Talk:Working memory

message: The article on working memory was very informative and consistently sited all of the information given which proved the reliability of the information. The only negative pieces about this article is that it sometimes seemed over-informative. Some things, for example the portion on alcohol, could be omitted from the article to increase clarity and conciseness. Overall the article is very helpful for those that have no background information about the working memory. 
MyaWebb (talk) 00:34, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
replies: text: Really? I think it's a shocker. Tony (talk)  04:46, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
thread_title:  My Critique 

message: :Working memory (also referred to as short-term memory, depending on the specific theory).
:I think this lead in is misleading as there are a number of theories that make a strong distinction between the two.  -- BrianFennell (talk) 15:58, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
thread_title:  Working memory is/is not short-term memory 

message: Please keep an eye on 62.171.194.11 who has been vandalizing this page --EncephalonSeven 14:56, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
thread_title:  vandalizing 

message: Under "Training of working memory" section. Can someone remove this? 203.171.192.169 (talk) 08:24, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
thread_title:  Spam link 

message: The entry is woefully inadequate. In my view, the Baddleyan divisions should be described in terms of one of the explanations of working memory, not as widely accepted fact.
Tony 07:36, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
thread_title:  This needs a lot of work 

message: I've added a little bit about Baddeley and Hitch's departure from the earlier concept.  Also added the discussion of the episodic buffer, the fourth component. User:Cozcycoach 15:55, 02 Sept 2005 (PCT)
OK, what about Ericsson, who shed major light on the fact that Baddeley observed only novices in the tasks at issue? Ericsson is on about expertise and working memory. Tony 00:54, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
thread_title:  In response to Tony 

message: That's looking better now, but who are  you? Please register under a username. The article still needs to be expanded. Tony 02:08, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
thread_title:  recent rewrite 

message: Does this article provide the needed citations for "Hitzig and Ferrier"?
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2405/is_n1_v120/ai_14174315
:A History of Experimental Psychology  by Edwin G. Boring (1950)  is a classic book in the field. He describes David Ferrier as an important investigator in the area of localization of brain function during the 1870's and 1880's. Ferrier localized the visual center in the occipital lobes by removing one lobe in monkeys and found they seemed to be blind in the opposite eye of the ablated lobe. Boring also refers to experiments by E. Hitzig and G. Fritsch in the 1870's who used electrical stimulation of the motor cortex of the dog brain to localize specific functions within it. The most important figure in specifying  brain physiology, according to Boring, was Pierre Flourens who earlier in the century used "extirpation of parts" of the brain to determine function. The importance of Flourens was his insistence on experimental design -- his emphasis on carefully planned experients over drawing conclusions from observations of impaired functioning from accidental trauma or disease as was common at the time. Sincerely, Mattisse 19:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
thread_title:  Need for citation 

message: I see after having added addtional articles in the section 'See also' as of Wikipedia:Layout#See_also_section.
Sorry about this, I was not aware of this rule (that I personaly find questionable since I use See also as a quick summary of related concepts.).
Anyway, if you decide to revert the change, I would suggest to keep Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model because it does not appear very explicitly in the article but more like a reference (and I almost overlooked it). Thanks
--Nabeth (talk) 21:19, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
replies: text: Well, looking back at Wikipedia:Layout#See_also_section I read: 'A reasonable number of relevant links that would be in the body of a hypothetical perfect article are suitable to add to the "See also" appendix of a less developed one'. Not clear what to think about this. --Nabeth (talk) 21:34, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
replies: text: It's not really a big issue as long as the number of items isn't very large.  I wouldn't worry about it at this point. Looie496 (talk) 21:50, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

