the local morphology when using ITU-R P.452-16. However, if detailed local information is not available, the “Village Centre” clutter category should be used. The AFC system must use 1 arc-second digital elevation terrain data and, for locations where such data is not available, the most granular available digital elevation terrain data.
(2) Interference Protection Criteria:
(i) The AFC system must use −6 dB I/N as the interference protection criteria in determining the size of the co-channel exclusion zone where I (interference) is the co-channel signal from the standard power access point or fixed client device at the fixed microwave service receiver, and N (noise) is background noise level at the fixed microwave service receiver.
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(ii) The AFC system must use −6 dB I/N as the interference protection criteria in determining the size of the adjacent channel exclusion zone, where I (interference) is the signal from the standard power access point or fixed client device's out of channel emissions at the fixed microwave service receiver and N (noise) is background noise level at the fixed microwave service receiver. The adjacent channel exclusion zone must be calculated based on the emissions requirements of [paragraph (b)(7)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.407#p-15.407(b)(7)) of this section.
(m) _Incumbent Protection by AFC system: Radio Astronomy Services._ The AFC system must enforce an exclusion zones to the following radio observatories that observe between 6650-6675.2 MHz: Arecibo Observatory, the Green Bank Observatory, the Very Large Array (VLA), the 10 Stations of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, and the Allen Telescope Array. The exclusion zone sizes are based on the radio line-of-sight and determined using 4⁄3 earth curvature and the following formula:
dkm\_los = 4.12 \* (sqrt(Htx) + sqrt(Hrx)),
where Htx is the height of the unlicensed standard power access point or fixed client device and Hrx is the height of the radio astronomy antenna in meters above ground level. Coordinate locations of the radio observatories are listed in [section 2.106](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.106), notes US 131 and US 385 of this part.
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_*(n) _Incumbent Protection by AFC system: Fixed-Satellite Services._ Standard power access points and fixed client devices located outdoors must limit their maximum e.i.r.p. at any elevation angle above 30 degrees as measured from the horizon to 21 dBm (125 mW) to protect fixed satellite services.
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_\[[63 FR 40836](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/63-FR-40836), July 31, 1998, as amended at [69 FR 2687](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-2687), Jan. 20, 2004; [69 FR 54036](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/69-FR-54036), Sept. 7, 2004; [79 FR 24579](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/79-FR-24579), May 1, 2014; [79 FR 56988](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/79-FR-56988), Sept. 24, 2014; [79 FR 76903](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/79-FR-76903), Dec. 23, 2014; [81 FR 19901](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/81-FR-19901), Apr. 6, 2016; [85 FR 18149](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-18149), Apr. 1, 2020; [85 FR 31411](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-31411), May 26, 2020; [86 FR 23295](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/86-FR-23295), May 3, 2021; [89 FR 890](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/89-FR-890), Jan. 8, 2024\]
Subpart F—Ultra-Wideband Operation
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#### Source:
[67 FR 34856](https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/67-FR-34856), May 16, 2002, unless otherwise noted.
#### § 15.501 Scope.
This subpart sets out the regulations for unlicensed ultra-wideband transmission systems.
#### § 15.503 Definitions.
(a) _UWB bandwidth._ For the purpose of this subpart, the UWB bandwidth is the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission, as based on the complete transmission system including the antenna. The upper boundary is designated fH and the lower boundary is designated fL. The frequency at which the highest radiated emission occurs is designated fM.
(b) _Center frequency._ The center frequency, fC, equals (fH + fL)/2.
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_(c) _Fractional bandwidth._ The fractional bandwidth equals 2(fH−fL)/ (fH + fL).
(d) _Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter._ An intentional radiator that, at any point in time, has a fractional bandwidth equal to or greater than 0.20 or has a UWB bandwidth equal to or greater than 500 MHz, regardless of the fractional bandwidth.
(e) _Imaging system._ A general category consisting of ground penetrating radar systems, medical imaging systems, wall imaging systems through-wall imaging systems and surveillance systems. As used in this subpart, imaging systems do not include systems designed to detect the location of tags or systems used to transfer voice or data information.
(f) _Ground penetrating radar (GPR) system._ A field disturbance sensor that is designed to operate only when in contact with, or within one meter of, the ground for the purpose of detecting or obtaining the images of buried objects or determining the physical properties within the ground. The energy from the GPR is intentionally directed down into the ground for this purpose.
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_(g) _Medical imaging system._ A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location or movement of objects within the body of a person or animal.
(h) _Wall imaging system._ A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location of objects contained within a “wall” or to determine the physical properties within the “wall.” The “wall” is a concrete structure, the side of a bridge, the wall of a mine or another physical structure that is dense enough and thick enough to absorb the majority of the signal transmitted by the imaging system. This category of equipment does not include products such as “stud locators” that are designed to locate objects behind gypsum, plaster or similar walls that are not capable of absorbing the transmitted signal.
