Talk:Giving circle

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message: Existing Lead Paragraph sentence
A giving circle is a form of participatory philanthropy where groups of individuals donate their own money or time to a pooled fund, decide together where to give these away to charity or community projects and, in doing so, seek to increase their awareness of and engagement in the issues covered by the charity or community project. Many circles, in addition to donating their money, also contribute their time and skills to support local causes.
Proposed Lead Paragraph sentence update
A giving circle is a form of participatory philanthropy where groups of individuals donate their own money or time to a pooled fund. They decide together where to give these away to individuals, nonprofits, or community projects, seeking to increase their awareness of and engagement in the issues covered by the nonprofits or community project. In many circles, members donate their money and also contribute their time and skills to support local causes. The tradition dates back hundreds of years to mutual aid societies and other forms of communal giving. The practice has been used by various groups in the United States, which may server identity-based or broad audiences.
A giving circle network is an organization that serves as a connector to giving circles, providing resources, guidelines and networking opportunities for multiple giving circles who may have shared interests.
 
Existing Structure and function content
The current manifestation of giving circles is a relatively new trend, but it is built on traditions dating back hundreds of years to mutual aid societies and other forms of giving for the community. In the United States, giving circles were initially composed of women; they are now more diverse in race, age and gender, although women continue to make up the majority of members.
The structure of the circles can be informal or formal. On the informal side, circles may vote and choose an organization to support and each member writes an individual check. Formal circles may have their money housed at a local community foundation and have staff that support the work of the circle. Giving circles can range in size from a handful of members to several hundred.
Individual donors who join or form a giving circle typically seek to build community within their circle through social events, in addition to the economic impacts of the groups.
In a 2007 study, the Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers' New Ventures in Philanthropy initiative identified approximately 400 giving circles in the United States, more than double the number from two years earlier.
A survey of 160 circles, published in 2008, found they had leveraged nearly $100 million, $13 million of this in 2006 alone. Nearly 12,000 people took part in the 160 giving circles surveyed. Nearly half of circles have male participants, and the popularity of giving circles is also growing among racial, ethnic and tribal communities as well as in the gay and lesbian community.
Another study conducted in 2005 by Angela M. Eikenberry, an associate professor at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, found that giving circles generally bring both long-time and new philanthropists to organized philanthropy. For both groups, participation seems to increase levels of giving while bringing “new money” to the nonprofit sector; especially to small and locally based organizations. Members also seem to learn about and give to organizations and individuals, and in areas of interest, they most likely would not have given to otherwise. In addition, members are more thoughtful, focused and strategic in their personal giving because of educational experiences in the giving circle. These findings are based on 30 interviews with giving circle participants, staff, and philanthropic professionals working with giving circles, document analysis, and secondary data.
Research by Eikenberry and Jessica Bearman, published in 2009, and largely based on a survey of giving circle members compared to a control group, found that giving circles influence members to give more and to give more strategically. Their members give to a wide array of organizations and are highly engaged in the community. Giving circles increase members’ knowledge about philanthropy, nonprofits, and the community but have a mixed influence on members’ attitudes about philanthropy, nonprofit and government roles, and political/social abilities and values. Level of engagement, length of engagement, and size of the giving circle seem to matter most, when it comes to understanding giving circles’ effects on members.
Proposed Structure and function content
A giving circle is a form of participatory philanthropy where groups of individuals donate their own money or time to a pooled fund. They decide together where to give these away to individuals, nonprofits, or community projects, seeking to increase their awareness of and engagement in the issues covered by the nonprofits or community project. In many circles, members donate their money and also contribute their time and skills to support local causes. A giving circle is a form of collective giving to mutually approved causes and organizations. They may consist of self-organized small groups, formal membership-based organizations or larger organizations with professional paid staff. In all cases, the organization structures donation amounts for members in varying increments. Roughly 85% of giving circles have a minimum donation, while some ask for donations above $1,000. Members typically pool equal amounts ranging from $50-$5,000 except for some small groups who leave donations to the sole discretion of the donor.