text: My apologies for having only now seen this. I'm something of a stickler against unnecessary notices, and those that fit this categorization in the See also cause a great deal of personal irritation, as you may have witnessed in my comment on your talk page, Nabeth. At any rate, as Looie496 says, it may not be a "big issue", but one must look to the health of the article from a long-term, as well as a short-term, perspective. In principle, I do not find a problem with adding items not mentioned in the article body, which makes sense given the function of a see also is to provide windows for one to explore related areas not directly mentioned in the article.—αrgumziω ϝ 22:38, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
replies: text:  As I indicated, I did this change in good fate. And I did it first without knowing the rule, and second because I find it useful. I have posted a suggestion in Wikipedia_talk:Layout to see if this rule can evolve. Best regards --Nabeth (talk) 22:46, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
replies: text: Yes, it was a slight error on my part (not realizing you posted here), but I do not at all believe your edit was in bad faith (which would be another error on my part, if I had actually committed such a thought crime). Anyway, I have given my two cents at Wikipedia_talk:Layout. Cheers!—αrgumziω ϝ 23:00, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
thread_title: See also

message: I hope you do not mind, but i may change some of the Ref links using one of the or more of the Wiki friendly reference generators. I used to be a regular WIKI editor but my disability which causes me to be dyslexic led to this activity to becoming too stressful.
I am currently revising my Research paper collections, which included one about Dyslexia and Working Memory which I now intent to compliment with a new single Working Memory collection. 
If become a nuisance please let me know
dolfrog (talk) 23:33, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
thread_title:  Learning about Working Memory 

message: I am concerned about this diff, which appears to describe a rather obscure line of research in more depth than is appropriate for this article, and also is a bit of a conflict of interest.  I am inclined to edit this down pretty severely; comments would be appreciated. Looie496 (talk) 17:14, 22 November 2009 (UTC)
replies: text: The work admittedly demonstrates potential conflict of interest; however, I think it is a useful addition since the said research is peer reviewed. I have edited the section and moved it closer to the beginning in the meantime.—αrgumziω ϝ 02:54, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
thread_title:  New Development section 

message: I just edited this article to remove mention of Cogmed. It is true that Torkel has done research as mentioned in the article, but to mention only this program serves as advertising. There are many digital products which help people improve working memory. This page should not be an advertisement for this one program or point people only in that direction. -Don  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prairieon (talk • contribs) 11:05, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Specific Mention of Cogmed 

message: I have posted a bibliography of   Intelligence Citations for the use of all Wikipedians who have occasion to edit articles on human intelligence and related issues. I happen to have circulating access to a huge academic research library at a university with an active research program in those issues (and to another library that is one of the ten largest public library systems in the United States) and have been researching these issues since 1989. You are welcome to use these citations for your own research and to suggest new sources to me by comments on that page. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 20:10, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Intelligence Citations Bibliography for Articles Related to IQ Testing 

message: The first sentence (and more generally first paragraph) in lead is confusing. Here  are some definitions that should be included. I have used them to rewrite the lead. 
Working memory is the ability to actively hold information in the mind. Lisman J. (2010). Working memory: the importance of theta and gamma oscillations.  Curr Biol.  20(11):R490-2. 
Working memory refers to the system or systems that are assumed to be necessary in order to keep things in mind while performing complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension and learning. Baddeley A. (2010). Working memory. Curr Biol.  20(4):R136-40.  
Working memory (WM) refers to the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and
manipulating information in the face of ongoing processing and distraction. Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Perrig WJ, Meier B. (2010). The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory.  18(4):394-412. 
Working memory allows information from transient events to persist as active neural representations  that can be used for goal-directed behaviors such as decision making
and learning. Fuentemilla L, Penny WD, Cashdollar N, Bunzeck N, Düzel E. (2010). Theta-coupled periodic replay in working memory. Curr Biol.  20(7):606-12.  
Working memory can be defined as the ability to hold in mind information in the face of potentially interfering distraction in order to guide behavior. ... short-term memory refers to an individual’s ability to store or maintain information over a limited time period, while working memory refers to the ability to hold information in mind while manipulating, and integrating other information in the service of some cognitive goal. Jarrold C, Towse JN. (2006). Individual differences in working memory.  Neuroscience.  139(1):39-50. 
Working memory refers to the retention of information in conscious awareness when this information is not present in the environment, to its manipulation, and to its use in guiding behavior. Postle BR. (2006). Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain.
Neuroscience.  139(1):23-38.  
Working memory (WM) describes a cognitive system which allows for the transient (up to a fewseconds) storage and utilization of information. Sauseng P, Griesmayr B, Freunberger R, Klimesch W. (2010). Control mechanisms in working memory: a possible function of EEG theta oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.  34(7):1015-22. 
Working memory tasks require an organism to keep acute, trial specifi c information online, while simultaneously maintaining longer-term, consistent information about the nature of the task (including the rules, timing and environment of the task). Hyman JM, Zilli EA, Paley AM, Hasselmo ME. (2010). Working Memory Performance Correlates with Prefrontal-Hippocampal Theta Interactions but not with Prefrontal Neuron Firing Rates. Front Integr Neurosci.  Mar 10;4:2. 
--LittleHow (talk) 01:57, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: I wouldn't say that the previous version was "confusing" (save for requiring knowledge on part of the reader, but that isn't a real problem); however, now that you've pointed to some verbiage in the literature, I think this is an excellent opportunity to cite them in the lead paragraph. LittleHow, could you insert (some of) those you've listed here as references (using the  tags)? I would do it, but I'm currently short on time. Your work is appreciated!—αrgumziΩϝ 15:17, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
thread_title: First sentence

