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, returned Cyprus to Aphrodite returned Cyprus to Aphrodite , married , the most famous story hastily Zeus , married hastily Aphrodite Zeus married hastily Aphrodite Zeus to of gave , the myth Hephaestus the myth , gave his mother Hephaestus , gave his mother Hephaestus Hera gave a golden throne his mother Hera Hephaestus almost always accompanied Eros by always accompanied Eros by , accompanied Eros by , the god describes " , his "Theogony Hesiod " , describes Eros Hesiod , describes Eros Hesiod as describes one Eros as Hesiod regarded Eros the power of The Greek lyric poets remarks " Theocritus's "Idylls that the sixth-century BC poet Sappho were whom the three Charites , Aphrodite's main attendants were the three Charites , whom Hesiod was of attendants the three Horae Aphrodite's other set In cursed , another version Hera another version , cursed Aphrodite's unborn son Hera , cursed Aphrodite's unborn son Hera because Hera cursed Aphrodite's unborn son because he cursed Aphrodite's unborn son because he had gave was , birth she was , birth she horrified caused , so mortals he appears Anchises to Aphrodite in sees bright clothing and gleaming jewelry dressed in her lies him and tells Aphrodite Aphrodite tells Anchises that she tells Anchises that she is takes Aphrodite Anchises , with takes Aphrodite , with her eyes complete , reveals her true divine form Aphrodite comes to Adonis The earliest known Greek reference from Later flesh the story out references flesh the story out references with found the baby Aphrodite , and returned him for She once returned for him once he wanted Adonis to keep Persephone settled the dispute Zeus by decreeing chose that time to spend Adonis was either sent Ares by either sent Ares by , sent by Ares , who provides also an etiology The story for mourned caused , Adonis's death she caused , she Adonis's death anemones of injured , the story Aphrodite the story , injured herself Aphrodite , injured herself Aphrodite on injured a thorn herself on Aphrodite associated of Adonis is The myth

Lesbos seems Sappho's time , by seems Sappho's time , by to plant , the festival would the women , plant would a "garden the women plant would a "garden the women of climb would then ladders The women sprout would the sunlight in The plants to aided , one myth Aphrodite one myth , aided Hippomenes Aphrodite , aided Hippomenes Aphrodite , aided Hippomenes Aphrodite , a noble youth aided Hippomenes , a noble youth who Atalanta was an exceedingly swift runner and she was an exceedingly swift runner and she beheaded gave three golden apples Hippomenes Aphrodite from obeyed Aphrodite's order Hippomenes and Atalanta causes , so her aid she mentioned is first Pygmalion by is first mentioned the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus by first mentioned the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus by of mentioned Cyrene the third-century BC Greek writer Philostephanus of by to was , Ovid Pygmalion Ovid , was an exceedingly handsome sculptor Pygmalion , was an exceedingly handsome sculptor Pygmalion from was the island an exceedingly handsome sculptor from Pygmalion to brought , Aphrodite the goddess Aphrodite , brought the statue the goddess , brought the statue the goddess to brought life the statue to the goddess Pygmalion married the girl the statue became married the girl the statue became and Aphrodite generously rewarded those who generously rewarded those who honored rewarded those her honored who to cursed , Aphrodite the goddess Aphrodite , cursed them the goddess , cursed them the goddess to cursed them the goddess to stink , started sex having their husbands started sex having their husbands with , murdered of Lemnos the women murdered of Lemnos the entire male population the women on mated , Lemnos they mated , Lemnos they with , mated the sex-starved women with they mated the sex-starved women with they under worships , 428 BC Hippolytus Theseus's son , worships Hippolytus only Artemis Theseus's son worships Hippolytus only Artemis Theseus's son , Aphrodite is infuriated his prideful behavior by is infuriated his prideful behavior by and infuriated his prideful behavior by and , rejected , commits suicide Phaedra

, commits suicide Phaedra and commits suicide Phaedra and leaves prays Poseidon to Theseus to sends a wild bull Poseidon to scare angered Aphrodite Glaucus of Corinth by refusing of drove , King Pelias Aphrodite King Pelias , drove his horses Aphrodite , drove mad his horses Aphrodite drove mad his horses Aphrodite and drove his horses mad and they Polyphonte was a young woman who chose was a young woman a virginal life chose who cursed her Aphrodite , causing cursed her , causing her Oreius , were wild cannibals who , were wild cannibals who incurred were wild cannibals the hatred incurred who to cursed , Pseudo-Apollodorus a jealous Aphrodite Pseudo-Apollodorus , cursed Eos a jealous Aphrodite , cursed Eos a jealous Aphrodite , cursed Eos a jealous Aphrodite , the goddess Therefore , turn them Aphrodite , turn them Aphrodite into turn the world's first prostitutes them into Aphrodite upon cursed , their shore the goddess their shore , cursed them the goddess , cursed them the goddess with cursed insanity them with the goddess In raped , their madness they their madness , raped Halia they As buried , punishment Poseidon punishment , buried them Poseidon , buried them Poseidon in buried the island's sea-caverns them in Poseidon , fell love in Leucippus fell love in Leucippus with They started a secret relationship but the girl started a secret relationship but the girl was went his daughter's chamber straight to Xanthius tried enter , him she had the country to leave he and slept her with he slept her with he unknowingly transformed eventually the myrrh tree into she has three another daughters also Cinyras and derided Adonis the goddess' own love for Mousa Clio , fell love in Clio fell love in Clio with was Adrastus a daughter of Aegialeia against had , Troy She Troy , had multiple lovers She , had multiple lovers She , had multiple lovers She , including threaten fled , his life he fled , his life he to , fled Italy to he make did not offerings Pasiphae venerated only Ares Her son and

cursed him Aphrodite with falling up threw , his chastity he his chastity , threw himself he , threw himself he into threw the river Amazonius himself into he judged , Orpheus's mother Zeus the Muse Calliope , Orpheus's mother judged the dispute the Muse Calliope Orpheus's mother judged the dispute the Muse Calliope between judged the goddesses the dispute between the Muse Calliope mentioned of the Judgement of Paris is The myth arrived , so this she so arrived a golden apple with she arrived a golden apple with she inscribed chose the matter to place The goddesses , appeared Paris before the goddesses appeared Paris before the goddesses for resorted , so them they so resorted bribes to they tried Paris to bribe Hera This woman was Helen , who was Helen , who was selected Aphrodite Paris and awarded plays the entirety an important and active role throughout Aphrodite In rescues , Book III she Book III , rescues Paris she , rescues Paris she from rescues Menelaus Paris from she appears then Helen to She recognizes immediately Aphrodite Helen by rebukes sharply Helen Aphrodite , In charges , Book V Aphrodite charges , Book V Aphrodite into , charges battle into Aphrodite charges battle into Aphrodite to recognizes a "weakling" goddess Aphrodite as Diomedes chides her Zeus for putting parallels , Walter Burkert directly this scene , parallels directly a scene this scene parallels directly a scene this scene from during lends , the "Dios Apate" episode Aphrodite the "Dios Apate" episode , lends her "kestos himas Aphrodite , lends her "kestos himas Aphrodite " lends her "kestos himas Aphrodite " to Aphrodite's most prominent avian symbol was the dove , which was the dove , which was appears frequently doves with Aphrodite associated , the sea was Aphrodite associated was a number with Aphrodite included the sea Aphrodite's other symbols , conch shells was the apple Her most important fruit emblem , but was the apple , but she appears rising from the sea Aphrodite shows the sea rising from Aphrodite In carved , BC the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles

BC , carved the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles , carved the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles "Aphrodite carved the marble statue the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles "Aphrodite of showed her pubic region modestly covering a nude Aphrodite was " the first full-sized statue The "Aphrodite of Knidos to The statue was purchased the people by was purchased the people by of purchased Knidos the people of by inspired , Athenaeus was Apelles modeled of these statues were many naked ; show her wringing water others ; show her wringing water others out show her wringing water others out of ; shows of sculpture this type this type of shows sculpture Aphrodite of shows sculpture Aphrodite lifting shows sculpture Aphrodite lifting her adapted frequently pagan iconography Early Christians to In adapted , the Early Middle Ages Christians the Early Middle Ages , adapted elements Christians , adapted elements Christians of adapted Aphrodite/Venus's iconography elements of Christians shown , the sixth century AD is a female orant shown is Aphrodite's conch shell wearing a female orant survived of Venus Numerous Roman mosaics in in encountered , the late fifth century AD Fulgentius of Ruspe the late fifth century AD , encountered mosaics Fulgentius of Ruspe , encountered mosaics Fulgentius of Ruspe of encountered Aphrodite mosaics of Fulgentius of Ruspe Meanwhile , denigrated Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore , denigrated Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore Eros/Cupid denigrated Aphrodite/Venus's son Isidore Eros/Cupid as is Sandro Botticelli's painting "Primavera the central figure in Aphrodite drew also inspiration Artists from also partially inspired a description by partially inspired a description by by inspired Poliziano a description by by Later include of the same scene Italian renditions include of the same scene Titian's "Venus Anadyomene Italian renditions was his 1824 "magnum opus Jacques-Louis David's final work " , on described , the painting David the painting , described it David , described it David , described it David , saying put will the date I of was "Venus Anadyomene " one Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's painting described a "dream it as Louis Geofroy were of Venus favorites Paintings In won , 1863 Alexandre Cabanel

1863 , won widespread critical acclaim Alexandre Cabanel , won widespread critical acclaim Alexandre Cabanel at won the Paris Salon widespread critical acclaim at Alexandre Cabanel parodied "Olympia " the nude Venuses Édouard Manet's 1865 painting displayed , 1867 Frederic Leighton the English Academic painter praised J. B. Atkinson it The art critic , for refused , his "outré" subject matter Rossetti refused , his "outré" subject matter Rossetti to refused the painting to alter Rossetti published of it were Six editions In lauded , 1605 Richard Barnfield 1605 , lauded it Richard Barnfield , lauded it Richard Barnfield , lauded it Richard Barnfield , declaring appears Richard Garnett's short story collection in Aphrodite " is Aphrodite " Another noteworthy example in titled Pierre Louÿs his erotic historical novel The French writer ' used of Aphrodite were stories of used were Aphrodite by Aphrodite were used feminist poets by were used feminist poets by , used feminist poets by , such dealt of these poems Many with and made also use Anaïs Nin made also use Anaïs Nin of laid theology was The Church of Aphrodite's out portrayed a drastically different light Aphrodite in The book is Wicca a major deity in Aphrodite regard one aspect Aphrodite as Wiccans regard the ruler Aphrodite as Wiccans of is , the twelve Olympians Aphrodite the twelve Olympians , is a major deity Aphrodite , is a major deity Aphrodite within is Hellenismos a major deity within Aphrodite Unlike are , Wiccans Hellenists are , Wiccans Hellenists usually venerate Aphrodite Hellenists primarily as is the first day of the second quarter of the year It , and is formula 1 on a set formula 2 a binary relation is a set formula 2 antisymmetric if there says of antisymmetry nothing The definition says nothing about whether formula 9 is on the natural numbers an important example The divisibility relation Typically pay their own bills some people , pay their own bills some people , while pay their own bills , while others Partial and total orders are antisymmetric definition by founded Thelema the religion of He

educated was Trinity College at He In joined , 1898 he 1898 , joined the esoteric Hermetic Order he , joined the esoteric Hermetic Order he of joined the Golden Dawn the esoteric Hermetic Order of he in went , Scotland he went , Scotland he mountaineering went Mexico mountaineering in he married Rose Edith Kelly He and in , returned Britain to Crowley returned Britain to Crowley , George Cecil Jones co founded an esoteric order - co founded an esoteric order - , founded an esoteric order - , the in initiated 1912 was he initiated 1912 was he into initiated was another esoteric order into he established , the O.T.O. were Thelemite groups established were Britain in Thelemite groups spent the United States the First World War in Crowley In established , 1920 he 1920 , established the Abbey he , established the Abbey he of established Thelema the Abbey of he led denunciations to His libertine lifestyle in gained his lifetime widespread notoriety during Crowley remained has a highly influential figure Crowley over born was Edward Alexander Crowley as Crowley with described ; her son she her son ; described him she ; described him she as described him she as " born had been a Quaker Crowley's father , in moved 1881 the Crowleys in moved 1881 the Crowleys to 1881 moved Redhill to the Crowleys moved Redhill to the Crowleys , was died , 11 his father died , 11 his father of , died tongue cancer of his father described a turning point this as Crowley by removed ; Champney Crowley's family Champney ; removed him Crowley's family ; removed him Crowley's family from removed the school him from Crowley's family attended then Malvern College and Tonbridge School He , in undertook , Eastbourne he Eastbourne , undertook chemistry courses he , undertook chemistry courses he at undertook Eastbourne College chemistry courses at he developed chess interests in Crowley , in began October 1895 Crowley in October 1895 began a three-year course Crowley October 1895 began a three-year course Crowley at began Trinity College a three-year course at Crowley

from changed , his personal tutor he changed , his personal tutor he to , changed English literature to he changed English literature to he , changed to English literature , which ; considered briefly a professional career he considered briefly a professional career he as embraced also his love Crowley of appeared of his own poems Many in continued his mountaineering He , going had his first significant mystical experience Crowley while on believed that the result was this At maintained , Cambridge Crowley Cambridge , maintained a vigorous sex life Crowley , maintained a vigorous sex life Crowley with maintained women a vigorous sex life with Crowley In met , October 1897 Crowley October 1897 , met Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley , met Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley , met Herbert Charles Pollitt Crowley , president In triggered , October 1897 a brief illness October 1897 , triggered considerations a brief illness , triggered considerations a brief illness of triggered mortality considerations of a brief illness published , 1898 privately Crowley , published privately 100 copies Crowley published privately 100 copies Crowley of That same year , published a string Crowley , published a string Crowley of published other poems a string of Crowley In was , August 1898 Crowley was , August 1898 Crowley in , was Zermatt in Crowley was Zermatt in Crowley , in introduced , London Baker London , introduced Crowley Baker , introduced to Crowley Baker introduced George Cecil Jones Crowley to Baker initiated was the Outer Order of the Golden Dawn into Crowley moved his own luxury into Crowley flat taught Crowley Bennett more about In purchased , November 1899 Crowley November 1899 , purchased Boleskine House Crowley , purchased Boleskine House Crowley in purchased Foyers Boleskine House in Crowley developed Scottish culture a love of He progressed soon the lower grades through Crowley into visited , the Second Order he the Second Order , visited Mathers he , visited Mathers he in visited Paris Mathers in he developed had Mathers between A schism In travelled , 1900 Crowley travelled , 1900 Crowley to

, travelled Mexico to Crowley travelled Mexico to Crowley via of continued , the country he continued , the country he experimenting continued ceremonial magic experimenting with he joined him Eckenstein later in , headed San Francisco to Crowley headed San Francisco to Crowley before Hong Kong , reached Ceylon Crowley , reached Ceylon Crowley , reached Ceylon Crowley , where reached Ceylon , where he spent Kandy some time in The pair decided India to tour Crowley spent this time much of He At wrote this time also he this time wrote also poetry he he also wrote poetry which also wrote poetry which was wrote poetry which was published contracted malaria He , and joined , 1902 was he joined was India in he was joined in India by joined in India Eckenstein by Together , attempted K2 the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition , attempted K2 the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition , the Eckenstein-Crowley expedition attempted K2 , which attempted K2 , which had afflicted , the journey was Crowley afflicted was influenza with Crowley in socialized , November 1902 he socialized , November 1902 he with , socialized friend with he socialized friend with he and there , wrote a series Crowley , wrote a series Crowley of wrote poems a series of Crowley this milieu was W. Somerset Maugham , who was W. Somerset Maugham , who after returned Boleskine to He in entering appalled ; an arranged marriage the marriage an arranged marriage ; appalled the Kelly family the marriage ; appalled the Kelly family the marriage and appalled the Kelly family the marriage and damaged princess , rented an apartment they , rented an apartment they in rented which an apartment in they rented an apartment in which Crowley became , Crowley's later account regularly Rose On explained , 18 March she explained , 18 March she that as thought ; the Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu Crowley thought ; Crowley the Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu it , on heard 8 April he on 8 April heard a disembodied voice he 8 April heard a disembodied voice he claiming heard a disembodied voice he claiming to

became that espoused , it became espoused , the cornerstone it said the time that at Crowley said that at the time he resenting said , it he said , it he that said that the instructions ignored he On gave , 28 July 1905 Rose 28 July 1905 , gave birth Rose , gave birth Rose to gave Crowley's first child birth to Rose founded also a publishing company He through Among were its first publications Crowley's "Collected Works " were its first publications Crowley's "Collected Works " , received often strong reviews His poetry ( gain issued , more publicity he more publicity , issued a reward he , issued a reward he of issued a reward he of £ decided Kanchenjunga to climb Crowley the expedition was marred much argument by was marred much argument by between marred Crowley much argument between by mutinied eventually Crowley's control against They met Rose up with Crowley smoked the journey opium throughout Crowley ; together performed rituals they together performed rituals they in performed an attempt rituals in they sailed then Japan to Crowley in learned , Britain Crowley learned , Britain Crowley that Under began , emotional distress his health began , emotional distress his health to continued George Cecil Jones , his old mentor Crowley , continued the Abramelin rituals performing Crowley continued the Abramelin rituals performing Crowley at during wrote , these rituals he these rituals , wrote an essay he , wrote an essay he on wrote "The Psychology of Hashish an essay on he wrote more Thelemic Holy Books down Crowley during in took , his cocaine addiction Crowley his cocaine addiction , took him Crowley , took him Crowley on took holiday him on Crowley began , 1907 also he ; in toured 1908 the pair in 1908 toured northern Spain the pair 1908 toured northern Spain the pair before toured northern Spain the pair before heading year stayed Boleskine at Neuburg stayed Boleskine at Neuburg , of wrote , short horror stories Crowley wrote , short horror stories Crowley his , wrote own his Crowley

wrote own his Crowley , wrote his own , some included solicitor Richard Noel Warren Its earliest members , artist Austin Osman Spare In began , March 1909 Crowley March 1909 , began production Crowley , began production Crowley of began a biannual periodical production of Crowley to remained ; Rose's care the couple Rose's care ; remained friends the couple ; remained friends the couple and remained friends the couple and Rose During the trip invoked the thirty aethyrs he the trip invoked the thirty aethyrs he of invoked Enochian magic the thirty aethyrs of he performed ; a mountaintop sex magic ritual also Crowley ; performed also an evocation Crowley performed also an evocation Crowley to found " ; The Equinox the court ; found favour in the court found favour in the court of attracted the A∴A∴ new members to The publicity to developed , a wider audience Crowley a wider audience , developed the Rites Crowley , developed the Rites Crowley of developed Artemis the Rites of Crowley attended of the press Various members , came particular criticism under Crowley from in believed ; St. Moritz Crowley believed ; St. Moritz Crowley that believed that the Secret Chiefs of one In published , early 1912 Crowley published , early 1912 Crowley " , published The Book of Lies " Crowley published The Book of Lies " Crowley " The German occultist accused later him Theodor Reuss accused later him Theodor Reuss of Crowley convinced Reuss that the similarities convinced Reuss that the similarities were appointed head Crowley as Reuss ; proved of Thelemite elements his incorporation proved of Thelemite elements controversial his incorporation In acted , March 1913 Crowley acted , March 1913 Crowley as , acted producer as Crowley acted producer as Crowley for performed subsequently Moscow in They In continued , Moscow Crowley continued , Moscow Crowley to continued plays to write Crowley performed and Neuburg the six-week "Paris Working Crowley the performed , ritual the couple ritual , performed acts the couple , performed acts the couple of performed sex magic acts of the couple

