রসায়নশাস্ত্রের রূপরেখা

নিচের রূপরেখাটিকে রসায়নশাস্ত্রের একটি সামগ্রিক দৃশ্য ও বিষয়ভিত্তিক নির্দেশিকা হিসেবে উপস্থাপন করা হল: রসায়ন হল আণবিক মাপনীতে পদার্থ (অর্থাৎ যে মাপনীতে পদার্থ বিভিন্ন মৌলিক পদার্থের পরমাণু নিয়ে গঠিত) সম্পর্কিত বিজ্ঞান, যাতে এগুলির মধ্যবর্তী রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়াসমূহের পাশাপাশি বিক্রিয়ার নিরিখে এগুলি ধর্ম, কাঠামো, গঠন, আচরণ ও পরিবর্তন আলোচনা করা হয়। রসায়নশাস্ত্রের কেন্দ্রীয় আলোচ্য বিষয় হল পরমাণুসমূহ ও অন্যান্য পরমাণুসমূহের সাথে তাদের আন্তঃক্রিয়া, বিশেষ করে রাসায়নিক বন্ধনসমূহ ও এদের ধর্মাবলী। রসায়নশাস্ত্রকে নিম্নোক্ত সবগুলি দ্বারা বর্ণনা করা সম্ভব: একটি উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক পাঠ্য বিষয় – যেটির সাথে সংশ্লিষ্ট উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক বিভাগ, পাঠ্যক্রম ও উপাধি; জাতীয় ও আন্তর্জাতিক সমাজ; এবং বিশেষায়িত গবেষণা সাময়িকী রয়েছে। বিজ্ঞানের একটি ক্ষেত্র বা শাখা – বিজ্ঞানের ভেতরে ব্যাপকভাবে স্বীকৃত বিশেষায়িত জ্ঞানের একটি শ্রেণী, যার নিজস্ব পরিভাষা ও নামকরণ পদ্ধতি রয়েছে। রসায়নশাস্ত্র সম্পর্কিত একাধিক বিজ্ঞান গবেষণা সাময়িকী আছে। একটি প্রাকৃতিক বিজ্ঞান – যা প্রকৃতিকে শাসনকারী নিয়মগুলিকে অভিজ্ঞতাবাদী ও বৈজ্ঞানিক পদ্ধতি ব্যবহার করে পরিষ্কারভাবে ব্যাখ্যা করার চেষ্টা করে। একটি ভৌত বিজ্ঞান – যা জড় বস্তুসমূহ অধ্যয়ন করে। একটি জৈবনিক বিজ্ঞান – যা জীবদেহে রাসায়নিক পদার্থ ও রাসায়নিক প্রক্রিয়াসমূহের ভূমিকা অধ্যয়ন করে। প্রসঙ্গত প্রাণরসায়নের রূপরেখা দেখুন। ভৌত রসায়ন – study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy, and more recently, astrochemistry. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap. রাসায়নিক গতিবিজ্ঞান – study of rates of chemical processes. রাসায়নিক পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes. তড়িৎ-রসায়ন – branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (the electrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. ফেমটোরসায়ন – area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10−15 seconds (one femtosecond). ভূ-রসায়ন – chemical study of the mechanisms behind major systems studied in geology. আলোক-রসায়ন – study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules. কোয়ান্টাম রসায়ন – branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. কঠিন-অবস্থা রসায়ন – study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids. বর্ণালীবীক্ষণ – study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. ঘন-রসায়ন বা ত্রিমাত্রিক রসায়ন – study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules পৃষ্ঠতল রসায়ন – study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces. তাপ-রসায়ন –The branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated. তাপমিতি – The study of heat changes in physical and chemical processes. জৈব রসায়ন (outline) – study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton. প্রাণরসায়ন – study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics. স্নায়ু-রসায়ন – study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system. আণবিক প্রাণরসায়ন ও বংশাণু প্রকৌশল –an area of biochemistry and molecular biology that studies the genes, their heritage and their expression. প্রাণ-জৈব রসায়ন – combines organic chemistry and biochemistry toward biology. প্রাণ-ভৌত রসায়ন – is a physical science that uses the concepts of physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems. ঔষধীয় রসায়ন – discipline which applies chemistry for medical or drug related purposes. জৈব-ধাতব রসায়ন – is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin. ভৌত জৈব রসায়ন – study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules. পলিমার রসায়ন – multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. ক্লিক রসায়ন অজৈব রসায়ন – study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry. প্রাণ-অজৈব রসায়ন স্তবক রসায়ন উপাদান রসায়ন – preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases. পরমাণুকেন্দ্রিক রসায়ন – study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field. বিশ্লেষণী রসায়ন – analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry. অন্যান্য নভোরসায়ন – study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. মহাবিশ্ব রসায়ন – study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. পরিগণনামূলক রসায়ন পরিবেশ রসায়ন – study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur diverse aspects of the environment such the air, soil, and water. It also studies the effects of human activity on the environment. সবুজ রসায়ন is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. অধি-আণবিক রসায়ন – refers to the domain of chemistry beyond that of molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. তাত্ত্বিক রসায়ন – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics. আর্দ্র রসায়ন কৃষি রসায়ন – study and application of both chemistry and biochemistry for agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and environmental monitoring and remediation. আবহমণ্ডলীয় রসায়ন – branch of atmospheric science which studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. রাসায়নিক প্রকৌশল – branch of engineering that applies the physical sciences (e.g., chemistry and physics) and/or life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) together