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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/u-rwanda-ruratera-ntiruterwa-menya-inkomoko-y-umugani | U Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa- Menya inkomoko y’Umugani Intambara y’Ibihugu 4 | Uwo mugani ufite inkomoko ku Mwami Cyilima II Rujugira wategetse ahasaga mu w ‘1675 kugeza mu w’1708. Uwo Mwami amaze kwima ingoma ya Se Yuhi III Mazimpaka. Abantu benshi bakunda guca imigani miremire,iy’imigenurano ndetse n’Insigamigani, abandi bakibaza inkomoko yayo, bikababera urujijo. Uyumugani ufite inkomoko ku Mwami Cyilima II Rujugira wategetse ahasaga mu w ‘1675 kugeza mu w’1708. Uwo Mwami amaze kwima ingoma ya Se Yuhi III Mazimpaka, ku ngoma ye yahuye n’urugamba rukomeye, u Burundi, u Bugesera, i Gisaka n’i Ndorwa, byibumbiye hamwe ngo byagirize u Rwanda. Rwari urugamba rukomeye cyane, kuko byose byari ibihugu by’abaturanyi b’u Rwanda birutaye hagati. Dore uko ibitero byo ku ngoma ye byagenze, aribyo byabaye imvano y’uwo mugani: Cyilima Rujugira yarwanye intambara itoroshye yahuruje, u Burundi, u Bugesera, n’i Gisaka cy’Abazirankende arayitsinda; mu gutsinda urwo rugamba, byamuteye akanyabugabo ko kurushaho kwiha intego yo gutsinda ingoma y’i Ndorwa y’Abashambo yari iherereye mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda. Igihugu cyo mu Ndorwa cyari icy ‘Abashambo bakomokaga kuri Mushambo wa Kanyandorwa I Sabugabo. Babarizwaga muri Komini Giti, Rutare, Muhura, Muvumba ho muri Byumba. Ni ukuvuga ayo makomini n’uduce tw’Umutara twose turi mu majyaruguru y’ u Rwanda kugeza ku mupaka warwo n’igihugu cya Uganda (ubu ni mu Turere twa Gatsibo na Nyagatare). Babarizwaga na none muri Komini Kivuye, Cyumba, Cyungo ho muri Byumba (Ubu ni mu Karere ka Gicumbi). Kubera urugamba yari amaze gutsinda rukomeye rw’ibyo bihugu (u Burundi, Gisaka n’u Bugesera), yahise yohereza umuhungu we w’Igikomangoma Ndabarasa gutera Ndorwa. Ndabarasa ntiyatindiganyije aba acuze inkumbi Mushambo Gahaya I Muzora, umwami w’ i Ndorwa bigarurira ingabe yabo Murorwa. Ubwami bwa Ndorwa butangira kuyoboka u Rwanda n’impugu zayo zirimo Mpororo (ho muri Uganda), Umutara n’Umubari, Abashambo baho baba isanga n’ingoyi n’Abanyiginya b’i Gasabo, ingoma Ndorwa izima ityo. Icyo gihe yifashishije Rubanda, yashoboye kwanamiza urwo rugamba maze ahigika u Burundi, atsinda i Gisaka n’u Bugesera n’i Ndorwa. Kubera icyo gikorwa cy’ikirenga yakoze cyo kurwanya ibihugu bine bikomeye akabitsinda, niho kuvuga yihanukiriye agira ati " U Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa". Ku ngoma ya Cyilima Rujugira, n’uko u Bugesera bwongeye gutera u Rwanda ahasaga mu w’1708, intambara irarema, urugamba rurakomera. Rujugira ingabo z’u Bugesera zimukubita umwambi yambuka Kigali ya Bwanacyambwe, agwa i Ntora ( hariya hubatse isoko ry’imbaho ku Gisozi, ubu hasigaye hitwa ku Gisozi n’ubundi ), arimo azamuka ajya mu rugo rwe rwari ruhubatse. N’ubwo urwo rugamba rwabaye injyanamuntu rugatuma n’Umwami atanga, Ingabo z’u Rwanda zararutsinze. Icyo gihe ingabo z’u Bugesera barazihashya bazambutsa Nyabarongo, kuko Ndabarasa umuhungu wa Rujugira yari amenyereye imirwano byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Kubera ko Ingabo z’u Rwanda zatsinze urwo rugamba biziruhije cyane, byatumye zidakomeza gukurikirana Ingabo z’u Bugesera zimaze kwambuka Nyabarongo barazihorera. Muri icyo kibariro ntabwo u Bugesera bwongeye kwigerezaho ngo butere u Rwanda. Nuko Rujugira amaze gutanga, asimburwa ku Ngoma n’Umuhungu we Ndabarasa wafashe izina ry’ubwami rya Kigeli III, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1708 kugeza mu w’1741. Salongo Richard /MUHABURA.RW |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/dr-bizimana-avuga-ko-kwibuka-ku-nshuro-ya-25-jenoside | Dr.Bizimana avuga ko kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi byakabaye ari ku nshuro ya 60 | Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa komisiyo y’igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside ’CNLG’,Dr Jean Damascene Bizimana avuga ko bitewe n’uko Jenoside yatangiye cyera,kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi byakabaye ku nshuro ya 60 kuko yatangiye mu myaka ya za 59 hose mu gihugu. Ibi yabigarutseho mu kiganiro yagejeje ku bitabiriye umuhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 wabereye mu murenge wa Bushenge mu karere ka Nyamasheke hibukwa Abatutsi biciwe i Gashirabwoba. Mu kiganiro cye,Dr.Bizimana yasobanuye uburyo kuri tariki 23 Mutarama 1953 hasohotse icyiswe manifesto y’Abahutu iri nayo kimwe mu byabaye intangiriro yo kwigisha no kubiba urwango ku Batutsi no gutegura Jenoside. Bitewe n’icyo gihe aho urwango rwatangiye kubibwa mu bantu ndetse n’ubwicanyi no gutwikira Abatutsi bigatangira ubwo,ngo byakabaye ubu hibukwa ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi aho kuba ku nshuro ya 25. Ati"Turibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, nyamara ahubwo ubwo byakabaye ari ku nshuro ya 60 kuko Jenoside yatangiye cyera muri za 1959 Abatutsi bicwa, batwikirwa amazu, bafungwa n’ibindi". Yakomeje avuga ko byageze mu 1960 ubwo Nyamasheke hayoborwaga na Sous Chef witwaga Nyirinkindi ngo bishe Abatutsi benshi, birakomeza kuko muri uwo mwaka nyine muri cheferie Impara hishwe Abatutsi hatwikwa n’amazu menshi agera kuri 200. Ngo byarakomeje bigera mu 1963 aho I Nyamasheke habayeho kwica Abatutsi bikaba byari bihagarariwe n’uwitwa Ngirabatware Pascal (Gahini) na Alphonse Bariyanga. Yavuze uburyo muri 64 padiri Bazon Henry wakoreraga umurimo we i Nyamashe yamenyesheje perefe wa Cyangugu ko ku muhanda wa Nyungwe hiciwe Abatutsi benshi, mu kumuhima bahise bamwimura bamusimbuza mubyara wa Habyarimana. Ati"Tariki 20 Mutarama 1964 Padiri Henry Bazon wabaga I Nyamasheke yandikiye Prefect wa Cyangugu amumenyesha ko kumuhanda ugana mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe hiciwe Abatutsi benshi kandi umunuko ukaba ugera mu Muhanda.Mu guhima Padiri bahise bamwimura bamusimbuza mubyara wa Habyarimana witwaga Rushita". Yasoje asaba ko mugihe hibukwa amateka nk’aya hajya hashimirwa ubuyobozi bwiza buriho ubu butavangura Abanyarwanda ndetse banaharanira kurinda ibyo bumaze kutugezaho. Ku rutonde rurerure rwa bamwe muri ba ruharwa mu gutegura Jenoside mu cyahoze ari Cyangugu barimo;Emmanuel Bagambiki wari Perefe,Jenerali Gratien Kabiligi,superefe Theodore Munyengabe,superefe Emmanuel Kamonyo,Yusufu Munyakazi,Shamihigo Simeon,Edouard Bandetse,Lt Samuel Imanishimwe,Major Munyarugerero,Andre Ntagerura,Barigira Felicien,Sinzabakwira Straton,Padiri Aime Mategeko,Padiri Laurent Ntihinyuka ndetse na Marcel Sebatware wari Diregiteri wa CIMERWA. Muri uyu muhango haraza gushyingurwa mu cyubahiro imibiri y’Abatutsi bazize Jenoside isaga 15629 irimo; iya Gashirabwoba 13,577; Giheke 1,039; Muyange 675;Kidashira 268 ndetse n’imibiri 70 yari igishyinguye mu Murenge wa Bushenge.
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/byinshi-ku-mateka-n-inkomoko-y-abatuye-u-rwanda | Byinshi ku mateka n’Inkomoko y’abatuye u Rwanda | U Rwanda, igihugu bamwe bivugira, batazi inkomoko y’iryo zina, ruteye amatsiko kumenya igihe rwaturiwe, bamwe bemeza ko ari ejobundi mu mwaka wa 1091 nyuma y’ivuka rya Yezu, abandi bakemeza ko rwamutanze kuvuka. U Rwanda, amateka yagiye yandikwa, avuga ko rwatangiye ari agahugu gato, kari i Gasabo mu Karere ka Gasabo kuri ubu, muri ako karere ubu niho habarizwa ibiro bitandukanye by’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu, iby’Umukuru w’Igihugu, Minisiteri nyinshi n’ibindi bigo bikomeye mu Rwanda, ariko aho rwatangiriye, uhabwirwa n’ikigabiro gihari,nta kundi kuhabona hitabwaho kugeza ubu. Amateka yakunze kwandikwa ko u Rwanda rwahanzwe mu kinyejana cya 11 (1091), ruremwe n’Umwami Gihanga Ngomijana. Rwari igihugu gito, gituranye n’ibihugu by’ibikeba kandi bifite imbaraga bya Bugesera na Gisaka (ubu ni mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba). Abami b’u Rwanda bagiye batera ibi bihugu bakabyigarurira, u Rwanda ruraguka rugera ku kiyaga cya Kivu. Mu kinyejana cya 15, Abanyoro baturutse mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda bararwigaruriye. Umwami Ruganzu Ndoli ni we wongeye kwigarurira twa turere twose tw’u Rwanda mu kinyejana cya 16 (1510), amara imyaka isaga 30 ku ngoma. Guhera icyo gihe, ubwami bw’u Rwanda bwatangiye gusugira mu karere, aho rwageraga mu mbibi za Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo y’ubu, rugakomeza mu Bugande hafi y’ikiyaga cya Edward. U Rwanda rwatuwe mu myaka 900 mbere ya Yezu Isi dutuye byemejwe ko imazeho imyaka myinshi isaga ibihumbi bibiri, nubwo babara haherewe ku mwaka wa mbere wafashwe nk’ivuka rya Yezu. U Rwanda ariko ngo rwatangiye kubaho mu myaka 900 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, nkuko abahanga babyerekana, dore ko kumenya igihe ikintu runaka cyabereyeho bisigaye byoroshye hifashishijwe icyitwa carbone 14, 14 yifashishwa mu gusuzuma igihe ibikoresho byakoreshwaga icyo gihe bimaze. Ibyapimwe byo mu Rwanda kugeza ubu byerekana muri iyi myaka ya 900 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu nkuko byagaragajwe n’Umwanditsi w’ibitabao bivuga ku mateka, Nyirishema Celestin , cyane mu cyo yise ‘Ibyatahuwe mu mateka y’u Rwanda n’u Burundi’cyasohotse muri 2013. Inkomoko y’abatuye u Rwanda Amateka y’ibitekerezo avuga ko u Rwanda rwatuwe n’ibimanuka byavuye mu ijuru, ari nabyo umwami wa mbere w’u Rwanda, Gihanga Kanyarwanda Ngomijana akomokaho. Ukuri k’uko u Rwanda rwatuwe kwerekanwa n’abahanga muri icyo gitabo cya Nyirishema nuko ko bavuye mu butayu bwa Sahara mbere yo kuba ubutayu. Abahanga bemeza ko icyitwa ubutayu bwa Sahara hari ahantu hatoshye hahingwa. Nyuma haje kuba ubutayu maze abari bahatuye mu myaka 3000 mbere ya Yezu basuhukira mu majyepfo ya Afurika, mu bice bya Cameroun, Congo, Uganda na Kenya. Ku ikubitiro Abahigi n’abatoraguzi Abo nibo baje batangira gutura u Rwanda. Muri icyo cyiciro habarizwamo ‘Abatwa n’impunyu’ kuko n’ubundi ari bo baturage ba mbere bageze mu bihugu bitandukanye bya Afurika birimo n’u Rwanda. Abo batwa bakomeje kwihigira inyamaswa ndetse banatoratora imbuto zabaga ziri mu mashyamba yariho atarasagarirwa n’ibikorwa bya muntu. Ibirimo kuvugwa ntaho bihuriye n’amoko abakoloni baje bifashisha muri Afurika bagamije gutanga abari bayituye. Ubworozi bwabanjirije ubuhinzi Ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, byabanjirijwe n’ibyo korora, mu Rwanda no mu bice bitandukanye bya Afurika. Mu Rwanda imyaka ya mbere yahahinzwe ni amasaka n’uburo byari bifite n’ibisobanuro bikomeye mu butegetsi bwa Cyami. Ibyo bihingwa ngo ndetse byari bisanzwe muri Afurika , nkuko byemezwa ko bitakomotse hakurya y’inyanja( i Burayi, Amerika na Aziya) kuko ibindi bihingwa byinshi byageze muri Afurika mu myaka ya 1575 bizanywe n’abanya-Portugal bakolonije Angola. Umwanditsi Nyirishema agaragaza ko ubuhinzi busa n’ubwo mu myaka ya vuba aha, ariko ubworozi busa n’ubwakozwe kuva kera mu Rwanda. Ubworozi bw’inka buzwi cyane mu Misiri mu myaka 5000 ishize, akaba ari naho zabanje kororwa mbere. Izo nka zageze mu Rwanda, mu Burundi, Uganda na Tanzania mu myaka 750 mbere ya Yezu Kirisitu.Inka zimaze kugera mu gice gitoshye cy’u Rwanda n’u Burundi zararumbutse. Hari andi mateka y’Umubiligi Amateka y’u Rwanda yigishijwe n’abakoloni yerekanaga ko u Rwanda rwatuwe bwa mbere n’Abatwa , bagakurikirwa n’Abahutu nyuma hagakurikiraho Abatutsi, icyakora uhereye ku mirimo ya buri bwoko wavuga ko abatwa bakurikiwe n’Abatutsi, nyuma hagataho Abahutu. Ayo mateka yanditswe n’Abanyamahanga barimo Jan Vansina, Umubiligi wananditse amateka y’u Rwanda mu gihe aribo bari barukolonije bari bagamije guharabika no gusiribanganya amateka ya Afurika. Ayo mateka y’u Rwanda yigishwaga mu mashuri yari agamije kuryanisha Abanyarwanda ngo birememo ibice umuzungu ashobore kubanyaga igihugu cyabo. Ayo mateka yavugaga ko Umututsi yari umushyitsi wakomotse muri Ethiopia, aza gukandamiza Umuhutu wari wisangiwe mu gihugu yihingira ibijumba, ibishyimbo n’indi myaka akanorora n’ihene, bakavuga ko umworozi w’inka yaje Rwanda mu myaka iri hagati ya 300 na 600 ishize, uhereye kuri ayo mateka ushobora kuvumburamo ibinyoma. Ubutaha tuzarebera hamwe aho abatuye u Rwanda bahuriye n’amoko yigishijwe mu Rwanda akandikwa mu ndangamuntu, akaza no kwifashishwa muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Niyomugabo Albert /MUHABURA.RW |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/mukabalisa-yemeje-ko-abahagaritse-jenoside-ubwenge-bwabo | Mukabalisa yemeje ko abahagaritse Jenoside ubwenge bwabo butakiri uko bwari buri ahubwo ko bwikubye kabiri | Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda, umutwe w’Abadepite Donatille Mukabalisa yavuze ko kuri ubu aho u Rwanda rugeze rwiyubaka kugarura amacakubiri mu banyarwanda ari ikintu kitakwihanganirwa dore ko n’abahagaritse Jenoside ubwenge bwabo bwikubye kabiri. Ibi yabigarutseho kuri iki Cyumweru tariki 19 Gicurasi 2019 mu muhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 abatutsi bazize Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 bo Murenge wa Rukumberi mu Karere ka Ngoma no gushyingura mu cyubahiro imibiri ibihumbi 40 irimo iyimuwe mu rwibutso rushya ndetse n’indi yakuwe mu rusengero rwa ADEPR aho yari ishyinguwe. Depite Mukabalisa yatangiye yihanganisha imiryango yabuze ababo muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, abasaba kujya bibuka ababo buri gihe mu rwego rwo kuzirikana ineza n’urugwiro byabarangaga. Yagize ati “Abapfuye ntabwo tubibuka mu minsi 100 gusa, nta n’ubwo tubibuka ku munsi uba wateganyijwe gusa, ahubwo tubibuka buri munsi kuko bari mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Mu byo dukora byose twibuka ubupfura ineza n’urugwiro byabaranze ndetse n’ibyiza bakoreye igihugu nubwo bakibagamo batagifitemo uburenganzira.” Mukabalisa yakomeje ashimira ingabo zari iza FPR Inkotanyi zitanze zigahagarika Jenoside ndetse kuri we ngo n’ubwenge bw’izo ngabo bwariyongereye. Ati “Batsinze urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu cyacu no guhagarika jenoside, babaye imbuto zatumye u Rwanda rutazima kandi baracyahari ndetse n’ubwenge bwabo, ubumenyi n’ubushobozi byikubye kenshi.” Yanavuze kandi ko, kuri ubu aho u Rwanda rugeze rwiyubaka kugarura amacakubiri ari ikintu kidashoboka na gato. Mukabalisa yavuze ko u Rwanda ubu rwabaye igihugu kigendera ku mategeko n’ubumwe buranga abanyarwanda ku buryo nta wabameneramo. Ati “Ubu twubatse igihugu kigendera ku mategeko aho dukora ibishoboka byose ngo dukumire ibyaha ariko kandi n’ugikoze agahanishwa amategeko yishyiriweho n’abaturage. Dufite imiyoborere myiza idaheza buri umwe, turasabwa gufatanyiriza hamwe tukarwanya uwashaka gusenya ibyubatswe.” Urwibutso rwa mbere i Rukumberi rwubatswe mu 2001. Nyuma yo kubona ko rutajyanye n’igihe, abarokotse Jenoside bishatsemo ubushobozi bararusana kugira ngo ababo bishwe urw’agashinyaguro basubizwe agaciro bambuwe.
INKURU BIFITANYE ISANO:Rukumberi:Muri Jenoside,Abatutsi bari bizeye gukizwa n’abashinzwe umutekano ariko nibo baje babamaraho
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/rukumberi-muri-jenoside-abatutsi-bari-bizeye-gukizwa-n | Rukumberi:Muri Jenoside,Abatutsi bari bizeye gukizwa n’abashinzwe umutekano ariko nibo baje babamaraho | Abatuye mu murenge wa Rukumberi ho mu karere ka Ngoma bemeza ko mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994,Abatutsi baho bishwe bikomeye n’abo bari bategerejeho ubufasha, aho baje bagahita bifatanya n’interahamwe kubica. Kuba uyu murenge ukikijwe n’ibiyaga birimo icya Mugesera n’ikiyaga cya Sake ndetse n’umugezi w’Akagera ngo biri mu byatumye byoroheye Interahamwe kwica abasaga ibihumbi 35 byari bihatuye Inkotanyi zirokora gusa 700 harimo abakomeretse cyane. Kuri iki Cyumweru muri uyu murenge habereye umuhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. Umwe mu batanze ubuhamya bw’ibyabereye i Rukumberi witwa Rutagarama Protais yavuze ko Abatutsi bari bahatuye bari babayeho mu buzima bubi aho bari batunzwe n’amazi y’ikiyaga yanduye bakagerekaho no kuyasangira n’inyamaswa. Yagize ati"Mu igeragezwa rya Jenoside Abatutsi ba hano i Rukumberi babayeho mu buzima bubi cyane, batunzwe no n’amazi y’ikiyaga basangiraga n’inyamaswa zo mu ishyamba. Ubwo kandi niko buri munsi abantu bafungwaga barengana. Hari n’abo bajyanaga ntibazagaruke". Yakomeje avuga ko Abatutsi bagerageje kwirwanaho biziye ko abashinzwe umutekano bari bubatabare ariko byabaye iby’ubusa kuko aribo baje babica. Ati"Abatutsi b’i Rukumberi bagerageje kwirwanaho, biringiye ko inzego z’umutekano zizaza kubarwanaho, nyamara nizo zaje gufatanya n’interahamwe kubahiga no kubica". Rutagarama ngo yabonye uko Abatutsi barimo kwicwa,agira uburakari ngo yihorere ariko Inkotanyi zamugiriye inama zimubwira ko guhora atari byiza. Ati"Nk’uko twarimo kugenda dushira abenshi muri twe bishwe,ukubaho kwacu twahise tugushyira mu maboko y’Inkotanyi.Turabashimira cyane kuko nibo ducyesha kurokoka.Nyuma yo kurokoka,nafashe umwanzuro wo kwinjira mu ngabo za RPA bityo ngo mbashe kwihorera ariko Inkotanyi zanyigishije ko kwihorera atari byiza.Ubwo nahise mpindura imyumvire yanjye". Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside, Dr. Jean Damascène Bizimana yasobanuye uburyo ingengabitekerezo yakwiragijwe aho yavuze ko iya mbere yahawe umurindi na PARMEHUTU,igaragaza uburyo igihugu ari icy’abahutu gusa, naho Abatutsi ari abantu baturutse hanze bazanwe no kwigarurira igihugu. Yavuze ko kuri we agendeye n’uko ingengabitekerezo n’ubwicanyi byatangiye muri iyo myaka yambere,magingo aya avuga ko byari bikwiye ko hibukwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuva muri iyo myaka y’intangiriro z’urwango. Ati"Turibuka Jenoside ku yakorewe Abatutsi ku nshuro ya 25 ariko twari dukwiriye kwibuka ku nshuro ya 60 kuko Jenoside yatangiye muri 1959". Yavuze kandi uburyo Abatutsi bafungwaga mu mwaka wi 1990 bashinzwa kuba ibyitso by’Inkotanyi.Abenshi mu bari bafunzwe bybaviriyemo kwicwa,biciwe cyane cyane muri gereza ya Kibungo. Rukumberi ni agace gafite umwihariko muri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi kuko abahatujwe birukanwe (baciwe) baturutse mu bice bitandukanye by’u Rwanda kugira ngo bazicwe na Tsetse yahabaga.Hanabereye kandi igeragezwa rya Jenoside. Ku rwibutso rwa Rukumberi habereye umuhango wo kwibuka inzirakarengane z’Abatutsi zahaguye muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 harashyingurwa mucyubahiro imibiri irenga ibihumbi 40 y’abari batuye mu mirenge ya Rukumberi ndetse na Sake.
Perezida w’umutwe w’abadepite Mukabalisa, Minisitiri Busingye na Minisitiri Rwanyindo n’abandi bayobozi batandukanye bifatanyije n’abaturage ba Rukumberi muri uyu muhango
Dr Bizimana yasobanuye uburyo PARMEHUTU yabibye urwango kugeza n’aho yagaragaje uburyo igihugu ari icy’abahutu gusa, naho Abatutsi ari abantu baturutse hanze
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/tariki-n-iyi-umunsi-nk-uyu-ingabo-za-fpr | Tariki ya 18 Gicurasi 1994,Radio Muhabura yabwiye abari bihishe guhungira aho FPR yagenzuraga | Tariki n’iyi,umunsi nk’uyu Ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi zakomeje urugamba, zikomeza kurokora abatutsi bicwaga; ku rundi ruhande imwe mu miryango mpuzamahanga yatangaje ko ibibera mu Rwanda ari jenoside. Kuri iyi tariki kandi ni bwo FPR yakoresheje Radio Muhabura ibwira abari bihishe ahantu hatandukanye mu Mujyi wa Kigali ko bajya mu duce tugenzurwa na yo. Icyo gihe kandi, Abagaga batagira umupaka bacishije mu kinyamakuru Le Monde ibaruwa ifunguye bari bandikiye Perezida w’u Bufaransa imusobanurira ko ibyaberaga mu Rwanda atari ugusubiranamo kw’amoko, ahubwo ari ubwicanyi bwateguwe neza. Iyo baruwa yagirga iti “Ntabwo ari intambara hagati y’amoko, ahubwo ni itsembatsemba ryateguwe neza ry’abatavuga rumwe n’agatsiko gashyigikiwe kandi kakanahabwa intwaro n’u Bufaransa; k’uwari umunyagitugu Juvenal Habyarimana kandi abasirikare bo mu mutwe ushinzwe kurinda Umukuru w’Igihugu nibo bari ku isonga muri ubwo bwicanyi […] Ntawakwiyumvisha ukuntu u Bufaransa bwaba budafite uburyo bwo kubuza izo nkoramutima zabwo guhagarika ubwicanyi”. Si ubwa mbere aba baganga bari bagaragaje ko ibyaberaga mu Rwanda ari ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere bwateguwe, aho tariki ya 24 Mata 1994, batangaje ko biboneye abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana, bica abarwayi bagera ku 170 mu bitaro bikuru bya Butare. MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-n-inkomoko-y-umunsi-mpuzamahanga-w-umurimo-ku | Sobanukirwa n’inkomoko y’umunsi mpuzamahanga w’umurimo ku isi | Umunsi mpuzamahanga w’abakozi ufite inkomoko ku cyiswe “Haymarket affair”, iyi ikaba ari imyigaragambyo yabereye i Chicago mu 1886 aho abakozi baharaniraga ko amasaha y’akazi yagabanywa akava kuri 12 akagirwa umunani ku munsi. Icyo gihe ubwo polisi yageragezaga gutatanya abo bakozi ngo bareke kwigaragambya, umuntu utaramenyekanye yateye igisasu hagati mu bigaragambyaga, maze abapolisi nabo bahita barasa bica bane mu bigaragambyaga nk’uko tubicyesha Urubuga rwa Wikipedia. Uyu munsi benshi bakunze kwita “May day” cyangwa (umunsi wa Gicurasi) waje kugirwa umunsi mpuzamahanga mu 1889 mu nama mpuzamahanga ya mbere yabereye i Paris mu Bufaransa. Iyi nama yari yatumijwe ivuga ku kinyejana cyari gishize habaye impinduramatwara, byahuriranye n’imurikabikorwa Mpuzamahanga ryagaragazaga ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa byagezweho mu nzego zitandukanye, yaba ikoranabuhanga, ubumenyi n’ubugeni. Muri iyo nama, impirimbanyi y’uburenganzira bw’abakozi, Raymond Lavigne, atanga igitekerezo ko buri mwaka itariki ya 1 Gicurasi, hajya hibukwa bariya bakozi bishwe baharanira uburenganzira bwabo mu myigaragambyo y’i Chicago. Ahanini icyo abantu baharaniraga ni uburenganzira bw’umukoreshwa kuko kubera kwiyongera gukabije kw’inganda kwariho icyo gihe mu kinyejana cya 19, ba nyiri inganda n’abakoresha bakoreshaga nabi abakozi babo bagendereye kubona inyungu y’ikirenga. Itariki ya 1 Gicurasi iza kwemezwa mu 1891. Uyu munsi waje kwitabirwa cyane n’ibihugu byagenderaga ku matwara ya gisosiyalisiti na gikomunisiti, aho mu nama mpuzamahanga y’amashyaka ya gisosiyalisiti yabereye i Amsterdam mu 1904, basabwe kujya bigaragambya kuri iyi tariki kugira ngo bashyirirweho amasaha umunani y’akazi atarenga. Iyi nama yabigize ihame ku mahuriro y’abakozi y’ibihugu byose ko tariki ya mbere Gicurasi, bagomba guhagarika akazi aho bishoboka bikaba bitanateza ingaruka ku bakozi. Mu bihugu byinshi urwego rw’abakozi rwaharaniye ko tariki ya mbere Gicurasi yagirwa umunsi w’ikiruhuko bigerwaho, hakanibukwa abazize guharanira uburenganzira bw’abakozi mu myigaragambyo y’i Chicago. Uwo munsi wakomeje kuba umunsi ukomeye mu bihugu nk’u Bushinwa, Koreya y’Amajyarugu, Cuba n’u Burusiya, aho hakorwa imihango ikomeye yo kuwizihiza muri ibyo bihugu. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada ho, uyu munsi wizihizwa byemewe mu kwezi kwa cyenda. Impamvu wizihizwa iyi tariki itandukanye n’inkomoko yawo igaturuka ko nyuma y’iyicwa ry’abigaragambyaga i Chicago, Perezida wa Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Grover Cleveland yatinye ko kwizihiza uyu munsi ku itariki nyiri izina byaba uburyo bwo gutuma hibukwa ubwicanyi bwabaye nk’aho bishwe na Leta, kuko bishwe na Polisi. Umunsi mpuzamhanga w’abakozi wizihizwa byemewe n’amategeko tariki ya mbere Gicurasi buri mwaka mu bihugu birenga 80 harimo n’u Rwanda. Mu Rwanda, hatangwa ikiruhuko ku bakozi, hakanatoranywa umukozi wakoze neza kurusha abandi muri uwo mwaka mu bigo bimwe na bimwe akabishimirwa. MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/madame-jeannette-kagame-yunamiye-umwamikazi-gicanda-wishwe | Madame Jeannette Kagame yunamiye umwamikazi Rosalie Gicanda wishwe muri Jenoside[REBA AMAFOTO] | Madame Jeannette Kagame kuri uyu wa gatandatu tariki 20 Mata 2019 yerekeje mu karere ka Nyanza ahashyinguye umwamikiza Rosalie Gicanda wishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi maze ashyira indabo ku mva ye. Dowager Rosalie Gicanda yari umugore w’umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa, akaba yarapfakaye mu 1959 ubwo umugabo we yicirwaga i Bujumbura. Uyu mwamikazi yakomeje gutura mu majyepfo, cyane cyane mu karere ka Huye aho benshi bamuziho umutima mwiza ndetse no gukunda abantu, aho buri wese wamusuraga yamwakirizaga amata meza y’inka yari yoroye, kugeza ubwo yicwaga tariki 20 Mata 1994. Ubuhamya bwa Perezida Kagame ku mutima wa kimuntu waranze Umwamikazi Gicanda Mu buhamya Perezida Kagame yatanze mu 2017 avuga ku mateka y’ubuto bwe kuva afite imyaka ine y’amavuko ubwo yatangiraga ubuzima bw’ubuhunzi, yashimiye na Gicanda nk’umwe mu bamufashije akabasha kurokoka. Ubwo buhamya bugaragara mu nimero 2944 ya Jeune Afrique yasohotse ku wa 11 Kamena 2017, yiswe amabanga y’ubuto [Secrets de Jeunesse] bw’abakuru b’ibihugu barimo Perezida Kagame, Ali Bongo Ondimba, Umwami Mohammed VI wa Maroc na Alpha Condé. Perezida Kagame yasobanuye ko mu 1961 mbere gato y’uko u Rwanda rubona ubwigenge, ubwo yari afite imyaka ine, Abahutu bari batuye ku musozi wa Tambwe bashyigikiwe n’ubuyobozi, bigabije aho umuryango we wari utuye batwika inzu zaho ndetse bagirira nabi Abatutsi. Icyo gihe umubyeyi we Asteria Rutagambwa yatangiye kumutegura ngo bahunge. Hahise haza imodoka, umushoferi wayo ashyikiriza umubyeyi wa Perezida Kagame ibaruwa ivuga ko atumwe n’Umwamikazi Gicanda wari utuye i Nyanza mu rugendo rw’iminota nka 45 uvuye aho bo bari batuye. Rosalie Gicanda yari amusabye kubahungisha muri ibyo bihe by’amakuba. Perezida Kagame n’abantu bari baturanye binjiye muri iyo modoka mu gihe igihiriri cy’ababahigaga cyaturukaga ku wundi musozi, gihita cyirara mu byo bari batunze. Icyo gihe ngo basanze Umwamikazi i Nyanza, mbere y’uko bafata inzira bakerekeza mu Mutara aho naho ubwicanyi bwabasanze bakabuhungira muri Uganda. Gicanda yavukiye i Rwamagana mu 1928. Yakuze arangwa n’ikinyabupfura ari nabyo byatumye abengukwa n’Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa. Ku wa 13 Mutarama 1942 nibwo Gicanda yashyingiranwe n’Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa waje kubatizwa Charles Léon Pierre. Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri Rudahigwa atanze (ku wa 25 Nyakanga 1959), mu 1961 hatangiye inkubiri yo kwimakaza ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika. Icyo gihe uwari Perezida Kayibanda Grégoire yirukanye mu rukari Umwamikazi Gicanda, waje kwicirwa i Butare muri Jenoside. Yicanywe n’abagore batandatu bari inshuti ze n’abandi bo mu muryango we barasiwe imbere y’ingoro y’umurage w’amateka y’u Rwanda iri i Butare.
Chief Editor/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kiliziya-gatolika-yasabye-imbabazi-kubera-ibyo-iherutse | Kiliziya gatolika yasabye imbabazi kubera ibyo iherutse gusaba byo korohereza abashaje bafungiye icyaha cya Jenoside | Inama y’Abepiskopi Gatolika mu Rwanda yasohoye itangazo igamije gusaba imbabazi kubera ibyo iherutse gusaba byo korohereza abashaje cyane n’abarwaye bafungiye icyaha cya Jenoside. Iryo tangazo ryashyizweho umukono na Musenyeri Filipo Rukamba, Perezida w’Inama y’Abepiskopi Gatolika mu Rwanda, rivuga ko muri iyo baruwa hari ibyakomerekeje abantu. Abo bepiskopi bati “Tubabajwe n’uko byakomerekeje abantu cyane cyane bitewe n’igihe twabivugiye, Ibyo si byo twari tugamije. Dusabye imbabazi kuko twabivuze muri iki gihe gikomeye cy’icyunamo.” Ku cyumweru tariki 07 Mata 2019 ubwo hatangiraga icyumweru cy’Icyunamo, ni bwo hatambukijwe ubutumwa bwasomwe muri Kiliziya zose zo mu Rwanda, busaba inzego zibishinzwe ko zasuzuma uburyo abafungiye Jenoside bakuze cyane n’abarwaye bakoroherezwa ibihano. Ubwo butumwa bwari bwashyizweho umukono n’Abepiskopi Gatolika bose bo mu Rwanda. Ku wa gatandatu tariki 13 Mata 2019, ubwo hasozwaga icyumweru cy’icyunamo ku rwego rw’igihugu, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside (CNLG), Dr. Bizimana Jean Damascene, yumvikanye anenga ibyasabwe n’abo Bepiskopi Gatolika. Dr. Bizimana ubwo yarimo atanga ikiganiro ku ruhare rwa politiki mbi muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, n’urwa politiki nziza mu kubaka igihugu, yagaragaje ko bamwe muri abo bageze mu zabukuru bafungiye Jenoside ari bo bari ku isonga mu itegurwa ryayo no mu gihe cyo kuyikora, agasanga rero izo mbabazi basabirwa zikwiye kwitonderwa. Yagize ati “ Aba bantu ngiye ntangaho ingero, nahoze ndeba nsanga abato barengeje imyaka 75, abandi ba Kabuga bari hejuru y’imyaka 80. Iyo hari abantu rero bamwe na bamwe bavuga bati ‘aba basaza nimubarekure barakuze’ kandi ari bo baroze u Rwanda muri ubu buryo, nkeka ko ari ukwirengagiza!” Icyo kiganiro Dr Bizimana yagitangiye ku rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero ruherereye mu Karere ka Kicukiro ahashyinguye abanyapolitiki 12 bishwe muri Jenoside bazira ukuri kwabo no kwanga politiki mbi itandukanya Abanyarwanda. Hashyinguye kandi n’abandi bantu bagera ku bihumbi 15 bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bagiye bakurwa hirya no hino mu mujyi wa Kigali.
SOMA INKURU BIFITANYE ISANO:http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Kwibuka25-CNLG-yamaganye-ubusabe-bwa-Kiliziya-Gatolika-bw-uko-abashaje-bakoze-Jenoside-bakoroherezwa MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/gasabo-depite-murumunawabo-yasabye-abantu-bazi-aho-imibiri | Gasabo:Depite Murumunawabo yasabye abantu bazi aho imibiri iri itarashyingurwa ko bashiruka ubwoba bakaherekana nayo igashyingurwa mu ... | Depite Cecile Mushikiwabo yasabye abantu batahigwaga muri Jenoside bakaba bazi aho imibiri yaba iri ko bakivanamo ubwoba nk’uko bakomeje babikangurirwa n’inzego zitandukanye nayo igashyingurwa mu cyubahiro.Ni mu gihe hari abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 batazi aho ababo baguye bakaba batarabonye imibiri yabo ngo bayishyingure mu cyubahiro. Ibi yabigarutseho mu ijambo yageje ku bitabiriye umuhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 ku rwego rw’umurenge wa Remera wabereye muri Centre Cristus ahashyinguye imibiri ya bamwe mu bapadiri ndetse n’abakirisitu bahaguye mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Depite Cecile Murumunawabo wari umushyitsi mukuru muri uyu muhango yasabye ababyeyi kwirinda kuganiriza abana ku mashyiga bababibamo urwango n’ubugome. Ati”Ibyo tuganiriza abana ku mashyiga tubyirinde kuko aho u Rwanda rugeze umuntu ukora ibyo bintu n’ubwo ari umwe rwamusize.Ikigaragara ni uko uko twicaye hano ndetse no mu gihugu hose nk’abanyarwanda muri iyi minsi ijana twibuka, uwo muntu tutazamwerera ko akomeza gupfobya Jenoside. Yasabye kandi abatarahigwaga mu gihe cya Jenoside ariko bakaba bazi aho imibiri y’abishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi aho iri, ko bashiruka ubwoba bakerekana aho iri nk’uko bakomeje babikangurirwa n’inzego zitandukanye. Ati“Mu bicaye hano harimo abatarahigwaga batazi aho imibiri yaba iri ariko harimo n’abahazi bamwe batanakoze Jenoside ariko bafite impungenge bati ese ni mparanga biragenda bite? Ati“Mwahawe ibisobanuro CNLG yarigishije,IBUKA yarigishije,u Rwanda rwarigishije ,abayobozi barabibakanguriye babamara ubwoba bababwira byose bababwira uburyo mwabigenza,bababwira uburyo mwajya mushyiraho ibimenyetso,rwose mukagaragaza aho imibiri yaba isigaye ikwiye kugaragara kuko hari ababuze ababo bashaka kubashyingura mu cyubahiro”. Umuyobozi wa IBUKA mu murenge wa Remera Karamba Emmanuel avuga ko bishimira ko nta kibazo cy’amakimbirane kirangwa muri uyu murenge kuko bafite uburere karemano bwababuzaga gukora ikibi. Ati“Ndashima ko mu murenge wa Remera nta kibazo twigeze tugira cy’amakimbirane n’ivangura,ibyo mbona ko tubicyesha bwa burere bushya n’uburere karemano kuko twebwe twabayeho tubyiruka ntawuzi kwica ibyo aribyo ahubwo urindiriye kwicwa ntakundi nicyo wabaga utegereje”. Umunyabanga nshingwabikorwa w’umurenge wa Remera Kalisa Jean Sauveur yashimiye abaturage batuye mu murenge ayoboye kuko bagaragaje ubwitabire muri iki gihe cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Akomeza agira ati“Ibi byatumye bamenya inkomoko ya Jenoside aho yaturutse kuko si impanuka,si ikintu cyakozwe uwo mwanya, ahubwo ni ikintu cyateguwe gishakirwa ibikoresho bigera ubwo Jenoside igera ku ndunduro. Ubwo rero ayo mateka tubatugomba kuyiga ariko tugamije kugira ngo tunasigasire ibyo tumaze kugeraho ubu ngubu twirinda ikindi cyazaza kikabisenya”. Mu rwego rwo gufasha Abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994,Kalisa avuga ko hari intambwe ikomeye bamaze gutera aho babaha ubufasha burimo nko kubashakira amacumbi n’ibindi bitandukanye. Ati“Uyu munsi ntabwo ari bensahi dufite bacyeneye amazu kuko imibare igenda igabanuka.Muri uyu mwaka tumaze gutuza imiryango itatu kuko twatuje mu mudugudu w’ikitegererezo wa gikomero,dufite kandi abandi turimo kubakira mu murenge wa Jabana nabo tuzatuza ariko n’abandi badafite ingo zitameze neza tugenda tubasanira cyane cyane bikozwe n’abaturage mu tugari twabo”. Avuga kandi ko bafite ingamba zitandukanye zo gufasha Abarokotse mu buryo butandukanye nko kubaha inkunga y’ingoboka ibafasha mu buzima bwa buri munsi aho bamaze kuyiha abagera kuri 53.Banatanga kandi n’ubufasha bw’ubuvuzi ndetse n’abanyeshuri barokotse Jenoside barihirirwa amashuri. Mu rwibutso rwo muri Centre Cristus hashyinguwemo imibiri 17 y’abapadiri ndetse n’abandi bakirisitu bishwe mu gihe bari baje mu mahugurwa.Naho indi mibiri y’abaguye muri uyu murenge ishyinguye mu rwibutso rwa kibagabaga mu murenge wa Kimironko.
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/nduhungirehe-yanenze-abafata-ibikorwa-byo-kwibuka-jenoside | Minisitiri Nduhungirehe yanenze abafata igikorwa cyo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi nk’umwanya wo kwamamaza ibikorwa ... | Umunyamabanga wa Leta muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga, Ubutwererane n’Ibikorwa by’Umuryango wa Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, Amb. Nduhungirehe Olivier yanenze bimwe mu bigo by’abikorera byafashe iki gihe cyo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi 1994 nk’umwanya wo kwamamaza ibikorwa byabo asaba CNLG na PSF gukora ibishoboka byose ngo uwo muco ucike. Ibi Amb.Nduhungirehe yabivuze ubwo yasubizaga umwe mu bakoresha urubuga rwa Twiter witwa Fred Mwasa washyizeho amafoto y’ibyapa by’ibigo by’abikorera byashyize ubutumwa bwo kwibuka kuri ibyo byapa, hanyama banashyiraho ibikorwa byabo bakora mu rwego rwo kubyamamaza. Fred Mwasa yagize ati"Business from bones cyangwa se ubucuruzi ku mibiri Nyuma y’uko Minisitiri Nduhungirehe abonye iby’uyu yari amaze kwandika ntiyishimire icyo gikorwa nawe byatumye agira icyo abivugaho aho yagaragaje ko ari umuco mubi asaba abo bireba barimo Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside (CNLG) n’urugaga rw’abikorera mu Rwanda (PSF), ko ubutaha ubwo tuzaba twibuka ku nshuro ya 26 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ko bazacyemura iki kibazo we yabonye ko kibangamye. Ati"Ibi ni bibi.Bibi cyane!Ndizera ko CNLG na PSF bazacyemura iki kibazo cy’ubu buryo bwo kwamamaza mu gihe cyo Kwibuka26".
Benshi bagize icyo babivugaho bagaragaza ko ibi bikwiye gusubirwamo nk’Uwitwa Ruhumuriza Jean Nepo we yagize ati"Ibi bintu ntibikwiye na mba, bakwiye guhindura uburyo bwo kwibuka bukwiye. Ibi ni ukwitwikira kwibuka kandi urimo kwamamaza!"
Ubwo mugenzi we witwa Nshimiyimana Emmanuel nawe yahise yungamo avuga ko bamaganye abo bitwaza ibyo gutanga ubutumwa bakabivaniramo kwamamaza ibikorwa byabo. Ati"Niba narakurikiye neza, ntabwo byemewe kwerekana imipira cyangwa gukoresha ibitaramo ibyo aribyo byose. Niba hari n’aho byabaye ni amakosa. Naho iby’abitwaza gutanga ubutumwa bwo gufata mu mugongo abantu, barangiza bakamamaza, turabamaganye rwose". Naho uwitwa Uwimana Basile ati"Miliyoni y’Abatutsi yishwe urw’agashinyaguro niyo babonye bakiniraho ,bamamarizaho amandazi n’imitobe.Uku ni ugupfobya pe!"
Twagerageje kuvugana n’Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa CNLG kuri telefone ngendanwa ngo tumenye icyo abivugaho dore ko byibajijweho n’batari bacye ntiyabasha gufata telefone. Mu bigo byanenzwe na Minisitiri Nduhungirehe ndetse n’abandi batari bacye byagaragaye byamamaza ibikorwa byabyo harimo nka Urwibutsoenterprise,Flexi foams ltd,Gorilland Safaris ltd ndetse na Printex Ltd. Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Kwibuka25-CNLG-yamaganye-ubusabe-bwa-Kiliziya-Gatolika-bw-uko-abashaje-bakoze-Jenoside-bakoroherezwa | #Kwibuka25:CNLG yamaganye ubusabe bwa Kiliziya Gatolika bw’uko abashaje bakoze Jenoside bakoroherezwa | Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo kurwanya Jenoside (CNLG), Dr Bizimana Jean Damascène ntiyemeranya n’abasaba ko abageze mu zabukuru bahamijwe ibyaha bya Jenoside boroherezwa ibihano. Yabivuze kuri uyu wa gatandatu tariki 13 Mata 2019 mu kiganiro yagejeje ku bitabiriye umuhango wo kwibuka Abanyapolitiki bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bashyinguye mu rwibutso rwa Rebero ruherereye mu Karere ka Kicukiro. Muri icyo kiganiro cyagarutse ku ruhare rwa politiki mbi muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, n’urwa politiki nziza mu kubaka igihugu, Dr Bizimana yatanze ingero z’uburemere bw’ibyaha bya bamwe mu bagize uruhare muri Jenoside ubu bageze mu zabukuru, abishingiraho avuga ko imbabazi baherutse gusabirwa na Kiliziya Gatolika mu Rwanda zikwiye kwitonderwa. Dr Bizimana yagize ati “Aba bantu ngiye ntangaho ingero, nahoze ndeba nsanga abato barengeje imyaka 75, abandi ba Kabuga bari hejuru y’imyaka 80. Iyo hari abantu rero bamwe na bamwe bavuga bati aba basaza nimubarekure barakuze, kandi ari bo baroze u Rwanda muri ubu buryo, nkeka ko ari ukwirengagiza ukuri.” Dr Bizimana yakomoje kuri iyo ngingo nyuma y’uko Abepiskopi Gatolika bo mu |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/abanyamakuru-bakoreraga-rtlm-na-kangura-nti-bari | Abanyamakuru bakoreraga RTLM na Kangura nti bari ab’umwuga ahubwo bari ibisambo byishakira indonke-Dupaquier | Umunyamakuru w’Umufaransa akaba n’umwanditsi w’igitabo ’L’agenda du Genocide’, Jean-François Dupaquier, avuga ko abakoreraga radio RTLM na Kangura batari abanyamakuru b’umwuga ahubwo ngo bari ibisambo byishakira indonke. Ibi yabigarutseho mu kiganiro cyatanzwe ubwo Abanyamakuru hamwe n’abakozi b’ibigo bakorana n’Itangazamakuru, bibutse bagenzi babo bagera kuri 60 bazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.Abatanze ikiganiro bagarutse ku ruhare rw’itangazamakuru muri Jenoside n’uko rikwiye kwitwara mu rugamba rwo kubaka u Rwanda. Jean-François Dupaquier umunyamakuru w’umufaransa wari muri abo batanze ikiganiro akaba n’umwanditsi w’igitabo ’L’agenda du Genocide’ ngo kuri we abona nta rindi zina yaha abanyamakuru batarangwaga n’ubunyamwuga ahubwo bakarangwa no kwishakira indonke bityo ngo abo baba ari ibisambo. Ati “Umunyamakuru si umuhanzi, si umunyapolitiki, si umucamanza, ariko ni umukozi. Navuga ko hari abanyamakuru beza nubwo atari benshi, abenshi ni abo ntabonera izina.Baba badashoboye ku buryo utabita abanyamakuru, baba ari abanebwe n’ibindi nka byo, usanga bene abo bantu ari ibisambo, abanyabinyoma, abasinzi n’ibindi” Yakomeje avuga ko akurikije imyitwarire yarangaga abanyamakuru bakoreraga RTLM (Radio-television des Milles Colline) na Kangura,ayo mazina bayakwiye. Ati “Uru ni rwo rwego nashyiramo abakoreraga RLTM kuko bari ibirara bitagira umutimanama na busa”. Dupaquier yavuze uburyo yaburiye Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal amwereka ko ikinyamakuru Kangura kigamije kubiba urwango mu bantu,ariko we nta kindi yamusubije usibye kumubwira ko mu Rwanda aribwo buryo batangamo ibitekerezo. Ati “Mu kiganiro yagiranye n’itangazamakuru namubajije niba amategeko 10 y’Abahutu atagamije kubiba urwango mu Banyarwanda ansubiza ko ‘iwacu ubwo ni ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.” Barore Cléophas,Umuyobozi w’Urwego rw’Abanyamakuru Bigenzura (RMC), yashimangiye ko itangazamakuru ry’imbere mu gihugu ryagize uruhare muri Jenoside kuko ryakoresheje amagambo atari meza. Ati “Kuva mu 1990 itangazamakuru ryagize uruhare kuko ryatangazaga ibibera ku rugamba n’inama zabaga ahantu hose. Ryakoresheje amagambo ashyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda ndetse riba ahantu ho kunyuza ibyo bashaka.’’ Yakomeje avuga ko icengezamatwara ry’itangazamakuru ryakiranwe yombi kuko muri icyo gihe abaturage bafataga ibivugiwemo nk’ivanjiri,bityo ngo ijambo ryavugiwe ku Kabaya nti ryari gutangazwa. Ati “Hari amahitamo y’umunyamakuru yo gukina indirimbo ashaka itari iya Bikindi ibiba urwango. Iyo habaho gutekereza neza, umunyamakuru wagiye muri mitingi ya Kabaya ntaba yaratangaje agace k’ijambo rya Mugesera.’’ Muri ibyo bihe ngo imikorere y’itangazamakuru yasunikwaga na Leta yariho icyo gihe kuko niyo yagenaga ibigomba gutangazwa n’abamwe mu banyamakuru. Minisitiri Prof. Shyaka yavuze ko abanyamakuru bishwe batazize ubwoko bwabo gusa kuko bitangiye igihugu, basiga umurage wo kutaba ingaruzwamuheto. Yagize ati “Turibuka abanyamakuru baharaniye kugira itangazamakuru ry’umwuga rikorera Abanyarwanda muri Leta itarashakaga gukorera Abanyarwanda. Bazize ubwoko bwabo kuko bahagurutse bakarwanya ikibi, bahagarara ku kuri, baha u Rwanda icyo bari bafite mu bihe bikomeye.’’ Itangazamakuru ry’iki gihe ryasabwe gushishoza mbere yo gutangaza inkuru cyane mu gihe imikoreshereze y’imbuga nkoranyambaga yateye imbere ndetse ubwinshi bw’ibitangazamakuru butuma habaho gutanguranwa.
Abatanze ikiganiro barimo Jean-François Dupaquier (uwa kabiri uturutse ibumoso),Jeanine Munyeshuli-Barbé ( uwa gatatu hagati)Umunya- Nouvelle-Zélande, Phil Quin (Uwa kane) na Barore Cléophas(iburyo)
Uyu muhango wari witabiriwe n’abayobozi batandukanye mu nzego z’igihugu
Minisitiri Prof. Shyaka yavuze ko inshingano z’itangazamakuru zikwiye kuba gukorera abaturage, kubaka igihugu hazirikanwa amateka cyanyuzemo n’icyerekezo gifite
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-bimwe-mubitero-byabaye-ku-itariki-ya-10-mata-mu | Menya bimwe mubitero byabaye ku’Itariki ya 10 Mata mu mateka ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994 | Tariki 10 Mata 1994 Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi imaze iminsi 3 itangiye,ibitero byakomeje kwiyongera.Kuri iyi taliki ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’abatutsi barishwe mu buryo butandukanye, hirya no hino mu gihugu. Ibi ni bimwe mu bitero byatwaye ubuzima bw’abatutsi kuri iyi taliki mu myaka 25 ishize. 1.Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994:Abatutsi barenga 7564 biciwe kuri Kiliziya Gatorika, mu cyahoze ari komini Kanombe. 2. Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Abatutsi barenga 2522 bicirwa i Karembure. 3.Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Abasirikare barindaga Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana, barashe ibisasu bikomeye ku bitaro byitiriwe umwami Faysal, bica abarwayi 29, abandi bagera kuri 70 barakomereka. 4.Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Abarwayi 100 biciwe mu bitaro bya kaminuza bya Kigali, CHUK bishwe n’abasirikare ba Leta y’uwari perezida w’u Rwanda Juvenal Habyarimana. 5. Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku Bitaro bya Kiziguro barishwe. 6. Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Imibiri ivangavanze n’inkomere, bagera ku 10,000 batoraguwe mu mihanda ya Kigali maze bajyanwa mu bitaro binyuranye. 7. Ku itariki ya 10 Mata 1994: Interahamwe zo muri Komini Ngororero na Giciye ku Gisenyi, zishe abatutsi barenga 14 500 bari bahungiye ku Ngoro ya Muvoma (MRND Palace), ). Harokoka abantu 2 gusa. 8. Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku biro bya Komine Gashora no mui ISAR Karama barishwe. 9. Abatutsi bagera ku 14,000 biciwe kuri Kiliziya ya Ruhuha no mu nkengero zayo, muri komini Ngenda, muri Bugesera, bishwe n’impuzamugambi ndetse n’interahamwe. 10.Ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) yarafunzwe abari abadiplomate bayo bahunga u Rwanda. 11. Ingabo zari iza RPA zageze muri CND ziturutse i Byumba, zije gutabara abatutsi bicwaga hano mu mujyi wa Kigali. Hirya no hino mu Rwanda hishwe abatutsi benshi kuri iyi taliki ya 10 Mata 1994, Si aba bonyine, aba ni bamwe muri bo twabashije kukubwira. Niyomugabo Albert MUhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amategeko-10-y-abahutu-ikimenyetso-cy-itegurwa-ritaziguye | Amategeko 10 y’Abahutu: Ikimenyetso cy’itegurwa ritaziguye rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi | Abanyarwanda baca umugani ngo ‘ibijya gucika bica amarenga’. Ibi bisa n’aho ari byo byabaye kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bigaragara ko yari yateguwe kuva kera na kare, mu gihe abayihakana bavuga ko ihanurwa ry’Indege ya Habyarimana wari Perezida ari ryo ryatumye Abatutsi basaga miliyoni bicwa mu 1994. Umushakashatsi kuri Jenoside, Gregory Stanton wo muri Kaminuza ya George Mason yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yagaragaje ko kugira ngo Jenoside ihabwe iyo nyito bigira inzira umunani binyuramo, muri zo harimo kuyitegura igihe kirekire kugira ngo abazayikora bazabe bariteguye bihagije. Agaragaza ko mbere ya byose, abategura Jenoside batandukanya abaturage, buri tsinda rigahabwa izina ryihariye, rikagenderwaho babatandukanya n’abandi badahuje itsinda, nyuma abibasiwe batangira kwamburwa ubumuntu, hakabaho kwigisha abazayikora, abatagira aho babogamiye bakibasirwa, abazicwa bagashyirwa ku ntonde, hagakurikiraho kubica, ariko nyuma abateguye umugambi bakazabihakana. Ibi nabyo nibyo byakoreshejwe mu gutegura Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, kuko ibimenyetso byayo byari byaratangiye guca amarenga y’ayo mahano kuva mbere binyuze mu bikorwa byakorerwaga Abatutsi hirya no hino mu gihugu. Amategeko 10 y’Abahutu yimitse urwango rwagejeje u Rwanda kuri Jenoside Amategeko 10 y’Abahutu ni imwe mu nzira nyinshi zakoreshejwe habibwa urwango hagati y’Abahutu n’Abatutsi rwakuze rugeza u Rwanda ku kibi cyasize benshi babaye imfubyi n’abapfakazi, hirya no hino mu gihugu. Gitera Habyarimana Joseph avugwaho kuba umwe mu babikoze abihuriza byose muri Poropaganda yo kwigisha Abahutu kwanga Abatutsi mu myaka hafi 35 mbere y’uko Jenoside iba mu 1994, abinyujije mu mategeko yise ay’Abahutu. Gitera yadukanye igitekerezo cyo guhimba ayo mategeko y’urwango muri mitingi y’ishyaka rye rya Aprosoma, yabereye i Astrida (Huye) kuwa 27 Nzeri 1959. Ni amategeko afite iriburiro rigaragaza ko rifite inkomoko muri Bibiliya kuko atanga amabwiriza ngo “guhera ubu…” Gitera agakomeza avuga ko “Umubano w’umututsi n’umuhutu” ari “umufunzo ku kuguru ni umusundwe mu mubiri, ni umusonga mu rubavu”. Nyuma yo kugereranya umubano w’abantu n’abandi nk’indwara cyangwa udukoko turyana, Gitera yongeye kuvuga ngo “Ntuzongere kwemera cyangwa kwizera Umututsi.” Ni amategeko abasesengura ibijyanye na Jenoside bagaragaza ko yari akoranye urwango rukabije ndetse abumbatiye intambwe umunani zose zikurikizwa kugira ngo Jenoside ihabwe iyo nyito. Umushakashatsi akaba n’Umusesenguzi kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi,Tom Ndahiro, yigeze kuvuga ko amategeko icumi y’Abahutu yanditswe na Gitera yari yuzuye urwango rwinshi ndetse akaba yarabaye inzira itaziguye yaganishije ku itotezwa n’iyicwa ry’abatutsi. Yagize ati “Ni amategeko yari yuzuye urwango. Umuntu wumva ko mugenzi we ari uburwayi? Ubundi uburwayi urabwikiza, waba ari umusonga ukawushakira imiti, waba ari umusundwe ukawihandura ukanawica; uko rero ni kwa gutegurwa kwa Jenoside kuko byose bigaragaramo muri ayo magambo.” Yongeyeho ati “Icya mbere ni ukuvuga ko abantu badashobora kubana, harimo kwambura abantu ubumuntu, icyo kintu cyo kwita abantu imisundwe, kuvuga ngo abantu bice ku bandi, ni urwango rwahemberewe kera.” Abasesenguzi kandi bavuga ko nta hantu na hamwe bigaragara ko aba bantu babibaga urwango bigeze babihanirwa, ibishobora gusobanura ko byari bishyigikiwe n’ubutegetsi bwariho icyo gihe. Muri ayo mategeko, Gitera yasobanuraga uburyo “Abahutu” badakwiye kubana n’abo yanga akanatanga n’impamvu: “Umututsi yuje ubwangwe”; “kamere y’Umututsi ni ubushukanyi” akavuga ko “kubana n’umututsi ni ukwihambiraho urusyo”. Guhashya cyangwa kwikiza umututsi Gitera yabyise “kwirinda umwanzi cyangwa kwirwanaho” kandi akanabihamya ko byemewe n’amategeko. Yategekaga kandi Abahutu gutsikamira Abatutsi kugira ngo baceceke. Uko kubatsikamira byasobanuwe mu itegeko rya kane mu mategeko Kangura yise ay’abahutu, imyaka irenga 31 nyuma y’aya Gitera. Mu mategeko ya Gitera, irya cyenda ribuza “Abahutu” kurarikira abagore b’Abatutsi cyangwa abakobwa babo ngo “ni bibi ... nta kimero barusha ababo...” Ibyo ikinyamakuru Kangura nacyo cyarabyanditse kibigarura mu itegeko rya kabiri ryavugaga ko “Buri Muhutu agomba kumenya ko abakobwa bacu b’Abahutukazi ari bo kandi babereye kuba ba mutima w’urugo. Mubona se atari beza! Ntibavamo se abanyamabanga beza b’indahemuka!” |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kicukiro-nyanza-madamu-jeannette-kagame-yafunguye-ku | Kicukiro/Nyanza:Madamu Jeannette Kagame yafunguye ku mugaragaro igice cya mbere cy’Ubusitani bw’Urwibutso | Umufasha wa Perezida wa Repubulika, Madamu Jeannette Kagame, kuri uyu wa Mbere tariki ya 8 Mata 2019, yafunguye ku mugaragaro igice cya mbere cy’Ubusitani bw’Urwibutso (Jardin de la Mémoire) bwubatswe ku rwibutso rwa Nyanza, mu Karere ka Kicukiro, Umujyi wa Kigali. Nyakubahwa Madamu Jeannette Kagame yatangiye ijambo ashimira Imiryango y’Abarokotse Jenoside, Abahagarariye imiryango mpuzamahanga, Abagize umuryango Shoah Foundation, Abanyarwanda n’ inshuti z’u Rwanda muri rusange, kuba bitabiriye iki gikorwa nka kimwe mu bikorwa byo Kwibuka. Madamu Jeannette Kagame yavuze ko ubu busitani bufite igisobanuro cy’amateka yabereye aho buri mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ndetse ko ari n’ikimenyetso cyerekana ko ubuzima bwakomeje. Ati “Twifuje kubaka ubusitani ahabereye amateka mabi, nk’ikimenyetso kitazasibangana. Ikimenyetso kitwibutsa ko ubuzima bwakomeje, n’ubwo hari abifuzaga ko tuzaheranwa n’ urupfu. Dushyira ibuye ry’ifatizo kuri ubu busitani, hari hashize imyaka ibarirwa ku ntoki, tuvuye muri Jenoside yatumariye abacu, ndetse n’urugamba rwo kuyihagarika no kubohora igihugu. Hari abatarashoboraga no kumva ko ubuzima buzashoboka”. |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/musanze-burera-hara-abantu-bagaragaje-ingengabitekerezo-ya | Musanze-Burera:Hari abantu bagaragaweho ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside | Tariki 07 Mata 2019 ku munsi watangijweho ibikorwa byo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, bamwe mu baturage barakekwaho kuvuga amagambo apfobya Jenoside. Ibyo bikorwa by’ingengabitekerezo no gupfobya Jenoside byagaragaye mu turere twa Musanze na Burera mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru. Umugabo witwa Ndagijimana Pierre w’imyaka 67 wo mu Murenge wa Remera mu Karere ka Musanze, mu kiganiro cyo kwibuka cyatangwaga na Kabera Donatille, uwo mugabo ngo yasabye ijambo abaza ikibazo gikubiyemo amagambo apfobya Jenoside. Munyemana Désiré, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Remera, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru, yagize ati “Ubwo twari mu biganiro byo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, umugabo witwa Ndagijimana Pierre yasabye ijambo abaza agira ati ‛Abantu Bose barapfuye, n’abacu barapfuye’″. Ngo yongeye agira ati “Twese twabigiriyemo ingorane, kandi mu bapfuye hari abahungaga, hari abagongwaga n’imodoka abandi bakicwa n’abacengezi″. Munyemana Désiré avuga ko uwo mugabo bamusobanuriye bamubwira uburyo akwiye kwitwara n’amagambo akwiye gukoresha mu bihe byo kwibuka Jenoside abasubiza ko anyuzwe. Nk’uko Gitifu Ndagijimana yakomeje kubivuga, ngo byabaye ngombwa ko uwo mugabo ajyanwa kuri Polisi, Station ya Remera kugira ngo akomeze abazwe ku byo yavuze. Ati “Kuba yajyanywe kuri Polisi ni ugufasha abaturage no kubakura mu rujijo.