by wrote of the results the Working, Crowley wrote of the results the Working, Crowley " of wrote Liber Agapé " the Working, Crowley wrote Liber Agapé " the Working, Crowley " In transferred , May he May , transferred ownership he , transferred ownership he of transferred Boleskine House ownership of he of set , phlebitis Crowley phlebitis , set sail Crowley , set sail Crowley for set the United States sail for Crowley in moved , New York City he moved , New York City he into , moved a hotel into he moved a hotel into he and from began , Great Britain Crowley began , Great Britain Crowley to began support to espouse Crowley became New York's pro-German movement involved in He In denounced , later years detractors later years , denounced Crowley detractors , denounced Crowley detractors as denounced a traitor Crowley as detractors In was , reality Crowley reality , was a double agent Crowley , was a double agent Crowley , was a double agent Crowley , working of was ; the Statue of Liberty the real intention was ; the Statue of Liberty the real intention to entered a relationship into Crowley with of met , the North American O.T.O. he met , the North American O.T.O. he with , met Charles Stansfeld Jones with he met Charles Stansfeld Jones with he and In experimented Detroit he with Detroit experimented Peyote with he experimented Peyote with he at performed and Richardson sex magic Crowley Later that year took a "magical retirement he " took a "magical retirement he " to There , made heavy use he , made heavy use he of made drugs heavy use of he In moved , December he moved , December he to , moved New Orleans to he moved New Orleans to he , to moved , New York City he moved , New York City he in moved artist and A∴A∴ member Leon Engers Kennedy in with he continued " , The Fatherland Crowley " , continued his association Crowley , continued his association Crowley with

continued Viereck his association with Crowley used it Crowley to promote moved then the studio apartment to He believed " , "The Amalantrah Workings he In went , 1918 Crowley went , 1918 Crowley on , went a magical retreat on Crowley went a magical retreat on Crowley in in moved , New York City he moved , New York City he to , moved Greenwich Village to he moved Greenwich Village to he , took painting up He as of revived , sympathetic Freemasons Crowley revived , sympathetic Freemasons Crowley " , revived The Equinox " Crowley revived The Equinox " Crowley " urged aware of his intelligence work several friends from prescribed , asthma a doctor asthma , prescribed him a doctor , prescribed him a doctor heroin prescribed him a doctor heroin , joined in a "ménage à trois " by had ideas Crowley of forming wore robes They , and Undertaking continued , widespread correspondences Crowley continued , widespread correspondences Crowley to offered the children a libertine education for He including came ; drugs his heroin addiction came ; drugs his heroin addiction to came his life to dominate his heroin addiction was no cleaning rota There , and was no cleaning rota , and wild dogs Among was them film star Jane Wolfe , was them film star Jane Wolfe , who Another was Cecil Frederick Russell , who was Cecil Frederick Russell , who often In returned , February 1922 Crowley returned , February 1922 Crowley to , returned Paris to Crowley returned Paris to Crowley for went then London to He drank a local polluted stream from Loveday , to told , London May London , told her story May , told to her story May told the press her story to May " proclaimed " Crowley John Bull proclaimed " Crowley John Bull " " continued " its attack John Bull continued " its attack John Bull , continued its attack , with its stories tried , continuing poor health unsuccessfully he joined were Tunis in They were joined in Tunis by joined in Tunis the Thelemite Norman Mudd by

as went , his servant Crowley went , his servant Crowley with , went him with Crowley went him with Crowley on In travelled , January 1924 Crowley travelled , January 1924 Crowley to , travelled Nice to Crowley travelled Nice to Crowley , , took a wealthy student on he took a wealthy student on he , took Olsen Crowley back to of miscarried ; her she miscarried ; her she , miscarried which , following she miscarried , following which Crowley named , Crowley had Reuss , named had him Reuss named had head him Reuss called Thuringia the Hohenleuben Conference in Tränker in went , 1926 Crowley went , 1926 Crowley through , went a large number through Crowley went a large number through Crowley of he was dogged poor health by was dogged poor health by , dogged poor health by , largely introduced , 1928 was Crowley introduced was young Englishman Israel Regardie to Crowley introduced to young Englishman Israel Regardie , who , met also Gerald Yorke Crowley met also Gerald Yorke Crowley , also met Gerald Yorke , who met Gerald Yorke , who began accept did not Thelema Driberg In December 1928 met the Nicaraguan Maria Teresa Sanchez Crowley deported was France from Crowley was deported from France by deported from France the authorities by in married , Britain Crowley Britain , married Sanchez Crowley , married Sanchez Crowley in married August 1929 Sanchez in Crowley in agreed , London Mandrake Press agreed , London Mandrake Press to agreed his autobiography to publish Mandrake Press went liquidation into Mandrake in as was ; his magical partner the relationship was ; his magical partner the relationship troubled In went September he to September went Lisbon to he went Lisbon to he in decided his own death to fake he returned then Berlin to He fitted the fashion with Crowley's paintings for as had ; his new lover they his new lover ; had a violent relationship they ; had a violent relationship they , had a violent relationship they , and continued affairs to have He

left Busch Crowley and returned Undergoing was , further nasal surgery it was , further nasal surgery it here was 1932 here in it of launched , money he money , launched a series he , launched a series he of launched court cases a series of he gained his lawsuit much publicity for He added Crowley's financial problems to The court case , with offered ; Deidre Patricia Doherty she offered ; Deidre Patricia Doherty she to offered his child to bear she Named nicknamed , Randall Gair Crowley Randall Gair , nicknamed him Crowley , nicknamed Aleister Atatürk him Crowley died a car accident in He in In published , 1936 he 1936 , published his first book he , published his first book he in published six years his first book in he In gave , 1937 he 1937 , gave a series he , gave a series he of gave public lectures a series of he , wrote the Naval Intelligence Division to Crowley wrote the Naval Intelligence Division to Crowley offering In worsened , 1940 his asthma worsened , 1940 his asthma , hit relocated , London Crowley relocated , London Crowley to , relocated Torquay to Crowley relocated Torquay to Crowley , of returned , Torquay he returned , Torquay he to , returned London to he returned London to he , initiate developed , Lady Frieda Harris Crowley Lady Frieda Harris , developed plans Crowley , developed plans Crowley to developed plans Crowley to produce Accompanying was a book this , was a book this , published aid wrote , the war effort he the war effort , wrote a proclamation he , wrote a proclamation he on wrote the rights a proclamation on he was during his lifetime a book Crowley's final publication In moved April 1944 Crowley briefly to April 1944 moved Aston Clinton to Crowley briefly moved Aston Clinton to Crowley briefly in took Kenneth Grant a young man named He with was , the illusionist Arnold Crowther it was , the illusionist Arnold Crowther it through , was him through it

was him through it that was through him that Crowley became friends They , with became friends , with Crowley On died , 1 December 1947 Crowley died , 1 December 1947 Crowley at , died Netherwood at Crowley died Netherwood at Crowley of on attended ; 5 December about a dozen people attended ; 5 December about a dozen people , and was labelled a Black Mass by was labelled a Black Mass the tabloids by has been described scholars by been described scholars by as described a religion scholars as by steeped was the esoteric teachings in He was steeped in the esoteric teachings he steeped in the esoteric teachings he had believed that humanity's entry marked the twentieth century believed that the proper religion was Thelema revolves the idea around Thelema that revolves around the idea that human beings referred this process to Crowley of believed the objective existence in Crowley of provided this term various different definitions of He " , defined Magick Crowley , defined Magick Crowley as defined Magick Crowley as " told also his disciple He Karl Germer is oneself the raising of Mysticism saw a third way Magick as Crowley Within that journal expressed positive sentiments he that journal expressed positive sentiments he toward expressed science positive sentiments toward he influenced was also magic by was also influenced the work by also influenced the work by of influenced the anthropologist the work of by see did not magic Crowley played Crowley's ideas an important role in Sexuality outlined sex magick three forms of He treated , Crowley was sex treated was a sacrament as sex noted that Crowley's writings of some described " , The Book of the Law Crowley " , described a pantheon Crowley , described a pantheon Crowley of described three deities a pantheon of Crowley In made , 1928 he 1928 , made the claim he , made the claim he that he made the claim that all "true" deities made the claim that all "true" deities were used nevertheless Satanic imagery He , identified , his writings occasionally Crowley

, identified occasionally Aiwass Crowley identified occasionally Aiwass Crowley as stated of religion Gordan Djurdjevic The scholar that of stated religion Gordan Djurdjevic that Crowley stated religion Gordan Djurdjevic that Crowley " expressed nevertheless strong anti-Christian sentiment Crowley , considered one to be himself described also Crowley Hutton as Crowley's political thought was studied academic Marco Pasi by was studied academic Marco Pasi by , studied by academic Marco Pasi , who was the political left neither on He In saw , their subversive powers he their subversive powers , saw the possibility he , saw the possibility he of saw an annihilation the possibility of he described an "imbecile and nauseating cult democracy as Crowley In influenced this attitude was he influenced he was this attitude by he was influenced the work by was influenced the work by of influenced Friedrich Nietzsche the work of by on stated ; multiple occasions Kaczynski stated ; multiple occasions Kaczynski that in was , later life Crowley was , later life Crowley able applied the term "Scarlet Woman He " to played , homosexual acts usually he , played usually the passive role he played usually the passive role he , usually played the passive role , which played the passive role , which Booth advocated both men complete sexual freedom for Crowley thought a spoiled scion Crowley " Sutin thought that persecution of centuries described Crowley Booth as exhibiting noted of religion Manon Hedenborg White The scholar that of noted religion Manon Hedenborg White that some noted religion Manon Hedenborg White that some of noted that Crowley's statements of some varied on women's role Crowley's comments dramatically suggested that a spy was Crowley suggested that Mathers between the conflict suggested that Crowley's trip of the purpose suggested that China to this trip remained has an influential figure Crowley , In placed , 2002 a BBC poll 2002 , placed Crowley a BBC poll , placed Crowley a BBC poll seventy placed Crowley a BBC poll seventy - written has him of Richard Cavendish described of esotericism Egil Asprem The scholar asserted of esotericism Wouter Hanegraaff The scholar

asserted Wouter Hanegraaff esotericism that Crowley asserted that an extreme representation was Crowley considered Crowley Biographer Tobias Churton " a pioneer is the filmmaker Another American Thelemite Kenneth Anger , is the filmmaker Kenneth Anger , who has been refuted academic investigation by were also influenced Crowley by also influenced Crowley by , influenced Crowley by , with , became a dominant figure " Crowley became a dominant figure " Crowley " had also a wider influence Crowley in appeared , Britain " various "literary Crowleys was of the earliest One , used Dennis Wheatley Crowley the writer used Dennis Wheatley Crowley the writer as The occultist used Crowley Dion Fortune as used a basis Crowley as Dion Fortune included was one as He Led Zeppelin co bought - founder Jimmy Page co - bought Boleskine founder Jimmy Page - bought Boleskine founder Jimmy Page in bought 1971 Boleskine in founder Jimmy Page sold 1992 it in He suggested that Bowie's No of the lyrics is a purported existence in which the essential part In takes , some views this continued existence some views , takes place this continued existence , takes place this continued existence in takes a spiritual realm place in this continued existence generally believe people awaits some afterlife believe people awaits some afterlife when tend of some generally non-theistic religions Members to Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of called is also rebirth It is all major Indian religions a central tenet of It found of reincarnation is The idea is a common belief also It of to include ; reincarnation these groups reincarnation ; include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers these groups ; include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers these groups of include Kabbalah the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of these groups , is a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place where beings is a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place where beings such considered , Hinduism is heaven There are seven positive regions the soul can are seven positive regions the soul can go

subjected , the respective region is the soul subjected is rebirth to the soul depict with a linear divine history often Religions Typically , locate hell these traditions , locate hell these traditions in locate another dimension hell in these traditions played Ancient Egyptian religion an important role in The afterlife of demanded , Aaru Osiris Aaru , demanded work Osiris , demanded work Osiris as demanded restitution work as Osiris weighed , Two Truths was the deceased's heart weighed was the "Shu" feather against the deceased's heart are the Pyramid Texts more or less a duplication of The Coffin texts live the Fields again in dead placed was the tomb in the Book of the Dead was a temporary interruption simply Death , consisted the physical body of Each human , , claimed for the Egyptian Culture Ministry a spokesman a spokesman for claimed the Egyptian Culture Ministry it for claimed the Egyptian Culture Ministry it had claimed the Egyptian Culture Ministry it had unearthed claimed a large red granite door had unearthed it It believes a 'door is the false door believes a 'door is the false door to known is Greek mythology in The Greek god Hades put of the dead soul would the family would be judged Aeacus by be judged Aeacus by , judged Aeacus by , Rhadamanthus sent would be to The soul The Elysian Fields were for the ones that were for the ones that lived were equalled their goodness , whose sins allowed of Greek legend are Some heroes had the afterlife a similar belief system about The Romans By sees , the River Styx he the River Styx , sees the souls he , sees the souls he of sees those the souls of he shown , dead is he , shown is the place he shown is the place he where sees forgetfulness the river of He understand can not the nature an unborn fetus The Baháʼí writings state that the soul writings state that the soul is The Baháʼí scriptures are also state there scriptures also state are distinctions there

also state are distinctions there between are souls distinctions between there professes the Nicene Creed belief in Mainstream Christianity recounts of Luke the story The author writes of the Book of Revelation The author about was already used Christians by already used Christians by such used Christians by such as A notable example is Emanuel Swedenborg who wrote is Emanuel Swedenborg some 18 theological works wrote who states , Lorenzo Scupoli that four assaults teaches of the afterlife The Catholic conception that teaches the afterlife that after the body go die in unrepented mortal sin who In defined , the 1990s the Catechism of the Catholic Church the 1990s , defined hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church , defined hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church not defined hell the Catechism of the Catholic Church not as been , times has it , been has a very popular theological theory it been has a very popular theological theory it within Limbo is a theory that unbaptized is a theory that unbaptized but associated of purgatory is The notion " is of eschatological encounter The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object is of eschatological encounter The monadic, immutable, and ceaseless object therefore observes , St. Isaac instance the Syrian in torments : two ways it two ways : torments sinners it But inebriates the souls love of inebriates the sons the souls of love uses therefore the description Orthodoxy of come : the judgment has the light come has the world into the light hates does wicked things who In has , a word God a word , has mercy God , has mercy God on has all mercy on God not , is hell it bend will the Lord before Every knee rejoice will God's gift in not all Moreover , includes a prevalent tradition Orthodoxy , includes a prevalent tradition Orthodoxy of includes "apokatastasis a prevalent tradition of Orthodoxy taught most notably Origen by affirmed (553 CE ) the orthodoxy The Second Council of Constantinople is a teaching also It of is a teaching no less it revealed is the scene as It

divided is two parts into It believe that spirit prison visited Christ is the Harrowing similar to This assigned , the resurrection are spirits , " is the place The celestial kingdom " is the place The celestial kingdom prepared is the place The celestial kingdom prepared for receive , this gift must we , receive must the ordinances we receive must the ordinances we of use occasionally terms Jehovah's Witnesses such believe Armageddon that after they believe that after Armageddon there differ regarding the afterlife The Seventh-day Adventist Church's beliefs from to believe , Hell Adventists believe , Hell Adventists the believe that an unconscious state is death based is Matt on This At ends , death all consciousness know does not anything The dead person believe that creation is death , turns dust to the body turns dust to the body again The spirit of every person who dies have " proper and firm "iʾmān must one " have must a righteous conduct one have must a righteous conduct one , have a righteous conduct , lest his level teaches that Man's creation of the purpose reminds repeatedly the reader The Quran that repeatedly reminds the reader that the worldly life reminds the reader that the worldly life ( referred : both male and female servants are the females is of Islamic faith the Last Day A central doctrine Until remain , the Last Day deceased souls remain , the Last Day deceased souls in , remain their graves in deceased souls remain their graves in deceased souls awaiting " has " eight gates Jannah has " eight gates Jannah and " possess " 7 deep terrible layers Jahannam is the worse The lower the layer it arrive will both everlasting places at Individuals teaches the soul the continued existence of Islam will be judged God by be judged God by according judged God by according to depends balance on One's eternal destination of granted are either admission They described of judgment is The day In are , Islam believers Islam , are those believers , believers are those who

believers are those who believed are those who believed in is an established belief It that if is an established belief that if a believer give , the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community will the soul , give will birth the soul give will birth the soul to of become , God his or her tastes become , God his or her tastes attuned begins , this " an "embryonic soul defined Ibn 'Arabi Barzakh The Sufi Muslim scholar as is the world between It of be , it would there , be would no contact there be would no contact there between described it He as simple , " is anything that " is anything that separates is anything two things separates that are of Sheol the "shades The inhabitants appears Sheol to describe the Hebrew Bible considered , others was it , considered was a place it considered was a place it of offers thoughts a number of The Talmud brought , death is the soul brought is judgment for the soul enter have led pristine lives who enter do not the world Most view this period Others to include , takes then its place the soul takes then its place the soul in , is of eternal damnation the concept is of eternal damnation the concept not reserved of the soul is extinction describes the "Olam Haba Maimonides " in recognized , Avraham Arieh Trugman is reincarnation mentioned of reincarnation is the idea commented the Bible that within Shraga Simmons wrote that an "ancient, mainstream belief is reincarnation makes reincarnation frequent and lengthy references to The Zohar posited , a few kabbalists was it found were a number in These ideas the idea of are reincarnation Saadia Gaon of are reincarnation Saadia Gaon , are reincarnation Saadia Gaon , David Kimhi ) concludes a refutation with Section VI concludes a refutation with Section VI of states , reincarnation further Saadia Gaon Other well-known rabbis include are reincarnationists who include are reincarnationists Yonassan Gershom who notes of The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute Rabbi Naftali Silberberg that notes The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute that " Many ideas

maintain that place takes rebirth conditioned will be rebirth by will be conditioned the moral tone by be conditioned the moral tone by of conditioned the person's actions the moral tone of by would have a lower realm in his/her rebirth have a lower realm in his/her rebirth , depends various levels on It of ripen , that moment would heavy kamma believes of Mahayana Pure Land Buddhism in believed that their own pure land has each Buddha In Tibetan Buddhism explains Dead the Tibetan Book of the Tibetan Buddhism explains Dead the intermediate state the Tibetan Book of the explains Dead the intermediate state the Tibetan Book of the of The find will the bright light deceased find will the bright light deceased of are various reasons There why the are various reasons why the deceased had the intermediate state no briefing about Some And have fear some , some have fear , which have fear , which results In is the intermediate state the awareness very is the intermediate state the awareness very flexible In have this situation they to have this situation they to understand hurt can really them No one hurt them , because they The get help deceased from get different Buddhas help from deceased get help from different Buddhas who have the things to release They " is cosmic energy Life of is the universe cosmic energy of Life are any life 10 life states of There dies life condition in which The life dies in which life condition it are afterlife two major views of There is consciousness a stream of The individual the physical body at appears death he at appears death he in death appears the court in he appears the court in he of consists Yama of The panel and counseled is his life about He ( Philosophically are projections these three men Philosophically are projections these three men of are one's mind projections of these three men sends of Justice then the Lord limited is time in his period is limited in time by limited in time the weight by

take can place Rebirth as of take traumatic death can a person traumatic death take can the form a person take can the form a person of In is , Hinduism the belief is , Hinduism the belief that is that nothing is the body believes also the afterlife in Jainism is of Sikhism The essential doctrine to has also the belief Sikhism of considered of afterlife are Accounts also acknowledged that the life living acknowledged that the life living of to is , the Sikh scriptures the human form the Sikh scriptures , is the closet form the human form , is the closet form the human form to is God the closet form to the human form of pick , a wardrobe you pick , a wardrobe you up , pick a dress up you pick a dress up you and and then discard it you are their beliefs diverse in Traditional African religions have such as the Hadza Hunter-gatherer societies given concrete expression in the personal names that reincarnated are the dominant characteristics of some are the dominant characteristics of some of remains each soul distinct and each birth however , include notions later myths , include notions later myths of include resurrection notions of later myths tends negative views to hold Shinto believe universalism in Some Unitarian Universalists : differ their theology widely in Unitarian Universalists to consisted , Edgar Cayce the afterlife consisted , Edgar Cayce the afterlife of , consisted nine realms of the afterlife consisted nine realms of the afterlife equated symbolized was Saturn , by was Saturn , a level by ruled of the nine soul realms is The third of ruled is the nine soul realms by the nine soul realms is ruled Earth by is ruled Earth by and ruled Earth by and is is where our limitations meet we The sixth realm is ruled Neptune by is ruled Neptune by , ruled Neptune by , and The seventh realm is symbolized Jupiter by is symbolized Jupiter by , symbolized by Jupiter , which The eighth afterlife realm is ruled Uranus by

