Talk:Fula people

message: This doesn't list Fuuta Jallon ("Guinean Pulaar" colloquially) as a Senegalese langauge, but it's the dominant language in Kedougou, Senegal's Southeastern region and one of its largest.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 197.149.221.188 (talk) 08:37, 22 June 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Comments

message: What's the link to "pullo" intended to be in the intro?  Can anyone clarify it?  --Dvyost 16:25, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
replies: text: Removed link pending clarification.  --Dvyost 22:16, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
thread_title:  Pullo ref 

message: Fellata, a group in Darfur, currently redirects here.  I've seen occasional mention of "Fula speakers" in the south of Darfur, but don't have any idea how they fit with the rest of the group.  If someone could offer some context, it would be much appreciated. - BanyanTree 01:46, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
replies: text: There are Fulani in Sudan according to Fulani by Pat I. Ndukwe, so it's quite possible. Unfortunately, Ndukwe gives no more information. — Amcaja 09:14, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
thread_title:  [[Fellata]] 

message: The ancient origins of the Fula people they are from a Semitic origin. According to the tradition, the ancestors of Fulani is Jacob son of Israel, son of Issac, son of Abraham When Jacob left Canaan and went to Egypt where who did not know about Joseph's fame in Egypt, came to power. He made the Israelites work hard at slave labor. The Pharaoh oppressed the people, including Fulanis who were rich in cattle. They emigrated from Egypt, some of them went back to Palestine and Syria under Moses guidance and the other crossed the Nile with their cattle and headed west. They took the name of fouth or foudh meaning those who left. A group from the latter moved along the edges of the Sahara to Touat-Air and then to West-Africa. Those who came to Masina (in present day Mali) spread to the neighboring regions where they were rejoined by Fulani groups from Morocco. It has established that about 700AD, Fulani groups from Morocco, moved southward, and invaded the regions of Tagout, Adrar, Mauritania, and Fuuta Tooro. The cradle of the Fulani group is situated in the Senegal River valley, where Fulanis established kingdoms. Until the beginning of the IX th Century..Around that period they continued their migration in the regions of Bundu, Bambouk, Diomboko, Kaarta, and Bagana Finally those who where concentrated in the Ferlo from the XI to the XIV century moved in various groups to the Fuuta Jalon, to the Volta river basin , to the Gurma, to the Haussa land, and to the Adamawa, Boghirme,Ouadai . But several centuries ago, right after their ultimate ethnogenesis they appear to have begun moving from the area of present-day Senegal eastward.
During the 16th century the Fula expanded through the Sahelian grasslands stretching from what is today Senegal to Sudan. Their military strength centered on powerful cavalry that could quickly move across the large empire and defeat rivals, but the Fulani could not expand southwards, as the horses could not withstand the diseases of those latitudes.
Note: the above seems to be [undocumented] content, not really "discussion".
The main article's treatment of the origin of the Fulani is scientifically dubious, referring to physical similarity with ancient Egyptians, which may or may not mean anything. We've had -- for twenty years-- genetic markers which allow one to say with precision "who's related to whom". The "origin of the Fulani" seems to evoke quite a lot of speculation and perhaps a bit of chauvinism, but this article (and indeed all articles on ethnic groups) ought to have data from (for example) Cavalli Sforza's "The History and Geography of Human Genes". Cavalli-Sforza's data does not suggest some close kinship.
22:20, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  '''Origins and spread''' 

message: I just tinkered with the opening and the discussion of the tradition and history - but a lot of work is needed:
*More on the role of Fulas as herders (interactions with sedentary populations)
*Sedentarization
*Recent trends
*Accuracy re history (they spread before the 16th century, and Islam was not a factor until later
*The Jihad states section is one of the stronger, but needs some cleaning up
*A lot more on culture
*Language is another article and another issue 
And that's just for starters... --A12n 01:31, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
replies: text: Good work on the name issue. In my experience, the name Fulani is more common in English than Fula. Would you agree? I'd propose a page move, but I'm mostly familiar with Nigerian and Anglophone Cameroonian usage. -- Amcaja 05:41, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
replies: text: Thanks. I agree that Fulani seems more familiar in most English language literature. On the other hand Fula (or Fulah, or I've even seen Fullah) are common in the west of West Africa. (I'll start another section to pursue the discussion.) --A12n 21:13, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
thread_title:  Huge amount of work needed 

message: I was trying to clean up Massina Empire and took a look at Sokoto Caliphate, which is a bit of a mess   (and redirects to "Fulani Empire". To quote Nelson Muntz, "I can think of two things wrong with that title").
So that leads me here.  I'd like to spin off Fulani Jihad States to an article of its own, taking in some of the distinctions of town/pastoral and the growth of the Toroobe clan (which is not short for town dwelling, but a specific clan that became source of sufi religious leaders).  Objections, concers, offers of help?  :T L Miles 14:14, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
replies: text: Just catching up with this. I think that it might make sense to have separate articles for historical details on various parts of the territories lived in and and in some cases once ruled by Fulani. This article probably would then have discussion of general trends and very short introductory subsections with "Main article" links out. For an example of this approach see History of Mali. It also seems like it would be appropriate to have a category like "Fula history" - the only problem with that is that might be the need to reconcile with other history categories for the region. --A12n (talk) 00:44, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
replies: text: I just set up a stub article as Fula jihads in which I moved the section on jihad states. See discussion there.--A12n 17:19, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
thread_title:  Spinning off Fulani Jihad States? 

message: I just did some revisions of the presentation of the names of the people in the beginning of the article. This is a somewhat complex subject in itself, but it all derives from the root ful- which whatever its original meaning is linked to the people and their culture. So here is what we have:
*Fula - derived from Manding languages; linguist David Arnott suggested using this name in English for the language, but in Wikipedia it is used for both the people and the language for consistency
**Fulah or Foulah are variants of this
*Fulani - derived from Hausa language; David Arnott suggested using this name in English for the people; this is also used in this article and as an adjective in other WP articles
*Fulɓe - the name of the people in Fula language; a noe on etymology as I think this is important to proposed use of derivations in English: it is a plural noun in the "ɓe" class, which is for plurals of people (hence for instance Woɗaaɓe is the plural of Boɗeejo, etc.)
*Fulbhe - same as the above, but in the orthography used in Guinea until the mid-1980s
*Fulbe - an adaptation of the latter to English, but without the implosive  sound; personally I don't like this because it (1) sounds wrong and (2) does not fit well in the range of uses it would be applied to in English (Fulbe woman?  no, really Pullo woman etc.)
*Peul - in French, derived from the Wolof language, but sometimes also used in English
**Peuhl or Peulh are variants of this
All of this could get confusing. I would suggest staying with the main term used for headers and main articles so as not to disorient readers, but being clear about alternate uses and flexible about other references. It all revolves around ful- anyway. --A12n (talk) 01:15, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
thread_title:  What's in a name? 