Nk’ubu hari abaturage benshi, na bo barabitekerezaho bibaze impamvu ataraye mu rugo, bamenye uko bagomba kwitwara mu gihe cyo kwibuka, umuntu nk’uwo asobanuje amagambo nk’ayo bigahera mu kirere kwaba ari uguteza urujijo mu baturage″. Mu Murenge wa Busogo mu Karere ka Musanze, na ho haravugwa abagabo batatu bakoreye urugomo umwana w’umukobwa w’imyaka 19 ukora mu nzu zicuruza amafunguro (Restaurant) bamubwira amagambo ashingiye ku moko. Amakuru avuga ko ngo muri iyo Restaurant hinjiye abagabo batatu basanzwe biyakiriramo, umwe yegera uwo mukobwa amufata mu mutwe arawuhindukiza aramubwira ati “Ariko aka ntabwo ari agatutsi?″, bagenzi be bari kumwe baramusubiza ngo “ Ese ntubireba?″. Arangije amukubita urushyi ku itama. Twagirimana Edouard, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Busogo, yatangarije umunyamakuru ko ayo makuru yayumvise kandi ko ari kuyakurikirana. Gitifu Twagirimana avuga ko abo bagabo bahise babura, bakaba bakomeje gushakishwa ngo bashyikirizwe ubutabera. Abo bagabo kandi ngo batorotse bamaze gukubita uwitwa Nsabimana Yves ubu urwariye mu Kigo nderabuzima cya Gataraga. Ngo bamuhoye ko yari aje gukiza uwo mukobwa bakorana muri Restaurant baramwahuka baramuhondagura, barangije baratoroka. Niyomugabo Albert/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-soma-ijambo-perezida-kagame-yagejeje-ku | Kwibuka25:Soma ijambo Perezida Kagame yagejeje ku bitabiriye Umuhango wo Kwibuka ku Nshuro ya 25 Jenoside Yakorewe ... | Mbanje kubashimira mwese. Ku munsi nk’uyu nguyu, amagambo yo kuvuga ibyiyumviro dufite arabura. Ijambo riza mbere yayandi ni ugushima. Turashimira mwese, inshuti zacu, mwifatanyije natwe kuri uyu munsi, harimo abayobozi batandukanye. Abenshi muri mwe mwabanye natwe igihe cyose muri uru rugendo. Turabashimira cyane uruhare rwanyu mu kudufasha gukira ibikomere no kongera kubaka u Rwanda. Ndashimira kandi Abanyarwanda bagenzi banjye twafatanije, kugira ngo twongere twubake Igihugu cyacu. Mu mwaka w’i 1994 twari mu icuraburindi, nta kizere dufite. Uyu munsi, ahari umwijima hari urumuri n’umucyo bitumurikira twese. Umuntu yakwibaza ati “Ese byagenze bite?” U Rwanda rwongeye kuba umuryango umwe. Abaturage bacu, amaboko yacu, ikiganza mu kindi, nizo nkingi z’Igihugu cyacu. Twese dufatanye urunana. Nubwo imibiri n’imitima yacu byuzuye ibikomere n’inkovu, ariko ntawe uri wenyine; twese dushyize hamwe. Twese hamwe, twongeye kuboha ipfundo ry’ubumwe bwacu. Abakobwa babaye ababyeyi. Abaturanyi babaye abavandimwe b’abo ubundi badafitanye isano. N’abo tutari tuziranye batubereye inshuti. N’ubundi umuco wacu uduha uburyo bwo kubaka ubumwe n’ubufatanye, bidufasha guhumuriza abababaye no kongera kwiyubaka. U Rwanda ni umuryango, nubwo twanyuze mu bigeragezo byinshi. Niyo mpamvu tukiriho. Biragoye kumva no gusobanura ukwigunga n’umujinya by’abarokotse Jenoside. Ariko kandi, ntidusiba kubasaba kwitanga kugira ngo Igihugu cyacu cyongere kigire ubuzima. Byabaye ngombwa ko amarangamutima n’ibyiyumviro tuba tubishyize ku ruhande.
Hari umuntu wigeze kumbaza impamvu dukomeza kwikoreza abarokotse umutwaro wo kudufasha gukira ibikomere. Cyari ikibazo gikomeye kandi giteye agahinda. Ariko nasanze n’igisubizo cyoroshye, ndetse cyumvikana. Ni uko abacitse ku icumu ari bo bonyine bafite icyo batanga: imbabazi. Abanyarwanda bakomeje kwikorera uwo mutwaro uremereye batinuba. Ibi byadufashije kuba beza kurushaho, no kunga ubumwe buhamye. Ubwo twari mu muhango wo Kwibuka Jenoside mu myaka yashije, umwana w’umukobwa yatugejejeho umuvugo watumye abantu benshi barira. Yagize ati: “Byaravugagwa ngo Imana yirirwa ahandi igataha i Rwanda.” Hanyuma arabaza ati: “Muri ariya majoro muri Jenoside, Imana yari hehe? Iyo turebye u Rwanda uko rumeze uyu munsi, biragaragara ko Imana yagarutse imuhira, kandi izahaguma, ntizongera kuhava, nk’uko twumvise mu kanya. Ndagira ngo abacitse ku icumu mbabwire ngo: Mwarakoze cyane. Imbaraga, ubutwari no kwihangana byanyu, byerekana ko ntacyasenya Ubunyarwanda dusangiye twese. Uyu munsi kandi, hari imiryango iri hano yaturutse mu bindi bihugu ifite ababo, baba abagabo, ababyeyi, n’abavandimwe, bazize ingengabitekerezo y’ubwicanyi bukabije nk’ubwahekuye u Rwanda. Abasirikare b’Ababiligi bishwe mu gitondo nk’iki ngiki imyaka 25 ishize. Captain Mbaye Diagne wo muri Senegal warokoye benshi. Tonia Locatelli wishwe muri 1992 azira kuvugisha ukuri ku byari bigiye kuba. N’abandi. Icyo twababwira muri aka kanya, cyabahumuriza, ni uko dusangiye agahinda, ariko n’icyubahiro duha abagaragaza ubutwari bwo gukora ibikwiye. Hari n’abandi ku isi hatandukanye bahagaze ku kuri, bafasha kuzana impinduka. Bamwe bari hano Ambasaderi Karel Kovanda, n’abagenzi be bo muri New Zealand na Nigeria bahamagariye isi guhagarika Jenoside mu Rwanda, nubwo ibihugu by;ibihangange bitari bibyitayeho. N’umuvandimwe wanjye, Minisitiri w’Intebe, Abiy Ahmed, azi neza aho u Rwanda rwavuye, kuko yari hano mu ngabo za Etiyopiya zari mu butumwa bw’amahoro amezi make gusa nyuma ya Jenoside, aho yari kumwe n’izindi ngabo zavuye ahandi muri Afurika no ku yindi migabane. Mwakoze mwese kuba muri hano. Muri twe, abakoze Jenoside, n’abarebereye abantu bicwa, nabo ni bamwe muri twe, dusangiye Igihugu. Mu kwiyemeza kuvugisha ukuri, guhanirwa ibyo bakoze, no kugaruka mu muryango Nyarwanda, nabo batanze umusanzu ukomeye. Ubuhamya butangwa n’abakoze Jenoside ni ikimenyetso ntakuka, niba hari icyari gikenewe, ko Jenoside yabaye. Jenoside yihisha mu kuyihakana no kuyipfobya. Ariko mbere y’uko abantu batangira kwicwa, na nyuma yaho, habaye uruhererekane rw’ibintu byinshi, byose bifite aho bihuriye. Kugoreka amateka ntabwo ari agasuzuguro gusa. Ahubwo bitera akaga gakomeye. Jenoside ntabwo yatangiye ku munsi runaka. Ifite amateka. Kuki se u Rwanda rwakomeje kugira impunzi nyinshi mu mahanga igihe kirekire? Kuki abantu bamwe ari bo bakomeje gutotezwa no kwicwa guhera mu mpera ya za 1950 kugeza muri za 1990? Kuki imibiri y’abishwe yagiye ijugunywa mu migezi, yoherezwa mu Ruzi rwa Nili, ngo isubire iwabo kuko ngo ari ho baturutse? Kuki ababyeyi bicaga abana babo babaziza isura yabo? Nta na kimwe muri ibi byose byatewe n’ihanurwa ry’indege. None se byatewe n’iki? Muri ibi byatubayeho byose, twagize Abarinzi b’Igihango n’abandi bantu b’inyangamugayo. Kongera gusubiraho kw’Igihugu cyacu byavuye mu mbuto z’ibikorwa byabo.
Umwana muto w’umukobwa ugaragara mu mukino tumaze kubona, yarenze ku byo ababyeyi be bamubuzaga, afata uruhinja rwarokotse, arera uwo mwana. Ibi ni ukuri byarabaye. Ubu bombi baratashye kandi bameze neza. Abanyeshuri b’i Nyange banze kwitandukanya, ngo Abahutu bajye ukwabo n’Abatutsi ukwabo. Ntabwo bigeze bahemukirana. Batandatu barishwe, mirongo ine barakomereka, bose ni intwari. Izi ni zimwe mu ngero z’Abanyarwanda batumye tutazima ngo tubure byose na bose. Abenshi muri twe ntabwo turi mu barokotse Jenoside, nta nubwo turi mu bayikoze. Bitatu bya kane (3/4) by’Abanyarwanda bari munsi y’imyaka mirongo itatu (30) y’amavuko. Hafi mirongo itandatu ku ijana bavutse nyuma ya Jenoside. Abana bacu bafite amahoro kuko bo ni abere. Bazi ihungabana n’ubugizi bwa nabi kuko babyumva gusa mu nkuru tubabwira. Ikerekezo n’ibyifuzo byacu bishingiye kuri uru rungano rw’abato muri twe. Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito, kandi imbuto yo ishobora kuvamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye. Urubyiruko rw’Abanyarwanda rufite ibyo rukeneye byose mu gukomeza guteza imbere Igihugu cyacu Bafite inshingano yo gukomeza kugira ibintu ibyabo, kandi bakagira uruhare mu kubaka u Rwanda twifuza kandi rutubereye. Ubu turi Abanyarwanda beza kurusha mu bihe byashize, ariko dushobora no kuba beza kurushaho. Ni twe bantu ku isi badakwiye kugwa mu mutego wo kwijuta ngo twumveko twageze iyo tujya, cyangwa ngo turebere ibikorwa nta ruhare tubigizemo. Akababaro twanyuzemo karahagije kugira ngo dukomeze umurava n’ubushake byo guharanira kubaho. Ntitwakwemera ko Igihugu cyacu kibaho uko bibonetse kose tutabigizemo uruhare. Tugomba kwiha ikerekezo kandi tugafata ibyemezo bihamye, tuyobowe n’ukwicisha bugufi, n’ibyiza byinshi biri mu mitima yacu. U Rwanda rugomba guhora imbere, naho ubundi ntacyo twaba turi cyo. Ukuri guca mu ziko ntigushye. Natwe ni uko. Ni nako tugomba kuba. Igihugu cyacu kimaze gutera intambwe. Ubwoba n’umujinya byasimbuwe n’imbaraga ndetse n’ikerekezo bituma dukomeza kujya imbere twese hamwe, abato n’abakuru. U Rwanda ni inshuti nyakuri y’inshuti zarwo. Turashaka amahoro, twateye indi ntambwe. Ariko nta n’ukwiye kwibeshya ku mbaraga Abanyarwanda bafite, bakuye mu byo banyuzemo byose. Nta kintu na kimwe cyatuma Abanyarwanda bongera kuryana. Amateka yacu ntabwo twayasubiramo. Ibyo twarabyiyemeje Buri munsi twiga kubabarira, ariko ntabwo dushobora kwibagirwa bibaho. N’ubundi, mbere yuko dusaba abandi kwihana, tugomba kubanza tukababarirana ubwacu. Ntacyo dusaba abatugiriye nabi uretse guhindura imyumvire yabo. Naho abatagira isoni, banangiye, bakomeje kwanga kwicuza, ntabwo icyo ari ikibazo kitureba. Kandi ibi ntibizabuza u Rwanda gutera imbere. Habe na gato. Uburyo u Rwanda rwasenywe birenze uko intwaro za kirimbuzi zari kurugira. Ntabwo ari abantu bapfuye gusa, ahubwo n’igitekerezo cy’u Rwanda nk’igihugu cyarasenywe. Ibi byerekana imbaraga zisenya ziva mu byiyumviro by’abantu, imigambi yabo, n’uburyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa. Icyo dusaba ni uko nta bandi bantu, cyane cyane abavandimwe bacu bo muri Afurika, bagira ibyago nk’ibyo twagize. Ntawe ukwiye kubyemera. Dukomeze turwanye abakwirakwiza urwango n’amacakubiri bihishe muri demokarasi, cyangwa bigira abakiza bacu. Ibyo duhuriyeho birenze kure ibidutandukanya. Nta muryango w’abantu usumba undi, cyangwa udashobora guhura n’akaga. Isomo dukura mu mateka yacu ni ikizere gihamye kuri iyi si yacu. Nta muryango wasenyuka ku buryo utakongera kwiyubaka, kandi agaciro k’abantu ntabwo gashobora kuzima burundu. Nyuma y’imyaka 25, turacyahari, dore aho tugeze. Twese. Twarakomeretse, kandi imitima yacu yashenguwe n’agahinda. Ariko ntabwo twigeze dutsindwa. Twihaye uburyo bwo gutangira bundi bushya. Nk’Abanyarwanda, duhora twibuka, buri munsi, mubyo dukora byose, kugira ngo tutazigera dutatira igihango cy’amahitamo yacu. Murakoze, kandi ndabasaba gukomera. Mugire amahoro.
MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/minisitiri-busingye-yavuze-ko-urugendo-igihugu-cyafashe-rwo | Minisitiri Busingye yavuze ko urugendo igihugu cyafashe rwo kubaka ubumwe ruzakomeza nta nkomyi | Minisitiri w’ubutabera akaba n’intumwa nkuru ya Leta Johnston Busingye avuga ko urugendo igihugu cy’u Rwanda cyahisemo rwo kubaka ubumwe ruzakomeza kuranga Abanyarwanda bakaruhererekanya. Yabivuze kuri uyu uyu wa 07 Mata 2019, mu mugoroba wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, mu 1994. Ni umugoroba wabanjirijwe n’urugendo rwo kwibuka, rwatangiriye ku ngoro y’inteko ishinga amategeko rwerekeza kuri Stade Amahoro. Mu ijambo ry’ikaze Minisitiri Busingye yagejeje ku bitabiriye uyu mugoroba wo kwibuka, yashimiye abaje gufata Abanyarwanda mu mugongo, cyane cyane abaturutse ku bihugu by’amahanga. Minisitiri Busingye yavuze ko Abanyarwanda bafite impamvu nyinshi zo kwibuka. Yavuze ko ari umuco w’Abanyarwanda, kuko no kuva kera uwapfushaga uwe yagiraga umwanya wo kumushyingura no gusurwa, ariko nyuma bigakurikirwa n’imihango yo kwera no kwirabura. Minisitiri Busingye kandi yagize ati "Mu buryo bwihariye turibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, kuko iyi Jenoside yakozwe n’abaturanyi, basangiye akabisi n’agahiye, bahanye inka n’abageni". Yavuze ko u Rwanda rwagize amahirwe Jenoside igahagarikwa n’abana barwo. Ati "Tuzahora tuzirikana ubwo butwari bwabo". Minisitiri Busingye yavuze ko kwibuka amateka asharira abanyarwanda banyuzemo, bikwiye kubafasha kuyigiraho no kubaka igihugu kizira amacakubiri. Ati" Twibuka aya mateka yacu mabi kuko ari ngombwa, kandi ngo dufatanye twese kugirango tuyigireho, twubake igihugu kizira amacakubiri ukundi". Yasabye Abanyarwanda kwima icyuho uwo ariwe wese uhakana cyangwa upfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Ati "Urugendo igihugu cyacu cyafashe rwo kubaka ubumwe, ruzakomeza nta nkomyi, tugomba kuruhererekanya".
Umuyobozi wa IBUKA Dr. Jean Pierre Dusingizemungu, nawe watanze ubutumwa muri uyu mugoroba wo kwibuka, yavuze ko imyaka 25 Abanyarwanda bamaze bibuka yabaye urugendo rutoroshye. Dr. Dusingizemungu yavuze ko n’ubwo inkiko gacaca zatangiwemo amakuru n’ubuhamya byakomerekeje cyane abarokotse, ariko ko zafashije mu kubasha kumenya ahari hakiri imibiri itarashyingurwa ibasha gushyingurwa. Dusingizemungu yashimiye Leta yashyizeho uburyo bunyuranye bwo gufasha abarokotse Jenoside, harimo kububakira, kubafasha kwiga n’ibindi. Umuyobozi wa IBUKA kandi yasabye abanyamahanga bitabiriye ibikorwa byo Kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25, kuzafasha mu gusobanurira amahanga uko urugendo rw’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge ruhagaze mu Rwanda. Yavuze kandi ko IBUKA ihora ibabazwa n’uko hari abagize uruhare muri Jenoside bakidegembya bahakana banapfobya Jenoside, ndetse hakaba n’abagejejwe mu butabera ariko bagafungurwa mu buryo budasobanutse. Yaboneye gusaba umuyobozi w’urwego rwasigaranye inshingano z’icyahoze ari urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kuzahindura imikorere yarwo. Yasabye uyu muyobozi uri no mu bitabiriye uyu mugoroba wo kwibuka ati "Bwana Agius, turakwinginze ngo imikorere y’uru rwego izahinduke". Yanasabye ko komisiyo yashyizweho na Perezida Emmanuel Macron w’u Bufaransa ngo izacukumbure uruhare rw’u Bufaransa muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yazaba yigenga kandi igizwe n’abantu b’inararibonye. Ati "Gutsikamira ukuri ntibishobora gutanga umutuzo na mba. Iyi komisiyo Perezida Emmanuel Macron yashyizeho, izabe koko igizwe n’impuguke kandi izakore yigenga".
Soma ijambo Perezida Kagame yagejeje ku bitabiriye Umuhango wo Kwibuka ku Nshuro ya 25 Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsihttp://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-soma-ijambo-perezida-kagame-yagejeje-ku Chief Editor/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-reba-uko-umuhango-wo-kwibuka-ku-nshuro-ya-25 | Kwibuka25:Reba uko umuhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi wagenze mu mafoto | Kuri iki cyumweru tariki 07 Mata 2019, mu Rwanda hatangijwe icyunamo, mu rwego rwo kwibuka no guha agaciro abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Ku rwego rw’igihugu, umuhango watangiriye ku rwibutso rwa Kigali ruherereye ku Gisozi, nyuma ibiganiro bikomereza mu nyubako ya Kigali Convention Center. Ni umuhango watangijwe na Perezida Paul Kagame na Madamu Jeannette Kagame. Uwo muhango kandi witabiriwe n’abashyitsi batandukanye baturutse hirya no hino ku isi. Aya ni amwe mu mafoto twabahitiyemo
Soma ijambo Perezida Kagame yagejeje ku bitabiriye Umuhango wo Kwibuka ku Nshuro ya 25 Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsihttp://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-soma-ijambo-perezida-kagame-yagejeje-ku Chief Editor/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-perezida-kagame-yavuze-ko-nta-kintu-na-kimwe | Kwibuka25:Perezida Kagame yavuze ko nta kintu na kimwe gifite ubushobozi bwo kongera guhanganisha abanyarwanda | Perezida Paul Kagame yavuze ko umuntu wumva ko ibyo u Rwanda rwanyuzemo bidahagije agashaka kongera kurusubiza mu icuraburindi, arushywa n’ubusa kuko rumwiteguye bihagije. Yabitangaje kuri iki Cyumweru ubwo yatangizaga ibikorwa byo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Perezida Kagame yavuze ko u Rwanda rwababaye, rukabura abantu n’ibintu muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ariko ntirwazimye. Yavuze ko nubwo hari abagize uruhare muri Jenoside, abanyarwanda bose atari ko babaye babi kuko hari abagaragaje ubumuntu bakabigaragza bahisha cyangwa batabara abahigwaga. Ati “Ubu turi abanyarwanda beza kurusha uko twahoze ariko biracyashoboka ko tuba beza kurushaho. Nitwe bantu ba nyuma kuri iyi si twiyemeje kuba twe. Ububabare twabayemo bukwiye gutuma umutima wo guhatana utugumamo.” Imbere y’abantu bagera ku bihumbi bitatu bari bitabiriye umuhango, Perezida Kagame yaburiye abashaka guhangara u Rwanda, ko batazahirwa n’ibyo bashaka. Ati “Abari hano cyangwa hanze batekereza ko igihugu cyacu kitanyuze mu bibi bihagije bagashaka kongera guhangana natwe, mu kurengera bariya bana mwabonye n’igihugu cyacu, ndashaka kubabwira ko tuzakomeza guhangana igihe kinini. Umutima wo guhangana uracyaturimo, ibyabaye hano ntibizongera kubaho na rimwe.” Umukuru w’igihugu yavuze ko ubwoba n’agahinda byasimbuwe n’imbaraga n’intego bituma buri munyarwanda aharanira kujya mbere kw’igihugu cye. Ati “Turashaka amahoro ariko nta mwanzi ugomba gusuzugura imbaraga zihambaye z’abanyarwanda zashibutse mu byo twanyuzemo. Nta na kimwe gifite ubushobozi bwo kongera guhanganisha abanyarwanda ukundi. Aya mateka ntazisubiramo. Ni uko twiyemeje.” Yavuze ko abanyarwanda bize kubabarira ariko bidasobanuye kwibagirwa ibyo banyuzemo kandi ko icyifuzo cy’u Rwanda ari uko ibyabaye bitazongera kugira ahandi biba, abantu baharanire ibibahuza aho kuba ibitanya. Ati “Turasenga ngo hatazagira abandi bantu banyura mu byo twanyuzemo by’umwihariko abavandimwe bacu muri Afurika. Ntituzabyemere. Tugomba guhangana n’intumwa z’urwango n’amacakubiri bigaragaza nk’abacunguzi ba demokarasi.” Ibikorwa byo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda birakomeza mu gihe cy’iminsi ijana, hibukwa abasaga miliyoni bazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu gihe cy’amezi atatu guhera muri Mata 1994. Soma ijambo Perezida Kagame yagejeje ku bitabiriye Umuhango wo Kwibuka ku Nshuro ya 25 Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsihttp://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-soma-ijambo-perezida-kagame-yagejeje-ku Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-ububiligi-bwongeye-gusaba-imbabazi-ku-byabaye-mu | Kwibuka25:Ububiligi bwongeye gusaba imbabazi ku byabaye burebera mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 | Mu ijambo yagejeje ku bitabiriye ibikorwa byo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuri iki cyumweru tariki 07 Mata 2019, Charles Michel, Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ububiligi yongeye kugaragaza ko igihugu cye cyicuza uburyo cyarebereye ubwo Abatutsi barenga Miliyoni bicwaga mu 1994. Minisitiri Michel, yavuze ko Jenoside ari icyaha cyakorewe ikiremwa muntu, avuga ko yifatanyije n’imfubyi yabuze ababyeyi, ababyeyi babuze abana n’abandi bose bakozweho na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Minisitiri Michel yavuze kandi ko ahaye icyubahiro abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ndetse ko yifatanyije n’imiryango yarokotse, aboneraho gushimangira ko igihugu cye cyasabye imbabazi ku kurebera haba ubwo Jenoside yategurwaga, ndetse n’ubwo yakorwaga. Yagize ati “Nciye bugufi mu izina ry’igihugu cyanjye (Ububiligi) imbere y’imbaga y’abarokotse ndetse n’abandi bateraniye aha mvuga ko Jenoside yagaragaje ugutsindwa k’umuryango mpuzamahanga utarashoboye kuyikumira cyangwa se kuyihagarika. Uwambanjirije Guy Verhofstadt mu 2000 yasabye imbabazi ku buryo Ububiligi bwagaragaje imbaraga nke, bukirengagiza ubwo Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi.” Ndifuza nk’uko n’igihugu cyanjye cyibyifuza, kwihanganisha imitima y’Abanyarwanda by’umwihariko abarokotse Jenoside, aboneraho gusaba ko buri wese yakwamagana amacakubiri aho ava akagera. Perezida wa Komisiyo y’umuryango wa Afurika yunze Ubumwe Moussa Faki Mahamat yavuze ko kutarwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside byaba ari igitutsi ku bagiye. Ati “Dukwiye kuzamura ijwi tukarwanya ingengabitekerezo ja Jenoside kugira ngo bitazongera na rimwe aho ari ho hose ku isi.” Yavuze kandi ko igihe kigeze kugirango umuryango mpuzamahanga wicare usesengure icyateye uguceceka ubwo Abatutsi barenga 1000 bicwaga. Ati “Byinshi byaravuzwe mu kutagira icyo umuryango mpuzamahanga ukora ubwo Jenoside yakorwaga. Umuryango wa Afurika y’unze Ubumwe n’umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi hamwe n’abandi bakwiye gukora ibishoboka hakamenyekana icyateye uko guceceka, kandi kugirango bitazongera kugira ahandi biba.” Jean Claude Juncker Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi, yavuze ko atabona amagambo yabasha gukiza ibikomere by’Abarokotse Jenoside, aboneraho kwamagana ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside aho iva ikagera. Abayobozi batandukanye barimo Perezida wa Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, Perezida wa Etiyopiya Abiy Ahmed n’abandi, bagarutse ku magambo yo kwamagana Jenoside ndetse n’ingengabitekerezo yayo. Soma ijambo Perezida Kagame yagejeje ku bitabiriye Umuhango wo Kwibuka ku Nshuro ya 25 Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsihttp://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-soma-ijambo-perezida-kagame-yagejeje-ku MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka25-perezida-kagame-yakiriye-abanyacyubahiro | Kwibuka25:Perezida Kagame yakiriye abanyacyubahiro batandukanye barimo Perezida Mahamadou[REBA AMAFOTO] | Abayobozi batandukanye bageze mu Rwanda baje kwifatanya n’Abanyarwanda mu kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.Aba bayobozi bagizwe Minisitiri w’intebe wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed ari kumwe na madame we Zinash Tayachew, Minisitiri w’Intebe w’Ububiligi Charles Michel , Perezida Mahamadou Issoufou Niger na Perezida wa Congo Brazzaville, Denis Sassou N’gueso. Aba bayobozi bageze mu Rwanda ku gicamunsi cyo kuri uyu wa gatandatu tariki 06 Mata 2019, nyuma y’abandi bayobozi bakomeje kugera mu Rwanda baje kwifatanya n’Abanyarwanda ndetse n’isi nka Guverineri Jenerali wa Canada Julie Payette n’abandi. Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ububiligi, afite imyaka 44, yafashe iyi mirimo mu 2014, akaba ari umuhungu wa Louis Michel wabaye minisitiri mu Bubiligi, ndetse akanaba umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko y’Uburayi. Minisitiri w’intebe wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed afite imyaka 42, akaba yarafashe iyi mirimo kuva mu mwaka ushize wa 2018. Perezida wa Niger Mahamadou Issoufou w’imyaka 67 nawe yageze mu Rwanda mu kwifatanya n’Abanyarwanda ndetse n’isi mu kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Yakurikiwe na Perezida wa Congo Brazzaville, Denis Sassou N’gueso w’imyaka 75 y’amavuko nawe ugeze mu Rwanda aho aje kwifatanya n’Abanyarwanda n’isi muri rusange mu kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi . Bakurikiye kandi Guverineri Jenerali wa Canada Julie Payette n’abandi.
Perezida Kagame yakira Minisitiri w’intebe wa Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed
Minisitiri w’Intebe w’Ububiligi Charles Michel nawe yageze mu Rwanda yakirwa na Perezida Kagame
Perezida Kagame kandi yakiriye mugenzi we wa Niger Mahamadou Issoufou
Nyuma yaho Perezida Kagame yakiriye uwa Congo Brazaville,Denis Sassou N’gueso
Chief Editor/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/byinshi-ku-ntambara-zateje-ubwoba-n-ingaruka-zikomeye-mu | Byinshi ku ntambara zateje ubwoba n’ingaruka zikomeye mu Rwanda | Ingaruka z’intambara ya Mbere y’Isi yo mu 1914-1918 n’iya Kabiri yo mu 1939-1945 mu Rwanda ntizirondoreka, kuko uretse kwica abantu no kwangiza ibyabo, zanabasigiye akaga k’inzara nka Rumanura na Ruzagayura zanditse amateka akomeye. |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/bimwe-biteye-amatsiko-ku-mateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i | Bimwe biteye amatsiko ku mateka y’Umwami Gihanga I Ngomijana wahanze u Rwanda | U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n’abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamateka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b’ibimanuka, abami b’umushumi n’abami b’ibitekerezo. Abami b’Ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b’umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n’ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b’Ibitekerezo ni Abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n’ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo.Abami b’Ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakagera kuri Kazi. U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n’abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamateka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b’ibimanuka, abami b’umushumi n’abami b’ibitekerezo. Abami b’Ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b’umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n’ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b’Ibitekerezo ni Abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n’ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo. Abami b’Ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakagera kuri Kazi. Naho Abami b’umushumi bahera kuri Gihanga cyahanze Inka n’Ingoma bakagera kuri Cyilima I Rugwe. Abami b’Ibitekerezo ari nabo ba nyuma bahera kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya bakageza ku Mwami wa nyuma w’u Rwanda ariwe Kigeli V Ndahindurwa.Tukaba tugiye kubagezaho amateka y’Umwami wa mbere w’Umushumi, Gihanga I Ngomijana. Gihanga Ngomijana (1091-1124) Uyu mwami witwa Gihanga avugwaho byinshi kandi agafatwa nk’umuntu ngo wahanze u Rwanda. Gusa umuntu ashobora kwibaza niba mbere yaho nta Rwanda rwabagaho. Iyo umuntu ahereye ku mateka y’abami b’ibimanuka bivugwa ko bakomoka mu ijuru, usanga bavugwa ko baba baramanukiye bwa mbere mu Mubari (mu Burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda ahitwa ku rutare rwa Kinani) aho baje basanga hatuwe kandi hategekwa muri icyo gihe n’uwitwa Kabeja wo mu bwoko bw’Abazigaba.Uyu Mwami witwa Gihanga niwe ntangiriro y’ubutegetsi bw’ingoma Nyiginya(fondateur de la dynastie) ni nawe washyizeho gahunda y’Igihugu gitegekwa n’Abami. Mu ntangiriro z’ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n’ikindi gikoresho cy’umuziki bita urusengo.Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n’uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n’abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka(bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo bari mu gihugu mbere y’uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka.Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo ’kwogera’ cyangwa se ’kwamamara’. Rubunga wayizaniye Gihanga ni we bakunze kwita Mwungura ari naho banakomerezaho bagira bati ni ’Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru’, akaba akomokwaho n’umuryango w’Abatege bituruka ku izina ry’umwe mu bakurambere babo witwaga Nyabutege. Ikoreshwa ry’ingoma nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwami bwa Gihanga ngo ntiryakuyeho burundu ikoreshwa rya biriya bimenyetso bindi byakoreshwaga mbere ari byo urusengo n’inyundo nk’uko amateka akomeza kubigaragaza. Urugero rwatangwa nuko iyo i bwami bamenyeshaga icibwa ry’umuntu runaka cyangwa se umuryango runaka ariko mu buryo butari burundu bakoreshaga umurishyo w’ingoma, mu gihe iyo iryo cibwa ryemezwaga mu buryo bwa burundu baritangazaga bakoresheje urusengo. N’ubwo hashidikanywa niba Gihanga ari we wahanze u Rwanda cyangwa atari we ngo ntibikuraho ko yaba yarabayeho kuko kubaho kwe kugaragarira ku kuntu uruhererekane rw’abamukurikiye mu butegetsi bamwubahiriza kandi ugasanga mu ntekerezo zose agarukamo nk’uko amateka abigaragaza.Iyo umwami runaka yageraga ku butegetsi yubakishaga ingoro ye, ariko ku ruhande agashyiraho n’ahagenewe kubahiriza umukurambere Gihanga ariho bitaga urukamishirizo. Uretse n’ibyo kandi ngo aho umusezero (imva y’umwami) wa Gihanga wari ku gasozi ka Muganza ya Kayenzi ngo naho hakorerwaga imihango yo kumuterekera niba ari ko nabyita. Aha ngaha i bwami ngo bakaba barahoherezaga abiru bo kuhakorera imihango yabugenewe.Habaga indi mihango yamukorerwaga yari ishingiye ku nka ikaba yarakorwaga n’abo mu muryango bita Abaheka ; umutware wabo agatura i Runda ndetse akaba yarafatwaga nk’umwiru mukuru w’inka. Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw’Abatsobe nabwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze. Uyu muryango nawo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y’ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwamo naho umurwa baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda.Umuryango w’ Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw’igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y’ubwiru ijyanye n’umuganura bagatura mu karere k’u Bumbogo bakagira n’umutwe w’ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukomoka kuri Gihanga.Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z’u Rwanda tuzi ubu. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n’ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rutshuru. Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by’amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y’uturere twa kera.Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by’aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi n’imiturire. Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n’inka zitwa Ingizi nkuko uyu munyamateka abivuga.Iyi mihango ngo yaba ratangiye ku ngoma y’umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari nabwo umutwe w’ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n’izitwa Abangakugoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga.Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara,aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga. Gihanga yarongoye Abagore benshi Ikindi amateka garagaza, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite abagore benshi nk’uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere. Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw’Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n’uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima (Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n’ubwoko bw’ Abashambo( Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n’uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w’ubwoko Abahondogo(Bategetse u Bugesera ),ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w’ubwoko bw’Abacyaba (Bategekaga Ingoma y’u Bugara). Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo(Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n’abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n’undi mwana witwa Gafomo. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w’inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w’abo mu bwoko bw’Abatsobe.
Ubuvumo bivugwako Gihanga yatuyemo MUHABURA |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/incamake-y-amateka-y-u-rwanda-abantu-badakwiye-kwirengagiza | Incamake y’amateka y’u Rwanda abantu badakwiye kwirengagiza | Mu binyejana bitandukanye, u Rwanda rwari ruyobowe n’ ubwami bwegereye abaturage. Rwayoborwaga n’ abami b’Abatutsi bavaga mu bwoko bumwe. Umwami yafashwaga n’abatware batatu b’ingenzi ari bo, Umutware w’umukenke wari ushinzwe ibintu byose birebana n’ubworozi bw’inka, umutware w’ubutaka n’ Umutware w’Ingabo. Umwami niwe wari umugaba w’ikirenga. Imibanire isanzwe hagati y’ Abahutu, Abatutsi n’ abatwa yari myiza kandi umubano wari magirirane. Mu 1899, u Rwanda rwatangiye gukoronizwa n’Abadage, mu mwaka wa 1919, Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu (SDN) ryahaye u Rwanda Ububirigi kugira ngo buyiruyoborere mu buryo buziguye. Guhera mu mwaka wa 1959, Abatutsi barahizwe, icyo gihe ibihumbi by’amagana biricwa na miliyoni zirenga ebyiri zigirwa impunzi. Repubulika ya mbere, yari iyobowe na Perezida Gregoire Kayibanda, n’iya kabiri na Juvenal Habyarimana zagiye zibiba amacakubiri yo kwangisha Abatutsi bituma benshi muri bo bicwa. Ishyaka riharanira ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda (RANU) ryatangijwe mu 1979 n’Abanyarwanda bari mu buhingiro, kugira ngo barwanye iyo politiki yari ishingiye ku macakubiri n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, ubwicanyi bwa hato na hato, kwima abaturage uburenganzira ku gihugu cyabo no kuba nta rubuga rwa politiki iganira ku mahoro rwabagaho. Mu 1987, ishyaka rya RANU ryaje guhinduka Umuryango RPF-Inkotanyi. Ku itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990, Umuryango RPF watangije urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda, mu bitero byarangiranye no guhirika ubutegetsi bw’igitugu mu 1994 no guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yahitanye abantu barenga miliyoni imwe-Abatutsi n’Abahutu bari bitandukanyije n’umugambi wa jenoside. RPA (ishami rya gisirikare ry’Umuryango RPF) rimaze gufata Kigali, ku itariki 4 Nyakanga, Umuryango RPF wahise ushyiraho Leta y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda yari iyobowe na Perezida Pasteur Bizimungu, ihuriza hamwe amashyaka yose ya politiki atarakoze jenoside. Mu mwaka wa 2000, Inteko Ishinga amategeko itorera Pasteur Bizimungu kuba Perezida, nyuma yaho aza gusimburwa na Major General Paul Kagame wari Visi Perezida na Minisitiri w’Ingabo amaze gutorwa n’Umuryango RPF kugira ngo ayobore iyo Leta y’ubumwe. Mu 2003, Perezida Paul Kagame yatowe n’abaturage ku bw’iganze rw’amajwi kugira ngo ayobore igihugu muri manda y’imyaka irindwi. Muri iyo myaka irindwi, igihugu cyateye imbere mu nzego zitandukanye zirimo urw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza y’abaturage, cyubaka n’urwego rwa politiki ku buryo butangaje, gikomeza kurinda amahoro n’umutekano byari bigezweho n’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. Mu 2010, Perezida Kagame yongeye gutorerwa manda ya kabiri kugira ngo akomeze ateze imbere igihugu ndetse azamure imibereho y’Abanyarwanda bose. Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/ubuzima-n-amateka-by-intwari-z-u-rwanda-n-ibikorwa-by | Ubuzima n’amateka by’Intwari z’u Rwanda n’ibikorwa by’ubutwari byaziranze | Buri tariki ya 1 Gashyantare u Rwanda rwizihiza Umunsi w’Intwari, kuko ari umunsi wo kwibuka ibikorwa byaranze intwari. Umunsi mukuru ngarukamwaka w’intwari wizihirizwa ku rwego rw’imidugudu mu Rwanda hose. Intwari z’u Rwanda ziri mu byiciro bitatu ari byo: Imanzi, Imena n’Ingenzi. Icyiciro cy’Imanzi ni cyo kiri hejuru kikaba kigizwe n’intwari zaranzwe n’ibikorwa bidasanzwe birimo no guhara ubuzima mu rwego rwo kwitangira igihugu. Icyiciro cy’Imena kigizwe n’intwari zaranzwe n’ibikorwa (...) Buri tariki ya 1 Gashyantare u Rwanda rwizihiza Umunsi w’Intwari, kuko ari umunsi wo kwibuka ibikorwa byaranze intwari. Umunsi mukuru ngarukamwaka w’intwari wizihirizwa ku rwego rw’imidugudu mu Rwanda hose. Intwari z’u Rwanda ziri mu byiciro bitatu ari byo: Imanzi, Imena n’Ingenzi. Icyiciro cy’Imanzi ni cyo kiri hejuru kikaba kigizwe n’intwari zaranzwe n’ibikorwa bidasanzwe birimo no guhara ubuzima mu rwego rwo kwitangira igihugu. Icyiciro cy’Imena kigizwe n’intwari zaranzwe n’ibikorwa by’intangarugero birimo kwitanga. Intwari z’u Rwanda n’ibikorwa by’ubutwari byaziranze Urwego rw’Intwari z’Imanzi: Uru rwego rurimo intwali zitakiriho * URWEGO RW’INTWARI Z’IMANZI Ingabo itazwi izina: Ingabo itazwi izina yatoranyijwe mu zindi ngabo zemeye guhara ubuzima bwazo kandi zitabashije kumenyekana ku buryo bwihariye. Ingabo itazwi izina ihagarariye Ingabo zose z’u Rwanda zaguye ku rugamba cyangwa zashoboraga kurugwaho mu gihe cyahise, icy’ubungubu n’ikizaza zirwanira igihugu. Imva y’Ingabo itazwi izina ni ikimenyetso cyo guha icyubahiro gihebuje abana b’u Rwanda bitanze, baharanira guhanga no kwagura u Rwanda, ubwigenge n’ubusugire bwarwo. Major General Rwigema Fred: Yavukiye i Mukiranze mu Karere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ku wa 10 Mata 1957. Ni mwene Anastasi Kimonyo na Gatarina Mukandilima. Yashakanye na Jeannette Urujeni, basezerana ku wa 20 Kamena 1987. Babyaranye abana babiri, ari bo Gisa Junior na Gisa Teta. Yatabarutse ku wa 2 Ukwakira 1990 i Kagitumba mu Karere ka Nyagatare mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba, agwa ku rugamba amaze gutangiza intambara yo kubohora u Rwanda. Mu bwana bwe, Fred Rwigema yakundaga kwibaza icyatumye iwabo bava i Rwanda n’icyabuze kugira ngo basubireyo, yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by’abaharaniye kubohora ibihugu byabo nka Kwame Nkrumah, Mao-Tse-Tung na Fidel Castro. Mu wa 1974 nibwo yiyemeje kureka amashuri asanzwe, ajya muri Tanzaniya gukurikirana imyitozo ya gisirikare na politike. Mu wa 1976, yayikomereje muri Mozambike, ari kumwe n’abandi mu mutwe wa FRONASA bari hamwe n’indi mitwe bafashwa na Mwalimu Julius Nyerere nka Zanu, Zapu, ANC, KM na FRELIMO. Mu wa 1979 yari mu bagaba ba FRONASA mu ntambara yavanyeho ubutegetsi bw’igihugu bwa Idi Amin, ayoboye “Mondlane 4 th Infantry Column”. Mu wa 1981, hamwe n’abandi basore 27, barimo Abanyarwanda babiri Rwigema Fred na Paul Kagame, yatangiranye na Kaguta Museveni intambara yo kurwanya igitugu cya Obote. Kuva muri 1985, Fred Rwigema yakomeje kuba umwe mu bayobozi bakuru ba NRA, Ishami rya gisirikare rya RNM. Niho yaboneye umwanya wo gukomeza gutoza intambara Abanyarwanda.
Major General Rwigema Fred |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/imva-idasanzwe-imaze-imyaka-4-400-yavumbuwe-mu-misiri-reba | Imva idasanzwe imaze imyaka 4,400 yavumbuwe mu Misiri [Reba amafoto basanzemo] | Abahanga mu by’ubutaka bavumbuye ikintu kidasanzwe basanga ni imva y’umwe mu bapadiri yarimaze imyaka 4.400 yose itaraboneka. Mostafa Waziri, umunyamabanga mu kanama gashinzwe ahantu harangwamo ibya cyera, yemeje iby’uko kubona iyo mva kudasanzwe yabayeho mu mugihe cy’imyaka myinshi ishize. Iyo mva yavumbuwe mu karere kazwi kw’izina rya Saqqara Pyramid complex mu mujyi wa Misri ifite imizingo y’inyandiko za kera z’amabara atandukanye, ibishushanyo ndetse n’abami b’abafarawo. Ibyo birango byerekana uwuhambwemwo, umupadiri w’ibwami yitwa Wahtye, nyina umubyara, umugore we ndetse n’izindi nshuti. Abahanga mu mateka batangiye gucukura iyo mva uyu munsi bakaba biteze kubona ibindi bintu byinshi harimo n’umurambo w’uwahambwe aho. Ibi ni bimwe mubyo bamaze kubona ariko imirimo iracyakomeje.
Abanayamakuru bemerewe kwinjiramo bafata amafoto
Imva imaze imyaka ibihumbi 4,400 yavumbuwe mu Misiri Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amwe-mu-magambo-akomeye-yuzuye-ubwirasi-idi-amin-dada | Amwe mu magambo akomeye yuzuye ubwirasi Idi Amin Dada yavuze | Idi Amin Dada yabaye Perezida wa Uganda guhera mu 1971 aho yari ahiritse uwayoboraga iki gihugu Milton Obote, ageza mu 1979 yongera gusimburwa nanone na ilton Obote. Idi Amini yagiye arangwa no kuvuga amagambo akomeye yuje igitugu cyinshi, ntiyatinyaga gusebya abaminisitiri mu ruhame, ndetse ntiyatinyaga kwica kuko iyo yabaga yabikubwiye yarabikoraga. Aya ni amwe mu mgambo yavuze. .“Sindi umunyapolitki ariko ndi umusirikare wabigize umwuga. Ngewe rero ndi umugabo w’amagambo make kandi mvuga make mu kazi kanjye.” .“Tubaye tuzi ibisobanuro by’ibiri kutubaho muri iyi minsi, nta busobanuro bwaba bubaho.” .“Muri buri gihugu hari abantu baba bagomba gupfa. Ni ibitambo igihugu kigomba gutanga ngo kigere ku mategeko n’umutuzo.” .“Ndi intwari ya Afurika” .“Politiki ni nk’umukino w’iteramakofe, uba ugerageza gukubita hasi uwo muhanganye.” |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-aba-perezida-5-banditse-amateka-mabi | Sobanukirwa aba Perezida 5 banditse amateka mabi atazasibangana mu mitwe ya benshi | Afurika ahanini yaranzwe n’amateka atari meza cyane bitewe na bamwe mubayobozi bagiye barangwa no kutamenya uburenganzira bw’abo bayobora ndetse abenshi bakarangwa n’ibikorwa by’ubuhotozi ndetse n’ubwicanyi bw’indenga kamere. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’urubuga rwa Africacradle.com rwagaragaje aba perezida bo muri Afurika bakoze ibara kurenza abandi. 1.Mengitsu Haile Mariam
Uyu mugabo yabaye perezida wa Ethiopia kuva 1974-1991. Mu mateka uyu Haile abarwaho kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’imbaga y’abantu bagera kuri million 1.5 z’abaturage bo mu gihugu cya Ethiopie. 2.Yakubu Gowon
Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’uyu mugabo,intambara yahuje igice cy’uburasirazuba bwa Nigeria cyayoborwaga na “Ojukwu” ndetse n’ikindi gice gisigaye cy’igihugu cya Nigeria iyi ntambara ikaba yarahitanye abasirikare bagera ku 100.000 ndetse n’abaturage basanzwe barenga million imwe yose. 3.Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada yabaye perezia wa gatatu wa Uganda kuva mu mwaka wa 1972-1979 uyu mugabo waranzwe n’ubutegetsi bw’igitugu kurya ruswa ndetse n’irobanura mugihugu cye tutibagiwe ubusambanyi bukabije. Akaba rero ibyo byose yarabikuyemo amateka yo kubarwaho abantu bagera ku 25000-30000 bose babuze ubuzima bwabo.Uyu mugabo yitabye Imana mu mwaka wa 2003 4.Ahmed Sekou Toure
Niwe wabaye perezida wa mbere wa Guinea kuva 1948 kugeza ku rupfu rwe mu mwaka wi 1984. Gusa amateka y’uyu mugabo ni uko ariwe wahaye ubwigenge igihugu cye cyari kiri mu maboko y’Ubufaransa. Uyu nawe nka bagenzi be bakoze ibibi bitazibagirana, avugwaho ko yivuganye abagera ku 100 000-150 000. 5.Hissene Habre
Uyu mugabo wabaye Perezida wa Tchad kuva 1982 kugeza 1990, bamwe bahamya ko atigeze akora amahano menshi ariko na n’ubu aracyafatwa nk’umuntu wakoreshaga ingoma ya cyami.Kubera ibyo nawe bivugwa ko ari umwe mu ba perezida bavuzweho kurimbura imbaga y’abantu dore ko abarwaho abagera kuri 80 000-100 000. Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/inteko-ishinga-amategeko-nyafurika-yasuye-rwibutso-rwa | Inteko Ishinga Amategeko nyafurika yasuye urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali [REBA AMAFOTO] | Abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko nyafurika bari mu Rwanda mu gihembwe cya mbere gisanzwe cy’iyo Nteko bunamiye kandi bashyira indabo ku mva z’Abatutsi basaga 250.000 bashyinguye mu Rwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali. Umuvugizi wiri huriro Rt Hon Roger Nkodo Dang yavuze ko nk’abahagarariye abanyafurika bagomba gukoresha ingufu zabo kuburyo Jenoside itakongera kubaho ukundi. Yagize ati"Nkatwe duhagarariye Abanyafurika,tugomba gukoresha ingufu zacu kuburyo Jenoside atazongera kubaho ukundi haba mu Rwanda cyangwa mu kindi gihugu kiri muri uyu mugabane". Abagize iyi nteko kandi batemberejwe ibice binyuranye bigize Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali byerekana amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kugira ngo bamenye byinshi kuri yo haba uko yateguwe ndetse n’uko yashyizwe mu bikorwa.