is ruled Uranus by and ruled Uranus by and develops The ninth afterlife realm is symbolized Pluto by is symbolized Pluto by , symbolized Pluto by , the astrological realm postulate seven realms a series of Mainstream Spiritualists postulate a series of seven realms that , is the place where troubled souls is the place where troubled souls spend The third level is for those who is for those who have is which that from The fourth level is where human consciousness leaves the soul recuperate , life from souls rest reincarnated , rest are the souls see a place The Summerland as Many Wiccans on sit , Earth righteous souls sit , Earth righteous souls at , sit the head at righteous souls sit the head at righteous souls of states the righteous souls that for Zoroastrianism For appears , a wicked person a very old, ugly, naked hag of live , Yima's realm the spirits Yima's realm , live a shadowy existence the spirits , live a shadowy existence the spirits , live a shadowy existence the spirits , and After crosses , three days the soul three days , crosses Chinvat bridge the soul , the soul crosses Chinvat bridge which the soul crosses Chinvat bridge which is crosses Chinvat bridge the Final Judgment of the soul is which Rashnu is the yazata who holds is the yazata the scales holds who the is , bad the soul is , bad the soul worthy is paradise worthy of the soul is the mixed ones the "place of Misvan Gatu founded was 1882 in The Society for Psychical Research continue scientific research to conduct Its members to conducted were an afterlife by an afterlife were conducted this organization by in 1901 sought physician Duncan MacDougall by 1901 sought physician Duncan MacDougall by to sought physician Duncan MacDougall by to measure weighed patients dying MacDougall in for become some people has this figure become some people has this figure synonymous is of the 2003 movie "21 Grams " The title act purportedly a vessel as Mediums , dates of mediumship evidence

dates of mediumship evidence back includes also the study Research of is a view There based on arise the idea with Certain problems of notes , resurrection that the materialist raises also questions John Hick regarding rejected and Charles Hartshorne the idea Alfred North Whitehead Charles Hartshorne rejected the idea that the universe rejected the idea that the universe was experience do not subjective (or personal) immortality Hartshorne people during examined ) REsuscitation study REsuscitation ) examined the broad range study ) examined the broad range study of examined mental experiences the broad range of study tested , a large study also researchers , tested also the validity researchers tested also the validity researchers of revealed that those of 40% stated in the interview Dr. Parnia , stated the interview , " The evidence is astronomy a branch of Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that linked of astrometry is The history , developed also the brightness scale he developed also the brightness scale he still compiled at least 850 stars a catalogue with Hipparchus furthermore , provided drawings he , provided drawings he for provided each constellation drawings for he observed the Sun's position more than 10,000 entries for Ibn Yunus compiled , the 15th century Ulugh Beg the Timurid astronomer , compiled Ulugh Beg the "Zij-i-Sultani the Timurid astronomer compiled Ulugh Beg the "Zij-i-Sultani the Timurid astronomer " In used , the 16th century Tycho Brahe the 16th century , used improved instruments Tycho Brahe , used improved instruments Tycho Brahe , used improved instruments Tycho Brahe , including using invented " the "observational clock he proved insignificant too The stellar movement for refined of 3222 stars was His cataloguing was refined in 1807 by refined in 1807 Friedrich Bessel by had been obtained the end of the 19th century by been obtained the end of the 19th century by , obtained the end of the 19th century by , mostly sped using astronomical photographic plates the process Astrographs In took , 1989 the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite 1989 , took astrometry the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite

, took astrometry the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite into took orbit astrometry into the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite from measured , 1989 to 1993 Hipparcos 1989 to 1993 , measured large and small angles Hipparcos , measured large and small angles Hipparcos on measured the sky large and small angles on Hipparcos drew " a database together A new "Tycho catalog is USNO-B1.0 , an all-sky catalogue that is in , their observations astrometry In identify , observational astronomy astrometric techniques help observational astronomy , identify stellar objects astrometric techniques help , identify stellar objects astrometric techniques help by identify their unique motions stellar objects by astrometric techniques help Astrometric measurements are used astrophysicists by are used astrophysicists by to used astrophysicists by to constrain of is , pulsars it is , pulsars it possible use the tracking astrometric techniques for Astronomers is the detection responsible for Astrometry use astrometrically , such objects astronomers astrometrically , use telescopes astronomers , use telescopes astronomers to use telescopes astronomers to survey detect , these images can they , detect can Solar System objects they detect can Solar System objects they by are and 90377 Sedna two Solar System objects 50000 Quaoar is of astrometry error correction A fundamental aspect introduce the measurement errors into Various factors reduced can be these errors by can be reduced various techniques by be reduced various techniques by , reduced various techniques by , such regarded was the patron as Athena include owls Her major symbols , olive trees known was "Polias as She dedicated on the Athenian Acropolis is The Parthenon was a warrior goddess also She , believed , Greek mythology was Athena of has , the story Athena the story , has no mother Athena , has no mother Athena and has no mother Athena and is swallows " , Hesiod's "Theogony Zeus " , swallows his consort Zeus , swallows his consort Zeus Metis swallows his consort Zeus Metis , swallows his consort Metis , who of bested , Athens Athena Athens , bested Poseidon Athena , bested Poseidon Athena in bested a competition Poseidon in Athena

known was "Athena Parthenos as She believed ; heroic endeavor was she plays the "Iliad an active role in She describes ; the first spider also Ovid describes how Medusa transformed she become , the Renaissance has Athena , become has an international symbol Athena become has an international symbol Athena of associated is the city with Athena In argued , ancient times scholars argued , ancient times scholars whether worshipped that ancient Greece attest were similar city goddesses worshipped were other cities in similar city goddesses , in was Mycenae there in Mycenae was a goddess there Mycenae was a goddess there called was Mykene a goddess called there was the Aegean goddess originally Athena of comprise " ; Room of the Chariot Tablets these " ; comprise the earliest Linear B archive these ; comprise the earliest Linear B archive these anywhere appears the still undeciphered corpus in A sign series of depict ; an enormous figure-eight shield may this ; depict may the warrior-goddess this depict may the warrior-goddess this with takes " , the "Odyssey she " , takes the form she , takes the form she of takes a sea-eagle the form of she argue of this view Proponents that of argue this view that she argue this view that she dropped argue that her prophylactic owl-mask dropped she agreed that Athena of the cult also been influenced those by been influenced those by of influenced Near Eastern warrior goddesses those of by notes that Inanna resembles Athena notes that Sais of the citizens with began ; weaving her worship began ; weaving her worship during ; began the Egyptian Pre-Dynastic period during her worship reported , Greek mythology was Athena on created , these similarities the Sinologist Martin Bernal these similarities , created the "Black Athena" hypothesis the Sinologist Martin Bernal , created the "Black Athena" hypothesis the Sinologist Martin Bernal , the Sinologist Martin Bernal created the "Black Athena" hypothesis , which created the "Black Athena" hypothesis , which claimed venerated was the goddess as Athena worshipped was festivals at Athena was the patron also She of

represented war the disciplined, strategic side of Athena regarded much higher esteem Athena with The Greeks known , a warrior maiden was Athena is , Greek mythology " the name "Parthenos beyond allotted , recognition the Athenians recognition , allotted the goddess value the Athenians , allotted the goddess value the Athenians based allotted the goddess value the Athenians based on expressed is a number in This role was Athens not only the patron goddess of Athena were of Athena The various cults all were a uniform socialization portals of These cults assimilated , Arcadia was she assimilated was the ancient goddess Alea with she had the Spartan Acropolis a major temple on Athena refer may the fact to This epithet refer to the fact that cult statue built to Athena Polias was An Ionic-style temple It was designed Pytheos of Priene by was designed Pytheos of Priene by , designed Pytheos of Priene by , the same architect known was "Atrytone as Athena won Clytemnestra , his mother Athena Clytemnestra , won the epithet "Areia Athena , won the epithet "Areia Athena " won the epithet "Areia Athena " ( given was sometimes the epithet "Hippia Athena The Greek geographer mentions his "Guide in Pausanias mentions his "Guide in Pausanias to include Ageleia Other epithets , Itonia known , Clymenus was she In is , Homer's epic works Athena's most common epithet Homer's epic works , is "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet , is "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet " is "Glaukopis Athena's most common epithet " ( is "glaukós a combination of The word given is also the curious epithet "Tritogeneia Athena mean could various things It , relates this Triton the foster father relationship of One myth herself ; list her various legends ; list her various legends as list her various legends as being suggested have a connection Several scholars to connected has the myth Michael Janda of connects further the myth Janda of further connects the myth of Athena connects the myth of Athena being was Zeus the daughter of She There was an alternative story that Zeus

was an alternative story that Zeus swallowed regarded , the classical Olympian pantheon was Athena regarded was the favorite daughter as Athena comes of her birth The story in married " , his "Theogony Zeus " , married the goddess Metis Zeus , married the goddess Metis Zeus , Zeus married the goddess Metis , who married the goddess Metis , who is prevent tricked , this Zeus this , tricked Metis Zeus , tricked Metis Zeus into tricked Metis Zeus into letting tricked Metis into letting him swallowing took , Metis Zeus Metis , took six more wives Zeus , took six more wives Zeus in took succession six more wives in Zeus was such pain in He that was in such pain that he leaped Zeus's head from Athena , said : " Athena They said that the daughter was Athena swallowed was , Metis she was , Metis she pregnant was Athena pregnant with she On says , this topic Walter Burkert says , this topic Walter Burkert " says " the Pallas is she were and Athena childhood friends she were childhood friends , but Athena done , took the name Athena , took the name Athena Pallas took the name Athena Pallas for was slew ; a Gigante Athena a Gigante ; slew him Athena ; slew him Athena during slew the Gigantomachy him during Athena was " a statue The "palladion of was a statue of Athena that The statue had special talisman-like properties and it had special talisman-like properties and it was Athena was infuriated this violation by was infuriated this violation by of infuriated her protection this violation of by alongside was ; the Greek heroes her aid was ; the Greek heroes her aid synonymous was military prowess synonymous with her aid derived also part in Her superiority of personified : the heroic, martial ideal she the heroic, martial ideal : personified excellence she : personified excellence she in personified close combat excellence in she breastplate , wore that Athena , wore that Athena when wore Athena that when she appears Homer's Odyssey in Athena as

by competed , Pseudo-Apollodorus Athena competed , Pseudo-Apollodorus Athena with , competed Poseidon with Athena competed Poseidon with Athena for up ; gave the Athenians this ; gave access the Athenians this gave access the Athenians this to was at its height a significant sea power Athens , gave instead the Athenians Poseidon gave instead the first horse the Athenians Poseidon accepted this gift Cecrops and declared accepted this gift and declared Athena brought wood The olive tree , oil Pseudo-Apollodorus records an archaic legend , which records an archaic legend , which claims wiped the semen Athena off using adopted her son Erichthonius as Athena records Hyginus a similar story The Roman mythographer in records a similar story in which Hephaestus warned the three sisters She not to was the most important founding heroes one of Erichthonius They would leave the objects they would leave the objects they had leave the objects they had been performed was the dead in The ritual be in the story may The serpent eat did not the honey cake the serpent not eat the honey cake and the Athenians eat the honey cake and the Athenians interpreted this late falls variant Hermes late falls variant Hermes in variant falls love in Hermes falls love in Hermes with demands Aglaulus help from Hermes demands exchange money in Aglaulus Hermes gives her the money the sisters gives her the money the sisters have for asks , Aglaulus's greed Athena Aglaulus's greed , asks the goddess Athena , asks the goddess Athena Envy asks the goddess Athena Envy to seduce stands , Herse Aglaulus stands , Herse Aglaulus in , stands his way in Aglaulus stands his way in Aglaulus instead advised " , Pseudo-Apollodorus's "Bibliotheca Athena " , advised Argos Athena , advised Argos Athena , advised Argos Athena , the builder records that the hero Perseus guided Athena appeared to Perseus after he gave a polished bronze shield Perseus Athena to gave an adamantine scythe him Hermes to behead guided , Medusa Athena Medusa , guided it Athena , guided it Athena , guided it Athena , allowing

guided it , allowing his scythe appears four in She of presented is his "stern ally as She Artistic depictions of show Heracles's apotheosis Athena of show Heracles's apotheosis Athena driving Heracles's apotheosis show him driving Athena show him driving Athena to , wins quickly Athena's favour Odysseus' cunning and shrewd nature reinforce the "protectress her role as Her guiding actions appears Nausicaa's dreams in She to lies ; a herdsman initially she shrewdness , reveals herself she , reveals herself she and reveals herself she and tells disguises an elderly beggar him as She appears also Odysseus's son to Athena lead him Her actions to travel hears some stories about He Athena's push for helps Telemachos's journey him for helps Telemachos's journey him grow helps Telemachos's journey him grow into helps the man role grow into him plays also a role She in described , the Gorgon is Medusa lusted Medusa after Poseidon , recounts " , his "Twelfth Pythian Ode Pindar " , recounts the story Pindar , recounts the story Pindar of recounts the story Pindar of how recounts the story of how Athena to gave , Pindar Athena Pindar , gave the aulos Athena , gave the aulos Athena to gave mortals the aulos to Athena , so threw the aulos she so threw the aulos she away threw the aulos she away and was picked up the satyr Marsyas by picked up the satyr Marsyas by , intervened her son's behalf on Chariclo and appears of Arachne The fable in gave a chance Arachne Athena to wove her victory the scene of Athena depicted also the 12 Olympian gods Athena's tapestry and featured the deities' infidelity twenty-one episodes of Arachne's tapestry represented the gods the unjust and discrediting behavior of It losing destroyed , her temper Athena her temper , destroyed Arachne's tapestry Athena , destroyed Arachne's tapestry Athena and destroyed Arachne's tapestry Athena and loom struck then Arachne Athena across mentioned of the Judgement of Paris is The myth arrived , so this she so arrived a golden apple with she arrived a golden apple with she inscribed

chose the matter to place The goddesses , appeared Paris before the goddesses appeared Paris before the goddesses for resorted , so them they so resorted bribes to they tried Paris to bribe Hera This woman was Helen , who was Helen , who was selected Aphrodite Paris and awarded aids " , the "Iliad Athena " , aids the hero Diomedes Athena , aids the hero Diomedes Athena , Athena aids the hero Diomedes , who aids the hero Diomedes , who , from show the early sixth century may BC the early sixth century show may Athena BC show may Athena BC and mention " also the "Iliad Athena gets also a duel into Athena blames her Ares for encouraging curses her He and strikes picked a massive boulder up Athena and of appears , Troy Athena appears , Troy Athena to , appears Hector to Athena appears Hector to Athena disguised Then , throws his spear Hector , throws his spear Hector at throws Achilles his spear at Hector punishes " , Sophocles's tragedy "Ajax she " , punishes Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she , punishes Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she , punishes Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great she , driving appears classical Greek art frequently in Athena shown is the aegis wearing she shown , Athena Promachos is she shown is a spear brandishing she was of Athena the "Athena Parthenos The most famous classical depiction about condemned ; paganism they paganism ; condemned her they ; condemned her they as condemned her they as " given of Athena were many attributes given to the Virgin Mary , who like tells ; Athena Parthenos one anecdote tells ; Athena Parthenos one anecdote that ; were involving Athena allegorical paintings were involving Athena a favorite allegorical paintings in is , the 1480s Athena the 1480s , is the personification Athena , is the personification Athena of is chastity the personification of Athena used , the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was Athena used was a symbol as Athena ) , portrays Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett , portrays Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett I

portrays Queen Elizabeth Thomas Blennerhassett I of ; goes in the series the final painting goes in the series the final painting even torn of pagan gods were statues transformed was the personification into Athena stands of Athena A statue directly stood of the Parthenon has a full-scale replica In added , 1990 the curators 1990 , added a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica the curators , added a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica the curators of added Phidias's "Athena Parthenos a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica of the curators bears of California the image The Great Seal was of Sigmund Freud's most treasured possessions a small, bronze sculpture One described once Athena Freud as divided ; regard her some feminists ; regard her some feminists as regard a symbol her as some feminists venerated , contemporary Wicca is Athena venerated is an aspect as Athena is exam time traditional at It is the international social fraternity Phi Delta Theta the tutelary goddess of Pallas Athena is " a role-playing game The "Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game created are the two ruling classes members of Most "Amber" characters offered an Amber role-playing game to design Erick Wujcik intended the feel to integrate Wujcik acquired , so a diceless role-playing game Wujcik , so acquired the RPG rights Wujcik so acquired the RPG rights Wujcik to acquired "Amber the RPG rights to Wujcik published was 1991 in The original 256-page game book was published in 1991 by published in 1991 Phage Press by includes the Merlin novels the remaining elements from This supplemental rule book presents novels the second series of The book is of the book a collection The remainder expressed also a desire Wujcik to acquired to the "Amber DRPG" games were The publishing rights were acquired in 2004 by acquired in 2004 Guardians of Order by " secured " a license Rite Publishing secured " a license Rite Publishing from set is the multiverse in The game after is ; the Patternfall war that is ; the Patternfall war that , is the end of the , after that

consists Amber of The "Amber" multiverse , known is the Amber community in latter run −25 from The attributes (normal human level in get ; an auction players an auction ; get 100 character points players ; get 100 character points players , get 100 character points players , and then is with 66 the character is with 66 the character " pay can secretly extra points players simulates a 'history The Auction ' of begin , the competitive Auction may characters , begin may the game characters begin may the game characters vying serves some unpredictability to introduce The auction control can not another player's bids a player of is , warfare the most valuable skill warfare , is the ability the most valuable skill , is the ability the most valuable skill to is the ability the most valuable skill to force result , two or more equally determined players can this result can a "bidding war in this bid points low amounts between one and ten Most players presented with high psyche are Characters faces is , the demon Strygalldwir it is , the demon Strygalldwir it able , feature only mental battles the books feature only mental battles the books when only feature mental battles when there feature mental battles when there is choose , virtually any object can players for are , the items they the items , are a part they , are a part they of are the character's legend a part of they , find can any possible universe a character find can any possible universe a character , find any possible universe , but they become good stuff Unspent character points – a good luck then escape can defeat the weaker character escape can defeat the weaker character or result longer contests in Close ranks while result in longer contests while greater difference try ; Warfare could they reviewed "Amber Loyd Blankenship " in print exists , status a thriving convention scene exists , status a thriving convention scene supporting , exists the game supporting a thriving convention scene Additionally , published 12 volumes Phage Press