message: The Fula people#Culture & Language section has a list of other languages that Fulas might speak by country. I'm wondering if this is at all necessary. People in the region generally are polyglots. It might make more sense to have a short sentence on multilingualism among Fulas and others in the countries they live in. (The section originally mentioned just the official languages but some time ago others were added.) I'm not aware that any other page on an ethnic group spends as much space itemizing other possible languages. Anyway, I'd be interested in other thoughts before making that change. --A12n (talk) 04:16, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
thread_title:  Other languages spoken 

message: While I might assume whomever made these edits (and to Fula language) feels a very justified pride in his/her ethnic background, a quick look at the references already in the article show that the highly inflated figures inserted are entirely invented.  The contention that Fula people make up the third largest ethnic group in Sierra Leone, when even that nation's government put the figure at no more than %2, is simply fictional.  That Fula form a majority in Cameroon and Nigeria is simply not true.  A worldwide figure of Fula people of 40 to 60  placed by one editor is AT LEAST three times the highest figure I can find from any source (17M, which is a contested figure, 10-12M is more common).  Please do not repeat these edits.  Apart from the CIA and UN demography figures (by nation) and the enthnologue language use figures (by language family and subgroup), see the slightly dated:
*David Levinson. Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group, (1998) 
T L Miles (talk) 01:00, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
thread_title: Recent highly inflated figures

message: Any proof that they exist in North Africa??as it says Egypt up there ,Egypt only has nubians and some Sudanese minorities  but Fula are not Known at all in here either remove Egypt or bring a proof  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.232.120.119 (talk) 13:47, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: Maybe migrants. Ambramarino (talk) 05:30, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Any proof that they exist in North Africa??as it says Egypt up there 

message: Sudan is considered as north African country
(They are known to have heritage as far as North Africa such as Egypt where they most popularly originate from.)
from where did u bring that????attach any proof  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.232.120.119 (talk) 13:55, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
replies: text: I want to know where this theory is from. Ambramarino (talk) 05:28, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  the resource said that they might be originated from north Africa and didn't say Egypt,  

message: I removed a list of second/additional languages that would be spoken by some or many Fulas (appended below). It is fairly obvious in multilingual Africa, that members of any minority will speak other languages of the societies in which they live.--A12n (talk) 16:42, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
thread_title:  Deletion 

message: did any one notice that there is no population section in the main page?!!
i mean is it possible that no one noticed that there is no any estimated figure for their population in the main page as if its a secondary issue!!
althought i noticed that some one talking about changing the figure from 50 million to (10 to 13) but neither which is found in the main page!!!!  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knightoflight25 (talk • contribs) 16:39, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  population 

message: whene you mention christianity in the religion section beside the african religions this is bullshit for me
i mean its well known that there are less than 1000 fulani christians in a nation exceeds the 10000000 person , so considering them as an element in the nation alongside with the several 1000s of those who follow the primitive african religions dosn't mean any thing except you 're biase against any thing related to islam for example in nubian section in wikepedia the editor said that their religion is islam and christianity althought there is no even a single christian among this nation and when talking about non muslim races which have muslim percentage even more than 10% of the nation you dont mention that islam is one of the religions practised by the people so what neutrality and what objectivity you are talking about in wikipedia?!!  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knightoflight25 (talk • contribs) 17:32, 17 July 2011 (UTC)
thread_title:  religion section 

message: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F16900879&ei=oTeIUL_rBMPoigKxhoCQDA&usg=AFQjCNGFCPWVEyjeyvNjiJqD4T9TvxeZmQ
They are only 8% north african. Plutocrackz (talk) 18:54, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
thread_title:  The Fulani are NOT berbers, arabs, and/or caucasoids! 

message: There could be a useful article on Fula family names. The usual starting point would be the four main ones, which are sometimes referred to as "clans" (though the term is doesn't fit well): 1) Diallo, Jalloh, Jallow, and perhaps other spellings (French & English orgthographies make the difference among these); 2) Ba, Bâ, and Bah; 3) So, Sô, and Sow; and 4) Bari and Barry. In areas of Manding culture, Diakité, Sidibé, and Sangaré are the equivalents of Ba, So, and Bari, respectively. A full article could also discuss other names used among ethnically Fula and Fula-speaking peoples in various parts of West Africa and beyond.--A12n (talk) 15:32, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: Yes, you're right. I don't know why this had not already been added. It is a very important piece of information. I will add the sources and citations when I am able to. Thank you for bringing attention to this. Ambramarino (talk) 05:26, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Fula surnames & "clan" names 

message: There seems to be a lot of vandalism on this section, with claims the studies are dubious. What are the arguments for this? If people can please refrain from reverting until consensus is met. Maybe this page needs to be locked because the history of this page includes a lot of reverting/deletions on this issue of genetics and origins. The studies below are very sound and closely support the oral histories, nomadic heritage, current demographic distribution in Africa and culture of the group.Andajara120000 (talk) 17:13, 12 December 2013 (UTC)
thread_title:  Genetics Section- Please Do Not Revert YDNA (Paternal) and mtDNA (Maternal) Section Without Reaching Consensus 