Giving circles provide community engagement through pooled gifts and donations. Members are often made up of people who already live in or have ties to the communities in which they support, giving them insight into the specific needs of that community. These factors enable contributions to hyper-local causes which may be overlooked by bigger nonprofits and allow donors who may have less discretionary income to combine their donations with others to make a bigger impact.
The structure of the circles can be informal or formal. On the informal side, circles may vote and choose an organization to support and each member writes an individual check. Formal circles may have their money housed at a local community foundation and have staff that support the work of the circle. Giving circles can range in size from a handful of members to several hundred. Formal organizations also known as sponsored or institutional giving circles are structured similarly to traditional membership societies with a board of directors or leadership team, committees, and support staff.
Grassroots circles are typically run by the members and self-educated. Individual donors who join or form a giving circle typically seek to build community within their circle through social events, in addition to the economic impacts of the groups.
 
Proposed History content
=== Early history ===
The current model of giving circles is a relatively new trend, but it is built on traditions dating back hundreds of years to mutual aid societies and other forms of communal giving. In the United States, giving circles were initially composed of women; they are now more diverse in race, age and gender, although women continue to make up the majority of members.
Indigenous African philanthropy, also referred to as ancient giving circles, took the form of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) and has been documented in Nigeria and Kenya as a source of financing for social development. An esusu, as it is called by the Yoruba in Nigeria, is a communal fund in which a fixed contribution sum has been decided upon and paid into at a specific time and place. It is then distributed in a lump sum to each member in a rotation to use however they see fit. Examples of this system have also been documented as susu in Trinidad and harambees in Kenya.
During the time of slavery in the United States, freedmen and freedwomen pooled resources, then used the money to purchase enslaved freedom. Free African Society was established in 1787 and was a formalized mutual aid society and early predecessor to the giving circle model. In 1793, the organization mobilized funds to support victims of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of Philadelphia.
The early and mid-1800s marked a time in United States history where voluntary social, civic, political and professional associations began forming and growing. This idea, as noted by French civil servant, Alexis de Tocqueville, was that groups who shared common interests could unite and influence important social and philanthropic issues facing their families and communities.
As the 1800s progressed into the early 1900s, African American philanthropists collectively contributed millions of dollars that were used to create educational initiatives, build schools and support their own community programs. Madam C.J. Walker, listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the first self-made American woman millionaire, was one of them. Walker’s philanthropy evolved from the sharing and resource-pooling she utilized as a washerwoman and helping with the church collection plates, to becoming a large philanthropic donor and ultimately employing reportedly 20,000 agents of working-class black women to assist in her efforts.
=== Recent history ===
==== History 1990-2000 ====
In 1990, Peggy Saika founded Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in Philanthropy (AAPIP), an organization that includes a giving circle network focused on building infrastructure for bridging philanthropy and Asian Pacific American communities. By 1995, there were 50 giving circles in the United States. One of which, was the Washington Women’s Foundation, founded by Colleen S. Willoughby, Rhoda Altom, Suzanne Lile Hunter, Anne V. Farrell, and Faye Sarkowsky that same year. In the first two months of its inception, the Washington Women’s Foundation had 100 women members.
In Cincinnati, Ohio, Three Generations Circle was formed in 1999 by Sondra Shaw-Hardy with 16 friends each giving $1,000. The group gave its first grants in 2001: $8,000 went to support the Women’s Resource Center’s Helen’s House shelter and another $8,000 went to three other community projects.
==== History 2000-2015 ====
The women’s giving circle group Impact100 formed in 2001. With this model, members give at least $1,000 annually and chapters are typically composed of at least 100 women, making sizeable contributions of at least $100,000 to the organizations who receive the grants.
In 2003, Darryl Lester and Athan Lindsay received funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and various sponsors to begin work with young African American adults in the South. These individuals organized into giving circles to invest their time, talent, and treasures back into their communities in an effort to address issues of race and equity. Linetta J. Gilbert was an early advocate for giving circles in communities of color in the US south through Ford Foundation’s Community Philanthropy, Race and Equity in the American South (CPREAS) initiative. There are now more than a dozen African-American giving circles that are members of Community Investment Network.
