Talk:Microsatellite

message: Can someone add links to the Wiki article on "Satellite DNA" in the "Structure" section?  Unfortunately I don't know how to do it.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richard.F.Fowler (talk • contribs) 20:07, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
thread_title: Untitled

message: Says main mechanism for elongation of microsatellite sequences is replication slippage caused by mismatch between DNA strands while "being replicated in mitosis". DNA replication does not occur during mitosis, it occurs during inter-phase (specifically S phase). Am I missing something...?  
- - my answer to you is that (as far as I understand) it means the whole cell cycle of the 4 stages, that result in two cells, here he gives the name of the part to the total just like when you say: yesterday was the day I met my friend, probably you did lot of other things but that part is interesting enough to call the whole day after it.
 
 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.84.124.234 (talk) 20:57, 17 November 2013 (UTC)
thread_title:  Phrasing issue

message: excuse me, why are you stating in this article that micro-satellites, SSRs etc. are co-dominant. Do they effect the phenotype in any way? Aren't they strongly evolving parts of the "junk"-DNA and thus can't have any real effect on the phenotype (unless they are randomly inserted within promotors, exons, TF-binding sites etc. -- what would be part of a transposon article). I may be wrong, but if you stat that fact, why don't you put in a reference to proof it? 
--  my answer to you (as far as I understand) is that you just supposed something that is not correct, these repeats are not "junk", they are otherwise merely "REPEAT" regardless of where are they found, this means that they can exist in coding or non-coding areas .... in both cases they are just have the feature of being "a repeat"
 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.95.83.94 (talk) 17:58, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Co-dominance? 

message: Discussions on merging between STR and microsatellites held at two places, Talk:Microsatellite(HERE) and Talk:Short tandem repeat. So we should merge discussions at first :) Also, we should discuss based on literatures, since there seems wide variety of what is microsatellite and what is STR. I have already picked up some literatures at Talk:Short tandem repeat. Please check it out.--Mzaki 06:19, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
thread_title:  Merge Discussion First 

message: and would make this easier to understand. 77.96.89.50 (talk) 14:34, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Figures would be nice  

message: My reading of this talk page and of Talk:Short tandem repeat convinces me that the merger under discussion since at least 2007 should be undertaken by members of the wikiprojects interested in the topic. But if I am wrong, if the merger is really a bad idea, the articles should be changed to clarify the difference between the two topics and the template suggesting the merger should be removed.  I have marked the article as needing attention for that reason.  I would work on the article myself but I don't have the background to contribute effectively.  67.100.127.75 (talk) 04:06, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  Merge or make distinction clear 

message: Summary according to how I understood that:
micro-S.(=microsatellite) are 2-5 units repeated 5-50 times  .... the cut point of 5 pairs makes the telomere a mini-S. in human but micro-S. in some others.
now the repeat can get variable:
(from mini-S. article) this can be via transcriptase slippage in mitosis or crossover in meiosis
(here) he added transcriptase slippage in meiosis which make sense cause meiosis have two steps and replication also occur (2nd stage of meiosis continue just like ordinary cell division)
(variation can be in the length of repeat)
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the repeat can be in non-coding area (help in mapping) , or in the following areas:
1- in the exons (coding) : In mammals, 20% to 40% of proteins contain repeating amino acids,
e.g. on length change:
- the Runx2 gene lead to differences in facial length in domesticated dogs
- Length changes in polyalanine tracts within the HoxA13 gene are linked to Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome
- more than 40 neurological diseases in humans.
- evolutionary change to surface proteins in pathenogenic bacteria (to become resistant)
- triplet expansion diseases such as fragile X syndrome and Huntington's disease.
2- in regulatory region: examples are:
-Length changes affect fimbriae formation in Haemophilus influenza
- in the control regions of the Vasopressin 1a receptor gene in voles influence their social behavior, and level of monogamy.
3- in introns (they are "skipped" part of the gene, but surprisingly also have an effect "mechanism unknown") .... examples are:
- GAA triplet expansion in the first intron of the X25 gene appears to interfere with transcription, and causes Friedreich Ataxia.[26]
 
- Tandem repeats in the first intron of the Asparagine synthetase gene are linked to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.[27] 
- A repeat polymorphism in the fourth intron of the NOS3 gene is linked to hypertension in a Tunisian population.[28]
 
- Reduced repeat lengths in the EGFR gene are linked with osteosarcomas.
4- in transposon: regulation of gene expression.
--------------------------------
PCR make the DNA much enough to be visible by electrophoresis,
PCR need a primer
primers matching the repeat used for the "inter-repeat" part PCR, while
primers matching  the inter-repeat will be used for repeat PCR
- so one produces primers for the other. -
(we can start make primer for one and use it to produce primers of the other by PCR)
(note he called the part between repeats: inter-simple sequence repeat=issr)
------------------------------------------------------------
making a primer: 
- if we are searching in a specific region: look by eye or software (repeat masker) to find repeat, now look at flanking DNA and make a primer.
- random segments:((I think that DNA is huge a lot so that if we don't know where to look then it will be not practical to do sequencing, so our first mission to find small segment where we sequence DNA))
 DNA random segments inserted into plasmid or bacteriophage then transferred to E-coli, ((my idea is that: now he should disperse these bacteria largely upon culturing so that each bacteria that make a colony will be one bacteria that received one type of DNA segment))
 fluorescently–labelled oligonucleotide used to search these colonies to see which colony harbor the DNA segment that have the desired repeat.
now we sequence this segment and make a primer matching flanking DNA.
alternative method: use oligonucleotide probe to hybridizes with the repeat in the microsatellite, and the probe/microsatellite complex is then pulled out of solution. continue as normal ((sequencing and choosing flanking DNA I guess))
(he discussed a primer that match flanking DNA for "repeat-PCR", by common sense: same principle used for issr primers the only difference is that "after sequencing" choose the repeat areas around the issr)
Diversity of DNA:
- the repeat is highest variable: used for individual identification (by few number of repeats)
- issr : less variable: used in DNA fingerprinting but for phylogeography analyses or maybe delimiting species; (not individual identification)
- gene sequence : least variable.
Limitation:
- mutation -> primer not bind -> "null allele" -> false homozygot. solution: use different set of primers.
- if we apply PCR primers across different species the null alleles become likely, they can be indicated by an excessive frequency of homozygotes causing deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. ((I don't know what is this equation))
- in tumours: microsatellites may be gained or lost rapidly, so tumour cell line might show a different genetic fingerprint from that of the host tissue. so in cancer research they assess loss of heterozygosity. ((I can understand that not all tumours behave like that, and it should make some importance, otherwise we would be proving the same fact: tumour getting different fingerprint))
------------
in forensic:
- identifying an individual made by profiles of 13 core micro-S loci, or 10 plus sex marker(British SGM+ system).
- Y-STRs (microsatellites on the Y chromosome) are often used in genealogical DNA testing. ((I recall anthropology relied a lot on Y chromosome in their conclusions about ancestries & how human populations migrated))  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yasir muhammed ali (talk • contribs) 16:16, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
thread_title:  I conclude 

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thread_title:  External links modified