message: The V22 sub-clade of E1b1b is not solely North African as asserted. It has general Afro-Asiatic affinities, with notable frequencies in the Horn. The Hassan et al. paper notes this. The same applies to the Eurasian mtDNA lineages. Also, the Fulani's West Eurasian component has historically been associated with either the Horn or North Africa. For example:
"We confirmed previous observations, based on HLA class I data, that the Fulani from Burkina Faso are genetically differentiated from sympatric Mossi and Rimaibe;. We have also observed that the Fulani from Burkina Faso are very close to the Fulani from The Gambia, indicating that the Fulani populations of the two countries could be the descendants of the same group of ancestors. Furthermore, both the Fulani from Burkina Faso and from The Gambia share the distribution of specific alleles with East African populations. In particular, the DRB1*04 allele is absent or rare in all Sub-Saharan African populations, except in the Fulani and in Amhara-Oromo from Ethiopia, where it reaches a frequency close to that of Europeans. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that the Fulani’s genetic make-up includes an appreciable Caucasoid component of possible East-African origin, which has been suggested on the basis of their physical features and cultural traditions."
http://www.afshg.org/AfSHG2009_Final_Programme_Abstract_Book.pdf
One other thing, most Fulani do not have 40% West Eurasian ancestry. On average, they have about as much such ancestry as the Maasai. Most also don't carry the R1 paternal haplogroup; these are only the ones in Sudan that Hassan et al. actually tested. The Fulani in West Africa (i.e. the majority) actually mainly have the same E3a/E1b1a haplogroup as most other Niger-Cango-speaking groups there . Middayexpress (talk) 17:58, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: And as for R1b, it has been found in elevated numbers in the Fulani in Cameroon as well. Indeed, almost all the R1b found in Africa has in fact been found in the Fulani, which one must remember are found throughout West, northern Central and Sudanic Africa. That is another reason why a good synthesis/summary of these studies in the article with a note as to the region/country the Fulani tested are from would be a great addition. The quote from the mtDNA study in particular is a great example of what I am talking about as it notes the study of Fulani from four different countries and explicitly compares the results to those of the Fulani in other areas. Many studies of the Fulani however have been done for individual Fulani groups within the country of study (like that for Cameroon) so differentiating the national origin or at least the region (West Africa, north Central Africa, Sudanic Africa) of the Fulani for each of the studies cited in the article would probably be the ideal situation (without it getting overlong).  Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 18:07, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: That sounds plausible. Do you have a link for the R1b in Cameroon? Also, I just checked the Facts on File link, and it doesn't indicate that the Fulani have 40% West Eurasian ancestry  (not saying that it's not possible). Middayexpress (talk) 18:18, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: Great, so I have changed it to this: "Genetic studies have found the Fulani to be largely a combination of Sub-Saharan African and Eurasian or North African lineages. With most of their Eurasian or North African heritage devolving paternally, this is consistent with the group's oral history of a (largely male) nomadic migratory population from North Africa then culturally integrating with, marrying women from, and taking the language of their Sub-Saharan African (Niger-Congo) neighbors over hundreds of years of cultural, demographic and genetic interaction. This genetic and cultural interaction most probably occurred in Senegal, where the closely linguistically related Tukulor, Serer and Wolof people predominate, ultimately leading to the ethnogenesis of the Fulani culture, language and people before subsequent expansion throughout much of West Africa.  Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "The Fulani are descended from both North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The earliest Fulani were nomadic cattle herders who traveled great distances with their herds in search of water and pasture...[T]he existence of the Fulani has been known for more than a thousand years...The cradle of the group in West Africa is in northern Senegal, where they settled in Futa Tora[.]" " Deleting the entire history section  which was sourced was wholly unnecessary and I would even call it a type of vandalism, but in any case. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 18:24, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: The Facts on File link (i.e. the footnote in the paragraph above) doesn't indicate that the Fulani are "largely a combination of Sub-Saharan African and Eurasian or North African lineages" or any of the foregoing. This is original research. Middayexpress (talk) 18:29, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: It is most definitely not original research: anyone with any familiarity with African history or the Fulani is aware of the clear consensus on this issue. I will be adding multiple references right now. If you can hold off on deletion for a few minutes. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 18:32, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: I have added some references regarding the historical origins of the Fulani per above. I will continue to add some more. Feel free to summarize these other genetic studies you have noted and include them in the article-please remember to note the region/nation of the Fulani involved or include a quote noting that (like the two present), as the Fulani are found in over 15 countries in Africa as they are the largest nomadic group in the world. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 19:07, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: As promised, I've added numerous supporting references to the well-known history and origins of the Fulani in Senegal as a result of interactions between North African and Sub-Saharan Africans in the article so please do not delete that section again.(Genetic studies have found the Fulani to be largely a combination of Sub-Saharan African and Eurasian or North African lineages.  Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "The Fulani are descended from both North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The earliest Fulani were nomadic cattle herders who traveled great distances with their herds in search of water and pasture...[T]he existence of the Fulani has been known for more than a thousand years...The cradle of the group in West Africa is in northern Senegal, where they settled in Futa Tora[.]"  International Business Publications, Mali Foreign Policy and Government Guide - Volume 1 (2007), Page 52, books.google.com/books?isbn=1433032139: " suggesting the possibility that their ancestors migrated from the Middle East through North Africa to Senegal."  With most of their Eurasian or North African heritage devolving paternally, this is consistent with the group's oral history of a (largely male) nomadic migratory population from North Africa then culturally integrating with, marrying women from, and taking the language of their Sub-Saharan African (Niger-Congo) neighbors over hundreds of years of cultural, demographic and genetic interaction.  Derrick J. Stenning, Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Wodaabe Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu (1959), p. 19, books.google.com/books?isbn=3894738782 "The myths of the Fulani themselves...often describe the marriage of a Muslim Arab or Moor with a Negress which is blessed with children...This child is the ancestor of the Fulani. In some versions his brothers learn the new language, Fulfude from him and found the four great branches of the Fulani people. In others they become the ancestors of other, Negro populations of the country. In all its versions, this myth relates the racial affinities of the Fulani, their linguistic peculiarities and their historical role in the Western Sudan." Morro Suso, The Oral History of the Manding Empire (2003), p. 40, books.google.com/books?id=Qp0PAQAAMAAJ:"Another main version given about the origins of the Fula is that they originated in the lower basins of the Senegal and the Gambia as a result of a mixture between Berbers from the Sahara and the Wollof and Serer peoples."  Martin Ballard, Uthman Dan Fodio: Commander of the Faithful (1977), p. vii, books.google.com/books?id=CboJAQAAIAAJ: "After a time, however, Ukabu went away and left the mother with her children, and as the boys grew up they started speaking a new language among themselves. This was the Fulani language. Perhaps Ukabu and his sons only existed in the old men's stories, but it is certain that the Fulani were the product of intermarriage from the north and the inhabitants of Senegal." This genetic and cultural interaction most probably occurred in Senegal, Andrew Burke, The Gambia & Senegal (2002), pp. 27-28, books.google.com/books?isbn=1740591372: "Although they look on the Futa Toro region in northern Senegal as their cultural homeland."  Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "The Fulani are descended from both North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The earliest Fulani were nomadic cattle herders who traveled great distances with their herds in search of water and pasture...[T]he existence of the Fulani has been known for more than a thousand years...The cradle of the group in West Africa is in northern Senegal, where they settled in Futa Tora[.]"  International Business Publications, Mali Foreign Policy and Government Guide - Volume 1 (2007), Page 52, books.google.com/books?isbn=1433032139: " suggesting the possibility that their ancestors migrated from the Middle East through North Africa to Senegal."  Elizabeth Berg, ‎Ruth Wan, ‎Ruth Lau, Senegal (2009), Page 62, books.google.com/books?isbn=0761444815:"Their nomadic ancestors are thought to have come from a region north of the Senegal River. They have gradually migrated south and east over the last 400 to 500 years. During this time the majority of Fulani became sedentary[.]"  where the closely linguistically related Tukulor, Serer and Wolof people predominate,Dickson Eyoh, Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century African History (2002), p. 228, books.google.com/books?isbn=0203986571:"The most important dialects of the language are: Tukulor, primarily spoken in northern Senegal...[t]he major African languages related to Fulani are those of the West-Atlantic branch, especially Wolof and Seereer." ultimately leading to the ethnogenesis of the Fulani culture, language and people before subsequent expansion throughout much of West Africa. Toyin Folola, Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (2009), p. 135, books.google.com/books?isbn=0810863162: "Because the Fulani people historically were pastoralists, the language spread across West Africa from Senegal and east to Chad and northern Cameroon."Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe, Fulani (1996), p. 17-18, books.google.com/books?isbn=082391982X: "The Fulani themselves have their own beliefs about their origins. The most commonly held myth refers to the marriage of an Arab Muslim called Ukuba to an African woman from Fouta Toro. The marriage was blessed with four sons. The eldest of these sons showed early, though various signs, that he was destined for great things. For example, from infancy he spoke an incomprehensible language that later developed into Fulfulde, the Fulani language...There is reason to believe the Fulani may have originated from the Fouta Toro in Senegambia. Linguistic evidence shows that Fulfulde is related to Wolof and Serer, two other languages spoken in the same area. Such evidence often suggests a long historical relationship and a common source for both the languages and their speakers.") Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 21:24, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: I Added a few more references and the study showing R1b in Cameroon and Niger (Elevated levels of the West Eurasian Haplogroup R1b (R-V88) was also found present in the Fulani of Niger and Cameroon. ). One of the many references for origins and history I added: Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's minorities, p. 474, books.google.com/books?isbn=1135193886 "Therefore, the modern Fulani and their language, Fulfulde, originated in Senegambia, probably in the northern river area of Futa Toro. The original Fulani may have descended from a pastoral group inhabiting the Western Sahara in the Chadian wet phase 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, before moving into the Mauritanian Adrar as the Sahara dried up. later they may have gradually filtered down to the lower and middle Senegal river Valley, the area known as Futa Toro, and intermarried with local groups. From Futa Toro, the Fulani most likel spread into the Sahel zone along the Senegal and Niger Rivers and then further east." Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 22:14, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
replies: text: Great, could you please summarize these studies and include them in the article as necessary noting the nationalities of the Fulani involved? I feel like the nomadic nature of the Fulani and the fact that they are found in over 15 African countries and as such the fact that the genetic studies for them will differ depending on the source of the study is quite obvious. This is well-known to those with a basic grounding in African history. Considering the fact that the Fulani are estimated to be the second largest ethnic group in Africa after the Hausa, and are the largest nomadic group in the world this kind of accuracy and differentiation by region/nationality is key. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 18:54, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
thread_title: Genetics

