Talk:Star and crescent

message: This has been bugging me for a while--I remember reading somewhere that the star and crescent had to do with Allah's ability to put stars in front of the moon, something only a God could do.  Does this have anything to do with the star and crescent?  Citizen Premier 05:56, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
replies: text: I seriously doubt it -- though it is true that the star in the Islamic symbol is often placed in a position where it would be behind the moon (and so unobservable) in reality.  But the Islamic crescent is generally significantly different in shape from the actual astronomical shape of the moon's crescent anyway, as you can read at article Crescent.  AnonMoos 10:35, 20 October 2005 (UTC)
replies: text: The origin of these symbols and the significance of the star in front of the moon has been fully explained by David N. Talbott in his The Saturn Myth, Doubleday, 1980 (available in Kindle format at the Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/TalbottDavidTheSaturnMyth1980). See also God Star and Flare Star by Dwardu Cardona.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.233.160.78 (talk) 10:17, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
thread_title:  Significance of star in front of moon 

message: I read somewhere that the star and crescent is a controvercial symbol for some Muslims because it originated in the pre-Islamic Shamanist beliefs of the Turks. Is this true? What is the symbol's status in Arab countries, which do not really use the star and crescent in their flags?
:Copying from Talk:Crescent:
:All those who are interested in the matter can rather easily find out that the crescent was not used as a symbol of Islam during Muhammad's lifetime, and some back-to-the-origins or Salafi type Muslims dislike it for that reason (so the Taliban flag and the Saudi Arabian flag include Arabic lettering, in accordance with the practices of early Islam, and avoid crescents), but this hasn't prevented a red crescent from showing up on the OIC flag, and the Red Crescent is still the Muslim version of the Red Cross in all Muslim-majority countries...  AnonMoos 15:08, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
thread_title:  Controversial symbol? 

message: : "When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, they adopted the city's existing flag and symbol. Legend holds that the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman had a vision of a crescent moon which he adopted as the Ottoman Empire's symbol when Constantinople fell."
The above sentence cannot be accurate since Osman lived and died well before Constantinople fell.
:: heh funny legend, whoever told it must have a great immagination and few knowledge, check Flag of Turkey, it is related with Kosovo War and assasination of Murad I not with byzantines anyway.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.242.95.40 (talk) 08:37, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
replies: text: I have removed the offending sentence, which was unsourced anyway. --LambiamTalk 02:06, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
thread_title:  Impossible legend 

message: The Mirror Shield in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time had this symbol on it, but then it was removed. But maybe that's not worth mentioning in this article?--Phred Levi 15:38, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
replies: text: I think it is. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 01:16, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
replies: text:  not really Super Ghouls'n Ghosts, and some Duck Tales Games contains Christian crosses on gravestones in the Japaneses version which was censored in the western version.--Brainfire2008 (talk) 20:32, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
thread_title:  Zelda? 

message: In the article it is claimed that "[the star and cresecent] are traditional symbols of Turkish (Turkic) identity". However, a distinction should be made between Ottomans and Turks, especially with modern Turkey. The entry already includes a link to an Answers.com article which states that "The city of Byzantium (later known as Constantinople and Istanbul) adopted the crescent moon as its symbol ... When the Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, they adopted the city's existing flag and symbol ... the Ottoman Empire ruled over the Muslim world. After centuries of battle with Christian Europe, it is understandable how the symbols of this empire became linked in people's minds with the faith of Islam as a whole."
In the entry for star and crescent it is further claimed that "Many Muslim nations, such as Pakistan, and non-sovereign nations such as Turkestan and Tatarstan use it on their national flag, inspiring from the secular Republic of Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire". However, this is false -- and it is why the Wiki entry titled "Flags inspired by the flag of Turkey" was initially re-titled (to "Flags similar to...") and then completely deleted. I propose that the text of the entry for star and crescent is amended to reflect only the established facts. The rest is original research. -The Gnome (talk) 07:38, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
replies: text: I'll try for some clean-up this weekend. -The Gnome (talk) 11:17, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