message: Working memory vs. Short-term memory
There is no consistency in the information provided in these 2 articles
Quoting article «Working memory»:
«What we now call working memory was referred to as a "short-term store" or short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, or provisional memory.[5] Short-term memory is the ability to remember information over a brief period of time (in the order of seconds). Most theorists today use the concept of working memory to replace or include the older concept of short-term memory, thereby marking a stronger emphasis on the notion of manipulation of information instead of passive maintenance.»
Quoting article «Short-term memory»:
«Short-term memory (STM) (or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. The duration of short-term memory (when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of seconds. Estimates of short-term memory capacity are 7 plus or minus 2 units, depending upon the experimental design used to estimate capacity. A commonly-cited capacity is 7±2 elements. In contrast, long-term memory indefinitely stores a seemingly unlimited amount of information.
Short-term memory should be distinguished from working memory which refers to structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information (see more details below).»
89.180.22.209 (talk) 00:53, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: The literature on these concepts is itself pretty fuzzy.  It would take something of an expert to get this straight, I'm afraid. Looie496 (talk) 01:03, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Working memory vs. Short-term memory 

message: I have read enough research to discuss how/why, but where is the how to IMPROVE section??  I am a special education teacher of a child with severe processing speed/working memory delays.  I just want some examples of how to help him be successful!!  
POST SOME SUGGESTIONS PLEASE!!  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Amyriss (talk • contribs) 00:49, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: The section of the article entitled Training has some suggestions. This review from 2010 is free online. It criticizes studies claiming to show improvement in working memory capacity; and concludes that because of the poor quality of study design up to now, it is not possible to be confident that any of the training regimes actually improve working memory capacity, rather than just improving skill in the test task. Anthony (talk) 17:39, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

text: * if it walks like a duck, and it talks like a duck... it's a waterfowl.  I actually have undergone working memory training and I was able to improve on the tasks tested.  While I agree that I may have been learning a skill, I also clearly saw that the training improved my performance on the tested skills which are very similar to the usual measure of working memory.  This also firmly convinced me of another fact: that my invisible handicap was subject to improvement with effort and practice and time.  If someone is asking how to improve working memory an abstract statement that "you might not really be improving working memory, but just improving doing the things you can do with working memory" I think it may be a distinction that is of academic interest only.  To most people it is close enough to solve the problem at hand.  Studies do suggest that the improvement in the tests is reflected also in an improvement in other, real world tasks that also are typically associate with working memory: which to most people is the point. It is a bit like saying "it won't repair your deafness, but you will be able to hear" to most people that is the point and quite good enough.  --BrianFennell (talk) 21:46, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
replies: text: The question is whether the improvement holds only for the task trained on, or generalizes to other tasks.  If it doesn't generalize, it isn't very useful. Looie496 (talk) 21:57, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
replies: text: This review is more optimistic about the results of training. Also, pain, nutrient deprivation, sleep deprivation, thirst, hormone imbalance, medical illness and stress all impact WM. I don't think WM has been tested in acute hunger, nausea, itch or core muscle fatigue but would be surprised if they didn't have an impact, considering how they hijack attention. Fixing any of these should improve WM. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 03:10, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