Rt Hon Roger Nkodo Dang (hagati) yavuze ko nk’abahagarariye abanyafurika bagomba gukoresha ingufu zabo kuburyo Jenoside itakongera kubaho
MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/gakenke-menya-amateka-atangaje-y-ibuye-akomeje-kubera | Gakenke: Menya amateka atangaje y’ibuye akomeje kubera amayobera abarisura n’abarituriye | Ibuye rya Bagenge ni kimwe mu bintu byinshi nyaburanga kandi bifite amateka akomeye biri mu Karere ka Gakenke, amateka atangaje y’iri buye akomeje kubera amayobera abarisura. Iryo buye riherereye mu Murenge wa Gakenke mu Karere ka Gakenke, ni muri metero 300 uvuye mu gasantere ka Gakenke werekeza ku bitaro bya Nemba,bikaba bivugwa ko iryo buye rifite uburebure buri hagati ya metero 40 na 50 z’ubujyakuzimu. N’ibuye rinini bigaragara ko ridasanzwe gusa rikaba rishinze mu butaka munsi y’umuhanda hagati y’inzu ikorerwa ubucuruzi, n’akabari k’urwagwa. Umunyamakuru yagize amatsiko abaza abagereye urwo rutare icyo baba baruziho,umusore uri mu kigero cy’imyaka 28 yatangaje ko ari “Ibuye rya bagenge” ariko ko nta byinshi ariziho ko ahubwo nabaza abakuru(abasaza n’abakecuru). Ukizuru Fulgence umusaza ufite imyaka 79 asobanura ko amateka y’iryo buye ari aya kera cyane mbere y’umwaduko w’abazungu mu Rwanda ku ngoma y’umwami Ruganzu II Ndori, akaba avuga ko ibyo ariziho ari ibyo nawe yabwiwe n’abasekuruza be. Agira ati, “Data umbyara yambwiye ko iri buye ryahoraga rizenguruka mu kirere rishakisha abahinzi mu gihe babaga bageze ku meza[bari kurya/gufungura], icyo gihe ngo ryabateshaga ibiryo bakiruka bagahunga nuko bimaze kubarambira babibwira umwami Ruganzu watwaraga[wayoboraga] icyo gihe.” Uyu musaza akomeza avuga ko, Ruganzu akimara kumenya iby’iryo buye yahise aza gutabara nuko ahura naryo arikubita umugeri riri mu kirere rihita rigwa hasi nuko arishingaho uruhembe rw’umuheto ndetse n’imbwa ze zirihagarara hejuru, kuva icyo gihe rihagarika kongera gutesha umutwe abaturage. Iyo witegereje ‘Ibuye rya Bagenge’ ubonaho amajanja y’imbwa bikaba bivugwa ko ari ay’imbwa z’umwami Ruganzu II Ndori watumye rihagarika gukomeza kugenda mu baturage. Bagenge ninde cyangwa ni iki? Iyo bavuze ‘Ibuye rya Bagenge’, ugendeye kuri iyo nyito ukeka ko nyiraryo yaba ari ‘Bagenge’, kuri iyi ngingo abasaza batandukanye babyirukiye mu gace kirimo iryo buye ntibavuga rumwe kuri iyo nyito. Tayari Thomas, umusaza uvuga ko afite imyaka 87 agira ati, “Bivugwa ko uwo Bagenge yari umuntu warwanyaga umwami nuko akajya ateza akaduruvayo mu gihugu yifashishije ririya buye kubera ko yari umurozi ukomeye cyane.” Abandi basaza bavuganye ntibumva kimwe na Tayari ku nyito y’iri buye, bashimangira ko Bagenge biva ku ijambo ‘Ubugenge’ bisobanuye ubuhanga buvanze n’ ibitangaza; abavuga ibyo bakaba babikomora ku bitangaza bitandukanye byakorwaga n’umwami Ruganzu aho yagendaga anyura hose. Mpatswenumugabo Yakobo umusaza nawe uvuka mu Karere ka Gakenke agira ati, “Bambwiye ko inkomoko y’inyito y’iri buye iva ku bikorwa bitangaje kandi byuje ubuhanga byakorwa na Ruganzu warihagaritse, bivugwa ko inyito ‘Ibuye rya Bagenge’ yatangiye gukoreshwa nyuma y’uko umwami arihagaritse.” Aba baturage kandi bashimangira ko baha agaciro gakomeye iri buye cyane ko ngo hari ibitangaza bitandukanye ryagiye rikora aho batanga urugero ko nk’abana bato bafite uburwayi butandukanye iyo babicazaga kuri iri buye ngo bahitaga bakira burundu. Akarere ka Gakenke kavuga ko kimirije imbere ko amateka y’iri buye yagirira akamaro abarituriye binyuze mu bukerarugendo kugeza kuri ubu bwatangiye kurikorerwaho. Umuyozi mu Karere ka Gakenke ushinzwe umuco na siporo avuga ko ako karere gaha agaciro ibuye rya Bagenge kandi ko katangiye ibikorwa byo kurimenyekanisha kugira ngo ritangire kugirira akamaro abaturage barituriye. Uyu muyobozi agaragaza ko Akarere ka Gakenke gafite n’ibindi bice nyaburanga byinshi n’ibice bibumbatiye amateka bishobora gusurwa na ba mukerarugendo bagasigira amafaranga igihugu n’abaturage babituriye bakabasha kwiteza imbere gusa akaba avuga ko Akarere ka Gakenke gahura n’ibibazo by’amikoro bituma hadatunganywa ngo hakorerwe ubukerarugendo ku buryo bwifuzwa. Mu butumwa buhabwa abaturage b’Akarere ka Gakenke baturiye ibyanya bicumbikiye amateka basabwa kubibungabunga birinda kwangiza ibimenyetso by’amateka bihagaragara kugira ngo ubukerarugendo buhakorerwa butazahagarara. Bimwe mu byanya by’amateka biboneka mu karere ka Gakenke harimo ivubiro rya Huro riri mu Murenge wa Muhondo, Ubuvumo buri mu Murenge wa Mataba, ahitwa ‘mu masangano ya Nyabarongo’, ahitwa ‘Mbirima na Matovu mu Murenge wa Coko’, Ibuye rya Bagenge ndetse n’ibindi bice bitandukanye. Salongo Richard /Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/perezida-kagame-yatangaje-guverinoma-nshya-igizwe-n | Perezida Kagame yatangaje Guverinoma nshya igizwe n’abaminisitiri 19 batagaragaramo amazina yari akomeye | Ashingiye ku biteganywa n’Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe muri 2015 cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo yi 116,Perezida Kagame yatangaje Guverinoma nshya igizwe n’abaminisitiri 19 batagaragaramo amazina yari akomeye. Muri Guverinoma nshya, abaminisitiri batagaragayemo barimo Gen. Kabarebe James, Uwacu Julienne na Kaboneka Francis.Hagaragayemo abaminisitiri batandatu bashya, naho Minisiteri yari ishinzwe Ibiza n’Impunzi ihindurirwa izina yitwa ishinzwe ibikorwa by’ubutabazi. Mu mpinduka zakozwe muri Guverinoma, Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga yagizwe Dr Sezibera Richard wari Umusenateri; wahawe uyu mwanya asimbuye Louise Mushikiwabo uherutse gutorerwa kuyobora Umuryango w’Ibihugu bikoresha Ururimi rw’Igifaransa, OIF. Gen. James Kabarebe wari umaze imyaka umunani ari Minisitiri w’Ingabo yasimbuwe kuri uyu mwanya na Maj. Gen. Murasira Albert. Prof. Shyaka Anastase wari Umukuru w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere, yagizwe Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu asimbuye Francis Kaboneka wari umaze imyaka ine kuri uyu mwanya. Irutonde rurambuye rw’abagize Guverinoma
Chief editor |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amateka-ubutwari-n-ibigwi-byaranze-fred-gisa-rwigema-umwe-6128 | Amateka, Ubutwari n’ibigwi byaranze Fred Gisa Rwigema Umwe mu ntwari zabayeho mu Rwanda | Gisa Fred Rwigema, ni intwari iri mu rwego rw’Imanzi, rumwe mu nzego eshatu z’intwari z’u Rwanda. Izo nzego eshatu ni Imena, Imanzi n’Ingenzi. Urwego rw’Imanzi ari narwo Fred Gisa Rwigema arimo, rushyirwamo abantu baranzwe n’ibikorwa by’ubutwari bihebuje kandi bakaba batakiriho, bakaba baratabarutse bitangira igihugu. Ibi bikorwa birimo kugaragaza ubwitange batizigama, kwigomwa inyungu bwite hashyirwa imbere inyungu z’igihugu zifitiye akamaro gahebuje imibereho rusange y’Abanyarwanda. Ubu turi mu cyumweru cyahariwe kuzirikana intwari z’igihugu, kibanziriza umunsi w’Intwari nyirizina uba buri mwaka tariki ya Mbere Gashyantare. Kubera ubutwari no kwitanga, Fred Gisa Rwigema yaguye ku rugamba yari ayoboye rwo kubohora u Rwanda ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 1990 ubwo yari umugaba w’ingabo za RPF Inkotanyi (Rwanda Patriotic Army-Inkotanyi). Yaguye ku rugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda yatangije ariko ntarusoze n’ubwo abamusimbuye batigeze bamutenguha. Tariki 1 Ukwakira 1990, ni umunsi utazibagirana w’itangizwa ry’uru rugamba rwo kwibohora, naho tariki 2 Ukwakira 1990, ni umunsi Fred Gisa Rwigema atabarutseho. Yaguye i Kagitumba, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyagatare mu Ntara y’Uburasirazuba. Gisa Fred Rwigema yavukiye i Ruyumba tariki ya 10 Mata 1957, ubu aho yavukiye ni mu Murenge wa Nyamiyaga ho mu Karere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo. Yabyawe na Anastase Kimonyo na Gatarina Mukandirima, ahabwa amazina ya Emmanuel Gisa. Yashakanye na Jeanette Urujeni bakora ubukwe tariki 20 Kamena 1987, nyuma babyarana abana babiri; umuhungu n’umukobwa, abo bakaba ari Gisa Junior na Gisa Teta. Intambara n’imyivumbagatanyo yabaye mu Rwanda mu mwaka w’1959 na 1960, yaranzwe no gutoteza no kwica Abatutsi ndetse na Anastase Kimonyo; Se wa Gisa Fred Rwigema aratotezwa aranafungwa amara umwaka wose muri gereza. Nyuma y’uko uyu mubyeyi we afunguwe, umuryango we wabanje guhungira muri Paruwasi gaturika ya Kamonyi, nyuma bikomeje kuba bibi bahungira mu gihugu cya Uganda ari naho yakuriye. Bakigera muri Uganda babanje kuba mu nkambi y’impunzi yo muri Ankole, nyuma mu mwaka w’ 1966 bimurirwa mu nkambi ya Kankunge mu gace kitwa Toro aho bari kumwe n’izindi mpunzi z’Abanyarwanda bari barahunze intambara no gutotezwa kwarangwaga mu Rwanda muri icyo gihe. Akigera muri iyo nkambi, Fred Gisa Rwigema yahise atangira amashuri ye abanza ayarangiza mu mwaka w’1972.
Aha ni igihe yari akiri muto ari mu gisirikare aho yatangiye agaragariza ubutwari Kuva mu bwana bwe, Fred Gisa Rwigema ntiyumvaga neza impamvu ituma ababyeyi be n’umuryango muri rusange bahunze, ndetse yahoraga anababaza impamvu badataha ngo bajye kuba iwabo mu Rwanda bave mu buhunzi, ariko bakamubwira ko mu Rwanda bitoroshye kuko n’abashatse gutahuka bahuye n’akaga gakomeye karimo no gutakaza ubuzima bwabo. Fred Gisa Rwigema yakundaga akarasisi ka gisirikare cyane bigatera umuryango we impungenge cyane cyane nyina Gatarina Mukandirima, kuko gukunda ibijyanye n’abasirikare cyane byatumaga bacyeka ko bishobora kuzamuviramo kureka amashuri akigira mu gisirikare. Arangije amashuri abanza mu mwaka w’1972, yahise akomereza mu mashuri yisumbuye yatangiye mu 1973 mu kigo cyitwa “Mbarara High School” muri Ankore. N’ubwo yari akiri umwana, yahoranaga inyota yo kumenya Amateka y’u Rwanda kandi yakundaga kuganiriza abantu bakuru nabo bari barahunze bava mu Rwanda bari batuye hafi y’ishuri, akababaza amateka y’u Rwanda. Mu bantu bakomeye Gisa Fred Rwigema yahuriye nabo mu mashuri ndetse bakaba inshuti zikomeye bagatandukanywa n’urupfu, harimo Paul Kagame ubu wabaye Perezida w’u Rwanda kugeza n’ubu. Amateka y’u Rwanda n’ay’ibijyanye no kubohora u Rwanda, ntiwayavuga utibanze cyane kuri izi nshuti zo mu buto zaje kuba icyomoro cyomoye imitima y’Abanyarwanda benshi, dore ko imitekerereze, gukunda igisirikare, kwitanga no kwanga akarengane ari ibintu bari bahuje cyane ubwo biganaga. Bombi baragendanaga kenshi, bagasura abakuru bazi Amateka y’u Rwanda, bagahora bafite inyota yo kurushaho kumenya igihugu cyabo cy’amavuko kandi bagahora batekereza icyo bazakora kugirango akarengane n’itotezwa bakorewe bihagarare burundu no ku bandi banyagihugu bumvaga ko bakibikorerwa. Fred Gisa Rwigema yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by’abaharaniye kubohora ibihugu byabo nka Kwame Nkrumah, Mao-Tse-Tung , Fidel Castro n’abandi bagiye baba abantu b’indashyikirwa ku isi. Aho yigaga, yahoranaga ishema ryo kwerekana ko ari umunyarwanda kandi agakunda kuvugisha abo biganana Ikinyarwanda n’ubwo bo bavugaga indimi z’amahanga, bigaragaza ko urukundo yari afitiye u Rwanda rwahereye mu buto bwe. Mu mwaka w’1974, Fred Rwigema nibwo yaje kureka amashuri asanzwe ajya mu gihugu cya Tanzaniya gukurikirana imyitozo ya gisirikare na politiki, aha we na bagenzi be bari bahamagajwe na Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (ubu uyobora Uganda) washakaga kuzarwanya ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Idi Amin Dada wategekaga Uganda muri icyo gihe. Muri Nyakanga 1976, nibwo Fred Gisa Rwigema n’abo bari kumwe harimo inshuti ye Salim Saleh bakomereje imyitozo mu gihugu cya Mozambike aho bahuriye n’abandi basirikari barimo Col. Musitu waje kuba umwe mu basirikare bakuru b’Ingabo zari iza FPR-Inkotanyi zatangije kandi zikanatsinda urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda. Fred Gisa Rwigema yatangiye kumenyekana cyane mu mwaka w’1979 nyuma y’intambara yakuye ku butegetsi umunyagitugu Idi Amin. Mu 1980, igihe cy’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu, Fred Gisa Rwigema yari mu basirikare bakuru bacungaga umutekano wa Yoweli Kaguta Museveni wayoboraga umutwe wa UPM (Uganda Patriotic Movement); umutwe wari ufite umwihariko mu gihugu kuko utari ushingiye ku idini cyangwa ku bwoko nk’uko byari bimenyerewe. Kuwa 11 Gashyantare 1981, hamwe n’abandi basore 27 barimo Abanyarwanda babiri ari bo Rwigema Fred na Paul Kagame, bafatanyije na Kaguta Museveni batangije intambara yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Obote. Kuva mu mwaka w’1985, Fred Rwigema yakomeje kuba umwe mu bayobozi bakuru ba NRA, Ishami rya gisirikare rya RNM, ari naho yaboneye umwanya wo gukomeza gutoza intambara Abanyarwanda, akabwira abanyamahanga yabagamo agaciro ko kuba Umunyarwanda. Fred Rwigema yagiye agira imyanya ikomeye muri NRA ndetse aba n’uwungirije umugaba mukuru w’ingabo. Icyo gihe Rwigema yasabwe n’ubuyobozi bwa NRA kwinjiza abasore barangije amashuri makuru mu gisirikare maze Abanyarwanda binjiramo ari benshi, babona uko banatangira imyitozo y’igisirikare yo kuzabohora u Rwanda. Muri aba basore harimo na Kagame Paul waje kaba Umugaba Mukuru w’Inkotanyi nyuma y’urupfu rwa Fred Gisa Rwigema rwo kuwa 2 Ukwakira 1990, aza no kuzigeza ku ntsinzi yo ku wa 4 Nyakanga 1994 bityo intego yo kubohora u Rwanda iba igezweho. Fred Gisa Rwigema n’itsinda yari ayoboye ry’abasirikare babohoye u Rwanda, bazirikana ibikorwa by’ubutwari byamuranze, abanyarwanda benshi nabo bubaha cyane izina Fred Gisa Rwigema kuko yabuze ubuzima mu gihe yashakaga kurokora ubwa benshi.
Perezida Kagame arimo kwibuka mushuti we ku irimbi ry’Intwari i Remera Yanditswe na Chief Editor/MUHABURA.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/bumwe-mu-bwami-bukomeye-bwabayeho-mu-mateka-y-isi | Sobanukirwa bumwe mu Bwami bukomeye bwabayeho mu mateka y’isi | Ubwami bukomeye “Empire” ni ubutegetsi bubaho mu gihe runaka bukarenga imbibi z’igihugu bukaba bwanakwambuka imigabane bugakwira igice kinini cy’isi. Ubwami nk’ubu bwabayeho kera, burakomera ariko igitangaje kuri ubu nta na hamwe busigaye. Icyo gice cyose kigizwe n’ubwami butandukanye cyayoborwaga n’umutegetsi witwa ‘Umwami w’Abami’.’ Zimwe mu mpamvu zatumaga ubwo bwami bwogera cyane, hari ubukire n’imbaraga za gisirikare by’igihugu runaka cyagendaga kikigarurira ibindi bihugu.Dore bumwe muri bwo. Ubwami bw’Abanyamisiri Abahanga bemeza ko Ubwami bwa Egiputa(Misiri) ari bwo bwami bukuze cyane kurusha ubundi bwose bwabayeho ku isi ,kuko bwabayeho mu myaka 3000 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu Kirisitu. Misiri kandi mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwayo yavuzweho kuba yarabaye ikimenyabose ku bijyanye n’uburyo bwo kuhira imyaka [ Modern irrigation ] ,biyibashisha guhangana n’ikibazo cy’ubutayu bwari bukikije ibihugu byatwarwaga na bwo ,maze icyitwa inzara kiba amateka. Birazwi kandi ko mu gihe cy’ubwami bwa Misiri ,ari bwo habayeho ikoranabuhanga rihambaye mu kubaka ubwato bunini cyane, ubugeni n’ubuvanganzo ntibyasigara inyuma ndetse byinshi muri byo birakifashishwa magingo aya. Ubwami bw’aba-Byzantine Kuva Ubwami bw’Abaromani bwakwigabanyamo ibice bibiri mu mwaka wa 395 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, Abaroma nyirizina bakomeje gutegeka igice kitari gito cy’Uburayi bw’Uburengerazuba ,mu gihe agace k’i Burasirazuba kahise kigarurirwa n’Ubutegetsi bwiswe Ubwami bw’aba-Byzantine,budakunze kuvugwaho byinshi. Ubwami bw’Abarusiya Mbere y’umwaduko w’ikitwaga Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti habayeho Ubwami bukomeye bw’Abarusiya, bwategetse igice kinini cy’isi . Ubwami bw’Abarusiya bwabayeho hagati y’imyaka ya 1721 na 1917 .
Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’urubuga Spike.com, ni bwo bwami bunini bwategetse isi mu mateka . Bwaheraga mu Burayi bukagera muri Asia ndetse bugafata n’Amajyaruguru ya Amerika.
Ubu nibwo bwami bwonyine bwabashije gukoma imbere ibitero byari bikaze bya Napoléon Bonaparte , kandi buramutsinda bidasubirwaho mu ntambara zo mu 1812. Qing Dynasty mu Bushinwa Mu gihe cy’imyaka isaga 300 ubu butegetsi bwamaze butwara u Bushinwa , bivugwa ko ari na bwo bwami bw’abami bwaherutse gutegeka iki gihugu . Gusa hano ikizamo nk’ikidasanzwe ni uko ubu bwami butayoborwaga n’ubwoko bw’aba Han ari na bwo bwiganje muri icyo gihugu nk’uko hari abajya babyibeshyaho , ahubwo uruhererekane bw’ubwami bwa Qing bwakomokaga ku bundi bwoko buto cyane mu Bushinwa bwitwa Manchus. Ubu bwami kandi bwari bufite undi mwihariko w’uko ari bwo bwabayeho bufite imiterere y’igisirikare gikomeye. Ubwami bw’Abaperesi Ubu nabwo ni ubwami bwakomeye mu isi, haba mu by’ubukungu n’uruhurirane rw’imico itandukanye n’ubunini bwabwo. Guhera mu myaka ya 500 kugeza mu 330 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, ubu bwami bwigaragaje nk’ubukomeye kandi budasanzwe. Ubu bwami bwategetse isi ku buryo 45 % by’abayituye byari munsi y’ubutegetsi bwabwo. Ubwami bw’aba Ottoman Ubwami bwa Ottoman, ubu ni Turikiya ya none. Bwamenyekanye cyane hagati y’imyaka ya 1299 kugeza mu 1923. Ubwami bw’aba Ottoman bwategetse u Burayi , Asia no muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru. Kimwe mu bintu byatumye ubu bwami buhirima ari ukuba bwararetse ibihugu bwategekaga bikishyira bikizana bikabije, ntabwo bwivangaga mu mico n’imyemerere y’aho bwagenzuraga hose . Ubwami bw’Abamakedoniya Ubu bwami nta bintu byinshi buvugwaho uretse umwe mu bategetsi babwo bakomeye witwa Alexander The Great wamamaye. Kimwe mu bintu byabugizeho ingaruka zikomeye kikanatuma buhirima ni uko Alexander The Great yari umutegetsi ukomeye ariko akaza gupfa mu mwaka wa 323 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu , atarateganije undi uzamusimbura ukomeye. Ubwami bw’Abongereza Ubwami bw’Abongereza bwabaye nk’ubwami bw’igitangaza mu bwami bwategetse mu isi ya Rurema . Ni ubwami bwabaye bunini bitangaje ,bukwira isi yose. Ubu bwami kandi bwamenyekanye ku gisirikare gikomeye ,kugeza aho ku bw’imbaraga zabwo bwaje gukora agashya bwigarurira hafi ¾ by’isi . Ikarita igaragaza uduce Ubwami bw’Abongereza bwari bwarigaruriye
Ubwami bw’aba Mongol Umwe mu bategetsi babwo wabaye ikirangigire cyane ni uwitwaga Genghis Khan ,wari ufite intego yo kwigarurira ahantu hanini hashoboka ku isi. Ubu bwami bwari igitangaza kuko bwari bufite ahantu bugenzura hikubye inshuro eshanu z’aho Alexander The Great yategetse. Genghis yakomerekeye ku rugamba arwana binamuviramo gupfa mu mwaka wa 1227 . Ubwami bw’Abaromani Nta muntu ku isi ushobora guhakana ubuhangange bwaranze ubwami n’ubutegetsi by’Abaromani mu isi. Ubu nibwo bwami bwakoze ku mpande zose zo kubaho kwa muntu aho bwategekaga hose. Uhereye ku iyobokamana , igisirikare, gucura intwaro zikaze z’intambara , ubugeni , ubwubatsi bukomeye ndetse no mu rwego rwa Politiki ubu bwami ntibwasigaye inyuma. Ubu bwami bwashinzwe n’uwitwa Julius Caesar mu mushinga we wari ufite intego zo guhindura imitegekere y’Abaromani Salongo Richard |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-perezida-ba-amerika-bagiye-basimbuka-urumpfu | Sobanukirwa uburyo umuperezi wa Amerika yagiye asimbuka urumpfu | Mu bayobozi bakomeye ku isi bacungirwa umutekano wo ku rwego rwo hejuru ni Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika n’umushumba wa Kiriziya gatorika ku isi (Papa). Impamvu aba bayobozi bacungirwa umutekano n’uko akenshi usanga hari udutsiko dukomeye urugero nk’u twivangura ry’amoko (racism) abacuraza ibiyobyabwenge, ibyihebe n’abandi baba bafite inyungu zitandukanye ndetse harimo no gushaka kumenyekana (Urugero uwarashe Papa Yohani Paulo waII).Aba bayobozi bakuru baba babavangira nabo rero bagashaka kubikiza kuko nabo baba bafite imbaraga. Impamvu rero uyu mutekano ukazwa nuko aba baperezida baba barabonye aho bagenzi babo baraswa cyangwa barusimbuka ariko bari barashwe. Nubwo Amerika ishyira imbaraga nyinshi kurinda perezida wabo ariko biranga bikaba iby’ ubusa kuko nabashaka guhitana aba baperezida nabo ntibaba boroshye dore ko rimwe na rimwe uwo mugambi bawugeraho bakabarasa. Muri iyi nyandiko turarebera hamwe bamwe mu baperezida b’Amerika bagiye bahura n’uwo mugambi wo kuraswa kandi barinzwe ariko Imana ikaba ariyo ikinga akaboko. Perezida dutangiriyeho ni uwabaye perezida wa 40 kuva icyo gihugu gishyizeho demokarasi yo kwitorera ba perezida ariwe Ronald Wilson Reagan akaba ari umwe mu ba perezida 2 bubatse izina muri icyo gihugu cy’Amerika, kubera ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa yakoze tuzakurebera hamwe. Perezida Reagan yavutse itariki 6 Gashyantare 1911 avukira ahitwa Tampico Illinois avukira muri kamwe mu duce twari dutuwe n’abaturage bacyennye bafite imibereho yo gushakisha nta mirimo bagira ifatika . Kubera ko ababyeyi be bahoraga bimuka bashakisha imibereho, nyuma mu mwaka 1920 baje kwimukira mu mujyi wa Dixon aho mu Ntara ya Illinois aho se yaje gufungura iduka ricuruza inkweto. Mu mwaka 1928 nibwo Reagan yarangije amashuri yisumbuye (High Shool) mu ishuri ryitwa Dixon High School. Arangiza kuri icyo kigo Reagan yakundaga imikino ngororamubiri (sport), kandi agakina n’amakinamico (artist) cyangwa ‘umusani’ mu mvugo yubu aribyo byaje kumuhesha kuba Perezida wa leta y’abanyeshuri aho ku ishuri. Akiri umunyeshuri mu gihe cy’ubushyuye yajyaga akora akazi ko kurohora abantu babaga barohamye boga (Life guard) ku ngengero za ahitwa Lowell Park akabona udufaranga twamufashaga mu buzima bw’ishuri. Muri uko kuba umukinnyi w’amakina mico,yaje gukundwa cyane bigeraho ishuri rikuru rya Eureka College ryaje gushimishwa nayo makinamico yakinaga riramusonera rimuha umwanya wo kwiga muri iryo shuri (Scholarship). Ageze aho ku kigo Reagani yibanze ku masomo y’ubukungu , n’ubumenyi rusange kandi ari nako aserukira ikigo mu mikino inyuranye bituma mu mwaka 1932 ubwo yararangizaga aho ku kigo yahise abona akazi ko gukora ikiganiro cy’imikino kuri TV ahitwa Iowa. Kubera gukora akazi k’itangazamakuru kubijyanye n’imikino mu mwaka 1937 yasinye amasezerano y’imyaka irindwi yo gukina amakinamico (filme) muri kampani yitwa Warner Brothers Movie Studio. Ali muriyo kampani yashoboye gukina amafilime menshi hari ayo yagaragayemo cyane nka, “Knute Rockne, All American” yasohotse 1940 na “Kings Row” yo 1942. Mu Mwaka 1942 Reagan yashakanye n’umukobwa nawe wakinaga amafilime witwaga Jane Wyman babyarana umwana w’umukobwa witwa Maureen. Nk’uko urushako rw’abantu b’ibyamamare (abasitari) rudakunda kuramba yaje gutandukanye nuwo mugore mu mwaka 1948. Kuva 1947 kugeza 1952 Reagan yari perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’abakinnyi ba filime ni muri urwo rwego yaje guhura n’undi mukobwa w’umukinnyi wa filime nawe witwaga Nancy Davis, umutima we umaze kumushima abona ko Nancy yazamwibagiza akababaro yagize atandukana na Jane nibwo 1952 bashakanye babyarana abana babiri umukobwa witwa Patricia n’umuhungu witwa Ronald. Nyuma yo kuba ikimenywabose mu gukina filime no gukora ikiganiro cy’imikino byagezaho akajya akora ikiganiro kihariye kuri Televiziyo kijyanye n’amakina mico. Mu mwaka 1964 Reagan yahisemo kujya mu ruhando rwa Politiki aho yasomye disikuru bwa mbere yashimishije benshi ubwo yamamazaga umukandida ku mwanya w’ubuperezida mu ishyaka rya Republican witwaga Barry Goldwater. Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri yiyamamarije kuyobora intara ya Califoniya nk’uko byagenze kuri Arnold Schwarzenigger azagutsinda aba Governeri w’iyo ntara ayiyobora manda ibyiri kuko no 1970 yariyamamaje aratsinda. Nyuma yaho mu mwaka 1968 yaje gushaka kwiyamamariza umwanya wa Perezida wa Amerika aciye mu ishyaka ry’aba Republican ariko ntiyashyigikirwa, ndetse 1976 nabwo yatanze kandidatire ntiyagera kure ariko nyuma mu mwaka 1980 ntabwo yarambiwe yahise atanga indi kandidatire aho uwo mwaka wamuhire akajya ku rutonde rw’abakandida biyamamariza ku mwanya wa Perezida. Mu matora yo muri uwo mwaka Reagan yashoboye gutsinda ayo matora aho yahatanaga na Perezida Jimmy Carter wari icyamamare kandi akundwa n’abanyamerika benshi ariko ubukungu bw’Amerika muri iyo myaka bwari bwarazahaye cyane. Muri disikuru ye ubwo yarahiraga kuyobora Amerika bwa mbere, yabwiye Abanyamerika ko Leta Atari cyo gisubizo cy’ibibazo byabo ahubwo Leta yabo niyo ifite ikibazo cy’ubukungu budahagaze neza, kandi asaba Abanyamerika gushyira hamwe no kwituma kugirango bagarure icyubahiro cy’igihugu cyabo mu rwego rw’igihugu ndetse no mu rwego rwisi, kuko Amerika muri yo myaka yaritangiye guta ubusugire bwayo. Kuri manda ye, Perezida Reagan yatangiye akuraho ingengo y’imari y’ amafaranga Leta yakoreshaga aho we yitaga ko atari ngombwa, agabanya n’imisoro kubacuruzi no kubashoramari b’imbere mu gihugu kugira ngo bazahure ubukungu bw’Amerika bwari bwazahaye. Ariko yaje kongera bije (budget) ya ministeri y’ingabo kugirango igihugu kigire ingabo ziri kurwego rugezweho n’ibikoresho kabuhariwe. Kubera ubwo bwitange bwa Perezida Reagan ubukungu bw’Amerika bwaje kuzamuka kiba igihugu cy’ubukire mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi yose yo ku ngoma ye. Indi ntego nyamukuru ya Perezida Reagan kwari uguhangana na Leta y’Abasoviete yari Uburusiya y’icyo gihe yafatwaga ‘nk’agace k’iterabwoba”Kugirango ahangane nicyo kibazo yashyize imbaraga mu gukora ibisasu birasa kure (Long Range) ari nako akomeza gushyira imbaraga mu gisirikare. Mu bubanyi n’amahanga Perezida Reagan yatangaga impfashanyo mu bihugu by’Afrika, Aziya n’Amerka y’amajyepfo (Latin America) biri munzira y’amajyambere ari mu rwego rwo gukumira kugirango ubukomunisti budakwira muri ibyo bihugu Uburusiya bukagira imbaraga kuko nibwo bari bahanganye mu mbaraga. Ikigeretse kuri ibyo mu mwaka 1983 yakoresheje ibisasu birasa kure byo mu kirere byo kurinda igihugu cye atinya guterwa n’ibisasu birasa kure by’Abarusiya bicyo gihe bari bafite. Mu rwego rwo kurinda umutekano w’ibihugu by’Uburasirazuba bwo hagati (Middle East) mu mwaka 1982 Perezida Reagan yohereje itsinda ry’abasirikare n’amato ya gisirikare 800 kurinda umutekano muri Lebani na Beirut ari naho haje kuva amafoto yakoze filime yitwa “Delta Force” na “Missing in Action” yakinnywe mu buryo bwa gihanga na Chuck Norris. Muri uwo mwaka Perezida Reagan yategetse ingabo ze zifata ikirwa cya Caribbean I Granada nyuma yaho inyeshyamba zagenderaga ku matwara ya Carl Marxis (Marxism) zari zarigaruriye icyo kirwa. Reagan yakomeje kurwanya umubano mubi wari hagati y’igihugu cye na Muammar al- Ghaddafi wa Libiya na Fider Castro wa Cuba. Muri manda ye ya Kabiri yashyize imbaraga cyane muri Dipolomasi hagati ye na perezida Mikhail Gorbachev wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abasoviete kubera uwo mwete wo kwitanga kuri diporomasi y’Uburusiya, mu mwaka 1987 Amerika n’Uburusiya baje gusinyana amasezerano y’amateka yo kubuza gukora ibisasu birasa kure no gukora intwaro z’ubumara za kirimbuzi (Nuclear weapons) mu bihugu byombi, kandi agira inama Gorbachev guha uburenganzira Ubudage bw’iburasirazuba gusenya urukuta rwa Berlin. Nyuma y’amezi 29 Reagan agiriye inama Gorbachev guha abaturage b’abadage b’iburasirazuba gusenya urukuta rwa Berlin kugirango batandukane n’ubutegetsi bw’Abarusiya mu mwaka 1990 Mikahail Gorbachev yemeye ko urwo rukuta rusanywa ari nk’ikimenyetso cyo kurangira ku ubutegetsi bw’Abarusiya mu Budage bw’Uburasirazuba. Uko kwiyegereza ibihugu kwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga ni mbaraga nyinshi yakoreshaga, nibwo yashatse no guhirika Leta ya Kisalamu ya Iran acishije mu gihugu cya Iraq ku butegetsi bwa Saadan Hussein icyo kintu cyatumye aba umwe mu baperezida babiri bakomeye babayeho muri Amerika. Ariko nk’uko Bibiliya ivuga ko uwicisha inkota nawe ariyo izamwica, ku itariki 30 Werurwe1981 ,ubwo Perezida Reagan n’abajyanama be bari bavuye I Washington Hilton Hotel mu nama mu buryo butunguranye humvikanye urusaku rw’amasasu bituma umwe mu barinzi be atekereza vuba gusunikira Perezida mu modoka ye yo mu bwoko bwa Limoulsine. Bari muriyo modoka abarinzi be ba hafi nibwo babonye ko Perezida Reagan yarashwe, bamwihutisha ku bitaro . Bamugejeje kwa Muganga, abaganga basanze isasu ryashwanyuje igihaha cya Perezida ndetse hafi yo gufata umutima, ariko basanga Imana yakinze akaboko Reagan aba ararusimbutse. Na nyuma y’ibyumweru amaze kuvurwa yasubiye mu kazi akomeza imirimo ye nk’ibisanzwe. Uwitwa John Hinckley Jr niwe washatse kwica Perezida Reagan, kandi usibye na Perezida, uwo mugabo yari yamishe amasasu ku bandi bantu batatu bari hafi ya Perezida ariko bo ntibakomereka cyane. Nyuma yaho John afatiwe yaje guhatwa ibibazo n’inzego zibishinzwe baje gusanga uwo John yari umurwayi wo mu mutwe ariko bagacyeka ko haba hari n’abantu bari babyihishe inyuma hatugwa agatoki Leta z’Abarabu ndetse na bandi banzi be bo muri Politiki.Uwo John yaje gukatirwa igifungo cya Burundi naho Reagan yaje kwitaba Imana azize urw’ikirago ku itariki 5 Kamena 2004 i Ber –Air Los Angeles (USA). Salongo Richard |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/nyamasheke-abakirisitu-ba-adepr-barwaniye-mu-rusengero-umwe | Nyamasheke:Abakirisitu ba ADEPR barwaniye mu rusengero umwe avunika imbavu | Abagore batatu kuri iki cyumweru barwaniye mu rusengero rwa ADEPR Ntendezi bapfa amakimbirane basanganywe.Imirwano yatumye hari uvunika imbavu mu rusengero na babiri bahungabanye. Ni mu mudugudu wa ADEPR Ruharambuga aho umugore umwe avuye gutura agasumira mugenzi we uririmba muri chorale bakagundagurana ibyari amasengesho bigahinduka isibaniro. Mu madini anyuranye hakunze kuvugwa amakimbirane ashingiye ku gupfa amaturo cyangwa ubuyobozi. Aba bo ngo bapfaga ibyabo bisanzwe ahubwo umwe ashaka kwikiranura arwanira mu rusengero. Abakristo binjiye muri iyi mirwano bakiza biviramo umugore umwe kuvunika imbavu nk’uko babivuga n’abandi babiri bagira ihungabana bajyanwa kwa muganga. Abakristo bo muri urwo rusengero batangaje ko ari ubwa mbere babonye ibi bintu, ndetse ari nabyo byateye bamwe guhungabana. Umwe ati “N’umushyitsi waraje ntitwahungabana gutya, abantu banze kwihana ngo bakizwe none Imana iri gutwikurura ibyaha byabo ngo bijye ahabona. Nari mpari biba hano mpamaze imyaka 24 ariko sindabona ibintu nk’ibi.” Undi ati “Hari igihe abantu bagenda bihishaisha bikagera ubwo Imana ibagaragaza, ubu rero tubonye neza icyo Imana ivuga.Njye byantangaje, kuba ataratumenyesheje ko bafitanye ikibazo ahubwo agahita aza kurwana bitweretse ko ari ugutangirira hasi tukigisha.” Abakristu bahosheje iyi mirwano banahamagara Police ya Ntendezi irahagoboka ita muri yombi babiri bakubise uyu mugore mugenzi wabo. Babiri bahungabanya n’umwe wavunitse imbavu bajyanywe ku kigo nderabuzima cya Kamonyi ngo bitabweho, abahungabanye bo baje kujyanwa ku bitaro bya Gihundwe. Ndagijimana Egide uyobora Akagari ka Ntendezi avuga ko Police yabihosheje ikagarura ituze muri urwo rusengero n’ubwo bamwe bari bamaze kuvunika abandi bamaze guhungabana. MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Havumbuwe-urwengero-rw-inzoga-rukuze-kurusha-izindi-kw-isi | Havumbuwe urwengero rw’inzoga rukuze kurusha izindi kw’isi | Abashakashatsi baravuga ko batahuye urwengero rw’inzoga rukuze mu myaka kurusha izindi ku isi, ndetse n’ibisigazwa by’inzoga imaze imyaka ibihumbi 13, mu buvumo bw’amateka buri hafi y’umujyi wa Haifa mu majyaruguru ya Israel. Bavumbuye ibyo, ubwo bakoraga ubushakashatsi ku mva yashyingurwagamo abantu banyuzagamo bakagenda bimuka n’abari batunzwe no gusoroma imbuto. Byari bisanzwe byibazwa ko kwenga inzoga byaba byaratangiye nko mu myaka ibihumbi 5 ishize, ariko ubu bushakashatsi bushobora kuba bugiye guhindura amateka y’inzoga uko yakabaye. Ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi kandi bisa nk’ibisobanuye ko inzoga itengwaga gusa mu gihe habaga hakorwaga imigati nkuko mbere byatekerezwaga. Aba bashakashatsi bavuga ko badashobora kumenya icyatangiye mbere - gukora imigati cyangwa kwenga inzoga. Ndetse mu kinyamakuru cyandika ku bushakashatsi ku mateka ajyanye n’imibereho ya muntu cya Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, basa nk’abavuga ko inzoga yengwaga mu mihango yo kwibuka abapfuye. Li Liu wigisha kuri kaminuza ya Stanford muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika wayoboye itsinda ry’aba bashakashatsi, yanditse agira ati"Ibi ni byo bimenyetso bya kera cyane kurusha ibindi bigaragaza inzoga yakozwe n’umuntu ku isi." Iyi nzoga ya kera, yari imeze cyane nk’igikoma cyangwa ikindi kintu gifatira, byibazwa ko uko yari imeze bitandukanye cyane n’inzoga izwi yo muri ibi bihe.
Muri ubu buvumo bwa Raqefet mu misozi ya Carmel muri Israel, hanatahuwe ibinogo byifashishwaga nk’amasekuru Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/byinshi-wamenya-k-umunyagitugu-w-ikirangirire-adolf-hitler | Byinshi wamenya k’umunyagitugu w’ ikirangirire Adolf Hitler n’uburyo yakoreshaga ibiyobyabwenge ! | Umuntu uri hejuru y’ imyaka 12 yigeze kumvaho ijambo Hitler. Ukurikije amarorerwa uyu mugabo yakoze, biragoye kwibyiyumvisha no kwakira amarorerwa n’ iyicarubozo yakoreye ubwoko bw’ abayahudi. Adolphe Hitler wabaye peresida w’ u Budage akaba yari anahagarariye ishyaka ry’ abanazi ryagize utuhare mu gukora jenoside yahitanye ubuzima bw’ abayahudi bagera kuri miliyoni ebyiri. Nyuma y’ ibitabo ndetse n’ inkuru nyinshi byanditswe kuri Hitler, haje kuboneka igitabo cyanditswe n’ umunyamakuru akaba n’ umwanditsiw’ ibitabo ukomoka mu gihugu cy’ umudage witwa “Norman Ohler“, akaba yaragaragaje amakuru mpamo ko Hitler yakoreshaga ibiyobyabwenge bitandukanye mugo ariyo heroin, Cocaine na Morhine, bikaba binemezwa n’ inyandiko y’ uwari umuganga bwite wa Hitler, mu gitabo yise ‘Der Totale Rausch (The Total Rush). Uyu munyamakuru yabashije kuganira n’ umwe mu baganga ba Hitler wamubwiye ko yajyaga atera Hitler inshinge nyinshi z’ ikiyobyabwenge cya Eukodal. Iki kiyobyabwenge Eukodal, bavuga ko cyirinda uburibwe ubwo aribwo bwose mu mubiri w’ umuntu, kubyimbirwa ndetse no kurira. Kuva mu mwaka wa 1933 kugeza muri 1945, nk’ igihe cy’ ubutegetsi bwa Hitler, amateka avuga ko abaturage bari bemerewe ku bwinshi. Abasirikari bo ntago bakoreshaga, Eukodal ahubwo bakoreshaga ikindi kiyobyabwenge bitaga Pervitin, iki kinini cyo gituma umuntu amara igihe kinini adasinzira mu gihe afite nk’ ibintu bimusaba gukora ataruhuka. Muri iki gihe ibi binini abantu babiguraga nk’ uko umuntu agura indi miti yose.urugero ruto, rw’ ukuntu Hitler yahaga agaciro ibiyobyabwenge, n’ igihe yari agiye gutera igihugu cy’ u Bufaransa mu 1940, noneho mbere yo gutera atumizaho ibinini miliyoni 35 bya “Pervitin” byo guha abasirikari kugira ngo barwane ubutaruhuka babashe gutsinda abafaransa. Abasirikare ngo bagikundiraga ko gituma batumva ububabare kandi bagahorana akanyabugabo ku rugamba, nta kudohoka. Umusirikare w’umuganga witwa Otto Ranke yakoze ubushakashatsi kuri kiriya kinini agiha bamwe mu bakorerabushake b’abanyeshuri, aza kugera ku mwanzuro w’uko gishobora gufasha ingabo z’u Budage gutsinda intambara. Si ingabo z’u Budage zivugwaho gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge gusa ku rugamba mu ntambara ya kabiri y’Isi (1940-1945), ahubwo ngo n’ingabo zishyize hamwe (Allied Armies) nazo zakoreshaga ibinini byongera ingufu byo mu bwoko bwa ‘Amphatamines’ bita ‘Benzedrine’. Kubyerekeye abategetsi b’u Budage, ngo bo bikundiraga ibiyobyabwenge byabo bwite byakorewe iwabo. Umwanditsi w’igitabo ‘Der Totale Rausch (The Total Rush)’, Norman Ohler yabwiye Radio yitwa Vice ko bamwe mu bakuru b’ingabo nka Ernst Udet bakundaga ibiyobyabwenge byihariye. Ernst Udet (uyu yari ashinzwe ingabo zo mu kirere) we ngo yakundaga ‘Methamphetamine’ ; Naho uwitwa Göring we agakunda ‘Morphine’, ku buryo ngo bari baramuhimbye Möring babikomoye kuri morphine yakoreshaka. N’abakozi ba Hitler, nka gafotozi bwite we witwaga Heinrich Hoffmann nawe ngo yakoreshaga ibiyobyabwenge. Amaze gusuzuma neza inyandiko z’amateka y’ingabo za Hitler na za raporo z’umuganga we bwite, umwanditsi Norman Ohler yaje kumenya neza uburyo ‘Führer’ ariwe Hitler yakoreshaga ibiyobyabwenge. Umwanditsi ngo yaje gusanga Hitler yari afite uburwayi, byaje gutuma ashaka umuganga wihariye waje gukorana nawe mu gihe cy’imyaka icyenda yose. Uyu muganga waje kugira izina rikomeye ndetse bimufasha no gukorana bya hafi n’ibigo bikora imiti na za ‘hormones’ zo gutera mu matungo. Ashingiye ku makuru yakuye mu nyandiko za Morell, Norman Ohler yerekana ko Hitler ngo yakoresheje ibiyobyabwenge bitandukanye ariko ngo ntiyakoreshaga ikinini cya Pervitin. Ngo kuva yagera ku butegetsi yatewe inshinge z’ibiyobyabwenge zigera kuri 800 zirimo n’ikiyobyabwenge bita ‘Opiate Oxycodone’. Ngo mbere gato y’uko intambara igenda ikomerera, mu 1943 Hitler, yagiranye inama na Benito Mussolini wayoboraga u Butaliyani bwari bufatanyije n’u Budage. Gusa, ngo mbere y’iyi nama, Morell yahaye Hitler ikoyobyabwenge kitwa ‘Eukodal’. Mu muhindo wo muri 1945, ubwo Hitler yiyahuraga ari kumwe n’umugore we Eva Braun ngo yari mu gahinda kuko atari akibona ibiyobyabwenge kubera ko muganga we Morell atabashaga kujya mu mujyi guhaha ibiyobyabwenge. Urubuga rwa internet History.com dukesha iyi nkuru, ruvuga Norman Ohler yemeza ko yanditse kiriya gitabo atagamije gusiga ibara ubutegetsi bwa Hitler ku ngingo yo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa kugaragaza ko ibyo yakoraga yabikoreshwaga n’ibiyobyabwenge. Yemeza ko igitekerezo cyo kurimbura Abayahudi (Final Solution), kucyandika mu gitabo cye ‘Mein Kampf’, Hitler, yabikoze mbere gato y’uko atangira gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge Salongo Richard Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-n-imiterere-y-ababa-muri-gereza-ya-mbere | Sobanukirwa n’imiterere y’ababa muri gereza ya mbere itinyitse ku Isi | Kuri iyi si dutuye hagenda havugwa ibintu bitandukanye biba bitangaje cyangwa wumva ukumva bisa nk’ibikanganye. Uyu munsi turabagezaho imiterere y’ababa muri gereza ya mbere mbi kandi itinyitse ku Isi doreko n’abarinzi bayo badashobora kwinjiramo Penas ciuda barrios ni imwe mu magereza arangwamo ubugome bukabije ku Isi bishingiye ahanini kubaba bahafungiwe n’ibyaha baba barakoze. Iyi gereza iherereye mu gihugu cya El Salvador abayifungiyemo bose usanga umubiri wabo wuzuyeho ibishushanyo n’amagambo(Tatto) akenshi bivuga amateka y’ibyaha bikomeye baba barakoze ndetse no mu cyubahiro cy’abo babikoreye. Abafungiwe muri iyi gereza usanga ahanini ri abacuruzi bakomeye b’ibiyobyabwenge,abicanyi kabuhariwe ndetse n’abacuruza intwaro muburyo butemewe. Ahagana mu wa 1992 mu kwezi kwa Nzeli iyi gereza yakiriye umubare munini w’abicanyi nyuma y’intambara yari imaze kuba muri icyo gihugu ibi bituma irushaho kuba gereza irangwamo ubugome budasanzwe ndetse bigatuma yewe n’abarinzi badashobora kwinjiramo imbere kabone niyo haba habayemo ikibazo runaka . Ingabo z’igihugu ziba ziryamiye amajanja hanze y’iyo gereza ziteguye guhangana n’ikibazo icyo aricyo cyose gishobora gutezwa n’abahafungiye. Mu mwaka wa 2013 nibwo gafotozi w’umwongereza Adam Hinton yahawe amahirwe akabash kwinjira muri iyi gereza akanafata amafoto y’abahafungiwe. Uyu mugabo nyuma yo kuva muri iyo gereza yatanze ubutumwa avuga ko abagabo bayifungiyemo akurikije ibyo yabonye ku mibiri yabo ari abagabo badafite na kimwe batinya ahubwo barangajwe imbere no kwica ndetse no gukora ibindi bikorwa bigayitse. Salongo Richard |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Byinshi-utaruzi-kuwa-tangije-ibitero-byo-kwagura-u-Rwanda-mu-mateka | Byinshi utaruzi kuwa tangije ibitero byo kwagura u Rwanda mu mateka | Ruganzu I Bwimba ni we mwami wa mbere wimye I Gasabo uzwi mu Bami b’ibitekerezo,icyo gihe ingoma y’I Gisaka yari ikomeye kurusha u Rwanda amaboko,Bwimba ni we wagerageje gutangiza igaba-bitero ryo kwagura igihugu,ahasanga mu w’1312-1345,igitero cya mbere mu mateka y’u Rwanda ni we wakigabye,ubwo yashakaga kwigarurira I Gisaka. Icyo twazirikana ahangaha,ni uko kugeza ahasanga mu w’1312,ubwo I bitero byo kwagura u Rwanda byatangiraga,ku ngoma ya Ruganzu I Bwimba,uru Rwanda dufite ubu,rwari rufite ibihugu 29,biri k’ubuso bungana na km2 168.606. Ruganzu yima ingoma,umurwa Mukuru w’u Rwanda wari I Gasabo ,yimye ingoma akiri muto,abanza gutegekerwa na nyina Nyiraruganzu I Nyakanga w’umusingakazi,wakurikirwaga mu butegetsi na mubyara we Nkurukumbi mwene Nyebunga.Abandi batoni b’Ibwami bari:Nyaruhungura w’Umunsobe,Cyenge cya Nyacyesa,wo mu Bakobwa (bakomokaga kuri Ndoba),Gitandura bitaga Cyingali,Mukubu mwene Mushyoma w’Umuha. Ruganzu yari afite murumuna we Mwendo,na mushiki we Robwa,umugore w’inkundwakazi we yari nyakiyaga umwegakazi wo kwa ndiga.muri ibyo bihe rwari rukikijwe n’ibihugu bitatu bikomeye:Ingoma y’I Gisaka ya Kimenyi I Musaya mu burasirazuba,ingoma y’I Ndorwa mu majyaruguru,Ubugesera bwa Nsoro I Bihembe mu majyepfo.Ibindi byari uduhugu tworoshye tudafite amaboko menshi ku buryo byari ibyo gutinywa ,ibyo bihugu ni u Buliza n’u Bwanacyambwe. Muri icyo kibariro,u bugesera bwaje kumvikana n’u Rwanda,bagirana imimaro,I Gisaka cyo kirabyaga,gishaka kwigarurira u Rwanda rw’Abanyiginya.icyo gihe Kimenyi I musaya umwami w’I Gisaka yize ubucakura bwo kurongora mushiki wa Ruganzu witwaga Robwa,umwami Ruganzu Bwimba n’Abajyanama be barabirwanyije cyan,ariko umugabekazi Nyakanga na mubyara we Nkurunkumbi barabyemeza,ngo na ko kunywana n’I Gisaka.Ariko Bwimba yumvikana na mushiki we Robwa kutazabyarana n’umwami w’I Gisaka umwana w’umuhungu akazatera u Rwanda,ndetse biza kugera aho yemerako nasama inda ye ,aziyahura.Igihe cyarageze Robwa asama inda ya Kimenyi,umwami w’I Gisaka cy’Abagesera b’Abazirankende,ariko ntiyabihisha musaza we,ni uko Bwimba na we yihutira gushaka umutabazi uzapfa mbere ya Robwa,indagu zerera Nkurukumbi,mubyara w’umugabekazi,ariko yanga kuba umutabazi,indagu za kabiri zifata umwami Bwimba we ubwe.Bwimba atangira imigambi yo gutabara,ariko akaba nta mwana yagiraga,asiga umugore we atwite,agitangira imirwano,amenyeshwa na Gitandura ko umugore we yabyaye umuhungu,umwami ategeka Gitandura kumwita Rugwe.Ashoza urugamba mu Gisaka amze kwegurira u Rwanda Cyenge,kugeza igihe Rugwe azakurira.Ruganzu Bwimba ashoza urugamba,ingabo z’i Gisaka zimutsinda I Nkungu na Muyaga(Rutonde muri Kibungo)ubu ni mu karere ka Rwamagana. Mushiki wa Ruganzu I Bwimba,amaze kumvako musaza we yatanze,Robwa yisekuye ku nkota arapfa,kugirango umwana atwite atazavamo umwami w’I Gisaka.Uwo Ruganzu I Bwimba na mushiki we Robwa babarirwa mu batabazi bitangiye ingoma Nyiginya.Ikindi Bwimba yakoze,ni uko mu itabara rye mu Gisaka,yasize aciye iteka ko nta Mugabekazi uzongera kuva mu Basinga ,kuko bigaragara ko Nyina Nyakanga,ari we wagambaniye igihugu. Uru Rwanda rwatangiriye kwaguka mu Bwanacyabwe,mu Buganza,mu Busarasi,mu Buliza no mu Busigi.Aho rumariye kwambuka Nyabarongo rugeze mu Nduga,ingoma zo mu Gisaka n’izo mu Ndorwa zitunyaga ibihugu byinshi byo mu Buganza,mu Buliza no mu Bwanacyambwe.Aho rumariye kugwiza amaboko rurwana n’ I Gisaka n’I Ndorwa bimara igihe kirekire rushirwa ruhatsinze. Ingoma-ngabe y’u Rwanda rwa Gasabo,ni yo yadukanye amatwara yo kwigarurira ibindi bihugu,ikoresheje uburyo bwo kurwana.Icyo gihe intwaro bitwazaga zari ,amacumu,imiheto,imyambi,inkota,ingabo n’ibindi. Ibindi bihugu(bitari u Rwanda rwa Gasabo),imikorere yabo yari iyo kwagura ibihugu byabo bakoresheje uburyo bwo gukonda amashyamba,hanyuma bakabona aho batura n’aho bahinga MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/byinshi-utaruzi-ku-mugore-wabaye-intwari-ikomeye-kurusha | Byinshi utaruzi ku mugore wabaye intwari ikomeye kurusha abandi mu mateka y’u Rwanda | Mu Rwanda rwo hambere hatari na kera cyane, umugore yahabwaga agaciro gacye. Ntiyashoboraga kujya ku rugamba cyangwa ngo abe yahabwa imyanya ikomeye mu nzego z’igihugu ariko ntibyabujije bamwe mu bagore kuba intwari bagakora ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa n’abagabo batari gupfa gukora. Amateka y’u Rwanda agaragaza ko abagore batafatwaga nk’abantu bakora cyangwa ngo bashobore gukora imirimo y’abagabo. Nta mugore wajyaga ku rugamba, nta wubakaga, nta wagirwaga umuyobozi mu nzego z’igihugu (aha ni mbere y’abakoloni) ndetse umugore yafatwaga nk’umuntu waremewe gukora imirimo yo mu rugo ubundi agategereza byose ku mugabo. Mu gihe mu Rwanda kimwe n’andi ku isi hizihizwa umunsi mpuzamahanga w’abagore, umunyamakuru wa Inyarwanda.com arakugezaho inkuru y’umugore wagaragaje ubutwari budasanzwe mu Rwanda rwo hambere y’umwaduko w’abazungu. Nk’uko Padiri Muzungu Bernardin abivuga mu gitabo yise “ Le Patriotisme Jusqu’au Sang’’, Robwa Nyiramateke ni ishema n’icyubahiro ku bagore n’abakobwa babayeho mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Mbere y’uko tuvuga ku butwari bwaranze uyu mugore ufatwa nk’intwari kurusha abandi bose mu mateka y’u Rwanda rwo hambere, reka turebe abandi bagore b’intwari batatu babayeho mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Nyirarucyaba: Uyu azwi mu bitekerezo by’ibimanuka byanditswe mu gitabo `Inganji Kalinga’ cya Musenyeli Alexis Kagame. Bivugwa ko ari we wazanye inka mu Rwanda mu gihe yari itazwi. Ngo amaze kuzana icyo gisimba (Inka), yakamiye amata Gihanga Ngomijana amata ayanyoye akira indwara yari arwaye maze Gihanga abwira Nyirarucyaba ati “Jya kuzana icyo gisimba hano’’. Ni uko azana inka mu Rwanda bwa mbere. Undi mugore w’intwari uzwi cyane ni Nyiraruganzu Nyirarumaga. Uyu yari umugabekazi w’ingoboka kuri Ruganzu Ndoli akaba yari umusingakazi. Yabaye umugabekazi kuri Ruganzu Ndoli kuko uwari kumubera umugabekazi; ni ukuvuga nyina wa Ndoli yari yariciwe i Rubi rw’i Nyundo (ahitwa mu Miko y’Abakobwa) ubwo Ndahiro Cyamatare yicwaga amaze guhungishiriza Ndoli i Karagwe k’Abahinda. Ubwo rero Ruganzu amaze kuba umwami, yagombaga kugira umugabekazi batwarana nk’uko byagendaga ku bami bose. Nyirarumaga rero ni we watwaranye na Ruganzu Ndoli umwami uzwiho ubutwari bukomeye n’ingabo ze zitwaga Ibisumizi. Ikindi kigira Nyirarumaga intwari itazibagirana mu mateka y’u Rwanda ni uko ari we watangije inganzo y’ibisigo agirango amateka y’abami ntazibagirane. Kuba amateka y’abami bo hambere azwi ubu bikomoka cyane ku nganzo y’ibisigo nyabami kuko nko mu bisigo by’impakanizi, hagenda havugwa buri mwami n’ibikorwa yakoze kugeza ku mwami uriho. Nyirarumaga ni we wahanze igisigo cya mbere mu mateka y’u Rwanda, akaba yaracyise ``Umunsi ameza imiryango yose’’. Ni we watangije Intebe y’abasizi ndetse ashyiraho uburyo ibisigo byose bituwe umwami runaka byajya bibungwabungwa bigashingwa abantu runaka bakabifata mu mutwe ndetse bakabitoza ababakomokaho ku buryo ingoma ya cyami yagize iherezo, ibisigo byose uhereye kuri icyo “Umunsi ameza imiryango yose’’ bizwi neza. Undi mugore wabaye intwari twavuga mbere y’uko tuvuga birambuye kuri Robwa, ni Nyirayuhi Nyiratunga ndetse n’abandi bagabekazi bategekanaga n’abana babo ariko bakiri bato kugeza igihe bakuriye. Nyirayuhi Nyiratunga ni nyina wa Yuhi Gahindiro. Nyiratunga yatwaye u Rwanda mu gihe Gahindiro ka Mibambwe Sentabyo yari akiri uruhinja. Ikigira Nyiratunga intwari cyane ni ukuba yararwanye ishyaka arwana n’abana ba wa se wabo wa Gahindiro bashakaga kumunyaga ingoma. Yaratwaje kugeza igihe Gahindiro akuriye akaba umwami w’igihame binavugwa ko ari we mwami warambye kurusha abandi bose. Reka noneho tugaruke ku butwari bwa Robwa. Padiri Muzungu Bernardin mu gitabo cyavuzwe haruguru avuga ko ku bahanga n’abandi bazi amateka y’u Rwanda, igikomangoma Robwa Nyiramateke ari ishema n’icyubahiro ku banyarwandakazi aho bava bakagera. Inyandiko nyinshi zivuga ku mateka y’u Rwanda zirata ubutwari bwa kigore n’ubudahemuka budasanzwe bwaranze igikomangomakazi Robwa wavukaga kuri Nsoro I Samukondo akaba mushiki wa Ruganzu I Bwimba. Guhara icyubahiro cyo kuba umwamikazi n’umugabekazi akemera gupfira u Rwanda bimugaragaza nk’intwari idasanzwe mu zabayeho mu Rwanda rwo hambere haba mu bagabo n’abagore. ROBWA yari muntu ki? Robwa Nyiramateke yari umukobwa wa Nsoro I Samukondo umwe mu bami b’imishumi wategetse u Rwanda kuva mu mwaka wa 1279 kugeza mu wa 1312 , akaba yaramubyaranye na Nyiraruganzu I Nyakanga. Yari mushiki w’umwami Ruganzu I Bwimba na we uzwiho kuba yarabaye intwari yemera kumena amaraso mu buryo bw’ubucengeri . Robwa yamenyekanye nk’intwari cyane kubera uburyo yemeye kuba umutabazi w’umucengeri akamena amaraso ye mu Gisaka kugira ngo i Gisaka kitazigarurira u Rwanda hanyuma. Twibuke ko ibi yabikoze atwite inda y’umwami Kimenyi w’i Gisaka. Uko Robwa yabaye intwari Kimenyi cya Bazimya ba Ruregeya, umwami w’i Gisaka ngo yashatse umugeni, ni uko abajije abajyanama be bamurangira mu Rwanda bati`` Nsoro ya Samukondo ni we ufite umugeni ugukwiriye’’. Ati" None se ko nta bushuti ngirana na Nsoro nzabigenza nte? Ni uko bamugira inama yo kwibanisha na Nkorokombe wari muramu wa Nsoro kuko yari musaza wa Nyakanga nyina wa Robwa Nyiramateke. Bamaze kunoza inama, Kimenyi ngo yashatse amaturo n’izindi mpano nziza maze abyoherereza Nkorokombe maze aboneraho no kumwaka ubushuti, undi ntiyazuyaza arabumwemerera. Bukeye ubucuti bumaze gukomera Kimenyi atuma kuri Nkorokombe ati``Ndashaka gusaba muramu wawe umugeni, none uzahambere nk’inshuti’’.Nkorokombe aramusubiza ati``Uzaze, umugeni ntuzamubura rwose’’. Igihe kigeze rero Abanyagisaka ngo baje gusaba Robwa icyakora ngo Nsoro aramubima, avuga ko ngo yamutanze ahandi ariko ubu bukaba bwari uburyo bwo kubananiza.Ibi ngo byababaje Kimenyi cyane. Igihe cyarageze Nsoro araberana (kurwara k’umwami) ni uko abiru baramubaza bati “Ko turuzi ugiye gutanga, Kimenyi akaba yaragusabye umugeni ukamumwima nagaruka waratanze akamudusaba tuzamumwima tutaramubyaye?. Nsoro arababwira ati``Nimumpamagarire abana banjye’’.Ni uko abana baraza bahageze ,abwira Robwa ati``Nushaka gushyingirwa kwa Kimenyi uzagende ubizi ko uriumutabazi w’u Rwanda, ntuzagende wibwira ko uri umugeni. Ati``uramenye Kalinga ntuzayigurane Rukurura (ingoma ngabe yo mu Gisaka). Arangije kuraga, aherako aratanga. Baramwerera baramwiraburira.Nuko Nkorokombe atuma kuri Kimenyi ati`` Wa muntu wakwimaga umugeni ko atakiriho ntiwaza gusaba umugeni ko utazamubura?”. Nuko Kimenyi yohereza intumwa ze gusaba Robwa, Ruganzu Bwimba wari warasimbuye se Nsoro ku ngoma yemera gushyingira Robwa icyakora Robwa ashyingirwa abizi neza ko ari umutabazi w’umucengeri uzamenera igihugu amaraso. Ubwo Ruganzu I Bwimba yatangaga aguye mu Gisaka na we atabaye nk’umucengeri, ngo Kimenyi yaje guhoza Robwa ngo amumare agahinda ka musaza we wari umaze gupfa maze aramubwira ati`` Rukurura ni iyawe, i Gisaka ni icyawe’’ maze kuko Robwa yari azi ko atashakiye mu Gisaka agamije kuhabyarira cyangwa kubayo umugabekazi ngo yasubije Kimenyi amucyurira ati ``Mbabajwe n’uwakwise Kimenyi, iyo uza kuba Kimenyi koko, wakamenye icyanzanye ino aha’’. Nuko Robwa wari unatwite inda y’imvutsi y’umuhungu amaze kumubwira ayo magambo, arikusanya n’imbaraga ze zose yitera hejuru maze agiye kugwa bamutega ingoma ayigwa ku rutsike acikamo ibice bibiri umwana wari uri mu nda ye aragwa maze na we arapfa, apfa nk’umutabazi kimwe na musaza we Bwimba . Urupfu rwa Robwa rwamugize ikirangirire mu bakobwa n’abagore bose babayeho mu mateka y’u Rwanda .Ntiyatinye kumenera igihugu cye amaraso nubwo yari akiri muto akaba umwamikazi wari kuzavamo n’umugabekazi w’i Gisaka. Yanze kubyarana n’umwami w’i Gisaka kuko nkuko Kimenyi yabitekerezaga uyu mwana w’umuhungu bari kubyarana yari yari kuzigarurira u Rwanda akarutwarana n’i Gisaka. Yubahirije isezerano yari yarasezezeranye na se Nsoro kugirango u Rwanda rukomeze rusugire rutazigarurirwa n’abanyamahanga. Ibi bishimangira wa mugani ugira uti``Wanga kumenera igihugu amaraso, imbwa zikayanywera ubusa’’. MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/dore-imyiteguro-yabanzirizaga-ibitero-by-ingabo-z-u-rwanda | Dore Imyiteguro yabanzirizaga ibitero by’ingabo z’u Rwanda rwo hambere | Mu gitabo Inganji Karinga ku ipaji ya 80 kugeza ku ya 84, ingabo z’u Rwanda zari zarahurijwe mu mitwe itunganyije neza, buri mutwe ufite icyo ushinzwe. Iyo byabaga ngombwa ko u Rwanda rutera igihugu runaka, hari imihango yagombaga kubanza gukorwa kugira ngo ingabo zitazagira icyo zibura ziri ku rugamba. Ibitero byo hambere mu Rwanda ku ngoma z’Abami byagiraga imihango ibiherekeza
Kuri buri nkiko (imipaka y’ubu) y’u Rwanda habaga hari intasi (ba maneko) bashinzwe kumenya ibiri mu gihugu kigiye guterwa n’imihango bagira y’itabaro, imitwe y’inka itunzwe n’izo ngabo n’ibindi. Ibwami habaga abanyamuhango bitwa abanyabyuma. Umurimo wabo wari uwo kumenya ibintu byo mu magaza y’ibwami ni ukuvuga amahembe y’inzovu, ibyambarwa by’amoko yose, imyambaro y’abami ba kera cyangwa intwaro zabo harimo n’izo yacurishaga zo kuzaha ingabo ze ku rugamba nk’inkota, amacumu, imitana n’imiheto. Abanyabyuma bamenyaga kandi inzoga zituwe zo guha abahungu n’imitsama yo kwenga izindi nzoga. Umwami Rwabugiri ni we waje gutuma abanyabyuma bategekwa n’abatware benshi ariko ubusanzwe bategekwaga n’umuntu umwe. Ibi yabikoze kubera ko mu bitero yari yagabye hirya no hino, yari yaranyaze ibikoresho byinshi cyane bigatuma umuntu umwe atashobora gucunga ababishinzwe bose bityo ashyiraho abandi bo kubicunga. Rwabugili kandi ngo yari afite ukuntu yacuruzaga bimwe mu byo yanyaze. Uyu mwami kandi yaturwaga amaturo menshi yavaga muri Karagwe n’u Bujinja hakabamo imyenda n’ibindi bya kizungu. Ibi nibyo bitaga urwunguko. Ibyakorwaga mbere y’uko igitero gihaguruka, Igitero cyajyaga guhaguruka, abanyabyuma bagahabwa abikorezi b’inzoga, abahetsi b’imitana (aho babika imyambi), n’ab’intwaro zose. Iyo bageraga ahantu, Umwami agashaka ko bahaca ingando (bahakambika by’igihe gito), abatware bazaga kwaka imihoro bakayigabanywa, bagacisha ingando aho bageze. Ibyo byarangiraga imihoro yose ikagarurwa mu banyabyuma, ikazongera gutangwa ikindi gihe bizaba ngombwa ko baca indi ngando ahandi hantu. Iyo hahuruzwaga ingabo zidafite intwaro zihagije Umwami yategekaga ko abanyabyuma baziziha (baziha ingabo) kuko babaga bazitwaje mu rwego rwo kugira amakenga. Abanyamuhango bitwaga Abatora nibo bubakaga inzu z’Umwami yatahagamo mbere cyangwa nyuma y’urugamba nyirizina. Abatora bagendanaga ibisenge ‘bitunze’ babyikoreye, aho bageze ako kanya inzu ikaba iruzuye! Iyo bamaraga kuyuzuza, abitwa Abanyansika bakazana ibibambano bakayishyiramo izo nsika bagendanaga. Nyuma yabo abitwa Abagendanyi bazanaga ibirago n’ibyahi, bagasasa ariko isaso yabaga yaciwe n’abandi banyamuhango bitwaga Abanyamuheto. Abitwaga Abanyabigagara bagendanaga ibisabo n’ibicuba by’amata bakabuganiza, bagacunda, bakamenya isuku y’imbilibili. Nyuma hazaga abashinzwe kuzana inkwi no gucana mu nzu bitwaga, Abavunangoma, bakaba baragendanaga inkwi. Mu gihe ibyo byose byabaga bikorwa abitwaga Banyirumugezi babaga bamaze kuvoma amaliba, bagejeje ibwami amazi azakenerwa yose. Iriba babaga bavomyemo baryubakagaho inzu iruhande zo kuririnda inka za rubanda cyangwa na rubanda ubwarwo ngo rutanduza amazi y’Umwami. Mu rugo rw’Umwami rwo hafi y’itabaro habaha kandi abitwaga Abakutsi bari bashinzwe kuyora ivu. Kagame Alex yanditse ko urebye ukuntu ibintu by’ibwami byabaga bitunganyije wasanga nta gishya abazungu baje kwigisha Abanyarwanda uretse kunogereza gusa bya ruzungu! Iyo bwamaraga kwira, abanyamuhango bitwaga Abakannyi bazaga kurara izamu bwacya bose bagahambira ibyabo. Umwami agahekwa n’Abatwa, abamikazi bagahekwa n’Intarindwa, abanyamuhango bagaheka ibyabo bagashyira nzira (bakagenda). Hari igihe u Rwanda rwabayeho rudaterwa n’ibihugu byari bituranye kandi na rwo ntirutere. Nyuma y’igihe runaka bamwe mu Bami b’u Burundi batangiye kujya batera ab’u Rwanda bituma u Rwanda rubona ko rugomba gushinga imitwe y’ingabo ku nkiko zarwo (ingerero) ndetse no kugira intasi hirya no hino. Imitwe y’ingabo yabaga irimo intore zatorejwe mu itorero. Buri Mwami yatoraga intore ze. Iyo Umwami yamaraga gutanga (yapfuye), abo babyirukanye na bo babaga bamaze gusaza bityo itorero ryabo rigashirana na we. Nyuma bitinze, baza kwibuka ibyo kurema ingerero, intore Umwami yatoye zikaguma aho, yamara gutanga zigahabwa umugaba, nyuma abana bazo bakazazisimbura mu matorero, bityo bityo… Igihe cyarageze Umwami atekereza gushyiraho n’umutwe w’inka z’inyambo, buri mutwe w’inyambo akawubangikanya n’umutwe w’ingabo runaka zishinzwe kuwurinda. Bivugwa ko Abanyiginya ari bo bakoze imitwe y’ingabo myinshi mu Rwanda kandi Kagame Alex yemeza ko bageze mu Rwanda kera cyane kurusha uko ibitabo bya ba Pagès na de Lacger bibivuga. Nubwo muri iyi nkuru twifashishije igitabo ‘Inganji Karinga’ ntibibujije ko buri wese mu basomyi ba MUHABURA.RW yatanga igitekerezo ku ngingo twanditseho ashingiye ku gitabo runaka yasomye. Ibi byatuma twungurana ibitekerezo ku mateka y’u Rwanda akunda gukurura impaka nyinshi mu ntiti. Salongo Richard
MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-byinshi-ku-batabazi-abacengeri-mu-rwanda-rwo | Byinshi mwamenya ku batabazi abacengeri mu Rwanda rwo hambere | Mu mateka y’isi kugeza ubu, ibihugu byarwanaga intambara bigamije kwigarurira ibindi bikaguka byashoboka bikaba byatwara isi yose. Abenegihugu bajya muri izo ntambara babizi neza ko iherezo ari ugupfa cyangwa gukira. Amateka y’u Rwanda ntatandukanye n’ay’ibindi bihugu kuri iyo ngingo. Itandukaniro riri mu mateka y’u Rwanda ni abarwanyi bitwaga abatabazi b’abacengeri. Aba biyemezaga gupfira u Rwanda bakarwana babizi ko bapfa. Intego ngo kwari uguteza umwaku igihugu bamennyemo amaraso kandi u Rwanda rugakomeza kugira igitinyiro mu mahanga. Mbese ni ubundi buryo bwo kurwana ugamije kwagura u Rwanda no guharanira ishema ryarwo. Igitabo cyitwa “Le Patriotisme Jusqu’au Sang’’ cyanditswe na Padiri Muzungu Bernardin ndetse n’izindi nyandiko zitandukanye, umutabazi w’umucengeri ni umuntu wiyemezaga kuba igitambo akemera kumena amaraso mu gihugu cy’amahanga agamije kurinda u Rwanda no kurwagura.