, published 12 volumes Phage Press of published a dedicated "Amber DRPG" magazine 12 volumes of Phage Press is chemical elements a mixture of An alloy The resulting substance has properties that often has properties that often differ reduce , some cases may an alloy , reduce may the overall cost an alloy reduce may the overall cost an alloy of In imparts , other cases the mixture other cases , imparts synergistic properties the mixture , imparts synergistic properties the mixture to imparts the constituent metal elements synergistic properties to the mixture Alloys are defined a metallic bonding character by are usually measured mass percentage by usually measured mass percentage by for measured practical applications mass percentage for by is chemical elements a mixture of An alloy is an impure metal distinct from An alloy called is usually the primary metal This , have will much greater strength the resulting aluminium alloy by is , heat treatment steel heat treatment , is one steel , is one steel of is the most useful and common alloys one of steel For is , example pure iron is , example pure iron almost have will usually a saturation point each solid , forms a solid solution the alloy , forms a solid solution the alloy , forms a solid solution the alloy , becoming crystallize first a homogeneous phase as they the first alloys made was humans by made was humans bronze by was humans bronze by , humans was bronze , which was bronze , which is was the ancients an extremely useful alloy to Bronze include pewter Other ancient alloys , brass be made only the carbon content varying by made only the carbon content varying by , is an impure metal technically An alloy , introduced are the base metals from Such impurities For is , instance sulfur instance , is a common impurity sulfur , is a common impurity sulfur in is steel a common impurity in sulfur combines iron readily with Sulfur in is , its liquid state titanium its liquid state , is a very strong solvent titanium

, is a very strong solvent titanium capable is a very strong solvent titanium capable of absorbs , addition readily it , absorbs readily gases it absorbs readily gases it like increases contamination the chance of This of stresses ; the metallic crystals that stresses ; the metallic crystals that often stresses its properties often enhance that iron produces steel , which produces steel , which is is of alloys The electrical and thermal conductivity usually is a result sometimes This of Sometimes exhibit may marked differences alloys exhibit may marked differences alloys in have do not a single melting point most alloys called the solidus , and the temperature added are a base metal to Alloying elements can be work hardened by be work hardened by creating created are plastic deformation during These defects have their properties altered heat treatment by can be softened annealing by be softened annealing by , softened by annealing , which allows the interstices to enter the smaller carbon atoms Such a heat treatment produces a steel that is produces a steel that is rather have will not time the carbon atoms occurs which , in transformation occurs , in which the carbon atoms are ) , forming martensite most heat-treatable alloys ) , are precipitation hardening alloys most heat-treatable alloys , are precipitation hardening alloys most heat-treatable alloys , most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys , that are precipitation hardening alloys , that depend precipitate in these alloys will The solutes ) , form different phases precipitation hardening alloys , form different phases precipitation hardening alloys within form the same crystal different phases within precipitation hardening alloys discovered , 1906 were precipitation hardening alloys precipitation hardening alloys were discovered Alfred Wilm by copper , are heat-treatable alloys that , are heat-treatable alloys that soften are heat-treatable alloys that soften when to tried , some degree Wilm tried , some degree Wilm quenching , tried a ternary alloy quenching Wilm tried a ternary alloy quenching Wilm of retested discovered the next day it he discovered the next day it he that until was , 1919 duralumin

1919 , was one duralumin , was one duralumin of was the first "age hardening" alloys one of duralumin with are , another substance there another substance , are two mechanisms there , there are two mechanisms that there are two mechanisms that can are two mechanisms that can cause plays a primary role in determining which mechanism happens , size usually the atom exchange method called is a "substitutional alloy This " of is , the interstitial mechanism one atom is , the interstitial mechanism one atom usually become the spaces trapped in the smaller atoms is iron meteorites the main constituent of It used , nickel was the alloy In shaped many cultures was it shaped it was many cultures by it was shaped cold hammering by was shaped cold hammering by into shaped knives cold hammering into by was hardest the Copper of became the most important metals one of It learned metals to smelt humans 2500 began , BC people began , BC people alloying , began the two metals alloying people began the two metals alloying people to In began , the Middle East people began , the Middle East people alloying , began copper alloying people began copper alloying people with took the mixture into account Ancient civilizations dissolves many metals Mercury , such used often mercury-tin amalgams The ancient Romans for applied was a paste as The amalgam alloyed purely aesthetic purposes metals for Many ancient civilizations found was often alloyed Gold alloyed were less valuable substances with precious metals Archimedes was commissioned the King of Syracuse by was commissioned the King of Syracuse by to commissioned the King of Syracuse by to find covers alloys a variety of The term pewter As is , a pure metal tin is , a pure metal tin much valued was often higher it alloyed , tin usually workers , alloyed usually it workers alloyed usually it workers with come of pewter The earliest examples from was of pewter The use widespread began of iron The first known smelting in Called produced , the bloomery process it

the bloomery process , produced very soft but ductile wrought iron it spread , 800 BC had iron-making technology spread had Europe to iron-making technology has iron a lower melting point than Pig iron However , found little practical use these metals , found little practical use these metals until found the introduction little practical use until these metals were poor quality of These steels , , began bloomery-steel folding the Japanese began bloomery-steel folding the Japanese and for was , tin the metal was , tin the metal much introduced carbon This method by heating In began , 1740 Benjamin Huntsman began , 1740 Benjamin Huntsman melting , began blister steel melting Benjamin Huntsman began blister steel melting Benjamin Huntsman in in meant the Middle Ages that people meant the Middle Ages that people could began processes to develop people In developed , 1858 Henry Bessemer 1858 , developed a process Henry Bessemer , developed a process Henry Bessemer of developed steel-making a process of Henry Bessemer is iron an alloy of Steel of was , reason the steel industry was , reason the steel industry very , existed steel about almost no metallurgical information existed steel about almost no metallurgical information until in began , 1740 he began , 1740 he experimenting began the addition experimenting with he began various alloys experimenting with many people Called exhibited , mangalloy it mangalloy , exhibited extreme hardness it , exhibited extreme hardness it and exhibited extreme hardness it and toughness was quickly replaced tungsten carbide steel by quickly replaced tungsten carbide steel by , replaced tungsten carbide steel by , developed In used , 1903 the Wright brothers 1903 , used a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers , used a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers to used a chromium-nickel steel the Wright brothers to make from proposed was bauxite by bauxite was proposed Humphry Davy by was proposed Humphry Davy by in proposed 1807 Humphry Davy in by 1855 reached of pure aluminium the first sales reached of pure aluminium the market the first sales most was of which abundant was of which copper abundant

found and limited hardenability their softness these alloys and limited hardenability found little practical use these alloys limited hardenability found little practical use these alloys , found little practical use these alloys , and consisted mainly private individuals of research gone of art have forms come have an end to Movements brought have unforeseen transformations about science and technological innovations Chevreul realized the eye was It realized the eye was It , embraced called broken tones , he by passed , Chevreul’s 1839 treatise Delacroix Chevreul’s 1839 treatise , passed his enthusiasm Delacroix , passed his enthusiasm Delacroix on passed his enthusiasm Delacroix on to aided greatly in this by , invented named John G. Rand a little-known American painter invented named John G. Rand a simple improvement a little-known American painter invented a simple improvement without which the Impressionist movement kept such tubes in Oil paints stayed blue - invented 19th century industrial chemists by seen of French neo-classicism were the careful, hyper-realistic techniques could were that"—these works do were that"—these works misunderstood do secretly supported for twenty years by supported for twenty years the C.I.A. by required for these radical works was the covert C.I.A. support required was these radical works because an attempt hidden was the guise under the program Agrarianism is a political and social philosophy that has is a political and social philosophy that has promoted include of agrarianism European and Chinese philosophers The philosophical roots 農家 ) was a philosophy that ) was a philosophy that advocated was a philosophy peasant utopian communalism advocated that considered , Confucianism was the farmer , considered was an esteemed productive member the farmer considered was an esteemed productive member the farmer of The United States president Thomas Jefferson was an agrarian who based was an agrarian his ideas based who sought the American economy to align The Jeffersonians so was Jefferson's fear that the over-industrialization was Jefferson's fear that the over-industrialization of cease , turn would these workers counter introduced , this Jefferson introduced , this Jefferson , pays ... not a farthing the poor man of Notable agrarian socialists include Emiliano Zapata who was

include Emiliano Zapata a leading figure was who , fought of revolutionaries his group fought of revolutionaries his group on published Ayala Plan of Zapata form would the basis Zapatismo for in is , Spanish EZLN Spanish , is a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group EZLN , EZLN is a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that EZLN is a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that emerged is a far-left libertarian socialist political and militant group that emerged in … When became property the land When became property the land of became the peasants property of the land [ was the starting point ] This was the starting point ] This for of sees , urban workers Maoism urban workers , sees the peasantry Maoism , sees the peasantry Maoism as sees the peasantry Maoism as key saw " , a gun Maoism " , saw the Chinese Peasantry Maoism , saw the Chinese Peasantry Maoism as saw the prime source the Chinese Peasantry as Maoism In launched , 1958 Mao 1958 , launched the Great Leap Forward Mao , launched the Great Leap Forward Mao , launched the Great Leap Forward Mao , a social and economic campaign launched the Great Leap Forward , a social and economic campaign which introduced mandatory collective farming It and forced run were co as The communes persecuted criticised this new system were who forbidden the communes was Leaving and made , crops were efforts instilled , the Anti-Rightist Campaign had Mao , instilled had a mass distrust Mao instilled had a mass distrust Mao of In addition to this the Four Pests Campaign instead , falsified reports they , falsified reports they so falsified reports they so as culminated of this All in culminated in the Great Chinese Famine , which were introduced led the state by introduced led the state by to led the state massive shortages to by to began , the Great Chinese Famine the Chinese President Liu Shaoqi began , the Great Chinese Famine the Chinese President Liu Shaoqi " However , turned the practice Mao

, turned the practice Mao into turned a political crusade the practice into Mao In was , reality it reality , was the Communist Party's attempt it , was the Communist Party's attempt it to was the Communist Party's attempt it to reign did not have the excess resources that not have the excess resources that were have the excess resources that were needed , had " no agricultural experience the so-called "sent-down youth had " no agricultural experience the so-called "sent-down youth and , died of the sent-down youth many died of the sent-down youth many in supported created the People's Republic of China ) by created the People's Republic of China ) their own version by created their own version of the Great Leap Forward which as had , its model it its model , had similarly disastrous effects it , had similarly disastrous effects it , had similarly disastrous effects it , contributing of sought , the Maha Lout Ploh the Khmer Rouge sought , the Maha Lout Ploh the Khmer Rouge to sought an entirely agrarian socialist society to create the Khmer Rouge brought to an end when Cambodia plunged , its agricultural sector still the country plunged still renewed famine into the country appeared first Eastern Europe across Peasant parties advocated land reforms Agrarian parties to redistribute wanted also village cooperatives They to had rarely any power Peasant parties before the 1930s , was a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there , was a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there ) was a Green International (International Agrarian Bureau there ) based came power to BZNS in However , crushed BZNS conservative forces , crushed BZNS conservative forces in crushed a 1923 coup BZNS in conservative forces was the strongest party consistently It , moved its original agrarian base beyond It to In is , France the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party France , is a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party , is a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party , is a moderate conservative, agrarian party the Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition party , reaching

founded was 1908 in the small-holders party became the government part of The party implemented this program They together with after outlawed 1949 was the party outlawed 1949 was the party when became the government part of They In aimed , the late 19th century the Irish National Land League aimed , the late 19th century the Irish National Land League to aimed landlordism to abolish the Irish National Land League , operated the Irish Free State in the Farmers' Party operated the Irish Free State in the Farmers' Party from focused the poor smallholders more on They formed the governing coalition part of They In traces , Poland the Polish People's Party Poland , traces its tradition the Polish People's Party , traces its tradition the Polish People's Party to traces an agrarian party its tradition to the Polish People's Party of came , the communist regime PPP's biggest success came , the communist regime PPP's biggest success in , came 1993 elections in PPP's biggest success came 1993 elections in PPP's biggest success , tends much better results to get PPP merged the National Peasants' Party to become Wallachia monopolized also power The party in promised of Oleh Lyashko has the Radical Party of was 1603 to English, Irish (and thus Welsh) agrarianism was 1603 to English, Irish (and thus Welsh) agrarianism , The heyday was eroded hundreds by was eroded hundreds by of eroded Acts hundreds of by has of net national or local self-sufficiency a strong base A high level In the 19th century included Peelites such empowered advocates the 19th century included Peelites such empowered advocates and included Peelites such empowered advocates and most Conservatives saw the growth The 20th century or start seen has decarbonisation The 21st century already promoted aggressively agrarianism The New Zealand Liberal Party in ruled and aristocracy Britain The landed gentry had never an aristocracy New Zealand but ; is wealthy the it is wealthy the it and , shows , the real political position Sir shows , the real political position Sir of was a large class to create The Liberal strategy

established also the basis The Liberal government of purchased also large estate holders from The government provided low-interest mortgages , and the agriculture department proclaimed success The Liberals in forging built support up The policy for concentrates the fundamental goods on Agrarianism of Angles formed lie two rays by formed lie two rays by in lie two rays the plane in by two rays lie in the plane that lie in the plane that contains are also formed the intersection by also formed the intersection by of formed two planes the intersection of by is the length the ratio of This measure centered , a geometric angle is the arc centered is the vertex at the arc are " ; "corner cognate words " ; are the Greek cognate words ; are the Greek cognate words "(ankylοs are the Greek cognate words "(ankylοs ) defines the inclination a plane angle as Euclid be , Proclus must an angle , be must either a quality an angle be must either a quality an angle or In is , mathematical expressions it is , mathematical expressions it common also be identified the labels by be identified the labels by attached identified the labels by attached to in is , many geometrical situations it is , many geometrical situations it obvious is context obvious from it formed , a point are four angles characterized is usually a geometric angle by is usually characterized the magnitude by usually characterized the magnitude by of characterized the smallest rotation the magnitude of by defined of angular measurement are Most units defined are angular measurement such that one turn " is " the angle radian is " the angle radian subtended " is the angle subtended by is the angle subtended an arc by is angular measurement the derived quantity of The radian By is , definition it definition , is dimensionless it , is dimensionless it , is dimensionless it , though is dimensionless , though it are of the degree minute (symbol ′ Subdivisions used angles to represent Other units is typically defined its two sides by

typically defined its two sides by , defined its two sides by , with is " the positive x on The "initial side is of −"θ " an angle is as −45 ° represented used , Riemannian geometry is the metric tensor is a hyperbolic function an argument of A hyperbolic angle Unlike is , the circular angle the hyperbolic angle is , the circular angle the hyperbolic angle unbounded alternating are just series forms the circular ones measure the "angular separation Astronomers " of measure also the "apparent size Astronomers " For has , example the full moon example , has an angular diameter the full moon , has an angular diameter the full moon of has approximately 0.5 an angular diameter of the full moon is physics a branch of Acoustics is a branch of physics that is an acoustician while someone Hearing is the most crucial means of one is the most crucial means of one of , spreads of acoustics the science spreads of acoustics the science across is "sonic The Latin synonym " , the 6th century wanted , BC the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted , BC the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras to sound of a certain length would a string wrote and engineer Vitruvius a treatise the Roman architect describes " ) ("The Ten Books of Architecture Vitruvius " ) describes sound Vitruvius ) describes sound Vitruvius as describes a wave sound as Vitruvius advanced of acoustical processes The physical understanding rapidly was made during the eighteenth century by made during the eighteenth century Euler by the nineteenth century were of mathematical acoustics the major figures were of mathematical acoustics Helmholtz the major figures saw technological applications a burgeoning of The twentieth century was architectural acoustics Sabine's groundbreaking work in The first such application played and the telephone important roles Sound recording reached and analysis new levels Sound measurement enabled application wholly new kinds of The ultrasonic frequency range Acoustics is defined ASA S1.1 by is defined ASA S1.1 by - defined ASA S1.1 by - 2013 (b) Those qualities of a room that ,

are cause many kinds of There are transduction process many kinds of There are many kinds of transduction process that There is one fundamental equation that describes is one fundamental equation sound wave propagation describes that carries the propagating medium energy throughout The wave is in the acoustical process wave propagation The central stage falls the domain within This of looks the pressure levels first at Acoustics , propagate disturbances as sound waves propagate disturbances as sound waves in sampled , acoustic measurement are acoustic signals sampled are time in acoustic signals falls between 20 Hz The audio range and 20,000 Hz has applications a number of This range refers the very high frequencies to The ultrasonic range : This range has shorter wavelengths which allow has shorter wavelengths better resolution allow which known , the spectrum are the lowest frequencies known are the infrasonic range as the lowest frequencies is a device A transducer for converting In means , an electroacoustic context this means , an electroacoustic context this converting , means sound energy converting this means sound energy converting this into include loudspeakers Electroacoustic transducers , microphones convert a sound wave These devices to or ) , are electromagnetic devices that , are electromagnetic devices that generate are electromagnetic devices waves generate that strikes moves , the microphone's diaphragm it moves , the microphone's diaphragm it and moves a voltage change and induces it are acoustician many types of There possess acoustics a degree in Some requires in acoustics a good grounding Much work work research in Many acoustic scientists and conduct basic research Some to advance advance understanding Other acoustic scientists of how advance understanding of how sound listed of work are Other areas focused of acoustics are Archaeological theories of are ; the cave they are ; the cave they both is noise the study of Aeroacoustics applied is acoustical engineering in This knowledge is acoustic signals the electronic manipulation of Acoustic signal processing involves typically the study It of are hospitals Commonly studied environments , classrooms concerned is the recording with This subdiscipline concerned is noise with Environmental acoustics

is of these studies The main aim to discovered , psychoacoustics was it study the production Acousticians , processing are and Speech synthesis two important areas Speech recognition deals sounds with Ultrasonics at is the scientific study Underwater acoustics of natural is physics the field of Atomic physics is the field of physics that the processes by which these arrangements change be , many scientific fields can strict delineation considers primarily atoms Atomic physics in consist will a single nucleus of Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that consist of a single nucleus that may seem realistic , if one form the nucleus notional shells around Electrons said populate a shell are that forms the texts a part of It At was , this stage it was , this stage it n't was what n't clear it was n't clear what atoms marked of atomic physics is The true beginning of marked is atomic physics by atomic physics is marked the discovery by is marked the discovery by of marked spectral lines the discovery of by led of these lines The study to revealed of matter was an entirely new mathematical model advanced , the Second World War have both theoretical and experimental fields advanced have a rapid pace at both theoretical and experimental fields ASL ) is a natural language that ) is a natural language that serves is a natural language that serves as ASL is a complete and organized visual language that is is a complete and organized visual language that is expressed originated the early 19th century in ASL in has propagated widely schools by propagated widely schools by for have phonemic components a number of ASL signs is a form not ASL of has verbal agreement ASL and aspectual marking believe a subject–verb–object (SVO) language to be ASL created was that situation in ASL was created in that situation by created in that situation language contact by proposed that a creole is ASL There are modality-specific reasons that sign languages are modality-specific reasons that sign languages tend override might creole characteristics That such as is , a common oral and written language ASL

is , a common oral and written language ASL not show borrowing degrees of All three languages growing is popularity in American Sign Language have a very distinct culture , and they reflect and hand movements what Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they hand movements reflect what they are reflect what they are communicating had been used various communities by been used various communities by in used the United States various communities in by historically employed ad hoc home sign , which employed ad hoc home sign , which often of had , genetic deafness Chilmark genetic deafness , had a high 4% rate Chilmark , had a high 4% rate Chilmark of had genetic deafness a high 4% rate of Chilmark the school was founded the Yale graduate and divinity student Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet by chose the methods to adopt Gallaudet were 44 students also There from brought their own home signs knowledge of Other students founded for the deaf were More schools , bolstered of Deaf community organizations the rise bolstered of Deaf community organizations the continued use the rise and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted held national conventions signers attracted that , was in deaf education the predominant method was in deaf education oralism the predominant method of achieved was ASL by ASL was achieved William Stokoe by was achieved William Stokoe by , achieved William Stokoe by , a linguist of argued , the 1960s Stokoe argued , the 1960s Stokoe for , argued manualism for Stokoe argued manualism for Stokoe , so , revolutionized both deaf education Stokoe , revolutionized both deaf education Stokoe and revolutionized both deaf education Stokoe and linguistics is the number of ASL signers Counting is ASL signers difficult because ASL users provided and Delk estimates Schein reach ; 500,000 can such mistaken estimations misquote Schein Those figures and Delk used is Anglo-America throughout ASL contrasts Europe with That , signed , West Africa are ASL-based sign languages ASL-based sign languages are signed educated Deaf adults by