text: you can find more information on flag of turkey about the adoption(Kosovo war theory is proved), also gokturks used it as a symbol, but Greek use of crescent and star predates that even with 5 points star(on a cypriot coin of hellenistic era). it looks like greeks abandoned usage of it with christianity(to a byzantine cross), It has few to do with islam(dont know any arabic sources mentioning it as a symbol(, and in fact it is irregular for islam to adopt such symbols because of their polytheism phobia(Allah was moon god of poly theist arabs,and crescend was his symbol)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.242.95.40 (talk) 08:35, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
thread_title: Origin of star and crescent: Islam or Turkey?

message: I seem to remember reading (I believe it was in Tom Holland's "Rubicon", although I'm not entirely certain) that the star and crescent was an ancient symbol of the Greek hero Perseus, actively used by the kings of Pontos/Pontus (now part of Turkey, incidentally) in their propaganda because of its appeal to their Ionian subjects. Can anyone verify this?
Maitreya (talk) 11:41, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
thread_title:  Perseus? 

message: It has been suggested that this article be merged into Symbols of Islam, and/or Islamic Flags. This does not seem at all justifiable in view of the well-documented fact that the star and crescent predate Islam itself, and were used to represent no less significant a place than Byzantium/Constantinople. Merging discussion of this symbol into articles focusing on Islamic symbols or flags would in effect bury the symbol in its later associations, and further obscure its documented non-Islamic origins. The tags in the article which suggest merging are both more than 10 months old and no significant discussion has taken place here on the talk page. Given that nobody seems to seriously support the merging of this article, and that merging it would tend to further submerge the historical symbol in contemporary Islamic associations I am removing these tags. The star and crescent certainly have Islamic associations which are today primary, but as a historical phenomenon, the use of this symbol is not exclusively Islamic; it deserves separate treatment in its own article. --Picatrix (talk) 15:48, 16 March 2009 (UTC)
thread_title:  Suggestions that article be merged - tag removal 

message: This article is currently a mess, and is poorly cited. I'll begin working on it over the next few days. I welcome the input of informed editors. --Picatrix (talk) 21:22, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
replies: text: One issue with the article is its focus. Though it is primarily talking about the history of the symbol as it relates to the history of Byzantium and how other cultures inherited that symbol, it includes some links and images to things that seem to have no direct relationship (e.g. I think New Orleans' use of the crescent symbol is completely unrelated). The lead itself really talks about how stars and crescents appear in different cultures and then mentions Islam. There is no clear indication as to what the article is really about. I could just as easily have an article Square (symbol) and talk about all the flags and emblems that have square shapes in them. That would be a pointless article. The lead needs to clearly specify which stars and crescents it is talking about and how they are related to each other. It is worth even going so far as to briefly contrast this with other unrelated uses of stars and crescent so as to be clear about the article's topic (which maybe implies retitling the article; debatable). --Mcorazao (talk) 19:03, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
thread_title: Article Clean Up and Expansion

message: User Jackling11:
Welcome to Wikipedia. I am happy to see properly referenced evidence of the use of the Star and Crescent symbol by the Turks included in this article. I originally rewrote this article to include more balanced discussion of the Turkish use of the symbol. Originally, it was full of Greek nationalist claims that were poorly sourced and certainly not neutral.
But poorly sourced and non-neutral pro-Turkish claims are no better than the Greek ones. Wikipedia is not the place to push a nationalist agenda. Non-academic web publications pushing a nationalist or 'Pan-Turanist' ideology are not reliable sources for an encyclopedia. Nor are fringe theories like the "güneş dil teorisi" or the idea that the Sumerians were ancient Turks. 
Even the references you provide (and there are only two, which are both popular online articles, not proper scholarly publications from an academic press or journal) fail to offer any evidence of the use of a combined star and crescent among the Turks prior to the Ottoman empire.
Furthermore, you claim in the opening paragraph that the symbol of the star and crescent was first adopted by Muslims because of its use by Ottoman Turks. This is simply not true. The article already discusses the borrowing of the symbol by Muslims based on Sassanid models (and provides references). You say that before the Ottomans no Muslim country used the symbol. This is not true. Persia was a Muslim country that existed long before the Turks arrived in Anatolia. Some of the earliest examples of the symbol have been found in Persia, and after they became Muslims the Persians continued to use the symbol, before the arrival of the Seljuks or Ottomans.
The article already discusses the use of the symbol by the Turks. And I would like to see more discussion of the use of the symbol by the Turks, but only if it can be properly supported with reliable sources. You might want to consider familiarizing yourself with Wikipedia's content policies before making further edits (verifiability, no original research and neutral point of view).
Saygilarimla, --Picatrix (talk) 10:53, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Claims of 'Turkish' origin for the star and crescent symbol 