Mu myumvire y’Abanyarwanda bo hambere, ayo maraso ngo yabaga ari nk’ikiguzi cy’intsinzi y’u Rwanda. Bamwe mu babaye abatabazi b’abacengeri harimo nka Ruganzu I Bwimba, Robwa mushiki wa Ruganzu, Munyanya, Binama, Gihana wa Cyilima Rujugira, Forongo nawe wari igikomangoma n’abandi benshi. Ukurikije imyizerere yazanywe n’abazungu ndetse n’ubundi bumenyi bwagiye bwinjira mu muco nyarwanda, Abanyarwanda bo muri iki gihe bashidikanya kuri ubu buryo bw’imirwanire. Abantu benshi bumva ko bitari bihuje n’ubwenge kwizera ko amaraso y’umuntu yameneka mu gihugu hanyuma ngo icyo gihugu gihure n’ibyago. Ariko nk’uko Muzungu Bernardin yabyanditse mu gitabo cye, n’abakurambere babyibajijeho maze bafata umwanzuro ko byaba kurwana bisanzwe ndetse no mu buryo bw’ubucengeri byari bifite akamaro. Ikindi ni uko nkuko Abakurambere bacu babyizeraga, hari ubwo Umunyarwanda yapfaga ari umucengeri maze koko ngo amaraso ye agateza ibyago aho yaguye. Urugero ngo ni urwa Gihana mwene Cyilima Rujugira watabariye i Burundi maze yamara gupfa amapfa akayogoza u Burundi. Hari abantu bazi ko abatabazi b’abacengeri bavaga mu bwoko bw’abatsobe. Ibi ni uko abenshi mu bapfiriye u Rwanda mu buryo bw’ubucengeri abenshi muri bo bari Abatsobe. Ingero ni nka Rubona rwa Rusimbi, ba Rwambari bombi ndetse na Ntabyera. Abandi batabariye u Rwanda muri ubu buryo bafite icyo bahuriyeho ni ibikomangoma nka Gihana, Forongo, Robwa ndetse n’umwami ubwe ari we Ruganzu I Bwimba. Kwemera gupfira u Rwanda no kurwitangira muri ubwo buryo bigaragaza ubutwari budasanzwe bw’Abanyarwanda bo hambere. Ibi kandi bishimangira imigani Abanyarwanda baca bagira bati “Wanga kumenera igihugu amaraso imbwa zikayanywera ubusa”, n’undi ugira uti “Abo ingoma yahaye amata ni bo isaba amaraso”. SALONGO RICHARD
MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Rev-Dr-Rutayisire-yavuze-ukuntu-abajenosideri-babanje-gutinya-kuyikora-nyuma-bayikora-nk-abahiga-inkware | Rev.Dr. Rutayisire yavuze ukuntu abajenosideri babanje gutinya kuyikora nyuma bayikora nk’abahiga inkware | Rev.Dr.Canoni Antoine Rutayisire nk’umwe mu nararibonye mu mateka ndetse no mubiganira by’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge yavuze ukuntu mu bukangurambaga bakora yigeze kubaza umwe mu bakoze Jenoside uko babyumvaga mu gihe bayikoraga amubwira ko byabanje kubatera ubwo nyuma bakabikora nk’umukino ndetse avuga ukuntu bamwe bari mu magereza bicuza ku byo bakoze bashutswe n’abayobozi ariko bakaba barigendeye mu gihe bo baheze muri gereza kubera ingaruka z’icyaha cya Jenoside bashowemo n’abo bayobozi. Ibi yabigarutseho kuri uyu wa Gatanu tariki 25 Gicurasi mu kiganiro yasangije abari bitabiriye igikorwa cyo kwibuka kunshuro ya 24 Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi 1994, abari abakozi n’abanyeshuri b’ikigo cy’amashuri cya Groupe Scolaire Remera Protestant ndetse n’abakirisito basengeraga muri EAR Paruwase ya Remera bishwe muri Jenoside. Rev.Dr.Canoni Antoine Rutayisire yavuze ukuntu yabajije umwe mu bajenosideri uko yiyumvaga mu gihe bakoraga Jenoside amubwira ko bwa mbere batangira kuyikora byabanje kubatera ubwo ariko nyuma bahita batinyuka bayikora nta bwoba ahubwo babifata nk’umukino. Yagize ati”Nabajije umwe mubayikoze nti,ese buriya mwumvaga mumeze mute? Arambwira ati njye nkibitangira numvaga biteye ubwoba ati maze kwica babiri,uwagatatu numvaga ari nko kwica inkware.Ati rwose nkumva ari nk’ibintu bimeze nk’umukino.barabikora ariko ingaruka zibazaho”. Rev.Dr.Canoni Antoine Rutayisire uburyo bari mu bikorwa by’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge hari abanyururu bicuza aho bavuga ko abayobozi mu gihe cya Jenoside babeshye bagakora Jenoside none ubu bamwe bari muri gereza ku buryo nanubu bakirimo mu gihe ababashutse bigendeye n’ubwo Atari bose. Yagize ati”Umutwa umwe yri afunzwe yaravuze ati umwana w’umuhutu yaratubeshye,ati turamukurikira ati none turafunzwe we yarigendeye.Ariko ibyo yavugaga byari ukuri kuko abayobozi babeshye abaturage barangije barigendera umuturage asigara ari muri gereza n’ubu bamwe baracyarimo abandi barigendeye.Ariko nabo[abayobozi]hari abataragiye,hari abafungiwe muri Arusha n’ahandi”. Yungamo avuga ukuntu hari abumva ko abafungiwe arusha ngo bafunze neza ariko yashimangiye ko aho kugira ngo umuntu yishimire gufungwa areba tereviziyo byarutwa no kwikorera akazi k’ubuyede ndetse avuga ko n’abakoze Jenoside byabagizeho ingaruka. Rev.Dr Rutayisire yagize ati“ N’ubwo bajya bababwira ngo ariko bafunze neza!reka mbabwire aho kugira ngo mfungwe nka Bagosora nkajya ndeba tereviziyo nicaye muri gereza,nanjya nigendera mu mihanda ya Kigali nkakora akazi k’ubuyedi ariko ndi free (nigenga) mfite umudendezo.Nta muntu numwe byagiriye umumaro,byadutwaye abantu ariko n’ababikoze bibagiraho ingaruka.niyo mpavu bibiriya ivuga ngo mujye mwibuka kugira ngo mwere kongere gukora ibibagiraho ingaruka mbi.Twibuke kugirango tube beza.” Rev.Dr Rutayisire yashimangiye ko burya kwibuka ari ukugira ngo abantu bashime,aho bibuka abari abana bitanze bagatuma u Rwanda rwongera kuzuka. Ati”Twibuka kugira ngo dushime.Dushime abantu bari abana b’imyaka 16,17,20 bariya bantu bagenda ngo ni b’afande, abenshi bari abana b’imyaka 20,21,kiriya gihe,baritanga bamwe barapfa abandi barakomereka igihugu kirakira.N’ikitegererezo badusigiye”. Asoza agira inama urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri rutishwe na Jenoside ahubwo rukaba rugiye kwicwa n’ibiyobyabwenge ndetse n’ubusambanyi ko atari byiza ahubwo bakwiye guhaguruka bakabirwanya nk’uko abari abana muri kiriya gihe bahagurutse bakarwanya Jenoside yishe Abanyarwanda.Ababwira ko igituma bibuka ari ukugira ngo Abanyarwanda bere kongera gupfa bishwe n’icyo aricyo cyose ahubwo bagire uruhare mu ku kibuza.
Habanje hakorwa urugendo rwo kwibuka rwakozwe n’abanyeshuri ba GS Remera Protestant
Dr. Rutayisire yavuze ukuntu abajenosideri babanje gutinya kuyikora nyuma bayikora nk’abahiga inkware
IBYO DUKORA
Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/nyaruguru-ububisha-butamenyekanye-bwakorewe-abagore-104-n | Nyaruguru:Ububisha butamenyekanye bwakorewe abagore 104 n’abana babo batwikiwe mu nzu mu gihe cya Jenoside | Muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 hagaragayemo ubugome ndengakamere hirya no hino mu Rwanda, bimwe byagiye bivugwa ariko hari n’ibigenda bimenyekana nyuma y’imyaka 24 kuko hari abo Imana iba yarasize imusozi ngo babare inkuru. Nk’inkuru ya Jeannette Mukagasana umutangabuhamya wasigaye ngo azabare inkuru y’abagore 104 n’abana babo batwikiwe mu nzu mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 mu cyahoze ari Komine Nyakizu ubu ni muri Nyaruguru. Inkuru y’abagore bagera ku 104 bari kumwe n’abana babo bagatwikirwa mu nzu ari ba zima, nk’uko ibarwa n’umwe wagize amahirwe yo kurokokera muri iyo nzu ariwe Jeannette Mukagasana wo mu karere ka Nyaruguru ahahoze ari muri Komini Nyakizu iherereye muri Perefegitura ya Butare mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994. Hari tariki 19 Gicurasi ubwo abo bagore bakusanyirizwaga muri iyo nzu yari iherereye ku gasozi ka Mbuye yo mu Murenge wa Ngoma. Iyo nzu yari yubakishijwe ibyatsi, zimwe bakunda kwita Nyakatsi aho Mukagasana wari umukobwa wari mu kigero cy’imyaka 17 y’amavuko icyo gihe, avuga ko ari umwe mu barokowe ubwo na we yari yashyizwe muri iyo nzu yendaga gushumikwa ariko akaza kurokorwa n’umusore bari baturanye. Abivuga n’ikiniga kinshi yagize ati “Nabanje kwanga gusohoka mvuga ngo nibandeke mfane n’abandi, nyogokuru n’abandi bakecuru bari kumwe barambwira bati sohoka, uzavuge urwo twapfuye.” Avuga ko n’ubwo yumvaga nta yindi mibereho yiteze mu buzima bwe, avuga ko yemeye agasohoka. Avuga ko iyo nzu yari ntoya, ariko abagore n’abakobwa n’abana 104 bose bayitsindagiwemo. Mukagasana akomeza avuga ko akimara gusohorwa,inzu bayikinze abicanyi bakazana lisansi bagasuka ku bice bitandukanye bya ya nzu, bakazana ikibiriti bakayikongeza. Mukagasana ati “Uko inzu yashyaga, abari bayirimo bakubitaga ku nkuta, ukaba wagira ngo ni inka zikubita amahembe ku kiraro.” Igisenge cy’inzu cyaje gukongoka, hanyuma abicanyi bafata amafuni babarenzaho ibinonko bya ya nzu barimo, bazana n’amasuka barayihinga babatabamo.
Mukagasana avuga ko abo bagore n’abakobwa n’abana bicanywe n’umusaza wari umugaye witwaga Bundoyi. Abicanyi ngo babikoze bavuga ko batari kugenda bonyine, ko bagombaga kugira umugabo ubaherekeza. Mukagasana yagize ati “Baravuze ngo hano harimo akana k’agahungu, kandi ntibashaka umuhungu uhapfira, keretse Bundoyi. Baragafashe barakazunguza bakubita ku rukuta rw’inzu. yatatse rimwe.” Nyina w’uwo muhungu na we watwikiwe muri iyo nzu icyo gihe ngo bamukubise umuhoro ku nda bavuga ngo n’uwo atwite ni umuhungu kandi badashaka ko hari umuhungu usigara. Mukagasana avuga ko abo bagore n’abana babo ari abari baragiye bakurwa ku misozi itandukanye yari igize Komini Nyakizu.Aba mbere bafashwe ni abari bahungiye kuri iyo nzu yari ituwemo n’uwo musaza bitaga Bundoyi, wari wararahiye ko atazigera ahunga n’ubwo yahigwaga bukware. Nyuma y’aho abandi bagiye bakurwa hirya no hino, bakabegeranya bavuga ko bazicwa nyuma.Kuri ubu aho hiciwe izo nzira karengane zigera kuri 104,ubu hubatswe urukuta rwanditseho amazina ya bamwe mu bahiciwe. Kugeza magingo aya, ntiharamenyekana uwakongeje iyo nzu, kuko abatuye kuri ako gasozi banze kugira icyo bavuga. Mukagasana na we n’ubwo yari ahari, ahanini ngo yumvishaga amatwi. Yari yubitse umutwe atinya kureba abicanyi, kuko yatekerezaga ko uwo bahuza amaso yahita amusubiza muri ya nzu na we agatwikwa yumva nk’uko byarimo bigendekera bagenzi be barimo. Hakizimana Jean, Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Ngoma, avuga ko hari abarebereye igihe ubwo bwicanyi bwabaga barafunzwe, ariko bose uko bari nta makuru bigeze batanga kugeza mangingo aya. Chief Editor |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/bishe-abatutsi-barera-imfubyi-zabo-bazitoza-ubwicanyi-dr | Bishe Abatutsi barera Imfubyi zabo bazitoza ubwicanyi-Dr Bizimana | Benshi mu bapfobya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, bavuga ko yatewe n’ihanurwa ry’indege y’uwahoze ari Perezida wa Repubulika, Habyarimana Juvenal. Ariko amateka yerekana ko ibikorwa by’igerageza ryayo byatangiye guhera 1959 Abatutsi bicwa, bagatotezwa, abarokotse bakirukanwa mu gihugu bakagirwa impunzi, bigakomeza gutyo kugeza muri Jenoside karundura yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Dr Bizimana Jean Damascene, Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kurwanya Jenoside CNLG, yerekana ibikorwa bitanu biranga Jenoside muri rusange byatangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu Rwanda Jenoside igeragezwa. Bimwe muri ibyo bikorwa harimo kwambura itsinda abana baryo, bagahabwa irindi tsinda badafite aho bahuriye. Ibyo bikaba byarakozwe mu cyahoze ari Gikongoro mu mirenge ya Kaduha na Cyanika mu mwaka 1963, mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi bo muri utwo duce ku ngoma ya Kayibanda. Dr Bizimana agira ati” Nyuma y’ubwo bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi bo muri utu duce, Nkezabera Damien wari Minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi ku ngoma ya Kayibanda yaje gutanga icyo bitaga ihumure, avuga ko ubwicanyi bwahagaze nta Mututsi wongera kwicwa. Uwo muyobozi yaje gusanga hari abana bakomoka mu miryango y’Abatutsi bari bishwe icyo gihe, barahungishirijwe mu bapadiri bari baturiye aho. Nkezabera yahise ategeka imiryango y’Abahutu gufata abo bana bari bakiri ibitambambuga,kubajyana ikabarera. Nuko ba bana bakomoka ku Batutsi bakurira mu miryango y’Abahutu bazi ko ari bo babyeyi babo.” |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/gen-kabarebe-yavuze-ko-ibibazo-byinshi-by-umutekano | Gen. Kabarebe yavuze ko ibibazo byinshi by’umutekano byugarije Afurika bikwiye gushakirwa umuti | Minisitiri w’Ingabo, Gen. James Kabarebe, yasabye abanyafurika kujya babanza kwishakamo ubushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo bibugarije mbere yo kujya gushakira ubufasha ahandi. Yabitangarije mu ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare i Nyakinama kuri uyu wa Mbere, ubwo yatangizaga inama ngarukamwaka y’iminsi itatu yiga ku bibazo by’umutekano muri Afurika. Gen. Kabarebe yavuze ko ibibazo byinshi by’umutekano byugarije Afurika bikwiye gushakirwa umuti n’abanyafurika ubwabo aho kwihutira gusaba ubufasha abanyamahanga. Ati “Umutekano ni inkingi y’iterambere ry’igihugu. Ibihugu bya Afurika bigira umutekano muke bitewe n’amakimbirane, iterabwoba, imiyoborere mibi, ibyaha byambukiranya imipaka n’ibindi. Ibi bikeneye igisubizo gihamye mu karere ndetse n’umugabane wa Afurika mbere yo gushakira ubufasha ahandi. Ndizera ko ubumenyi muzahakura buzazana impinduka nziza mu bihugu byanyu no mu karere ndetse no ku Mugabane wa Afurika.” Umuyobozi w’Ishuri Rikuru rya Gisirikare riri i Nyakinama, Maj. Gen. Jean Bosco Kazura, yavuze ko inama nk’iyi ifasha abasirikare bakuru kumenya neza ibibazo biriho n’umusanzu batanga ngo bikemuke. Ati “Inama nk’iyi iba ihuje abasirikare bakuru kuko nibo bayobozi w’ingabo b’ejo hazaza. Iyo bahuriye hano bigira hamwe ibibazo Isi ifite mu by’umutekano bakareba uko batanga umusanzu mu kubikemura kandi izayibanjirije zagiye zitanga umusaruro ufatika”. Impuguke mu bibazo by’umutekano, wanabaye Ambasaderi wa Nigeria mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano mu muryango w’abibumbye, Prof. Ibrahim Kambare, yavuze ko amavugurura yakozwe mu muryango wa Afurika Yunze ubumwe yitezweho umusaruro ku bibazo by’umutekano byugarije uyu mugabane. Yagize ati “Ibijyanye n’umutekano bisaba ubufatanye bw’ibihugu, byaragaragaye muri Somalia na Mali ko hari umutekano muke ariko ugasanga ingamba zifatwa ni ugukumira gusa ariko turizera ko amavugururwa yakozwe na Perezida Paul Kagame mu muryango wa Afurika yunze ubumwe azazana impinduka kuko harimo uburyo akanama k’umutekano kazajya kagenerwa ingengo y’imari”. Iyi nama izamara iminsi itatu yateguwe n’Ishuli Rikuru rya Gisirikare rya Nyakinama ku bufatanye na Kaninuza y’u Rwanda. Yitabiriwe n’abasirikare bakuru 45 baturuka mu bihugu birimo Repubulika ya Czech, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, u Rwanda, Sénégal, Uganda, Tanzania na Zambia
Niyomugabo Albert |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kwibuka-24-ubuhamya-bwa-mukana-bwahungabanyije-benshi-bari | Kwibuka 24 : Ubuhamya bwa Mukanyana bwahungabanyije benshi bari bitabiriye ibikorwa byo kwibuka Abatutsi | Mukanyana Vestine baramutemye ariko ntiyapfa, n’uwamukuye mu mirambo aho bari bamujugunye amujyana iwe akajya afatanya na murumuna we kumufata ku ngufu. Ni ubuhamya bwahungabanyije benshi bari bitabiriye ibikorwa byo kwibuka Abatutsi biciwe mu Karere ka Kamonyi bazize Jenoside mu 1994. Ubwo nibwo buhamya bwa mbere Mukanyana atanze kuva Jenoside yahagarikwa mu myaka 24 ishize. Mbere ya Jenoside Mukanyana n’umuryango we bari batuye muri Komine Taba, ubu ni mu Murenge wa Rugalika. Muri aka gace ubwicanyi bwatangiye indege ya Habyarimana ikimara guhanuka. Abatutsi baho batangira gutotezwa, kumeneshwa, bamwe batangira guhungira mu bihuru. Yagize ati “Mu masaha y’umugoroba twumvise abantu baza bagana iwacu bavuza amafirimbi, ababyeyi bacu bati ‘duhunge twatewe’.“Twahise tumena imyugariro tujya kwihisha mu makawa, mu rukerera papa yagiye kutuzanira imineke, ntitwongera kumubona kugeza bukeye tujya kwihisha ahandi mu rutoki.” Ubwicanyi ngo bwongereye ubukana, Mukanyana n’abavandimwe be ngo abicanyi baje kubavumbura babashyira hamwe n’abandi bantu benshi batangira kubica. Ati “Baduteyemo gerenade ‘éclats’ ziramfata ndakomereka cyane, hanyuma batangira gutemagura abantu ariko jyewe imirambo irangwira sinagerwaho n’umuhoro. “Nyuma baje gupakira iyo mirambo, bangezeho nzamura akaboko bankuramo, nduka amaraso, barambaza ngo uri iki nti ndi umuhutu, bati buriya ubwo utapfuye uri we.” Icyatumaga adatanga ubwo buhamya biri no mu byashenguye abantu, ni uko
uwamukuye muri iyo mirambo uwitwa Lambert wamusambanyaga ku ngufu atigeze akurikiranwa kugeza uyu munsi.Ati “Yaje kunjyana iwe, nyuma atangira kumfata ku ngufu, uko umugore we atirimutse akandyamisha mu mbuga agakora ibyo ashaka. Mukanyana Vestine ati “Murumuna we na we yava ku irondo akaza akanjyaho, bansimburanaho. Nabaye muri ubwo buzima kugeza Inkotanyi zije ariko jye nkomeza kuba umugore w’iyo nterahamwe.” Avuga ko bahunze bakajya ku Ruyenzi ariko n’aho uwo Lambert agakomeza kumusambanya. Ibyo byose byamubayeho byatumye atabasha kugira uwo abibwira barimo na nyirasenge bahahuriye. Ati “Twaje guhunguka dusubira mu rugo, iwacu baza guhemba uwo mugabo ngo yarandokoye ariko barahansiga. Yongeye gushaka kunsambanya ndamwangira, ankubita urushyi mpita nsohoka, mpava uko”. Mukanyana ubu ari aho, ahangana n’ubuzima nk’abandi, akemeza ko kuba abohotse akavuga ari bwo yiyubatse. Abayobozi batandukanye bavuze ko ubwo buhamya bugaragaza ko hakiri abarokotse Jenoside batarabasha gutinyuka ngo bavuge ibyababayeho. Babakanguriye kubirenga bakabivuga, kuko ngo ari byo bituma baruhuka imitima, bagakira kwigunga.
Chief editor |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/abakecuru-n-abasaza-barokotse-jenoside-basaba-ababaguma | Abacyecuru n’abasaza barokotse jenoside basaba ababaguma hafi | Abacyecuru n’abasaza babuze abo mu miryango yabo bagasigara bonyine, baravuga ko bakeneye abababa hafi mu minsi micye basigaje yo kubaho kuko nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi,hari abasigaye bonyine kandi bashaje cyane, ku buryo batagira icyo bikorera bityo abo kubaba hafi bakaba bacyenewe. Bamwe muri bo bamaze kubakirwa amazu rusange, aho batunzwe n’ikigega gifasha abarokotse jenoside. Ikigo cyiswe Impinganzima mu karere ka Nyanza, ni kimwe mu byubakiwe aba bapfakazi bageze mu zabukuru.Kirimo abacyecuru n’abasaza bigaragara ko bakuze cyane kuburyo benshi bagenda bunamye bitwaje udukoni.Muri rusange ngo nta n’umwe uri munsi y’imyaka 65. Uru rugo rwubatswe n’imiryango itandukanye nk’uwabapfakajwe na Jenocide -AVEGA, ndetse n’indi miryango nterankunga. Hashize imyaka 3 aba mbere muri aba basheshe akanguhe bagejejwe muri aya mazu.Bari bamaze gutarurwa aho babaga bonyine. Umwe mu bacyecuru yaganiriye n’itangazamakuru yagaragaje umunezero asigaye afite kuko akiba wenyine hari ibintu bicyenerwa mu buzi atabonaga ariko ubu ibyinshi arabibona kandi arishimye. Yagize ati"Nari nambaye ubusa none dore nditeye. Nakarabaga sinshobore gucya none dore ndasa neza. Ndaseka, nkabona abo tuganira, ubu ndishimye rwose. " Muri uru rugo kandi hari n’abasaza 3, kimwe na bagenzi babo b’abakecuru ni inshike kuko nta muntu n’umwe basigaranye wo mu muryango wabo. Umwe muri bo na we yaduhaye ubuhamya bwe."Nabaga ndi jyenyine, ibibazo bikandenga.Nkarara ndasinziriye mpagaritse umutima, nikanga ko abantu bantera." Muri ubu buzima bwa rusange, ikigega gifasha abacitse ku icumu ni cyo kibatunze umunsi ku wundi, ni nacyo kibavuza dore ko bageze no mugihe cyo kurwaragurika. Madame Chantal Munganyinka ni umukozi w’iki kigega ushinzwe ubuzima bwabo aho abafasha mu byerekeranye no kubaha imiti ndetse n’iyo barembye bababa hafi muri macye ngo basigaye ari abaganga babo. Chantal Munganyinka Agira ati"Tuba dufite abanywa imiti, ni twe tuyibaha nk’uko muganga yabitegetse.Ubu twabaye nk’abaganga.Iyo yarembye uragenda ukamurara iruhande bikamuha icyizere cyo gukira". Uretse amazu nk’aya ari i Nyanza, andi nka yo yamaze kubakwa mu duce nka Kayenzi, Rulindo, Rwamagana, Kayonza na Huye, yose hamwe akaba acumbikiye abacyecuru n’abasaza b’inshike bakabakaba 200. Gusa haracyakenewe imbaraga kuko ibarura ryakozwe ryerekanye ko abacyeneye kubakirwa no gukurikiranirwa hafi basaga 800 mu gihugu cyose. Chief Editor |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/umucyecuru-yakoresheje-amayeri-ahambaye-arokora-abatutsi | Umucyecuru yakoresheje amayeri ahambaye arokora abatutsi 100 | Umukecuru w’umuyislamukazi witwa Zura Karuhimbi w’imyaka isaga 100, avuga ko yarokoye Abatutsi basaga 100 bahigwaga muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, babaga bahigwa n’Interahamwe n’abandi bari bagamije kubica, yakoresheje amayeri yo kwiyita umurozi ruharwa abasha kugera ku ntego. Atuye mu murenge wa Ruhango, akarere ka Ruhango Intara y’Amajyepfo, yemeza ko afite imyaka 106 ariko n’ubwo bigaragara ko amaze gukura avuga ko atazi neza igihe yavukiye, yemeza ko ku ngoma y’umwami Yuhi Musinga yari amaze kuba umukobwa w’inkumi. Uyu mukecuru avuga ko ubutwari yagize bwo kurokora Abatutsi bahigwaga muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi abukomora ku mayeri yahimbye, abeshya Interahamwe n’abandi babahigaga ngo babice, ko ari umurozi ruharwa, abakangisha Nyabingi. Yabajijwe uko byagenze ngo akore icyo gikorwa cy ’indashyikirwa avuga ko ibyo byose yabifashijwemo n’Imana ndetse na bimwe mubyo yakoraga by’imyenda. Zula yagize ati “Nahishe Abatutsi 100.Icyo gihe Imana niyo yabikoraga, … narimfite ibintu nkora, ibintu nakoraga nibyo nabambiikaga, namara kubibambiika nkacisha ku nzu hose, nti nimuze Nyabingi irabarya”. Zura Karuhimbi akomeza avuga ko aya mayeri yakoresheje, yayajyagaho inama n’abakobwa be babiri. Zura Karuhimbi yagize ati “Narimfite abakobwa babiri, nkababwira nti, nimucuguse, bagacugusa [uducuma], nti maze za Nyabingi nizize, hakavuga byabindi by’ubucuma, bakambaza bati ‘iwanyu nihe’, nti ‘uwacu ni i Rukiga’, bati ‘i Rukiga Nyabingi barayigira”. Zula avuga ko Interahamwe zabimenyereye zitinya kongera kugaruka iwe zivuga ko ari umurozi ukarishye, by’umwihariko ko uguhisha Abatutsi yabikomoye ku babyeyi be bahishaga abantu bagirirwaga nabi mu myaka ya kera mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Zula ati “Mama Nyiranziza yahishaga abantu kuko yahishe Inkindi, ahisha Mukandutiye na Mukarwego n’abandi b’Abanyabufundu, ubwo se twajyaga kwica abantu dute"? Uyu mukecuru abana n’umwisengeneza we witwa Niyigena, by’umwihariko ko Leta imugenera buri kwezi inkunga y’ingoboka, uyu mukobwa babana akavuga ko ayo mafaranga ari make, kuko na we asubira inyuma agakoresha imbaraga zishoboka zose ngo abashe kubona ibimutunga byose. Niyigena na Nyirasenge (Zula) batangarije Ijwi rya Amerika dukesha iyi nkuru ko bafite umunezero kubera ko bamaze umwaka umwe batujwe mu nzu nziza bubakiwe n’ubuyobozi bw’akarere ka Ruhango. Uyu mukobwa Niyigena ashimangira ko n’ubwo batuye mu nzu nziza, bataryama ngo basinzire kubera ishyari ry’abaturanyi babo. Ati “Nijoro iyo ndyamye, si nsinzira, nasinzira se?, baza bakayicukura bakadusangamo, bazi ko afite amafaranga ngo atagira uko angana, nk’ubu mwaje [abanyamakuru] ubu bazi ko ko murasiga miliyoni, ni ukuvuga ngo ubu ndumva amaso andya, kuko ntabwo nsinzira”. Akomeza avuga ko bamwe mu baturanyi batishimira ko yakoze ibintu by’ubutwari, babagirira ishyari bazi ko ababasuura babasigira amafaranga menshi, ati “Ntabwo babyishimira ndetse umuntu ashobora no kuguhaga akarara akwishe, kandi ni ukuri ntayo, nonese haba hari amafaranga nkajya guhinga, ndaceceka nkabihorera”. Mu mwaka wa 2007, Zula yambitswe umudali w’ishimwe na Perezida Paul Kagame. Mu mwaka wa 2015, yambitswe umudali w’ishimwe n’idini ya Isilamu mu Rwanda asengeramo. Iyo umusuye ahita yikoza mu nzu akayivana aho yayibitse akayizana akakwereka. Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/Bugesera-Umugabo-yatawe-muri-yombi-nyuma-yo-kuvuga-amagambo-yuzuyemo-ingengabitekerezo | Bugesera:Umugabo yatawe muri yombi nyuma yo kuvuga amagambo yuzuyemo ingengabitekerezo | Museruka Augustin w’imyaka 73 utuye mu murenge wa Nyamata akagari ka Kayumba mu mudugudu wa Murambi, yaraye atawe muri yombi ku mugoroba wo kuwa mbere nyuma yo kuvugira amagambo afatwa nk‘Ingengabitekerezo ndetse no gupfobya’ Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu biganiro byaberaga kuri ‘site’ ya Murambi. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyamata, Mushenyi Innocent yabwiye itangamakuru ko nyuma y’ibiganiro byo ku gicamunsi cyo kuwa mbere Museruka Augustin yavuze amagambo akomeye. Aho yavuze ati “Abatutsi sibo bababaye gusa, kuko n’abahutu barapfuye”. Hari andi makuru avuga ko Museruka Augustin yavuze ko ngo agahinda kadafitwe n’abatutsi gusa. Yagize ati “Abatutsi ataribo bafite agahinda gusa kuko hatabaye Jenoside y’Abatutsi gusa, anavuga ko Congo (DRC) haguye benshi”. yakomeje avuga ko umugore w’uyu mugabo banafitanye abana babiri yageraje kumutwama ngo aceceke, Museruka agahita amubwira amagambo yo kumukanga ngo“Nikicare dore uko gasa, nagakuye mu rufunzo (umugore we yacitse ku icumu)” Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyamata,Mushenyi innocent yavuze ko uyu mugabo akimara kuvuga ibi, abaturage bahise bahamagara Polisi iraza ihita imufata, ubu akaba afungiye kuri ‘station’ ya Polisi ya Nyamata mu gihe agikorwaho iperereza. Mushenyi innocent ati “Ubu ari mu maboko ya Polisi ariko nawe ubwe yarabyiyemereye ibyo yavuze aranabyandika abisubiramo.” Umugore wa Museruka yababajwe cyane n’amagambo y’umugabo we, ku buryo byabaye ngombwa ko hifashishwa abashinzwe gufasha abantu bahura n’ihungabana mu biganiro, amaze gusubirana asubira mu rugo. Abajijwe niba uyu musaza aho atuye yari asanzwe agaragaza imvugo nk’izi, Mushenyi yavuze ko nta makuru abifiteho ariko bishoboka ko ibyo yavuze yaba yari Amaze igihe abitekereza akarindira kubivuga muri ibi bihe, ari nabyo byababaje abaturage bari bahari. Kuri ubu ubuyobozi burimo gukurikirana ngo burebe ko Museruka atari yarigeze akatirwa na Gacaca cyangwa izindi nkiko, kuko ngo adakomoka i Nyamata yahaje nk’umwimukira. Uyu muyobozi w’umurenge wa Nyamata avuga ko ibintu nk’ibi bitari bisanzwe muri uyu murenge. Agasaba abaturage ko mu bihe nk’ibi byo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bakwitwarariraka bakirinda amagambo asezereza kandi bakarushaho kwegera abacitse ku icumu bakabahumuriza. Ati “Jenoside yatewe n’ibintu nk’ibi, uriya mugabo yagaragaje aho yagaragaje urwango kugera n’aho abivugira mu ruhame.” Asaba kandi abantu kwirinda ingengabitekerezo kuko ntaho yageza igihugu, ariko ngo n’ababirenzeho hari amategeko azajya abakurikirana bakabiryozwa. Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/reba-urutonde-rwa-jenoside-z-abayeho-mu-mateka-y-isi-reba | Reba urutonde rwa Jenoside z’abayeho mu mateka y’isi[REBA MAFOTO] | Ijambo Jenoside (Genocide)ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere n’umwanditsi Raphael Lemkin mu gitabo cye yise [Axis Rule in Occupied Europe]. Ijambo Genocide kandi riva ku magambo abiri y’Ikigiriki ariyo “Genos” Bivuga Ubwoko cyangwa abantu na “Cide” bivuga igikorwa cyo kwica).Aya magambo uyahuje bitanga ijambo Jenoside(Genocide) aho bivugwa kwica ubwoko bw’abantu ugamije kubusibanganya burundu ku isi. Urutonde rwa Jenoside 5 zikomeye zabayeho mu mateka y’isi 1.Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda mu mwaka w’1994 ni Jenoside ifite itandukaniro z’izindi zabaye mu mateka ,yakozwe n’Abanyarwanda bayikorera abandi Banyarwanda bavuga ururimi rumwe,basangiye umuco n’ibindi nko gushyingirana kugabirana inka n’ibindi byahuzaga abanyarwanda guhera mu myaka ya kera. Nkuko ahandi hose byagiye bigenda Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda nayo yarateguwe mu gihe kinini, nkaho habanje inyigisho zitandukanya Abanyarwanda,Kwambura ubumuntu bamwe mu Banyarwanda byose bigakorwa n’ubutegetsi . Gusa ikindi gituma iba umwihariko ni uko yakozwe mu minsi 100 gusa. Guhera tariki ya 6 Mata kugeza tariki 4 Nyakanga mu mwaka 1994, Abatutsi barenga miliyoni imwe barishwe. Inyandiko y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yemeza ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka 1994 ifite aho ihurira cyane na Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi. Zihuzwa n’umugambi abakoze izi Jenoside bari bafite:- Kumaraho burundu ubwoko bwicwaga. Mu gihe kandi Jenoside zabaye ahandi zagiye zihagarikwa n’abandi bantu, Jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi yo yahagaritswe n’Abanyarwanda ubwabo aribo Ingabo za RPA INKOTANYI.
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi 1994 mu Rwanda 2.Jenoside y’Abanya-Armenia Iyi Jenoside yabaye mu mwaka wa 1915, aho ubwoko bw’Abarnyarumeniya bari batuye mu cyitwaga Ubwami bw’Abami(Empire)bwa Ottoman bishwe birebererwa na Leta ya Ottoman. Iri yicwa ry’aba baturage Ba Armenia ryatumye abitwaga ko barokotse bahungira ahantu habi nyuma nabo bakicwa n’indwara z’Ibyorezo zibasanze mu nkambi babaga bakambitsemo.Imibare itangazwa n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ivuga ko Abanya-Armenia barenga miliyoni imwe bishwe mu myaka 8 gusa.
Jenoside y’Abanya-Armenia 3.Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi Ishyaka rya NAZI ryayogoje Uburayi bwose ryagiye ku butegetsi mu Budage mu mwaka 1933.Mu byaranze amateka y’ishyaka NAZI ryayoborwaga n’umunyagitugu Adolph Hitler , harimo n’iyi Jenoside ifatwa nk’iyatwaye ubuzima bw’abantu benshi kurusha izindi zose z’abayeho mu mateka y’isi dutuye, gushotora ibihugu byose byo kumugabane w’Iburayi no kwiyita ubwoko bwatoranijwe n’Imana. Aba-NAZI bashinjaga Abayahudi kwivanga muri Politiki z’ibihugu , bakaba baranavugaga ko ari abantu baje gusahura ubukungu bw’u Budage n’ibindi bihugu babagamo byo kumugabane w’Uburayi. Mu mwaka wa 1938, aba NAZI batangiye kujya bafata Abayahudi bakabarundanyiriza mu nkambi zitandukanye mu gihugu cy’u Budage.
Ubusanzwe aba NAZI bari abantu bakunda intambara, uko bagendaga bigarurira uduce dutandukanye tw’u Burayi, aho bageraga hose bafataga Abayahudu bakabarundanyiriza mu nkambi, ariko umugambi wabo wari utaramenyekana. Ubwo ingabo z’Abadage zagabaga igitero mu bihugu bitandukanye, ibi byatumye Abayahudu barenga milinyoni imwe bicwa. Ibyo ntibyahagarariye aho, aba NAZI bakomeje kujya bubaka inkambi zo kwiciramo Abayahudi mu duce twa Auschwitz-Birkanau, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno na Sobibor, Abayahudi barenga miliyoni 2 barishwe hakoreshwe imyuka y’uburozi, cyangwa bakabashyira aho babakoreraho igeregeza mu mamashini. Kubera ko izo nkambi Abayahudi babagamo zari zimeze nabi cyane, ibi byatumye abenshi bapfa. Amakuru ava mu muryango w’Abibumbye agaragaza ko umubare w’Abayahudi wishwe muri Jenoside utazwi neza, Gusa bikekwako abarenga miliyoni 6 bishwe ku mugabane w’u Burayi, mu mwaka wa 1945.
Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi 4.Jenoside yakorewe abanya-Cambodia Tariki ya 14, Werurwe mu mwaka 1975, nibwo Umunyagitugu Khmer Rouge yatorewe kuyobora Cambodia, Yahise atangaza ko abantu baba muri Cambodia bafite ubushobozi budahagije batagomba kwihanganirwa. Khmer Rouge akijyaho yahise avanaho icyitwa uburezi, amadini, amavuriro n’ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga arabihagarika. Khmer Rouge yategetse ko abatuye mu mijyi ya Cambodia bahimuka ku ngufu ndetse bagakora akazi kose badahembwa. Abaturage bageze mu za bukuru bananiwe gukora batarya, baricwa.Uyu kandi yanaciye iteka ryo kwica umuntu uwo ari we wese yakekaga ko atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwe. Khmer Rouge yakomeje kujya yibasira abaganga, abarimu n’abandi bari barize, ubwo batangiye kujya batotezwa bakanicwa, ibi byose byakorerwaga muri gereza yitwa Tuol Sleng. Mu myaka 4 gusa Khmer Rouge yamaze ku butegetsi, abaturage bari hagati ya miliyoni 1-2 barishwe.
Jenoside yakorewe abanya-Cambodia 5.Jenoside yakorewe muri Bosiniya
Mu mwaka 1991 Yugoslavia yatangiye kujya yicamo ibice bitewe b’amoko yabari bayituye. Muri icyo gihe, Slovania yatangiye gusaba ubwigenge nyamara ari nako ubuzima bw’abantu buhazimira, bidatinze Croatia nayo yahise itangaza ko ikeneye Ubwigenge,ibi byahise biba intandaro y’intambara y’amoko yayogoje Yugoslavia. Guhera ubwo, ingabo za Yugoslavia zinjiye mu gace ka Croatia, abaturage batari bake barishwe, cyane mu gace ka Vukovar, Hifashishijwe abasirikare babanya -Serbia abaturage batangiye kwicwa ku buryo bubabaje. Nyuma y’umwaka umwe gusa, hari mu mwaka 1992, izindi ntara zatangije imivurungano yo gushaka Ubwigenge, zimwe murizo zari Bosnia na Herzegovina ( Izi zaje kubyara igihugu cya Bosnia Herzegovina) ibi yatumye haba imirwano ikomeye hagati y’abaturage n’ingabo ziturutse muri Serbia. Nkuko bigenda mu bihe by’umutekano muke n’intambara bamwe mu Basirikare ba Leta bagendaga bafata ku ngufu abagore no kwica abaturage babasivili batagira ingano. Ingabo za Bosnia zari ziyobowe na General Radko Mladic zishe abagabo n’abasore bagera ku bihumbi 75. Ibi byatumye umuryango Wabibumbye ushyiraho urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho Yugoslavia mu mwaka wa 1993.Iyi Jenosideyakorewe abanya-Bosnia babasivili yatwaye ubuzima bw’abagera ku bihumbi 97.
Jenoside yakorewe muri Bosiniya Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/tutitaye-ku-bayobozi-babayeho-bakaganye | Ibitangaje kuri Iddi Amin Dada wavuzweho udushya twinshi nko kwirukanira abagore be 3 kuri Radiyo | Tutitaye ku bayobozi babayeho bakaganye ndetse bari bateye ubwoba bitewe n’ibikorwa bakoraga bitari byiza ku Isi nka ba Hitler,ba Musoline,Napoleon ndetse na Mawozdong, Burya ngo Afurika nayo yagize abategetsi batangaje kubera udushya bari bazwiho.Aha uwufite twishi twihariye ni Idi Amin Dada wategetse Uganda kuva mu 1971 kugeza mu 1979 aho yarongoye abagore batanu ari ku butegetsi, barimo babiri bakoze ubukwe mu mwaka umwe,yakoreye ubukwe mu nama y’abaperezida ba OUA ndetse yasendeye abagore batatu kuri Radiyo y’Igihugu. Amin ni umugabo uzwi mu mateka ya Uganda kubera udushya twaranze ubutegetsi bwe. Uretse kuvuga Icyongereza nabi, gufata imyanzuro ihutiyeho, Amin yaciye agahigo ko kurongora abagore batanu. Umugwa mu ntege ni Jacob Zuma wahoze ayobora Afurika y’Epfo ufite bane. Mu myaka umunani Amin yamaze ku butegetsi, bivugwa ko yabyaye abana 43, harimo ababa muri Uganda n’ahandi ku Isi. Umugore wa mbere wa Idi Amin Dada, Malyamu Amin ngo yari afite uburanga budasanzwe, akaba muremure kandi yakomokaga mu muryango wifashije w’abo mu bwoko bw’Abasoga, se Kibedi akaba yari umwe mu barimu bazwi mu gace yakomokagamo. Uretse no kuba Kibedi uwo yari umurezi wubashywe mu gace yari atuyemo, yari n’umuvadimwe wa Joshua Wanume Kibedi wanabaye Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga muri Uganda ku ngoma ya Idi Amin.Uyu mugore ngo iyo yatambukanaga n’umugabo w’ibigango nka Idi Amin wari unazwi mu mukino w’iteramakofe n’abandi basore bo muri Uganda barararamaga amajosi akenda gutakara kubera ubwiza bwe. Gusa igitangaje n’ubwo Amin yari yaramenyanye n’uyu mugore mu 1953, ngo basezeranye mu mategeko mu 1966, ariko nyuma y’indi myaka irindwi ahita amusenda ku mugaragaro.
New Vision yanditse kuri aya makuru ivuga ko impamvu zo gushwana kwa Malyamu na Amin zagizwe ibanga. Mu 1966, umwaka wahiriye Amin mu kurongora Mu 1966 nibwo Amin yarongoye byemewe n’amategeko Malyamu ahita anawurongoramo Kay Adroa.N’ubwo Amin yari Umuyisilamu ukomeye, yabengutse Kay Adroa wakomokaga mu muryango wa Gikirisitu wavukaga kuri Reverand Adroa wari uzwi cyane mu iyogezabutumwa mu gace ka Arua. Bivugwa ko Amin yarongoye Adroa kugira ngo abibe imbuto za kigabo mu gace yakomokagamo ka West Nile, kandi ngo iyo yararanganyaga amaso mu bakobwa bahakomoka, nta wundi yabonaga utari Adroa wigaga muri Kaminuza ya Makerere. Kimwe na Malyamu kandi, Adroa na we ntiyashyingiwe binyuze mu mihango y’idini, ahubwo Amin yahisemo kujya kubikorera mu ibanga rikomeye imbere y’umwanditsi mukuru mu by’amategeko.
Adroa na we yahawe gatanya mu 1973 kimwe na Malyamu, uko bakarongorewe rimwe banasendewe umwaka umwe. Nora Amin na Madina Amin wari umubyinnyi Nyuma y’umwaka arongoye ba bagore babiri, mu 1967 Amin yiyongeje undi mugore Nora Amin wari ufite uburanga bubahiga bose. Gusa Nora nta byinshi avugwaho mu ruhando rw’ababaye abagore ba Amin uko ari batanu. Uyu na we yamuhaye ikarita itukura mu 1973, umwaka usa n’aho Idi Amin yari mu mukwabu wo kwirukana ba ‘First Ladies’ muri Uganda. Mbere y’aho ariko mu 1972, Idi Amin wari warahawe akazina ka ‘Big Daddy’ n’Abagande yaciye agahigo ku kuba nibura buri gace ka Uganda yari agafitemo umugore. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ngo yahisemo gushaka umukobwa wo mu bwoko bw’Abaganda wujuje ibisabwa byose, byongeye wo mu idini ya Islam.Uwo nta wundi ni Madina Amin, bashakanye mu 1972. Uyu Madina ngo ntiyari yoroshye mu kubyina injyana zari zigezweho, kuko yanabarizwaga mu itsinda rya Heart-Beat of Africa ryabicaga bigacika muri iyo myaka. Madina ngo iyo yabyinaga atigisa ikibuno imisozi yarahungabanaga
Mu gitabo cyiswe ‘‘The State Of Blood’’ cyandiswe na Henry Kyemba na we yemeje aya makuru, aho avuga ati “Madina yari umugore wabyinaga ntukureho ijisho, nta mugabo wahumbyaga uyu mugore ari gutigisa ikibuno”.
New Vision ikomeza ivuga ko mu gihe Amin yari arwariye bikomeye muri Arabie Saoudite mu 2003, Leta ya Uganda yahaye Madina ubufasha bwo kujya kureba uwahoze ari umugabo we.