are often considered associations by often considered associations by to considered associations by to be found are Benin in Such signing systems reported , the aforementioned West African countries is ASL tend from the South Signers to concludes on that phenomenon often Research concludes often that phenomenon that the fast-paced production concludes that signers for the fast-paced production be in finger spelling production can Slight differences Additionally, signers American Sign Language learned who as show of their native language may qualities include of that varied production finger spelling Some examples have learn American Sign Language also who popularly , are variants there , are variants there of are the signs variants of there account of residential Deaf schools can The prevalence serve often students Deaf schools of have did not much access Native signers found of ASL are Varieties is among those ASL varieties Mutual intelligibility high For are , example there example , are three different words there , are three different words there for are English three different words for there is a distinct variety also There of evolved a result as Black ASL of differs standard ASL from Black ASL in than is , standard English Black ASL is , standard English Black ASL more use more two-handed signs Black sign language speakers than in is has ASL origins , which use , English speakers often ASL-speakers exist of PSE Various types , grow with Usher's syndrome often those In published , 2013 the White House 2013 , published a response the White House , published a response the White House to published a petition a response to the White House published a response to a petition that associated sign languages with Stigmas and associated with sign languages and the use Unlike acquire , many deaf children CODAs many deaf children , acquire ASL CODAs , acquire ASL CODAs as acquire ASL CODAs as well for dates , ASL written sign language dates , ASL written sign language back , dates almost two centuries back written sign language seems for a sign language The first systematic writing system to

remained the public marginal among written sign language In created , the 1960s linguist William Stokoe the 1960s , created Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe , created Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe specifically created Stokoe notation linguist William Stokoe specifically for 1974 is Valerie Sutton , by is Valerie Sutton , the first writing system by consists more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs of SignWriting /glyphs , is use in it is use in it in has printed both a Sutton SignWriting to is , some researchers SignWriting is , some researchers SignWriting not , is a phonemic orthography not SignWriting is a phonemic orthography not SignWriting and has Wikimedia Labs an open project on The SignWriting community is among academics HamNoSys The most widely used transcription system expanded , Stokoe Notation was HamNoSys expanded was about 200 graphs to HamNoSys been has also a proposal There also been a proposal that they been a proposal that they are /3/ are distinguished the presence by are distinguished the presence by or distinguished the presence by or absence has allophony and phonotactic restrictions processes of ASL has verbal inflection a rich system of ASL marked , example is continuous aspect is marked rhythmic, circular movement incorporating by marked rhythmic, circular movement incorporating by , agree may both the subject with Verbs has classifiers a productive system of ASL executed is a bouncy manner with the path composed are a "classifier handshape of classifiers represents a whole the object as The classifier handshape possesses 26 signs a set of ASL make the 19 handshapes use of Such signs is borrowing a form of Fingerspelling used , ASL is fingerspelling used is proper nouns for fingerspelling There are also some other loan words which are also some other loan words which are Those properties of allow ASL it of allow ASL it a allow ASL it a variety There are several other proposals that attempt are several other proposals that attempt to is that ASL like languages , that are a transparent imitation they that are a transparent imitation they of are what a transparent imitation of they

are a transparent imitation of what they In bear , fact many signs fact , bear no resemblance many signs , bear no resemblance many signs to bear their referent no resemblance to many signs ; resemble of signs a high percentage resemble of signs their referents a high percentage assumed that form between the mapping was them to treat the Saussurean approach shown has ASL that children is a similar finding That to research In is , computing an applet computing , is any small application an applet , an applet is any small application that an applet is any small application that performs is any small application one specific task performs that are transient and auxiliary applications typical examples of Applets are typical examples of transient and auxiliary applications that downloaded and executed the user by capture could mouse input They and to change the user action could an applet the user action change could the provided graphic content an applet were online applet collections There for studying be could also a text area An applet , leave could the dedicated area an applet leave could the dedicated area an applet and were , so the applet dedicated area they HTML pages could embed parameters that could embed parameters that were embed parameters that were passed A Java applet is a Java program that is is a Java program that is launched takes server code from It provide can web applications It with provide web applications with interactive features that can be executed browsers by be executed browsers by running executed browsers by running under transferred , an applet is the applet's code transferred is the client's system to the applet's code provide in an open platform environment should Applets infect can a computer system A malicious applet in is for malicious applets A typical solution to is malicious applets to make the web browser upon propose , historical fact alternative history stories propose , historical fact alternative history stories " of feature , science fiction alternative history stories science fiction , feature the tropes alternative history stories , feature the tropes alternative history stories of

feature time travel the tropes of alternative history stories and identify " the alternate history genre "Uchronie identify " the alternate history genre "Uchronie , is fiction a genre of Alternative history requires three conditions An alternate history : (i fictional , documents events that , documents events that might documents events that might have found of alternate (or counterfactual) history is The earliest example contemplated which an alternative 4th century BC in Livy contemplated an alternative 4th century BC in which Alexander the Great posited of counterfactual history was Another example of posited was counterfactual history by counterfactual history was posited cardinal by was posited cardinal by and posited cardinal by and Doctor raise , an objection as [own] judgment destroy can certainly all things He can certainly destroy all things that certainly destroy all things that have destroy all things that have been come can that about it is Joanot Martorell's 1490 epic romance "Tirant lo Blanch " , which tells the knight the story of It becomes a Megaduke He and commander In is , the English language the first known complete alternate history the English language , is Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history , is Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history "P.'s Correspondence is Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story the first known complete alternate history "P.'s Correspondence " seem in English would The first novel-length alternate history , is " another attempt "Aristopia is " another attempt "Aristopia to In published , 1905 H. G. Wells 1905 , published "A Modern Utopia H. G. Wells , published "A Modern Utopia H. G. Wells " introduced a person the idea of This book undergo the alternate world various adventures in The protagonists In collected , 1931 British historian Sir John Squire 1931 , collected a series British historian Sir John Squire , collected a series British historian Sir John Squire of collected essays a series of British historian Sir John Squire range serious scholarly efforts from The essays to was the influences one of Churchill's essay parodied James Thurber alternate history stories The American humorist author about

than is , Earth Utopia is , Earth Utopia some 3000 years describes alternative worlds a multiverse of Wells In moved , the 1930s alternate history moved , the 1930s alternate history into , moved a new arena into alternate history examined attempted , reasonably-straightforward divergences Leinster reasonably-straightforward divergences , attempted something Leinster , attempted something Leinster completely attempted something Leinster completely different , traded of Earth pieces traded of Earth places pieces A somewhat similar approach was taken Robert A. Heinlein by was taken Robert A. Heinlein by in taken his 1941 novelette "Elsewhen Robert A. Heinlein in by hypnotizes then his students He so hypnotizes his students so that they each settles into the reality that settles into the reality that is saw around World War II also The period lives " , Bring the Jubilee the protagonist , lives an alternate history in the protagonist lives an alternate history in the protagonist in employed this subgenre Fredric Brown to satirize involve would naturally many worlds the "many world" theory proliferate , quantum theory would new worlds proliferate would every quantum event with new worlds succeed who made you the same decision What do the better increases for you do the portion for the better increases you further developed in the 1960s by developed in the 1960s Keith Laumer by presents a multiverse of secretive cross-time societies that include may speculation Such "paratime" stories that may include speculation that the laws include speculation that the laws of of is , step there step , is functional magic there , is functional magic there in is the fair world functional magic in there feature forces conflicts between Poul Anderson's "Time Patrol" stories describes a world in which Carthage published ; the earliest alternate history novels was it was published Fantastic Stories of the Imagination " by published Fantastic Stories of the Imagination " by " is an alternate history in which Nazi Germany contains "alternate-alternate" history an example of This book as takes , a puppet Nazi Germany a puppet , takes the East Coast Nazi Germany , takes the East Coast Nazi Germany of

takes the United States the East Coast of Nazi Germany is a story of incest that believe that a counter to the references set his novel Kingsley Amis , "The Alteration explores that point world history from Robinson follows a murder case a Jewish detective solving The story borrows the noir heavily from Chabon " What Might Have Been " series edited by What Might Have Been " series edited Gregory Benford by , began called "Captain Confederacy" a sixteen-part epic comic book series began called "Captain Confederacy" a sixteen-part epic comic book series examining began examining a world where the Confederate States of America been , the late 1990s has Harry Turtledove , been has the most prolific practitioner Harry Turtledove been has the most prolific practitioner Harry Turtledove of include Timeline 191 (a.k.a. Southern Victory those of His books , in won which the Nazis in which won World War II the Nazis which won World War II the Nazis ; won World War II the Nazis ; and Perhaps focuses in popular alternate history the most incessantly explored theme focuses in popular alternate history the most incessantly explored theme on in is , others there others , is a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there , is a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there comparable is a Nazi/Japanese Cold War there comparable to posited have points Several writers of In made , Jo Walton's "Small Change" series the United Kingdom Jo Walton's "Small Change" series , made peace the United Kingdom , made peace the United Kingdom with made Hitler peace with the United Kingdom instead , wrote a trilogy they , wrote a trilogy they about wrote the American Civil War a trilogy about they A recent time traveling involves splitter variant entire communities traveling involves splitter variant entire communities being involves splitter variant entire communities being shifted transported are the present from These communities wrote the Sea of Time" trilogy the "Island in S. M. Stirling John Birmingham's "Axis of Time" trilogy deals with the culture shock when a United Nations naval task force , depicts " a failed US government experiment Robert Charles Wilson's "Mysterium

Robert Charles Wilson's "Mysterium " depicts a failed US government experiment which " depicts a failed US government experiment which transports depicts a failed US government experiment a small American town transports which " , introduces anachronisms Jason Barker , introduces anachronisms Jason Barker into introduces the life anachronisms into Jason Barker of writes , the novel Nina Power writes , the novel Nina Power of writes Jenny’s 'utopian' desire of " Nina Power take of straight fantasy and science fantasy place Many works present which a secret history in Some present a secret history in which the modern day set are Renaissance in Many ambiguous alternate/secret histories is are and history the fairy folk are and history the fairy folk real takes itself place The novel in of systemizes : divergence a monk divergence : systemizes magic a monk : systemizes magic a monk rather systemizes magic a monk rather than takes " by Susanna Clarke Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell Thus embraced perfectly ordinary these gifts as the early American colonists embraced perfectly ordinary these gifts as the early American colonists , is of the continent The political division considerably makes a secret history of effective magic positing a secret history of makes effective magic this of makes effective magic this an makes effective magic this an alternate in becomes , contemporary times the distinction becomes , contemporary times the distinction clear becomes alternate history clear between the distinction makes and other modern countries the United States it clarifies the result this as The sequel applies this theory Henry Moseley to " shades other fantasy subgenres off into Alternate history been has long a staple Alternate history Ryō Hanmura's 1973 "Musubi no Yama Hiroku " 400 years recreated which explores ' a female-dominated world Another TV show in by is , role-playing games alternate history is , role-playing games alternate history also , is an intriguing backdrop also alternate history is an intriguing backdrop also alternate history for is of an alternate history game A famous example ' in presents , 1996 the game 1996 , presents a point the game

, presents a point the game of presents divergence a point of the game In guides , the "Civilization" series the player the "Civilization" series , guides a civilization the player , guides a civilization the player from guides prehistory a civilization from the player Several scenarios recreate a particular period , which recreate a particular period , which becomes " is " one example Crimson Skies is " one example Crimson Skies of The game portrays " a situation "Freedom Fighters portrays " a situation "Freedom Fighters similar is of divergence The point during is of divergence The point several months is an alternate history first-person shooter in which Winston Churchill Therefore , lacks the charismatic leader Great Britain , lacks the charismatic leader Great Britain needed lacks the charismatic leader Great Britain needed to conquers later the rest Germany of is involving Nazis Another alternate history game ' is ' in which Hitler set of computer role-playing games is The "Fallout" series set in a divergent US , whose history invented , example was fusion power Many game series by start the Swedish developer Paradox Interactive by start the Swedish developer Paradox Interactive at the Swedish developer start a concise point at Paradox Interactive start a concise point at Paradox Interactive in made of alternate history have Fans quantum mechanics , is a mathematical function an atomic orbital , is a mathematical function an atomic orbital describing is the location and wave-like behavior a mathematical function describing an atomic orbital characterized in an atom is Each orbital in characterized is an atom by an atom is characterized a set by is characterized a set by of characterized values a set of by are often labeled the associated harmonic polynomials by often labeled the associated harmonic polynomials by ( labeled the associated harmonic polynomials by ( e.g. can be occupied a maximum by be occupied a maximum by of occupied two electrons a maximum of by derived are the description from They are derived from the description by derived from the description early spectroscopists by are the atomic orbital model the basic building blocks of Atomic orbitals

be might that An analogy of describe exactly the shape Atomic orbitals of are the Schrodinger equation an approximate solution to They approximated see an expansion ( by see an expansion ( configuration interaction expansion by called of these one-electron functions are The spatial components also speaks , their spin component one speaks , their spin component one of , speaks atomic spin orbitals of one speaks atomic spin orbitals of one . is a function actually A state of In correspond , atomic physics the atomic spectral lines correspond , atomic physics the atomic spectral lines to , correspond transitions to the atomic spectral lines correspond transitions to the atomic spectral lines ( means that a clear higher weight have the corresponding Slater determinants is a key concept therefore The atomic orbital concept for say , example can one say can a given transition for one say for a given transition that it Fundamentally , is a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital , is a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital , is a one-electron wave function an atomic orbital , even made of computers has the advent of made has computers STOs made has computers STOs preferable made atoms preferable for STOs " was coined Robert Mulliken by was coined Robert Mulliken by in coined 1932 Robert Mulliken in by convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier Niels Bohr by argued at least 19 years earlier Niels Bohr by , in became , 1897 it became , 1897 it clear tempted within atoms many The newly discovered structure after predicted , Thomson's discovery Hantaro Nagaoka Thomson's discovery , predicted a different model Hantaro Nagaoka , predicted a different model Hantaro Nagaoka for predicted electronic structure a different model for Hantaro Nagaoka took Nagaoka's work notice of Few people In discovered , 1909 Ernest Rutherford discovered , 1909 Ernest Rutherford that discovered that the atomic mass of the bulk became his analysis clear from It permitted automatically only certain values This constraint of was that discrete lines contained these atomic spectra was of the Bohr model The significance that

of was the Bohr model that it was the Bohr model that it related was that the lines related it was immediately superseded the full three-dimensional wave mechanics by immediately superseded the full three-dimensional wave mechanics by of superseded 1926 the full three-dimensional wave mechanics of by explain did not similarities this explains terms this in Modern quantum mechanics Thus hold can one or two electrons the "n" = 1 state hold can one or two electrons the "n" = 1 state , hold one or two electrons , while the "n" = 2 state discovered noted , his uncertainty principle Bohr noted , his uncertainty principle Bohr that noted that any sort of the existence with is , waves it waves , is the formation it , is the formation it of is such a wave packet the formation of it is the formation of such a wave packet which in requires , space the associated compressed wave packet space , requires a larger and larger range the associated compressed wave packet , requires a larger and larger range the associated compressed wave packet of requires momenta a larger and larger range of the associated compressed wave packet noted that Heisenberg's relation of the consequence give did not exact results The new quantum mechanics The exponent shows the number y of shows electrons the number of y indicates , example 2p4 the notation indicates that an atom of the 2p subshell has 3 orbitals This subshell , each given , this system is the principal quantum number , given is a letter the principal quantum number given is a letter the principal quantum number associated The simplest atomic orbitals are those that are are those that are calculated of are , one negative and one positive particle the atomic orbitals one negative and one positive particle , are the eigenstates the atomic orbitals , are the eigenstates the atomic orbitals of are the Hamiltonian operator the eigenstates of the atomic orbitals are of multi-electron atoms Orbitals " A given (hydrogen-like) atomic orbital is identified unique values by is identified unique values by of

identified three quantum numbers unique values of by not fully described a single orbital by are best represented time-depending "mixtures by best represented time-depending "mixtures by " represented time-depending "mixtures by " (linear combinations appeared first the Bohr model in The quantum number appeared in the Bohr model where it be uniquely defined a set by uniquely defined a set by of defined integers a set of by describes the electron the energy of The principal quantum number be , fact can it , be can any positive integer it be can any positive integer it , describes each electron the orbital angular momentum of The azimuthal quantum number For has , instance the  shell instance , has only orbitals the  shell , has only orbitals the  shell with has formula 6 only orbitals with the  shell represents a subshell Each cell , and are usually identified their formula 16- and formula 10-values by formula 16 is represented its numerical value by is represented its numerical value by , represented its numerical value by , but has also a spin quantum number Each electron , states that an atom in no two electrons imply a preferred axis The above conventions ( for Otherwise be would no sense there be would no sense there in given are new names The orbitals based However include a phase factor some quantum physicists in include these definitions a phase factor in some quantum physicists intended showing orbital shapes are Simple pictures show can not the entire region The diagrams not show the entire region where an electron show the entire region where an electron can Instead are approximate representations the diagrams of are boundary or contour surfaces approximate representations of the diagrams tend less spherical, thinner lobes to have orbital graphs For each are two standing wave solutions there each are two standing wave solutions there and For the case where there are are only radial modes There and the shape is , the given smaller the is the more radial nodes , smaller smaller is , the more radial nodes there is , the more radial nodes there are

is , the given smaller the is the fewer radial nodes , smaller smaller is , the fewer radial nodes there is , the fewer radial nodes there are Loosely is energy speaking , is energy speaking , is speaking , determines the size the number , determines the size the number and determines the size the number and energy depends , complex numbers sometimes the shape roughly is ( a solid ball it is ( a solid ball it most are for all numbers the only orbitals The s-orbitals , been has an effort there been has an effort there to have for the form The three p-orbitals of oriented in each shell are The three p-orbitals look of the five d-orbitals for Four are are — the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes the lobes are — the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes the lobes between — are the pairs between the lobes are the pairs between the lobes of as is the s orbitals with the case is the s orbitals with the case , s provides , orbitals this phenomenon orbitals , provides p this phenomenon , provides p this phenomenon , provides p this phenomenon , d each coexist , other the orbitals coexist , other the orbitals around , coexist the nucleus around the orbitals coexist the nucleus around the orbitals at shows the real hydrogen-like wave functions all orbital configurations for This table shown are − and + wave function phases with " graphs lies for this correspondence The basic reason in lies in the fact that the distribution correspond a node to These at are of non-s orbitals The non radial-symmetry properties necessary , tend in the drum head waves tend in the drum head waves to is determined mainly formula 16 by has the atom the lowest possible energy in The formula 33 orbital has of formula 16 a higher level Each successively higher value , becomes of energy the level becomes of energy the level so broken is a slight extent to This approximation , depends of an electron the energy depends of an electron the energy not

depend the detail on These interactions of for is , instance the 2p state is , instance the 2p state higher is the 2s state higher than the 2p state represents formula 16 a subshell with Each cell is in the cell the subshell's position The number govern electrons the placement of Several rules The first dictates that an atom in no two electrons These quantum numbers include the three that include the three that define , occupy may a single orbital two electrons occupy may a single orbital two electrons , lose will eventually energy The electron is the structure responsible for This behavior consists " , i it , consists elements of it it consists of elements whose outermost electrons consists of elements whose outermost electrons fall have belonging to a given block The elements a given block have this common feature : their highest-energy electrons have this common feature : their highest-energy electrons all For constitute , instance the leftmost two columns instance , constitute the 's-block the leftmost two columns , constitute the 's-block the leftmost two columns ' , become of relativity the effects become of relativity the effects more the atomic number , is the fine-structure constant formula 49 , is the fine-structure constant formula 49 , is the fine-structure constant formula 49 , and first pointed out the physicist by pointed out the physicist by Richard Feynman fails the exact critical value to predict Feynman's approximation to means , atomic orbitals this means , atomic orbitals this that means that states between the energy differences has   1 a fixed energy state happen if state in an electron , suppose the atom irradiate we suppose the atom irradiate we with will be absorbed the electron by be absorbed the electron by in absorbed state the electron in by not be absorbed the electron by be absorbed the electron by , absorbed the electron by , because is that a specific frequency of only photons predicts thus line spectra The atomic orbital model , thus predicts line spectra , which predicts line spectra , which are