message: The star and crescent symbol (including both a star and a crescent positioned together as a compound sign) is the subject of this article. However, many of the examples of the use of the star and crescent in emblems and devices included here do not, in fact, contain this symbol. Many contain only crescents, and a few contain crescents in relationships with multiple stars that do not resemble the star and crescent symbol under discussion.
The following flags do not contain a star and crescent symbol: National Symbol of the Bosniaks in Sandžak; Flag of First Saudi State.
The following emblems do not contain a star and crescent symbol: Municipal coat of arms of Aljustrel, Portugal; Municipal coat of arms of Borba, Portugal; Parish coat of arms of Massamá, Portugal; Parish coat of arms of Queluz, Portugal; Parish coat of arms of Rio de Mouro, Portugal; Parish coat of arms of São Pedro de Penaferrim, Portugal; National Symbol of the Bosniaks in Sandžak.
The following fraternity and sorority emblems do not contain a star and crescent symbol: Lambda Chi Alpha; Delta Delta Delta; Alpha Gamma Rho; DeMolay International; Kappa Sigma. 
Because none of the above listed flags, emblems or devices actually depict the star and crescent symbol which is the subject of this article, I am removing them.
The following flags show developments of the star and crescent motif with multiple stars:  Flag of Turkmenistan; Flag of Uzbekistan; Flag of Singapore; Flag of Comoros. While these are not examples of the star and crescent motif proper, I've left them because the use of the multiple stars is clearly an intentional development of the Islamic star and crescent motif intended to show a relationship with Islam. --Picatrix (talk) 10:34, 17 June 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Removing content unrelated to subject of article 

message: It is unclear where this originated. 
It seems clear that until 1920, the symbol was just associated with the Ottoman Empire, and by the 1970s, it had become a common symbol of Islamism. This leaves us a 50 year window during which the symbolism must have arisen.
The relevant question on this context seems to be, why was the symbol picked for the Flag of Pakistan in 1947 (Pakistan never having been part of the Ottoman Empire). 
Perhaps the adoption of the flag of Pakistam marks the transition of the association from "Ottoman" to "Islam". The green colour of the Pakistani flag clearly symbolized Islam, while the crescent and star apparently stood for "progress and light respectively."
I can only assume that the association with Islam arose based on the post-Ottoman and the Pakistani flags 
during the 1950s to 1960s, and was generally taken for granted by the 1970s. --dab (𒁳) 11:33, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: Good question! And something that should probably be addressed here. However, I haven't come across any sources dealing with this. My suspicion is that the flag of the Turkish Republic established by Ataturk carried clear connotations of secularism and progress. Many people forget the that the model of the secular republic guaranteed by the military really rose to prominence with Ataturk. It was of course imitated throughout what we often call the "Middle East", Egypt under Nasser being a notable example, no less than the governments of Jordan, Syria and Iraq prior to the US invasion (though the 'democracy' of these regimes is obviously very open to question). What I mean to say is that the flag of Turkey was probably representative of the introduction of secularism and 'Western progress' at the time. Again, though, no sources. Would love to hear about some if you can find them. --Picatrix (talk) 20:22, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
thread_title: Symbol of political Islam