text:  If evidence exists that working memory can be improved, it should be cited. I will caution that this is sensitive issue because of companies tying to sell exercises to improve cognitive abilities. The fact that people can be taught to perform better on measures of working memory does not necessarily mean that their working memory capacity increased. (As mentioned, people learned a how to perform a specific task better--the task is not working memory.) Better evidence comes from the lack of generalized improvement on other tasks related to working memory measurement. We have little reason to think that basic cognitive abilities can be improved via learning. The idea is similar to thinking we can improve fluid intelligence or even IQ via learning. You can improve your performance on specific types of IQ test items, but that doesn't mean your IQ improved--you are just a better IQ test taker. Citing things that can degrade working memory or IQ (like taking a bullet in the brain) in no way support the idea that it can be improved. Perhaps the page should simply say that some controversy exists about whether WM can be improved by practice or learning and cite some source as that seems to lend credibility on WP.Robotczar (talk) 21:21, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
thread_title:  Please tell how to improve working memory 

message: *Coverage of a recent study done can be found at: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/331666/title/Brain_has_two_slots_for_working_memory  Dream Focus 08:35, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  recent study published on June 20th, 2011 

message: Sorry about taking so long! (Got backlogged and didn't see your message.) Example of confusion: "Baddeley and Hitch (1974)[8]" - seems to use two different method at once. "Baddeley and Hitch (1974)", one type of reference makes the footnote [8] unnecessary - i.e. the (1974) can be removed. Another example: Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)[4]. What does (1968) add? It's not as if either set of authors have multiple entries under that year. This is what I was taught - other countries/universities may vary in citing systems. Best wishes, MathewTownsend (talk) 13:45, 29 December 2012 (UTC)
replies: text: Thank you for explaining. I could see how my message could get lost among all colorful best wishes.  Lova Falk talk 14:16, 29 December 2012 (UTC)
replies: text: I revisited your concerns, and actually I think the years mentioned in "Baddeley and Hitch (1974)[10]" and "Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)[4]" were not so much part of a citing system as historical information, like it was in 1974 when Baddeley and Hitch.... So I fixed a couple of those. Lova Falk talk 08:34, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
thread_title:  Response about citation confusion 

message: Folks, I'm going through it bit by bit. This part—in "Measures and correlates—appears unclear (and out of date?) to me. It's a long time since I looked at this area, and I don't have easy access to the sources.
"Other tasks that do not have this dual-task nature have also been shown to be good measures of working memory capacity. The question of what features a task must have to qualify as a good measure of working memory capacity is a topic of ongoing research".
I was also not entirely comfortable with this, at the end of the same section: "The capacity limit apparent here is obviously not a memory limit (all relevant information can be seen continuously) but a limit to how many relationships are discerned simultaneously." Is it editorialising, or from the previously cited source?
In "Different approaches", should "needed" be "available"? "There are several hypotheses about the nature of the capacity limit. One is that a limited pool of cognitive resources needed to keep representations active and thereby available for processing, and for carrying out processes."
Any opinions?Thanks, Tony (talk)  14:51, 12 September 2015 (UTC)
thread_title:  Copy-edit 

