South America.
The Times, 1824-07-29T00:00:00

Gentlemen Rlepresentatives,-The fourth meeting of the Legisla- ture of the State, assembled together in the manner prescribed bythe laws, will afford to those who havc any regard for institutions esta- blished for the preservation of their liberties, additional confidence; and the Government, in rendering you an account ofthe present state of public affairs, commences by congratulating itself on that feeling, which, yearly increasing, will more and more conduce to the security of the Representative systeip. Peace has been nmaintained with the nations of the Continent, and every true American heaytbas been filled with satisfaction at the reception in our city of thefirst Alinister Plenipotentiary of the Re- public of the United States-an honour which has been returned by our appointment of a Mvlinister of corre0ponding rank, who has al- ready departed for VP.shington. Hie h.as been instructed to suggest to the Government of that Republic, how desirable it would be, if, in addition to those two great principles,-viz. that of the abolition of piratieal warfare, and that of the non-European colonization of American territory,-it could also be declared that none of the new Governments of this continent shall alter by force their respective boundaries, as recognized at the time of this emancipation. Thus %lav be destroyed the germ of future dissensions, which, springing up amongst newv ,states, might have a fatal Influence upon their civiliza- tion and manners. The same Mlinister will establish our relations with the Republic of 15exico, which, after many fearful vicissitudes, now gives us hopes corresponding with her exalted destinies. The Republic of Colombia at last sees its vast territory entirely free from enemies, and the happy state of our mutual relations induces ui to expect shortly the ratification of the treaty of the 8th of March. The MViniister sent to the Republic of Chile and Peru has strengthened the bonds of our natural amity and alliance with them. The illustrious President of Colombia will shortly open the campaigni against the only forces of the enemy wlich remain on the continent. The number and quality of his troops, the spirit which animates them, and the ability of the Chief who commands themu, promise the happiest results. The base revolt of the garrison of Callao, which has at this mo. ment thrown a temporary gloom over our expectations, will soon be lost among those successes which must, ere lotig, put an end to the oppression of Peru. Time has more closely ceniented our alli- ances witls the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and Corrientes. The remaining provinces of the Old Union continue in a state of tran- quillity, and the Government hai not only cultivated friendly rela- tions with them all, but its efforts for theestablishment or' a national representation promise to be crowned with success.' Alany of the provinces have already elected their representatives, whilst others are preparinf to do so ; and it is probable that we shall shortiy see the inatallation of a genr3al Congress, and the re-union of one common family, too long dispersed and divided In the intimate persuasion that nothing will so much contribute to create a national spirit above all individual prejudices, as the disse- mination throughout every part of the Union of real advantages which till now have been unknowvn, this Government has hastened its preparations for a general Congress. The publiccredit and connexions acquired by this Governnment have enabled it to promote the formation of powerful companies of capitalists ready to undertake to explore our mines-to facilitate the inland trade and navigation of the great rivers which tra4erse the provinces of the Union-to introduce in others the means ef trans- port tY steam-vessels-and finallv to estahlish 8 nnition?la18 capital which is necessary for the promoticn and encouragement of thleir respective industry. It is much to be lamented, gentlemen, that the Court of Brazil should have refused to listen to the fist remonstrances made fbr the restitttion of the province of Mlonte Vidco. Enough has been done to prove our moderatioa; for the rest, it remains with the Ge- neral Govemnment to act. It is a national cause, anti it is for the nation to defend it. The Government liad flattered itself that the dictates of rea- son would- have led to the ratification of the convention of the 4th of July, signed by the Commissioners of his Ca- tholic Maj!esty, and the establishlmtent of a permnanent peace; but the policy ivhi?h predominates in Mladrid since the fall of the Spa- nish Constitution, and thc hostile measures since renewed, inclineus to believe that it may, perhaps, be still necessary to comtlete with the sword the work of our indepeindence. Having given his Catholic Majesty an unlooked-for example of generosity, we shall show him thiat our original energy is increased with our means of defence. For this purpose those resources are in preparation which the good state of our domestic affairs enable us