message: ===YDNA (Paternal)===
According to a study by Hassan et al. (2008), the Fulani in Sudan have been found to have over 88% paternal West Eurasian or North African lineages: 53.8% Haplogroup R-M173 (West Eurasian) and 34.62% E-M78 (with 27.2% E-V22) (North African):Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008), "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History" (PDF), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 (3): 316, doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876, , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18618658
"The Fulani, who possess the lowest population size in this study, have an interesting genetic structure, effectively
consisting of two haplogroups or founding lineages. One of the lineages is R-M173 (53.8%), and its sheer frequency suggests either a recent migration of this group to Africa and/or a restricted gene flow due to linguistic or cultural barriers. The high frequency of subclade E-V22, which is believed to be northeast African (Cruciani et al., 2007) and haplogroup R-M173, suggests an amalgamation of two populations/cultures that took place sometime in the past in eastern or central Africa. This is also evident from the frequency of the ‘‘T’’ allele of the lactase persistence gene that is uniquely present in considerable frequencies among the Fulani (Mulcare et al., 2004). Interestingly, Fulani language is classified in the Niger-Congo family of languages, which is more prevalent in West Africa and among Bantu speakers, yet their Y-chromosomes show very little evidence of West African genetic affiliation."Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008), "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History" (PDF), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137 (3): 316, doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876, , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18618658
Elevated levels of the West Eurasian Haplogroup R-V88 was also found present in the Fulani of Niger and Cameroon. :"Although human Y chromosomes belonging to haplogroup R1b are quite rare in Africa, being found mainly in Asia and Europe, a group of chromosomes within the paragroup R-P25* are found concentrated in the central-western part of the African continent, where they can be detected at frequencies as high as 95%...The R-V88 coalescence time was estimated at 9200–5600 kya, in the early mid Holocene. We suggest that R-V88 is a paternal genetic record of the proposed mid-Holocene migration...through the Central Sahara into the Lake Chad Basin, and geomorphological evidence is consistent with this view."  Other studies of the Fulani from Cameroon  Mulcare CA, et al.(2004) The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans. Am J Hum Genet 74:1102–1110, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707628377:"Only the Fulbe and Hausa from Cameroon possessed the T allele at a level consistent with phenotypic observations (as well as an Irish sample used for comparison). We conclude that the C13.9kbT polymorphism is not a predictor of lactase persistence in sub-Saharan Africans. We also present Y-chromosome data that are consistent with previously reported evidence for a back-migration event into Cameroon, and we comment on the implications for the introgression of the 13.9kb*T allele...Our Y-chromosome data corroborate the results of Cruciani and colleagues (2002) in finding high frequencies in our Cameroonian samples of a haplogroup that is generally absent from sub-Saharan Africa. Phylogeographic arguments suggest that this haplogroup (R1*, by use of the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium [2002]) has a non-African origin. Cruciani and colleagues (2002) found R1* Y chromosomes at an average frequency of 40% in several northern Cameroonian groups, including one Fulbe group. We found evidence for the same haplotype (typed by use of a marker that appears phylogenetically identical in this part of Africa) in our samples from central Cameroon, with a particularly high frequency (19%) in the Fulbe group that was tested. The Y-chromosome microsatellite diversity we observed indicates that this haplogroup could not have been brought to this part of Africa by a single recent founder. The origins of the Fulbe are the subject of debate, but the group is thought to be from outside Cameroon; on the basis of ethnic traditions and linguistic similarities between Fulbe languages and Tukulor (Toucouleur), an origin in the Futa Toro region of the Senegal river basin has been proposed (Newman 1995)."  and Niger  Jana Bučková et al., Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel. AJPA 2013, doi:10.1002/ajpa.22236. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22236/abstract:"Interestingly, within the Fulani pastoralist population as a whole, a differentiation of the groups from Niger is characterized by their high presence of R1b-M343 and E-[M35]. Moreover, the R1b-M343 is represented in our dataset exclusively in the Fulani group and our analyses infer a north-to-south African migration route during a recent past." have confirmed these findings.
===MtDNA (Maternal)===
In contrast, maternally the Fulani largely cluster with other Niger-Congo peoples with only 8.1% of the mtDNA lineages associated with Eurasian or North African peoples (J1b, U5, H, and V):Cerný V, Hájek M, Bromová M, Cmejla R, Diallo I, Brdicka R., MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations. Hum Biol. 2006 Feb;78(1):9-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1690087/
"Despite the large size of the contemporary nomadic Fulani population (roughly 13 million people), the genetic diversity and degree of differentiation of Fulanis compared to other sub-Saharan populations remain unknown. We sampled four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso) and analyzed sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA. Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total). As in African hunter-gatherers (Pygmies and Khoisan) and some populations from central Tunisia (Kesra and Zriba), three of the Fulani nomad samples do not reveal significant negative values of Fu's selective neutrality test. The multidimensional scaling of FST genetic distances of related sub-Saharan populations and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) show clear and close relationships between all pairs of the four Fulani nomad samples, irrespective of their geographic origin. The only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon." Cerný V, Hájek M, Bromová M, Cmejla R, Diallo I, Brdicka R., MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations. Hum Biol. 2006 Feb;78(1):9-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1690087/
Genetic and geomorphological studies have found the Fulani to be largely a combination of Sub-Saharan African and Eurasian or North African lineages., http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2009/04/30/1172257.DC1/Tishkoff.SOM_REVISED.pdf:"Other groups of interest can be assessed with STRUCTURE analyses, including the Fulani, sampled from Nigeria and Cameroon, the Baggara sampled from northern Cameroon, and the Koma sampled from the Alantika Mountains in eastern Nigeria. The Fulani are nomadic pastoralists who speak a Niger-Kordofanian language (Atlantic Senegambian subfamily) and occupy a broad geographic range in central and western Africa... Our analysis, using genomewide nuclear markers and STRUCTURE, indicates that the Fulani have distinctive ancestry (fuchsia) at K = 14 in the global analysis (Figs. 3, 4) and at K = 9 -14 in the Africa analysis (Fig. S15). Low to moderate levels of the Fulani AAC was also observed in the Mozabite and Mandinka populations in the global analysis (Figs. 3 and 4). The Fulani cluster with the Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations at K <13 in the global analysis (Fig. 3; maroon) and at K <8 in the Africa analysis (Fig. S15; red). They also cluster near the Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations in the NJ tree based on population genetic distances (Figs. 1, S7 and S8). In the global STRUCTURE analysis, the Fulani show low to moderate levels of European/Middle Eastern ancestry (blue), consistent with mtDNA (S101) and Y chromosome (S97) analyses, as well as the presence at low frequency of the -13910T mutation associated with lactose tolerance in Europeans in this population (S102). Additionally, we observe moderate to high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry in the Fulani populations (Figs. 3, 4, S15;Tables S8, S9). These results do not enable us to determine the definitive origin of the Fulani, although they indicate shared ancestry with Saharan and Central Sudanic populations and suggest that the Fulani have admixed with local populations, and possibly adopted a Niger-Kordofanian language, during their spread across central and western Africa. The origin of European (possibly via the Iberian peninsula) and/or Middle Eastern ancestry in the Fulani requires further exploration with additional genetic markers."  Daniel Abwa, Boundaries and History in Africa (2013), p.6, books.google.com/books?isbn=9956791016:"Who are the Mbororo?There are conflicting historical versions as to the origin of the Fulani in general and Nomadic Fulani (Mbororo) in particular. However geomorphologists speculate that the long-horn cattle Fulani originated from the North African littoral and much of what is now Sahara [formerly] grass-covered Savannah lands in comparatively recent times."  With most of their Eurasian or North African heritage devolving paternally, this is consistent with the group's oral history of a (largely male) nomadic migratory population from North Africa,  Stanisław Piłaszewicz, Unwritten testimonies of the African past (1991), p.85,books.google.com/books?isbn=8323002622:"Let us mention that Fulbe traditions claim a North African origin of their forefathers." Toyin Folola, Health knowledge and belief systems in Africa (2008), p. 68, books.google.com/books?id=F8QPAQAAMAAJ:"The subject matter of bhuuri had important symbolic significance in Fulani life bcause bhuuri is thought to distinguish Fulani from their neighbors. Fulani believe they suffer bhuuri because they are a people who come from North Africa or the Sahara. Consequently they are more vulnerable to the humidity of sub-Saharan Africa." Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "The Fulani are descended from both North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The earliest Fulani were nomadic cattle herders who traveled great distances with their herds in search of water and pasture..."  International Business Publications, Mali Foreign Policy and Government Guide - Volume 1 (2007), Page 52, books.google.com/books?isbn=1433032139: " suggesting the possibility that their ancestors migrated...through North Africa to Senegal." Neil Peart, The Masked Rider: Cycling in West Africa (2004), books.google.com/books?isbn=1554907136:"This was my first encounter with the Fulani people, a once nomadic tribe thought to be of North African descent, who had moved into the north of present-day Cameroon in the eleventh century, at the height of the great Fulani Empire."Emmanuel Neba Ndenecho, Decentralization and Spatial Rural Development Planning in Cameroon (2011), p. 23, books.google.com/books?isbn=9956717665:"The Fulani, a pastoral cattle-rearing people probably of north African origin..."  then culturally integrating with, marrying women from, and taking the language of their Sub-Saharan African (Niger-Congo) neighbors over hundreds of years of cultural, demographic and genetic interaction.  Derrick J. Stenning, Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Wodaabe Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu (1959), p. 19, books.google.com/books?isbn=3894738782 "The myths of the Fulani themselves...often describe the marriage of a...Moor with a Negress which is blessed with children...This child is the ancestor of the Fulani. In some versions his brothers learn the new language, Fulfude from him and found the four great branches of the Fulani people. In others they become the ancestors of other, Negro populations of the country. In all its versions, this myth relates the racial affinities of the Fulani, their linguistic peculiarities and their historical role in the Western Sudan." Morro Suso, The Oral History of the Manding Empire (2003), p. 40, books.google.com/books?id=Qp0PAQAAMAAJ:"Another main version given about the origins of the Fula is that they originated in the lower basins of the Senegal and the Gambia as a result of a mixture between [peoples] from the Sahara and the Wollof and Serer peoples." Martin Ballard, Uthman Dan Fodio: Commander of the Faithful (1977), p. vii, books.google.com/books?id=CboJAQAAIAAJ: "After a time, however, Ukabu went away and left the mother with her children, and as the boys grew up they started speaking a new language among themselves. This was the Fulani language. Perhaps Ukabu and his sons only existed in the old men's stories, but it is certain that the Fulani were the product of intermarriage from the north and the inhabitants of Senegal."Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe, Fulani (1996), p. 17-18, books.google.com/books?isbn=082391982X: "The Fulani themselves have their own beliefs about their origins. The most commonly held myth refers to the marriage of...Ukuba to an African woman from Fouta Toro. The marriage was blessed with four sons. The eldest of these sons showed early, through various signs, that he was destined for great things. For example, from infancy he spoke an incomprehensible language that later developed into Fulfulde, the Fulani language...There is reason to believe the Fulani may have originated from the Fouta Toro in Senegambia. Linguistic evidence shows that Fulfulde is related to Wolof and Serer, two other languages spoken in the same area. Such evidence often suggests a long historical relationship and a common source for both the languages and their speakers."This genetic and cultural interaction most probably occurred in Senegal, Andrew Burke, The Gambia & Senegal (2002), pp. 27-28, books.google.com/books?isbn=1740591372: "Although they look on the Futa Toro region in northern Senegal as their cultural homeland."  Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "[T]he existence of the Fulani has been known for more than a thousand years...The cradle of the group in West Africa is in northern Senegal, where they settled in Futa Tora[.]"  Elizabeth Berg, ‎Ruth Wan, ‎Ruth Lau, Senegal (2009), Page 62, books.google.com/books?isbn=0761444815:"Their nomadic ancestors are thought to have come from a region north of the Senegal River. They have gradually migrated south and east over the last 400 to 500 years. During this time the majority of Fulani became sedentary[.]"  where the closely linguistically related Tukulor, Serer and Wolof people predominate,Dickson Eyoh, Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century African History (2002), p. 228, books.google.com/books?isbn=0203986571:"The most important dialects of the language are: Tukulor, primarily spoken in northern Senegal...[t]he major African languages related to Fulani are those of the West-Atlantic branch, especially Wolof and Seereer." L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 169:"The third outlier is a minor cluster of Wolof, Serer, and Peul (from Senegal)." ultimately leading to the ethnogenesis of the Fulani culture, language and people before subsequent expansion throughout much of West Africa. Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's minorities, p. 474, books.google.com/books?isbn=1135193886 "Therefore, the modern Fulani and their language, Fulfulde, originated in Senegambia, probably in the northern river area of Futa Toro. The original Fulani may have descended from a pastoral group inhabiting the Western Sahara in the Chadian wet phase 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, before moving into the Mauritanian Adrar as the Sahara dried up. Later they may have gradually filtered down to the lower and middle Senegal River Valley, the area known as Futa Toro, and intermarried with local groups. From Futa Toro, the Fulani most likely spread into the Sahel zone along the Senegal and Niger Rivers and then further east."Toyin Folola, Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (2009), p. 135, books.google.com/books?isbn=0810863162: "Because the Fulani people historically were pastoralists, the language spread across West Africa from Senegal and east to Chad and northern Cameroon." 
:::::::::::::::Everything in this section now seems well sourced but if there any other users have any problems with any part of this section please bring it up in this  talk page discussion before deleting it. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 00:51, 25 December 2013 (UTC)
thread_title: Genetics