message: :In the genetics section of the article there is a lack of content. The claim about the ROBO1 candidate gene needs to be cited to an academic journal. What is exactly meant by the heritability of genetics? This is a broad claim that needs more supporting evidence. The article cited as evidence does not make this specific claim of heritability, and thus such a broad claim should not be made without more evidence. This biological viewpoint is underrepresented in the article. The effects of alcohol section should also be enhanced through expanding on how this impairment occurs. --Vewalke (talk) 23:27, 1 September 2016 (UTC)
replies: text: I have found six sources so far that I believe would be beneficial in enhancing the Genetics section of the article as well as the Effects of Alcohol section. I would appreciate feedback on these sources. I plan on using these sources to provide more concrete information in these sections as well as to shed light on these two issues through a variety of different perspectives. 
Boha, R., Molnár, M., Gaál, Z. A., Czigler, B., Róna, K., Kass, K., & Klausz, G. (2009). The acute effect of low-dose alcohol on working memory during mental arithmetic: I. Behavioral measures and EEG theta band spectral characteristics. International Journal Of Psychophysiology, 73(2), 133-137. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.006
Boissoneault, J., Sklar, A., Prather, R., & Nixon, S. J. (2014). Acute effects of moderate alcohol on psychomotor, set shifting, and working memory function in older and younger social drinkers. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 75(5), 870-879. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.870
Karlsgodt, K. H., Kochunov, P., Winkler, A. M., Laird, A. R., Almasy, L., Duggirala, R., & ... Glahn, D. C. (2010). A multimodal assessment of the genetic control over working memory. The Journal Of Neuroscience, 30(24), 8197-8202. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0359-10.2010
Roussotte, F. F., Bramen, J. E., Nunez, S. C., Quandt, L. C., Smith, L., O'Connor, M. J., & ... Sowell, E. R. (2011). Abnormal brain activation during working memory in children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: The effects of methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. Neuroimage,54(4), 3067-3075. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.072
Sannino, S., Gozzi, A., Cerasa, A., Piras, F., Scheggia, D., Managò, F., & ... Papaleo, F. (2015). COMT genetic reduction produces sexually divergent effects on cortical anatomy and working memory in mice and humans. Cerebral Cortex, 25(9), 2529-2541. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu053
Störmer, V. S., Passow, S., Biesenack, J., & Li, S. (2012). Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulations of visual-spatial attention and working memory: Insights from molecular genetic research and implications for adult cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 875-889. doi:10.1037/a0026198
Störmer, V. S., Passow, S., Biesenack, J., & Li, S. (2012). Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulations of visual-spatial attention and working memory: Insights from molecular genetic research and implications for adult cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 875-889. doi:10.1037/a0026198
--Vewalke (talk) 14:44, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Class suggestions

message: Very wobbly statement up top: "Working memory is often used synonymously with short-term memory, but neuropsychologists have noted that the two forms of memory are distinct, particularly since they arise from different neural subsystems within the prefrontal cortex." What about Jonides et al. 2008, a major and respected review article of both neurobiological and psychological evidence? Tony (talk)  04:34, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
thread_title:  STM vs WM 