with mathematics and economics to processes that convert raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. রাসায়নিক জীববিজ্ঞান – scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology and involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to analyze and manipulation of biological systems. রাসায়নিক তথ্যবিজ্ঞান – use of computer and informational techniques applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. প্রবাহ রসায়ন – study of chemical reactions in continuous flow, not as stationary batches, in industry and macroprocessing equipment. অনাক্রম্য কলা রসায়ন – involves the process of detecting antigens (e.g., proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. অনাক্রম্য রসায়ন – is a branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system. রাসায়নিক সমুদ্রবিজ্ঞান – study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans উপাদান বিজ্ঞান – is an interdisciplinary field investigating the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. গাণিতিক রসায়ন – area of study engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry. It concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. যান্ত্রিক রসায়ন – coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and can be seen as a coupling of chemistry and mechanical engineering. আণবিক জীববিজ্ঞান – study of interactions between the various systems of a cell. It overlaps with biochemistry. আণবিক বলবিজ্ঞান – applies classical mechanics to model molecular systems. ন্যানোপ্রযুক্তি – study and application of matter that is at an atomic and molecular scale. This broad field interacts with chemistry at such scales. পেট্রো-রসায়ন – study of the transformation of petroleum and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. ঔষধবিজ্ঞান – branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action along with the chemical effects. উদ্ভিদ রসায়ন – study of phytochemicals which come from plants. তেজস্ক্রিয় রসায়ন – chemistry of radioactive materials. ধ্বনি-রসায়ন – study of effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems. সংশ্লেষণী রসায়ন – study of chemical synthesis. রসায়নশাস্ত্রেরইতিহাস রসায়নশাস্ত্রের অগ্রদূতসমূহ কিমিয়া বা মধ্যযুগীয় রসায়নশাস্ত্র (রূপরেখা) কিমিয়ার ইতিহাস রসায়নশাস্ত্রের শাখাসমূহের ইতিহাস History of analytical chemistry – history of the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. History of astrochemistry – history of the study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation. History of cosmochemistry – history of the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions History of atmospheric chemistry – history of the branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines History of biochemistry – history of the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. History of agrochemistry – history of the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. History of bioinorganic chemistry – history of the examines the role of metals in biology. History of bioorganic chemistry – history of the rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. History of biophysical chemistry – history of the new branch of chemistry that covers a broad spectrum of research activities involving biological systems. History of environmental chemistry – history of the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. History of immunochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system. History of medicinal chemistry – history of the discipline at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents (drugs). History of pharmacology – history of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. History of natural product chemistry – history of the chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism – history of the found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. History of neurochemistry – history of the specific study of neurochemicals, which include neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function. History of computational chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that uses principles of computer science to assist in solving chemical problems. History of chemo-informatics – history of the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry. History of molecular mechanics – history of the uses Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. History of Flavor chemistry – history of the someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. History of Flow chemistry – history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. History of geochemistry – history of the study of the mechanisms behind major geological systems using chemistry History of aqueous geochemistry – history of the study of the role of various elements in watersheds, including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions History of isotope geochemistry – history of the study of the relative and absolute concentrations of the elements and their isotopes using chemistry and geology History of ocean chemistry – history of the studies the chemistry of marine environments including the