A 2005 study at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, found that giving circles generally bring both long-time and new philanthropists to organized philanthropy. For both groups, participation seems to increase levels of giving while bringing "new money" to the nonprofit sector; especially to small and locally based organizations. Members also seem to learn about and give to organizations and individuals, and in areas of interest, they most likely would not have given to otherwise. In addition, members are more thoughtful, focused and strategic in their personal giving because of educational experiences in the giving circle.
In Jackson, Michigan, Karen Dunigan formed the first chapter of 100 Women Who Care in November 2006. Dunigan invited 100 women to a meeting and asked them to each give $100. Today, there are hundreds of chapters under the umbrella organization 100 Who Care Alliance, with chapters of women, men, teens, and mixed groups.
In a 2007 study, the Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers' New Ventures in Philanthropy initiative identified approximately 400 giving circles in the United States, more than double the number from two years earlier. A survey of 160 circles, published in 2008, found they had leveraged nearly $100 million, $13 million of this in 2006 alone. Nearly 12,000 people took part in the 160 giving circles surveyed. Nearly half of circles have male participants, and the popularity of giving circles is also growing among racial, ethnic and tribal communities as well as in the LGBTQIA2S+ community.</ref
Research by Eikenberry and Jessica Bearman, published in 2009, and largely based on a survey of giving circle members compared to a control group, found that giving circles influence members to give more and to give more strategically. Their members give to a wide array of organizations and are highly engaged in the community. Giving circles increase members’ knowledge about philanthropy, nonprofits, and the community but have a mixed influence on members’ attitudes about philanthropy, nonprofit and government roles, and political/social abilities and values. Level of engagement, length of engagement, and size of the giving circle seem to matter most, when it comes to understanding giving circles’ effects on members.
In 2008, as the number of women’s giving circles continued to grow, Colleen Willoughby started the Women's Collective Giving Grantmakers Network (WCGN), which became Philanos in 2020.<ref> One year later, Tim Hwang and friends started the Awesome Foundation to pool funds for projects by individuals.
The number of giving circles in Asia is growing. The first study to describe and document Asian giving circles was published in 2013 by Dr. Rob John at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School.
==== History 2016-present ====
By 2016, a study conducted by the Collective Giving Research Group titled, "The Landscape of Giving Circles/Collective Giving Groups in the US" found there were more than 1,600 giving circles in the United States with 150,000 members across all 50 states. Their donations totaled roughly $1.29 billion since the organizations were founded. This growth was the catalyst for giving circle networks to convene and co-design an infrastructure organization. A 2019 study published by the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy showed that 20 million fewer Americans were donating to charity, resulting in a 13% decline in individual giving. To reverse the decline, leaders of several giving circles and giving circle networks received a seed grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Representatives from Amplifier, Philanos, the Asian Women’s Giving Circle, the Latino Community Foundation, and the Community Investment Network then collaborated to co-design a group to support new and existing giving circles called Philanthropy Together. Philanthropy Together was formed as a five-year initiative, which launched in April 2020, to increase the number of giving circles recorded in 2016 from 1,600 to 3,000 by the year 2025, with a collective donation amount $1 billion dollars from 350,000 people. In 2021, Philanthropy Together partnered with Grapevine, a giving circle technology platform, to create a Global Giving Circle Directory, which now serves as the most up-to-date research on the number of giving circles.
 
Existing Examples Section
=== United States ===
Examples of giving circles include the Zawadi giving circle, formed in 2005 in New Orleans, where 12 African American members collectively donated $24,000 over a two-year period. Their money has provided intensive math tutoring for students at a local school, along with other projects.
The Queer Youth Fund, established in 2002 and based in Los Angeles, California, has invested more than $3 million in grants to small youth-led organizations in the United States and Canada that promote equality and justice for lesbian, gay, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQQ) youth.
Founded in 2004, The African American Giving Circle of the Washington Area Women's Foundation has awarded over $120,000 in grants to community-based organizations in Washington, D.C. serving African American women and girls.African American Women's Giving Circle Washington Area Women's Foundation website, accessed May 5, 2011.
Dining for Women (DFW) is a giving circle headquartered in Greenville, South Carolina with  chapters in other parts of the United States, which raises monthly for international charities that support women and girls facing extreme challenges in developing countries.