message: Alcohol has an effect on the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent(BOLD) response. The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity, which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity. The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions. [1] Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task.[2] Binge drinking, specifically, can also affect one’s performance on working memory tasks, particularly visual working memory. [3][4] Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men, they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity. [5] [6] Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.[7]
[1]Weiland BJ, Nigg JT, Welsh RC, Yau WY, Zubieta JK, et al. 2012. Resiliency in adolescents at high risk for substance abuse: flexible adaptation via subthalamic nucleus and linkage to drinking and drug use in early adulthood. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36:1355–64
[2}Tapert SF, Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Cheung EH, Frank LR, Brown SA. 2001. fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25(2):236–45
[3]Ferrett HL, Carey PD, Thomas KG, Tapert SF, Fein G. 2010. Neuropsychological performance of South African treatment-naive adolescents with alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 110(1–2):8–14
[4]Crego A, Holguin SR, Parada M, Mota N, Corral M, Cadaveira F. 2009. Binge drinking affects attentional and visual working memory processing in young university students. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.33(11):1870–7
[5]Greenstein, J. E., Kassel, J. D., Wardle, M. C., Veilleux, J. C., Evatt, D. P., Heinz, A. J., & ... Yates, M. C. (2010). The separate and combined effects of nicotine and alcohol on working memory capacity in nonabstinent smokers. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 120-128. doi:10.1037/a0018782
[6]Squeglia, L. M., Schweinsburg, A. D., Pulido, C., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: Differential gender effects. Alcoholism: Clinical And Experimental Research, 35(10), 1831-1841. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01527.x
[7]Boissoneault, J., Sklar, A., Prather, R., & Nixon, S. J. (2014). Acute effects of moderate alcohol on psychomotor, set shifting, and working memory function in older and younger social drinkers. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 75(5), 870-879. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.870
Vewalke (talk) 13:52, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
replies: text: Hi, not sure if this is helpful at all, but I made some (mostly minor) changes: Alcohol has an effect on the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response. The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity, which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity. The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task. Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in those brain regions.Weiland BJ, Nigg JT, Welsh RC, Yau WY, Zubieta JK, et al. 2012. Resiliency in adolescents at high risk for substance abuse: flexible adaptation via subthalamic nucleus and linkage to drinking and drug use in early adulthood. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 36:1355–64 Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task.Tapert SF, Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Cheung EH, Frank LR, Brown SA. 2001. fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25(2):236–45 Binge drinking specifically can also affect one's performance on working memory tasks, particularly visual working memory.Ferrett HL, Carey PD, Thomas KG, Tapert SF, Fein G. 2010. Neuropsychological performance of South African treatment-naive adolescents with alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 110(1–2):8–14Crego A, Holguin SR, Parada M, Mota N, Corral M, Cadaveira F. 2009. Binge drinking affects attentional and visual working memory processing in young university students. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res.33(11):1870–7 Additionally, there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory. While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men, they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity.Greenstein, J. E., Kassel, J. D., Wardle, M. C., Veilleux, J. C., Evatt, D. P., Heinz, A. J., & ... Yates, M. C. (2010). The separate and combined effects of nicotine and alcohol on working memory capacity in nonabstinent smokers. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 120-128. doi:10.1037/a0018782Squeglia, L. M., Schweinsburg, A. D., Pulido, C., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: Differential gender effects. Alcoholism: Clinical And Experimental Research, 35(10), 1831-1841. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01527.x Finally, age seems to be an additional factor. Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory.Boissoneault, J., Sklar, A., Prather, R., & Nixon, S. J. (2014). Acute effects of moderate alcohol on psychomotor, set shifting, and working memory function in older and younger social drinkers. Journal Of Studies On Alcohol And Drugs, 75(5), 870-879. doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.870 Me, Myself & I (☮) (talk) 23:50, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Draft of Modifications to Effects of Alcohol Section

message: Why is there no mention of Jonides et al., Annu Rev Psychol 2008. 59:193–224? It's a major and well-respected review article arguing against the notion that short- and long-term memory are binary "boxes" (my words); but that memory should rather be conceived as a unitary system, in which activation of recently encoded memories quickly becomes "dormant". It embraces not just pscyhological evidence, but neurological. See http://psych.annualreviews.org though I'm unsure whether you need a library card to access articles there. I have a copy of the full article. The abstract begins: "The past 10 years have brought near-revolutionary changes in psychological theories about short-term memory, with similarly great advances in the neurosciences." Berman, Jonides, et al. published an important follow-up of one unresolved issue—the extent to which decay of activation is caused by interference or the mere passage of time. It's available at NIH Public Access (and J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2009 March ; 35(2): 317–33. doi:10.1037/a0014873.) Tony (talk) 02:39, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
thread_title:  Something major is missing 

message: — Assignment last updated by Imlucero (talk) 18:40, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
thread_title: Wiki Education assignment: Human Cognition SP23

message: — Assignment last updated by Godragons (talk) 19:25, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
thread_title: Wiki Education assignment: PSYC 115 General Psychology