influences of different variables. History of organic geochemistry – history of the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth History of regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry – history of the study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth History of inorganic chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. History of nuclear chemistry – history of the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. History of radiochemistry – history of the chemistry of radioactive materials, where radioactive isotopes of elements are used to study the properties and chemical reactions of non-radioactive isotopes (often within radiochemistry the absence of radioactivity leads to a substance being described as being inactive as the isotopes are stable). History of organic chemistry – history of the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. History of petrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of crude oil (petroleum) and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. History of organometallic chemistry – history of the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal. History of photochemistry – history of the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules.. History of physical chemistry – history of the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. History of chemical kinetics – history of the study of rates of chemical processes. History of chemical thermodynamics – history of the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. History of electrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. History of Femtochemistry – history of the Femtochemistry is the science that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10−15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). History of mathematical chemistry – history of the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. History of mechanochemistry – history of the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behaviour of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking), tribology, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation-related phenomena (e.g., sonochemistry and sonoluminescence), shock wave chemistry and physics, and even the burgeoning field of molecular machines. History of physical organic chemistry – history of the study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules. History of quantum chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. History of sonochemistry – history of the study of the effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems. History of stereochemistry – history of the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules. History of supramolecular chemistry – history of the area of chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. History of thermochemistry – history of the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. History of phytochemistry – history of the strict sense of the word the study of phytochemicals. History of polymer chemistry – history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. History of solid-state chemistry – history of the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids History of multidisciplinary fields involving chemistry: History of chemical biology – history of the scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. History of chemical engineering – history of the branch of engineering that deals with physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. History of chemical oceanography – history of the study of the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. History of chemical physics – history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. History of materials science – history of the interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering. History of nanotechnology – history of the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale History of oenology – history of the science and study of all aspects of wine and winemaking except vine-growing and grape-harvesting, which is a subfield called viticulture. History of spectroscopy – history of the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy History of surface science – history of the Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. History of chemicals History of chemical elements History of carbon History of hydrogen Timeline of hydrogen technologies History of oxygen History of chemical products History of aspirin History of cosmetics History of gunpowder History of pharmaceutical drugs History of vitamins History of chemical processes History of manufactured gas History of the Haber process History of the chemical industry History of the petroleum industry History of the pharmaceutical industry History of the periodic table রাসায়নিক সূত্রসমূহের অভিধান জৈব অণুসমূহের তালিকা অজৈব যৌগসমূহের তালিকা পর্যায় সারণী পারমাণবিক তত্ত্ব পারমাণবিক প্রতিমানসমূহ (মডেল) পরমাণুবাদ – Natural philosophy that theorizes that the world is composed of indivisible pieces. কিশমিশ পুডিং প্রতিমান