message: In contrast, maternally the Fulani largely cluster with other Niger-Congo peoples with only 8.1% of the mtDNA lineages associated with Eurasian or North African peoples (J1b, U5, H, and V):Cerný V, Hájek M, Bromová M, Cmejla R, Diallo I, Brdicka R., MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations. Hum Biol. 2006 Feb;78(1):9-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1690087/
"Despite the large size of the contemporary nomadic Fulani population (roughly 13 million people), the genetic diversity and degree of differentiation of Fulanis compared to other sub-Saharan populations remain unknown. We sampled four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso) and analyzed sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA. Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total). As in African hunter-gatherers (Pygmies and Khoisan) and some populations from central Tunisia (Kesra and Zriba), three of the Fulani nomad samples do not reveal significant negative values of Fu's selective neutrality test. The multidimensional scaling of FST genetic distances of related sub-Saharan populations and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) show clear and close relationships between all pairs of the four Fulani nomad samples, irrespective of their geographic origin. The only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon." Cerný V, Hájek M, Bromová M, Cmejla R, Diallo I, Brdicka R., MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations. Hum Biol. 2006 Feb;78(1):9-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1690087/
Genetic and geomorphological studies have found the Fulani to be largely a combination of Sub-Saharan African and Eurasian or North African lineages., http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2009/04/30/1172257.DC1/Tishkoff.SOM_REVISED.pdf:"Other groups of interest can be assessed with STRUCTURE analyses, including the Fulani, sampled from Nigeria and Cameroon, the Baggara sampled from northern Cameroon, and the Koma sampled from the Alantika Mountains in eastern Nigeria. The Fulani are nomadic pastoralists who speak a Niger-Kordofanian language (Atlantic Senegambian subfamily) and occupy a broad geographic range in central and western Africa... Our analysis, using genomewide nuclear markers and STRUCTURE, indicates that the Fulani have distinctive ancestry (fuchsia) at K = 14 in the global analysis (Figs. 3, 4) and at K = 9 -14 in the Africa analysis (Fig. S15). Low to moderate levels of the Fulani AAC was also observed in the Mozabite and Mandinka populations in the global analysis (Figs. 3 and 4). The Fulani cluster with the Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations at K <13 in the global analysis (Fig. 3; maroon) and at K <8 in the Africa analysis (Fig. S15; red). They also cluster near the Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations in the NJ tree based on population genetic distances (Figs. 1, S7 and S8). In the global STRUCTURE analysis, the Fulani show low to moderate levels of European/Middle Eastern ancestry (blue), consistent with mtDNA (S101) and Y chromosome (S97) analyses, as well as the presence at low frequency of the -13910T mutation associated with lactose tolerance in Europeans in this population (S102). Additionally, we observe moderate to high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry in the Fulani populations (Figs. 3, 4, S15;Tables S8, S9). These results do not enable us to determine the definitive origin of the Fulani, although they indicate shared ancestry with Saharan and Central Sudanic populations and suggest that the Fulani have admixed with local populations, and possibly adopted a Niger-Kordofanian language, during their spread across central and western Africa. The origin of European (possibly via the Iberian peninsula) and/or Middle Eastern ancestry in the Fulani requires further exploration with additional genetic markers."  Daniel Abwa, Boundaries and History in Africa (2013), p.6, books.google.com/books?isbn=9956791016:"Who are the Mbororo?There are conflicting historical versions as to the origin of the Fulani in general and Nomadic Fulani (Mbororo) in particular. However geomorphologists speculate that the long-horn cattle Fulani originated from the North African littoral and much of what is now Sahara [formerly] grass-covered Savannah lands in comparatively recent times."  With most of their Eurasian or North African heritage devolving paternally, this is consistent with the group's oral history of a (largely male) nomadic migratory population from North Africa,  Stanisław Piłaszewicz, Unwritten testimonies of the African past (1991), p.85,books.google.com/books?isbn=8323002622:"Let us mention that Fulbe traditions claim a North African origin of their forefathers." Toyin Folola, Health knowledge and belief systems in Africa (2008), p. 68, books.google.com/books?id=F8QPAQAAMAAJ:"The subject matter of bhuuri had important symbolic significance in Fulani life bcause bhuuri is thought to distinguish Fulani from their neighbors. Fulani believe they suffer bhuuri because they are a people who come from North Africa or the Sahara. Consequently they are more vulnerable to the humidity of sub-Saharan Africa." Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "The Fulani are descended from both North Africans and sub-Saharan Africans. The earliest Fulani were nomadic cattle herders who traveled great distances with their herds in search of water and pasture..."  International Business Publications, Mali Foreign Policy and Government Guide - Volume 1 (2007), Page 52, books.google.com/books?isbn=1433032139: " suggesting the possibility that their ancestors migrated...through North Africa to Senegal." Neil Peart, The Masked Rider: Cycling in West Africa (2004), books.google.com/books?isbn=1554907136:"This was my first encounter with the Fulani people, a once nomadic tribe thought to be of North African descent, who had moved into the north of present-day Cameroon in the eleventh century, at the height of the great Fulani Empire."Emmanuel Neba Ndenecho, Decentralization and Spatial Rural Development Planning in Cameroon (2011), p. 23, books.google.com/books?isbn=9956717665:"The Fulani, a pastoral cattle-rearing people probably of north African origin..."  then culturally integrating with, marrying women from, and taking the language of their Sub-Saharan African (Niger-Congo) neighbors over hundreds of years of cultural, demographic and genetic interaction.  Derrick J. Stenning, Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Wodaabe Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu (1959), p. 19, books.google.com/books?isbn=3894738782 "The myths of the Fulani themselves...often describe the marriage of a...Moor with a Negress which is blessed with children...This child is the ancestor of the Fulani. In some versions his brothers learn the new language, Fulfude from him and found the four great branches of the Fulani people. In others they become the ancestors of other, Negro populations of the country. In all its versions, this myth relates the racial affinities of the Fulani, their linguistic peculiarities and their historical role in the Western Sudan." Morro Suso, The Oral History of the Manding Empire (2003), p. 40, books.google.com/books?id=Qp0PAQAAMAAJ:"Another main version given about the origins of the Fula is that they originated in the lower basins of the Senegal and the Gambia as a result of a mixture between [peoples] from the Sahara and the Wollof and Serer peoples." Martin Ballard, Uthman Dan Fodio: Commander of the Faithful (1977), p. vii, books.google.com/books?id=CboJAQAAIAAJ: "After a time, however, Ukabu went away and left the mother with her children, and as the boys grew up they started speaking a new language among themselves. This was the Fulani language. Perhaps Ukabu and his sons only existed in the old men's stories, but it is certain that the Fulani were the product of intermarriage from the north and the inhabitants of Senegal."Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe, Fulani (1996), p. 17-18, books.google.com/books?isbn=082391982X: "The Fulani themselves have their own beliefs about their origins. The most commonly held myth refers to the marriage of...Ukuba to an African woman from Fouta Toro. The marriage was blessed with four sons. The eldest of these sons showed early, through various signs, that he was destined for great things. For example, from infancy he spoke an incomprehensible language that later developed into Fulfulde, the Fulani language...There is reason to believe the Fulani may have originated from the Fouta Toro in Senegambia. Linguistic evidence shows that Fulfulde is related to Wolof and Serer, two other languages spoken in the same area. Such evidence often suggests a long historical relationship and a common source for both the languages and their speakers."This genetic and cultural interaction most probably occurred in Senegal, Andrew Burke, The Gambia & Senegal (2002), pp. 27-28, books.google.com/books?isbn=1740591372: "Although they look on the Futa Toro region in northern Senegal as their cultural homeland."  Facts On File, Incorporated, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (2009), p. 230, books.google.com/books?isbn=143812676X: "[T]he existence of the Fulani has been known for more than a thousand years...The cradle of the group in West Africa is in northern Senegal, where they settled in Futa Tora[.]"  Elizabeth Berg, ‎Ruth Wan, ‎Ruth Lau, Senegal (2009), Page 62, books.google.com/books?isbn=0761444815:"Their nomadic ancestors are thought to have come from a region north of the Senegal River. They have gradually migrated south and east over the last 400 to 500 years. During this time the majority of Fulani became sedentary[.]"  where the closely linguistically related Tukulor, Serer and Wolof people predominate,Dickson Eyoh, Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century African History (2002), p. 228, books.google.com/books?isbn=0203986571:"The most important dialects of the language are: Tukulor, primarily spoken in northern Senegal...[t]he major African languages related to Fulani are those of the West-Atlantic branch, especially Wolof and Seereer." L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 169:"The third outlier is a minor cluster of Wolof, Serer, and Peul (from Senegal)." ultimately leading to the ethnogenesis of the Fulani culture, language and people before subsequent expansion throughout much of West Africa. Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's minorities, p. 474, books.google.com/books?isbn=1135193886 "Therefore, the modern Fulani and their language, Fulfulde, originated in Senegambia, probably in the northern river area of Futa Toro. The original Fulani may have descended from a pastoral group inhabiting the Western Sahara in the Chadian wet phase 5,000 to 10,000 years ago, before moving into the Mauritanian Adrar as the Sahara dried up. Later they may have gradually filtered down to the lower and middle Senegal River Valley, the area known as Futa Toro, and intermarried with local groups. From Futa Toro, the Fulani most likely spread into the Sahel zone along the Senegal and Niger Rivers and then further east."Toyin Folola, Historical Dictionary of Nigeria (2009), p. 135, books.google.com/books?isbn=0810863162: "Because the Fulani people historically were pastoralists, the language spread across West Africa from Senegal and east to Chad and northern Cameroon." 
:::::::::::::::Everything in this section now seems well sourced but if there any other users have any problems with any part of this section please bring it up in this  talk page discussion before deleting it. Regards, Andajara120000 (talk) 00:51, 25 December 2013 (UTC)
thread_title: MtDNA (Maternal)