to raise. To the new Atimi- nistration is reserved the merit of making the wisest and most effica- cious use of them. Some measures will, in consequence, be imme- diately submitted for your consideration, and it will be satisfactory for you to know the means which you are poesessed of for sustaininug a regular warfare with more energy and fewer saczifices than hereto. fore. In the meantime, we have sestt, and continue to send suc. cours to Salta, without reference to those sums of money which will be proposed for your aporobation. utnuer tnese circumstancce, it must bc very satistactory to you to observe the policy ado pted in a manner so dignified,jas well as frank and tdecided, by his Malesty tbe King of Great Britain. The analogy of feelings and priheiples manitested bv the Cabinets of London and Washington will convince Spain that she must con- tend singly with the free nations of the New World. This convic- tion will perhaps introduce into her council that wisdom and mode. ration which are of so much inportance to her existence. We have received, honourabry, a Consul-Generaf from his Bri. tannic Majesty, who will reside in our city; and it has been deem- ed exDedient, in return, to appoint a Consul-General to reside in London. In the meantime, the public peace has not been disturbed, and the last popular elections, Joined to the quiet circumspection with which before a free and respectful people you have elected a new Governor for the proyince, at the time, and in the niode, prescrib. ed by the laws, all prove that good citizens will not lose their spirit in makinga peaceable use of their frcedom. The establishments decreed for juvenilecducationintherty and in the countryhave been completed. These, together with the schoola for poor female children tounded in the city, make a progress which cannot but serve as a stimulus to the other establishments of a similar descrip- lion; they have multiplied considerably, and give us reason to look forward to the piospects of a rising generation much surpassing that which hasyreceded it. The youth of this and the other provinces ef the Union who are educated in our.Universities, acquire fresh means of advancing in the moral and nataral sciences, and are neither likely to render fruitless the exertions of the Government, or the zeal of their mas- ters. The study of political economyhas-been commenced this year, a knowledge of which will tend to ensure us hereafter intelli- gent offcers. Professorships have been established which were necessary for the classical educaion of those young men who dedicate themselves to the Churcht. The Schools of Surgery have been provided with an abundant and excellent collection of instrumonts. A laboratory of chymistry, and a most complete physical appara- tus, have been brought from Europe, to serve for the instruction of the natural sciences. To the collection of minerals which already exists, will shortly be added the niachinery adapted to the study of mineralogy. The School of Practical Agriculture has commenced the introduc- tion into our country of trees of which it was much in want, and will (isseminate practical information which will render this branch plain to the simplest understanding. The lilXrary continues on'the best footing, and has received in the present Year valuable additions. The Charitable Society has completely fulfilled the public expecta- tions. To the zeal and intelligence of the ladies who coinpose it, are due both the progress in the education of the girls and the excellent appearance which the female Orphazn School presents. The Hospitals are enlarging, and their interior arrangements are improving, with a considerable reduction of ex- pense. The Vaccine Establishment has proved, in this year of sick- ness, itS power to contend with, and to overcome; all the violence of the disease. Public worship is conducted with its usual splendour; the embellishment of the Cathedral of the Province goes on with celerity; some churches bave been repaired; others sre building in the country, and the Treasurer kas a5sisted them with sums of mo- ney which wiU be laid before you for your approbation. The cler y continue to do honour to the station they hold in society; in fine, tfre country may rest arsured, that, under every circumstance, it will preserve without reproach that glory which it has acquired in the cause of liberty. Reform in tae administration of jastice is an ob- ject of primary importance to the country, but it is, at the same time, one most difficult and dangerous to carry into effect. That reform must be founded on the existing codes, but it would beim- prudent to appit these, until their first principles are sufficiently understood by those whose duty it may hereafter become to explainu and adminiliter the laws. The Mlagistracy hias sucecededin gradually diminishinig the exist. ingdifficulties, by an augmentation of its moral force, aild an actiie anxiety to prevent crimes, and to discourage litigation; and it is but Ju.st to conress, that it has fulfilled its duty with a laudable zeal; that it has