Amin yishe umusore yari amaze kwambura inkumi bakundanaga
Mu 1974, Sarah Kyolaba uzwi nka “Suicide Sarah” yari atwite inda y’umusore bakundanaga. Uyu mukobwa wari uhebuje mu buranga yari asanzwe ari umubyinnyi wa Kompanyi Mizike yo mu Ngabo za Uganda. Ibi byamuheshaga uburyo bwo kunyura imbere y’abategetsi bakomeye mu gihe cy’akarasisi k’ingabo, binashoboka ko ariho Idi Amin yamurabukiwe.
Sarah ariko wari unafite umukunzi bizwi na bose, ntiyazuyaje kwemera Amin ubwo yamutungaga inkoni. Sarah Kyolaba bivugwa ko ibirori byo gushyingirwa kwe na Amin byabereye mu Nama y’Abaperezida b’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika (yari ikiri OUA) yaberaga muri Kampala, muri Kanama 1975. Sarah yamenyanye na Amin atwite inda y’undi musore, nyuma y’iminsi mike Amin yatangaje ko umwana Sarah atwite ari uwe. Umusore wateye inda Sarah yaje kuburirwa irengero ndetse bikekwa ko Amin yaba yaramwishe. Uyu mugore wa gatanu wa Amin ni na we bahunganye muri Arabie Saoudite nyuma aza kumutayo yigira kwibera mu Budage ari umunyamideli aza no kujya mu Bwongereza mu 1982 atangira ubucuruzi bwa restaurant. 1973-1974, Amin yirukaniye abagore batatu kuri Radiyo
Yaba Malyamu, Kay Adroa na Madina Amin, aba bose nta n’umwe Amin yarebeye izuba muri iyi myaka ibiri y’umukwabu mu bagore yari atunze kuko yabivugiye ku mugaragaro abanyujije mu itangazo kuri Radio, mu ijwi ryuzuye umujanya aho yagize ati “Bose uko ari batatu nabirukanye, mubifate mutyo.” Aba bagore ngo bari batangiye kwinjirira ubuzima bwa Big Daddy Amin. Kuri Malyamu we bikekwa ko batanyijwe nuko Amin yari amaze gushwana na musaza we Wanume Kibedi wari wanahunze igihugu. Hari n’abavuga ko kubera ko Amin yasaga n’uwataye abo bagore, bagiye baca ku ruhande bagashaka abagabo bo kubakemurira ibibazo byo mu buriri. Aba bagore Amin yagiye abica urw’agashinyaguro, Malyamu yagonzwe n’imodoka mu buryo budasobanutse acika akaguru n’akaboko. Uwo yaje guhunga akiza amagara ye mu 1975. Kay Adroa we yasanzwe mu Bitaro bya Mulago baramucagaguyemo udupande. Mu buryo buteye ubwoba, Amin yafashe abana abajyana mu bitaro kubereka umurambo wa Adroa. Source Wikipedia na New Vision Yanditswe na Habarurema Djamali |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-abaperezida-5-bishe-umubarere-munini-w-abaturage | Menya Abaperezida bishe umubarere munini w’Abaturage [Amafoto] | Kuva Isi yaremwa cyangwa se yabaho hari amwe mu mateka yagiye aranga Iyi si n’abayituyeho kugeza n’ubwo nan’ubu ari ibintu bitajya bisibangana mu mitwe y’ikiremwa muntu bitewe n’uburyo ayo mateka aba yarabaye indengakamere ndetse akanafata mu mitima ya benshi. Ku bijyanye n’ubugome bwaranze isi ahanini bwagiye bukururwa na bamwe mu ba Perezida babaye kuri iyi si dutuye ho aho hari bamwe bagiye bica imbaga y’abantu kuburyo n’umwana uvuka uyu munsi aba azi ibintu byabaye mu myaka amagana n’amagana yahise.bamwe mu ba Perezida babaye inkoramaraso aha ku Isi batazibagirana bakomeje kujya bagarukwaho n’ibinyamakuru bitandukanye n’ubwo usanga ntamubare uzwi neza w’abantu bagiye bapfa bishwe n’aba ba Perezida ariko hagiye habaho gukora ibarura ndetse no kugereranya ari nayo mpamvu twabakoreye icyegeranyo ku ba Perezida baciye agahigo ko kwica abaturage benshi. 5. Hideki Tojo [miliyoni 5 barapfuye]
Hideki TojoUyu yari generale mu gisirikare cy’igihugu cy’Ubuyapani mu gihe cy’ubwami Uyu yari generale mu gisirikare cy’igihugu cy’Ubuyapani mu gihe cy’ubwami. Akaba yarabaye icyarimwe minisitiri w’intebe na minisiteri w’ingabo. Gusa ibi bikaba bitaramunhyuze kuko nyuma yaje no kuba minisitiri w’umuryango, minisiriri w’ububanyi n’amahanga, minisitiri w’uburezi ndetse aba na minisitiri w’ubucuruzi. Ku ngoma ye akaba yarivuganye abantu bagera kuri 5.000.000 4. Leopold II wo mu Bubiligi [miliyoni2-15 barapfuye]
Leopold II yari Umwami w’Ububiligi wizeraga ubukoroni cyane aho yumvaga gukoroniza ibihugu by’amahanga bikwiriye Leopold II yari Umwami w’Ububiligi wizeraga ubukoroni cyane aho yumvaga gukoroniza ibihugu by’amahanga bikwiriye ku gihugu cye yabona ari igihangange. Gusa ntibyamuhiriye kuko Ububiligi butari bushishikajwe no gukoroniza ibindi bihugu .Akaba ariyo mpamvu yatumye Leopold II ajya kwishakira ibihugu akoroniza ku giti cye aho yaje gushinga ishyirahamwe yise « the International African Society »abantu bakagirango in umugambi mwiza afite. Nyuma y’umwaka, rya shyirahamnwe rimufasha kugera mu gihugu cya Congo aho yashinze Colonie yitwa“Congo Free State”, abifashijwemo n’ingabo ze. Ku ngoma ye Leopold II akaba yarahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 2.000.000-15.000.000. 3. Adolf Hitler (miliyoni 17 barapfuye)
Hitler yabaye umuyobozi w’ishyaka ry’Abanazi mu Budage
Hitler yabaye umuyobozi w’ishyaka ry’Abanazi mu Budage.Yari umunyagitugu wujuje ibyangombwa akaba yarayoboye iki gihugu cy’Ubudage hagati yo muri 1934-1945 akaba yarageze ku buyobozi abusonzeye cyane ashaka kwigarurira Uburayi bwose. Hitler akaba yarazanye repubulika ya gatatu mu Budage. Hitler warwanye no mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi, yakoze ubwicanyi bw’abaturage bagera kuri 17.000.000 muri bo hakaba harimo 6.000.000 z’abayahudi na 1.500.000 b’abanyaromaniya. Azwi cyane nk’umuperezida wakoze Genocide y’abayahudi. 2. Jozef Stalin (miliyoni 23 barapfuye)
Jozef Stalin yabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere w’ishyaka ry’aba koministe Jozef Stalin yabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere w’ishyaka ry’aba koministe hagati ya 1922 – 1953. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Lenin mu 1924, Stalin yabaye umuyobozi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti. Ubutegetsi bwe bukaba bwararanzwe n’inzara ikabije mu gihugu yiswe inzara ya Ukraine. Abantu bazahajwe n’intambara za Stalin bakaba babarirwa hagati ya 2.600.000-10.000.000. Mu myaka ya za 1930 akaba yaratangije indi gahunda “Great Terror”, yari igamije kwica abantu bose batavugaga rumwe na we akaba yarabigezeho. Muri rusange Stalin yishe abantu bagera kuri 23.900.000. Ubwicanyi bwahitanye abantu benshi mu gihe cy’intambara. 1.Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong yaharaniye impinduka mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa
Mao Zedong yaharaniye impinduka mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, akaba yarayoboye ishyaka ry’aba koministe anayobora repubulika y’abaturage b’Abashinwa. N’ubwo yakozebyinshi, Mao yagaragaye nk’umuntu witangiye igihugu. Juan Carlos P.E.wanditse iyi nkuru, avuga ko mu gihe cy’amezi agera kuri atandatu yamaze mu bushinwa bitewe n’inyota yari afite yo kumenya amateka y’iki gihugu, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abaturage yatangajwe no kuba aba baturage bemeza ko Mao yabakoreye ibyiza bafatira ku kigero cya 70% – 80%. Mu myaka 5 ya mbere y’ubutegetsi bwe hagati ya 1949-53 buvugwa ko yahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 4-6miliyoni akaba yaravugaga ko ari mu rwego rwo gucunga umutekano wa Repubulika y’abaturage b’igihug cy’ubushinwa.Nyuma yaje gutangiza gahunda ebyiri « the Great Leap Forward na Cultural Revolution » zikaba zarabaye imyaku yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku baturage b’ubushinwa. Mao akaba yari agamije guhindura igihugu cye icya mbere mu gushora ibyuma bita Acier aho buri mu turage yagombaga kureka indi mirimo akajya gukora mu nganda. ibi bikaba byaratumye mu bihugu havuka inzara ikomeye yahitanye abantu bagera kuri mliliyoni 22. Mu 1964 Mao yaje gushinga ishyirahamwe ry’abakobwa aho bahabwaga amasomo atandukanye ku bijyanye n’amahame ya gikominisite. Nyuma baje guhindurirwa izina bitwa“four cleanups movement” bari bafite inshingano zo kuvugurura ibijyanye na politiki,ubukungu, ibitekerezo bishya ndetse no gukora gahunda y’ibigomba gukorwa mu gihugu. Baje guhabwa amasomo mu bya gisirikare bahinduka Red Guards” aho bagombaga guhana abanyabwenge bose ndetse n’abatavuga rumbwe na Mao bakaba baragombaga kwicwa. Ubwicanyi bakoze bukaba bwarahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 40,000-7miliyoni. Nyuma Mao yaje guhamagara abanyabwenge n’abari mu ishyaka rya « flowers movement »bagera ku 100 mu rwego rwo kugirango bamugire inama kandi bamwungure ibitekerezo ku buryo babona igihugu cyabo gikwiye kuyoborwa, Gusa nyuma byaje guhinduka maze yivugana ibihumbi 500,000 babaziza ibitekerezo bari bafite avugako ari “dangerous thinkers”cyangwa abantu bafite ibitekerezo bibi bitkubaka igihugu. Muri rusange Mao Zedong uzwiho kuba umunyagitugu w’ibihe byose w’umugome kurenza abandi yahitanye abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni hagati ya 49-78. ubwicanyi yakoze hagati ya 1946-1976 ubwo yayoboraga igihugu cy’ubushinwa. Yanditswe na Niyomugabo Albert |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/karongi-abaturiye-ibigabiro-bya-rwabugiri-baravuga-ko | Karongi: Abaturiye Ibigabiro bya Rwabugiri baravuga ko babura icyo babwira abahasura basanga nta kiharanga | Agace k’amateka kazwi nko ku “Bigabiro bya Rwabugili” gaherereye mu kagali ka Gisanze Umudududu wa Kigabiro mu Murenge wa Rubengera . Abagaturiye bavuga ko hadahwema kugera abaje kuhasura baba bafite amatsiko menshi ariko bagatungurwa no kuhasanga ibyapa bibiri kimwe kiri ku muhanda n’ikindi kiri mu murima w’aho bavuga ko hatuye umwami Rwabugili. Abahatuye bavuga ko benshi bahumva mu ndirimbo zirata ubwiza bw’ u Rwanda bakibwira ko ibivugwa muri ibyo bihangano hari ukuntu bihagaragara ariyo mpamvu bahasura. Bavuga ko iyo abantu bahageze bakahasanga icyapa gusa ndetse n’igiti cyitwa igihondohondo bavuga ko kiri ahantu nyiri zina ingoro yari yubatse batungurwa cyane. Sibomana Fabrice, uri mu kigero cy’imyaka 20 ugerageza gusobanura ibyo yumvanye sekuru wavukiye kuri uwo musozi, agira ati “Natwe nyine batubwira ko aha ariho Rwabugiri yari atuye…tubona abantu baza kuhasura hari n’abazungu baherutse kuza…usanga abahaza bose baba bafite amatsiko hari abatubwira ngo bumvaga hari inyubako barasura n’ibyo bigabiro bakabibona cyangwa bakabona ibishyitsi byabyo ariko baratangara…mbese mbona bagiye batishimye…ubundi ubanza abababwira amateka bayababwira nabi bahagera bagatungurwa”. Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka karongi Ndayisaba Francois, avuga ko bazi neza ko ibigabiro bya Rwabugiri ari agace k’amateka akomeye avuga iby’í bwami bityo ko kubufatanye na minisiteri yúmuco na siporo hagiye kuzubakwa. Agira ati “Muri rusange rero ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo tugomba kubibungabunga…Ibigabiro bya Rwabugili na ho hagiye kuzubakwa ibikorwa bitandukanye MINISPOC yavuze ko igiye kudufasha kuhubaka”. Ku bijyanye no kumenya amateka nyiri zina akomotse ku bantu bayahabonye ngo bishobora kuzaba ikibazo gikomeye kuko ngo umwe mu bari bakuze kuri uwo musozi aherutse kwitaba Imana undi akaba arwaye. Ubukerarugendo bukaba ari kimwe mu bikorwa Akarere ka Karongi gashingiyeho mu bukungu no kumenyekana. Yanditswe na Ruhumuriza Richard Muhabura.rw
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/wari-uziko-mbere-yo-kubandwa-imandwa-zakoraga-ku-kimenyetso | Wari uziko Mbere yo kubandwa imandwa zakoraga ku kimenyetso nka bamwe mu bakiristu | Amateka yo kubandwa avugwaho byinshi, uwazanye uwo muco ni uwitwaga Ryangombe waje aturuka mu Majyaruguru y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda. Uwo muhango uko wakorwaga ababizi bawugereranya nka misa.
Mbere yo kubandwa imandwa zakoraga ku kimenyetso. Iyo yakoraga ku gahanga byavugaga indahangarwa n’ababisha, mu gituza bikavuga gutura mu Rwanda n’umutekano. Mu cyo bitaga gusangira cyangwa guhazwa ntibashoboraga kubikora batuzuye.Iyo izo mandwa zabaga zigiye guhazwa, zabaga zigizwe n’amoko yose harimo umutwa, umuhutu n’umututsi. Iyo babaga batuzuye ntibyakorwaga, ubwo ngo bukaba ari uburyo babanishaga Abanyarwanda. Uko guhazwa babyitaga kujya ku murinzi, bagasangira ku ntango imwe n’umuheha umwe,bigakorwa ntawe unennye undi. Mbere yo guhazwa imandwa zajyaga ku murinzi zikawutambagira nk’uko Abakirisitu batambagiza isakaramentu. Undi muhango wakorwaga n’imandwa ni ukuzikubita icyuhagiro cyahanaguraga ububi n’ububisha bwabaga buri mu muryango. Icyo cyuhagiro bagikozaga mu mazi bavomye mu kibumbiro mu gitondo kare kare. Ayo mazi bayitaga ikinani cyananiye inyamaswa n’inka kuko zabaga zitarayashokeyeho, akamaro kayo yagombaga kunaniza umwanzi ngo atazabinjirira.
Idini rya Ryangombe ryavugaga kuva indimwe kuko icyo cyuhagiro cyuhagiraga Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose kitavangura, ni byo bari barigishijwe. Imandwa zakorerwaga ibintu bisa nko kubatizwa byitwaga kwatura, zagiraga umubyeyi uzihagararira uzibyara nko kubyara muri Batisimu bamwitaga umuse.
Zaranakomezwaga, ari byo bitaga gusubiraho. Ikindi zagiraga umwanya wo kwicuza cyangwa kwihana nk’uko abakirisitu baka penetensiya. Imandwa zicuzaga ibyaha imbere y’umuntu wiswe Ryangombe. Utarihanaga ku makosa yabaga yarakoze, yafatwaga nk’umugambanyi kuko Ryangombe yangaga icyaha. Imandwa rero zirindaga gucumura ngo zitazaba abagirwa ba nyabingi basengaga izindi mana zitari Imana rurema. Abamisiyoneri bari baramwise umucwezi, ryari izina ry’abantu baturutse mu bice bya za Bunyoro. Igihe Abanyoro bari barigaruriye bimwe mu bice byo mu biyaga bigari harimo u Bugande, u Rwanda, Nkore, Karagwe n’ibindi bice byo muri Tanzaniya. Ryangombe yaje arwanya umuntu witwaga Nyagakecuru wo mu Bisi bya Huye wari ufite inzoka basengaga. Muri uko gushaka kubwiriza Nyagakecuru, hari ubwo yari mu nzira agenda Ryangombe yahuye n’umwami Ruganzu Ndori yarahunze, nuko ashaka gushyira iterabwoba ku mwami ariko ntibyamukundira kuko Ruganzu yari afite imbaraga nawe zidasanzwe. Uko gukoresha ingufu byatumye bumvikana. Mbere y’uko Ryangombe agera mu Rwanda, ba Banyoro bari barigaruriye u Rwanda baje gutsindwa n’Abanyarwanda bigoranye nuko barahunga. Ryangombe agihura na Ruganzu yaramubwiye ati « Umuriro unesheje Abanyoro» Mu gihe Abanyoro bari barananiranye, Abanyarwanda babonye urugamba rukomeye bahitamo gutwika amazu, Abanyoro babonye umuriro waka baravuga ngo Abanyarwanda bafite imbaraga zidasanzwe ni ko guhunga, abasigaye uko bahunga babita mu ndara. Ryangombe yabwiye Ruganzu ko ashaka kujya kubwiriza Nyagakecuru, niko kumugira inama, amuha ihene, nuko arazifata azijyana ahari igitovu zirakirisha ya Nzoka ya Nyagakecuru ibura aho yihisha nuko ijya mu kobo kari hafi aho, nuko Ruganzu apfundikizaho ibuye. Mu bitekerezo by’Abanyarwanda, bavuga ko iryo buye ryagiye rikura riza guhinduka ikibuye kinini, ubu aho riri baryita ku kibuye cya Shari. Abandi bavuga ko iyo nzoka yaje gupfa nuko Nyagakecuru akabura imbaraga niko guhunga. Iyo nama Ruganzu yatumye Ryangombe abona ko umwami afite ubwenge, nuko kubera iyo mpamvu bagirana amasezerano yavugaga ngo: Abantu bajye bubaha Ryangombe mu by’iyobokamana, naho Ruganzu bajye bamwubaha mu bigendanye na politiki. Salongo Richard MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-bimwe-mu-byatumye-abirabura-bagaragara-ku-y-indi | Menya bimwe mu byatumye Abirabura bagaragara ku y’indi migabane y’isi | Nubwo ku migabane yose y’isi ushobora kuhasanga Abirabura, umwirabura aho ava akagera akomoka ku mugabane w’Afurika. Nyuma y’Afurika, umugabane w’Amerika niwo ufite Abirabura benshi. Abenshi bahajyanywe ku buryo bwo kugurishwa no gukoreshwa ubucakara. Bimwe mu byatumye Abirabura bagaragara ku migabane yindi y’isi itari Afurika ni ubucuruzi bwabakorewe bakurwa muri Afurika bajyanwa ku migabane itandukanye kugira ngo bakoreshwe imirimo itandukanye mu mwanya w’amamashini cyane ko cyari igihe isi yari itaratera imbere mu byerekerabye n’ikoranabuhanga. Iki gikorwa cyo gucuruza abirabura cyakozwe mu bihe bibiri bitandukanye kandi n’abantu batandukanye. Nk’uko abanyamateka nka Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau babivuga, mbere y’ikinyejana cya 17, Abarabu bo muri Asiya no mu gice gito cy’Uburayi babonye ko akazi kabo gakeneye amaboko arenze ayo bari bafite bagana muri Afurika kuhakura abagabo bakomeye bazashobora gukora mu mwanya w’amamashini ndetse n’inyamaswa zakoraga imirimo itandukanye. Batwaye kandi n’abagore bo kurongora cyane ko babonaga bafite uruhu rudasanzwe kandi rwiza. Kugirango aba bagabo b’Abirabura babaga bajyanwe batazigera bahirahira kurongora abo bagore babo, babanzaga kubakona. Uku kurongora Abiraburakazi kw’Abanyaziya kwatumye muri Aziya y’amajyepfo usanga abantu benshi bafite uruhu rwirabura. Nk’uko tubikesha urubuga rwa Wikipedia, iki gikorwa kiswe ubucuruzwi bwo mu burasirazuza cyajyanye abirabura bagera kuri miliyoni 17. Ikindi gihe kitazibagirana ku birabura cyane abo ku mugabane w’Amerika ni igihe abirabura bacuruzwaga guhera mu mwaka w’1441 mu gikorwa cyo gucuruza abirabura cyatangiwe n’Abanyaportugal, Abaholandi, Abafaransa, Abongereza, aho baje muri iki gikorwa nyuma bise icyo mu burengerazuba. Iri curuzwa ry’Abirabura bo muri Afurika ryo ryakozwe n’Abazungu b’abanyaburayi bari bamaze igihe kitari gito bavumbuye umugabane w’Amerika, bakaba barifuzaga abakozi basimbura ba kavukire ku mugabane w’Amerika aribo bitwa Abamerendiye (les Amérindiens). Habayeho gushaka ubundi bwoko bwasimbura ubwo kuko babonaga abo b’amerendiye badatanga umusaruro wifuzwaga n’abazungu b’ababanyaburayi cyane ko kubera ibihe bibi bakoreragamo nk’ubushyuhe bukabije bwo mu nganda no mu birombe bapfaga umusubizo. Ku bw’izo mpamvu bashatse ubwoko bukomeye cyangwa bwabasha kwihanganira iyo mibereho mibi. Babifashijwemo n’umupadiri wa kiliziya gatolika mu kinyejana cya 17, bamenye ko muri Afrika hashobora kuba hari abantu bashobora kwihanganira ubuzima bubi. Muri icyo kinyejana nibwo Abazungu baturutse mu Burayi bazaga muri Afurika bitwaje udukoresho duto duto kandi tw’agaciro gake (les pacotilles) ; twabaga tugizwe ahanini n’indererwamo, imyenda yo kwambara, inzoga ziciriritse, imbunda n’ibindi. Ibyo byose byabaga ari ibyo guha abashefu b’Abanyafurika kugira ngo babahe abantu bajyana gukoresha ku mugabane w’Amerika. Kuko wasangaga ari ubwa mbere aba bashefu babonye ibi bikoresho bya kizungu byatumaga biva imyuma bagatanga abirabura benshi ku buryo hari ubwo umushefu yahabwaga nk’icupa ry’inzoga mvaburayi nawe agatanga abirabura barenga ijana. Aba bashefu b’Abanyafurika babanje guhera ku bantu babaga babaga barafashwe bunyago mu bihugu byabo. Kubera umubare munini Abazungu batwaraga, byatumye biba ngombwa ko hagurishwa n’abandi batari imfungwa cyangwa abafashwe bunyago. Mu gufata aba birabura habaga gukoresha ingufu zidasanzwe kuko byasabaga kubahiga nk’inyamanswa kuko hari n’ubwo baraswaga. Mu kujyana aba birabura muri Amerika hifashishwaga ubwato bapakirwagamo ari benshi kandi ku buryo bugerekeranye. Ubu bwato bwamaraga hafi amezi arenga ane mu nzira. Kubera uburyo batwarwagamo byatumaga abarenga icya kabiri cy’abajyanwe bagwa mu nzira. Abenshi bapfaga bazize inzara abandi bakiroha mu mazi bakeka ko amazi yabasubiza ku mugabane w’Abakurambere babo. Muri abo bapfaga kandi hari abicwaga n’abazungu kuko uwarwaraga yarohwagwa mu nyanja ngo atabagora cyangwa ngo yanduze abandi. Ku mugabane w’Amerika mu birwa bya Caraïbe, muri Amerika y’amajyepfo n’iy’amajyaruguru hari harashinzwe amasoko akomeye kabuhariwe mu kugurisha abo birabura babaga bakuwe muri Afurika. Muri ayo masoko abantu batandukanye bazaga kugura abantu bakoresha mu mirima y’ibisheke, ikawa, icyayi, kakawo n’ibindi ndetse no mu nganda. Aba birabura bab’abagore cyangwa abagabo uwabaguraga yahitaga abaha amazina ashaka cyane cyane bahabwaga amazina bikurikije agaciro babaga baguzwe kuko urugero hari nk’abitwaga nka ba 50cent, 80cent kuko babaga baguzwe amacent anga atyo. Bahabwaga na none amazina kandi ashingiye ku nyamanswa runaka nk’imbwa n’ibindi urugero ruzwi ni nka Dogg Dogg n’ayandi. Si ukwitwa amazina asuzuguritse gusa kuko babaga bari ku munyururu nk’imbwa ari nako bakubitwa. Ntihagurishwaga abaturuka muri Afurika gusa kuko n’ababaga bavukiye muri Amerika baba abirabura buzuye cyangwa ibibyaririrane (les métis) babaga bavutse ku buryo bwo gufata ku ngufu abakobwa b’abirabura ; iyo bagezaga imyaka runaka y’ubukure bajyanwaga ku isoko na ba sebuja bakagurishwa ku buryo hari n’ubwo batongeraga guhura n’imiryango yabo ukundi kuko hari ubwo bagurwaga n’umubosi wo muri leta ya kure.
Yanditswe na Chief editor muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-utaruzi-k-umuhanzi-andre-sebanani | Menya byinshi utaruzi k’umuhanzi Andre Sebanani | Sebanani André yavutse mu 1952, avukira mu cyahoze ari Komini Kigoma Perefegitura Gitarama, ubu akaba ari Akarere ka Nyanza, Intara y’Amajyepfo. Yishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda muri Mata 1994.
Amashuri yisumbuye yayize i Shyogwe nyuma aza gukomereza muri “Collège Officiel de Kigali : COK” nyamara yaje kwirukanwa hagati ajya gukora nk’umucungamari muri TRAFIPRO i Kabgayi. Nk’uko bitangazwa n’inyandiko y’Inama y’Igihugu y’Itangazamakuru, Sebanani yaje gukora kuri Radiyo Rwanda muri gahunda zikurikira : Discothèque-Phonotèque, Urwenya, Ubuvanganzo bw’umwimerere Nyarwanda, Umukinnyi w’ikinamico mu itorere “Indamutsa”. Azwi cyane mu makinamico akinanye ubuhanga n’ubu agikundwa n’Abanyarwanda. Azwi cyane ni Nzashirira ingurugunzu nkiri Ngangi ; Icyanzu cy’Imana (Uwera), n’izindi. Sebanani yashakanye na Mukamulisa Anne Marie tariki 01 Nzeri 1979 babyarana abana bane aribo, Sheja Eliane, wavutse mu 1981, Damarara Diane, wavutse mu 1984 ; Shyengo Frida, wavutse mu 1985 ; na Songa Aristide ariwe bucura , wavutse mu 1988. Nyina w’aba bana bose we yagize amahirwe yo kurokoka Jenoside, akaba avuga ko Songa atazi se neza kuko agize imyaka ibiri mu 1990, Sebanani yahise afungwa mu bo Leta yariho yitaga ibyitso by’Inkotanyi. Afunguwe ubuyozi bwa ORINFOR bwanze kumusubiza mu kazi ngo ntibakorana n’ibyitso. Yari Umunyamakuru n’Umuhanzi, ukundwa ndetse ugikundwa na benshi Indirimbo Urabaruta, Karimi ka shyari, Zuba ryanjye, Urwo ngukunda ni cyimeza, Mama Munyana, Susuruka yaririmbanye n’umufasha Anne Marie, Nkumbuye umwana twareranywe n’izindi zinyuranye ; ni urwibutso rukomeye yasigiye Abanyarwanda. Kubera urukundo rwamurangagaho byatumye umufasha we amutura indirimbo y’urwibutso yise “Uracyariho”. Mukakalisa avuga ko iyi ndirimbo yayikoze mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ko n’ubwo Sebanani yavuye mu bamukunda, ariko ko bakimuzirikana kandi ko umuhanzi adapfa kuko ibihangano bye bituma aguma mu mitima y’abari bamuzi aho usanga abantu benshi bamwibukira mu ndirimbo ze ndetse n’amakina mico atandukanye. Ngo kuba Sebanani atakiriho ntibivuze ko yazimye kuko yasize abana baseruka mu izina rye, kandi ngo yapfuye mu buryo bw’umubiri ariko roho ye iracyari kumwe n’umuryango we akaba ari na yo mpamvu yamutuye iyo ndirimbo. Sebanani kandi yari afite impano yo kwicurangira akoresheje ibyuma bya kizungu nka piano, gitari kuvuza ingoma n’ibindi. Mu mwaka wa 1973 ni bwo yinjiye mu itsinda (orchestre) ryitwaga “Vox Populi” nyuma yaho Sebanani na bagenzi be batangije orchestre “Impala” yakunzwe ndetse kugeza n’ubu igikunzwe na benshi, kuva icyo gihe ngo banahise bamuha akazina k’akabyiniriro ka “Pépé la Rose” . Nyakwigendera Sebanani ni we wabaye umuhanzi mu muryango w’iwabo ari na yo mpamvu Mukamulisa yemeza ko inganzo ye nta handi yayikomoye uretse kuba yarabyiyumvagamo gusa. Yari afite ibihangano by’umwimerere we, kandi yibandaga cyane ku buzima busanzwe, kwerekana ibitagenda iyo yabonaga ibintu bizamba mu muryango Nyarwanda ndetse no ku rukundo. Sebanani iyo yajyaga guhanga yarabanzaga akitegereza uko umuryango Nyarwanda uhagaze ku gihe cye ahereye ku baturanyi be ba hafi, yaririmbaga urukundo rwa kivandimwe ndetse n’urw’abasore n’inkumi agamije kurubyutsa kuko urwa benshi rwari rwarakonje. Nyakwigendera Sebanani Andereya yari umuntu urangwa n’urugwiro ndetse ugasanga arangwa no gususurutsa abo bari kumwe akoresheje ibiganiro bisetsa. Sebanani yakundaga kwegera abana be akabigisha kwanga umugayo n’umushiha nk’uko mu buhanzi bwe habaga higanjemo amagambo yamagana urwango, amatiku, kwivanga, munyangire, n’ibindi. Sebanani yagiraga abantu inama nk’uko byumvikana cyane mu butumwa bukubiye mu ndirimbo ye yise “Karimi ka shyari”, aho yakanguriraga abantu kurangwa n’umutima ukunda batababazwa n’ibyiza abandi bagezeho. Yanditswe na Salongo Richard/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/musanze-menya-amateka-yaho-atangaje-yihariye-ahakomoka-ari | Musanze : Menya amateka yaho atangaje yihariye ahakomoka ari kubungabungwa | Akarere ka Musanze karangwa n’amateka atandukanye ashingiye ahanini ku bikorwa cyangwa ku bintu byakozwe n’Abakurambere ba cyera ndetse na vuba aha , mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko yasibangana, Hakozwe inyigo y’ahantu ndangamuco na ndangamateka muri aka karere ngo yitabweho uko bikwiye.
aka karere mu myaka irindwi ya Guverinoma ntikasigaye inyuma ku bijyanye no gukomeza guteza imbere umuco nyarwanda nk’imwe mu nkingi ziherwaho mu guteza imbere igihugu. kuba aka karere karangwamo amateka menshi, ubuyobozi bwako bwahagurukiye kuyabungabunga. Abaturage bahatuye bavuga ko bakomeye ku gusigasira umuco wagendaga ukendera buhoro buhoro, kugeza ubwo Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ihagurukiye kuwubungabunga ihereye ku kubakira ku ndangagaciro zawo na kirazira n’ibindi. uwitwa Nsabimana Egide utuye mu kagari ka Kinkware mu Murenge wa Nkotsi avuga ko Abanyarwanda bakwiye kwita kumuco ndetse n’ahantu nyaburanga kuko habitse amateka aba atagomba kwirengagizwa. Ati ”Ahantu nyaburanga haba habitse amateka ashingiye ku muco nyarwanda kandi uwo muco ubwawo ushobora kubyazwa inyungu. Niyo mpamvu Leta ikwiye gukangurira abaturage kureka gusagararira ahantu nyaburanga ndetse n’ahandi hose habitse amateka y’u Rwanda.“
ku ruhande rw’akarere ka Musanze, ngo aya mateka ntubushobora kuyareka ngo yibagirane, kuko ari bimwe mu imwe mu nkingi zishobora kwifashishwa mu guteza imbere igihugu, no kugifasha kwibuka ahashize hacyo.
Abaturage ba Nkotsi na Bikara Nsabimana Egide ni Ufite igitabo
Umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage muri ako karere, Uwamariya Marie Claire, avuga ko hari ibyo bakoze mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ayo mateka n’umuco nyarwanda, kandi ko batazabitezukaho. Ati” Hakozwe inyigo y’ahantu ndangamuco na ndangamateka mu Karere ka Musanze nkaho bita ku Gihondohondo, ahari Iriba rya zina n’iry’Umwami.” Akomeza avuga ko ayo mateka n’umuco hari n’abikorera bari kubibungabunga, urugero ni ahitwa Red Rocks muri uwo murenge wa Nkotsi, aho abanyamahanga n’abanyarwanda bajya kwigishirizwa amateka n’umuco bya kera, birimo kwenga ibitoki, uko byatarwaga kugeza bivuyemo umutobe, uko bahekaga abana, uburiri bwa Kinyarwanda n’ibindi. Abanyarwanda b’ibyiciro bitandukanye muri ako karere,batojwe indangagaciro na kirazira by’umuco nyarwanda, ni muri urwo rwego hatangijwe gahunda yo gutoza abaturage b’ingeri zose, cyane cyane abakiri bato, batozwa umuco wo kugira gahunda no kubahiriza igihe mu bikorwa byose, abaturage kandi ngo bazakomeza gukangurirwa umuco w’ubutwari no gukunda Igihugu.
Umuyobozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage muri ako karere, Uwamariya Marie Claire ahitwa I Buranga mu Murenge wa Nkotsi hari Ishyamba ry’ igihondohondo, ikimera cya cyimeza cyifashishwaga mu mihango ya Kinyarwanda no mu buvuzi. urugero ni uko umuntu wapfaga ari ingaragu( atarashaka) bamuhambanaga igihondohondo kugirango atazakururira ibyago umuryango; cyangwa Uwapfaga akazanzamuka”yitsamuye”, imva ye bayihambagamo igihondohondo, mu gihe amababi yacyo avugwaho kuvura indwara zirimo umuhaha. Muri aka gace kandi hari iriba ry’Abami rya Buranga, buri mwami w’u Rwanda wimaga yabanzaga gukarabamo ubwoko bwe. Richard Ruhumuriza/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-utaruzi-ku-mateka-yaranze-uwavumbuye-ukwezi | Menya byinshi utaruzi ku mateka yaranze uwavumbuye ukwezi | Asaph Hall ni umugabo w’umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’isanzure ufite inkomoko mu gihugu cya Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika muri Leta ya Connecticut mu gace kitwa Goshen ,yavutse mu mwaka wa 1827 ku itariki ya 15 Ukwakira akaba azwi ho kuba yaravumbuye ukwezi k’umubumbe wa Mars. Se umubyara Asaph Hall II yakoraga imirimo yo gukora amasaha ari nabyo byatungaga umuryango wabo hamwe na nyina Hannah Palmer. Asaph yabaye mu buzima bugoye,dore ko mu gihe yari afite imyaka 13,Se umubyara yaje gupfa,ibi bikamuviramo kureka ishuri mu gihe yari afite imyaka 16,aho yahise ajya gushaka akazi k’ubuyedi aho yafashaga abubaka ibisenge mu rwego rwo kubona ibibatunga,gusa nyuma y’imyaka itari myinshi yaje kujya muri Koleji ya McGrawville iri i New York aho yaje kwiga imibare ayigishijwe n’umwalimu we witwaga Angeline Stickney baje kubana nk’umugore n’umugabo mu mwaka w’ 1856. Asaph Hall azwi cyane mu buvumbuzi bukomeye aho bivugwa ko yavumbuye ukwezi k’umubumbe wa Mars.Igitangaje cy’uyu mugabo ni uko mu buvumbuzi bwe yavuze ko yavumbuye amezi 2 y’umubumbe wa Mars ari yo Deimos ndetse na Phobos. Uretse ubu buvumbuzi bw’aya mezi ya Mars,Asaph Hall niwe wavumbuye inzira z’ibyogajuru by’iyindi mibumbe ndetse n’iby’ibyo yise double stars,anavumbura kandi n’ukuzenguruka k’umubumbe wa Saturn ndetse n’ingano y’umubumbe wa Mars. Mu mwaka w’1856 Asaph yabonye akazi mucyahoze kitwa Koleji ya Havard nk’umugenzuzi wayo muri Cambridge ndetse no muri Massachusetts aho yaje no kuvana ubumenyi buhambaye ,byatumye yitwa inararibonye mu ikoranabuhanga mu by’inzira y’imibumbe(Computer expert of orbits). Ibi byatumye abona akazi nk’uwungirije mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere mu gihugu cya Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika( assistant US Naval observator) i Washington DC ariho yaje kuvana impamyabumenyi yo kurwego rwa Professorat. Mu mwaka w’1875 Hall yahawe kugira ububasha kuri USNO 26-inch (66-cm) ,indebakure(Telescope) yari nini kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kureba kure kurusha izindi zose zari ho muri iyo minsi,ibi bikaba aribyo byatumye avumbura Phobos na Deimos nk’amezi ya Mars mu mwaka w’1884. Inyubako ya Asaph Hall i Washington DC ari naho yari atuye mu gihe cy’ikiruhuko cy’izabukuru Hall yagiye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru mu mwaka w’1891,gusa nyuma yaje kuba umwarimu wigisha Celestial Mechanics muri kaminuza ya Havard mu mwaka wi 1896 kugeza mu mwaka wa 1901. Asaph Hall yabyaye abana 4,kuri ubu abana be bose bakora mu bigo bikomeye by’ubumenyi bwo mu isanzure byo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika. Asaph Hall yahawe ibihembo bine aribyo:Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1878,Arago Medal in 1893, yaje kugirwa Chevalier in the Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur(French Legion of Honor) in 1896.ndetse no kwitirirwa bimwe mu bivumburwa mu isanzure nkaho bamwitiriye Asteroide 3299 mu rwego rwo kumuha icyubahiro.
Uyu mugabo yapfuye mu mwaka wa 1907 mu gihe yari agiye gusura umuhungu we Angelo muri Annapolis muri leta ya Maryland.
Yanditswe na Niyomugabo/Muhabura.rw
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-amateka-ya-bakobwa-batanze-umusanzu-ukomeye-mu-rwanda | Menya amateka ya bakobwa batanze umusanzu ukomeye mu Rwanda rwo hambere | Mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere abagabo nibo bagiye bavugwaho cyane mu bigwi no mu butwari butandukanye, ariko kuri iyi nshuro twabateguriye bamwe mu bakobwa n’abagore bo ha mbere amateka avuga ko nabo bagiye bakora ibikorwa bitangaje. Robwa
Uyu mukobwa aza ku mwanya wa mbere bitewe ni uko yemeye gupfa nk’umutabazi abandi bagabo banze. Akaba yari mushiki wa Ruganzu I Bwimba bombi bapfuye batabaye mu Gisaka (Kibungo itaraba intara y’u Rwanda). Umwami w’I Gisaka yasabye uyu mukobwa agirango azamubyarire umwana w’umuhungu wari kuzatsinda u Rwanda kuko icyo gihe bemeraga ko nta bwami bwahangana n’amaraso yabwo ni ukuvuga n’umuntu ubakomokamo. Musaza we Ruganzu I yemeye kumushyingira abitewe na nyina wabishakaga cyane gusa abwira mushiki we ko niyumva yapfuye nk’umutabazi I Gisaka ko nawe agomba kuzahita yiyahura ntabyare umwana wari kuzatsinda igihugu cye. Niko byagenze rero yumvise musaza we yapfuye nawe ahita yiyahura atwite kandi yashoboraga kubyanga
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Nyabunyana Uyu akaba yari nyirasenge wa Ruganzu II Ndoli akaba yari yarashyingiwe umwami w’I Karagwe (muri Tanzania) mu gihe mu Rwanda byari bimeze nabi barasubiranyemo musaza we Ndahiro II Cyamatare yohereje Ndoli kwa Nyabunyana amuhungishije. Yageze yo Nyabunyana amurinda ababaga bashaka kumwica, amuha uburere bwamukundishaga igihugu cye amufasha muri byose kugeza atashye. Iyo aza kuba umupfapfa ntiyari kumwitaho kuko yari yarashyingiwe hanze ntacyo abaye yashoboraga no kumubuza gutaha ngo atazagwayo ariko siko yabigenje yagumye kugirira igihugu cye akamaro ari hanze yacyo. Nyirarumanga
Uyu akunze kwitwa “umunyabwenge” kubw’ubwenge yunguye abasizi b’icyo gihe. Uyu mukobwa yaje kwitegereza asanga u Rwanda rwaraburaga uburyo buhamye bwo kubika amateka yarwo ntiyibagirane kuko mbere y’icyo gihe hari ibyari byaribagiranye kubera kutabifata neza. Aza rero guhimba ubwoko bw’ibisigo bwitwa “impakanizi” aho umusizi yapfundikaga ipfundo uko arangije kuvuga iby’ingoma imwe bigakomeza gutyo ayo mapfundo akamufasha kwibuka umubare w’ingoma. Mbere abasizi bahimbaga igisigo kimwe cya buri ngoma bikaba ibisigo byinshi bitandukanye ariko we yazanye uburyo bwo kubibumbira hamwe byose mu gisigo kimwe. Abasizi bagiraga ibihe baza kuvuga ibyo bisigo ibwami ngo bumve niba ntacyahinduwemo. Abo bakaba ari bamwe mu bakobwa benshi bagiye bagirira igihugu akamaro hari n’abandi benshi bagiye bemera gushyingirwa mu banzi b’u Rwanda bityo bagafasha u Rwanda kubatsinda, hari n’abayoboye ingamba. Hari igihe u Rwanda rwagiye ruyoborwa n’abagore mu gihe abana babo bari batarakura ngo biyoborere. Nko mu ntangiriro z’ingoma ya Musinga, iya Rwabugili, iya Rwogera n’iya Gahindiro. Abanyarwanda rero bamye bazi uruhare n’akamaro k’abakobwa ntibigeze babakandamiza nk’uko ahandi byari bimeze nako bikimeze. Mu Rwanda kera hose abagore bagiraga uruhare mu byemezo byafatwaga.
Mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere abagabo nibo bagiye bavugwaho cyane mu bigwi no mu butwari butandukanye, ariko kuri iyi nshuro twabateguriye bamwe mu bakobwa n’abagore bo ha mbere amateka avuga ko nabo bagiye bakora ibikorwa bitangaje. Yanditswe na Bigirumwami Aloys Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amateka-ubutwari-n-ibigwi-byaranze-fred-gisa-rwigema-umwe | Amateka, Ubutwari n’ibigwi byaranze Fred Gisa Rwigema Umwe mu ntwari zabayeho mu Rwanda | Gisa Fred Rwigema, ni intwari iri mu rwego rw’Imanzi, rumwe mu nzego eshatu z’intwari z’u Rwanda. Izo nzego eshatu ni Imena, Imanzi n’Ingenzi. Urwego rw’Imanzi ari narwo Fred Gisa Rwigema arimo, rushyirwamo abantu baranzwe n’ibikorwa by’ubutwari bihebuje kandi bakaba batakiriho, bakaba baratabarutse bitangira igihugu. Ibi bikorwa birimo kugaragaza ubwitange batizigama, kwigomwa inyungu bwite hashyirwa imbere inyungu z’igihugu zifitiye akamaro gahebuje imibereho rusange y’Abanyarwanda. Ubu turi mu cyumweru cyahariwe kuzirikana intwari z’igihugu, kibanziriza umunsi w’Intwari nyirizina uba buri mwaka tariki ya Mbere Gashyantare.
Kubera ubutwari no kwitanga, Fred Gisa Rwigema yaguye ku rugamba yari ayoboye rwo kubohora u Rwanda ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 1990 ubwo yari umugaba w’ingabo za RPF Inkotanyi (Rwanda Patriotic Army-Inkotanyi). Yaguye ku rugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda yatangije ariko ntarusoze n’ubwo abamusimbuye batigeze bamutenguha. Tariki 1 Ukwakira 1990, ni umunsi utazibagirana w’itangizwa ry’uru rugamba rwo kwibohora, naho tariki 2 Ukwakira 1990, ni umunsi Fred Gisa Rwigema atabarutseho. Yaguye i Kagitumba, ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyagatare mu Ntara y’Uburasirazuba. Gisa Fred Rwigema yavukiye i Ruyumba tariki ya 10 Mata 1957, ubu aho yavukiye ni mu Murenge wa Nyamiyaga ho mu Karere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo. Yabyawe na Anastase Kimonyo na Gatarina Mukandirima, ahabwa amazina ya Emmanuel Gisa. Yashakanye na Jeanette Urujeni bakora ubukwe tariki 20 Kamena 1987, nyuma babyarana abana babiri; umuhungu n’umukobwa, abo bakaba ari Gisa Junior na Gisa Teta.
Intambara n’imyivumbagatanyo yabaye mu Rwanda mu mwaka w’1959 na 1960, yaranzwe no gutoteza no kwica Abatutsi ndetse na Anastase Kimonyo; Se wa Gisa Fred Rwigema aratotezwa aranafungwa amara umwaka wose muri gereza. Nyuma y’uko uyu mubyeyi we afunguwe, umuryango we wabanje guhungira muri Paruwasi gaturika ya Kamonyi, nyuma bikomeje kuba bibi bahungira mu gihugu cya Uganda ari naho yakuriye. Bakigera muri Uganda babanje kuba mu nkambi y’impunzi yo muri Ankole, nyuma mu mwaka w’ 1966 bimurirwa mu nkambi ya Kankunge mu gace kitwa Toro aho bari kumwe n’izindi mpunzi z’Abanyarwanda bari barahunze intambara no gutotezwa kwarangwaga mu Rwanda muri icyo gihe. Akigera muri iyo nkambi, Fred Gisa Rwigema yahise atangira amashuri ye abanza ayarangiza mu mwaka w’1972. Kuva mu bwana bwe, Fred Gisa Rwigema ntiyumvaga neza impamvu ituma ababyeyi be n’umuryango muri rusange bahunze, ndetse yahoraga anababaza impamvu badataha ngo bajye kuba iwabo mu Rwanda bave mu buhunzi, ariko bakamubwira ko mu Rwanda bitoroshye kuko n’abashatse gutahuka bahuye n’akaga gakomeye karimo no gutakaza ubuzima bwabo. Fred Gisa Rwigema yakundaga akarasisi ka gisirikare cyane bigatera umuryango we impungenge cyane cyane nyina Gatarina Mukandirima, kuko gukunda ibijyanye n’abasirikare cyane byatumaga bacyeka ko bishobora kuzamuviramo kureka amashuri akigira mu gisirikare. Arangije amashuri abanza mu mwaka w’1972, yahise akomereza mu mashuri yisumbuye yatangiye mu 1973 mu kigo cyitwa “Mbarara High School” muri Ankore. N’ubwo yari akiri umwana, yahoranaga inyota yo kumenya Amateka y’u Rwanda kandi yakundaga kuganiriza abantu bakuru nabo bari barahunze bava mu Rwanda bari batuye hafi y’ishuri, akababaza amateka y’u Rwanda. Mu bantu bakomeye Gisa Fred Rwigema yahuriye nabo mu mashuri ndetse bakaba inshuti zikomeye bagatandukanywa n’urupfu, harimo Paul Kagame ubu wabaye Perezida w’u Rwanda kugeza n’ubu. Amateka y’u Rwanda n’ay’ibijyanye no kubohora u Rwanda, ntiwayavuga utibanze cyane kuri izi nshuti zo mu buto zaje kuba icyomoro cyomoye imitima y’Abanyarwanda benshi, dore ko imitekerereze, gukunda igisirikare, kwitanga no kwanga akarengane ari ibintu bari bahuje cyane ubwo biganaga. Bombi baragendanaga kenshi, bagasura abakuru bazi Amateka y’u Rwanda, bagahora bafite inyota yo kurushaho kumenya igihugu cyabo cy’amavuko kandi bagahora batekereza icyo bazakora kugirango akarengane n’itotezwa bakorewe bihagarare burundu no ku bandi banyagihugu bumvaga ko bakibikorerwa. Fred Gisa Rwigema yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by’abaharaniye kubohora ibihugu byabo nka Kwame Nkrumah, Mao-Tse-Tung , Fidel Castro n’abandi bagiye baba abantu b’indashyikirwa ku isi. Aho yigaga, yahoranaga ishema ryo kwerekana ko ari umunyarwanda kandi agakunda kuvugisha abo biganana Ikinyarwanda n’ubwo bo bavugaga indimi z’amahanga, bigaragaza ko urukundo yari afitiye u Rwanda rwahereye mu buto bwe. Mu mwaka w’1974, Fred Rwigema nibwo yaje kureka amashuri asanzwe ajya mu gihugu cya Tanzaniya gukurikirana imyitozo ya gisirikare na politiki, aha we na bagenzi be bari bahamagajwe na Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (ubu uyobora Uganda) washakaga kuzarwanya ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Idi Amin Dada wategekaga Uganda muri icyo gihe. Muri Nyakanga 1976, nibwo Fred Gisa Rwigema n’abo bari kumwe harimo inshuti ye Salim Saleh bakomereje imyitozo mu gihugu cya Mozambike aho bahuriye n’abandi basirikari barimo Col. Musitu waje kuba umwe mu basirikare bakuru b’Ingabo zari iza FPR-Inkotanyi zatangije kandi zikanatsinda urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda.
Fred Gisa Rwigema yatangiye kumenyekana cyane mu mwaka w’1979 nyuma y’intambara yakuye ku butegetsi umunyagitugu Idi Amin. Mu 1980, igihe cy’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu, Fred Gisa Rwigema yari mu basirikare bakuru bacungaga umutekano wa Yoweli Kaguta Museveni wayoboraga umutwe wa UPM (Uganda Patriotic Movement); umutwe wari ufite umwihariko mu gihugu kuko utari ushingiye ku idini cyangwa ku bwoko nk’uko byari bimenyerewe. Kuwa 11 Gashyantare 1981, hamwe n’abandi basore 27 barimo Abanyarwanda babiri ari bo Rwigema Fred na Paul Kagame, bafatanyije na Kaguta Museveni batangije intambara yo kurwanya ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa Obote. Kuva mu mwaka w’1985, Fred Rwigema yakomeje kuba umwe mu bayobozi bakuru ba NRA, Ishami rya gisirikare rya RNM, ari naho yaboneye umwanya wo gukomeza gutoza intambara Abanyarwanda, akabwira abanyamahanga yabagamo agaciro ko kuba Umunyarwanda. Fred Rwigema yagiye agira imyanya ikomeye muri NRA ndetse aba n’uwungirije umugaba mukuru w’ingabo. Icyo gihe Rwigema yasabwe n’ubuyobozi bwa NRA kwinjiza abasore barangije amashuri makuru mu gisirikare maze Abanyarwanda binjiramo ari benshi, babona uko banatangira imyitozo y’igisirikare yo kuzabohora u Rwanda. Muri aba basore harimo na Kagame Paul waje kaba Umugaba Mukuru w’Inkotanyi nyuma y’urupfu rwa Fred Gisa Rwigema rwo kuwa 2 Ukwakira 1990, aza no kuzigeza ku ntsinzi yo ku wa 4 Nyakanga 1994 bityo intego yo kubohora u Rwanda iba igezweho. Fred Gisa Rwigema n’itsinda yari ayoboye ry’abasirikare babohoye u Rwanda, bazirikana ibikorwa by’ubutwari byamuranze, abanyarwanda benshi nabo bubaha cyane izina Fred Gisa Rwigema kuko yabuze ubuzima mu gihe yashakaga kurokora ubwa benshi. Yanditswe na Chief Editor/MUHABURA.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/dore-muri-make-amateka-y-intwari-twitegura-kwibuka | Dore muri make amateka y’intwari twitegura kwibuka | Intwali z’u Rwanda zigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: Imanzi, Imena n’Ingenzi. Dore muri make amateka y’intwari twitegura kwibuka
Urwego rw’Intwari z’Imanzi: Uru rwego rurimo intwali zitakiriho.
Ingabo itazwi izina: Ingabo itazwi izina yatoranijwe mu zindi ngabo zemeye guhara ubuzima bwazo kandi zitabashije kumenyekana ku buryo bwihariye. Ingabo itazwi izina ihagarariye ingabo zose z’u Rwanda zaguye ku rugamba cyangwa zashoboraga kurugwaho mu gihe cyahise, icy’ubungubu n’ikizaza zirwanira igihugu. Imva y’Ingabo Itazwi izina ni ikimenyetso cyo guha icyubahiro gihebuje abana b’u Rwanda bitanze baharanira guhanga no kwagura u Rwanda, ubwigenge n’ubusugire bwarwo. Major General Rwigema Fred: Yavukiye i Mukiranze mu Karere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ku wa 10 Mata 1957. Ni mwene Anastasi Kimonyo na Gatarina Mukandilima. Yashakanye na Jeannette Urujeni, basezerana ku wa 20 Kamena 1987. Babyaranye abana babiri, ari bo Gisa Junior na Gisa Teta. Yatabarutse ku wa 2 Ukwakira 1990 i Kagitumba mu Karere ka Nyagatare mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba, agwa ku rugamba amaze gutangiza intambara yo kubohora u Rwanda.
Major General Rwigema Fred:
Mu bwana bwe, Fred Rwigema yakundaga kwibaza icyatumye bava iwabo i Rwanda n’icyabuze kugira ngo basubireyo, yakundaga gusoma ibitabo by’abaharaniye kubohora ibihugu byabo nka Kwame Nkrumah, Mao-Tse-Tung na Fidèle Castro. Mu wa 1974 ni bwo yiyemeje kureka amashuri asanzwe, ajya muri Tanzaniya gukurikirana imyitozo ya gisirikare na politike. Mu wa 1976, yayikomereje muri Mozambike, ari kumwe n’abandi mu mutwe wa FRONASA bari hamwe n’indi mitwe bafashwa na Mwalimu Julius Nyerere nka Zanu, Zapu, ANC, KM na FRELIMO. Mu wa 1979 yari mu bagaba ba FRONASA mu ntambara yavanyeho ubutegetsi bw’igihugu bwa Idi Amin, ayoboye “Mondlane 4th Infantry Column”. Mu wa 1981, hamwe n’abandi basore 27, barimo Abanyarwanda babiri Rwigema Fred na Paul Kagame, yatangiranye na Kaguta Museveni intambara yo kurwanya igitugu cya Obote. Kuva muri 1985, Fred Rwigema yakomeje kuba umwe mu bayobozi bakuru ba NRA, ishami rya gisirikare ryishyaka National Resistance Movement (NRM) rya Museveni. Aha niho yaboneye umwanya wo gukomeza gutoza intambara Abanyarwanda. Ataretse kuba Umunyarwanda, Late Fred Rwigema yagiye agira imyanya ikomeye muri NRA nko kuba Uwungirije Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo (Deputy Army Commander), Minisitiri wungirije w’Ingabo (Deputy Minister for Defense) n’Umugaba Mukuru w’imirwano (Overall Operations Commander). Muri iyo mirwano yose yo mu mahanga, Fred Rwigema yari umusirikare nyakuri, w’intangarugero mu mikorere n’imyifatire, muri discipline no kubahiriza amategeko. Ariko, muri byose yahozaga u Rwanda ku mutima, adahwema kuvuga ko “kubohora u Rwanda ari ngombwa”. Fred Rwigema yaranzwe n’ubupfura n’ubuhanga, kuba umunyakuri, areba kure, azi kwihangana, yubaha bose, ategekesha urugero, akunda umuco wa kinyarwanda n’imikino aba umuhuza w’abantu.Yabaye urugero rwo kwitanga no gukunda igihugu bihebuje. Urwego rw’Imena
Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa Charles Léon Pierre: Yavukiye i Nyanza, mu Karere ka Nyanza, mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo muri Werurwe 1911. Ni umwana w’Umwami Yuhi wa IV Musinga na Nyiramavugo Kankazi Redegonde.
Mutara III yimitswe ku ngoma na Guverineri Voisin abifashijwemo na Musenyeri Classe ku wa 16 Ugushyingo 1931, Se Musinga amaze gukurwa ku ngoma kuwa 12 Ugushyingo 1931. Kuwa 15 Ukwakira 1933, yashakanye na Nyiramakomali, batana mu bya 1940, nyuma ku wa 18 Mutarama 1942 ashakana na Rosaliya Gicanda. Aba bagore bose nta n’umwe babyaranye. Ku wa 17 Ukwakira 1943, yabatijwe na Musenyeri Léon Classe, yitwa Charles Léon Pierre, abyarwa mu batisimu na Guverineri Mukuru wa Kongo Mbiligi na Rwanda-Urundi, Bwana Pierre Ryckmans, yabatijwe hamwe na nyina, umugabekazi Nyiramavugo Kankazi, wiswe Radegonde. Kuva muri 1929, aho yagizwe umutware wa Nduga na Marangara, kugeza muri za 1950, Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahingwa yakoze politike yo kumvikana na Kiliziya Gatolika na Leta Mbiligi, kugeza n’aho atuye Kirisitu Umwami ingoma z’u Rwanda i Nyanza ku munsi wa Kirisitu Umwami ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1946. Hagati ya 1950 na 1959, Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa yaharaniye guteza imbere imibereho y’Abanyarwanda n’ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda. Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa yatanze ubwo yatanze ku wa 25 Nyakanga aguye i Bujumbura mu buryo butunguranye.
Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa Charles Léon Pierre:
Rudahigwa yaranzwe no kurwanya akarengane mu butabera abigaragariza mu Rukiko rw’Umwami no mu mirimo ya buri munsi aho yirirwaga arenganura abaturage cyane cyane abatobato. Rudahigwa yitaye cyane ku bujijuke bw’Abanyarwanda : ashinga Fonds Mutara, asaba abayezuwiti gushinga Koleji i Gatagara, bayijyana i Bujumbura iba Collège International du Saint Esprit, ashinga Ishuri ry’Abayisilamu ku Ntwari ry’i Nyamirambo, ashinga za Ecoles Laïques, ashinga Ishuri ry’Abenemutara ry’i Kanyanza anohereza Abanyarwanda ba mbere kwiga i Burayi. Mutara wa III yatangiye impinduramatwara muri politike, akuraho inkuke zakamirwaga Umwami yishakira ize bwite, akuraho imirimo y’agahato yitwaga akazi, akuraho ubuhake abagaragu bagabana na bashebuja, ashaka gukuraho igitabo cy’umusoro cyanditsemo amoko, Ababiligi barabyanga, yanga « kwica Gitera ashaka gukuraho ikibimutera ». Rudahigwa yahirimbaniye ubumwe n’ubwigenge by’Abanyarwanda ku buryo Abanyarwanda batekereza ko ari byo yazize nka ba Lumumba na Rwagasore. Michel Rwagasana: Yavukiye i Gitisi na Nyamagana mu Karere ka Ruhango mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo mu wa 1927. Mu wa 1956, yashakanye na Suzana Nzayire, babyarana abana batatu. Hagati ya 1945 na 1950 yize muri Groupe Scolaire ya Astrida, bitaga shariti, ahakura impamyabumenyi mu by’Ubutegetsi (Diplôme d’Assistant Administratif). Michel Rwagasana yakoze imirimo inyuranye yose yerekana ko yagirirwaga icyizere kubera ubunyangamugayo n’umwete bye, yabaye umukozi wa Leta Mbirigi i Bujumbura, yabaye umunyamabanga w’Inama Nkuru y’Igihugu kuva yajyaho muri 1954, yanabaye umunyamabanga wihariye w’Umwami Mutara wa III Rudahigwa. Kubera guharanira ubumwe, ubwigenge bw’u Rwanda no kurwanya amacakubiri yabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere w’ishyaka Union Nationale Rwandaise ry’umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa ajya mu ntumwa z’u Rwanda zaruhagariraga mu bindi bihugu no muri LONI. Michel Rwagasana yatanze urugero ruhebuje rwo gushyira imbere inyungu z’igihugu aho kwita ku ze bwite kuko aba yaremeye politike y’irondakoko agahabwa umwanya ukomeye mu Rwanda rwari rutegetswe na mwene Se wabo Gerigori Kayibanda nka Perezida wa Repubulika. Uwilingiyimana Agatha: Yavukiye i Gikore mu Karere ka Gisagara mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ku wa 23 Kamena 1953. Ni mwene Ntibashirakandi Yuvenali na Nyirantibangwa Saverina. Yashakanye na Barahira Ignace mu wa 1976, babyarana abana batanu.
Uwilingiyimana Agatha
Yabaye Minisitiri w’Intebe wa mbere w’umugore kuva kuwa 17 Nyakaganga 1993 kugeza kuwa 7 Mata 1994 mu gihe cya Jenoside yishwe n’abari ingabo z’igihugu. Uwilingiyimana Agathe yagize umutima wa kigabo arwanya akarengane k’iringaniza mu gihe yari Minisitiri w’Amashuri Abanza n’Ayisumbuye mu butegetsi bw’irondakarere n’irondakoko bwa Habyarimana. Yongeye kugaragaza ubwitange bwe buhebuje mu gihe cya Jenoside akomeza iy’ubuyobozi agerageza kugarura ituze mu gihugu cyari kigabijwe n’abicanyi. Ntawashidikanya ko ari umwe mu bagore b’Abanyarwanda baharaniye uburenganzira bw’Umunyarwandakazi. Félicité Niyitegeka: Yavukiye i Vumbi mu Karere ka Huye mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo mu wa 1934. Ni mwene Sekabwa Simoni na Nyirampabuka Angelina. Yishwe ku wa 21 Mata 1994, mu gihe cya Jenoside kubera ko yanze kwitandukanya n’abo yari yahaye ubuhungiro hamwe na bagenzi be bari muri Centre Saint Pierre ku Gisenyi. Musaza we Koloneli Nzungize yari yamutumyeho ngo asezerere izo mpunzi maze ave muri icyo Kigo agisijyemo ba nyagupfa. Ni byo yanze mu kubaruwa kuzuye urukundo n’ubutwari yandikiye uwo musaze we. Mu mibereho ye, Niyitegeko Félicité yerekanye bwa butwari bwa buri munsi mu mirimo umuntu aba ashinzwe, haba mu byerekeye kwigisha no kurera, mu gucunga umutungo w’ibigo yakozemo, haba mu kuyobora abinjiraga mu muryango w’abafasha b’ubutumwa no gufasha abatishoboye. Ibyo byose yabigiranye ubushobozi bwinshi bagenzi be bakabimwubahira kandi bakabimukundira. Kuba intangarugero yari yarabigize umuco ni cyo cyamufashije mu kwemera kwitangira abari baramugannye ahitamo kwicwa aho kugwa mu ingengabitekerezo y’ivanguramoko. Abanyeshuri b’i Nyange: Abemezwaho ubutwari ni abari mu cyigo cy’i Nyange mu ijoro ryo kuwa 18 Werurwe 1997 mu ishuri ry’uwa gatandatu n’uwa gatanu igihe abacengezi batera icyo kigo ari abapfuye ari n’abatarapfuye iryo joro. Abanyeshuri b’i Nyange baharaniye ku mugaragaro amahame y’ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda kugeza aho bamwe babizira babizi, bemera guhara ubuzima bwabo aho kwivangura. Babereye Abanyarwanda muri rusange n’urubyiruko by’umwihariko, urugero rw’urukundo, rwo kurwanya amacakubiri no kwitangira uburenganzira bwa muntu. Urwego rw’Ingenzi
Abantu bari muri uru rwego ntibaramenyekana kuko hakirimo gukorwa ubushakashatsi ngo hamenyekana azashyirwamo. Twifashishijwe inyandiko ya Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko Umuco na Siporo, inyandiko yiswe "INTWARI Z’U RWANDA". Yanditswe na Eddie Mwerekande/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-n-amateka-y-ishyamba-rya-nyirandakunze-ho-mu | Sobanukirwa n’amateka y’ishyamba rya Nyirandakunze ho mu Bukunzi | Ishyamba rya Nyirandakunze riherereye mu kagari ka Gatare, mu murenge wa Nkungu mu karere ka Rusizi, iri zina ngo ryakomotse ku mugore bivugwa ko yari igishegabo witwaga Nyirandakunze, akaba yari umugore w’umutware wahategekaga witwaga Ndagano Ruhagata na we akaba yari umuvubyi w’imvura akanamenya kugenzura imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Nkuko amateka abivuga ngo uyu mutware witwaga Ndagano yari yarajujubijwe n’umugore we witwaga Nyirandakunze, yaramugize inganzwa bituma Nyirandakuze amenyekana kurusha umugabo we bitewe ubushegabo bwe. Ubusanzwe mu mateka y’u Rwanda aka gace kazwi ku izina rya Bukunzi ikaba yarayoborwaga n’uwitwa Ndagano Ruhagata. Ndagano yashatse umugore witwaga Nyirandakunze ariko amubera igishegabo, aramuganza bigeza n’aho yasaga n’aho ari we uyoboye u Bukunzi bituma umugabo we amuhungira muri iri shyamba ryitwaga irya Komini mbere y’uko ryitirirwa Nyirandakunze, maze aho kumenyekana cyane umugabo,uyu mugore aba ari we umenyekana. Uku ni ko yaje no kugambanira umugabo we maze aramwicisha agira ngo umuhungu we abe ari we wima ategeke ubukunzi, ibintu byababaje cyane ibwami kuko Ndagano yari apfuye kandi yari umuvubyi ,maze umwami Musinga wariho yoherereza abazungu ngo baze kumurebera icyo gishegabo. Bahageze Nyirandakunze yashatse kubarwanya ariko birangira bamwivuganye. AHORUKOMEYE Desire w’imyaka 61 yabwiye radiyo y’igihugu ko ari umwuzukuru wa Ndagano,ngo ibi abizi neza Ati:”Kera bahitaga kwa Ndagano, ndagano ariwe wari umwami nuko ategeka i Bukunzi umugore we aza kumuganza nyine, ariko nubwo yamuganje yararenze akomeza kuba umwami umwe yatangaga aye mategeko n’undi agatanga aye mategeko, kubera yuko umugore we atamushakaga niwe pe wamugambaniye ubwo Musinga amaze kubimenya yohereje igitero nyine gishakisha Nyirandakunze, abazungu baraza nyine aho bamuboneye byabaye nyine kurwana abanza gufata umushoro awutera umuzungu awuteye umuzungu yararakaye amukubita urusasu cyokora ntacyo rwamutwaye amukubita urundi rwa gatatu, nirwo rwamwishe abenshi nyine baryita nyirandakunze kubera ko yari yarigize igishegabo”. Mu mbago z’iri shyamba ubu ryabaye iry’ubukerarugendo, abaturage bahisemo kuhabyaza umusaruro maze bibumbira muri koperative ikora ibikoresho by’ubukorikori kugira ngo abakerarugendo baje gusura Nyirandakunze babigure Iyi Bukunzi yayoborwaga na Ndahiro umugabo wa Nyirandakunze, yari iherereye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya CYANGUGU ibumbatiye Komini ya Karengera na Nyakabuye ,ubu ni mu mirenge ya Nkungu,Nyakabuye,Gitambi na Nyakarenzo mu karere ka Rusizi ndetse n’uwa Karengera mu karere ka Nyamasheke. Umutware wa nyuma wa Bukunzi yabaye NGOGA BIHIGIMONDO,ababirigi bakaba baramushyize muri gereza kuva mu w’1923 kugeza mu w’1925.Muri uwo mwaka nibwo yaguye mu buroko,maze u Bukunzi bwegurirwa Abami b’u Rwanda kandi mbere bwarigengaga maze bahagabira uwitwa RWAGATARAKA aba Umutware waho. Ingoma ya Bukunzi izima ityo. Yanditswe na Ubwanditsi/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/inkomoko-y-indirimbo-kabanyana-k-abakobwa-yaririmbwe-n | Inkomoko y’Indirimbo “Kabanyana k’Abakobwa” yaririmbwe n’Urukerereza | Kabanyana k’Abakobwa benshi bayizi nk’Indirimbo yahimbwe n’Itorero Urukerereza gusa ubusanzwe iyi mbyino mbere yo gukorwa n’Urukerereza ubusanzwe ikaba yari igisingizo cya nyina wa Muligo wa Mpetamacumu. Musinga ajya gusaza, yatuye i Nyanza. Mukemba yajyaga yoherezayo amakoro ngo yabaga atwawe n’abagera ku bihumbi bibiri, ashorejwe n’umuhungu we Nkunduwimye wavutse mu rwimo rwa Musinga, ari na cyo iryo zina risobanura. Umunsi umwe Nkunduwimye yageze i Gacuriro ajyanye amakoro i Nyanza kwa Musinga, abasigaye inyuma berekeza mu Mutara bikoreye. Abantu ba Muligo mwene Mpetamacumu ya Karuranga babahukamo babamarira ku icumu, ni ko kwirahira bati: “Nkwice Nkunduwimye mwene Mukemba.” Ibyo ngo bikaba byari ukugira ngo i Bwami batange Mukemba n’abe bicwe, cyangwa banyagwe maze Muligo n’abe bironkere ako karere. Ibi ngo Muligo yabitewe n’ ishyari yari abafitiye. Mukimba ariko ngo yari yaramenye ubwo bugambanyi rugikubita, ni ko kuburira Nkunduwimye ngo nagera i Bwami ntazaveyo. Byaje kumenyekana ko Nkunduwimye atihishe inyuma y’ubwo bugome bamurega, kuko yari yamaze kugera i Gacuriro hakicwa abari inyuma ye, kandi bari abantu benshi atabasha kugenzura bose. Ni bwo ubugome bwaje gufata Muligo wa Mpetamacumu, na we amenye ko bamushakisha arara agenda ijoro ryose ahungira mu Buganda. Muri uko guhunga, nyina yaje gukomereka ananirwa kugenda bamukurura akaboko bati: “Haguruka tugende Kabanyana k’Abakobwa” (cyari igisingizo cye).
Aha ni ho Urukerereza rwakomoye indirimbo yabo yitwa Kabanyana k’Abakobwa.Twifashishije Ibirari by’Insigamigani
Yanditswe na Akayezu Jean de Dieu/MUHABURA.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/madamu-samaki-umukobwa-mwiza-wibera-mu-nyanja-ese-abaho | Madamu Samaki, Umukobwa Mwiza Wibera mu Nyanja Ese abaho koko, Umungu Wamurombye Byamugendekeye bite? | Madam Samaki ni ikiremwa bivugwa ko kiba mu mazi, kikaba cyaragiye kivugwa kuva mu myaka ya cyera, kandi kikavugwaho ibitangaza byinshi n’ubwiza butangaje ku gice cyo hejuru. Nk’uko bivugwa, Madam Samaki ngo afite igice cyo hejuru cy’umuntu w’igitsina gore mu gihe igice cyo hasi ari ifi. Ese Madam Samaki koko abaho? Ibi biremwa byatangiye kuvugwa mu myaka 30,000 ishize mu cyo abahanga bise (stone age) bikaba byaravugwaga mu bitekerezo ndetse n’imigani n’ubwo zimwe mu nyandiko zagiye zigaragaza ko Madam Samaki zagiye zigaragaza cyane ku isi.
Inkuru ziheruka zivugwa kuri Madam Samaki, zivuga ko, ko yagiye yigaragaza mu duce dutandukanye ndetse no muri iki kinyejana cya 21, ngo zikaba zarigaragaje muri Israel ndetse no muri Zimbabwe. Mu mwaka wa 2005, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura ibyo mu nyanja ndetse no mu kirere(NOAA), cyashimangiye ko Madam Samaki zibaho bagendeye ku mafoto yari yafashwe ubwo Madam Samaki zigaragazaga kunkengero z’inyanja ya Pacifique ahagana mu majyepfo ya Atlantique. Abashakashati benshi barimo Marcus Plumkin, wigisha muri Kaminuza ya Florida, akaba ari n’umushakashatsi mu bijyanye n’ibi biremwa, bagiye batangaza ko Madam Samaki zikunze kuba mumazi ashyuha nko mujyanja yaMediterane, n’ubwo ngo inyinshi zagiye zigaragara mu nyanja ya Pacifique,Plumkin ati «Hari ikintu nakwita nk’umuryango wa za Madam Samaki zihora ziri koga mumazi zikanasohoka hanze munyanja nto iherereye mumujyi wa Maryland» Abarobyi bo muri Amerika ngo bafashe Madam Samaki Muri aka karere k’ibiyaga bigari hagiye havugwa ibitekerezo byinshi bivuga kuri Madam Samaki, nko mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika giherereye muri Tanzaniya, ndetse na Victoria giherereye hagati y’u Bugande, Tanzaniya ndetse na Kenya. Ariko nta buhamya bufatika bw’umuntu waba warazibonye. Gusa ibitekerezo Bihari bishora gushimangira ko zishobora kuba zihagera dore ko n’iri zina rya Madam Samaki ariho rikomoka kuko mu Cyongereza bazita Mermaids.
Ese Madam Samaki yaba avugwa muri Bibiliya? Ubundi inkuru zijyanye n’imibereho y’ibinyabuzima bitangaje, zivuga ko ikigirwamanakazi cyo muri Asyria kitwaga Ataligatis aricyo kihinduyeMadam Samaki nyuma yo kwica umuntu kitabishaka.
Madam Samaki ateye kuburyo butangaje! Bibiliya ivuga Madam Samaki nk’ikigirwamana kitwaga Dagoni cyajyaga gisengwa mu bihugu bitandukanye, abayoboke bacyo bakaba bari bahanganye n’abasenga Imana.
Mu mirongo ivugwamo icyo kigirwamana harimo nka 1 Samweli 5:2-4. Yanditswe na Ukurikiyimfura Leonce/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/gicumbi-irimbi-abami-b-u-rwanda-batabarizwagamo-iyo | Gicumbi: Irimbi Abami b’u Rwanda batabarizwagamo Iyo urigezeho uzanga nta kimenyetso kiharanga gihari | Amateka y’u Rwanda agaragaza ko, Abami b’u Rwanda bagiraga irimbi ryihariye batabarizwagamo. Muri y’amateka y’irimbi ry’Abami, tugiye kurebera hamwe ibyerekeye imva ya Rwabugili n’umugore we Kanjogera waje kuba umugabekazi ku Ngoma ya Yuhi IV Musinga. Irimbi abami b’u Rwanda n’Abagabekazi babo batabarizwagamo riherereye mu Mudugudu wa Nyakavunga, Akagari ka Kigabiro, mu Murenge wa Rutare, mu Karere ka Gicumbi ho mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru. Nk’uko amateka abigaragaza, Abami b’u Rwanda bagiraga irimbi ryihariye batabarizwagamo. Muri iki gice cy’amateka y’irimbi ry’Abami, tugiye kurebera hamwe ibyerekeye imva ya Rwabugili n’umugore we Kanjogera waje kuba umugabekazi ku Ngoma ya Yuhi IV Musinga. Irimbi batabarizwagamo abami b’u Rwanda n’Abagabekazi babo riherereye mu Mudugudu wa Nyakavunga, Akagari ka Kigabiro, mu Murenge wa Rutare, mu Karere ka Gicumbi ho mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru. Iyo ugeze aho iryo rimbi riherereye, nta kigaragaza ko ari irimbi koko kuko usanga hatuye abaturage benshi kandi bahahinga nta kibazo bafite. Kugeza ubu abami bahatarijwe ni aba bakurikira, hamwe n’abagabekazi babo: *Ruganzu I Bwimba, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1312-1345
*Cyilima I Rugwe, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1345-1378
* Kigeli I Mukobanya, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1378-1411
* Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1411-1444
* Yuhi II Gahima II, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1444-1477
*Ndahiro II Cyamatare, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1477-1510
*Ruganzu II Ndoli, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1510-1543
*Mutara I Nsoro II Semugeshi, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1543-1576
* Kigeli II Nyamuheshera,wategetse ahasaga mu w’1576-1609
*Mibambwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1609-1642
*Yuhi III Mazimpaka, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1642-1675
*Cyilima II Rujugira, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1675-1708
* Kigeli III Ndabarasa, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1708-1741
* Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1741-1746
* Yuhi IV Gahindiro, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1746-1830
* Mutara II Rwogera, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1830-1853
*Kigeli IV Rwabugili, wategetse ahasaga mu w’1853-1895
Abandi bami batahatabarijwe ni ababanziriza aba twavuze haruguru barimo :
*Gihanga I Ngomijana wategetse ahasaga mu w’1091-1124
* Kanyarwanda Gahima wategetse ahasaga mu w’1124-1157
*Yuhi I Musindi wategetse ahasaga mu w’1157-1180
*Ndahiro I Ruyange wategetse ahasaga mu w’1180-1213
*Ndoba wategetse ahasaga mu w’1213-1246
*Samembe wategetse ahasaga mu w’1246-1279
* Nsoro I Samukondo wategetse ahasaga mu w’1279-1312 Abandi ni Yuhi IV Musinga waguye ishyanga ubwo Ababiligi bamuciraga i Kamembe nyuma yaho agahungira i Moba, ari naho yaguye. Undi utarahatabarijwe muri iryo rimbi ni Mutara IV Rudahigwa watanze mu w’1959, akaba ashyinguwe i Mwima mu Murenge wa Busasamana mu Karere ka Nyanza, aho ari kumwe n’uwari umwamikazi Rozariya Gicanda. Kugeza ubu, nta mva za bariya Bami zihagaragara, usibye imva y’Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili. Akimara gutanga, bahise bamwosa bajya kumushyingura mu mva zashyinguwemo ba Sekuruza aho i Rutare. Nyirayuhi Kanjogera w’Injonge (cyari igisingizo cye) nawe atanze baza kuhamutabariza , mu itabazwa rye ryayobowe n’ibikomerezwa byo ku Ngoma ya Musinga baherekejwe n’umuja we Nyirantwari wari umutoni wa Kanjogera, bamutabariza mu rugo rw’uwitwa Baziki n’umugore we Karaboneye, bamaze kumutabariza bahabagira impfizi yitwaga Kezaburanga, bahamara iminsi myinshi bamwiraburira. Mu w’1972, nibwo hatanzwe itegeko ry’uko imva z’abami zigomba kwitabwaho, icyo gihe nibwo baronze aho Rwabugili wari umaze imyaka 77 atanze ari, imva ye barayubakira. Naho iya Kanjogera barayihorera, iyo uhageze usanga imva ya Rwabugili iri haruguru y’umuhanda yubakiye, naho iya Kanjogera ikaba munsi y’umuhanda mu biti by’avoka bihari, nta kigaragaza ko hari imva ye, usibye ibiti by’imihati n’indabyo nkeya bene imirima bahateye kugira ngo nibura hajye harangira abashaka kuhamenya. Aha, twabibutsa ko Kigeli IV Rwabugili yatangiye ku Kivu cy’i Nyamasheke mu rugaryi rwo mu w’1895, amaze kuzahaza amahanga, azize umwambi yarashwe n’Abashi mu gitero cya nyuma yagabye ku ijwi. Akaba umwami w’ikirangirire mu bami bategetse u Rwanda, kuko ku Ngoma ye yamazeho imyaka 42, yagabye ibitero 45 yagura u Rwanda kugeza aho rwari ruri ku mwaduko w’Abakoroni. Naho Kanjogera akaba yari umugore wa Rwabugili, waje kuba umugabekazi w’Abami babiri aribo Musinga na Rutalindwa. Icyo amateka amuvugaho cyane, ni uko ariwe mutekereza ukomeye w’intambara yo ku Rucunshu izwi cyane mu mateka y’u Rwanda.
Imva ya Rwabugili Twabibutsa ko Kigeli V wategetse u Rwanda bwanyuma kuva kuwa 28 Nyakanga 1959 kugera ahiritswe ku butegetsi kuwa 28 Mutarama 1961 yatanze mu ijoro ryo kuwa Gatandatu rishyira ku Cyumweru tariki 16 Ukwakira 2016, afite imyaka 80 y’amavuko. Gusa umuryango we uri mu Rwanda wifuje ko yatabarizwa mu gihugu yavukiyemo ndetse biza gutangazwa ko iyo mihango izabera i Nyanza mu Majyepfo y’u Rwanda, ariko ababanaga na Kigeli V mu Mujyi wa Oakton muri Virginia, bavuga ko umugogo we udashobora kuzanwa mu Rwanda kuko ubwe yasize abyanze, cyane ko atabashije gutaha mu buryo yifuzagamo. Itsinda ry’umuryango we ryagiye muri Amerika kugerageza inzira z’ibiganiro, ariko kumvikana birananirana kugeza ubwo hitabazwa urukiko rw’aho aho yatangiye. itangazo ryatanzwe n’umuryango wa Kigeli V uhagarariwe na Christine Mukabayojo, Kigeli abereye se wabo, rigira riti “kuva babiri gusa mu bavandimwe bawo, batambamiye icyifuzo cy’umuryango wacu, byabaye ngombwa ko twitabaza inkiko zo muri Amerika aho yatangiye, nk’uko amategeko yaho abiteganya.” Kuwa Gatatu tariki 23 Ugushyingo, urukiko rwo muri Fairfax County muri Virginia rwasuzumye icyo kibazo, rumaze kubona ko impande zombi zihagarariwe n’ababunganira mu nkiko, rufata icyemezo ko abatangabuhamya bose bamenyeshwa, bakazumvwa n’urukiko kuwa 3 Mutarama 2017, hakabona gufatwa umwanzuro. Gusa umuryango wa Kigeli wo ukomeza gushimangira nta shiti ko umwami azatabarizwa mu Rwanda. Abari kumwe na Kigeli V bavuga ko hakomejwe imihango itandukanye yo kumusezeraho mu cyubahiro, mbere y’uko hafatwa umwanzuro ntakuka w’aho agomba gutabarizwa n’uburyo bizakorwamo. Mu gihe bamwe mu muryango wa Kigeli bashyigikiye ko atabarizwa muri Amerika kimwe n’ababanaga nawe, banatangaje ko hari ahantu babonye ho kumutabariza hajyanye n’imyemerere ya Kiliziya Gatolika, nubwo bemera ko umugogo we ’ushobora kuzazanwa mu Rwanda mu kindi gihe’. Aba ni nabo basaba inkunga yo gushyigikira ibikorwa byo guharanira ko Kigeli V atabarizwa hanze y’u Rwanda, banasaba inkunga yo kumutabariza, ibintu umuryango wa Kigeli V muri rusange wamaganiye kure, nubwo byose bigomba gutegereza umwanzuro w’urukiko. Yanditswe na Salongo Richard /MUHABURA.RW
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-ibintu-bitangaje-ku-gihugu-cya-australia | Menya Ibintu Bitangaje ku Gihugu cya Australia | Igihugu cya Autralia ni kimwe mu bihugu byiza kandi bifite ubuzima bwiza muri rusange ndetse kiza ku mwanya wa6 Nyuma y’Uburusiya, Canada, Ubushinwa, USA ndetse na Brazil. Iki gihugu kizengurutswe n’ibirwa nka Tasmania ifite ubuso bwa kirometero 68,401. Benshi kuri iyi si bagira indoto zo kujyayo n’ubwo bahamya ko ari kure, kandi bihenze kujyayo, ariko ngo ninako hari byinshi byiza bikurura ba Mukerarugendo. Iki gihugu ngo kiberamo bumwe mu bwoko bw’inyamaswa utasanga ahandi hantu ku Isi cyane cyane ubwoko bw’Inyoni, inzoka, kangaroo ndetse n’ibindi byiza bitatse iki gihugu nk’ibiyaga bitandukanye. Autralia ifite umurwa mukuru witwa Camberra. Igitangaje kuri uyu murwa ngo ni uko abaturage ba Autralia badashobora kwemeza ko ariwo mujyi mukuru , kuko mu mwaka wa 1908 aribwo bafashe icyemezo cyo kubaka undi mujyi hagati y’indi migi ibiri ya Sydney na Melbourne. Ngo rero baje kwemeza ko bawuhindura umwe maze bawita Camberra, ariwe mu rwa mukuru kugeza ubu. Autralia ni cyo gihugu cyonyine ku isi gifite ubwoko bw’inzoka zifite ubumara bw’uburozi.
Iyi nzoka izwi cyane ku izina rya "Fierce snake" ni yo nzoka ku isi ifite ubumara bw’uburozi. Ubushakashatsi bukaba bwaragaragaje ko ifite uburozi bwa "venom"bushobora kwica abantu 100 kandi bwageze mu maraso y’umuntu umwe gusa akanduza n’abandi. Iyi nzoka ishobora gukura ku buryo igira metero 2 na santimetero 5 , naho iyaba arinto ntige munsi ya metero 1 na santimetero 8. Nk’uko tubikesha"Wikipedia" iyi nzoka ngo igira umuvuduko wihuta cyane ndetse ikanihindukiza yo ubwayo ku wundi muvuduko udasanzwe. Ariko ngo kurundi ruhande iyi nzoka igira ubwoba cyane kandi ntishabutse cyane kandi ngo iboneka ahantu mu butayu mu burasirazuba bwa Autrialia dore ko hatanagera n’abantu cyane. Autralia ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite abaturage benshi baturuka hirya no hino ku isi. Nk’uko tubikesha ibiro bishinzwe ibarurishamibare ry’abaturage mu gihugu cya Autralia, gitangaza ko abarenga kimwe cya kane ¼ ni ukuvuga Miliyoni 24 z’abaturage bafite ubwenegihu bw’ahandi.
Autralia ifite ikigero cyabimukira baturuka hirya no hino ku isi kigera kuri 5.65ku gihumbi mu mwaka wa2015 mu gihe Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) ari 3.86 ku gihumbi naho Ubwongereza bukagira 2.54 ku gihumbi. Autralia ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite umubare w’abaturage bake ku isi.
Autralia ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite abaturage bake ku isi kuko, nibura abagera kuri 3.13 batura kuri kirometero kare imwe, mu gihe Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zo abantu 33 batura kuri kirometero kare imwe. Ngo kandi abaturage barenga 60% batuye mu migi itanu gusa (5) ariyo Adelaide, Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne ndetse na Perth. Ikindi kandi ngo iyo urimo ukora nka siporo yo kwiruka cyangwa undi mukino usaba kuva hamwe ujya ahandi ngo ushobora kugenda ukaba wamara ikimweru cyose utarabona Umuntu n’Umwe. N’Ubwo ngo bizwi ko iki guhugu kizwi kuba kigira izuba ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwinshi, nyamara ngo si ukuri. Ngo mu by’ukuri umusozi mu muremure wa Alps ugaragara mu bihugu byinshi by’uburayi nka Switzerland ndetse n’ahandi ngo ugaragara neza muri Autralia, ari naho hegereye Umusenyi mwiza wo ku nyanja (beaches) ufatwa nk’uwambere kuri iyi si ya Rurema.
Ndetse iyi Beaches ikaba ariyo ikurura abantu muri iki gihugu. Autralia ni cyo gihugu cya mbere cyubatse urukuta rurure rugabanya ubutaka n’ubundi ku Isi. Uru ruzitiro ruzwi ku izina rya "Dingo fence" ni rwo rurerure kuri iyi si nyuma y’Ubushinwa. Uru rukuta cyangwa uruzitiro rugabanya umugabare wa Australia mo ibice bibiri, uru ruzitiro ry’ubwirinzi bwubatswe mu mwaka 1880 mu rwego rwo kurinda agake ka "South Queensland"kororerwagamo amatungo, igihe hajyaga haterwa n’Inyamaswa zo mwishayamba.
"Dingo fence" ifite uburebure bwa kirometero 5614 z"uburebure mu gihe urwo mu Bushinwa rufite gusa kirometero 725. Autralia ifite ikirwa cya Tasmania gifatwa nk’ikitegerezo ku buzima bwiza mu mibumbe yose.
Tasmania ni hamwe mu hantu heza buri wese aba agomba gupfa ageze, ukeretse ibihakorerwa n’ibihari byakozwe n’abantu ariko ngo ifite ibyiza byayo karemano nk’akayaga gahuha neza, na mahumbezi meza. Mu mwaka ushize abakererugendo barenga Miliyariridi 7 basuye autralia, muribo abarenga miliyaridi basura ikirwa cya Tasmania.
Aha kandi niho usanga ubu bwoko bw’udusimba utasanga ahandi kuri iyi si.
Yanditswe na Ukuriyemfura Leonce/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/abami-batatu-bamamaye-ku-ngoma-nyiginya-na-zimwe-mu | Abami batatu bamamaye ku ngoma nyiginya na zimwe mu ntamabara bagiye batsinda | Nkuko amateka y’Abami b’Abanyiginya abigaragaza,Kigeli I Mukobanya niwe Mwami wabimburiye gutegeka igihugu wenyine nta bigereka.Ariko hari Abami batatu bamamaye cyane by’ikirenga ku Ngoma Nyiginya . Abo bari RUGANZU Ndoli bitaga Cyambarantama, YUHI Gahindiro wari uzwi ku kabyiniriro ka “Umutangatiro” na KIGELI Rwabugili wari Inkotanyi cyane. Tugarutse kuri buri umwe muri aba bami batatu twavuze haruguru Ruganzu Ndoli Ruganzu yari umwami w’Ikirangirire ku buryo mu maso ya Rubanda yakoraga ibitangaza nk’ibya Musa mu Misiri no mu Butayu bwa Sinayi. Ibuye rya Bagege,ryo mu Gakenke ho mu cyahoze ari Komini Nyarutovu muri Ruhengeri (Ubu ni mu Karere ka Gakenke ) ngo ryararaga ribunga risenyagura amazu n’ibiti ,maze umunsi umwe Ruganzu ararihagurukira arisekura ubuhiri aritegeka kutarenga umutaru ,na n’ubu ntiryongeye kubungera no kurimbura ibintu. Ikirenge cya Ruganzu,cyo mu mpinga ya Ruganda hafi y’Umurwa wa Ruganzu wari i Ruganda ho muri Komini Tare muri Kigali (ubu ni mu Karere ka Rulindo ) ari naho Ruganzu yimikiye Kalinga isimbura Rwoga Abanyabungo bari baranyaze u Rwanda.
Icyo Kirenge cyari ahantu h’ubuvumo,ari ibuye riteye burenge n’amano n’agatsinsino,rubanda ikacyitirira Ruganzu .Abakobwa bahanyuraga bahiraga ishinge bagasasira “Ikirenge cya Ruganzu” bagacyura ubuhoro. Abashinwa ubu bahanyujije kaburimbo i Ruganda,batabitse aho hantu bahemukira batyo abo bakobwa n’Abakerarugendo Ruganzu yari afite ingabo zitwa “IBISUMIZI” wari umutwe w’ingabo ze,zari intwari zikabije kurwana,ku buryo Ruganzu yigaruriye amahugu abikesha Ibisumizi. Dore Itonde ry’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe Ruganzu Ndoli yigaruriye : Ubuyabungo bwa Ntsibura Nyebuga wapfakaje u Rwanda ku ngoma ya Ndhiro Cyamatara .Intego ya Ruganzu yari iyo guhashya Ubunyabungo akabugusha ruhabo.Ahera ku mpugu z’umweya w’i Kivu uteganye n’Ijwi nyuma naryo ararinesha. Ruganzu arakomeza atera Nzira wa Muramira Umwami w’u Bugara wari waratabaye Nsibura atera Ndahiro ,nibwo amucuze inkumbi Abasizi bamuririmba bamwita “CYAMBARA- NTAMA”,cyigaruriye u Bugara. Ruganzu ntiyagoheka yigarurira u Bunyambiriri bwa Gisurere cy’i Suti ho muri Komini Musange muri Superefegitura ya Kaduha (mu Karere ka Gisagara ) agerekaho n’u Bwanamukari bwo muri Butare ,yica Nyakarashi w’i Zivu ho muri Komini Shyanda( ubu ni mu Karere ka Gisagara ) yica na Mpandahande w’I Ruhande ahubatse Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda,arakomeza atera Nyaruzi Umwami w’i Burwi amutsinda mu Mukindo wa Makwaza ho muri Komini Kibayi (ubu ni mu Karere ka Gisagagara ) atsinda atyo Abarenge. Ruganzu ntiyanyurwa, yogoga imanga n’impinga z’u Rutsiro ,yigarurira u Bugoyi ,n’i Byahi n’ u Bwishya arenga Ibirunga yigarurira u Bufumbira bw’u Bugara ,ibyo bikaba ibigwi bya Ruganzu agatsinda izina niryo muntu ! Yuhi Gahindiro
Ingoma ya Gahindiro ikunda kuvugwa cyane ,kuko ariyo yabayemo amahoro kuruta izindi.Ngo ntawe Gahindiro yigeze yica ubuzima bwe bwose. Rubanda igaragaza ayo mahoro y’ingoma ya Gahindiro ,muri ibi bisakuzo : 1.Negetse umuzinga ku ngoma ya Gahindiro n’ubu nturinjirwa 2.Nashinze urukiramende ku ngoma ya Gahindiro,na n’ubu sindarugendera ngo ndusimbuke. Ibi bisakuzo biratwereka ko ku ngoma ya Gahindiro abantu bari bamerewe neza bakikorera imirimo ntacyo bikanga,kandi bakanidagadura. Ku ngoma ya Gahindiro i Gisaka cyari mu midugararo itewe n’amahari yabarwaniraga ingoma. Umurundi Rugeyo aza kubyivangamo yiyita igikomangoma Zigama wari waraguye I Bururndi bamurashe mu ijisho. Rugeyo nawe yari yarapfuye ijisho ariko arihisha mu mpuzu ,kugirango atamenyekana . Ubwo ibikomangoma Ntamwete na barumuna be bamuhungira mu Rwanda.Gahindiro arabakira abatuza I Rubona rwa Matare ho muri Komini Bicumbi muri Kigali (ubu ni mu Karere ka Rwamagana ) I Gisaka Gahindiro arakibanira ,gikurizaho kumwita “MUTANGATIRO” kuko uretse uwo mubano n’urwo rugwiro ,Gahindiro ntiyigeze atera I Gisaka nka ba Sekuru. Kigeli Rwabugili
Kigeli Rwabugili Yahoranaga ishyaka ry ‘imihigo, akamenya imirwano ,akagira n’ubutwari ku rugamba.Ikivugo cye yari “INKOTANYI” Ibitero byinshi yagabye byakangaranyije amahanga. Rwabugili amaze gushyira umurwa we Sakara ho mu Gisaka, « Rukurura » Ingabe y’ i Gisaka niho yanyazwe igambaniwe n’umutware Kabaka ka Kayagiro .Ubwo rero i Gisaka cyegukira u Rwanda burundu. Igitero cy’amazi :cyari kigamije gukangara i Ndorwa yari imaze kunyaga ubushyo bw’inka z’u Rwanda,muri zo zitwaga « Umuhozi ».Cyiswe igitero cy’amazi,ku mpamvuy’imvura y’urushyana yujuje imigezi igakuka ingabo zikabura aho zimenera. Igitero cy’i Bumpaka :hafi ya Rwicanzige cyari kibasiye gucogoza ubukubaganyi bw’Igikomangoma cyo mu Ndorwa ,cyiyitaga Rugaju ,cyahigiraga kuyogoza u Rwanda .Ubwo icyo gitero gitsemba Ndorwa kirayihashya mpaka Rwicanzige. Igitero cyo muri Lito :Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari zibasiye igikomangoma Nkoronko,zishinga ibirindiro ku nkiko y’u Burundi ,zitera Rugigana umutware wo mu-Lito rya Ngaragu h’i Bururndi ,byo kurengagiza. Igitero cyo mu Butembo :Iki gitero cyari icyo “Kumvisha” Muvunyi wa Kalinda ,Umwami w’u Buhunde wanyaze “Imisagara” yagishiye I Kmuronsi. Igitero cyo ku Ijwi :Ibitero byo ku Ijwi,byagabwaga mu mato y’indere aturira abantu 10,n’ay’inkuge aturira abarenze 20, « Icumbi » ikaba imisego begamira,cyangwa se intebe z’abasare bavugama .Iki gitero cyari kibasiye Kabego Umwami wo ku Ijwi wishwe na Rwanyonga rwa Mugabwambere. Igitero cya Gikore :Ho mu Kigezi hafi ya Kabare (hagengwa n’ Ubuganda ).Iki gitero cyahurujwe na Nyirimigabo ,kugirango yongere igihugu cy’Abagina. Ni nacyo cyazanye ubwoko bw’ibijumba biri mu Rwanda mbere yaho hari “Gafuma” gusa. Igitero cyo ku Buntubuzindu :Cyari kigamije kurwanya Byaterana Umwami w’u Bunayabungo wari utuye ku Buntubuzindu.Ubwo Abashi banesha igitero cy’Abanyarwabda cyari kigizwe n’imitwe ibiri gusa.Abacitse ku icumu bagobokwa n’umurishyo w’ingoma zasukiye ku Nteko zigakanga Abanyabungo bagasubira bakavunura. Igitero cyo ku Kanywiriri :Hafi ya Muzimu hari igishanga cy’urufunzo cyari inkambi y’ingabo z’Abanyabungo.Icyo gitero cyari kigamije kwihimura .Abanyarwanda barwana inkundura ,batwika urugerero rw’Abanyabungo ,ariko isayo ntiyatuma bafata Kanywiriri .Kigeli ategeka guhagarika imirwano ,ingabo zunamura icumu. Igitero cya 2 cyo ku Ijwi :Kigeli yari yarigaruriye Ijwi ryaramuyobotse ,Nkundiye waryo aza kurigandisha .Iki gitero cya Kabiri cyari kibasiye icyo kigande .Nkundiye amaze gushoberwa ingabo zimusatiriye aho yahungiye mu kirwa cy’i Shovu ,yiroha mu Kivu Ijwi rirayoboka. Igitero cy’i Bushubi :Kibogora Umwami w’i Bushubi amaze gutanga ,yasimbuwe na Nsoro.Rwabigimba umwe mu bavandimwe be atangiye kumurwanya,Nsoro yitabaza Kigeli Rwabugili.Kigeli aratabara,Rwabigimba araneshwa ahungira mu Bugufi bwari ubw’i Burundi muri ibyo bihe. Igitero cyo ku Kidogoro : Iki gitero cyagabwe na ahantu ho mu majyaruguru ya Bukavu ,ahagana mu bya Karehe.Ubwo Byaterana yari amaze gutanga ,asimbuwe na Rutaganda wari ukiri muto.Umugabekazi Mugeni Gahwijima ariwe ugenga igihugu .Ubwo igitero cy’Abanyarwanda cyasaga n’igisonga Ubunyabungo bwari bumaze kuzahazwa n’amapfa.Muri icyo “Kibariro” mu Rwanda hatera Muryamo ,Ubushita n’Imvunja. Igitero cyo ku Rusozi :Icyo gitero cyo ku Rusozi ariyo Bukavu y’ubu,cyari kigamije gufata mpiri Rutaganda n’Umugabekazi Mugeni Gahwijima,kikanyaga Ingabe y’Ubunyabungo Karya- Mahugu,kugirango u Rwanda rwigarurire by’imvaho u Bunyabungo.Rutaganda na Nyina bari bahungiye ahantu ho muri Bishugi mu majyepfo y’Ubunyabungo,kwa Katabirurwa.Igitero cyica Katabirurwa,gifata mpiri Umugabekazi ,Rutaganda abagaragu be baramucikana. Igitero cy’Imigogo :Icyo gitero cyari kibasiye Ntare IV Rwamigereka Umwami w’i Nkole wari wanyaze Inyambo z’i Rwanda ,agatwika ingoro y’i Rutaraka hafi ya Nyagatare.Kigeli Rwabugili yari i Bunyabungo n’ingabo ze,nibwo avunuye atera i Nkole ,yigarurira umurwa Mbarara, Rwamigereka yari yahuze,amenesha Imigogo y’Abanyankole ,agarika ingogo,imbunda zabo zahindutse ibifuma. Mu by’ukuri imigenzereze ya bariya Bami uko ari batatu,ni nk’urugero rusange rw’Ingoma Nyiginya,umuntu yavuga ko ari « Ingoma y’Ubwisanzure » burangwa na Ruganzu wigaruriye impugu nyinshi, «Ingoma y’ubugaragu » ,burangwa n’ituze rya Gahindiro wahatse nta ntugunda, « Ingoma y’umuheto » wari indanga-Ntego ya Rwabugili wagamburuje inkiko z’ishyanga.Ayo akaba ariyo matwara rusange y’Ingoma Nyiginya yari ishingiye ku muzi w’ibanga ry’imiterekero. Twifashishije Ingoma ya Cyami
Yanditswe na Akayezu Jean de Dieu/MUHABURA.rw
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/yakinnye-ari-yezu-none-bamumanika-mu-nsengero-ese-birakwiye | Yakinnye ari Yezu none bamumanika mu Nsengero ! ese birakwiye? | Abakristu benshi bakoresha amafoto ya Yezu nk’ikimenyetso cy’umukiza wabo. Mu gihe Yezu byari bigoye ko igihe cye, ngo nta bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga byafataga amashusho nka Telefone, kamera ndetse n’ibindi. Ntawashidikanya kuvuga ko nta foto nimwe yaba yarafashwe ya yezu cyangwa Imana, ariko haracyakorwa ubushakashatsi hirya no hino ngo barebe ko hari amafoto nyakuri yaba yarafotowe. |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/urugendo-rw-abadage-mu-rwanda-n-uburyo-bamuruwe-n-ababiligi | Urugendo rw’Abadage mu Rwanda n’Uburyo bamuruwe n’Ababiligi bagasubira iwabo kibuno mpamaguru | Igihugu cy’Ubudage ni kimwe mu bihugu bibiri byakoronije u Rwanda kandi byombi bifitanye amateka atazasibangana nk’uko inyandiko zitandukanye zibigaragaza, ubwo Abadage bageraga mu Rwanda bahinduye byinshi mu buryo Abanyarwanda babagaho ndetse bimwe mubyo aba Badage bazanye bikaba byaragize ingaruka nyinshi ku Rwanda n’uyu munsi wa none zigikurikirana Abanyarwanda n’ubwo urugendo rwabo rutarangiye amahoro dore ko Ababiligi babakomye mu nkokora. Umudage wa mbere wabonanye n’umwami w’u Rwanda Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ni Comte Von Götzen mu w’1884, asanze umwami i Kageyo (Komini Ramba) amuyoboweho na mwene Rwabugiri, Sharangabo yari akuye mu Buganza (Rwamagana). Nyuma y’aho Abadage bakomeje kuzenguruka u Rwanda, bakora ubushakashatsi nka Kandt (bise Kanayoge) wabaye Rezida wa mbere w’umudage mu Rwanda, agataha umurwa wa Kigali mu w’1908, abandi bahazaga baturutse i Bujumbura, bazanywe no gutanga umutekano w’abivumbagatanya badashaka Musinga. Mu w’1900 niho Abapadiri ba mbere b’Abagatolika baje mu Rwanda. Ni abo mu mulyango w’Abapadiri bera. Batashye i Save bavuye kuhasaba ibwami. Abamisiyoneri ba mbere b’Abaporoso baje mu Rwanda mu w’1907, ni abo mu itorero rya Luteri. Ni bo bashinze za Misiyoni zikurikira : Kirinda, Rubengera na Remera rya Rukoma. Bavuye mu Rwanda mu w’1916, bene wabo Abadage baneshejwe n’Ababiligi mu Rwanda. Nyuma, Misiyoni yabo yaje kuvamo Itorero ry’Abaperesipiteriyani mu Rwanda. Umupaka w’amajyaruguru mu mwaka w’1910, i Buruseli mu Bubiligi habaye inama yari irimo Abongereza, Abadage n’Ababiligi, ngo bagabane u Rwanda. Bahereye ku Kirunga cya Sabyinyo baca umurongo uzamutse ukagera ku kiyaga kitiriwe Eduwaridi, umwami w’Abongereza, undi bawuca intambike bakurikije uko ibirunga biteye.
Bityo u Bubiligi bwegukana igice kiri mu majyaruguru ya Kivu nka za Gishari na Bwishya, hari n’Ijwi. U Bwongereza bwegukana Bufumbira (mu w’1928, bari bakivuga ngo ni u Rwanda rw’Abongereza). U Budage busigarana u Rwanda uko rumeze ubu. Uko gutera imirwi igihugu byababaje Musinga cyane ndetse n’Abatutsi bahategekaga. Mu w’1912, ni ho Komisiyo yo gutera imbago ku mipaka yarangije akazi. Uko Abadage bakoranye na Musinga Politiki y’ingenzi y’imitegekere y’Abadage yabaye iyo gushyigikira umwami w’u Rwanda n’abatware . Ibyo bigafasha Abadage kuboneza politiki ya “Protectorat” ijyana n’ubutegetsi buziguye. Birumvikana, kuko Abadage bari mbarwa. Uko gushyigikira no kwanga “akajagari” byatumye abasirikare b’abadage bagaba ibitero hirya no hino byo guhosha imyivumbagatanyo yo kurwanya Musinga.
Mu w’1902 bagabye igitero cyo kurwanya Rukara rwa Bishingwe washakaga ubwigenge bwa Gisaka yifashishije Abapadiri b’I Zaza. Mu w’1908 – 1909 bagabye igitero cyo guhashya Basebya, naho mu w’1911 – 1912 bagaba igitero cyo kurwanya Ndungutse bafatanyije n’ingabo z’ibwami (Lt. Gudovius, ari we bwana Lazima) na Rwubusisi. Mu w’1910, Abadage bagabye igitero gikaze mu Murera (Ruhengeri) cyo guhorera Padiri Loupias, Umufaransa wari umaze kwicwa n’ingabo za Rukara rwa Bishingwe, uwo mupadiri yashakaga kuhashyigikira ubutegetsi bwa Musinga, akubitiraho no kwivanga mu by’Abarashi b’indwanyi, kandi icyo gihe yari kumwe n’umugaragu we umutwaje imbunda, ashaka kuyitabaza, baramutanga. Mu w’1914, hadutse intambara ya mbere y’isi yose. Abadage mu Rwanda bashyigikiwe na Musinga hamwe n’ingabo ze zoherejwe ku rugamba bisha na bisha, zitwaga “Indugaruga”. Abaturage bo, uruhare rwabo rwabaye urwo kwikorera imitwaro no gutanga ibiribwa. Mu w’1916 (Kamena), Abadage bari bayobowe na Kapiteni Wintgens (bwana Tembasi) bakuyemo akabo karenge, bahunga Ababiligi babarushaga ubwinshi, kandi bari bunganiwe n’Abongereza. Ng’uko uko bavuye mu Rwanda. Musinga yarinze apfa agikumbuye Abadage. Yanditswe na Akayezu Jean de Dieu/MUHABURA.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/ese-boko-haram-yaba-itandukaniye-he-n-idini-ya-islamu | Ese Boko Haram yaba Itandukaniye he n’Idini ya Islamu | Boko Haram yagaragaye bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 2014 mu kwezi kwa gatandatu. ariko agatsiko kayo kari gasanzwe kariho mu gihugu cya Nigeria mu myaka isaga icumi ishize. Uyu mutwe ntiwaje ku bw’impanuka ahubwo washinzwe na bamwe mu basirikare bakomeye ndetse na b’umwe mu bwoko bw’idini ya Islam bukorera mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cya Nigeria.
Amateka ya Boko Harama yatangijwe n’Umwe mu bigishaga ikorowani witwaga Mohammed Marwa , wavutse 1927. Ku myaka ye 18, yagiye I Kano, ubu ni mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cya Nigeria, atangira umwuga we wo kwigisha iby’idini ya Islam. nyuma yaho rero nibwo Yatangiye gusebya umuco wo mu burasirazuba maze avugako batuka Imana kubera ko abenshi bari abakirisitu. Ndetse avugako gusoma ikindi gitabo kitari Koran ari icyaha gikomeye ndetse akaba ari ikimenyetso cy’ubupagani. Icyo gihe Ndetse abaturage cyane cyane abanyakatolike babuzwa gusoma ibitabo bya Mutagatifu Augustin, kuko yanavuga ko Atari ukuri ahubwo ukuri ari ibyavuzwe n’ Intumwa y’Imana ariwe Muhammed. Ariko iki gitekerezo cyaje guburizwamo na Leta ndetse irakirwanya , ariko kuko yari yaramaze kubikwirakwiza mubaturage cyane cyane abo mu majyaruguru, leta ifashe icyenezo cyo kurwanya ibyo bitekerezo, abaturage bahise bigomeka k’ubutegetsi ahagana mu mwaka wa 1980, cyane cyane abo muri Kano mu majyaruguru ya Nigeria. Nyuma yo kwigomeka ku butegetsi, icyo gihe hahise haba intambara ya Leta n’abasiviri ndetse iza guhitana abarenga ibihumbi 4(4000). Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri abanzwi ku izina rya "Maitatsines" bo mu manyaruguru batangije intambara mu gace ka "Gongola State " bahangana na leta maze abarenga 1000 bahasiga amagara iyo ntambara ikaba yarishingiye ku madini. Kuva icyo gihe na nyuma y’ubwigenge, igihugu cya Nigeria cyakomeje kurangwa n’amacakuberi ashingiye ku madini arinabyo byabaye intandaro y’udutsiko rw’abarwanyi bagamije gushaka ubuyobozi ndetse n’imitungo kamere. Mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cya Nigeria niho higanje abayoboke ba Islamu bo mu bwoko bwa "Hausi na Fulani" aba bakaba ntaho bahuriye n’abaislam basanzwe ,ahubwo bashingiye ku ivangura. Naho mu majyepfo ya Nigeria niho higanje abaturage baba abakristu n’abandi bake b’abaslamu. Uku gutandukana kwa aba Islamu bo mubwoko bwa Hausi na Fulani kwaje kongera imbara mu mwaka wa 1999 ubwo leta yahinduraga itegeko rya "Sheria" ryahoze ari itegeko ry’ubutaka mu majyaruguru ya Nigeria . maze Nigeria imaze kugira ubwigenge niho leta yafashe icyemezo cyo guhindura itegeko rya "sheria" , maze aho kuba itegeko ry’ubutaka rihinduka itegeko ry’umuryango , aba Islamu bose maze bashyigikira iryo tegeko bemeza ko ryateza imbere igihugu. Ariko uguhinduka kw’itegeko ntikwavuzwe ho rumwe maze biza kugera no mu majyaruguru, ahagana mu mwaka wa 1970 ubwo baba islamu bo mu mutwe wa " Maitatsine" bari bamaze kubona abaterankunga maze biyemeza kurwanya iryo tegeko. Mu mwaka wa 1999 maze aba iSlamu bo mu majyarugruru bakora imyiyereko yo kurwanya iryo tegeko barwanya benewabo. Ibyo byatumye bakomeza gukora imyigaragabyo ari nako bahohotera abantu , nyuma baza kwifondamo umutwe wa Kislamu maze bawita Boko Haramu. Boko haramu ukaba ari umutwe wa Kislamu ukorera mu majyaruguru ya Nigeria ukaba ushingiye ku ivangura ndetse no guharanira ubutegetsi n’umutungo kamere. Mu mwaka wa 2014 ukaba aribwo wagize ibirindiro binini ndetse ukanigaragaza ku mugaragaro nk’umutwe urwanya Ubutegtsi. Boko haram imaze kugira ibirindiro byinshi mu bihugu by’amajyaruguru nkaCameron na Mali ndetse n’ahandi. ariko ukomeza gukora ibikorwa by’ihohotera ndetse no kwica abantu hirya no hino muri afurika. Yanditswe na Ukurikiyemfura Leonce/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/ese-koko-piramide-ya-mbere-ibarizwa-muri-egypte-yubatswe-n | Ese koko Piramide ya mbere ibarizwa muri Egypte yubatswe n’Abantu cyangwa ibivejuru? | Iyi piramide yo mu gihugu cya Egypte ni kimwe mu bintu bikurura ba mu kerarugendo ku Isi, mu rwego rwo kwiga no kuyikoreraho ubushakatsi.