message: The title of this article must be "Crescent and star"! (in Turkish: Ay Yıldız) Böri (talk) 11:52, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
replies: text:  "Star and Crescent" = WRONG! It must be "Crescent and star"! Böri (talk) 10:57, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
replies: text:  Why must it be?  The symbol predates any record of the Turkic languages.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cabazap (talk • contribs) 22:34, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  Crescent and star 

message: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya_(1951).svg  Flag of Libya before 1969 (& maybe their new flag!) Böri (talk) 10:15, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
replies: text:  I told you!  ;) Böri (talk) 12:20, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  Flag of Libya 

message: Seems 99.9% of scholars outside of Turkey put the star crescent as a Byzantium symbol adopted (as all emperor titles of Byzantium were by the Sultan) by the ottomans in most probability. It seems most Turkish scholars debate this and talk about legends, dreams and the fact the Turks passed through certain nations that at some point in history used a crescent moon. Should therefore the article under the Byzantium section simply be split between 'Turkish ideas' - 'the rest of the World' rather than this bizarre backwards and forwards augmentative style..german scholar says this...however Turkish mp stated this....sewdish scientist wrote about this, however Turkish historian debates that.. looks like a group of football fans arguing on a bus..and is very un-encyclopedic. 
Finally, can someone please explain this flag for me?
http://ib.frath.net/w/images/thumb/b/b1/Byzantine_flag2.png/200px-Byzantine_flag2.png
Reaper7 (talk) 00:00, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  Simple 

message: The implied options of "either the Turks brought the crescent-and-star from Asia, or they took it from the Byzantines" is completely flawed, considering the evidence. 
The Turks came out of Central Asia around the 10th century, spending 200 years in Persia before they reached Anatolia.
They conquered Byzantium in 1453.
The star and crescent flag first appears in 1793, yes, fully 800 years after they came from Asia, more than 300 years after they took Constantinople. It is ridiculous to suggest that they would have waited centuries before they were suddenly struck by the idea of, hey, how about we put this ancient symbol on a flag?
The fact is that adding the star to the crescent was a modern idea. The crescent, otoh, was widespread across the Maghreb even in 1400, and the Turks just went with this trend in flying yet another flag with a crescent. --dab (𒁳) 08:29, 24 September 2011 (UTC)
thread_title: Byzantines vs. Ancient Turks

message: The star and crescent moon are very common symbols in Hinduism, being, in writing, a diacritic representing nazalization and in philosophy and/or cosmology representing the primordial sound "Om" or "Aum". The history of how these two things are related is unknown to me, but what is sure is that it is an instantly recognizable symbol to hundreds of millions of Hindus through out the world, yet this is not mentioned in this article.
It also figures on the Nepalese flag.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.222.95 (talk) 20:07, 26 March 2012 (UTC)
thread_title:  Nepal, Hinduism, etc. 

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thread_title: File:Gokturks coin.png Nominated for speedy Deletion

message: The article has a huge problem, as it glosses over the millennium and a half between its "Hellenistic and Roman" materials and the Ottoman stuff.
There is a weak "Middle Ages" section which goes on about use of the crescent alone but has nothing on the star-and-crescent. The Ottomans introduced the star-and-crescent flag in around 1800 (some sources say "1793"), and we have no evidence of any Ottoman star-and-crescent prior to that. So naturally there is a problem of continuity. 
People do not randomly revive insignia after 15 centuries, if there is no use of the symbol during that time, its reemergence must be considered an original innovation. But there is a single 14th c. manuscript image which shows a star and crescent on a Mamluk flag, so perhaps there is some kind of medieval tradition? 
--dab (𒁳) 10:33, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
thread_title: What about the time between 300 and 1800?