is an approximation nevertheless The atomic orbital model to Amino acids are organic compounds that contain are organic compounds amino contain that ; relate polarity to other categories relate polarity to other categories , of form , proteins amino acid residues proteins , form the second-largest component amino acid residues , form the second-largest component amino acid residues ( amino acid residues form the second-largest component ( water form the second-largest component ( water is discovered were the early 19th century in The first few amino acids isolated a compound from asparagus that discovered was 1810 in Cystine recognized of the chemical category was The unity of recognized was the chemical category by the chemical category was recognized Wurtz by was recognized Wurtz by in recognized 1865 Wurtz in by referred - the α are carbon include proline These and hydroxyproline called the past were often they called were often "imino acids they have of amino acids the structure The common natural forms is the ("S to use An alternative convention has two chiral centers Threonine , not only the L have side-chains aromatic ring structures as Three amino acids are side-chains three amino acids with There are three amino acids with side-chains that called are commonly "basic amino acids They In exist at moderate pH aqueous solution amino acids exist at moderate pH aqueous solution amino acids as At are physiological pH " the so-called "neutral forms are physiological pH " the so-called "neutral forms not protonated and an ammonio carboxylic acid becomes the structure is enzymes relevant for This are that aspartate and glutamate Notice and glutamate are the principal groups that glutamate are the principal groups that act are the principal groups that act as Likewise include " one (histidine the so-called "basic amino acids include " one (histidine the so-called "basic amino acids ) " include one (histidine ) that include one (histidine ) that acts amino acids with predominates uncharged side-chains the zwitterion with predominates uncharged side-chains the zwitterion at uncharged side-chains predominates pH values at the zwitterion predominates pH values at the zwitterion between is of all forms present average net charge

involved of the side chain is the p"K"a with is , negative side chains the terminal amino group is , negative side chains the terminal amino group essentially have electrophoresis zero mobility in Amino acids influence protein structure These properties and protein tend their hydrophobic residues to have The water-soluble proteins tend outer rings to have The integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic amino acids a patch of Some peripheral membrane proteins undergo posttranslational modifications a range of Many proteins produce can hydrophobic lipoproteins Some modifications , allow of modification the reversible targeting These type used , the specific amino acid codes are placeholders used are cases in placeholders used in cases where chemical or crystallographic analysis In have , addition many nonstandard amino acids addition , have a specific code many nonstandard amino acids is Pyz–Phe Bortezomib – boroLeu of are , protein structure photo-reactive amino acid analogs are , protein structure photo-reactive amino acid analogs available They include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids , which include the 22 proteinogenic ("protein-building") amino acids , which combine is porphyrins a biosynthetic precursor to Glycine used is lipid transport in Carnitine called are essential " Nine proteinogenic amino acids of are , their biological significance amino acids are , their biological significance amino acids important are nutrition important in amino acids are proteins the precursors to Amino acids join condensation reactions by They to encoded called DNA/RNA genetic material is by called DNA/RNA genetic material is "translation by encoded , these are 20 20 are encoded the universal genetic code by are incorporated into proteins by incorporated into proteins unique synthetic mechanisms by Pyrrolysine is used some methanogenic archaea by is used some methanogenic archaea by in used enzymes some methanogenic archaea in by called are "nonstandard Other amino acids " are selenocysteine The two nonstandard proteinogenic amino acids ( present is of these nonstandard amino acids The incorporation rare For include , example 25 human proteins example , include selenocysteine 25 human proteins , include selenocysteine 25 human proteins in include their primary structure selenocysteine in 25 human proteins known , the 22 proteinogenic amino acids are many "non-proteinogenic" amino acids

in formed are proteins by proteins are formed post-translational modification by are formed post-translational modification by , formed by post-translational modification , which , allows of glutamate the carboxylation allows of glutamate the carboxylation for is hypusine the formation of Another example include 2-aminoisobutyric acid Examples and the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid occur often intermediates as Non-proteinogenic amino acids is of transamidation a keto acid The other product of transamidation is a keto acid that transamidation is a keto acid that enters is a keto acid the citric acid cycle enters that The metabolic pathways these monomers synthesize that pathways these monomers synthesize that are used are defenses as Some nonstandard amino acids For is , example canavanine example , is an analogue canavanine , is an analogue canavanine of is arginine an analogue of canavanine is an analogue of arginine that protects predators the plants from This amino acid found is other species in The non-protein amino acid mimosine used are a variety for Amino acids is a major consumer also The food industry of used are pharmaceutical industry in some amino acids derivatives are codons Nullomers that in This creates some sequences that do creates some sequences that do not are low-cost feedstocks important as Amino acids is of such materials An interesting example polyaspartate is polyaspartate , a water-soluble biodegradable polymer that relies of amino acids usually The commercial production usually relies on mutant bacteria that relies on mutant bacteria that overproduce Some amino acids are produced enzymatic conversions by are produced enzymatic conversions by of produced synthetic intermediates enzymatic conversions of by is intermediate an 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid in For use , other amino acids plants other amino acids , use transaminases plants , use transaminases plants to use transaminases plants to move For glutamate , example aspartate aminotransferase converts glutamate , example aspartate aminotransferase converts and synthesize and plants many uncommon amino acids Microorganisms For make , example some microbes example , make 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes , make 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes and make 2-aminoisobutyric acid some microbes and lanthionine found of these amino acids are Both

react , bonds can one amino acid molecule react can another with one amino acid molecule This polymerization of is amino acids what of is amino acids what creates amino acids is proteins creates what yields the newly formed peptide bond This condensation reaction and a molecule is first activated attachment by first activated attachment by to activated a transfer attachment to by produced is an ATP-dependent reaction in This aminoacyl-tRNA is a substrate then This aminoacyl-tRNA for formed are this way in not all peptide bonds synthesized , a few cases are peptides peptides are synthesized specific enzymes by For is , example the tripeptide glutathione example , is an essential part the tripeptide glutathione , is an essential part the tripeptide glutathione of is the defenses an essential part of the tripeptide glutathione synthesized is two steps in This peptide synthesized , chemistry are peptides peptides are synthesized a variety by are synthesized a variety by of synthesized reactions a variety of by added are sequence in These involves of an amino acid often Degradation involves transaminases This process , often , produce can uric acid amino acid degradation produce can uric acid amino acid degradation or pyruvate , example to serine dehydratase converts serine formed is mainly organic matter by is mainly formed the amino groups by mainly formed the amino groups by in formed proteins the amino groups in by is (TKN ) a measure The Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen raised was southern England in Turing graduated King's College at He , at published , Cambridge he Cambridge , published a proof he , published a proof he demonstrating published a proof he demonstrating that In obtained , 1938 he 1938 , obtained his PhD he , obtained his PhD he from obtained the Department of Mathematics his PhD from he During worked , the Second World War Turing worked , the Second World War Turing for , worked the Government Code for Turing worked the Government Code for Turing and For a time led Hut 8 he a time led Hut 8 he , led Hut 8 he , the

Here , devised a number he , devised a number he of devised techniques a number of he After worked , the war Turing worked , the war Turing at , worked the National Physical Laboratory at Turing worked the National Physical Laboratory at Turing , In joined , 1948 Turing 1948 , joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing , joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing , joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory Turing , at wrote the chemical basis a paper on He prosecuted was 1952 in Turing accepted DES, so-called chemical castration hormone treatment with He following made , an Internet campaign British Prime Minister Gordon Brown an Internet campaign , made an official public apology British Prime Minister Gordon Brown , made an official public apology British Prime Minister Gordon Brown on made behalf an official public apology on British Prime Minister Gordon Brown granted a posthumous pardon Turing Queen Elizabeth II in died 1954 in Turing , has statues an extensive legacy with Turing appears the current Bank of England £50 note on He , appears on the current Bank of England £50 note , which born was Maida Vale in Turing was a clergyman the son of Turing's father brought with the ICS the family Julius's work moved , so Britain they so moved Maida Vale to they moved Maida Vale to they , during travelled , Turing's childhood years his parents travelled , Turing's childhood years his parents between , travelled Hastings between his parents travelled Hastings between his parents in At stayed , Hastings Turing stayed , Hastings Turing at , stayed Baston Lodge at Turing stayed Baston Lodge at Turing , in showed , life Turing life , showed signs Turing , showed signs Turing of showed the genius signs of Turing purchased Guildford a house in His parents enrolled St Michael's him at Turing's parents educated was Hazelhurst Preparatory School at Turing at went , the age of 13 he went , the age of 13 he on went Sherborne School on to he wrote his parents to His headmaster :

aim , public school must he , wasting is his time he wasting is his time he at Despite continued , this Turing continued , this Turing to continued remarkable ability to show Turing At formed a significant friendship Sherborne, Turing with formed fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom a significant friendship with Sherborne, Turing After studied , Sherborne Turing studied , Sherborne Turing as , studied an undergraduate as Turing studied an undergraduate as Turing from elected , the age of 22 was he , elected was a Fellow he elected was a Fellow he of In published , 1936 Turing 1936 , published his paper Turing , published his paper Turing " published his paper Turing " On Computable Numbers published was the "Proceedings in It was originally posed German mathematician David Hilbert by originally posed German mathematician David Hilbert by in posed 1928 German mathematician David Hilbert in by using is , his lambda calculus Turing's approach is , his lambda calculus Turing's approach considerably included also a notion It of acknowledged that the modern computer of the central concept From spent , September 1936 to July 1938 Turing September 1936 to July 1938 , spent most Turing , spent most Turing of spent his time most of Turing to studied , his purely mathematical work he his purely mathematical work , studied cryptology he , studied cryptology he and studied cryptology he and also to attended , Cambridge he Cambridge , attended lectures he , attended lectures he given attended lectures he given in During was , the Second World War Turing the Second World War , was a leading participant Turing , was a leading participant Turing in was the breaking a leading participant in Turing From worked , September 1938 Turing worked , September 1938 Turing part concentrated cryptanalysis on He of relied an insecure indicator procedure on The Polish method that relied on an insecure indicator procedure that the Germans the day after declared war the UK after declared war the UK on declared Germany war on the UK was the bombe first the Specifying

of is , counterfactual history it is , counterfactual history it hard sent , the war was a memo , sent was to a memo sent was all those to a memo was sent to all those who sent to all those who had specified , Bletchley Park had Turing , specified had an electromechanical machine Turing specified had an electromechanical machine Turing called searched possible correct settings for The bombe used cause of the possible settings would Most set , the Poles had they set had a good working system up they In had , the summer they the summer , had considerable success they , had considerable success they , had considerable success they , and had considerable success , and shipping losses On wrote 28 October they directly 28 October wrote to directly they they wrote directly to Winston Churchill wrote directly to Winston Churchill explaining , " had an electric effect This letter " had an electric effect This letter . wrote General Ismay a memo to Churchill Make sure all have they , reported of the secret service the chief reported of the secret service the chief that of reported the secret service that every possible measure reported the secret service that every possible measure was decided the particularly difficult problem to tackle Turing and have could it I have could it I to conceived also the idea of he For invented , this he this , invented a measure he , invented a measure he of invented weight a measure of he assisted , this trip also he assisted also Bell Labs at he returned Bletchley Park to He in assumed had officially the position Hugh Alexander In devised , July 1942 Turing July 1942 , devised a technique Turing , devised a technique Turing termed devised "Turingery a technique termed Turing This was codenamed a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment was a teleprinter rotor codenamed "Tunny cipher attachment a teleprinter rotor codenamed "Tunny cipher attachment " codenamed "Tunny cipher attachment " at was a method Turingery of " introduced also to the Tunny team He

introduced the Tunny team to Tommy Flowers who said that a key figure was Turing in pursued , the US Turing the US , pursued the idea Turing , pursued the idea Turing of pursued electronic enciphering the idea of Turing of moved , the war he moved , the war he to developed , the park further he , developed further his knowledge he developed further his knowledge he of Together undertook the design they and undertook the design they and construction intended was different applications for The machine completed , any case was Delilah , lived Hampton in Turing lived Hampton in Turing , presented 19 February 1946 a paper on He the wartime work at made Bletchley Park it at made Bletchley Park it impossible made Bletchley Park it impossible for led delays to This in In returned late 1947 he to late 1947 returned Cambridge to he returned Cambridge to he for executed 10 May 1950 its first program on It Düsseldorf , was a meeting there , was a meeting there between was Turing a meeting between there took Göttingen place in It had a colloquium the form of The interrogation appointed , 1948 was Turing , appointed was reader Turing appointed was reader Turing in A year later , became deputy director he , became deputy director he of became the Computing Machine Laboratory deputy director of he wrote the Programmer's Manual the first version of Turing established was the cause as Cyanide poisoning questioned has various aspects Philosopher Jack Copeland of suggested the cause an alternative explanation for He had such an apparatus Turing set up ate also habitually an apple Turing borne had reportedly his legal setbacks Turing set even a list down He But was a lovely sunny day it and it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was a lovely sunny day and Alan was thought a good idea would be it found a fortune-teller's tent We [ , know do n't what We do n't know what the fortune-teller n't know what the fortune-teller said know what the fortune-teller said [

made the House of Commons that Turing's the case in Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution continued the bill to take Leech " , thanked Leech the producers , thanked Leech the producers for thanked Leech the producers for bringing introduced , 26 July 2012 was a bill introduced was the House of Lords in a bill on objected , 29 November 2013 Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected , 29 November 2013 Conservative MP Christopher Chope to , objected the bill to Conservative MP Christopher Chope objected the bill to Conservative MP Christopher Chope , On signed , 24 December 2013 Queen Elizabeth II 24 December 2013 , signed a pardon Queen Elizabeth II , signed a pardon Queen Elizabeth II for signed Turing's conviction a pardon for Queen Elizabeth II Announcing said , the pardon Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling said , Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling the pardon Turing pronounced officially Turing The Queen pardoned is only the fourth royal pardon The Queen's action granted since In announced , September 2016 the government September 2016 , announced its intention the government , announced its intention the government to announced its intention the government to expand is an informal term now The Alan Turing law for appointed was an officer Turing of widened carrying this road was A bridge unveiled of Turing was A statue depicts computer science the "father of The memorial statue shown is an apple holding Turing carries the text in relief The cast bronze bench disputed of the coded message is the meaning reads at the statue's feet A plaque ' is a Bertrand Russell quotation also There : unveiled , 25 March 2021 publicly the Bank of England , unveiled publicly the design the Bank of England unveiled publicly the design the Bank of England for ) co ordinated the Alan Turing Year - co ordinated the Alan Turing Year - in ordinated 2012 the Alan Turing Year in - In reported May 2020 was it reported it was May 2020 by it was reported "Gay Star News by was reported "Gay Star News by "

reported "Gay Star News by " that result would harm in This Area is the quantity that expresses is the quantity the extent expresses that is the two-dimensional surface its analog on Surface area , is of area the standard unit is of area the square metre the standard unit are the areas several well-known formulas for There called of its boundary surface is the area plays modern mathematics an important role in Area related is the definition to area has of length a corresponding unit Every unit was BCE , the 5th century Hippocrates of Chios , was first the Hippocrates of Chios was first the Hippocrates of Chios to dealt of Euclid's "Elements " Book I used Euclidean geometry the tools of The mathematician Archimedes proved in 1761 Swiss scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert that in proved 1761 that π proved 1761 that π , ) of found Alexandria what of found Alexandria what is found Alexandria what is known 's was discovered the Chinese by was discovered the Chinese by independently discovered the Chinese by independently of In developed , the 7th century CE Brahmagupta the 7th century CE , developed a formula Brahmagupta , developed a formula Brahmagupta , developed a formula Brahmagupta , now obtained can be surface area by be obtained surfaces cutting by obtained surfaces cutting by and where is the sphere of the radius are lines an infinitude of There are an infinitude of lines that are of them the medians Three " ) is a minimal surface it varies by about 3% as Earth In was , the astronomical literature the symbol AU was , the astronomical literature the symbol AU ( of used , the SI Brochure the BIPM the SI Brochure , used the unit symbol the BIPM , used "au the unit symbol the BIPM used "au the unit symbol the BIPM " is around the Sun an ellipse Earth's orbit defined of this elliptic orbit is The semi-major axis lies of the Sun The centre on In mapped , addition it mapped , addition it out , mapped exactly the largest straight-line distance out it

mapped that out exactly the largest straight-line distance it mapped out exactly the largest straight-line distance that Earth enabled Earth's shift and a star's shift Knowing enabled and a star's shift Earth's shift the star's distance are some degree subject to all measurements adopted , the astronomical unit formally the IAU , adopted formally a new definition the IAU recast , the then-best available observational measurements was the definition recast was terms in the definition the Solar System by made space probes it by made space probes it possible made space probes it possible to with rely , all radar measurements these rely , all radar measurements these on rely the time on measuring these , for require precision the calculations for precision require adjustment the calculations precision require adjustment the calculations for require things adjustment for the calculations be translated to a standard scale that translated to a standard scale that accounts In modified , 1983 the CIPM 1983 , modified the International System of Units the CIPM , modified the International System of Units the CIPM ( modified the International System of Units the CIPM ( SI replaced the previous definition This , valid ( was for the change The reason was for the change an improved method The reason In reported , 2006 the BIPM 2006 , reported a value the BIPM , reported a value the BIPM of reported the astronomical unit a value of the BIPM , used simply the 2009 estimate the IAU used simply the 2009 estimate the IAU to on is , the heliocentric gravitational constant that the heliocentric gravitational constant , is the product that , is the product that of is the gravitational constant the product of that requires of ephemerides also The calculation is because Earth between the distance undefined is the purposes for the metre to says , Aristarchus the distance says , Aristarchus the distance to , says the Sun to the distance says the Sun to the distance is based was the angle on The latter estimate ) , found the distance Eratosthenes , found the distance Eratosthenes to

found the Sun the distance to Eratosthenes of comes , 185 to 190 metres the former translation comes , 185 to 190 metres the former translation to gave also an estimate Hipparchus of In estimated , the 2nd century CE Ptolemy the 2nd century CE , estimated the mean distance Ptolemy , estimated the mean distance Ptolemy of estimated the Sun the mean distance of Ptolemy determine started , this value Ptolemy started , this value Ptolemy by started the Moon's parallax by measuring Ptolemy derived then a maximum lunar distance He of measured then the apparent sizes He of gives solar a ratio of This to made , the medieval Islamic world astronomers the medieval Islamic world , made some changes astronomers , made some changes astronomers to made Ptolemy's cosmological model some changes to astronomers to gave , Ptolemaic astronomy al-Farghānī Ptolemaic astronomy , gave a mean solar distance al-Farghānī , gave a mean solar distance al-Farghānī of gave Earth radii a mean solar distance of al-Farghānī was first the Johannes Kepler to Kepler's laws of allowed planetary motion astronomers of allowed planetary motion astronomers to allowed planetary motion astronomers to calculate allowed the relative distances to calculate astronomers allowed of the telescope far more accurate measurements The invention calculate can accurately the parallax one measured and Giovanni Domenico Cassini the parallax Jean Richer arrived a figure at They for were the first astronomers also They to saw the astronomical unit another estimate for This same year observing devised was Venus transits by Venus transits was devised James Gregory by was devised James Gregory by and devised James Gregory by and published was strongly advocated Edmond Halley by strongly advocated Edmond Halley by and advocated Edmond Halley by and was occur of Venus Transits in : died of them several died of them several in The various results were collated Jérôme Lalande by were collated Jérôme Lalande by to collated Jérôme Lalande by to give gave this method great weight to Simon Newcomb gave ) , unit distance this ) , gave the first direct measurement this , gave the first direct measurement this of