Piramide ya mbere ikaba ari nayo nini muri Egypt iherereye ahitwa Gisa, abahanga bavuga ko ari nk’igitangaza gikomeye cyagezweho kuri iyi si. Iyi piramide iherereye ahitwa Gisa mu gihugu cya Egiputa(Egypt) yubatswe ku ngoma y’umwami Cheops ahasaga mu mwaka wa 253 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, ni piramide nini cyane ifite uburebure bungana metero 150, iri kubuso bwa hegitari 5.2( 5.2 hectares) ikaba iza mu bintu nyaburanga bikurura ba mukerarugendo ku isi. Iyi piramide bamwe bakaba bahamya ko ngo yaba ari ikintu kitazwi aho cyakomotse, abandi ngo y’ubazwe n’ariyeni , abandi ngo yubatswe n’abantu basanzwe. Abashakashatsi bo muri Egypt bakaba n’abahanga mu by’arikeworogi( Archaeology) bo batangaza ko Atari ibyo bivejuru cyangwa ikintu kidasazwe. Bagira bati”uburyo piramide yubatsemo burasobanutse kandi burumvikana kandi hari n’inyandiko yayo, ndetse izo nyandiko wazisanga mu bitabo nka the complete Pyramids cyanditswe na Lehner” Bavuga ko amabuye yayubatse bayakuraga mu birometero 600 ku ngombe z’umugezi wa Nile, aho umurongo wa bantu wavaga ku mugezi wa Nile ukagera Gisa. Iyi piramide yubatswe n’amabuye ndetse ikagira ibikuta Piramide iherere Gisa muri Egypte
Abakozi bayubatse ngo barenga 100 000 mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga icumi. Mu byukuri nta mafoto agaragara bayubaka cyangwa , umwe mu bayubatse waba uhari ngo atubwire byinshi kuri yo. Ariko bimwe mu bimenyesto bigaragazwa n’abashakashatsi mu by’amateka bavugako imva z’abantu bubatse iyo piramide zabonetse. Umushakashatsi w’amateka Zahi Hawass ukomoka mu gihugu cya Egypt we ahamya ko ngo yubatswe n’abantu bahembwaga Atari abacakara nk’uko benshi babikeka. Zahi agira ati “ igitekerezo cy’uko abantu bakera batari bafite ubwenge bwo kubaka piramide ni igitutsi, nk’uko igishushanyo cyayo giteye cyigaragaza ko yubatswe n’abantu kandi bafite ubwenge. Ku rundi ruhande, umuhanga mu by’amateka, akaba n’umwanditsi Erich Von Daniken we, yanditse ko ngo iyo piramide itubatswe n’abantu ahubwo yubatswe n’ ibivejuru byabaye ku isi mbere y’abantu bikaza kuburirwa irengero. Yanditswe na Ukurikiyimfura Leonce/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amwe-mu-mateka-y-itsinda-rya-westlife-n-icyo-bavuze-ku | Amwe mu mateka y’itsinda rya Westlife n’Icyo bavuze ku gutandukana kwabo. | Mu matwi yawe waba warumvise cyangwa ukinumva indirimbo nka: I have dream, flay without wings, Queen of my heart n’izindi. Izo zose ziza mu njyana y’uruvangitirane rw’ibyuma bya muzika rwivanga n’urusobe rw’amajwi ya Nick Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan na Brian Mcfadden, abasore b’abanya Ireland bahoze bagize itsinda Westlife tugiye kurebera hamwe mu nkuru yamateka yacu y’uyu munsi. Batangiye ari Kian Egan, Markus Fehiley, Shane Filan hamwe na bo mugace ka Sligo Derric Lacy,Graham Keighron,na Micheal Garrett, aho bari basazwe bahuriye mu itsinda rya batandu ry’injyana ya pop vacal ryitwaga six as one,ryaje guhinduka mu 1997 bakiyita I O YOU.icyo gihe bakurikiranwaga n’umugenzamari (manager) Mary Mc Donagh nabandi babiri batamenyekanye.muiri ikigihe baje kumenyekana ku ndirimbo yabo bise “together Girl forever”. Mu gihe kidatinze bajekumenyana n’icyamamare mu bugenzamari (manager) Luis walish wari sanzwe ukoranana nitsinda rya Boyzone ryo mu gace ka Irish. Uyu bakaba baramenyanye nyuma yo guhamagarwa na nyina wa Filan. Bidatiinze itsinda ryose muri rusange ryakoreshejwe igeragezwa mu nzu icura umuziki yitwaga MBG ya Simon cawell. Gusa kurya isuri isambira byinshi igasoza bike batatu muri bo ntibashimwe,ndeste Simon aza kwerurira Luis ko hari abasore batatu bafite amajwi Manini adashobora kujyana ninjyana ndetse ko byaba byiza abiyomoyeho. Icyagombaga gukurikira wari umwanzuro ukomeye wo gusezerera Lacy,keighron na Garrett.nibwo hinjijwe Nicky Bayrene na Brian Mc Fadden nuko ibikorwa byabo babikomereza mu nzu icura umuziki ya doubline. Muri rusange nyuma yibyo byose itsinda ryari ribonetse ndetse ryagombaga guhabwa izina mbere y’ibindi bikorwa byose,amazina atandukanye yaratanzwe babanza kumvikana kwitwa Westside nyamara baza gusanga iryo zina ryarakoreshejwe. Nka banyabigwi bajekumvikana ko icyibazo Atari izina ahubwo ari uburyo rizubakwa, hanyuma biza kurangira bemeje kwitwa Westlife. Icyakurikiye ni kwinjiza umwe mu basore ba Boyzon Ronan ngo afatanye na Luis mu bucunga mutungo bw’itsinda.indirimbo ya mbere banje gushyira hanze bayise swear it againe. Swear it again ni indirimbo yabamenyekanishije dore ko yanahise iza ku myanya ya mbere ku ntonde zitandukanya muri Ireland ndetse na Uk muri rusange. Iyi yakurikiwe nizindi nazo zakunzwe cyane nka if I let U go mu kwa 8/1998 ndetse na flay without wings yacuzwe n’umucuzi w’umuziki siteve mac, ndetse yananditswe nawe ubwe afatanyije na Wayn. Umuzingo wa mbere wa Westlife wagiye hanze mu kwa 11/1999 bawise Westlife, uyu muzingo ukaba warakunzwe ndetse icyo gihe usohoka kurutonde rw’imizingo 40 yakunzwe mu mateka ya Uk. Mu kwa 11 uwo mwaka bongeye gushyira hanze urukurikirane rw’indirimbo zakunzwe nka I have a dream,season in the sun, fool again ni zindi nanubu zitarava mu mitima yabakunzi ba Westlife.izi zonyine zikaba zarahaye iri tsinda imbaraga zo kuzenguru ince zitandukanye z’isi mu ngendo za muzika. (music tours). Umwaka wakurikiyeho bashyize hanze umuzingo wabo wa 2 bawita cost to cost ni umuzingo nawo wakunzwe kuko wahise ufata umwanya wa mbere muri Uk ndetse uza no mu myanya 4 mu yagurishijwe cyane mu gihugu cyose mu mwaka w’ 2000. Undi muzingo wakurikiyeho wasohotse mu mwaka w’2001 bawise world of our own wasohotseho indimbo zakunzwe nka Queen of my heart yakunzwe cyane ndetse nanubu igikoreshwa nabeshi mu mu bukwe mu mashusho ndetse no mu biganiro bitandukanye mu byo bita background (akaziki gaherekeza amajwi). Imyaka yakurikiye Westlife ntiyahwemye kwesa uduhigo no kuba abanyabigwi,gusa inkuru idasazwe yongeye kuvugwa kuya 3/9/2004 ubwo havugwaga inkuru ko umwe muri 5 bagize westlife yatandukanye nabo, uwo ni Brian Mcfadden watangaje ko agiye gushyira imbaraga mu kwita ku muryango we no kwikorera umuziki wa nyakamwe (solo career). Kuri iyo tariki ikiganioro n’itangazamakuru kitabiriwe na Westlife yose muri rusange gusa ibibazo byosese umunyamakuru yabazaga yerekezaga kuri Brian uwasubizaga wese yasubizanyaga ikiniga namarangamutima ko ngo uyu musore Brian atazibagirana mu mitima ya Westlife. Bakimara gutandukana indirimbo yambere brian yashyize hanze yayise real to me yanasohotse ku muzingo we yise Irish son. Mu minsi yakurikiye Westlife yakomeje gukora ari bane ndetse ibigwi ntibyabura kuburyo benshi batari bazi iryo tsinda mu ntangiriro batashoboraga no kwemera ko hari uwabavuiyemo mu bo batangiranye. Inkuru idasazwe yaje kongera kuvugwa kuya 14/3/2011 ko Westlife yavuye mu nzu icura umuziki ya Syco ya Simon Cowell bari bamazemo imyaka yose bari bamaze kugira mu isi y’umuziki.Westlife yeruye ikaba yaratangaje ibisa nuko izina ryabo ryari rimaze kurenga irya Syco lebel. Dore ko bagize bati”twabonaga ibikorwa byacu bisa naho aribyo bizamura lebel kurusha uko ibya lebel bizamura ibyacu nkuko amasezerano abivuga” bongeraho bati”twahisemo guhagarika imikoranire rero.” Nyuma bakaba barahise batangira gukorera mu nzu icura umuziki ya RCA record aho basohoreye undi muzingo waje no gufata umwanya wambere muri Ireland ndetse na Uk yose. Indi nkuru yakurikiye yabaye iy’ibihuha yavugaga ko Brian yaba agiye kugaruka mu itsinda nyamara Egani mu kiganiro n’itangazamakuru akaba yarabyamaganiye kure avuga ko ari ibihuha. Umunyarwanda ati “umwana uzi ubwenge niwe wikura mu kicaro keza”mu byukuri Westlife ntakimenyetso kigeze kigaragara cyatuma batandukana burundu dore ko bakoraga ndetse bakanahirwa ,hari kuya 19/10/2011 aho batangiye basa nabereka abakunzi babo ko basanabageze ku iherezo ry’umuhamagaro wabo. Ndetse mu ijambo riteguye ndetse ryeruye bagize bati”myaka 14 intonde 26 z’indirimbo 10 zikunzwe twagaragayeho, ndeste inshuro 14 murizo tuza ku mwanya wambere,imizingo yacu 11 yagaragaye mu 5 yambere yakunzwe ndetse irindwi muri yo yagurishije kopi miliyoni 44 ku isi hose,ingendo z’amuzika(tours) 10 zagurishije ibikorwa byacu ibi byose ntibyakwibagirana mu mitima yacu. Dutangaje ku mugaragaro ko tugiye kwerekeza mu nzira zitandukanye, nyuma y’igikorwa gikomeye kuri noheri yuyu mwaka nurugendo rwa muzika rusoza uyu mwaka. nibyo koko ikemezo nkiki kiragoye ariko nkabantu tumaranye igihe kinini cy’ubukure birakwiye ko dutandukana neza.twanyuranye mu bikorwa byinshi nabafana bacu areiko igikomeye niki kigiye kuza kuko nibwo bwa nyuma tugiye kuba turikumwe. Mu myaka itandukanye westlife yabaye muri twe kurasha kuyibamo nk’itsinda.ubu turajwe ishinga no gusezera kubafana bacu twabanye muri ururugendo ruhimbaje, ni umuryango wacu twabanye kuva 1998. Mubyukuri twabonaga ari inzozi ariko igishimishije ni uko zabaye impamo” Kian,Mark,Nicky,na Shane. Nyuma yitandukana rya westlife impamvu zitandukanye zarahimbwe mu bitangazamakuru.nyamara kuri daily mail aba basore baje kuvuga ko nta mwuka mubi watumye batandukana ko ahubwo ibyiza byose bigira iherezo. Yanditswe na Jean de Dieu Ntakirutimana/Muhabura.rw
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amafoto-indege-yangirikiye-mu-ntambara-ya-kabiri-y-isi | Amafoto: Indege yangirikiye mu ntambara ya kabiri y’ isi igiye kongera kuguruka | Indege y’Abanyamerika yakoreshwaga n’abasoviete ishobora kongera kuguruka nyuma y’ibibazo yaguriye na byo mu kirere cya Serbia mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi mu 1947 aho Captain Maxim Tyurikov yasisemo kuyimanura. Uyu uretse ubutwari bwo kubasha kumanura indege neza, yakomeje ubutwari mu butabazi yanaguyemo we n’abandi icyenda.
Captain Maxim Tyurikov yayimanuye nyuma yo guhurira n’ibibazo mu kirere, nta wapfiriye mu mpanuka ubwayo muri 32 barimo, ahubwo icyenda barimo na Captain baje kupfa nyuma gato kubera urubura bamazemo ibyumweru bitatu ubwo bashakaga ahantu hafi ho kwikinga no kurokorere abandi bagenzi.
Captain Maxim Tyurikov yasize urupapuro rurihoaho impanuka ybereye, icyayiteye n’andi makuru(photos Inernet) Kuri ubu ibisigazwa by’iyi ndege, Douglas C-47, biri kwegeranywa no gutunganywa ngo iyi ndege yongere isubire mu kirere. Amafote y’ibisigazwe bya Douglas C-47(photos Inernet)
Icyenda barimo na Captain baje kupfa nyuma gato kubera urubura bamazemo ibyumweru bitatu
Icyenda bijwe n’ubukonje (photos Inernet) Nyuma y’impanuka, bamaze iminsi ine mu ndege, babonye ko nta Butabazi nibwo rya tsinda ry’abantu umunani na captain bahisemo kujya gushaka ubwabo bufasha ari na byo baguyemo.
babanje kumara iminsi ine mu ndege(photos Inernet)
Abamekanisiye n’inzobere za Douglas mu kazi ko gufungura buri kuma ukwako ngo bitwarwe mu nzu ndangamurage.(photos Inernet)
Abahanga mu by’indege bagana aho iriguterenyiriza, ibisigazw bizanwa na kajugujugu(photos Inernet)
Ishusho y’urugendo Douglas C-47 yari iri gukora n’aho yahuriye n’ibibazo mu 1947(photos Inernet)
Umuntu agenda imbere muri Douglas C-47, aho yari Long Beach, California mbere yo guhabwa Abasoviyete(photos Inernet) Yanditswe na Uwizeyimana Sebastien/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-bimwe-mu-bibazo-4-by-ingenzi-umwami-musinga-yagiranye | Menya Bimwe mu bibazo 4 by’ingenzi Umwami Musinga yagiranye n’Ababiligi | Ubundi Musinga ni mwene Kigeli IV Rwabugili.Nyina uvugwa ko yamubyaye ni Kanjogera ka Rwakagara,umwegakazi. Musinga abonwa na benshi nk’umwami wagize urhare rukomeye mu gutuma abazungu bubaha Abanyarwanda kuko atabemereye kwigarurira ubutegetsi bwose n’ubwo bwose bagiye bamurusha intege gahoro gahoro nk’uko tugiye kubireba hasi: Tubanze twibukiranye ko abazungu bategetse u Rwanda bakomokaga mu bihugu bibiri bitandukanye aribyo u Budage(1899-1916) ndetse n’Ububiligi ( 1916-1962).Musinga yahuye ibibazo byinshi byaranze ubutegetsi bwe kuko akimikwa, ntabwo yayobotswe n’Abanyarwnada bose kuko abo mu majyaruguru y’ubwami banze kumuyoboka bavuga ko yanyaze ingoma Mibambwe Rutarindwa wari umaze iminsi yiciwe ku Rucunshu. Mu buhanga bwa Musinga, yaje kwiyegereza abo Badage bari bafite imbunda bamufasha gutsinda Basebya ba Nyirantwari na Ndungutse bari baragumutse barema ingabo zirwanya Musinga mu duce tw’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda rw’ubu . Aho amariye kwigarurira ako gace yagize ibyago kuko abadage bari bamaze kumu fasha kandi banamwubaha ,bagize batya batsindwa Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi bari barashoje mu Burayi.Ingoma Ndage iba irangiye ityo. Mu by’ukuri, Abadage bagiye Abanyarwanda bakibakunze ndetse n’ikimenyimenyi ni uko wasangaga bakurikiranira hafi amakuru y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi kugira ngo bumve ko Abadaha(nk’uko bitaga Abadage banga ko Ababiligi bamenya ko bagikunze abadage) batinda bakagaruka.Ugasanga baganira babazanya amakuru y’aho Hitimana ageze atsinda intambara(Hitimana yari Hitileri kugirango bajijishe Ababiligi). Bimwe mu bibazo by’ingenzi Musinga yagiranye n’Ababiligi:
1.Musinga ntiyihanganiye kubona abazungu bazana ingabo zabo kandi yari afite ingabo ze.
Izo ngabo zakoze akazi kazo mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu(1916-1919).Gusa nyuma yaho zakomeje kugira ijambo rikomeye mu bijyanye n’umutekano mu gihugu. Nk’uko Abadage babigenje mbere,Ababiligi nabo bafashe Abanyarwanda aba aribo bifashisha mu gutegeka abaturage.Ibi byateraga Abanyarwanda urujijo ryo kumenya mu by’ukuri utegeka igihugu.Ingabo z’Umwami zataye agaciro hasigara hategeka iz’Abazungu.Ibyo bibabaza Musinga. 2. Musinga yambuwe ububasha ubundi bwari bumugenewe nk’Umwami w’U Rwanda .
Ubundi Abanyarwanda bari bazi ko Umwami ari Imana y’u Rwanda .Umwami yari afite ububasha bwatumaga abasha gucyemura ibibazo bikomeye cyane bitari mu bushobozi bw’undi munyarwanda wese,hakubiyemo no kwemera ko umuntu runaka yicwa mu gihe byagirira abandi akamaro. Abazungu bageze naho bamubuza kuba yahana abana be mu gihe abyumva atyo.Urugero ruzwi cyane n’urw’umukobwa we witwaga Musheshambugu wabajijwe kuba Umukristo ariko Abamisiyoneri bahagarariwe na Mgr Classe bagashinja Musinga kubuza abanyarwanda kuyoboka idini bashaka. Mw’ibaruwa Classe yandikiye Voisin mbere gato y’uko Musinga acibwa yamushinjaga kurwanya Ubukristo yasohotse mu kinyamakuru (Essor colonial maritime:Un triste sire).
3.Musinga yarwanyije Ubukristo mu Bwami bwe.
Mbere y’uko Abazungu baza mu Rwanda bakazana idini rya Gikristo ,Abanyarwanda basengaga Imana bitaga Imana y’i Rwanda ,Rurema,Rubasha,Iyakare n’ayandi mazina y’Icyubahiro.Abamisiyonari baje mu Rwanda,bigisha ko hariho indi Mana bo babonaga ko ariyo y’ukuri. Mu mizo ya mbere nk’uko Jean Pierre Chrétien yabyanditse,abamisiyoneri bagizwe n’Abapadiri bitwaga Abapadiri bera boherejwe na Musenyeli Lavigérie babwiwe ko intego ya mbere ari ‘guhindura imitima y’inyamaswa zituye muri Afrika zikavamo abantu basobanutse b’abakristo’(Chrétien J.P:Mission,Pouvoir colonial et pouvoir africain,p 140). Ibyo birumvikanisha ukuntu umwami yari bwifate imbere y’abantu bashakaga gusuzugura Abanyarwanda bene ako kageni.Aho bamariye kubakira Kiliziya yitiriwe Yezu Umwami,I Nyanza (1946)hafi y’I bwami, byeretse Abanyarwabda bose ko Kiliziya ikuye Kirazira, ko Yezu asimbuye Abami b’u Rwanda kutegeka u Rwanda. 4.Bamwe mu batware bari baratangiye kwanga Musinga.
Kubera ukuntu Abazungu bari barigaruriye imitima y’Abanyanrwanda ,umutware utayobotse idini yabo yaranyagwaga.Ibi byateye abatware bamwe ubwoba bituma batangira kugenda bava kuri Musinga kuko bari bamaze kubona ko Abazungu bamurusha imbaraga.Muri bo harimo abazwi cyane ka Rwabutogo na Kayondo bari bene wabo,uyu Kayondo we akaba yarakundaga no kujya kumurega ku bazungu(Kalibwami J:Le Catholicisme et la Sociéte Rwandaise 1990-1962,p 205).
Ibi byose rero hamwe n’ibindi bibishamikiyeho byatumwe mu gitondo cyo kuwa 12,Ugushyingo1931 Bwana Voisin wari uhagarariye Umwami w’Ababiligi muri Ruanda-Urundi nk’uko byitwaga muri cyo gihe amenyesha Umwami Musinga ko atakiri Umwami w’u Rwanda ukundi kandi ko aciriwe I Kamembe,(Van Overschelde,Un audacieux pacifique,p 73).
Kalibwami akomeza atubwira ko Musinga acibwa yajyanye ingoma Kalinga n’izindi ngoma zigaragiye Kalinga, ndetse aherekezwa na Nyina Kanjogera.Abagaragu benshi cyane b’inkoramutima ze baramuherekeza bagana I Kamembe(Muri cya gitabo p 211)
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-ku-mateka-y-urugamba-rwo-kubohora-u-rwanda | Menya byinshi ku mateka y’urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda | Itariki ya 1 Ukwakira, ni itariki yibutsa itangira ry’urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda rwatangiye ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1990, ingabo zari iza FPR, APR, zateyeho kugeza ku ntsinzi, zihagarika na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Perezida Kagame m’urugamba rwo kubohoza U Rwanda Mu mwaka wa 1990 Tariki ya 1 Ukwakira, umupaka wa Kagitumba wagabweho igitero. Cyabaye ikimenyetso cy’itangira ry’urugamba rwamaze imyaka ine nyuma y’uko abari bagize umuryango FPR Inkotanyi biyemeje kubohora igihugu hifashishijwe inzira y’intambara.
APR, ishami rya gisirikare rya (...)
Intwari Jenerali Majoro Fred Gisa Rwigema niwe watangije Urugamba Itariki ya 1 Ukwakira, ni itariki yibutsa itangira ry’urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda rwatangiye ku ya 1 Ukwakira 1990, ingabo zari iza FPR, APR, zateyeho kugeza ku ntsinzi, zihagarika na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Mu mwaka wa 1990 Tariki ya 1 Ukwakira, umupaka wa Kagitumba wagabweho igitero. Cyabaye ikimenyetso cy’itangira ry’urugamba rwamaze imyaka ine nyuma y’uko abari bagize umuryango FPR Inkotanyi biyemeje kubohora igihugu hifashishijwe inzira y’intambara. APR, ishami rya gisirikare rya FPR, ku ikubitiro ryari riyobowe na Jenerali Majoro Fred Gisa Rwigema wari uyoboye uru rugamba. Bageze i Kagitumba, Rwigema yasobanuye mu magambo make impamvu y’urugamba rwari rutangiye, avuga ko mu mateka y’u Rwanda ubuyobozi bubi ari bwo bwazanye amacakubiri n’ibindi bibazo byose byari byugarije u Rwanda. Yababwiye ko akazi kabo kagomba ubwitange, yagize ati “Abafite ubwoba basubire inyuma, kuko intambara dutangiye ikomeye ... kandi ntimwibeshye ngo hari abandi bazayidufasha atari Abanyarwanda ubwabo.” Mu gihe kingana n’iminsi 14 ya mbere y’urugamba, bamwe mu bayobozi bakuru ba APR barishwe bitera icyuho gikomeye mu buyobozi, ndetse n’umuhate utangira kugabanuka ku basirikare bari basigaye. Mu bishwe harimo Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo z’Inkotanyi, Jenerali Majoro Fred Gisa Rwigyema wishwe arasiwe i Nyabwishongwezi nkuko amakuru yatangajwe icyo gihe yabyemeje, yarashwe tariki ya 2 Ukwakira 1990. Abari bamuri hafi bavuga ko ijambo rya nyuma yavuze rigira riti “Aduyi amenipiga”(ugenekereje bivuga ngo “umwanzi arandashe). Nyuma yo gucika intege kw’aba basirikare kubera urupfu rwa Rwigema, ku wa 20 Ukwakira 1990, Perezida Paul Kagame wari Majoro yavuye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika aho yari ku ishuri maze akomeza kuyobora urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda, azana uburyo bushya bw’imirwanire n’izindi mpinduka nyinshi zatumye APR itsinda uru rugamba. Tariki ya 4 Ukwakira : Ingabo z’Abafaransa 300 zaje kurinda abaturage babo babaga mu Rwanda ndetse n’ingabo za RPA batayo ya 9 zafashe Umujyi wa Nyagatare. Mu ijoro ryo ku itariki ya 4 rishyira kuwa 5 Ukwakira, Guverinoma ya Habyarimana yavuze ko Inkontanyi zateye umujyi wa Kigali. Yahise ifunga Abatutsi basaga ibihumbi 10, n’abandi b’abanyapolitiki benshi mu bice bitandukanye by’u Rwanda. Tariki ya 5 Ukwakira: Abasirikare 535 b’Ababiligi n’abaturutse muri Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Congo yitwaga Zaire baje gufasha ingabo za Habyarimana. Tariki ya 6 ni ya 7: Ingabo za RPA batayo ya 4 zafashe Gabiro. Ku ya 8 Ukwakira : Nyuma y’isibaniro ry’Inkotanyi i Kagitumba, ingabo za FAR(Force d’ Armé Rwandaise zariho icyo gihe ) zishe Abahima 1,000 bo mu Mutara bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi. Tariki ya 11 kugera kuri 13 Ukwakira: Mu Rwanda hakozwe ubwicanyi bwahitanye Abatutsi bagera kuri 400 mu cyahoze ari Komini Kibilira ku Kibuye. Tariki ya 23 Ukwakira: I Ryabega habereye urupfu rwa bamwe mu basirikare bakomeye mu Nkotanyi aribo : Major Bunyenyezi na Major Bayingana,baguye mu mutego wa FAR. Ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 1990: Hatangiye intambara yo mu ishyamba, ndetse ku itariki ya 3 ugushyingo 1990 Inkotanyi zifata umuhanda ujya Katuna Tariki ya 13 Ugushyingo: Habyarimana wari perezida yemereye amashyaka atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi gukora, ndetse anavuga ko ubwoko bugomba gukurwa mu ndangamuntu n’ubwo bitigeze bikorwa.
Mu mwaka wa 1991 Tariki ya 3 Mutarama: APR-Inkontanyi yahinduye isura y’imirwano igaba igitero gikomeye mu duce twa Gatuna na Kaniga mu rwego rwo kwima inzira ibikoresho by’ingabo za FAR. Ku ya 7 Mutarama: Abanyarwanda benshi bakatiwe igihano cy’urupfu bitwa ibyiso by’Inkontanyi. Tariki 23 Mutarama: APR yafashe Umujyi wa Ruhengeri ifungura n’imfungwa, iyi gereza byavuzwe ko ishaka kugirwa ahantu h’amateka mu Rwanda. Kuri iyi tariki habayeho guhagarika intambara, hashyirwaho GOM (Umutwe w’indorerezi w’abasirikari wari uhuje Inkotanyi na FAR). Mu mpera za Mutarama kugera ntangiriro za Werurwe , hishwe Abagogwe bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi bari hagati ya 500 n’igihumbi. Kuwa 16 nzeri 1991: habayeho imishyikirano ya Leta y’u Rwanda na FPR-Inkotanyi ibera mu cyahoze ari Zayire (RDC) ahitwa Nsele-Gbadolite. Mu mwaka wa 1992 Muri Werurwe, hashinzwe ishyaka rya CDR, hicwa Abatutsi bagera kuri 300 mu Bugesera. Muri Gicurasi : Igitero gikomeye cya RPA cyafashe amakomini amwe n’amwe, cyatumye abaturage basaga ibihumbi 350 bava mu byabo. Muri Kanama : Abatutsi benshi barishwe ku Kibuye. Mu Gushyingo : Leon Mugesera yavuze ijambo ku Kabaya aho yakanguriraga Abahutu gutsemba Abatutsi, avuga ko bazasubizwa aho yavugaga ko bakomoka muri Ethiopia banyujijwe iya Nyabarongo. Mu mwaka wa 1993 Ku itariki ya 8 Gashyantare: RPA yigaruriye igice kinini cy’igihugu iza no gusubira inyuma, mu rwego rwo kumvisha amahanga ko Abatutsi bakomeje kwicwa urubozo n’ubuyobozi bwari buriho. Ku itariki ya 8 Werurwe: Hasohotse Raporo Mpuzamanga yerekanaga uruhare rw’ibiro bya Perezida wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ku bwicanyi bwakorewe Abagogwe muri Perefegitura za Gisenyi na Ruhengeri. Ku itariki ya 7 Mata: Guverinoma ya Habyarimana yakiriye iyo raporo, inahakana byimazeyo ibyari biyikubiyemo. Kanama : Hatangiye Radio RTLM yacishagaho ibiganiro byahamagariraga Abanyarwanda kwicana, Abahutu kwica Abatutsi. Tariki ya 4 Kanama: RPA na Guverinoma y’u Rwanda byasabwaga kubahiriza imyanzuro yari ikubiye mu masezerano ya Arusha,Guverinoma yari iriho yakomeje gutoza imitwe yakoze Jenoside irimo Interahamwe, Impuzamigambi ndetse n’abandi bambari bagombaga gukora ubwicanyi. Tariki ya 28 Ukuboza: Batayo ya gatatu y’ingabo za RPA zageze i Kigali muri CND, hari mu rwego rwo gushinga Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yari yaremejwe n’amasezerano ya Arusha, izi ngabo zamazemo igihe. Mu mwaka wa 1994 Tariki ya 6 Mata: Indege yari itwaye Perezida Habyarimana yahanuwe saa mbiri n’igice z’ijoro (8h30’), ubwo yagarukaga i Kigali igiye kugera ku Kibuga cy’indege cya Kigali i Kanombe, apfana na Ntaryamira Cyprien wari perezida w’u Burundi bari mu ndege imwe bavuye I Dar-es-Salaam muri Tanzaniya hari habereye inama y’Akarere. Ku ya 7 Mata: Minisitiri w’Intebe muri leta ya Habyarimana, Uwilingiyimana Agathe n’ingabo 10 z’Ababilibi zamurindaga barishwe ndetse n’abaminisitiri batandukanye n’abandi bo ku ruhande rutavugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwariho. Iki gihe Jenoside yahise ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu bice bya Butare, Gitarama na Murambi ya Byumba. Ku ya 8 Mata: Ingabo za RPA zafashe umugambi wo gutera Kigali, ndetse no guhagarika Jenoside mu maguru mashya. Tariki ya 14 Mata: U Bubiligi bwategetse hutihuti ingabo zabwo kuva mu Rwanda no mu ngabo za Loni ku buryo kugeza kuwa 20 uwa nyuma yari amaze kuva mu Rwanda. Ku itariki ya 18 Mata: RPA yashenye ahari radiyo RTLM yashinjwaga kwirakwiza y’umwuka mubi w’urwango mu Banyarwanda. Ku ya 19 Mata, i Butare aho Perezida Sindikubwabo Theodore wasimbuye perezida Habyarimana, avuka yatanze imbwirwaruhame ishishikariza abaturage guhaguruka no kwica Abatutsi, bidatsinze umuntu utari ushyigikiye uwo mugambi na we yahise atangira guhigwa bukware ndetse akanicwa. Ku ya 21 Mata: RPA yabohoye Byumba. Tariki ya 21 na 22 Mata: Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano mu mwanzuro wako wa 1912, kategetse ingabo zayo kuva mu Rwanda hagasigara 270. Ku itariki ya 30 Mata:RPA yagenzuraga umupaka wa Rusumo uherereye ku mupaka wa Tanzaniya.
Tariki ya 16 Gicurasi: RPA yafunze umuhanda Gitarama-Kigali. Ku ya 22 Gicurasi : RPA yafashe ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cy’i Kigali
n’ikigo cya gisirikare cy’i Kanombe. Tariki ya 29 Gicurasi: RPA yafashe Umujyi wa Nyanza. Ku ya 2 Kamena: RPA yabohoye Kabgayi, ikiza abahigwaga bari baraturutse mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu bahahungiye kuko bari bizeye ko Imana yahoo bajyaga birahira yari kubarengera. Ku itariki ya 13 Kamena: RPA yafashe Umujyi wa Gitarama aho Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yakoreraga, ariko ko yo yari yerekeje ku Gisenyi ku itariki ya 10 Kamena. Ku ya 21 Kamena: Umwanzuro wa Loni wa 929, Ingabo za mbere z’Abafaransa zageze ku mipaka y’u Rwanda na Zaire mu gice cyiswe “Zone Turquoise”. Ku itariki ya 28, i Genève mu Busuwisi , Loni yashize ahagaragara raporo yemeza ko mu Rwanda harimo gukorerwa Jenoside y’Abatutsi. Tariki ya 4 Nyakanga, RPA yabohoye Umujyi wa Kigali nyuma yo kubohora Butare ku ya 3 uko kwezi, . Guverinoma yari iriho yahise yerekeza mu buhungiro muri Zayire. Ku wa 14 Nyakanga: RPA yabohoye Umujyi wa Ruhengeri. Ku ya 17 Nyakanga: RPA yabohoye Umujyi wa Gisenyi. Ku itariki ya 19 Nyakanga: Hashinzwe Guverinoma y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. Ibi nibyo bikorwa bitandukanye by’ingenzi byaranze urugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda.
Perezida Kagame abwira abasirikare ngo batabare
Nubwo uru rugamba rwatangiriye i Kagitumba, hari n’ibindi bice by’igihugu byafashije Inkotanyi kuhatura ngo zitegure urugamba neza rwanazigejeje ku ntsinzi nyayo.
Hamwe muri ho ni ku Murindi wa Byumba mu karere Ka Gicumbi. KANDA HANO WUMVE INDIRIMBO Y’INKOTANYI BITA TWAJE INKATANYI Z’ AMARERE
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/amwe-mu-mateka-yaranze-uwari-perezida-wa-burkina-faso | Amwe mu mateka yaranze uwari Perezida wa Burkina Faso Braise Compaore | MUHABURA.RW yabashakiye amwe mu mateka yaranze uwari Perezida wa Burkina Faso ariwe Braise Compaore kuri ubu waneguye ku butegetsi nyuma yo kwamaganwa n’abaturage kuko yashakaga guhindura itegeko nshinga mu gihe yarBlaise Compaore yareguye kuwa 31 Ukwakira 2014 nyuma y’imyigaragambyo yakozwe n’abaturage bamaganako ashaka guhindura itegeko nshinga ngo rimwemerere no kwiyamamaza indi nshuro ya gatanu. Blaise Compaoré yavutse kuwa 3 Gashyantare umwaka w’1951 avukira ahitwa Ziniaré, mu majyaruguru y’umurwa mukuru Ouagadougou.
Blaise Compaoré yatangiye kuyobora igihugu cya Brukinafaso kuwa 15 Ukwakira 1987 amaze kumena amaraso ahiritse ubutegetsi akuraho uwari perezida Thomas Sankara.
ayoboye imyaka 27 yose.
Blaise Compaoré amaze guhirika ubutegetsi mu mwaka w’1987,yaje gutorerwa kuba perezida w’iki gihugu cya Burukinafaso inshuro enye zikurikiranyije zose.Yatorewe kuyobora iki gihugu mu mwaka w’1991,yongera mu w’1998,atorwa ubwa gatatu mu mwaka w’2005 naho ubwo aheruka gutorwa hakaba hari mu mwaka w’2010. Mu matora yamushyiraga ku butegetsi byavugwagako aba anyuze mu nzira zo kwiba amajwi.
Balaise Compaore yize amashuri ya gisirikare muri Algeria maze ahirika ubutegetsi ku munsi wiswe Jeudi Noir aribyo bishatse kuvuga uwakane wirabura ku itariki 15 Ukwakira 1987 maze uwayoboraga Burkinafaso ari we Thomas Sankara aricwa n’ubwo Compaore we avuga ko Sankara yazize impanuka ariko ngo icyo ni ikinyoma. Amaze guhirika ubutegetsi,yatsuye umubano hagati y’igihugu cye n’icy’Ubufaransa na Cote d’Ivoire doreko wari warajemo agatotsi mu gihe cy’Ubutegetsi bwa Thomas Sankara ndetse umupfakazi wa Sankara Mariam Sankara akaba yaragejeje ikirego cy’urupfu rwe kuru Komite y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu ya LONU muri Mata 2006 arega uyu mugabo ubwicanyi.
Uyu mugore wa Thomas Sankara yashinjaga ubutegetsi bwa Compaore kuba butarigeze bukora iperereza ku bagize uruhare mu rupfu rwe ndetse ngo bunabahane.
Mu mwaka w’2008 senateri Prince Johson yatangajeko abantu be ari bo bishe Sankara babitegetswe na Compaore.Amaze gufata ubutegetsi,Blaise Compaore yikijije kandi abantu babiri b’ingenzi ari bo Henri Zongo na Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani abashinja gushaka kugirira nabi ubutegetsi bwe.
Mu bintu byigeze gutera ubwoba Blaise Compaore na Leta ye ni urupfu rw’umunyamakuru Norbert Zongo rwakozwe na Compaore n’abamurimda mu mwaka w’1998 ubwo yicaga uyu munyamakuru bikaba byarateje imyigaragambyo ikomeye muri iki gihugu ndetse ibihugu byinshi ku isi byamagana ubwicanyi bw’uyu mu Perezida. Blaise Compaore yatorewe kuyobora bwambere Burkinafaso kuwa 01 Ukuboza 1991 ariko abantu benshi ntibitabiriye aya matora kuko bari bababajwe n’uburyo yahiritse ubutegetsi bwa Sankara.
Ibyo bigaragazwa no kuba abaturage bagaragaye ku rutonde rw’amatora bari 25% by’abagombaga gutora ubundi ibintu bitari byemewe mu itegeko nshinga ryo muri iki gihugu.
Blaise Compaore yongeye gutorwa kuwa 15 Ugushyingo 1998.Nyuma y’aya matora ari nabwo yivuganye umunyamakuru w’ikirangirire Norbert Zongo. Muri Kanama umwaka w’2005, Blaise Compaoré yongeye gutangaza ko azongera kwiyamamariza kuyobora iki gihugu ariko abaturage barasakuza bavugako kwiyamamaza ku nshuro ya gatatu binyuranyije n’itegeko nshinga kuko itegeko nshinga rya Burkinafaso ryemereraga perezida wa Repubulika kwiyamamariza manda ebyiri.
Mu kuvugurura itegeko nshinga kwabaye mu mwaka w’2000,manda ya perezida nayo yari yavanwe ku myaka 7 ishyirwa kuri 5.Iri tegeko rero ryabangamiraga Compaore mu kongera kwiyamamaza bwa gatatu. Abarwanashyaka ba Compaore barabirwanyije bavugako iryo tegeko ryatowe Compaore ari ku butegetsi mu mwaka w’2000 bityo bavugako iyo manda batayibariramo. Ibyo byatumye Compaore yongera gutorwa kuwa kuwa 13 Ugushyingo 2005 atsinda 12 bari bahanganye mu matora agira amajwi 80,35 % .
Mu rwego rwo kurwanya Blaise Compaore,amashyaka 12 yashatse kwishyira hamwe ngo amurwanye ariko abayobozi b’ayo mashyaka ntibumvikana ku bazayobora ishyaka rishya ayo mashyaka azaba abyaye kuko buri muyobozi yumvaga ari we ugomba kuyobora maze kwa kwishyira hamwe kuba kurananiranye birangira uyu mugabo akomeje kuyobora Brukinafaso ari nako yicaga abataravugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Compaore yaje kurahirira kuyobora iyo manda kuwa 20 ukuboza 2005.Compaore aheruka gutorwa kuwa 25 Ugushyingo 2010 n’amajwi 80,15 % akaba yari atorewe kuyobora manda ya nyuma hakurikijwe itegeko nshinnga kuko manda ebyiri zabanje byari byavuzwe ko zabaye imfabusa abarwanashyaka be bakurikije itegeko nshinga kuko bavugagako itegeko nshinga ritareba ibyakozwe mberer y’uko rivugururwa mu mwaka w’2000. Kuwa 22 Gashyantare 2011 abaturage ba Baurkinafaso batangiye imyivurugumbatanyo bahereye ku rupfu rw’umunyeshuri wiciwe n’abapolisi ahitwa Koudougou.
Iyi myigaragambyo yasabaga ubutegetsi gukora iperereza ku rupfu rw’uyu munyeshuri ndetse hakanacibwa umuco wo kudahana abapolisi. Kuwa 30 Ukwakira 2014,abaturage barigaragambije basabako Blaise Compaoré yasubiza amerwe mu isaho akareka guhindura ingingo ya 37 y’itegeko nshinga igena umubare wa manda za perezida wa Repubulika.Blaise Compaore yashakaga ko iyo ngingo ihinduka bityo akaziyamamaza mu mwaka w’2015.
Iyi myigaragambyo yatumye Compaore yandika yegura ku butegetsi bwe nk’uko bigaragazwa na kopi y’ibaruwa ikinyamakuru Jeune Afrique kivugako gifitiye kopi. Umukuru w’ingabo za Burkina Faso Honoré Traoré ni we wabaye ayoboye igihugu by’inzibacyuho mu gihe cy’amaze 12 ariko nawe nyuma akaba yamaze kujujubywa n’abaturage bavugako bashaka ubuyobozi bw’igihugu cya Brukinafaso mu maboko yabasivile ndetse ko badashaka abasirikare. Uwabaye perezida wa mbere w’iki gihugu ni uwitwa Maurice Yaméogo wo mu bwoko bw’Abamosi ubu bwoko akaba ari nabwo bwiganje muri iki gihugu akaba yaraje gusimburwa na lieutenant-colonel Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana w’umusamo kuwa 4 Mutarama mu mwaka 1966.
Kuwa 25 Ugushyingo 1980 yasimbuwe na Colonel Saye Zerbo na we wahiritswe ku butegetsi mu 1982 agasimburwa na Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo nka perezida wa repubulika na Capitaine Thomas Sankara nka Minisitiri w’Intebe.
Thomas Sankara na we yaje kumuhirika ku butegetsi ari na we waje kwita igihugu Burkina Faso kikareka kwitwa Haute Volta kuwa 4 Kanama1984.
Capitaine Blaise Compaoré na we w’Umumosi yaje guhirika Sankara k’ubutegetsi kuwa 15Ugushyingo 1987 none na we yeguye kuwa 31 Ukwakira 2014. Blaise Compaore yeguye ku mwanya wo kuba Perezida wa Burukinafaso nyuma yo kuyiyobora mu gihe cy’imyaka 27 n’iminsi 16 akaba yarageze kuri uwo mwanya yivuganye Thomas Sankara ndetse akaba yari Perezida wa gatatu wa Burkinafaso.
Uyu mugabo mbere yuko ava kubutegetsi yabarizwaga mu ishyaka ryitwa Congres pour la Democratie et le Progres akaba afite imyaka 63 y’amavuko aho yavutse Burkina Faso ikitwa Haute Volta. Kugeza ubu akaba akomeje kugragaza ko agifite inyota y’ubuyobozi doreko aherutse kuva mu gihugu cya Maroc aho yari yarahungiye akagaruka muri Cote D’Ivoire ibi nabyo bikaba bikomeje kuvugisha benshi muri iki gihugu,kugeza ubu kandi iki gihugu kiracyarangwamo imyigaragambyo ishingiye ku kuba ntabuyobozi buhamye gifite. Yanditswe na Ubwanditsi/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-abaprezida-bahembwe-umushahara-muke-ku-isi | Menya Abaprezida bahembwe umushahara muke ku Isi | Abakuru b’ibihugu ni bamwe mu bavugwaho imitungu ihambaye kubwo guhembwa neza cyangwa bamwe bakwigwizaho imitungo bakoresheje imyanya bahawe, magingo aya hari abaperezida bafatwa nk’abahembwa umushahara muto kurusha abandi ku isi." uru rutonde rw’abagera kuri bane, dukesha richestlifestyle.com, nubwo ruriho abakuru b’ibihugu bo muri Afrika batanu nk’umugabane ukennye nta mukuru w’ibihugu biri ku rutonde rw’ibikennye cyane urubarizwaho. 4) Pranab Mukherjee.
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Ni Perezida w’Ubuhindi kuva mu mwaka w’2012. Ku mwaka ahembwa 28, 800 by’Amadorali y’Amerika($28,800 3) Xi Jinping:
Perezida w’Ubushinwa. Ku mwaka ahembwa 22, 300 by’Amadorali y’Amerika($22,300 2) Beji Caid Essebsi.
Ni Perezida wa Tuniziya kuva mu mwaka w’2014. Ku mwaka ahembwa 16, 400 by’Amadorali y’Amerika($16,400).
1) Macky Sall. Ni Perezida wa Senegali kuva mu mwaka w’2012. Ku mwaka ahembwa 15, 600 by’Amadorali y’Amerika($15,600). Yanditswe na Sarongo Richard/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-ku-mugore-wa-mbere-wo-muri-afrika-wahawe-prix | Menya byinshi ku mugore wa mbere wo muri Afrika wahawe Prix Nobel | Waangari Maathai yakuriye ndetse arererwa mu gace kitwa White Highlands
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-ku-itariki-ya-27-werurwe-1993-umunsi-wahekuye | Menya byinshi ku itariki ya 27 Werurwe 1993, umunsi wahekuye ruhago ya Zambia | Ikipe y’igihugu ya Zamia ndetse by’umwihariko abakunzi ba Ruhago muri iki gihugu bafite amateka atajya asibangana muri bo ubwo ikipe y’igihugu yafataga urugendo rwari rwateganyirijwe gushaka itike yo kujya mu gikombe cy’isi cyo mu 1994 muri Lete zunze ubumwe za Amerika. Akinnyi, abatoza, abayobazi bari baherekeje ikipey’igihugu ya Zambia, umunyamakuru hamwe n’abakozi ba society y’indege, bose rwababereye inzira ibavana mu muburi. 25 nibo bari muri iyo ndege De Havilland Canada DHC-5D yaguye mu Nyanja ya Atlantika. Hari mu mikino yo guhatanira itike yo kuzajya mu gikombe cy’isi muriAmerika umwaka wari bukurikire. Chipolopolo ya Zambia yari yatomboranye na Senegal. Bahagurutse Lusaka berekeza Dakar. Byari bitegenijwe ko bagomb aguca Brazzaville, Libreville na Abidjan. Nyuma yo kongera amavuta mu ndege i Libreville, bahavuye 22:44 bakerereweho isaha n’iminota 45. Indege igenze metero 500 ivuye ku nkombe y’inyanja yaje gukora impanuka. Mu mpamvu zivugwa ko zaba zarateye iyo mpanuka ni ikibazo kiri tekinike. Ngo bageze mu kirere moteri y’ibumoso yagize ikibazo, hanyuma uwari utwaye indege nawe yibeshya kubera itara bita warning light ryari rifite ikibazo hanyuma azimya na moteri y’iburyo indege ibura ingufu gutyo imanukira mu nyanja. Byanavuzwe ko uwari utwaye iyi ndege nawe yari ananiwe bikabije kuko yahagurukije iyi ndege nyuma y’umunsi umwe gusa avanye indi ndege mu birwa bya Mauritious. Hari abarusimbutse Kapiteni Kalusha Bwalya wakinaga mu Buholande muri PSV Eindhoven yararusimbutse kuko we yagombaga guhurira na bagenzi be muri Senegal. Charles Musonda we yarusimbutse kubw’imvune yatumye adahamagarwa n’ubwo yakiniraga
Anderlecht mu Bubiligi. Muri uru rugendo rutindi kandi, David Mutale na mugenzi we Harrison Chongo ntibari bajyanye n’ikipe dore ko abatoza ba Zambiya bari bayobowe na Godfrey “Ucar” Chitalu n’ uwari umwungirije Alex Chola, bafashe icyemezo cyo gusiga gusiga aba bombi nyamara bari bakinnye umukino wa gicuti wari uherutse na Malawi. Nyuma y’imyaka 22 habaye aya mabara, Mutale yagize ati “Ntibyari bishimishije ku muntu ukizamuka kudatoranyw ngo ajye gukina na Senegal. Gusa byarabaye kubw’ Imana. Uburyo narokotsemo uru rupfu buzwi n’Imana”. Abakinnyi bari bajyanye n’ikipe David Chabala, John Soko, WhitesonChangwe, Robert Watiyakeni, EstonMulenga, Derby Makinka, Moses Chikwalakwala, Wisdom MumbaChansa, Kelvin Mutale, Timothy Mwitwa, NumbaMwila, Richard Mwanza, Samuel Chomba, Moses Masuwa, KenanSimambe, Godfrey Kangwa, Winter Mumba, Patrick Banda Yanditswe na Rukundo Xaver/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-ku-binyabuzima-by-amayobera-bita-ibivajuru | Menya byinshi ku binyabuzima by’amayobera bita Ibivajuru ? hamwe n’Amabanga yabyo na USA | Ibyo kubyumva byakugora ariko ufashe akagero gato ku biba ku isi nawe wabyumva. Nk’urugero mu myaka 50 iri imbere ubushyuhe bw’isi buzaba bwarazamutse cyane mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ku buryo umuntu udafite ama climatiseur atazabaho. Nko mu myaka 200 iri imbere, kubera ubushyuhe abashakashatsi bemeje ko hazaba hariho ibinyabuzima mbarwa. Bishatse kuvugako no ku isi hazamera nko kuri Mars, ikinyabuzima cyose kigatsembwa. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na televisiyo yo muri Amerika bwemeje ko 30% by’abanyamerika bose bemera ko ibivejuru bibaho. Umunyakanada wabaye minisitiri w’ingabo muri icyo gihugu mu gihe cy’intambara y’isi ya kabiri nawe aherutse kwemeza ko yiboneye ibikorwa by’ibivejuru mu gihe cy’iyo ntambara. Havuzwe kandi ibivejuru byinshi cyane byagiye bigwa muri Russia, Mexico ndetse n’ahandi henshi cyane ku Isi. Kuri ubu niba utemera ibivejuru si inzi icyo waba wemera. Benshi bagiye kandi bahuza igaragara ry’ibyogajuru n’impamvu za Politike. Mu mwaka 1954 havuzwe urugendo rwa Prezida wa Amerika Dwight Eisenhower waburiwe irengero mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 ndetse n’abamurindaga batazi iyo aherereye. Benshi bemeje ko yari yagiye guhura n’ibivejuru byifuzaga gukorana na USA ndetse na Prezida akabyemera. Nubwo ibyari bikubiye muri iyo KONTARO kabuhariwe hagati y’abana b’abantu n’ibivejuru bitamenyekanye byose, benshi bemeje ko ibivejuru byemereye Amerika kuyifasha mu ikoranabuhanga nayo igatanga abantu bo gukoreraho ubushakashatsi. Uwahoze akora muri Ministeri y’ingabo ya Amerika izwi nka Pentagon yemeje ko uyu mu Prezida yaba yarakoranye n’ibivejuru inama 3 z’ibanga. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, bivugwako yakoranye Inama n’ibivejuru inshuro 3.
Uwavuga ibyaba bwakwira bugacya. Reka turebe ibyo wahishwe ku bivejuru tunavuge ku bantu byaba bikekwako bari ibivejuru ndetse n’Umwami Pharaon wa Misiri arimo. Turavuga kd ku mugore wiyemereye ko avugana n’ibivejuru ndetse n’ikigo cy’ibanga cy’abanyamerika bivugwako hiberayo ibi biremwa bidasanzwe.
Pharaon, umwami wa Misiri nawe byemezwa ko yari ikivejuru
Ese koko Ibivejuru bibaho ? Bamwe bavuga ko hari igihe bizaza bikigarurira iyi si ! Ni irihe sano ubutegetsi bwo ku isi bufitanye n’ibivejuru ? Ese biramutse bifashe isi twe twajya he ? Muri make impamvu dushobora kwicara tukaba twakwemeza ko iyi si atari muntu wenyine uyituye. Twabanyuriyemo muri make impamvu eshatu nyamukuru zatuma twemeza ko extraterrestres cyangwa se ama aliens ari ku Isi koko. Aha tumaze ibya Prezida wa Amerika wakoranye inama rwihishwa ubugira 3 kose n’ibivejuru. Hari n’undi mugore kandi w’umunyamerikakazi wiyemereye ko yaba avugana ‘ibi biremwa kugera ubu tutaramenya niba twabyita abantu cyangwa se inyamaswa. Urugero rwa gatatu ni umwami w’abami FARAWO wa Misiri nawe bikekwa ko yaba ataraturutse kuri iyi si ya Rurema. Ukuri wahishwe ku Bivejuru, turi buze kwibanda ku rugero rwa mbere gusa dore ko ibyerekeye Faraon. Turaboneraho kandi kukubwira byinshi cyane byavuzwe ku isano Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zaba zifitanye n’ibivejuru.
Ukuri ku bivejuru kwagiye gukomezwa kugirwa ibanga ariko uko ibinyejana byagiye bisimburana, mwene muntu yagiye avungurirwa duke ku bumenyi bwahishwe. Mu myaka mike ishize, mu gihugu cya Peru muri Amerika y’amajyepfo havumbuwe agahanga k’ikinyabuzima ariko habuze ikinyabuzima na kimwe gituye isi kaba gakomokaho. Agatwe kiburungushuye, densite cyangwa se ireme bwite bw’amagufa byikubye 60% bw’ayacu, nibyo byaranze ako gahanga. Ntagushidikanya iki ni ikimenyetso ko aka gahanga ari ak’ikivejuru. Tom Duran ni umunyamakuru ndetse akaba n’umwanditsi w’umunyamerika ndetse yari umwe mu itsinda ryakoze ubushakashatsi ku bivejuru . Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ahitwa PALM SPRINGS muri Leta ya California yagize ati : ” Tuzi neza ko abayobozi bamwe ba Leta zacu bavugana n’ibivejuru kuva kera. Ati niba koko hari abantu baba bazi ibijyanye n’ibivejuru, ni abayobozi bacu. Ariko ntibabitubwira”. Vuba aha idosiye y’ibanga ya leta ya Amerika ivuga ku mubano wayo n’ibivejuru yagiye ahagaragara.
Mu 1954 uwari prezida wa Amerika yari yaragiye kuhakorera ibiruhuko. Mu biruhuko bye, ku ya 20 Gashyantare yazimiye ku buryo butangaje ndetse hanumvikana umutingito udasanzwe muri ako gace. Abatangabuhamya bizewe bemeje ko uyu mugabo yari yagiye gusura ikigo kabuhariwe cya gisirikare aho yaba yarahuriye n’ibivejuru. Abenshi bemeje ko ibivejuru bwatumye habaho uko guhura kugirango byumvikane ubufatanye n’uyu mu Prezida. Byumvikane neza ko ibivejuru bwari bihari kandi bikavugana n’uyu Prezida. Ibi bivejuru bikaba ngo ari ibinyabuzima binini kurusha umuntu, bifite imisatsi y’imyeru ndetse n’amaso yera ku buryo abantu babyise “NORDIQUES”. NORDIQUES : Byakoranye inama ya mbere na Perezida maze byanga ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi. Nkuko tubikesha Proffesseur MICHAEL SALLA, ngo muri iyi nama ibi bivejuru byangingiye Perezida wa Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika guhagarika burundu ikorwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi. Amakuru avugako byaje kurangira impande zombi zitumvikanye dore ko nyuma y’iminsi 10 gusa iyi nama irangiye, Bombe kabuhariwe ya Hydrogen bitaga BRAVO abanyamerika bari bamaze igihe bakora,
yashwanyaguritse ku mpamvu zitamenywe na buri wese ku isi nzima. Amerika yahise ifata icyemezo cyo gushaka izindi extraterrestre zemera iby’ikoreshwa z’intwaro za kirimbuzi. Proffesseur MICHAEL SALLA, atanga ikiganiro kuri televiziyo.
Inama ya kabiri ya Perezida Dwight D. Eisenhower yabereye mu kigo cya gisirikare giherereye muri Leta ya New Mexico. Muri iyi nama ya kabiri, uyu Prezida yahuye n’ubundi bwoko bwita les gris ndetse kandi birangira banumvikanye ubufatanye.
Ubu nibwo bwoko bw’ibivejuru bwemeranyije na Amerika gukorana
Amasezerano yavugagako ama extraterrestre yagombaga guha Amerika technology yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ndetse Amerika nayo igaha ibi bivejuru uburenganzira bwo kwiba abantu kugirango byige ADN y’umuntu ndetse binakore ubundi bushakashatsi.
Perezida Dwight D. Eisenhower wakoze inama n’ibivejuru ubugira 3
Ariko muri ibi byose igiteye ubwoba ni ahantu ubu bushakashatsi bwagombaga kujya bukorerwa. Laboratoire ya gisirikare iherereye munsi y’ubutaka uzwi ku izina rya BASE DE DULCE muri New Mexico. Akaba ari ahantu abantu ndetse n’ibivejuru bahuriraga bagakorana kuri project nyinshi zabahuzaga. Nkuko byemejwe n’umwe mububatse iki kigo cya gisirikare kigizwe na niveau 7, yemeza ko munsi ariho hakorerwa experience zijyanye n’abana b’abantu. Biteye ubwoba kandi, abashakashatsi nubwo batazi neza ibyavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi bemeza ko hari ama extraterrestre yiyambitse uruhu rw’abantu akaba abrimo.
Aha niho hubatswe ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Dulce Kuva kera na kare umuntu yakunze kwishyira imbere aziko aricyo kiremwa Imana yahaye ubwenge kurusha ibindi. Icyo buri wese yahamya ni uko atari uko biri kuko iyi si yajeho ibiturenze, ibivejuru. Wasanga ari umuntu muhura buri munsi, umwarimu w’abana bawe, umucuruzi muturanye ariko ikizwi ni uko ibivejuru biri hagati muri twe. Yanditswe na Sarongo Richard/Muhabura,rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/aba-pereida-ba-5-bishe-umubare-munini-w-abaturage-ku-isi | Aba Pereida ba 5 bishe umubare munini w’abaturage ku Isi | Kuva Isi yaremwa cyangwa se yabaho hari amwe mu mateka yagiye aranga Iyi si n’abayituyeho kugeza n’ubwo nan’ubu ari ibintu bitajya bisibangana mu mitwe y’ikiremwa muntu bitewe n’uburyo ayo mateka aba yarabaye indengakamere ndetse akanafata mu mitima ya benshi. Ku bijyanye n’ubugome bwaranze isi ahanini bwagiye bukururwa na bamwe mu ba Perezida babaye kuri iyi si dutuye ho aho hari bamwe bagiye bica imbaga y’abantu kuburyo n’umwana uvuka uyu munsi aba azi ibintu byabaye mu myaka amagana n’amagana yahise.bamwe mu ba Perezida babaye inkoramaraso aha ku Isi batazibagirana bakomeje kujya bagarukwaho n’ibinyamakuru bitandukanye n’ubwo usanga ntamubare uzwi neza w’abantu bagiye bapfa bishwe n’aba ba Perezida ariko hagiye habaho gukora ibarura ndetse no kugereranya ari nayo mpamvu twabakoreye icyegeranyo ku ba Perezida baciye agahigo ko kwica abaturage benshi. 5. Hideki Tojo (miliyoni 5 barapfuye)
Uyu yari generale mu gisirikare cy’igihugu cy’Ubuyapani mu gihe cy’ubwami. Akaba yarabaye icyarimwe minisitiri w’intebe na minisiteri w’ingabo. Gusa ibi bikaba bitaramunhyuze kuko nyuma yaje no kuba minisitiri w’umuryango, minisiriri w’ububanyi n’amahanga, minisitiri w’uburezi ndetse aba na minisitiri w’ubucuruzi. Ku ngoma ye akaba yarivuganye abantu bagera kuri 5.000.000 4. Leopold II wo mu Bubiligi (miliyoni2-15 barapfu
Leopold II yari Umwami w’Ububiligi wizeraga ubukoroni cyane aho yumvaga gukoroniza ibihugu by’amahanga bikwiriye ku gihugu cye yabona ari igihangange. Gusa ntibyamuhiriye kuko Ububiligi butari bushishikajwe no gukoroniza ibindi bihugu .Akaba ariyo mpamvu yatumye Leopold II ajya kwishakira ibihugu akoroniza ku giti cye aho yaje gushinga ishyirahamwe yise « the International African Society »abantu bakagirango in umugambi mwiza afite. Nyuma y’umwaka, rya shyirahamnwe rimufasha kugera mu gihugu cya Congo aho yashinze Colonie yitwa“Congo Free State”, abifashijwemo n’ingabo ze. Ku ngoma ye Leopold II akaba yarahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 2.000.000-15.000.000. 3. Adolf Hitler (miliyoni 17 barapfuye)
Hitler yabaye umuyobozi w’ishyaka ry’Abanazi mu Budage.Yari umunyagitugu wujuje ibyangombwa akaba yarayoboye iki gihugu cy’Ubudage hagati yo muri 1934-1945 akaba yarageze ku buyobozi abusonzeye cyane ashaka kwigarurira Uburayi bwose. Hitler akaba yarazanye repubulika ya gatatu mu Budage. Hitler warwanye no mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi, yakoze ubwicanyi bw’abaturage bagera kuri 17.000.000 muri bo hakaba harimo 6.000.000 z’abayahudi na 1.500.000 b’abanyaromaniya. Azwi cyane nk’umuperezida wakoze Genocide y’abayahudi. 2. Jozef Stalin (miliyoni 23 barapfuye)
Jozef Stalin yabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere w’ishyaka ry’aba koministe hagati ya 1922 – 1953. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Lenin mu 1924, Stalin yabaye umuyobozi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti. Ubutegetsi bwe bukaba bwararanzwe n’inzara ikabije mu gihugu yiswe inzara ya Ukraine. Abantu bazahajwe n’intambara za Stalin bakaba babarirwa hagati ya 2.600.000-10.000.000. Mu myaka ya za 1930 akaba yaratangije indi gahunda “Great Terror”, yari igamije kwica abantu bose batavugaga rumwe na we akaba yarabigezeho. Muri rusange Stalin yishe abantu bagera kuri 23.900.000. Ubwicanyi bwahitanye abantu benshi mu gihe cy’intambara. 1.Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong yaharaniye impinduka mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, akaba yarayoboye ishyaka ry’aba koministe anayobora repubulika y’abaturage b’Abashinwa. N’ubwo yakozebyinshi, Mao yagaragaye nk’umuntu witangiye igihugu. Juan Carlos P.E.wanditse iyi nkuru, avuga ko mu gihe cy’amezi agera kuri atandatu yamaze mu bushinwa bitewe n’inyota yari afite yo kumenya amateka y’iki gihugu, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abaturage yatangajwe no kuba aba baturage bemeza ko Mao yabakoreye ibyiza bafatira ku kigero cya 70% – 80%.