message: The user Dbachmann reverted the article to its version one year ago. 
Exactly one year ago I started to contribute this article. For me it was bizarre, there is no mention in the article use by Turkic people, so I tried to improve the article by creating a new category as "Use by Turkic people". Almost 90% Turkic states and territories use the symbol in their flags or coat of arms.  But there was no mention of them in the article. I've added changes to include why it was important in the Tengrism. Crescent represents the moon god (Ay Ata), and the star represents the sun goddess (Gun Ana). I've added scientific proof of how Turkic peoples were using star and crescent before Islam as their symbol. 
If you look at history, I completed this changes between the period of 24-29 December 2014. 
The new format I've presented was widely accepted by the community. Over the past year there was 103 changes by dozens of editors to the file. Some people improved my grammar in the Turkic part, some people added more sources.
Then out of nowhere almost one year later user Dbachmann, without dismissed all the changes happened in the past year, and reverted the page to it's version on 23-12-2014 claiming "unnoted vandalism".  (I've inspected all the changes committed by the mention user. Whenever some one added a source here mentioning the use by Turkic people he removed the changes immediately or after a period of time. )
I of course, went ahead and reverted the changes done by him, and refer him to the talk page. But then another user popped up named Kafka Liz and he said Dbachmann has every right to this change, and reverted the page again. Then Thomas.W involved and reverted the page saying "giving undue prominence to Turkish/Turkic".
I tried to approach to them via my talk page; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Siğilli_Kurbağa
But I'm a single person with a very limited of time against whole the wave of Turkophobia. 
The discussion on my talk page is quite particular. User Thomas.W said this "The material you're edit-warring over puts too much emphasis on Turkish/Turkic use of the star and crescent".
Almost all of the Turkic states, Turkic council, Turkic organisations accepting star and crescent as their symbol since the Tengrism era, but now it is not even mentioned in the article. But now there is a part for Mughal Empire, part of Persia, part of Roman empire.
I am requesting from the community for the sake of neutrality and quality of the article, Dbachmann edits should be reverted.
Siğilli Kurbağa (talk) 16:42, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
thread_title:  Recent organised vandalism attack on the article: Removal of any mention to Turkic heritage.  

message: Hi, there is contradictory information here. The use of the crescent (without the star) can even be seen in 13th century European manuscripts, see the depictions under Moors. Someone needs to fix this contradiction. Cheers.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.74.186.109 (talk) 06:23, 21 July 2016 (UTC)
thread_title:  Middle Ages and Renaissance 

message: There is obviously a connection, but we need to distinguish the depiction of a crescent somewhere in an image, and a star somewhere else in the same image, perhaps arranged symmetrically on each side or something, from the actual, unified crescent-and-star (star-within-crescent) symbol.
Afacis, all examples predating the 2nd century BC are of the former type. If this is true, it would be fair to say that the symbol, as a single symbol as opposed to a juxtaposition of two symbols, originates then. This is without denying, of course, that the combination of the two symbols is based on earlier traditions placing them side by side. --dab (𒁳) 11:02, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Star-and-crescent vs. "a star and a crescent"

message: Here they mention the "star-in-crescent symbol of the Achaemenids". This would be very relevant, as   it would establish the symbol as Zoroastrian, and might also open the possibility for a continuity to the very rare star-within-crescent symbols in pre-Acheaemenid Babylon (I have found only one of these so far, the one on the Nippur kudurru).
Unfortunately, I have been unable to find any Achaemenid examples of the symbol. The oldest one I could find other than the Nippur one would be the coin of Mithridates (1st century BC). It is easily possible that there are Parthian coins with the symbol of about the same age but so far I haven't seen any. But not a single example predating the 2nd century BC yet, so an Achaemenid specimen would be very welcome. --dab (𒁳) 14:17, 20 September 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Earliest use in Persia or Pontus?