In 2006, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in Philanthropy (AAPIP) established a giving circle movement that has resulted in the distribution of over $2.2 million to Asian American communities across the United States.  Included in this growing network of giving circles are the Lunar Giving Circle in San Francisco, Asian Giving Circle in Chicago, Cherry Blossom Giving Circle in Washington, D.C., and GVNGTogether in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2016, the Asian Women Giving Circle (AWGC) was studied by a Capstone team from New York University's Wagner School of Public Service. The team members were Carlos Rodriguez, Janice Lam, David Portalatin, Nicole Moriarty, and Paulina Toro.
Amplifier  (www.AmplifierGiving.org) is the first concerted effort to network Jewish giving circles, catalyze the creation of new giving circles, educate circle members on best practices in philanthropy, and create a platform to connect NGOs and Jewish giving circles to each other efficiently and effectively. The Amplifier network includes 50 giving circles and 369 organizations. The Amplifier website has a circle and organization directory, online common grant application system, and a resource library with information about how to start and sustain a giving circle.
The New York Times reported in 2013 that a giving circle, Women for Social Innovation, is providing seed money for social innovators helping women, girls and families in Greater Philadelphia.
In 2014, the Latino Community Foundation launched the first Latino Giving Circle Network in the United States. As of August 2016, there are over 220 members in this network, which focuses on investing in Latino-led organization in California.
=== United Kingdom ===
The Kew Giving Circle in Kew, south west London, started meeting in January 1999 and is still active. It is the first recorded giving circle in the United Kingdom. Its members contribute to a pooled Charities Aid Foundation account and meet to agree payments from the account to their selected charities.
The Funding Network is the largest known and first open giving circle in the UK.  It is a charity that runs Dragons' Den-style events to bring together potential donors and charities to fund positive social change. It has raised over £5 million for over 700 projects across the globe.
===Asia===
The number of giving circles in Asia is growing. The first study to describe and document Asian giving circles was published in 2013 by Dr Rob John at the National University of Singapore (NUS) Business School.
Proposed Examples Section
=== Giving circle networks ===
A giving circle network  is an organization that serves as a connector to giving circles, providing resources, guidelines and networking opportunities for multiple giving circles who may have shared interests. 
=== Examples of giving circle networks ===
* Amplifier Giving is the first concerted effort to network Jewish giving circles, catalyze the creation of new giving circles, educate circle members on best practices in philanthropy, and create a platform to connect NGOs and Jewish giving circles to each other efficiently and effectively. Amplifier collaborates with other organizations in the field including Honeycomb, a teen philanthropy program with giving circles housed in the Jewish Funders Network.
* Social Venture Partners was founded by Paul Brainerd. This group focused on applying long-term funding strategies that project a non-profit’s impact five to seven years into the future to ensure maximum benefits for the nonprofit, and matching appropriate volunteers with the organizations area of need.
* In 2006, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in Philanthropy (AAPIP) established a giving circle movement that has resulted in the distribution of over $2.2 million to Asian American communities across the United States.
* In 2012, the Latino Community Foundation launched the first Latino Giving Circle Network in the United States. As of August 2022, there are over 500 members in this network, which focuses on investing in Latino-led organizations in California.
* Together Women Rise is a giving circle network headquartered in Greenville, South Carolina with chapters in other parts of the United States, which raises monthly for international charities that support women and girls facing extreme challenges in developing countries.
* Future Now Fund, renamed The States Project in 2020, is a political action committee (PAC), giving circle network that helped organize 25 giving circles.
* In 2021, the American Muslim Community Foundation, the only foundation hosting giving circles that focus on the American Muslim community, distributed nearly $1.3 million to more than 150 charities. The American Muslim Community Foundation hosts six other giving circles including the American Muslim Women’s Giving Circle.
===Examples of giving circles===
=== Broad audience ===
Broad audience giving circles focus on missions like social justice, workplace discrimination, human rights, and animal rights. 
* The Kew Giving Circle in Kew, southwest London, started meeting in January 1999 and is still active. It is the first recorded giving circle in the United Kingdom.