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_(i) _Through-wall imaging system._ A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location or movement of persons or objects that are located on the other side of an opaque structure such as a wall or a ceiling. This category of equipment may include products such as “stud locators” that are designed to locate objects behind gypsum, plaster or similar walls that are not thick enough or dense enough to absorb the transmitted signal.
(j) _Surveillance system._ A field disturbance sensor used to establish a stationary RF perimeter field that is used for security purposes to detect the intrusion of persons or objects.
(k) _EIRP._ Equivalent isotropically radiated power, _i.e._, the product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna. The EIRP, in terms of dBm, can be converted to a field strength, in dBuV/m at 3 meters, by adding 95.2. As used in this subpart, EIRP refers to the highest signal strength measured in any direction and at any frequency from the UWB device, as tested in accordance with the procedures specified in [§ 15.31(a)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.31#p-15.31(a)) and [15.523 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.523).
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_(l) _Law enforcement, fire and emergency rescue organizations._ As used in this subpart, this refers to those parties eligible to obtain a license from the FCC under the eligibility requirements specified in [§ 90.20(a)(1) of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-90.20#p-90.20(a)(1)).
(m) _Hand held._ As used in this subpart, a hand held device is a portable device, such as a lap top computer or a PDA, that is primarily hand held while being operated and that does not employ a fixed infrastructure.
#### § 15.505 Cross reference.
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_(a) Except where specifically stated otherwise within this subpart, the provisions of subparts A and B and of [§§ 15.201](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.201) through [15.204](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.204) and [15.207](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.207) of [subpart C of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-C) apply to unlicensed UWB intentional radiators. The provisions of [§ 15.35(c)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.35#p-15.35(c)) and [15.205](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.205) do not apply to devices operated under this subpart. The provisions of Footnote US 246 to the Table of Frequency Allocations contained in [§ 2.106 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.106) does not apply to devices operated under this subpart.
(b) The requirements of this subpart apply only to the radio transmitter, _i.e._, the intentional radiator, contained in the UWB device. Other aspects of the operation of a UWB device may be subject to requirements contained elsewhere in this chapter. In particular, a UWB device that contains digital circuitry not directly associated with the operation of the transmitter also is subject to the requirements for unintentional radiators in [subpart B of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-B). Similarly, an associated receiver that operates (tunes) within the frequency range 30 MHz to 960 MHz is subject to the requirements in [subpart B of this part](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-15/subpart-B).
#### § 15.507 Marketing of UWB equipment.
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_In some cases, the operation of UWB devices is limited to specific parties, e.g., law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations operating under the auspices of a state or local government. The marketing of UWB devices must be directed solely to parties eligible to operate the equipment. The responsible party, as defined in [§ 2.909 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-2.909), is responsible for ensuring that the equipment is marketed only to eligible parties. Marketing of the equipment in any other manner may be considered grounds for revocation of the grant of certification issued for the equipment.
#### § 15.509 Technical requirements for ground penetrating radars and wall imaging systems.
(a) The UWB bandwidth of an imaging system operating under the provisions of this section must be below 10.6 GHz.
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_(b) Operation under the provisions of this section is limited to GPRs and wall imaging systems operated for purposes associated with law enforcement, fire fighting, emergency rescue, scientific research, commercial mining, or construction.
(1) Parties operating this equipment must be eligible for licensing under the provisions of [part 90 of this chapter](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/part-90).
(2) The operation of imaging systems under this section requires coordination, as detailed in [§ 15.525](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.525).
(c) A GPR that is designed to be operated while being hand held and a wall imaging system shall contain a manually operated switch that causes the transmitter to cease operation within 10 seconds of being released by the operator. In lieu of a switch located on the imaging system, it is permissible to operate an imaging system by remote control provided the imaging system ceases transmission within 10 seconds of the remote switch being released by the operator.
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_(d) The radiated emissions at or below 960 MHz from a device operating under the provisions of this section shall not exceed the emission levels in [§ 15.209](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.209). The radiated emissions above 960 MHz from a device operating under the provisions of this section shall not exceed the following average limits when measured using a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz:
Frequency in MHz
EIRP in dBm
960-1610
\-65.3
1610-1990
\-53.3
1990-3100
\-51.3
3100-10600
\-41.3
Above 10600
\-51.3
(e) In addition to the radiated emission limits specified in the table in [paragraph (d)](/on/2024-04-11/title-47/section-15.509#p-15.509(d)) of this section, UWB transmitters operating under the provisions of this section shall not exceed the following average limits when measured using a resolution bandwidth of no less than 1 kHz:
Frequency in MHz
EIRP in dBm
1164-1240
\-75.3
1559-1610
\-75.3
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