overcome great difficulties, arising out of tle laws them- selves; and that itn isbours have been productive of a niore efficaw cious moede of corection ofcrimes, and a more correct knowledge of The systern of the Policehasa been improved with greater economy, Te execution of the law of the 20th December last bias placed mn the hands of the citizenB that dcuty; putely civil, with wbich the army wa&formerly improperly intrustet. The ,roveable pioperty in the-country,which becomes, more liable~ to bc attackedfiri proportion td its increase, is better secused against robbery, and the means adoptei toregulate the service in the plains Ilave produced the best eff4ct&. The streets of the town and the roadg have received extraordina,7 improvements, and a useful spirit of enterprise in constr,cting bridges and otber public works begins to show itself in the city. The departments of architecture and hy. draulics have satisfactorily ftdilfled the duties of their institution; irl a slhort time they wil be provided with those instruments which are requisite for facilitating and extending their operations, espe- cially that of the harbour. rhe standling army preserves its moral discipline; it has driv,cn back the savages wiho invaded our pro. vine 2 recovering fromi them an iramense booty, and it is now occu- pied In constructing works on the new froitiers. By the decree of the 23d of Apnl of last year, lvlicil has been since car'ied into exe- cution the education of those young met} is sufficiently provided for, who may be expected to distinguish themselves in the rank of oflicers. But it is necessary to declare to you, that the laws appointed for recruiting and filling up the army are insufficient. 1 he Government has made every species of sacrifice to effect this object out of the province and has only been successful in the Eutre Rios. You will,per6aps now be convinced that there is no other means than those laid before you in tbe year 1822. The military treasury is in an excellent state; the result of the exani- nation of the chests of the different corps, just finished, has done ho- nour to their commanders. The ordnance, which is now sufficiently provided for ordinary occasiollS, will be augmented to 'meet ex'traor. dinary emergencies. -The administration of the public finances proceeds ih good order. It will continue so, provided we consider as sacred this principle.viz. *s that the just payment of our debts is itself a fund of ricleg." bzar whole debt is now consolidated. The system of public credit is becomnillgmere intelligible even to the most prejudiced and to tbe least instructed; and this will best en- sure its preservation. The Bank has completed capital assigned to it on its 0usadation. Its prosperity exceeds the most sanguine hopes, and its utility is felt by ell classes. It remains to carry into effect a coinage suited to our wants, and which may be substituited for that which Spain issued to us after the model of her own. For this object, plans and measures are prepared for the establishment of a mint on the most perfect and economical footinF Thepublcrevenuehassufficed not only for the ordinary, but also for the great extraordinary expenses of the year. It is, however, to be regretted, thlat experience shows us the necessity ot a recourse to more efficacious measures to obtain from the citizens those moderate direct contributions which have been decreed as in- dispensably necessary for the preservation of public order, since, it appears that the conviction of duty and the stimulus of ionour upon whieh they were founded are totally insufflcient. Industry in the country increases rapidly, and the amount ofcapital employed in agricultural pursots becomes every day greater. The necessary means have been taken for the encouragement of an in- crease of igricrlturists; and it is to be hoped that the, industrious families who are to people the rich plains of the South will begin to arrive. In proporO,ion as the valuc of land increases, the necesssty is felt of adoptilng soibe decisive plan for cutting short those litiga- tions as to the boundaries of property which impoverish families,and desolate the country. The Government has adopted such asit could, and has others in preparation,as well as a general basis for the distri. bution of public lands, which, by encouraging industry, will become a principal source of public revenue. Cogmnerce, assistecd by insti- tutions which legalize and encourage it, las preserved its prosperity, notwithsfitanding political circumstances whichi limit the sphere of its operations. The dangers of the navigation of the river up to th,s citv have been dininished by placing buoys on the inner banks, and it is determined to form an establishment of safe and economnical vessels, which will be stationed on all the shoals from the isle of Loba,s and which will be furnished with signals for the guidance of navigators, both by day and night. The accounts of last year, and the sunms required for the ordinary service of the next, are presented on this occation by the l initter of Finance, for