message: As should be evident from the edit history, I spent a lot of time cleaning out and/or researching anything that was unreferenced in the article.
I do think that all content is now referenced satisfactorily, relative to the usual project standards. 
Please respect WP:CITE, I do not wish to see the article deteriorate into an unreferenced mess of random additions once again. 
You are welcome to add relevant material, of course, but please make sure to provide references of reasonable quality for all additions. 
Saying ":File:Flag of Independent Bosnia (1878).svg is  the flag of Indenpendent Bosnian in 1878" is not acceptable just because this happens to be the filename of this image on commons. 
I am happy to accept that this is indeed a flag attested in Bosnia in 1878, but this does not excuse you from providing a reference if you want to include this fact. --dab (𒁳) 12:34, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
thread_title: References

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thread_title:  External links modified 

message: I have removed the following tendentious tag from the top of the article:
I have heard of crescent-shaped windows at the top of outhouse doors (likely symbolizing the moon), but not of the use of the full star-and-crescent symbol in connection with outhouses. The association of an Islamic political and religious symbol with outhouses frankly smacks of Islamophobia. Despite this overtone, if in fact the association of the symbol with outhouses in the USA can be sourced, it should be included—but not without sourcing. Even if it can be sourced, it should be included only with scrupulous care to avoid Islamophobic implications.
In any case, under no circumstances does this tendentious association deserve mention in a tag at the top of the article. Please do not replace the tag under any circumstances, and please do not include in the article any statements about the association without meticulous sourcing and scrupulous avoidance of Islamophobic overtones.
—Syrenka V (talk) 19:22, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
thread_title:  Tag about outhouses 

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thread_title:  A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion 

message: ...these employ the star and crescent on the reverse.
Also one could speak of the initial marks or mintmarks on the transitional recoinage pennies of Henry III starting in 1247, one of which at least uses the Star and Crescent. (mint mark #1 referenced with Spink-1358 thru Spink-1360 on p.160 of the 49th edition of the Standard Catalogue of British Coins (SCBC) (Spink, 2014) )  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.35.32.95 (talk) 05:35, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
thread_title:  Irish Pennies, Halfpence, Farthings, of King John of England 

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thread_title:  A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion 

message: Your edit summary (diff) doesn't make sense. You wrote, you ? Probably you meant to write, you wouldn't add the new content if there wasn't a relevant source to back it up. Regardless, you created a new subsection titled "Western Turkic Khaganate", and included the following text under it:
You cited the article Byzantine impact on the iconography of western Turkic coinage (2013) by Gaybulla Babayarov and Andrey Kubatin; specifically, page 51. I have full access to that article; you can see the aforementioned page here. It doesn't mention anything about the "star and crescent" symbol. Please, explain to me what you found wrong in my edit summary (diff), and why you reverted me. Demetrios1993 (talk) 22:24, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
replies: text: here you go. Perhaps you found an older version idk. Beshogur (talk) 22:51, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
replies: text:  Ok, i see what's going on. The version you shared above is not the actual final version that was published in the Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae journal; looks like a pre-print/pre-proof. Regardless, the relevant quote can also be found in the final version (page 52, not 51), and thus the new content you added can stay. However, i will have to update the reference with the correct page number and add a URL to the final version; also, the article wasn't published in a book, but a journal, and thus Template:Cite journal is the proper template for this reference. I will also add a wikilink to Western Turkic Khaganate. Demetrios1993 (talk) 00:38, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
thread_title:  New subsection titled "Western Turkic Khaganate" 

message: Why, in the national flags section, is there something called 'northern cyprus', a place that does not legally exist internationally? The land belongs to the Cypriot country of Cyprus, not the Turk occupation. This inclusion seems to be nasty bias. If included in the article it should have a separate section, such as Fantasy Flags, or Spurious Flags, etc.
Middle More Rider (talk) 12:26, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
thread_title:  A flag of somewhere that does not exist 

message: The pre-Christian Kingdom of Aksum, as well as their predecessor the Kingdom of Dʿmt used a disc and crescent symbol for their religion. Does that belong on this page? For examples of the symbol, Hawulti Stelae, the coins of Aphilas at the 12 o'clock position are examples I can find without leaving Wikipedia. -- RoidingOldMan (talk) 19:47, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Disc and Crescent of the pre-Christian Aksumites