* Based in Austin, Texas, Legacy Collective launched in 2015 to help families, businesses, and nonprofits survive financial hardship. During Winter Storm Uri in February 2021, Legacy Collective gave $577,500 in grants, including a $127,500 grant to the Sustainable Food Center to support local farmers. They also have $100,000 to Feeding Texas to support local food banks.
=== Identity-based ===
Approximately 60% of giving circles in the United States are considered identity-based. They represent women, minorities, religious groups, youth groups, LGBTQIA2S+, and more.
==== Faith-based ====
Faith-based giving circles like Mother Teresa Women’s Giving Circle, JewGood Harford, Ummah Giving Circle, and Tikkun Giving Circle, support causes and issues that serve the respective religious groups.
==== Women's groups ====
Women’s groups Impact Austin, Sisterhood of Philanthropists Impacting Needs (SPIN), Women’s Impact Fund, and Women for Social Innovation support women’s issues as well as provide an educational framework to recruit new female philanthropists and expand existing philanthropic groups.
==== LGBTQIA2S+ groups ====
Data released in 2018 showed that for every $100 awarded to philanthropic foundations in the United States, roughly 28 cents went to LGBTQIA2S+ groups.
* Giving circles like Beyond Two Cents, Kavod, Lacuna Giving Circle, and The Sex Worker Giving Circle support causes for demographic groups within the LGBTQIAS2+ community.
==== Race/Ethnicity focus ====
Race/ethnicity identity-focused giving circles use their donations to serve communities of color in matters of inclusivity, social justice, labor rights, and women’s rights.
* Founded in 2004, The African American Giving Circle of the Washington Area Women's Foundation has awarded over $120,000 in grants to community-based organizations in Washington, D.C. serving African American women and girls.
* The Asian Women Giving Circle, founded by Hali Lee in 2005 to support arts and cultural projects led by Asian-American women, takes a different approach. This 25-member group has a minimum $2,500 annual contribution; each member can raise those funds or donate them herself.
* Based in San Mateo County, California, Peninsula Latina Giving Circle (PLGC) formed in 2014 to fund local issues including early childhood education, mental health, and social justice. As of April 2022, PLGC has awarded more than $150,000 in grants to organizations supporting women, girls and families.
 
Current Further reading section 
=== Further reading ===
*Barclay, A. J. (2012). The Value of Giving Circles in the Evolution of Community Philanthropy, How community-based philanthropy can be strengthened by forging a bond between community foundations and Black giving circles in the United States. New York, NY: Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society at The Graduate Center, The City University of New York.
*Bearman, J. E. (2007). More giving together: The Growth and impact of giving circles and shared giving. Washington, DC: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
*Eikenberry, A. M. (2009). Giving circles: Philanthropy, voluntary association and democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
*Eikenberry, A. M. & Bearman, J. (May, 2009). The Impact of giving together: Giving circles’ influence on members’ philanthropic and civic behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes. Washington, DC: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
* Fessler, Pam: Donors Turn To Giving Circles As Economy Drops, NPR, May 14, 2009
*Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers (March, 2009) "Ten Basic Steps to Starting a Giving Circle"
* Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers, The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University, and The University of Nebraska Omaha (2009) "The Impact of Giving Together", report
*  Hannon, Kerry: "Giving Circles: More Impact to Go Around", The New York Times, November 7, 2013
*  Hughes, Robert J: "When Small Donors Get Together", Wall Street Journal, updated May 18, 2007
*Moody, M. (November, 2008). Becoming a venture philanthropist – Part I: Findings from a survey of Social Venture Partners in the United States and Canada. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*Ostrander, S. A. (2007). "The growth of donor control: Revisiting the social relations of philanthropy". Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2007, 36, 356–372
*Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors. (August, 2009). Diversity funds inventory. New York: Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors
*Rutnik, T. A. & Bearman, J. (2005). Giving together: A national scan of giving circles and shared giving. Baltimore, Maryland: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
*Thiele, L., Eikenberry, A. M., Metton, J., & Millard, M. (2011). "Educating and empowering youth through philanthropy: A case study of a high school giving circle". Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 2, 31–46
Proposed Further reading section 
=== Further reading ===
* Rutnik, T. A. & Bearman, J. (2005). Giving together: A national scan of giving circles and shared giving. Baltimore, Maryland: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
* Bearman, J. E. (2007). More giving together: The Growth and impact of giving circles and shared giving. Washington, DC: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
* Eikenberry, A. M. (2009).  Giving circles: Philanthropy, voluntary association and democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
* Eikenberry, A. M. & Bearman, J. (May, 2009). The Impact of giving together: Giving circles’ influence on members’ philanthropic and civic behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes. Washington, DC: Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers
* Fessler, Pam: Donors Turn To Giving Circles As Economy Drops, NPR, May 14, 2009
* Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers, The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University, and The University of Nebraska Omaha (2009) "The Impact of Giving Together", report
* Thiele, L., Eikenberry, A. M., Metton, J., & Millard, M. (2011). "Educating and empowering youth through philanthropy: A case study of a high school giving circle". Journal of Nonprofit Education and Leadership, 2, 31–46
* Barclay, A. J. (2012). The Value of Giving Circles in the Evolution of Community Philanthropy, How community-based philanthropy can be strengthened by forging a bond between community foundations and Black giving circles in the United States. New York, NY: Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society at The Graduate Center, The City University of New York.