message: Most of the images on the page appear to be copyrighted files. The banned User:Andajara120000 apparently picked them off the internet, and then colorized and uploaded them (e.g. ). Middayexpress (talk) 16:57, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
replies: text: ; ALL the photos were uploaded by Bappah as edit history clearly  shows.  Careful then in reverting items on the page by solely and with unconfirmed evidence arguing it was included by a banned user, like in this case as revision history clearly shows it was not. The revision history shows that is a popular basis for a number of your recent edits.  You should be careful because in this case for example you are clearly wrong and either outright lying or being inexcusably careless (as quick glance of revision history past first page clearly shows the work of numerous editors like Bappah in deeply enriching article) and specifically role of Bappah in including photos. One hopes you will not delete other such material with similar unsubstantiated, unconfirmed and clearly inaccurate arguments.— Preceding unsigned comment added by Sankaretfree (talk • contribs) 09:10, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
replies: text:  I have left a note on that user's page regarding your selections: you have provided evidence of one picture possibly being copyrighted, although just as easily the person could have posted the photos on that site and on this site- you'very actually provided no evidence of a copyright violation. In any case as now it is clear photos were not uploaded by banned user, you perhaps need to go back and restore those photos you cannot show a copyright violation for, since you provided questionable evidence for one photo, but not the many many others you deleted based on your lie that they were clearly uploaded by banned user- I say lie because each photo on the information page  clearly showed they were uploaded by Bappah and you have made no arguments and provided no arguments that Bappah and the banned user are related. It thus seems what you did was go through and delete every single photo of a Fulani person save the image gallery on the page without checking which user uploaded it (and you would have clearly seen none were uploaded by the banned user; all you deleted were uploaded by Bappah) or whether it was copyrighted or not. If that is not WP:Vandalism then kindly infotm me what is. Sankaretfree (talk) 09:45, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
thread_title: Copyrighted files