your opinion and deliberation. Finally, gentlemen, it is impos- sible that you can contemplate the actual state of the affairs of this province without direeting your attention tO a comparison with that in which they appeared three years ago, when a feeling of public virtue brought us together, to lay the foundation of those wholesome institutions which haverestored to us liberty, and a prospect of peace, then lost to us. The new Administrations will have to pre- serve those institutions from the errors and false zeal of the well-dis- posed, which the disorganizing activity of bad citizens. and the art- ful bypocrisy of foreign tyrants, may turn to their own account. Your cordialand zealous co-operation will not be less necessary to the Government to preserve, than it was to create, thcse institutions. You will not thereore, disapprove that it concludes by repeating to you the woras which the venerable President of the great Republic of our Continent has made use of to its Representatives in his last messagc:_ " 'I'here neYer was a period since the establishment of our revolu- tion, when,regarding the condition of the civilized world,and its bear- ing on us there was greater necessity for devotion in the public ser- vants to their respective duties, or for virtue, patriotism, and union in our constituents." (Signed) BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA. hlANUEL 1. GARCIA. (From the Buenos Ayres Argos of May 12.) The paper of this date contains the account of the reception of the new Governor, Don Gregorio de Las Heras, in the Hall of the Re- presentatives, where he took the oath to execute his office faithfully, to enforce the laws, and to maintain the independence of the state and its liberty under a representative republican system, after which he wvas duly fuvesrted. Tbe Foreign Diplomatic Agents were after- wards presented, viz :.411. Rodney, MNinister Plenipotentiary fromm the United States; lilt Secretary; a Consul ; Senhor Foures, Charge d'Affaircs of Colombia; Mr.t Parish, Consul-General of lilt Britan- nic M\ajesty, atid two Vice.Cunsuls. BUENOS AYRES, M1AY 1I. The paper of this date contains no further news from Pdru, except that V ldez, who, the editor says, was always at variance with Ola- neta, has now recognized him as Commander-in-Chief in Upper Peru. Valdez has 4,000 men. SJ;.,eo._x,3 rCHILE. APRIL 10, 1824. "By the ship L'Am6rique, letters from Lima up to the 10th of Mlarch have reaohed us, at which date every thing was quiet, but the stagnation in the trade cbntinued. The persons and property of the foreigners had remained unmolested. " Here the mo3t interesting political occurrence is, that the expedition which was sent from hence to Chiloe, has arrived at thtt island, and taken possession of all the forts excepting that of San Carlos. The ship ,Staninwre, which had been taken by the privateer Quintanilla, and carried to Chiloe, has escaped on this occasien and arrived at Valparaiso. According to the report of the captain, the garrison in Chiloe was not consider- able-say about 1,000 men. The expedition sent from Chile con. sisted of 2,000 men and several men of war, of which, however, the corvette Voltaire, of 18 guns, was lost en a sand-bank; the crew and stores were saved. No official intelligence has as yet arrived from Chiloe, but there can be no dpubt of the success of the expedidon. As Chiloe was the only place on the coast actually occupied by the Spaniards, and where an expedition from Earope might land, the conquest, if it succeeds, would be of the highest importance. I mentioned in my last the state of the fleet of Chile, and beg now to add, that the frigate O'Higgins, of 38 guns, formerly Lord Coch- rane's flag-ship, 'is repaired, and will most likely be ready for sea in the course of a month. The O'fliggins is one of the Russian frigates bought some years ago by the Spaniards, and taken by the Patriots soon after: her name at that time was Isabel" " P.S. of the 15th April.-Since I wrote the above, I have learred positively that the captain of the French ship of war arrived at Valpa. raiso, has given orders to buy provisions for two French ships of the line and 4 frigates, daily expected in Valparaise. He says he was to expect these vessels at Valparaiso but he would first of all ro ceed to Quilca to recapture the ?"rench ship Vigia, which bad been taken and carried thither by the privateer Quintanille. The American M1inister, Mr. Allan, arrived here yesterday; he came over in the frigate United States, Commodore Hull." EXPEDITION AGAINST CHILOE. The Burenos Ayres Argos of the 8th of Alay contains the follow- ing account of the successful invasion of the important island of Chiloe,by the patriotic army of Chile,under the command of General Freyre:_ "The expedition from Chile landed at Chiloe on the 29th of March, according to informatioir received at Valparaiso on the 8th of April, by the ship Stasrnore, direct from Chiloe. " The expedition took possession of the fortress of Chacae, after a severe contest. Colonel Garcia, a Spaniard, at the head of 700 