 
Current External links section 
=== External links ===
* Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders in Philanthropy website
* Exponent Philanthropy: An Introduction to Giving Circles. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
* Exponent Philanthropy: Creating and Running a Giving Circle. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
* Community Investment Network: a national network of giving circles in the United States
*  Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers: Ten basic steps to starting a giving circle, March, 2009.
* Donanino: A free platform to share gifts online
*Philanos (formally known as Women's Collective Giving Grantmakers Network)
Proposed External links section 
=== External links ===
* What is a Giving Circle
*  Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers: Ten basic steps to starting a giving circle
--Chefmikesf (talk) 22:11, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
replies: text:  Hi Beccaynr and Headhitter, Thank you for the help, the article looks great. I just had a few suggestions below. What are your thoughts?--Chefmikesf (talk) 20:53, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Edit Requests for Giving circle Wikipedia article 

message: * What is a Giving Circle
*  Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers: Ten basic steps to starting a giving circle
--Chefmikesf (talk) 22:11, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
replies: text:  Hi Beccaynr and Headhitter, Thank you for the help, the article looks great. I just had a few suggestions below. What are your thoughts?--Chefmikesf (talk) 20:53, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  External links 

message: Hi , as to your first questions about the Early history section, I added some wikilinks related to the suggested Early history section in the See also section of this article. This is because I have not yet found much support in secondary sources to clearly link these similar groups to giving circles. Based on the sources cited in the article, there appears to be a consensus to describe recent giving circles as an 'innovation' or similar. For example:
*  "Giving circles, although rooted in other forms of mutual giving throughout time and across the globe, are a relatively new phenomena in contemporary philanthropy. Although we discovered circles organized in the 1990s, the majority (nearly 80%) of survey respondents indicated that their circle was formed in 2000 or later."
*  "Giving circles follow an age-old formula with roots in ancient and worldwide traditions of mutual aid and collective social action. Nevertheless, most giving circles as we think of them now originated quite recently"
*  "One recent innovation in grassroots philanthropy is giving circles where individuals pool their money, knowledge, and resources to make a social impact."
*  "This grassroots, and very democratic, form of philanthropy has exploded in popularity during the past two decades, making it difficult to know how many truly exist, experts say."
I am open to suggestions about how to refine and expand this aspect of the topic, as well as additional sources (and I think the "Spinsters of San Francisco, [which] has existed for more than 75 years" (according to the second source listed above) should be incorporated into the article). My main concern is avoiding original research with this article, and writing something that has not been clearly identified by multiple secondary sources. Please let me know if you have thoughts or questions about this. Thank you, Beccaynr (talk) 15:22, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
thread_title: Early history section

message: I updated the article based on the source cited . There does not appear to be support for the use of the term 'collaboration' at this time, but if there are more sources about this aspect, this could help expand the article. Grapevine's self-description also seems to support referring to it as a platform or similar. Beccaynr (talk) 15:40, 4 February 2023 (UTC)
thread_title: Grapevine