message: Included full quotations from source to avoid WP:SYN and errors by editors:
*not " significantly different" from Mossi- source only says  "differentiated"
* Gambia and BF Fulani both probably share ancestors----> just as important observation from study as Amhara-Oromo connection that was quote-mined and given undue emphasis 
* No evidence Amhara-Oromo studied were "Afro-Asiatic" HLA does not indicate that in way DNA may, source does not state "Afro-Asiatic" anywhere; it does state European however and "East African" (specifically Oromo and Amhara who although do speak Afro-Asiatic languages, due to WP:SYN issues that does not allow the wording previously used as it is not actually found in original source.
Etc. please take care to use specific quotes from study as you can or otherwise try to avoid similar WP:SYN which introduces inaccuracies and misrepresentations of study.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sankaretfree (talk • contribs) 09:08, 22 January 2014 (UTC)
thread_title:  WP:SYN and inaccurate summaries by editor-Genetics 

message: Looking at this article and the article on Hausa people it seems there is an attempt to argue these people are "Hamitic" or at least not "true" blacks. It also seems to imply their features are "out of place" in west Africa. That is NOT the case! Look at this Igbo man http://www.africa-confidential.com/uploads/whos_who/53b5fc10e7ed4f25ba4fb2dcd2a1e4c8.jpg 
The so called "west eurasian" haplogroup r1b is found through out Africa even in southern Africa. 
http://www.academia.edu/1898548/Possible_African_Origin_of_Y-Chromosome_R1_-M173
If the Fulani are mixed because they have R1b, all of Africa is mixed. The article makes it seem like they are "Hamitic caucasoids" when they are not Turtire (talk) 16:53, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
thread_title:  The Fulani are blacks! 