রাদারফোর্ড প্রতিমান বোর প্রতিমান তাপ-রসায়ন Thermochemistry – Chemical kinetics – the study of the rates of chemical reactions and investigates how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. Exothermic –a process or reaction in which the system release energy to its surroundings in the form of heat. They are denoted by negative heat flow. Endothermic –a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat. They are denoted by positive heat flow. Thermochemical equation – Enthalpy change – internal energy of a system plus the product of pressure and volume. Its change in a system is equal to the heat brought to the system at constant pressure. Enthalpy of reaction – Temperature – an objective comparative measure of heat. Calorimeter – an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Heat – A form of energy associated with the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation. Joule – a unit of energy. Calorie – Specific heat – Specific heat capacity – Latent heat – Heat of fusion – Heat of vaporization – Collision theory – Activation energy – Activated complex – Reaction rate – Catalyst – Chemical equations that include the heat involved in a reaction, either on the reactant side or the product side. Examples: H2O(l) + 240kJ → H2O(g) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 + 92kJ Joule (J) – How to calculate the enthalpy of N₂+3H₂ 2NH₃? Elias James Corey মারি ক্যুরি জন ডাল্টন Humphry Davy Eleuthère Irénée du Pont George Eastman Michael Faraday Dmitriy Mendeleyev Alfred Nobel Wilhelm Ostwald Louis Pasteur Linus Pauling Joseph Priestley Karl Ziegler Ahmed Zewail Robert Burns Woodward Rosalind Franklin Amedeo Avogadro Scientific literature – বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী – Academic journal – List of important publications in chemistry List of scientific journals in chemistry List of science magazines Scientific American Chemical elements data references List of chemical elements — atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name List of minerals - Minerals Electron configurations of the elements (data page) — electron configuration, electrons per shell Densities of the elements (data page) — density (solid, liquid, gas) Electron affinity (data page) — electron affinity Melting points of the elements (data page) — melting point Boiling points of the elements (data page) — boiling point Critical points of the elements (data page) — critical point Heats of fusion of the elements (data page) — heat of fusion Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page) — heat of vaporization Heat capacities of the elements (data page) — heat capacity Vapor pressures of the elements (data page) — vapor pressure Electronegativities of the elements (data page) — electronegativity (Pauling scale) Ionization energies of the elements (data page) — ionization energies (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol) Atomic radii of the elements (data page) — atomic radius (empirical), atomic radius (calculated), van der Waals radius, covalent radius Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) — electrical resistivity Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) — thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page) — thermal expansion Speeds of sound of the elements (data page) — speed of sound Elastic properties of the elements (data page) — Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus Hardnesses of the elements (data page) — Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness Abundances of the elements (data page) — Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and solar system List of oxidation states of the elements — oxidation states যৌগিক পদার্থের তালিকা রাসায়নিক যৌগ অনুযায়ী ক্যাস নম্বরের তালিকা অত্যন্ত বিপজ্জনক পদার্থের তালিকা অজৈব যৌগের তালিকা জৈব যৌগের তালিকা অ্যালকেনের তালিকা সংকর ধাতুর তালিকা অন্যান্য তাপীয় পরিবাহিতার তালিকা রসায়নশাস্ত্রের বিশোধন পদ্ধতির তালিকা রসায়নশাস্ত্রের অমীমাংসিত সমস্যার তালিকা প্রাণরসায়নের রূপরেখা পদার্থবিজ্ঞানের রূপরেখা "What is Chemistry?"। Chemweb.ucc.ie। ২০১৮-১০-০৩ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১১-০৬-১২।  Chemistry ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ৫ মার্চ ২০১৬ তারিখে. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007. Herbst, Eric (মে ১২, ২০০৫)। "Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions"। Journal of Physical Chemistry A। 109 (18): 4017–4029। ডিওআই:10.1021/jp050461c। পিএমআইডি 16833724। বিবকোড:2005JPCA..109.4017H।  "heat", The Free Dictionary, ২০১৯-০৮-১৭ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা, সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০১৯-০৮-১৮ উদ্ধৃতি টেমপ্লেট ইংরেজি প্যারামিটার ব্যবহার করেছে (link) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ৩১ অক্টোবর ২০০৭ তারিখে IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page, see especially the "Gold Book" containing definitions of standard chemical terms Interactive Mind Map of Chemistry / Chemical energetics ওয়েব্যাক মেশিনে আর্কাইভকৃত ২৭ জানুয়ারি ২০১৮ তারিখে প্রবেশদ্বার:  রসায়ন বিজ্ঞান প্রযুক্তি