men, made his appearance there on the 1st of April, and attacked the In- dependents but he was repulsed by them with considerable loss, and retired. The lndeendent forces then occupied the port of Carel. mayu and marched on Sa'nCarlos. " ThePatliot army wagto bestrengtlsened by some reinforcement from Valdivia; and as theSpanish Governor, QuintaniHa, hasbtit a very small force, theconquest of that island was considered certain- in which case, the Spanish naval force going to the Pacific will find itself deprived of that place for refreshment. and whatever refits may be necessary.' The following are extracts of private letters :_ " SANTIAGO DE CHILE April 12. " I herewith enclose you a duplicate of a letter I hiasilly wrote you, conveying some interesting and flattering news concerning our expedition at Chiloe. Alonrg with the accormpanying Gazettes, is a publication of the news, and although it does, not exactly ngree with my account, yet I believemine to be equaly if not more circumstan- tial than that. Government probably does well not to mention the loss of the 300 men in the ation, as also the loss of the corvette Voltaire. Their information is derived from the same source as mine-from the Captain of the-port of Chile, and the Captain of the vessel. However, vessels are daily expected from that quarter, and way confirm the above, and probably bring us the welcome intelli- tence of the faU of Chiloe. Bolivar writes from Pativilia, of his being in want of 500 cavalry, iron, gunpowder, and twio vessels of war but until te fall of chiloe takes place, it]Is necessary that the few troops retnaining here be kept in reserve, in case of Freyre's re- quiring more auxiliaries. Should Freyre be successful, Bolivar's request will be immediately complied with." " SANTIAGO DE CHILE, April 10. "Yesterday mornisg the Stan?More, the first vessel taken by the privateer, arrived at Valoaraiso. The Chiloe squadron had arrived, and had succeeded in landing their forces, and after a consi- derable resistanee on the part of thle Chilotes, the Patriots succeeded in taking two very ilniortanelfortressea. Art engagement also took place between 1,000 Chiotes and 700 Patriots, during which the former lost 200 men,and the Iptter 300, including a Colonel Bouchef a most excellent officer. The Governor, Quintanilla had embarked all the treasures belonging to the isles on board of d10 , and in pursuing which, in a gale of wind, the Voltaire went down, and, was entirelv lost. The crew were saved by the brig Gaverinta. AdmiralGutise mayperhaps faU in with this treasure, if she attempts toenter Callao." PERU. The fbevmog letter is said to have been received by way of Phi. ladelplhia:-_ p" GUAYAQUXIL, Alay 27. "'By the brig Tres Ije,manot, which arrived here yesterday from Payta, letters have been received of the 22dinstant, which bring the agreeable confirmation of the conclusion of the struggle in Peru, by. the evapuation of Lima by the-Royalists en the 10th inst. Some days ago, newshbad baen received of the result of the glorious action in which the arms of the country have again triumphed; and it wa' hopedthe details could have been communicated, but as they have not. arrived, I shall transmit yoa our first communicatibnr and what lias since been learned. "It ippears that the Liberator and General-in-Chief Bolivar, who had his head-quarters in Truiillo, and his advanced posts in thedi- rection of Lima (the negotiations which the Minister Verindoraga hadconducted nothavinghadafavourable termination in consequehee of the capture of Lima and Callao by the Royalists), deternmined to make one of those movements which have so often astonished hisene- mniesand led him on to victory. Apprised that the Spanish Generals Canteiic and Valdez had advanced upon [inma from the positions which they occupied on the coast from P3chacama to Yca, and that they had left General Moneta, with the traitor Torre Tagle, com., manding that city, and advanced with the principal divisions of the army by the road of the vaUey (Cami o del VaUle), taking up posi. tions from Chancay to Guaura, and detaching a strong division in the direction of Tarma. " The Liberator, who seems to have foreseen this movement, sent 4,000 men, in two divisions, by the great valley of HutailhW5 and the eastern banks of the river Santa, and withdrew his advaiinced troops to Carmna. This' last movement seems to have enicouraged the Royalist Generals to advance precipitately with the main body of their troops to the counitry between Pativilia and Callijones, a little to the south Qt Guarmey, where they were on tho 3d instant witl 6,008 men, advancing on Truxillo. The Liberator received reinforcenments from hence and Panama, and went out of Truxillo at the head of 7,000 men for Parilla, and advaticed by forced marches to Carma; and on the 6th instant there was a general action, maintained with great obstinacy on both sides. General Can- terac received a severe wound in the action, and as soon as the RoyalistArmy iaw their General in that etate.they dispersed,anmdre- tired in confusion on (iuarmey,where they encountered the force that the Liberator had previously detached stationed in their rear, after having effected their march from the valley of Ilualilas by the bridge of Huaras and Ychoca. The rout was sto complete that with the exception of 700 men, who gained the heights witi General Rodil, ail the army surrendered. Our victorious troops advanced rapidly, and General Rodil retired on Lima, where he was pursued by the Liberator, and the city opened its gates on the 10th instant. There was, consequently, much public rejoicing in Lima. The remnant of the Royal Army retired in the direction of the Cor- dilleras. The 13th th' fortress of Callao proposed to capitulate, upon conditions which were under consideration. "Theinsurgents of Pasto have laid down their arms at Tulcan, under the sucarity of a pardon from the Colonmbian Government, witl tite exception of thc Chiefs." EXTIRACT OF A LETTER DATED AREQUII A, StARChE 7. " On our arrival at Quilca, we were madc acquainted with dangers .,hichi we had escaped, of whichi we certainly bad had not the most distant idea. A very fast brig called the Qttinanilla, fitted out from Chiloe, under the Spanish hag, had been only a day or two off the port, committing the mnost piratical acts, and bad finally pro. ceeded down the coast towards Lima. it appears that she captes all vessels indiscriminately, let their flags be what they may. The first object on boarding a vessel is to search for specie, which is, when found, invariably conveyed on board the privateer The pri- vate property of passengers, euch as clothes end the like, is also taken,and the vessels then ordered to Chiloe. Two, indeed,heve been sent into Quilca, and one into Motienda or Arica, I ferget which The vessels captured, as far as I have heard are the French ship Vigea,with4&,000 dollarsin specie-(this vessef was in Quilca in the month of April last, when I was there) ; the English ship Stanore belonging to Calcutta, cargo copper and 130,000 dollars in specie ani Pine; English brig Catherine, of Lontlon, Bowers, (well known on your Exchange), robbed of about C,000 dellars in specio; Captain 1lowers very badly treated, and his crew put in irons,-vessel sent to Chiloe; English brig Swallow, Nicolson, plundered and vessel sent into Quilca. Amencan brig Winifred plundered o} 5,000 dollas,. in specie; vessel sent into Quilca. American schooner Adonis plundered and sent into Qailca. American schooner Amanda de- tained, ana searched for specie; buit bring in baUist, was releasede. Commodore Stewart, in the Franklin;, was on the coast at the time these outrages took place, and imnmediately went in pursuit of the privateer; but although he had her two or three times in sight, she always6 managed to escape by superior sailing in light winds. He has been indefatiableinis exertions tO take her2 having manned a fast mierchant-schooner from his own ship,and haathisship'8boats out for, days together lying wait for her, but we do rot learn as yet that suceess has atteudeal his endeavours.Themeasares whichhe has tasien, however, have given great oftence to this Government: they say that before pursuing any steps against the privateer, he should have made his representation:s and reclamations to them, when every sa- tisfaction consistent with justice wottld have been made on their part. The Commodore says in reply, that the conduct of this ves. sel has been so outrageous, so at variance with all established laws and usases of nations, and of the treaty between the United States and Spain, that he can view her in no other light than that of a pirate, and that he shall consequently pursue and use all the means in his power to take her, and that when taken, he shall send her to the United States for trial as a pirate. He has succeeded in getting one or two of the inferior officers, end six or seven sailors, who are in arms, on board the Franklin. Thlisunfor- tunate business has altogether interrupted the brmony which ex- isted between the Commodore and this Govemment, and I was fear_ ful at one time, that it might seriously affect the inmrest of indivi- duals of my own country here; howeyer, I believe that this country wish at heart to maintain a good understanding with the United States, and although they at first showed a good deal of passion, and made use of some pretty severe threats, they are disposed now to vien the affair in a more moderate light, and to snooth it over, by making all suitable acknowvledgment and restriction ; for an order came yesterday from the Vice-King to the Govemor of Chile, order. ing him to make ful and complete compensation to Commodore Stewart, for all the injuries done to American vessels by the Qnintanilla. The American ship Arab is to be despatched for Valparaiso to-morrow from Quilca, with this orderfrom the Commo- uure; anu sE s ny sima mcan. th, I am am urGea tne opportunity of writ resentletter to you." SOUTH AMERICA. BUENOS AYRES. AIAY 3& 1824. MESSAGE OF THE BUENOS AYRES EXECUTIVE, TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, OR HOUSE OF REPRESENTA- IT IVES.