message: the Israeli officer ibrahima barry is unknown and maybe non-existent famous fula political activist. 199.203.215.1 (talk) 05:49, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
thread_title:  who is ibrahima barry? 

message: Substituted at 15:41, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
thread_title: Assessment comment

message: For editors interested, there's an RfC currently being held: Should sections on genetics be removed from pages on ethnic groups?. As this will almost certainly result in the removal of the "genetics" section from this article, I'd encourage any contributors to voice their opinions there. --Katangais (talk) 20:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)
thread_title:  Genetics for ethnic groups RfC 

message: Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Fula people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110353/https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf to https://centre.icddrb.org/images/jhpn211_knowledge_methods.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071002090950/http://condor.depaul.edu:80/~mdelance/CameroonCultures/FulbeBibliography.html to http://condor.depaul.edu/~mdelance/CameroonCultures/FulbeBibliography.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090417004128/http://peeral.com:80/saggitorde/ to http://www.peeral.com/saggitorde
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 05:51, 6 January 2017 (UTC)
thread_title:  External links modified 

message: Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 4 external links on Fula people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150610032236/http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77 to http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://condor.depaul.edu/~mdelance/CameroonCultures/FulbeBibliography.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215317/http://www.missionafrica.org.uk/ministries/14/engaging-the-nomadic-fulani-in-nigeria to http://www.missionafrica.org.uk/ministries/14/engaging-the-nomadic-fulani-in-nigeria
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://peeral.com/saggitorde/
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 18:29, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
thread_title:  External links modified 

message: Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Fula people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121122114622/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=219 to http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=219
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154616/http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184 to http://www.jamtan.com/jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=1&linksPage=184
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214847/http://www.punchng.com/news/senators-fight-over-grazing-land-for-fulani-herdsmen/ to http://www.punchng.com/news/senators-fight-over-grazing-land-for-fulani-herdsmen/
When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 02:28, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
thread_title:  External links modified 

message: I added information about Christian Fulani, which was reverted in this edit. I agree that Christians are probably a very small minority in comparision to Muslims, and that the infobox should not be misleadning. But the fact that the Christian community is a minority should not make them irrelevant. Perhaps we can have a major/minor solution modelled after the infobox about Somalis? --St.nerol (talk) 20:01, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
thread_title:  Religion 

message: Can someone please make sense of these? I'm having a difficult time figuring out what's what. El_C 18:30, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
thread_title: Demographic data in the infobox and lead

message: Under the photo of the woman carrying milk and yogurt. Change from "hawking" to "selling". TT78gb (talk) 21:27, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
replies: text: . See wikt:hawk#Etymology 3. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 23:24, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
thread_title:  Semi-protected edit request on 9 March 2020 

message: The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion:
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:08, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
thread_title:  Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion 

message: This new sub-section appears to be yet another timeline of Fulani history called an 'Olig'. We already have a 'timeline' so why do we need another one?.  I have no idea what the word 'Olig' means. In any case, I am very concerned with the boisterous and militant tone in this new section. A lot of outrageous claims are being made - some are even offensive.
Claims of 'conquest' against almost every other ethnicity or nation - from Hausa to Biafra through to the UK, US, Mexico and NATO forces. Is this some kind of joke?  None of the claims in the timeline have been backed up by second or third party sources. In fact no sources have been provided. How does any of this contribute to an encyclopedic article?
I have reproduced the timeline below. Please note that the bold letters/words are my annotations.
Time	Events
1920	Fulani Hausa Olig establish control of Northern Nigeria, South Niger and TChad (Bornu, Kanem and Shuwara). Dubious - citations required.
1940	Fulani separate from Hausa. How so, where's the reference?
1950	Adamawa and Bornu Fulani African States. What is this, exactly?
1965	Nigerian Independence & African Commonwealth. What does this have to do with Fulani specifically?
1970	Nigerian civil wars - Fulani emerge as victors in a hegemonic war with U.K., U.S. and Mexico(Yucatan-Gulf). When did Fula defeat the UK, US and Mexico? Was this not a war between the Nigerian state and the secessionist Biafrans?
1975	Fulani Expel BIg Oil Companies from Niger Delta (BP, Shell & Chevron). Really? How so?
1984	Nigeria is involved Bokassa Invasion by Dutch and American mercenaries. Where is the source for this one?
2003	Nigeria is Expelled from OPEC. What does this have to do with Fulani?
2013	Boka Haram attack Fulaniland, Where exactly is Fulaniland?
2018	Boka Haram is defeated along with N.A.TO. forces affiliates. When were NATO forces defeated in Nigeria?
2021	War breaks out in Niger and Hausaland.
2023	Fulani cities (Bauchu, Jos, Maiduguri, Markurdi, Uyi) refuse Islamic ticket from Yorubaland. Bornu state puts on new candidate. There is nothing about any of this in the source provided.
This sub-section adds nothing to the quality of this WP article. I recommend that it is deleted immediately unless 2nd/3rd party sources can be found. Some of these claims may be provocative or insulting to some readers. Urgent action is required.
Inamo11 18:16, 06 March 2023 (UTC)
thread_title: New Fulani Olig

message: Their population size is really underestimated, the 25-30 million estimates were 10+ years ago from unreliable outdated sources, regarding nomads who are know to move back and forth. Various sources have them between 40-50 million which would make sense, since they’re dispersed from Guinea to Sudan. WikiFan45TY (talk) 12:23, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Population size  

message: This page requires protection, it has continually been vandalised for a long time now. There are no significant fula populations in Cameroon as listed by the CIA and they also do not make up 53.2% of the population of Mauritania Da5ft9 (talk) 03:51, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
replies: text: Dude why did you remove Mauritania and Cameroon from the Fulani estimate, your tribalism is showing. You just vandalized an entire wiki page. What’s wrong with you honestly. WikiFan45TY (talk) 04:26, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

text: This page needs strict protection and WikiFan45TY keeps vandalizing it and my page calling me tribalistic, I'm not even Yoruba to start with. He keeps leaving threats on my page, this is serious Da5ft9 (talk) 05:06, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Continued vandalism and figures exaggeration 

message: Hello, users keep vandalizing the Fulanis estimates such as Da5ft9, he  removed Cameroon and Mauritania from the Fulani estimates. He’s a Yoruba man so he’s extremely biased this was not his first warning to stop tampering with population estimates. WikiFan45TY (talk) 04:24, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Vandalism  

message: What is going on with this page I noticed da5ft9 edits aren’t helpful and he has a record of messing with population numbers. I believe he is very biased when talks of population numbers. 67.84.212.126 (talk) 22:01, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Vandalism  

message: The article suggests that the Fulanis who have the last name Cisse are Fulanis by assimilation when in actuality, Cisse was a title given to the Arɓe who were the leaders in the Massina region and has ties with Islamic scholarship. A link to the source is provided. Cissehakm (talk) 11:05, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
thread_title:  Cisse surname