Talk:List of ancient countries

message: Italy (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja] (About this soundlisten)), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [reˈpubːlika itaˈljaːna]),[13][14][15][16] is a country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands. Italy is located in south-central Europe,[17][18] and is considered part of western Europe.[19][20] A unitary parliamentary republic with Rome as its capital, the country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and shares land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino. Italy has a territorial enclave in Switzerland (Campione) and a maritime exclave in Tunisian waters (Lampedusa). With around 60 million inhabitants, Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union.
Italian Republic
Repubblica Italiana  (Italian)
Flag of Italy
Flag
Emblem of Italy
Emblem
Anthem: Il Canto degli Italiani  (Italian)
"The Song of the Italians"
EU-Italy (orthographic projection).svg
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Location of Italy (dark green)
– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)  –  [Legend]
Capital
and largest city
Rome
41°54′N 12°29′E
Official languages
Italiana
Native languages
See full list
Ethnic groups (2017)[1]
91.5% Italians
8.5% others
Religion (2012)[2]
83.3% Christianity
12.4% No religion
3.7% Islam
0.6% Others
Demonym(s)
Italian
Government
Unitary parliamentary
constitutional republic
• President
Sergio Mattarella
• Prime Minister
Giuseppe Conte
• President of the Senate
Elisabetta Casellati
• President of the
Chamber of Deputies
Roberto Fico
Legislature
Parliament
• Upper house
Senate of the Republic
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Formation
• Unification
17 March 1861
• Republic
2 June 1946
• Current constitution
1 January 1948
• Founded the EEC (now EU)
1 January 1958
Area
• Total
301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) (71st)
• Water (%)
1.24 (as of 2015)[3]
Population
• 2020 estimate
Decrease 60,317,116[4] (23rd)
• 2011 census
Increase 59,433,744[5]
• Density
201.3/km2 (521.4/sq mi) (63rd)
GDP (PPP)
2019 estimate
• Total
Steady $2.443 trillion[6] (12th)
• Per capita
Steady $40,470[6] (33rd)
GDP (nominal)
2019 estimate
• Total
Steady $1.989 trillion[6] (8th)
• Per capita
Steady $32,947[6] (25th)
Gini (2018)
Positive decrease 33.4[7]
medium
HDI (2018)
Increase 0.883[8]
very high · 29th
Currency
Euro (€)b (EUR)
Time zone
UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
yyyy-mm-dd (AD)[9]
Driving side
right
Calling code
+39c
ISO 3166 code
IT
Internet TLD
.itd
German is co-official in South Tyrol and Friuli Venezia Giulia; French is co-official in the Aosta Valley; Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste, the province of Gorizia, and Friuli Venezia Giulia; Ladin is co-official in South Tyrol, in Trentino and in other northern areas; Friulian is co-official in Friuli Venezia Giulia; Sardinian is co-official in Sardinia.[10][11]
Before 2002, the Italian lira. The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia but its official currency is the Swiss franc.[12]
To call Campione d'Italia, it is necessary to use the Swiss code +41.
The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.
Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures. In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, beginning from the classical era, Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy,[21] Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy, while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively. An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC, which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People. The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula, eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe, North Africa and Asia. By the first century BC, the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural, political and religious centre, inaugurating the Pax Romana, a period of more than 200 years during which Italy's law, technology, economy, art, and literature developed.[22][23] Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire, whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture, governments, Christianity and the Latin script.
During the Early Middle Ages, Italy endured the fall of the Western Roman Empire and barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics, mainly in the northern and central regions of Italy, rose to great prosperity through trade, commerce and banking, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism.[24] These mostly independent statelets served as Europe's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East, often enjoying a greater degree of democracy than the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe; however, part of central Italy was under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century, partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Angevin, Aragonese and other foreign conquests of the region.[25] The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art. Italian culture flourished, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths. During the Middle Ages, Italian explorers discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery. Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of trade routes that bypassed the Mediterranean.[26] Centuries of foreign meddling and conquest and the rivalry and infighting between the Italian city-states, such as the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, left Italy politically fragmented, and it was further conquered and divided among multiple foreign European powers over the centuries.
By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism and calls for independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1861, establishing the Kingdom of Italy as a great power.[27] From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, mainly in the north, and acquired a colonial empire,[28] while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation, fuelling a large and influential diaspora.[29] Despite being one of the four main allied powers in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading to the rise of the Italian fascist dictatorship in 1922. Participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction and the Italian Civil War. Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the Italian Resistance, the country abolished their monarchy, established a democratic Republic, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, and became a highly developed country.[30]
Today, Italy is considered to be one of the world's most culturally and economically advanced countries,[30][31][32] with the world's eighth-largest economy by nominal GDP (third in the European Union), sixth-largest national wealth and third-largest central bank gold reserve. It ranks very highly in life expectancy, quality of life,[33] healthcare,[34] and education. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs; it is both a regional power[35][36] and a great power,[37][38] and is ranked the world's eighth most-powerful military. Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and a member of numerous international institutions, including the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Group of Seven, the G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Council of Europe, Uniting for Consensus, the Schengen Area and many more. The country has long been a global centre of art, music, literature, philosophy, science and technology, and fashion, and has greatly influenced and contributed to diverse fields including cinema, cuisine, sports, jurisprudence, banking and business.[39] As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to the world's largest number of World Heritage Sites (55), and is the fifth-most visited country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.201.184.42 (talk) 00:17, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
thread_title:  Italy