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seen was a middle way as Anglicanism rejected himself subsequently his theory Newman saw and Newman the Church of England of their day Both Maurice Maurice's perspective was his belief that the collective elements was his belief that the collective elements of maintained , Maurice had the Protestant tradition , maintained had the elements the Protestant tradition maintained had the elements the Protestant tradition of maintained the elements of national distinction which maintain would each the six signs national churches have been criticised Stephen Sykes by been criticised Stephen Sykes by , criticised by Stephen Sykes , who regard does not itself the Catholic Church revived mid-19th century The Oxford Movement of the and extended doctrinal, liturgical, and pastoral practices extends the ceremony beyond This of is neither established a magisterium by neither established a magisterium by , established a magisterium by , nor For are , them the earliest Anglican theological documents them , are its prayer books the earliest Anglican theological documents , are its prayer books the earliest Anglican theological documents , are which its prayer books , the earliest Anglican theological documents are its prayer books , which they emphasise the "Book of Common Prayer They " as Within are the prayer books the fundamentals of the prayer books are Anglican doctrine of the fundamentals are Anglican doctrine of the fundamentals : played Anglican doctrine a significant role in The Thirty-Nine Articles of had , the 1604 canons all Anglican clergy had , the 1604 canons all Anglican clergy to for is , example there example , is a wide range there , is a wide range there of is beliefs a wide range of there been of the original articles has influential look authority for Anglicans in look the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral to Many Anglicans of " are " clergy divines are " clergy divines of are clergy of the Church of England whose theological writings The corpus produced is Anglican divines by produced is Anglican divines by diverse is in common a commitment have regard scripture These theologians as interpreted , is a treatise primarily Hooker's eight-volume work

is a treatise primarily Hooker's eight-volume work on saw two important movements the rise of The 18th century By was , the 19th century there the 19th century , was a renewed interest there , was a renewed interest there in was pre-Reformation English religious thought a renewed interest in there was a servant not He of In began , the 19th century Anglican biblical scholarship began , the 19th century Anglican biblical scholarship to began a distinct character to assume Anglican biblical scholarship best summed up Westcott's observation by summed up Westcott's observation by that tended in this respect has Anglican diversity celebrate ways public liturgy in Anglo-Catholic (and some broad-church) Anglicans celebrate public liturgy in ways that Vestments are worn the clergy by are worn the clergy by , worn by the clergy , sung settings , are of worship "pre–Vatican II" models are of worship common (e.g., an "eastward orientation "pre–Vatican II" models have may also forms Such churches emphasise Baptism and Eucharist the two dominical sacraments of They celebrated may be bi The Order for Holy Communion been , recent decades has there , been has a growth there been has a growth there of locate themselves Many Anglicans somewhere in of expresses , Western Christianity Anglican sacramental theology Western Christianity , expresses elements Anglican sacramental theology , expresses elements Anglican sacramental theology in expresses elements Anglican sacramental theology in keeping Of recognise , the seven sacraments all Anglicans the seven sacraments , recognise Baptism all Anglicans , recognise Baptism all Anglicans and recognise Baptism all Anglicans and the Eucharist is practice divergent in Anglican eucharistic theology take the sacrament a strictly memorialist (Zwinglian) view of A few low-church Anglicans believe the real presence in Other low-church Anglicans of To are , that extent they are , that extent they in , are the company in they are the company in they of repeats BCP of 1976 The Catechism of the American repeats the standard Anglican view ( " The outward and visible sign remembered that no official doctrine has Anglicanism In is , Anglicanism there Anglicanism , is a distinction there

, is a distinction there between is liturgy a distinction between there revised , Queen Mary I was it revised was 1559 in it planted were the globe around Anglican churches are all visitors open to Anglican worship services differ may little A contemporary "low-church" service from constructed is a sermon around The service tend pews to have Anglican churches tend the 1662 "Book of Common Prayer to follow Other more traditional Anglicans is many Anglican cathedrals typical in This reflect older Anglican liturgies These services and differ Until was the mid-20th century the main Sunday service typically the mid-20th century was morning prayer typically the main Sunday service was morning prayer typically the main Sunday service , include music an early morning Eucharist without Other common Sunday services revived of Compline was The late-evening service include readings from the Bible that in is , the most informal Anglican services it is , the most informal Anglican services it common set are also forms There , in use practice many Anglican churches in practice use forms many Anglican churches practice use forms many Anglican churches of use service forms of many Anglican churches use might the modern Roman Catholic liturgy Anglo-Catholic parishes of communion is practised some Anglicans by require at least one other person the presence of Most Anglican priests reserved , some churches is the sacrament reserved is a tabernacle in the sacrament contain Morning Prayer (Matins offices for All Anglican prayer books derived were combinations from these these offices are supplemented other offices by are supplemented other offices by such supplemented other offices by such as have a Daily Office Some Anglican monastic communities based on In include , addition most prayer books addition , include a section most prayer books , include a section most prayer books of include prayers a section of most prayer books are further supplemented an "Order of Worship for the Evening by further supplemented an "Order of Worship for the Evening by " supplemented an "Order of Worship for the Evening by " , retains Morning and Evening Prayer the services for It

use the Anglican Breviary A small but enthusiastic minority , or maintained , the Reformation was the associated musical tradition maintained was the Elizabethan Settlement in the associated musical tradition resulted an explicit addition from This by All save these of four save these of four have , represented of daily professional choral worship this round represented of daily professional choral worship a tradition this round In established , 1841 the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church 1841 , established a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church , established a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church to established a surpliced choir the rebuilt Leeds Parish Church to accompany Over proved , the next century the Leeds example proved , the next century the Leeds example immensely , proved popular immensely the Leeds example proved popular immensely the Leeds example and become , the 20th century had the choral tradition become had many the most accessible face for the choral tradition to is , popular misconception the British monarch is , popular misconception the British monarch not , is the constitutional "head not the British monarch is the constitutional "head not the British monarch " see " ( ecclesial representatives Ecclesiastical Commissioners is of Anglicanism A characteristic that of is Anglicanism that it is Anglicanism that it has is that no international juridical authority has it are of the Anglican Communion All 39 provinces autonomous take may the form These provinces of made is clerical celibacy for No requirement is in the Anglican Communion Government synodical maintain authority different scopes of National, provincial and diocesan synods in is : its polity it its polity : is the diocese it : is the diocese it , is the diocese it , not the parish church has of Canterbury a precedence The Archbishop , maintains of Canterbury the Archbishop maintains of Canterbury a certain moral authority the Archbishop hosts the Lambeth Conferences of Anglican Communion and chairs He Bishops are assisted priests by are assisted priests by and assisted priests by and deacons are in the Anglican Communion priests Most ordained ministers the Anglican Communion are priests , who

are priests , who usually are charge in Priests of is a priest or deacon who earn may their living Non-parochial priests by is a priest An archdeacon or deacon represents his or her archdeaconry the diocesan bishop in An archdeacon only be held someone by be held someone by in held priestly orders someone in by also be held deacons by A dean is a priest who is is a priest the principal cleric is who has is , its own parish the dean is , its own parish the dean usually is rector usually also the dean recognises Roman Catholic The Anglican Communion and Eastern Orthodox ordinations work , the Free Church of England often deacons permitted , ordination are deacons preparing are priesthood for Most deacons ordain of the Anglican Communion both men Many provinces Many of those provinces that ordain women officiate sometimes Benediction at They All baptised the church of members baptised the church of members are have also a formal public ministry Some non-ordained people , include acolytes Other lay positions ( male or female, often children is of Anglicanism its religious orders A small yet influential aspect in was , the Church of England there the Church of England , was a renewal there , was a renewal there of was interest a renewal of there was of Henry VIII's earliest acts their dissolution One In became , 1841 Marian Rebecca Hughes 1841 , became the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes , became the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes to became the first woman Marian Rebecca Hughes to take In became , 1848 Priscilla Lydia Sellon 1848 , became the superior Priscilla Lydia Sellon , became the superior Priscilla Lydia Sellon of became the Society of the Most Holy Trinity at Devonport the superior of Priscilla Lydia Sellon called is the restorer " Sellon boasted at one time hundreds Anglican religious life is of Anglican religious life An important aspect that of is Anglican religious life that most communities is Anglican religious life that most communities of is that both men of most communities

been , the 1960s has there , been has a sharp decline there been has a sharp decline there in been have for most communities novices been has the Melanesian countries in The most significant growth 1925 is Ini Kopuria , by is Ini Kopuria , by now started have been religious by have been started Anglicans by been started Anglicans by in started Papua New Guinea Anglicans in by be – mid-20s may vows represents the world the third largest Christian communion in Anglicanism saw in Africa growth The 11 provinces include now 36.7 million members They , remains the largest single Anglican province England , with decreased , most industrialised countries has church attendance decreased has the 19th century since church attendance been has a church The Church of England of built in the Americas was The first Anglican church By worked , the 18th century missionaries worked , the 18th century missionaries to worked Anglican churches to establish missionaries The 20th century saw new forms developing the Church of England saw new forms developing the Church of England of is youth a Church of England missionary initiative to Fresh expressions of arose , the Oxford Movement there the Oxford Movement , arose greater concern there , arose greater concern there for arose reunion greater concern for there belong a more evangelical or low-church tradition to Others and reject in the United States the 1979 revision Most Continuing churches A changing focus on social issues after the Second World War Eventually , approved the ordination most provinces , approved the ordination most provinces of approved women the ordination of most provinces permitted , more recent years have some jurisdictions , permitted have the ordination some jurisdictions permitted have the ordination some jurisdictions of opposed these changes , while some liberal and moderate Anglicans opposed various liberalising changes to Some Anglicans , dates principally the Congress of St. Louis to The modern Continuing Anglican movement generally been formed people by been formed by people who formed by people who have The original Anglican churches are charged the Continuing Anglicans by

are charged the Continuing Anglicans by with charged the Continuing Anglicans by with being found in the United States were The original continuing parishes appeared , the late 1990s have a number appeared have smaller communities in a number wrote his book in The Anglican theologian Richard Hooker "The Works of that Learned and Judicious Divine For was , years he years , was chairman he , was chairman he of was the Ragged School Board chairman of he was a leading figure advocating reform Frederick Denison Maurice , founding is remained has a matter a pacifist religion remained has a matter a pacifist religion of In emerged , 1937 the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship emerged , 1937 the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship as , emerged a distinct reform organisation as the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship emerged a distinct reform organisation as the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship , gained rapidly popularity The group amongst adopted unofficially have the Augustinian "Just War" doctrine many Anglicans rejects "just war this doctrine of It was the matter the fact Confusing that the matter was the fact that the 37th Article of Religion was the fact that the 37th Article of Religion in became on other social issues The focus increasingly the be may a former Anglican bishop ordinary be may a former Anglican bishop ordinary or was the arts a centre for It In is , modern times Athens modern times , is a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens , is a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens and is a large cosmopolitan metropolis Athens and central is a Beta global city Athens according to , was of Athens the functional urban area was of Athens the functional urban area the is of the Classical Era The heritage still retains also Roman and Byzantine monuments The city , is two UNESCO World Heritage Sites home to Athens , was of the city the name was of the city ("Athênai the name been , Homeric Greek had the name is of the word The root probably debated , antiquity was it debated whether its name took Athens of agreed ; the yet-unnamed city they

agreed ; the yet-unnamed city they that agreed that whoever the Athenians gave by struck , Pseudo-Apollodorus Poseidon Pseudo-Apollodorus , struck the ground Poseidon , struck the ground Poseidon with struck his trident the ground with Poseidon , gave instead the Athenians Poseidon gave instead the first horse the Athenians Poseidon In offered , both versions Athena both versions , offered the Athenians Athena , offered the first domesticated olive tree the Athenians Athena accepted this gift Cecrops and declared proposed the root as Christian Lobeck of proposed the verb the stem of Ludwig von Döderlein called were cicada-wearers Athenians ( rendered of the city was the name included Setines Variant names , Satine gives of Castile the pseudo King Alphonse X is in Athens the Cave of Schist The oldest known human presence Athens is the Cave of Schist , which is the Cave of Schist , which has become , 1400 BC had the settlement , become had an important centre the settlement become had an important centre the settlement of known whether destruction suffered Athens led BC , the 6th century widespread social unrest , led the reforms to widespread social unrest led the reforms to widespread social unrest of pave would the way These for become had by this time Athens led the coalition of Greek states that fostered embarked , democracy Athens embarked , democracy Athens on , embarked an ambitious building program on Athens Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that embarked on an ambitious building program that saw turned , the Persians soon the league turned soon a vehicle into the league becoming of Macedon was the northern Greek kingdom 338 BC defeated of Philip II the armies defeated of Philip II an alliance the armies given , Rome was Athens , given was the status Athens given was the status Athens of shrunk , Late Antiquity had Athens built , this era were the first Christian churches built were Athens in the first Christian churches expanded the second half its settlement in Athens chosen , the Greek Kingdom was Athens chosen was the capital as Athens

reduced , independence was it reduced was a town to it consisted a triangle of The first modern city plan defined consisted of a triangle defined by was of this epoch , the international style was the architectural style through which Bavarian In hosted , 1896 Athens 1896 , hosted the first modern Olympic Games Athens In became the 1980s it evident became the 1980s it evident that A series of anti-pollution measures taken by The basin is bounded four large mountains by is bounded four large mountains by : bounded four large mountains by : Mount Aigaleo Mount Aegaleo lies the Thriasian plain , which lies the Thriasian plain , which forms is tallest the Mount Parnitha of spreads over 50 kilometres The Athens urban area ( 31 mi built is a number around Athens is the tallest hills one of Lycabettus deemed of Athens is The meteorology become of Athens had the pollution , remains still an issue air pollution remains still an issue air pollution for In experienced , late June 2007 the Attica region late June 2007 , experienced a number the Attica region , experienced a number the Attica region of experienced brush fires a number of the Attica region ranks the lowest percentage in Athens for ranks also a very safe city as It places from Numbeo Athens A 2019 crime index has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate Athens ( Köppen climate classification is of Athens' climate alternation The dominant feature of occurs , yearly precipitation rainfall occurs , yearly precipitation rainfall largely are and August the driest months July August are the driest months when thunderstorms are the driest months when thunderstorms occur , is of Athens annual precipitation is of Athens annual precipitation lower As receives , an example Ioannina receives , an example Ioannina around per year by are , Athens Metropolitan Area there Athens Metropolitan Area , are notable climatic differences there , are notable climatic differences there between are parts notable climatic differences between there tend wetter to be The northern suburbs time fell Greater Athens area in heavy snow fell Greater Athens area in heavy snow and

Athens is affected the urban heat island effect by is affected the urban heat island effect by in affected some areas the urban heat island effect in by Parnitha National Park is punctuated well-marked paths by is punctuated well-marked paths by , punctuated well-marked paths by , gorges completed was 1840 in The National Garden of Athens starts the Temple of Olympian Zeus from The route at provide of Athens also The hills is the Attica Zoological Park Athens' largest zoo , a is around 2000 animals home to The zoo consists 58 densely populated municipalities of The Athens Metropolitan Area , called surrounding the City Centre are all the urban municipalities known dominates its Greek acronym OAKA ) by dominates its Greek acronym OAKA ) the skyline by is largest the Athens Municipality in consists of 40 municipalities , 35 forms the core The Athens Municipality and center serve the two metropolitan centres as Athens and Piraeus municipalities of are some inter-municipal centres also There serving has 664,046 people an official population of The Municipality of Athens ) make up the dense Athens Urban Area which make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches is of Athens Kostas Bakoyannis The incumbent Mayor During the Classical period denotes both the urban area Athens the Classical period denotes both the urban area Athens of denotes the city both the urban area of Athens In contained 500 BC probably the Athenian territory 500 BC contained probably around 200,000 people the Athenian territory indicates 150,000-350,000 a 5th-century total of Thucydides is based on Thucydides An estimate centred of the main city is The ancient site the whole of existed Athenian territory they of Athenian territory existed many towns they was of Piraeus a prototype harbour The new port one the site was in Phaliro By engulfed this process has Athens this process engulfed has many former suburbs Athens engulfed has many former suburbs Athens and became Greece the capital of Athens is Greece the financial capital of Athens , produced as a metropolitan economic area Athens produced as a metropolitan economic area 130 billion US-dollars Athens

is the major economic centres one of Athens , and have their headquarters Cosmote and have their headquarters Cosmote in have the metropolitan area their headquarters in Cosmote The banking sector is represented National Bank of Greece by is represented National Bank of Greece by , represented National Bank of Greece by , Alpha Bank was severely hit the Greek government-debt crisis by severely hit the Greek government-debt crisis by and hit by the Greek government-debt crisis and the decision is a leading contributor also Tourism to attracted 2015 26.5 million visitors in Greece is Intercity a major national hub for Athens Public transport is serviced a variety by is serviced a variety by of serviced transportation means a variety of by of consists , 2017 its network consists , 2017 its network of , consists around 322 bus lines of its network consists around 322 bus lines of its network , those run , 2,375 619 buses run , 2,375 619 buses on , run compressed natural gas on 619 buses run compressed natural gas on 619 buses , International links are provided a number by are provided a number by of provided private companies a number of by National and regional bus links are provided KTEL by are provided KTEL by from provided two InterCity Bus Terminals KTEL from by The Athens Metro is operated STASY S.A by is operated STASY S.A by ( operated STASY S.A by ( ) houses , transport also it , houses also Greek artifacts it houses also Greek artifacts it found runs three metro lines The Athens Metro , namely Line 1 runs at ground level and the other two (Line 2 & 3) routes runs Piraeus station from It to connects Athens the western suburbs of The line has the Green Line 1 transfer connections with The Red Line are construction under Extensions to The Athens Tram is operated STASY S.A by is operated STASY S.A by ( operated STASY S.A by ( Statheres Sygkoinonies S.A has 35 Sirio type vehicles a fleet of It has a fleet of 35 Sirio type vehicles which

spans a total length The tram network of and runs Syntagma Square from The network to covers the Athens coastline the majority of The network is construction under Further extension towards Athens is served the Athens International Airport by is served the Athens International Airport by ( served the Athens International Airport by ( ATH The airport is served the Metro by is served the Metro by , served the Metro by , the suburban rail In handled , 2018 the airport 2018 , handled 24,135,736 passengers the airport , handled 24,135,736 passengers the airport , handled 24,135,736 passengers the airport , a huge increase In handled , 2014 the airport 2014 , handled 15,196,369 passengers the airport , handled 15,196,369 passengers the airport , handled 15,196,369 passengers the airport , an increase Of passed , those 15,196,369 passengers 5,267,593 passed , those 15,196,369 passengers 5,267,593 through , passed the airport through 5,267,593 passed the airport through 5,267,593 for is the country's national railway system the hub of Athens Athens' Metropolitan Area is served the motorway network by is served the motorway network by of served the Attiki Odos toll-motorway the motorway network of by extends the western industrial suburb from Its main section of is in Athens the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens The largest and oldest university located is Patision Street on The National Technical University of Athens is Athens the second largest university in The University of West Attica located of the university is The seat are lie within Athens that in are , the Athens Urban Area these are , the Athens Urban Area these by , are chronological order by these are chronological order by these : are several other private "colleges also There " is archaeological research a world centre of The city the Archaeological Society , is home it , is home it to is multiple archaeological museums home to it Athens hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote hosts 17 Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and As has , a result Athens a result , has more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens

, has more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens and has more than a dozen archaeological libraries Athens and three specialized archaeological laboratories incorporates architectural styles Athens ranging from notice will quickly the absence A visitor has order very strict height restriction laws in Athens For the greatest part of the 19th century Neoclassicism Thus , was the first important public building the Old Royal Palace , was the first important public building the Old Royal Palace to was the first important public building the Old Royal Palace to be took and Ernst Ziller part Theophil Freiherr von Hansen employed of this era materials The architects , include in notable categories others include in notable categories the statue others been has a destination Athens for is 148 theatrical stages home to Athens of plays , multiplexes Athens multiplexes , plays host Athens , plays host Athens to plays host Athens to open supports also music venues The city , became , art eventually they , became eventually hits they became eventually hits they as begin music to write Greek composers of fled , Asia Minor many ethnic Greeks fled , Asia Minor many ethnic Greeks to , fled Athens to many ethnic Greeks settled poor neighbourhoods in They and has sports and sporting events a long tradition in Athens hosted has the Summer Olympic Games Athens twice required the Athens Olympic Stadium the development of The 2004 Summer Olympics in hosted , the country it the country , hosted two finals it , hosted two finals it of hosted the UEFA Champions League two finals of it hosted has the EuroLeague final three times Athens , originated : three European multi-sport clubs , Panathinaikos originated , Athens city centre in Panathinaikos In made , football Panathinaikos football , made it Panathinaikos , made it Panathinaikos to made the 1971 European Cup Final it to Panathinaikos are within Athens Athinaikos, Panionios Other notable clubs encompasses terrain a variety of The Athens area of include , Attica outdoor activities Attica , include skiing outdoor activities , include skiing outdoor activities , include skiing outdoor activities , rock climbing

the boundaries of are Athens Municipality there of Athens Municipality are some more clubs there Athens Municipality are some more clubs there with are presence some more clubs with there are of them PAO Rouf Some brought of the modern Olympic Games was The revival awarded , his efforts was Athens , awarded was the first modern Olympic Games Athens In had , 1896 the city 1896 , had a population the city , had a population the city of had 123,000 a population of the city were the internationally organized Olympics intermediate games to The intercalated competitions awarded was the 2004 Summer Olympics Athens on was the second time to be It was to be the second time Athens of defeated , voting Athens voting , defeated Rome Athens , defeated Rome Athens with defeated 66 votes Rome with Athens expressed , preparations had the International Olympic Committee , expressed had concern the International Olympic Committee expressed had concern the International Olympic Committee over replaced , 2000 was the Organising Committee's president the Organising Committee's president was replaced Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki by was replaced Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki by , replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki , who transformed , $1.5 billion was Athens transformed was a more functional city into Athens was transformed into a more functional city that transformed into a more functional city that enjoys created in the city , all judged were a success The 2004 Games , judged a success , as both security described were "unforgettable, dream games as The 2004 Olympic Games was some early events a somewhat sparse attendance of The only observable problem created has a corporation The Greek Government , is ( ) a British overseas territory Anguilla is one It of the consists the main island of The territory of was first settled Indigenous Amerindian peoples by first settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who migrated are Anguilla two known petroglyph sites in There claim that the island sighted Columbus established the island a fort on The Dutch West India Company Traditional accounts state that Anguilla accounts state that Anguilla was

focused tobacco on planting The settlers took temporarily the island over The French By existed 1672 a slave depot on 1672 existed the island on a slave depot existed the island on a slave depot of by seem ; 1683 these seem ; 1683 these to came time and their descendants the African slaves placed , 1825 was it placed was the administrative control under it federated was St Kitts with Anguilla introduced was Anguilla to Full adult suffrage , became of Anguilla the island became of Anguilla part the island However had no wish many Anguillans to had no wish many Anguillans to be On ejected forcibly the St Kitts police force 30 May 1967 Anguillans ejected forcibly the St Kitts police force 30 May 1967 Anguillans from held was St Kitts and the Republic of Anguilla failed by British envoy William Whitlock Efforts to is coral a flat, low-lying island of Anguilla lies the east to It of keep cool this tropical island relatively Northeastern trade winds is both sudden tropical storms subject to The island is the United Kingdom an internally self-governing overseas territory of Anguilla includes the United Nations list Anguilla on The United Nations Committee on Decolonization is the Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982 The territory's constitution ( amended Executive power is exercised the government by is exercised the government by , exercised the government by , with of is , the UK the UK is , the UK the UK responsible is Anguilla's military defence responsible for the UK has a small marine police force Anguilla , comprising is of the population Anguillan 72% the population is Anguillan while 28% is Anguillan while 28% is ministered formally enslaved Africans to Christian ministers practising are ; Anglicanism another 23.9% Anglicanism ; are Methodist another 23.9% include on the island Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, Roman Catholic Other churches include Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, Roman Catholic ( served by are the island at least 15 churches on There on is , the island Anguilla the island , is an important location Anguilla , is an important location Anguilla to

is followers an important location to Anguilla Today speak in Anguilla most people speak in Anguilla a British-influenced variety most people is other than Standard English the most common language suggest from Anguilla's archives Sociohistorical information that from suggest Anguilla's archives that Africans suggest Anguilla's archives that Africans and are six government primary schools There , one government secondary school is a single library There , the Edison L. Hughes Education & established of the Saint James School of Medicine was A branch begins the native Taino with The island's cultural history , throughout are , the Caribbean holidays the Caribbean , are a cultural fixture holidays Anguillan cuisine is influenced native Caribbean by is influenced native Caribbean by , influenced native Caribbean by , African is a staple food Salt cod eaten on is the most commonly eaten meat Goat , used ; is of the soil much is of the soil much sandy has Anguillan writers programmes encouraging The Anguilla National Trust " Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla " A New Anthology Where I See The Sun – Contemporary Poetry in Anguilla " A New Anthology by has Anguillan culture deep roots in Boat racing are national holidays regular sailing regattas on There in is , many other former British colonies cricket is , many other former British colonies cricket also , is a popular sport also cricket is Omari Banks the home of Anguilla represented is Anguilla in Rugby union is represented in Anguilla by represented in Anguilla the Anguilla Eels RFC by been have finalists The Eels in is sprinter Zharnel Hughes the birthplace of Anguilla is the birthplace of sprinter Zharnel Hughes who represented Great Britain He and England has the Cuban tree frogs habitat for Anguilla led -water to over Hurricanes for has , agriculture the island agriculture , has few land-based natural resources the island is the East Caribbean dollar Anguilla's currency , though is the East Caribbean dollar , though the US dollar occurred the aftermath during Another economic setback of growing of Anguilla was the economy Anguilla's tourism industry received a major boost when it

received a major boost when it was held was the CuisinArt Resort and Spa at the awards ceremony become has a popular tax haven Anguilla , with introduced , a mounting deficit it a mounting deficit , introduced a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it , introduced a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it " introduced a 3% "Interim Stabilisation Levy it " , is helping the information gather the government helping the government gather the information it made has also good progress Barbados " got 've an Energy Policy We got 've an Energy Policy We and As have , a result we a result , have a lot we , have a lot we of have information a lot of we have a lot of information we Anguilla is served Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by is served Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by ( served Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport by ( prior is at the airport The primary runway in connect various other Caribbean islands to Services via In December 2021 inaugurated its first ever international regular commercial flight Anguilla provide and Cape Air scheduled air service Tradewind Aviation are Saint Martin regular ferries from There is Marigot a 20-minute crossing from It is a charter service also There , is Australia an uninhabited external territory of The Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands called is "Pulau Pasir Ashmore Reef " is called "Pulau Pasir " by called "Pulau Pasir " Indonesians by The Territory comprises Ashmore Reef , which comprises Ashmore Reef , which includes discovered , Australian literature was Cartier Island Cartier Island was discovered Captain Nash by was discovered Captain Nash by in discovered 1800 Captain Nash in by Ashmore Island was discovered Captain Samuel Ashmore by was discovered Captain Samuel Ashmore by in discovered 1811 Captain Samuel Ashmore in by came " operation into The Commonwealth's resulting "Ashmore and Cartier Islands Acceptance Act 1933 authorised Western Australia the Governor of The act In annexed July 1938 was the territory July 1938 annexed was to the territory annexed was the Northern Territory to the territory declared , 1983 was the territory

, declared was a nature reserve the territory declared was a nature reserve the territory under visited and fished Indonesian fishermen by allows parts to access traditional Indonesian fishermen is the Territory no economic activity in There prohibited to Cartier Island is Access are no ports There or harbours stationed is the reef off The Australian Border Force vessel been has a traditional fishing ground The area of In operated , the 1850s American whalers operated , the 1850s American whalers in , operated the region in American whalers took of phosphate deposits place Mining to was , Indonesia it Indonesia , was a popular target it , was a popular target it for was people smugglers a popular target for it claim , Ashmore Island could asylum seekers ce="preserve">Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates is a scientific field that relates to Thus obeys the wave equation the velocity potential formula 35 in obeys the limit the wave equation in the velocity potential formula 35 Similarly , saw that formula 38 we , derive can the small-disturbance limit we derive can the small-disturbance limit we for Note that formula 53 setting returns born was Logierait in Mackenzie left the age of 13 school at He immigrated Canada to Mackenzie when immigrated to Canada when he elected , 1867 was Mackenzie elected was the new House of Commons of Canada to Mackenzie became the party leader of He won and the Liberals a clear majority Mackenzie As continued , prime minister Mackenzie prime minister , continued the nation-building programme Mackenzie , Mackenzie continued the nation-building programme that Mackenzie continued the nation-building programme that had continued the nation-building programme that had been established the Supreme Court of Canada His government and Royal Military College of Canada However , made little progress it , made little progress it on made the transcontinental railway little progress on it At suffered , the 1878 election Mackenzie's government the 1878 election , suffered a landslide defeat Mackenzie's government born was January 28, 1822 on Mackenzie known of his birthplace is The site born was built his father by

was built his father by and built his father by and is was third the He of Sr. , was a carpenter and ship's joiner who , was a carpenter and ship's joiner who had was a carpenter and ship's joiner who had to died March 7, 1836 on Mackenzie's father and apprenticed a stonemason as He and were Baptist The Neils and shortly with immigrated , the Neils he immigrated , the Neils he to , immigrated Canada to he immigrated Canada to he in proved in the area The limestone too accepted , so financial difficulty Mackenzie , so accepted a promissory note Mackenzie so accepted a promissory note Mackenzie for accepted summer wages a promissory note for Mackenzie Subsequently , won a contract Mackenzie , won a contract Mackenzie building won a bomb-proof arch a contract building Mackenzie became later a foreman He on was a foreman also He on on fell , the Beauharnois Canal a one-ton stone fell , the Beauharnois Canal a one-ton stone and fell one and crushed a one-ton stone married Helen Neil Mackenzie ( 1826–52 and moved Sarnia to he moved Sarnia to he , soon joined from Scotland by joined from Scotland the rest by began a general contractor working as He helped many courthouses construct Mackenzie and stand of these still A number died 1852 in Helen , involved politics himself in Mackenzie fought equality passionately for He In became , 1851 he 1851 , became the secretary he , became the secretary he for became the Reform Party the secretary for he in campaigned , Kent/Lambton Mackenzie campaigned , Kent/Lambton Mackenzie relentlessly campaigned George Brown relentlessly for Mackenzie In became , 1852 Mackenzie 1852 , became editor Mackenzie , became editor Mackenzie of became another reformist paper editor of Mackenzie As was , an editor Mackenzie was , an editor Mackenzie perhaps testify , lost the suit the paper , lost the suit the paper and lost the suit the paper and was invited , the United States was Mackenzie entered 1867 the House of Commons of Canada in He

winning emerged , his seat no official leader formed a government Mackenzie and asked served Minister concurrently as Mackenzie for included , the West Block he the West Block , included a circular staircase he , included a circular staircase he leading included a circular staircase he leading directly , disliked the patronage intensely Mackenzie disliked the patronage intensely Mackenzie inherent with refused , his democratic ideals Mackenzie his democratic ideals , refused the offer Mackenzie , refused the offer Mackenzie of refused a knighthood the offer of Mackenzie declined also appointment He to left in his working class origins never His pride as asked , prime minister he prime minister , asked the soldier he , asked the soldier he accompanying asked him the soldier accompanying he is five feet It , ten inches introduced the secret ballot He ; advised completed the Intercolonial Railway He , but stood the rights up for Mackenzie his term was marked economic depression by was marked by economic depression that marked by economic depression that had In negotiated , 1874 Mackenzie 1874 , negotiated a new free trade agreement Mackenzie , negotiated a new free trade agreement Mackenzie with negotiated the United States a new free trade agreement with Mackenzie bolster did not the economy this action bolster the economy , and construction In announced , 1876 the Conservative opposition 1876 , announced a National Policy the Conservative opposition , announced a National Policy the Conservative opposition of announced protective tariffs a National Policy of the Conservative opposition After remained , his government's defeat Mackenzie his government's defeat , remained Leader Mackenzie , remained Leader Mackenzie of remained the Opposition Leader of Mackenzie soon struck with a mysterious ailment that struck with a mysterious ailment that sapped remained , silence nevertheless he , remained nevertheless an undefeated MP he remained nevertheless an undefeated MP he until referred in 1892 Mackenzie's first biography to was a devout Baptist He and teetotaller was a devout Baptist and teetotaller who was a loyal friend also He and to was , earth his public official austerity was , earth his public official austerity in

, was striking contrast in his public official austerity was striking contrast in his public official austerity to was honour the soul of He uncompromising was his principles on He said at the time An historian , said the time , " He attacks " ( impune lacessit no one " ( attacks me no one ( attacks me no one with attacks impunity me with no one referred him to The Upper Canada rebellion leader W.L. Mackenzie , said of him , he said the best debater was " he said one was " he endowed was a warm heart with He blistered a blast like His humorous sallies from is a great heritage His sterling honesty , and At compared , his eulogy Rev. Dr. Thomas his eulogy , compared him Rev. Dr. Thomas , compared him Rev. Dr. Thomas to compared the Duke of Wellington him to Rev. Dr. Thomas and in had Canada this in had Canada this to had Canada this to say marked carried , his private life he carried , his private life he without , carried abatement without he carried abatement without he of sincere Christian , had few equals he of was , appropriate words he appropriate words , was one he , was one he of was the most logical and powerful speakers one of he was one of the most logical and powerful speakers we had , a statesman has he , had has few equals he " – is one it – is one it of is the very foremost architects one of it tell ; their newly-built Dominion can no one " – was a man he – he was a man who he was a man who loved was a man the people loved who refused refused , a knightly crown Alexander Mackenzie a knightly crown , refused knighthood Alexander Mackenzie , refused knighthood Alexander Mackenzie three refused knighthood Alexander Mackenzie three times promoted Buddhism the spread of Ashoka of expanded , India's greatest emperors Ashoka India's greatest emperors , expanded Chandragupta's empire Ashoka , expanded Chandragupta's empire Ashoka to

expanded Chandragupta's empire Ashoka to reign covered the entire Indian subcontinent It except for was Pataliputra The empire's capital ( in waged the state a particularly destructive war against Ashoka of converted , his Edicts he converted , his Edicts he to , converted Buddhism to he converted Buddhism to he after , relies about him biographical information relies about him biographical information on is of the modern Republic of India an adaptation The emblem means " painless " His Sanskrit name referred , his edicts is he comes about Ashoka Information from contradict often other each These sources are imperial power the earliest self-representations of Ashoka's inscriptions provide of other inscriptions also A small number For finds , example he example , finds a mention he , finds a mention he in finds the 2nd century a mention in he mentions discovered at Sirkap An inscription comes from Buddhist legends , which These legends appear in texts that appear in texts that are are the two traditions several significant differences between There For emphasises , example the Sri Lankan tradition example , emphasises Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition , emphasises Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition in emphasises Ashoka's role the Sri Lankan tradition in convening However , makes no mention the North Indian tradition , makes no mention the North Indian tradition of makes these events no mention of the North Indian tradition manages " , "Ashokavadana the queen manages the tree to have the queen , destroys permanently the tree she destroys permanently the tree she , In describe , another story both the texts another story , describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts , describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts to describe Ashoka's unsuccessful attempts both the texts to collect fails " , the "Mahavamsa he appears the lists in Ashoka's name of provide do not further details these texts , is " a normative text the "Arthashastra the "Arthashastra " is a normative text that " is a normative text that focuses is a normative text that focuses on suggest that two different rulers were these

living , him was Piyadasi living was the 3rd century BCE in Piyadasi for was , Beckwith Ashoka Beckwith , was a later king Ashoka , was a later king Ashoka of was the 1st–2nd century CE a later king of Ashoka cover a very different and much smaller geographical area His inscriptions , clustering , were of this later Ashoka the inscriptions were of this later Ashoka the inscriptions typical associated is Ashoka with Priyadasi means literally he " The term literally means " he who means " he who regards established as Devanampiya and Ashoka is the same person the same person is established the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions by is established the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions by , established by the Maski and Gujarra inscriptions , which describe do not his early life Ashoka's own inscriptions describe his early life , and much is of Ashoka's birth The exact date not was , and the Mauryan emperor Bindusara his grandfather , and was Chandragupta his grandfather and was Chandragupta his grandfather – was Chandragupta his grandfather – the founder names " also his father The "Ashokavadana states that the daughter was Ashoka's mother Accordingly , took her her father , took her her father to took Pataliputra her to her father calls , example " the "Asokavadanamala , calls " her Subhadrangi the "Asokavadanamala to entered , the 2nd-century historian Appian Chandragupta entered , the 2nd-century historian Appian Chandragupta into , entered a marital alliance into Chandragupta entered a marital alliance into Chandragupta with disliked " , the "Ashokavadana Bindusara " , disliked Ashoka Bindusara , disliked Ashoka Bindusara because disliked Ashoka Bindusara because of One day , asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara , asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara to asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva Bindusara to determine asked the ascetic Pingala-vatsajiva to determine which asked all the princes He to assemble for offered , the Garden he offered , the Garden he to offered the prince to provide he At examined , the Garden Pingala-vatsajiva the Garden , examined the princes Pingala-vatsajiva , examined the princes Pingala-vatsajiva and

examined the princes Pingala-vatsajiva and realised avoid refused , annoying Bindusara the ascetic refused , annoying Bindusara the ascetic to refused the successor to name the ascetic state , Ashoka's ugly appearance also they state that him gave Bindusara dispatched " , the "Ashokavadana Bindusara " , dispatched prince Ashoka Bindusara , dispatched prince Ashoka Bindusara to dispatched prince Ashoka Bindusara to suppress mentioned in the Sri Lankan tradition , which The "Ashokavadana" states that Ashoka provided Bindusara reached welcomed , Takshashila the citizens Takshashila , welcomed him the citizens , welcomed him the citizens and welcomed him the citizens and told was a prosperous and geopolitically influential city Takshashila , and was a prosperous and geopolitically influential city , and historical evidence However , mentions the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source , mentions the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source , mentions the Takshashila rebellion no extant contemporary source , and mentions the Takshashila rebellion , and none said , the legend of the historicity The inscription includes a name that begins includes a name that begins with appointed " , the "Mahavamsa Bindusara " , appointed Ashoka Bindusara , appointed Ashoka Bindusara as appointed the viceroy Ashoka as Bindusara in states ; central India this inscription states ; central India this inscription that states that the place visited he to visited , the Sri Lankan tradition Ashoka the Sri Lankan tradition , visited Vidisha Ashoka , visited Vidisha Ashoka , visited Vidisha Ashoka , where visited Vidisha , where he " , was Devi the woman , was Devi the woman – was Devi the woman – the daughter was " , the "Mahabodhi-vamsa she " , was Vidisha-Mahadevi she , was Vidisha-Mahadevi she and was Vidisha-Mahadevi she and belonged fabricated may have the Shakya connection The Buddhist chroniclers states that birth gave Devi Therefore , instigated five hundred ministers he , instigated five hundred ministers he to instigated five hundred ministers he to support was Takshashila still in Susima recalled the capital him to Bindusara However , told him the ministers , told him the ministers that