Mu myaka 5 ya mbere y’ubutegetsi bwe hagati ya 1949-53 buivugwa ko yahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 4-6miliyoni akaba yaravugaga ko ari mu rwego rwo gucunga umutekana wa Repubulika y’abaturage b’igihug cy’ubushinwa.Nyuma yaje gutangiza Programme ebyiri « the Great Leap Forward na Cultural Revolution » zikaba zarabaye imyaku yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku baturage b’ubushinwa. Mao akaba yari agamije guhindura igihug cye icya mbere mu gushora ibyuma bita Acier aho buri mu turage yagombaga kureka indi mirimo akajya gukora mu nganda. ibi bikaba byaratumye mu bihugu havuka inzara ikomeye yahitanye abantu bagera kuri mliliyono 22.
Mu 1964 Mao yaje gushinga ishyirahamwe ry’abakobwa aho bahabwaga amasomo atandukanye ku bijyanye n’amahame ya gikominisite. Nyuma baje guhindurirwa izina bitwa“four cleanups movement” bari bafite inshingano zo kuvugurura ibijyanye na politiki,ubukungu, ibitekerezo bishya ndtse no gukora gahunda y’ibigomba gukorwa mu gihugu. Baje guhamwa amasomo mu bya gisirikare bahinduka Red Guards” aho bagombaga guhana abanyabwenge bose ndetse n’abatavuga rumbwe na Mao bakaba baragombaga kwicwa. Ubwicanyi bakoze bukaba bwarahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 40,000-7miliyoni.
Nyuma Mao yaje guhamagara abanyabwenge n’abari mu ishyaka rya « flowers movement »bagera ku 100 mu rwego rwo kugirango bamugire inama kandi bamwungure ibitekerezo ku buryon babana igihugu cyabo gikwiye kuyoborwa, Gusa nyuma byaje guhinduka maze yivugana ibihumbi 500,000 muri babaziza ibitekerezo bari bafite avugako ari “dangerous thinkers”cyangwa abantu bafite ibitekerezo bibi itakubaka igihugu.
Muri rusange Mao Zedong uzwiho kuba umunyagitugu w’ibihe byoze w’umugome kurenza abandi yahitanye abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni hagati ya 49-78. ubwicanyi yakoze hagati ya 1946-1976 ubwo yayoboraga igihugu cy’ubushinwa. Yanditswe na Ubwanditsi/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/urutonde-rw-abahanzi-bapfuye-bakunzwe-ku-mbugankoranyambaga | Urutonde rw’abahanzi bapfuye bakunzwe ku mbugankoranyambaga kurusha abandi | N’Ubwo urebye mbere gato y’iyi myaka turimo usanga imbugankoranyambaga zari zitaratangira gukoreshwa cyane ariko nanone burya ku muhanzi we ngo ntago ajya apfa kuko n’iyo we adahari ariko ibikorwa bye birakomeza bikagamba ndetse bikanater’imbere ari nayo mpamvu usanga kuri ubu za murandasi zahawe agaciro ari nako n’abahanzi bapfuye mu myaka yo hambere usanga kuri uyumunsi aribwo bari gukurikirwa cyane kurenza uko babaga bakurikiwe mbere y’uko bapfa. Muhabura.rw yabateguriye urutonde rw’abahanzi 9 babashije guca agahigo ko gukurikirwa n’abantu benshi nyamara bo bakaba baratabarutse 9.Notorious B.I.G.
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 9.4
kugeza n’iyi saha uyu muhanzi abantu basaga 100 ku munsi bajya kurubuga rwe rwa YouTube kureba ibhangano bye igatuma rero ajya ku mwanya w’abantu b’ibyamamare byatabarutse ariko bikurikiwe n’umubare w’abantu benshi. 8.Jimi Hendrix
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 10.8
Hendrix afite abafana bangana na milliyoni zirenga 3.4 kuri Facebook bajyaho umunsi ku munsi bagiye kureba ibikorwa byaranze uyu muhanzi wagacishijeho mu myaka yo hambere. 7.Marilyn Monroe
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 17
Amafoto agaragaza ubwiza bwe yashyiraga kurubuga rwe rwa twitter niyo yatumaga akurikirwa n’umubare w’abatagira ingano. 6.Whitney Houston
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 18.5
Houston akoresha YouTube cyane kurenza izindi mbuga kuko ni naho afite amafana benshi
5.Elvis Presley
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 24
Uyu Elvis yigeze guca agahigo ko kuyobora urutonde rw’ibyamamare bifite Facebook ikurikirwa n’abantu benshi dore ko no kur’ubu n’ubwo yapfuye urukuta rwe rwa Facebook rukurikiwe n’abasaga milliyoni 9.6, ntakindi uru rubuga rwe rwakoraga usibye kurwamamarizaho no kumenyekanisha ibikorwa by’uyu mugabo. 4.John Lennon
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 29.8
Lennon ntiyigeze akoresha twitter ahubwo we yakoreshaga YouTube yonyine gusa n’ubundi igakurikirwa n’akayabo k’abantu batari bakeya. 3.Tupac Shakur
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 42.6
Shakur Yapfuye afite imyaka 25 yonyine mu mwaka wa 1996 n’ubwo imbugankoranyambaga zari zitaramenyekana cyane ariko ntibyamubuzaga gukurikirwa n’abantu benshi ndetse n’iyi saha aracyakurikirwa n’ubwo atakiri kuri iyi si y’abazima. 2.Bob Marley
Abamukurikiye : milliyoni 42.6
Uyu nawe afatwa nk’umwami w’injyana ya Reggae mu mateka y’iyi njyana kuko ni umwe mubatumye imenyekana 1.Michael Jackson
Abamukurikiye: milliyoni 220.7
Umwami w’injyana ya Pop w’ibihe byose nk’uko abamukurikiye ndetse n’abahanga mu muziki bamaze kubyemeza akaba kandi anafite urukuta rwa twitter rukurikiwe n’abasaga 882,600 uyu muhanzi kandi n’ubwo ypfuye bwose imbuga nkoranyambaga ze ziracyakoreshwa n’abahaoze ari inshuti ze n’abavandimwe be.
Yanditswe na Akayezu Snappy/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/mao-zedong-nk-umu-perezida-wa-mbere-wishe-abantu-benshi | Mao Zedong nk’umu Perezida wa mbere wishe abantu Benshi kwisi ni muntu ki? | Mao Zedong yavutse tariki ya 26 Ukuboza 1893 avukira ahitwa Shaoshan Mu ntara ya Hunan mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa akaba yarapyuye tariki 9 Ugushyingo 1976 apfira mu mujyi wa Beijing n’ubundi muri iki Gihugu cya Chine(Ubushinwa) aka gace yakuriye mo kandi uburezi bwari bwarasigeye inyuma cyane kuko wasangaga abana bahavukira biga imyuga gusa ntago bajyaga mu mashuli nk’uko bisanzwe bimenyerewe. Mao Zedong yatangiye amashuli abanza ku myaka umunani muri ako gace k’Iwabo, amaze kugira imyaka 13 Papa we na maman we bamubyara kuko bari abahinzi babigize umwuga uyu Mao nawe bamukuye mu ishuli aza gufasha ababyeyi be muri iyo mirimo ijyanye n’ubuhinzi
Nguwo umunyamateka ahambaye Mao Zedong Mao Zedong yaharaniye impinduka mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa, akaba yarayoboye ishyaka ry’aba koministe anayobora repubulika y’abaturage b’Abashinwa. N’ubwo yakozebyinshi, Mao yagaragaye nk’umuntu witangiye igihugu. Juan Carlos P.E.wanditse iyi nkuru, avuga ko mu gihe cy’amezi agera kuri atandatu yamaze mu bushinwa bitewe n’inyota yari afite yo kumenya amateka y’iki gihugu, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abaturage yatangajwe no kuba aba baturage bemeza ko Mao yabakoreye ibyiza bafatira ku kigero cya 70% – 80%.
Mu myaka 5 ya mbere y’ubutegetsi bwe hagati ya 1949-53 buivugwa ko yahitanye abantu bari hagati ya 4-6miliyoni akaba yaravugaga ko ari mu rwego rwo gucunga umutekana wa Repubulika y’abaturage b’igihug cy’ubushinwa.Nyuma yaje gutangiza Programme ebyiri « the Great Leap Forward na Cultural Revolution » zikaba zarabaye imyaku yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku baturage b’ubushinwa. Mao akaba yari agamije guhindura igihug cye icya mbere mu gushora ibyuma bita Acier aho buri mu turage yagombaga kureka indi mirimo akajya gukora mu nganda. ibi bikaba byaratumye mu bihugu havuka inzara ikomeye yahitanye abantu bagera kuri mliliyono 22.
Mao Zedong
Amwe mu magambo yavuzwe na Moa Zedong yavuze akifashishwa n’uyu munsi(Quotation) “Ukwishyira hamwe cyangwa gukorera hamwe si Urukundo. Ukwishyira hamwe ni inyundo twifashisha duhonda abanzi bacu.” “Abaturage n’abaturage ubwabo nizo mbaraga twifashisha dukora amateka” “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun” “Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed” “Igira ku mbaga nyamwinshi hanyuma wigishe imbaga nyamwinshi” |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-inkomoko-y-insigamigani-yateje-ubwega | Sobanukirwa inkomoko y’insigamigani “Yateje ubwega” | Uyu mugani bawuca iyo bumvise umuntu uvuga yamagirira cyane kugira ngo rubanda imugoboke; ni bwo bavuga ngo “Umva naka arateza ubwega!”. Wadukanwe na Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ari ku Rutabo rwa Kinazi mu Mayaga (Gitarama); ahasaga umwaka wa 1800. Rimwe Yuhi Gahindiro yaraje inkera mu gitaramo cy’imihigo haza kubamo impaka ndende; bamwe bahiga ubugabo, abandi bahiga amatungo, ndetse bageza no ku mbwa z’intozo. Gahindiro akabura imihigo; ati: “Batware ndetse na mwe bahungu muri mwese, nta we undusha imbwa z’intozo”; ati: Ari umuhutu ari umutwa ari umututsi! Ati “Uwabona izihwanye n’izanjye namugororera mu maso yanyu”. Arahaguruka Marara ya Munana, ati “Ndi Ingaju bwara Umunyamutara! ati “Uko muteraniye aha mbarusha imbwa z’intozo; uwahwanya na njye namuha inka cumi ziteruriwe (imbyeyi)”. Rugaju rwa Mutimbo arakabuka; ati “Ndi Nkuba y’imiheto! Urabeshya Marara ndetse ukabeshyana na mwene wanyu Gahindiro”; ati “Mwembi mbarusha imbwa z’ntozo”; ati “Uwabona izihwanye n’izanjye namuha ubushyo bw’inka z’imbyeyi”. Abatware n’abahungu bakinje aho (bicaye aho) barababaza, bati “Iyo mihigo yanyu se uko mubona mubona yakiranuka guryo?” Marara atanguranwa ijambo; ati: “Dutume ku bahigi bimure imbwa zizateranire hano ibwami, maze tuzambikire rimwe duhige igishanga n’ishyamba icyarimwe, nicyo kizatumara impaka tukamenya ufite imbwa zirusha izindi ubutozo”. Abatware n’abahungu, bati “Ntihagire usubizayo twemeye irya Marara”. Gahindiro abaza Rugaju na Marara, ati “Imbwa zizaterane ryari?”. Abandi bati “zizaterane mu wa gatatu”. Rugaju na Marara batuma ku bahigi babo ngo bimure imbwa zibasange i Mulinja (mu ntara y’amajyepfo). Ku munsi wa gatatu zibageraho. Bamenyesha Gahindiro ko zaje. Na none araza inkera y’umuhigo. Abatware barababwira bati “Ngaho rero nimuhige twumve icyo muhigiye”; uwo ni Gahindiro na Rugaju na Marara. Gahindiro, ati: “Imbwa zanjye nizirushwa nzatanga amashyo abiri y’inka z’imbyeyi”. N’abandi bemeza ibyo, bemeza no kuzahiga hagati ya Rutabo na Jenda. Mu gitondo bambikira umuhigo. Bageze mu ishyamba rya Rutabo, babanza kurenza ngo barebe imbwa zirenza kurusha izindi. Iza Rugaju zirusha izindi, ku mpamvu y’imbwa Rukatanzogera yari izirimo yari intozo by’agahebuzo. Barakomeza bararenza; bageze hagati ya Rutabo na Jenda, Rukatanzogera ivumbura imondo. Irayirukana irayitota, bigeze aho irayirara. Ihura n’intama z’umugabo Rwagacaya w’umwega wari utuye i Jenda na Kabugondo. Yicamo imwe ku bw’umujijnya wa ya mondo yaraye (yayobye uburari). Rwagacaya arahurura ayiyisanga hejuru ayitera icumu ayitsinda aho; ariko ntiyari azi nyirayo. Rukatanzogera imaze kugwa, abahigi baba barahashinze. Basanga yarinaze. Basubira inyuma kuyibikira Rugaju. Abyumvise acika intege aricara; amansonza amuzenga mu maso. Abwira Gahindiro, ati “Umuhigo urapfuye sinahiga Rukatanzogera imaze gupfa!”. Bose barababara. Gahindiro atuma abajya gufata Rwagacaya ngo bamuhorere Rukatanzogera. Baragenda baramufata baramuzana. Bamugejeje aho, Gahindiro abwira Rugaju ati “Muhore!”. Rugaju aramubaza, ati “Uri bwoko ki sha ?” Undi ati: “Ndi umwega w’umuswere”. Rugaju abwira Gahindiro, ati “Nta bwo nahorera Rukatanzogera umuswere! natahe sinzabura ubundi bwega mpora”. Ubwo yavugaga abega abashyondetse by’agasuzuguro. Umuhigo urapfuba barataha. Bageze ku Rutabo, abahigi ba Rugaju baramubwira, bati “Mbe harya ujya umenya ko ziriya ngo z’umudugudu ari umuryango w’abega?”. Arazitegereza yiyumvira akanya; ageze aho abwira ingabo ze, ati “Niba ari iz’ubwega koko nimuvuze induru muhatere abo hakurya mu Bulima babutege”. Bavuza induru bakurikije imvugo ya Rugaju; ngo ni ubwega; bati “Rubanda rwo hakurya murasangwe ubwo bwega ntibujye, ntibujye, ntibubacike!”. Uwo mudugudu barawusakiza, ubwega bw’aho baraburimarima. Bamaze kuhateza itabi, inkuru irakorerana igera kuri Nyirayuhi Nyiratunga, nyina wa Gahindiro; ivuga ngo: ak’abega karashize basigaye bahorerwa imbwa! Ahita ahamagaza Rugaju na Gahindiro ababaza icyatumye bahorera imbwa abega; dore ko yari umwegakazi. Rugaju aratanguranwa, ati “Oya nyagasani nta bega twateje! ahubwo twateje ubwega bwo ku Rutabo!”. Abahungu bumvise iyo mvugo baratwarwa baraseka; ndetse n’abatware bigumanyaga barerura baraseka. Nyirayuhi yumvise babihinduye ibitwenge arumirwa abura aho abituruka. Arekera iyo bicira aho. Nuko imvugo yo guteza ubwega ivuka ubwo; baba bumvise umuntu uvuga cyane nk’iyo amatungo yamwoneye cyangwa avuga ibindi yamagirira kugira ngo rubanda bamugoboke bamutabare, bakabigereranya n’induru yavugiye ku Rutabo rwa Kinazi, Rugaju ateje abega baho abita ubwega byo kubashyondeka; bati: “Umva naka arateza ubwega!”.
Guteza ubwega = Gutabaza wamagirira. Yanditswe na Ubwanditsi/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/abazima-bambaza-abazimu-babifashijwemo-n-abapfumu | Abazima bambaza abazimu babifashijwemo n’abapfumu, abatabikora se ? | Kuva kera Abanyarwanda bemeraga ko umuntu agizwe n’umubiri uboneka n’igicucu kitaboneka, byombi bigateranya ikiremwa gifite ubwenge n’ugushaka. Abanyarwanda bo hambere bavugaga ko iyo umuntu apfuye, umubiri uba umurambo, igicucu kikaba umuzimu utagaragara kandi udafatika. Abanyarwanda ba kera bavuga ko nubwo umuzimu aba ikuzimu, akunda iby’imusozi; akaza gusura abe bakiriho. Abasaba kumwubaha no kumwiyambaza, arabagenzura areba ko badata umuco karande. Ahana abawurenzeho ngo abaterereza indwara cyangwa ibindi byago.
Abazima bambaza abazimu babifashijwemo n’abapfumu Hari uburyo bubiri bwo kugusha neza umuzimu wateye; bamwe bamwubakira inzu, abandi bakamugondera indaro. I Bwami ho habaga amazu yihariye yubakiwe abazimu. Inzu yitwaga kwa Cyirima ni yo yari izwi cyane.
Amaturo y’ingenzi bashyiraga ku nzu cyangwa mu ziko kugira ngo bagushe neza abazimu (ari byo bitaga kubasetsa) yari amata, inzoga, ibishyimbo n’ibindi bihingwa. Babituraga bamaze kubitera amazi n’ingwa no kubitongera.
Umushyikirano n’abazimu binyuze mu kuragura Kuragura ariko gufindura icyo abazimu b’abakurambere bifuza, bifasha umuntu kugena imyitwarire ye ya buri munsi ndetse n’iy’umuryango we.
Kugira ngo umupfumu ahuze uraguza n’ikintu baraguriza, akoresha imbuto (amacandwe) y’uraguza. Uraguza atanga imbuto mbere yo kuragura yaba atahibereye akayiha uwo yatumye kumuragurira, ikajyanwa mu kagenzo.
Iyo abakurambere baraguzaga bakoreshaga uburyo butandukanye burimo; kuragura urugimbu, kuragura inka cyangwa intama, kuraguza imihundwa, kuragura inkoko kuraguza igikondo, kuragura inzuzi ndetse no kuraguza amavuta.
Kuragura urugimbu Babumba imitavu y’urugimbu rw’ikimasa, urw’ihene cyangwa urw’intama bagahondana n’ubujyuri. Umutavu bawuha imbuto, hanyuma bakawushinga mu gicumbi bakawucana bakawushyira mu nkoko ihengetse. Indagu itangwa n’icyerekezo cy’urumuri.
Kuragura inkoko Umupfumu asaba uraguza guha inkoko imbuto, akayiciramu kanwa, yaba adahari bagakoresha imbuto yohereje. Iyo umupfumu amaze gutongera inkoko ayitera umuti (kuyica) akoresheje umushyo cyangwa akayirambika ku kirere akayibaga, akayirora ibiranga yitonze. Iyo imana yeze arayibika, akazongera kuyiragura bukeye. Iyo yongeye kwera umupfumu arayihangura (kuyikuramo impigi), akayihereza uwaraguje ikajya imurinda. Iyo inkoko yirabuye, umupfumu araguza izindi.
Kuragura inka cyangwa intama Kuragura ikimasa cyangwa isekurume bikorwa kimwe n’uko baragura inkoko. Kuragura ikimasa biyakundaga kugirwa umwami.
Kuraguza inzuzi
Batera inzuzi ku mbehe bakarora uko zaguye, bakavuga indagu. Inzuzi ziba ari icumi; imba enye arizo ngore, inzovu eshanu zavuye ku kimasa cyamaze urubanza arizo ngabo na karantuku ibaje mu kabaju k’igisabo, mu muko, cyangwa uruyuzi. Bayita umwami.
Kuraguza imihundwa Bayiraguza nk’uko baraguza inzuzi ariko bagakoresha ibice by’urwasaya rw’impongo, urw’ikimasa cyangwa urw’intama, bakenera n’izindi nzuzi; igikagiro cyangwa igicumbi (agati gahunzeho udusaro), n’inzuzi ebyiri zikokeyemo ibintu bihatse amabanga y’abapfumu. Ibyo byose umupfumu abitera ku ruhu rushashe hasi. Indagu igaragazwa n’aho biguye n’aho byerekeza.
Kuraguza igikondo
Umupfumu akoresha akabehe akubaho agasate k’igiti bita igikondo. Avugutiraho umugombe, yakubika igikondo kigafata inzuzi zikaba zeze cyangwa zikirabura.
Kuraguza amavuta Basuka amazi yatuye ku ntebe ya kinyarwanda. Uraguza acira ku masoro abiri y’amavuta, umupfumu agashyira ayo masoro muri ya mazi hafi y’urugara rw’intebe ku buryo ategana. Iyo amavuta ashonze ahura aba yeze, yashonga atatana akaba yirabuye; yagira ibara ryera nabwo akaba yeze, yagira iry’umuhond akaba yirabuye.
Twifashishije igitabo cy’umurage ndangamuco, Yanditswe na muhabura1@gmail.com/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/menya-byinshi-ku-intambara-z-izungura-zabayeho-mu-rwanda | Menya byinshi ku Intambara z’Izungura zabayeho mu Rwanda rwo hambere | U Rwanda rwo hambere ku gihe cy’Abami rwakunze kujya rubamo intambara zo kurwanira Ing, hagiye habaho intambara zo kurwanira Ingoma. Izo ntambara bakundaga kuzita intambara z’Izungura, aha twifashishije Urubuga Gakondo tubategurira zimwe mu ntambata zaranze ibihe by’Abami ,Igihe zabereye, abazitangiye ndetse n’abagiye bazisoza . Iyo umwami yatangaga (bivuga : gutanga ingoma, kuyihereza undi), ntabwo uwamuzunguye yahitaga ategeka nta nkomyi, mu by’ukuri, ubwami bwakunze kugira ubwiko (urwangano rw’abavandimwe). Hari ibikomangoma bimwe byagiye birangwa n’ umuco mubi wo kurwanira ingoma nyiginya. Impamvu ni uko bimwe mu bibazo by’ingenzi muri politiki ari ukugena imitunganyirize y’ikibazo cy’umusimbura. Mu butegetsi bwa cyami, gutangira gutegeka by’umwami babyita “kwima” bivuga “kwima ingoma undi” uwo ari we wese, wowe umaze kuyihabwa. Urugero: baravuga bati “umwogabyano ahaye Rwogera”. Bityo uwabaga agiye ku ngoma, ku butegetsi (bwa cyami), iyo yayimaragaho igihe ntawe ukimurwanya ku mugaragaro ngo abe yamutsimbura, bavugaga nyine ko “yimye ingoma”. Iyo mvugo irumvikanisha ukuri kw’ikiranura ry’ikibazo cyo kuzungura, cyavuyemo ikibazo cy’intambara y’izungura. Dore bamwe mu Bami bimye bamaze kurwanira ingoma, cyangwa bayirwaniye bamaze kuyihabwa : 1.Yuhi II Gahima: yabanje kurwana na bene se, aribo bene Shetsa, umugore w’inkundwakazi wa Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi (nyina wa Yuhi II Gahima yari Matama ya Bigega). Iyo ntambara y’izungura ikaba yarabaye ahasaga mu w’1444. 2.Cyilima II Rujugira: yabanje gushyamirana na mwene se Karemera I Rwaka, kimwe na Nama wishwe ari uko yari ashyigikiye Bicura. Iyo ntambara y’izungura ikaba yarabaye ahasaga mu w’1708.
3.Mibambwe III Sentabyo: yimitswe na se Kigeli III Ndabarasa, ariko hanyuma ntibyamubujije kurwanira ingoma na Gasenyi mwene se na Gatarabuhura wari ushyigikiwe na Rukari, umutoni wa Kigeli III Ndabarasa. Iyo ntambara y’izungura ikaba yarabaye ahasaga mu w1741. 4.Kigeli IV Rwabugili: yishe benshi bo mu muryango we, ariko nta wareka kuvuga abamurwanyije ngo bamukure ku ngoma. Urugero ni nka Nyamwesa wa Mutara II Rwogera wari mwene se wa Rwabugili na Nkoronko se wabo wabigerageje mu iyimikwa rya Rwabugili ariko bikamupfubana akicecekera. Iyo ntambara y’izungura ikaba yarabaye ahasaga mu w’1860. 5.Mibambwe IV Rutalindwa: we yarwanyijwe na baramu ba se Rwabugili n’umugore we w’inkundwakazi Kanjogera bashaka kwimika Musinga ngo abe ariwe uba umwami. Akaba ari nabyo byakuruye intambara yo ku Rucunshu. Iyo ntambara y’izungura ikaba yarabaye mu w’ 1896. Ayo akaba ariyo mateka y’ibyabaye ku Bikomangoma by’Abami b’u Rwanda byagiye birwanira ingoma. Aya mateka akaba yaribazwagaho byinshi. Byakuwe mu gitabo : Un abrégé de l’histoire du Rwanda (Mr Alexis Kagame, Butare 1975). www.muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/nibande-bivuganye-patrice-lumumba | Nibande bivuganye Patrice Lumumba wari Minisitiri w’Intebe wa DRC | Uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe wa DRC Patrice Lumumba, yabanje gutotezwa mbere yo kwicwa Amazina y’Ababiligi icumi bashinjwa urupfu rw’uwahoze ari
Minisitiri w’Intebe mu cyahoze ari Zaire (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo: DRC) Patrice Lumumba wishwe kuwa 17 Mutarama 1961, yamenyekanye. Nk’uko byatangajwe n’ibiro ntaramakuru Xhinua, mu Kuboza, urukiko mpamyabyaha rw’i Bruxelles rwari rwatangaje ko icyaha cyo kwica Patrice Lumumba cyahanwa mu rwego rw’ibyaha by’intambara. Igitangaje ni uko amazina yashyizwe ahagaragara y’Ababiligi bamwishe yiganjemo abahoze ari abayobozi bakuru, muri bo ariko batatu bakaba batakiriho. Aba barimo Etienne Davignon wari intumwa ya Leta y’Ububiligi muri Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga, uwari ushinzwe inama y’umutekano muri Katanga witwa Charles Huyghé. Muri uru rutonde kandi harimo abari abasilikare bakuru nk’uwari wungirije ingabo akaba n’umusilikare mukuru muri Katanga, Claude Grandelet. Batatu batakiriho, barimo uwahoze ahagarariye polisi mu Karere ka Tshombe Second Lieutenant Roger Leva, umucamanza wari ushinzwe ibibazo bya Afurika Fernand Vervier ndetse n’umusilikare mukuru Armand Verdickt, bose bagiye bapfa hagati ya 2011 na
2012. Aba Babiligi bashyizwe ahabona mu gihe abana ba nyakwigendera Patrice Lumumba, guhera muri 2011 bagiye bashinja bamwe mu bayobozi b’iki gihugu kugira uruhare mu rupfu rwa se kugeza ubu ufatwa nk’intwari yaharaniye ubwigenge mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’Ababiligi, aho yafatanyije n’abandi bazwi ku Mugabane wa Afurika nka Kenyatta wo muri Kenya, Kwame Nkrumah wo muri Ghana, Léopold Sédar Senghor muri Sénégal ndetse na Félix Houphouët-Boigny waharaniye ubwigenge muri Côte d’Ivoire. Patrice Lumumba yabaye Minisitiri w’Intebe kugezan muri Nzeri 1960, aho yagiye yitandukanya cyane n’ubuyobozi bw’abakoloni bwariho icyo gihe. Nyuma yo guhirika Lumumba no gufata ubutegetsi kwa Koloneri
Mobutu mu Mujyi wa Kinshasa, mu Kwakira 1960 Patrice Lumumba yarafashwe, muri Mutarama 1961 yoherezwa i Katanga aho yaje kwicwa ku kagambane. Komisiyo yashinzwe gukora iperereza mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Ububiligi mu mwaka wa 2001, yari yemeye uruhare rw’Ububiligi mu rupfu rw’uyu mwirabura, aho Guverinoma y’i Bruxelles yari yanabisabiye imbabazi. Yanditswe na muhabura1@gmail.com/Muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-inkomoko-y-umugani-yagosoreye-mu-rucaca | Sobanukirwa inkomoko y’umugani :“Yagosoreye mu rucaca” amagambo Kimenyi yabwiye Ndabarasa yaje kuba insigamigani. | Uyu mugani ukunda kuvugwa cyane iyo babonye umuntu ubwira undi amagambo adashaka kumva kuko atamunogeye; nibwo bavuga ngo «Aragosorera mu rucaca !» Ayo magambo yavuzwe na Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka; ahayinga umwaka w’i 1700. Ubwo mu Rwanda hari himye Cyilima Rujugira; maze yohereza umuhungu we Ndabarasa kurererwa kwa Kimenyi by’imitsindo; dore ko yari nyirarume : nyina Rwesero yari umukobwa wa Muhoza se wabo wa Kimenyi nyine. Ndabarasa agezeyo abana na nyirarume Kimenyi; aramukunda cyane ndetse bigeze igihe cyo gusezera ngo atahe Kimenyi aramwangira; ati «Naguhawe na so ngo nkurere, none ntiyakunyatse, kandi dore umaze gukura ndashaka kukubakira nkagushyingira».Ndabarasa araceceka ntiyongera kugira icyo amusubiza. Haciyeho iminsi aramubaza ati «Ko wambwiye ko uzanyubakira ukanshyingira ukampa umunani none byaheze he ?» Ati «Nyubakira, niba utanyubakiye ngiye iwacu bazanyubakira ntakihabuze !». Kimenyi yitegereza Ndabarasa umutota yitotomba ngo namwubakire; amenya ibyo ashakakugeraho mu bumenyi bwe; amenya ko ari iby’imitsindo. Aramubwira ati «Mwana wanjye, burya ndagosorera mu rucaca !» Ndabarasa arita mu gutwi araceceka. Haciyeho iminsi Kimenyi aramuhamagara; ati «Ngwino njye kuguha imisozi uziyubakire !» Ubwo nawe yari ashyizemo imitsindo; yanze kumwubakira ngo ataba ahinduye i Gisaka umugaragu w’u Rwanda. Baraboneza rero bagenda bashagawe, ajya kumwereka imisozi amuhaye; amwereka umusozi witwa Rundu ati «Dore umusozi nguhaye». Ndabarasa abaza Kimenyi ati «Ni uku umuntu aha umwana we kandi atabuze ibintu ?» Mu by’imitsindo Kimenyi yongera kubwira Ndabarasa ati «Ni aha nguhaye niho uzagarukira». Ndabarasa biramubabaza. Na we yongera kuvuga indi mitsindo; yereka nyirarume imisozi ayimwerekesha umuheto ati »Wampaye na hariya hose ?» Kimenyi abibonye ararakara ati «Kandi wa mwana we Abanyarwanda mugira ubwira ! urangaruriza igihugu uruhembe rw’umuheto ?» Ahera ko arakara yohereza Ndabarasa kwa se. I shengero rye rimubajije igitumye arakarira umwana ngo nagende igihamihami, Kimenyi ati «Nagende asange se sinshoboye kugumya kugosorera mu rucaca !» Nuko iryo jambo ryo kugosorera mu rucaca barisamira hejuru ubwo, riraganirwa bishyize kera rihunduka umugani baca babonye umuntu ubwira undi amagambo adashaka kumva; mbese bashaka kumwumvisha ko ahondoga; bat i «Rekera aho uragosorera mu rucaca». Ni bwo rero wumva bavugango «Naka yagosoreye mu rucaca !»Kugosorera mu rucaca “ guhondoga, kubwira utari bukumve”. www.muhabura.rw
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/ese-koko-president-barrack-obama-yaba-abarizwa-mu-idini-ya | Ese koko President Barrack Obama yaba abarizwa mu idini ya Anti-Christ/Illuminate? | Benshi mu batuye isi ntibavuga rumwe ku bijyanye na Illuminate cyangwa se Anti-Christ kuko bamwe bemeza ko iri dini ubusanzwe ryazanwe n’abatemera Imana ariko ahanini bo babikora bagamije gushaka amafaranga cyane ko ibikorwabyabo bimaze gukundwa n’umubare munini w’abantu kuri iyi si dutuye cyane cyane urubyiruko. Rero iyi dini ya Illuminate ahanini yatangijwe n’abantu bibyamare harimo abahanzi abayobozi cyuane cyane abayobora ibihugu by’ibihangange kwisi ndetse abandi bagaragara kurutonde rwo kuzana iyi dini ya Anti-Christ ni abakinnyi b’ama sinema ndetse n’abandi bantu bose bashobora kuba bafite ubudahangarwa ndetse no gukurikiranwa n’umubare munini w’abafana harimo n’abayobozi b’amadini ya gikristo.
Ni kenshi cyane byakunze kugarukwaho ngo Papa Benedict nawe ashobora kuba abarizwa muri iyo Dini ya Anti-Christ gusa ibimenyetso bitangwa akenshi bigahamya ko uyu mushumba wa Kiriziya Gatorika nawe yaba ari umwe mu bakorana n’a Illuminate.
Ibimenyetso Obama akora benshi bamukekaho gukorana na Illuminati Kuri ubu twabateguriye icyegeranyo kuri President Barrack Obama niba koko yaba aba muri iyi dini ya Anti-Christ.
Nk’uko tubikesha urubuga rwa Thedoggstar.com president Barrack Obama ntago yemewe cg akunzwe na Leta zunze ubumwe za America ahubwo akunzwe n’umubumbe dutuyeho ibi bikaba byaratunguye benshi kubona umwirabura ukunzwe n’isi yose ibi rero bikaba byibazwa n’abantu benshi uburyo umuntu yakundwa n’ingeri zose kandi muby’ukuri ariwe mwirabura wambere ubashije kugera kuri ibi ngibi.
Obama ashidikanywaho kenshi kubijyanye na Illuminate Byinshi mubyegeranyo byakozwe bigaragaza uburyo uyu mugabo ari umuntu wbaye president muburyo butangaje urugero urebye ama filimi yagiye akinwa mbere y’uko uyu Obama atorwa wasangaga abakinaga ari aba president baragaragazaga ko ari abirabura bityo bikavugwa ko benshi bari baraketse ko America yitegura umuyobozi w’umwirabura kandi niko byaje kugenda. Ikindi wenda twababwira ni uko iyi dini ya Anti-Christ izwiho kugira ubushobozi bwo kumenya ibintu bizaba no mugihe kizaza bityo rero niho benshi bahera bemezako impamvu aya ma filimi yazaga avuga kuri president w’umwirabura uzayobora America ni uko bo bari baramaze kubitegura.
Akenshi na bimwe mubiganiro byacaga ku matelevision atandukanye wasangaga bigaragaza iby’umuyobozi America yenda kubona w’umwirabura, aha wenda wava aho wibaza uti ibiganiro byo kuri televiziyo bihurira he na Illuminate? Sasa kuko abatera nkunga b’ayo ma televiziyo usanga abenshi ari babaherwe bakorana n’ubundi na Illuminate niyo mpamvu usanga ibikorwa byose bamamaza ari ib’iyo dini ya Illuminate/Anti-Christ.
Aha rero kubantu bemera Bibiriya ndetse n’ibindi bitabo byanditswe kubijyanye n’iminsi yanyuma isatira imperuka aho usanga ibyahanuwe byose bihuza n’ibikorwa by’aba barizwa muri iyi dini ya Anti=Christ Illumante.
Uretse Obama n’abandi bayobozi bagenzi be barakemangwa Gusa n’ubwo nta gihamya ifatika yemeza ko President Barrack Obama ari umwe mubagize idini ya Illuminate ariko burya naweamaso araguha kandi bimwe mu bikorwa bye iyo ubikurikiranye cyangwa amateka ye hari icya ukuramo ndetse n’uburyo ubifata cyane ko hari n’abemeza ko iyi dini ya Anti-Christ/Illuminate itabaho ndetse n’abemerako ibaho kandi ijyenda ifata impande zose z’isi nk’uko zimwe mu mihigo yayo ari ukwigarurira isi yose ikayibagiza ko Imana ibaho. ibyo kuvuga kuri Illuminate n’abayoboke bayo ni byinshi cyane ko kuri ubu n’umugabane wa Africa dutuye bimaze kugaragara ko hari bamwe bamaze gutangira ibikorwa byabo muri iyo dini ibyiza rero ka tube duhiniye hano tuzabashakira amateka arambuye ya Illuminate ndetse na bamwe mu byamamare bibarizwa muri iyi dini.
Murakoze Imana ibahe Umugisha By Akayezu Snappy |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/ibimenyetso-simusiga-byemeza-ko-bob-marley-atigeze-apfa | Ibimenyetso simusiga byemeza ko Bob Marley atigeze apfa ahubwo akiri kuri iyi si. | Bob Marley, ni umuhanzi w’icyamamare wamenyekanye ku isi yose, bitewe n’ubutumwa bufasha abakurikirana ibihangano bye yatangaga mu njyana ya rege (Reggae) ikunzwe n’abatari bake mu bice bitandukanye by’isi.
Ubusanzwe yitwa Robert Nesta Marley, yavutse tariki ya 6 Gashyantare mu 1945, mu gihugu cya Jamayika. Uyu muhanzi akaba yaritabye Imana ku ya 11 Gicurasi 1981 mu mujyi wa Miami muri leta ya Florida muri leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika.
Bob Marley akiri ku isi, yaranzwe no gukora indirimbo zakundwaga kandi zigikunzwe n’imbaga y’abatuye isi biganjemo abarasita. Uyu mugabo ni umwe mu batumye umuziki wa Jamaica ndetse n’umuryango Rastafari umenyekana ku isi ndetse ubona abakunzi benshi. Nyakwigendera, ni we muhanzi wa mbere ku isi mu bakora injyana ya Raggae wabashije kugurisha ibihangano byinshi dore ko yagurishije ama CD agera kuri miliyoni 200.
Bob Marley yabyawe n’umugore w’umwirabura witwa Cedella Marley Booker wari ufite imyaka 18 na se w’umuzungu witwa Norval Marley wari ufite imyaka 50. Kuvuka muri ubu buryo byatumye Bob Marley ahura n’ibibazo by’ivangura mu bwana bwe kugeza abaye ingimbi. Se wa Bob yitabye Imana uyu mwana afite imyaka 10 gusa.
Bob Marley ni umwe mu bahanzi bubatse izina ku rwego rw’isi, kugeza na n’ubu niwe muhanzi uzwi kurusha abandi washoboye guteza imbere no kumenyekanisha injyana ya rege. Akaba ari n’umuhanzi wa mbere mu mateka washoboye kugurisha CD nyinshi z’indirimbo mu njyana ya rege. Nyina wa Bob Marley ni Cedella Marley, umwirabura w’umunyajamayikakazi akaba yaramubyaye afite imyaka 18 y’amavuko.
Naho se ni Narval Marley akaba ari umuzungu w’umwongereza akaba wavukiye muri Jamayika yari umusirikare ufite ipeti rya kapiteni,we yari mu kigero cy’imyaka 50. Sekuru wa Bob Marley ni Albert Thomas Marley nyirakuru ni Ellen Broomfield. Bivugwa ko uyu muryango waba ukomoka ku bayahudi bo muri Siriya baje baturuka mu bwongereza mbere yo kujya gutura mu gihugu cya Jamaica.
Ababyeyi ba Narvel Marley ngo ntibanejejwe no kubona umuhungu wabo acudika n’umugore ufite uruhu rwirabura. Mu bwana bwe, ntiyashimishijwe no kutabona se hafi ye, kuko afite hagati y’imyaka 5 n’itandatu nibwo se yamujyanye mu mujyi kugira ngo amushyire mu ishuri. Nyuma yo kumara igihe atamenya amakuru y’umwana we, nyina wa Bob Marley yamusanze mu muhanda wa Kingston aho yari yarahawe umukecuru yafashaga amutuma. Iyi niyo yabaye inshuro ya nyuma Cedella yabonaniyeho na Narval ahita amwambura umwana we.
Mu gihe cye cy’ubugimbi, Bob Marley yavuye mu buzima bw’icyaro butari bumworoheye, ajya gushakisha ubuzima mu mujyi i Trenchtown muri Kingston. Ahageze yahamenyaniye na Neville Livingston wanitwaga Bunny Wailer na Winston Hubert McIntosh unitwa Peter Tosh bafatanyije guhimba no kuririmba. Mu 1962, ku myaka 17 y’amavuko, nibwo Bob Marley yasohoye indirimbo ye ya mbere yise judje not bisobanura ngo ntugace urubanza. Muri iki gihe indirimbo ze ntizakunzwe cyane ariko ntibyamuciye intege yakomeje gushyira ingufu ze mu buhanzi.
Mu 1963, afatanyije na Junior Braithwaithe, Peter Tosh na Bunny Wailer bakoze itsinda bise Wailers bisobanura ababibyi. Bashoboye gusinyana kontaro(contrat) na studio One mu 1964 bikaba byaraborohereje gusohora indirimbo zabo .
Umuziki wa Bob Marley ni impano yavukanye Nyuma yo gushyingiranwa na Ritha Anderson mu 1966, Bob Marley yasubiye gushaka nyina wari waramaze nawe gushaka undi mugabo w’umunyajamayika witwa Booker bakaba bari baragiye gutura muri Amerika. Bob yashatse akazi ko gukora muri hoteri yitwa Dupont, ariko ntibyamubuza kubibangikanya no kujya yandika indirimbo.
Kuba nta muterankunga ubifitiye ubushobozi yari afite, kugira ngo amufashe mu icuruzwa ry’ibihangano bye, indirimbo ze ntizagurwaga ku buryo bushimishije. Ku bw’izo mpamvu Bob Marley byamuteye ubukene ku buryo kuba mu mugi n’umugore we Ritha, ndetse n’abana babo babiri (2) Cedella na Ziggy. Ibi byatumye asubira mu cyaro aho yavukiye mu 1967.
Nta mikoro ahagije, mu 1969 Bob Marley yongeye gusanga nyina muri Amerika. Ahageze yashatse akazi ko gukora mu ruganda rukora ibijyanye n’amamodoka rwa crysler. Umugore we n’abana nyuma baje kuhamusanga.
Imwe muri album ze zamumenyekanishije ikanagurwa kurusha izindi ni iyo yise no woman no cry aho iyi ndirimbo irimo ubutumwa buhumuriza umugore uba mu buzima bubi no guhohoterwa.
Ntiyaciwe intege n’abamurwanyaga
Tariki 3 ukuboza mu 1976, Bob Marley yararusimbutse, i Kingston mbere ya konseri (concert) agiye gukora. Abantu batandatu bafite intwaro bamutegeye iwe, bamurasa isasu ryamufashe ukuboko, irindi mu gituza, mu itako, irindi rikomeretsa umugore we Ritha mu mutwe ariko ntiryamuhitana. Don Taylor, umunyamerika wamufashaga mu bya muzika (manager) nawe yarashwe amasasu 6 aramukomeretsa. Uwashoboye kumenyekana muri aba bagizi ba nabi harimo Jim Broun. Iminsi nyuma y’uko ibi biba, Bob Marley yitabiriye igitaramo i Kingiston. Umwe mu banyamakuru amubajije impamvu yaje nyuma y’igihe gito agiriwe nabi, yaramusubije ngo niba abantu bagerageza guhungabanya isi bataruhuka, ni gute njye nabikora ?
Ku iherezo ry’ubuzima bwe, Bob Marley yayobotse idini y’aba ortodoxe bo muri Etiyopiya. Bob Marley yifuje gusoreza ubuzima bwe muri Etiyopiya, ariko ntibyashobotse kuko yaguye i Miami ku ya 11 Gicurasi 1981. Yashyinguwe ku ya 21 Gicurasi muri paruwasi yavukiyemo, ya Mutagatifu Ann aho uyu muhango witabiriwe n’abantu benshi .
Bob Marley azohora mu mitima ya benshi Bob Marley yagiye afatwa n’abantu bo mu bihe bitandukanye nk’umuvugizi w’abatagira kivurira. Yashatse kugaragaza uburyo amateka y’abirabura yacuritswe.
Abana ba Bob Marley bazwi ni 11, harimo batanu yabyaranye n’umugore we Ritha, harimo babiri muri bo batari abe. Umukobwa we mukuru Imani Carole, wavutse ku ya 22 gicurasi 1963 ntiyigeze amwemera, akaba yaramubyaranye na Cheryl Muray. Nyuma yo gushakana na Ritha, Bob yakiriye umwana witwa Sharon amurerana n’abe. Bamwe mu bana be babaye abahanzi nka se harimo : Ky-Mani Marley, Damian Marley, Ziggy Marley, Julian Marley Rohan Marley we yabaye umukinnyi wabigize umwuga mu mupira w’amaguru muri Amerika.
Abana ba Bob Marley :
1. Cedella Marley yavutse ku ya 23 Kanama 1967, ku mugore witwa Rita ;
2. David Ziggy , yavutse ku ya 17 ukwakira 1968, ku mugore witwa Rita ;
3. Stephen, yavutse ku ya 20 Mata 1972, ku mugore witwa Rita ;
4. Robert Robbie yavutse ku ya 16 Gicurasi 1972, ku mugore witwa Pat Williams ;
5. Rohan yavutse ku ya 19 Gicurasi 1972, ku mugore witwa Janet Hunt ;
6. Karen, yavutse 1973, ku mugore witwa Janet Bowen ;
7. Stephanie yavutse ku ya 17 kanama 1974 umukobwa Rita yabyaranye n’undi mugabo witwa Ital ariko bob aramwakira nk’umwana we.
8. Julian yavutse ku ya 4 kamena 1975, ku mugore witwa Lucy Pounder ;
9. Ky-Mani 1976, amubyarana na Anita Belnavis ;
10. Damian Junior Gong yavutse ku ya 21 Nyakanga 1978, ku mugore witwa Cindy www.muhabura.rw |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kimwe-mu-biranga-intwari-ni-ukugira-umutima-ukomeye-kandi | Kimwe mu biranga intwari ni ukugira umutima ukomeye kandi ukeye | Burya akenshi abantu dukunze kumva ikintu, ntidufate umwanya wo kugitekereza ngo twumwe agaciro n’ireme gifite, ibyo bigatuma rimwe na rimwe usanga ibibereyeho kuduha umurongo mwiza w’ubuzima tutabiha agaciro bikwiye. Dufate aka kanya twumve neza umutima ukomeye kandi ucyeye uranga Intwari, ibyo bizadufasha kugera ikirenge mu cyazo.
Umutima ukomeye kandi ucyeye burya ntutinya gushyigikira icyiza.
Bamwe bashobora kuvuga ngo ariko ibyo ntaho bihuriye n’ubutwari. gusa tubitekerezeho neza. Kamere muntu burya usanga rimwe na rimwe igwa mu mutego wa ntiteranya, cyangwa ibyo ntakoze n’abandi babikora. Yego ukaba wumva icyiza wagishyigikira kuko nta nicyo kigutwaye ariko ukaba utajya wibaza ngo ese nagishyigikira kugeza kuruhe rwego? Intwari icyo ibona ari cyiza, icyemera, yo iba yanagipfira. Mu Ntwari z’Imanzi habamo “umusirikare utazwi”, akaba ikimenyetso twibukiramo abana b’u Rwanda barwitangiye ngo rubeho, bagahara amagara yabo ngo rubeho mu mudendezo. Burya bamwe bashimishwa no kubaho mu mahoro ariko ntibite kugushima abatumye cyangwa abatuma ayo mahoro ariho. Ufite umutima ukomeye we yemera kubaho aharanira ayo mahoro kabone n’ubwo usanga akenshi atagira umwanya wo kuryoherwa nayo kuko arara ahagaze ahanganye n’icyashaka guhungabanya amahoro y’abaryamye. Kumva ko abandi babayeho neza ibyo bikamubera igihembo.
Umutima ukomeye kandi ucyehe ntutinya kandi kugaragaza ikibi no guhangara kukirwanya kandi uzi neza ingaruka.
Aha mureke tugaruke ku ngero nto zimwe na zimwe dukura ku Ntwari zacu:
1. Fred Gisa RWIGEMA
:
atangiza urugamba rwo kwibohora, si uko yari abayeho nabi mu buhungiro. Oya, yari afite ibiro, yari umusirikare ukomeye mu ngabo za Uganda, ariko abonye uko abandi Banyarwanda babayeho ahara byose atangiza urugamba rwo kubohora urwamubyaye, ndetse atayobewe ko ashobora no kuhasiga ubuzima, ibyo binamuviramo urupfu ku ya 02/10/1990.
2. Umwami MUTARA WA III RUDAHIGWA
yahirimbanira ubwigenge bw’Igihugu ntiyarayobewe imbaraga z’abazungu n’uburyo bashobora kumwikiza,ariko yarabikoze.
3. RWAGASANA Michel
yahangaye na mwene se wabo Gregoire KAYIBANDA, yanga kwita ku nyungu ze bwite ngo ayoboke ibitekerezo byiganjemo amacakubiri bya KAYIBANDA akunde ahabwa igice cye cy’umugati ahubwo ahitamo inyungu za benshi, n’inyungu z’Igihugu, kugeza ubwo anabizize.
4. UWILINGIYIMANA Agathe
yari ayobowe se uko utagendeye mu kwaha kw’akazu, ndetse ntaramye “ikinani” bimugendekera? Ariko ayobowe na wa mutima ucyeye kandi ukomeye yashyize imbere inyungu z’Abanyarwanda, arwanya akarengane kabagaho mu mashuri “iringaniza” ndetse anahangana n’ingoma y’Igitugu ku mugaragaro. Ibyo biza no kumuviramo urupfu tariki 07/04/1994 ku ikubitiro rya Jenoside.
5.Aka kabaruwa ka NIYITEGEKA Felecite
yandikiye musaza we Koloneri Nzungize, ubwo yari amwoherereje abasirikare bo kumukura mu kigo yayobora,aho yari ahishe Abatutsi benshi anagerageza kubambutsa abahungishiriza i Goma, hari icyo katagaragaza? “Mon frère chéri, urakoze kuba washatse kunkiza. Ariko aho gukiza ubuzima bwanjye ntakijije abo nshinzwe, abantu 43, mpisemo gupfana nabo. Dusabire tugere ku Mana kandi unsezerere umukecuru (mama we) n’umuvandimwe.Ngeze ku Mana, nzagusabira. Witware neza! Bityo Ndagushimiye cyane kuba wantekereje. Niba Imana idukijije nk’uko tubyizeye ni ahejo”.Umuvandimwe wawe Félicité Niyitegeka.
6. Abanyeshuri b’Inyange,
baterwa n’abacengezi ku wa 18/07/2014 bari bato mu myaka, ariko ntibari bayobewe ko nibatitandukanya ngo Abahutu bajye ukwabo n’Abatutsi bajye ukwabo birakaza abishi babo, ndetse bikanabaviramo gupfa. Ariko bahagaze ku Bunyarwanda, mbere y’uko na Gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda” iza, barindwi muri bo bahasiga ubuzima, abandi na nubu babana n’ubumuga bahakuye.
Kubw’umutima ukomeye kandi ucyeye imbere y’inyungu bwite, n’inyungu z’Igihugu, Intwari iriyibagirwa, kandi igafata iyambere mu kurwanya ikibi, itayobewe ingaruka. Abemera Imana, bagira indirimbo ivuga ngo “waba wararuhiyi iki wa munsi utabonye ijuru?” nange reka ngire nti “ baba bararuhiye iki, niba twumva ntacyo twabigiraho?” oya ntibikabe. Intwari zacu tuzigireho kumva neza icyo umutima ukomeye kandi ucyeye ari cyo ndetse tunagere ikirenge mu cyabo. www.muhabura.rw |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/kavuna-uvugwa-mu-mugani-yarushye-uwa-kavuna-akomoka-mu | Kavuna uvugwa mu mugani ‘Yarushye uwa Kavuna’ akomoka mu ntara y’Amajyepfo | Aho kavuna akomoka
Umugabo uvugwa mu mugani ‘Yarushye uwa Kavuna’ ukunzwe gukoreshwa n’ingeri z’abantu batandukanye, akomoka mu gace ubu gaherereyemo akarere ka Kamonyi mu ntara y’Amajyepfo.
Uyu mugabo yaramenyekanye cyane kubera amateka y’ibyamubayeho mu buzima. Ibyamubayeho akaba aribyo byatumye abanyarwanda bagenderaho bakabikoresha nk’umugani. Uyu mugani ukoreshwa n’ingeri zitandukanye z’abanyarwanda, baba abama n’abakuze, abawize mu mashuri ndetse n’abagiye bawumva mu buzima busanzwe.
Nk’uko tubikesha ibirari by’insigamigani, uyu mugabo akomoka ahitwa ku Kivumu cya Nkushi kuri ubu ni mu karere ka Kamonyi mu ntara y’Amajyepfo ahitwa i Musambira, yabayeho ahagana mu mwaka w’1500 ku ngoma y’umwami wamenyekanye cyane muri iki gihugu kubera ibikorwa bye; Ruganzu Ndoli.
Mu busanzwe uyu mugani bawucira umuntu wahihibikaniye ibintu, bikaza guhabwa abandi. Kavuna yari mwene Mushimiye, yabaye umuntu w’ingirakamaro ku ngoma y’uyu mwami Ruganzu ariko aza no kuba umunyamahirwe make ari na cyo abantu benshi bamuziho.
Ubwo Abanyiginya bavaga mu Mubari wa Kabeja, bimukiye i Gasabo mu Bwanacyambwe bahita Rwanda. Icyo gihe ubutegetsi bwabo ntibwari bukomeye kugeza ubwo Gihanga Ngomijana yimukiye i Gasabo agatura i Buhanga mu Bumbogo. Uwamurushije gukomera byisumbuyeho ni Ndahiro Cyamatare, wimutse aho i Bumbogo agatura mu Kingogo, ndetse ngo abaho bakaza kumukunda cyane kubera ubuntu yagiraga busesuye. Abasangwabutaka benshi rero ngo baramuyobotse kubera intama Abanyakingogo bamurabukiraga akazibihera bakarya.
Bamaze kwishimira ubwo buntu Ndahiro abagirira, ngo bambutse Nyabarongo bajya kumuratira bene wabo bo mu Nduga bari batuye ku Kivumu cya Mpushi na Nyarenga, bababwira ko ari umunyabuntu cyane, ndetse bongeraho bati muzaze tumubashyire mwirebere. Na bo baratsemba bati ntitwajya i Kingogo bagira urugomo. Ariko hava mo umwe witwa Mushimiye, yiyemeza kujyayo yiyemeza kujyayo ajyana n’umuhungu we Kavuna. Bageze I Kingogo, babwira Cyamatare bati: “Dore uyu mwene wacu n’umuhungu we tubagusohojeho uzabaduhakire nkatwe.” Umwami arishima cyane kuko abonye abantu baturutse mu Nduga bamugana. Abahaka ubwo akajya abaha intama, bidatinze abagabira inka bombi. Mushimiye n’umuhungu we bamaze kugabana, bayobora inka zabo bazijyana iwabo ku Kivumu. Abanyakivumu babonye inka Mushimiye n’umuhungu we bavanye kwa Ndahiro, baratangara inkuru yogera ku Kivumu , ndetse isakara Nduga yose, isingira Bwanamukali bati mu Kingogo Ndahiro arahaka neza.
Inkuru imaze kogera, mu Rukoma hakaba umugabo witwaga Mpyisi ya Sagisengo i Gihinga na Ruzege, asamira iyo nkuru hejuru. Ni ko guhaguruka ajya guhakwa na Ndahiro. Agezeyo ati: “Ndakuyobotse nje kuguhakwaho, kandi n’akarere ntuyemo kose ka Nduga ndakakuyoboye.” Ndahiro aranezerwa cyane kuko abonye abagabo batatu b’i Nduga bamwizeyeho ubuhake, ari bo Mushimiye, Kavuna na Mpyisi. Ahera ko agabira Mpyisi inka y’imbyeyi, aramubwira ati: “Iyi nka nguhaye hera ko uyijyane iwanyu!” undi ati: “Ndagushimiye. Ariko se ko mfite inkoni y’ikibando, nk’abo duhura nshoreje inka ikibando baragira ngo iki?” Ndahiro ni ko kumuha inkoni y’akanyafu, ari na yo yabaye inkomoko y’akarande ko gucyura umunyafu mu Kinyarwanda.
Mpyisi ashorera inka ye, ayigejeje i Gihinga Abanyanduga barahurura. Inkuru y’uko Ndahiro ahaka neza irushaho kwamamara. Ubwo Cyabakanga cya Butare i Nyamweru (mu Bumbogo arabyumva). Yari afite urugo ku Rugogwe rwa Runda na Gihara, na we aherako akora impamba ajya i Kingogo. Agezeyo abwira Ndahiro ko aje kumuhakwaho. Undi yishimira ko abantu b’i Nduga bakomeje kwiyongera baza kumuhakwaho, ahera ko amuha inka z’imbyeyi ebyiri. Azigejeje i Runda, inkuru nonehoi iba ikimenamutwe, bituma Abasangwabutaka b’i Nduga bahurura bajya kurya intama mu Kingogo. Abandi bantu benshi na bo bihutira gusanga uwo munyabuntu burenze urugero. Bamaze kuhagwira, ibintu byaho byinshi birononekara, Abanyakingogo barivumbura bava kuri Ndahiro asigarana n’Abanyanduga baje kumuhakwaho, ubwo bari bamaze kuba benshi.
Haciyeho iminsi, Ndahiro agira ubwoba kuko Abanyakingogo bari bamaze kuganda bakaba batakiza kumuhakwaho. Ni ko kwigira inama yo kohereza umuhungu we Ndoli i Karagwe k’Abahinda (Tanzaniya) kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana kurererwayo, agezeyo areranwa na babyara be. Abanyakingogo bumvise ko Ndahiro yacikishije umuhungu we, baramwanjama bati: “Ko waje ino ugatura ntigutere umuganda kubera imico yawe myiza, tukakurabukira inka zamara kugwira ugahindukira ukaziduhakisha, twaguha intama ugahindukira ukazihera Abasangwabutaka tukakwihorera, none ukaba waranacikishije umuhungu wawe, ubwo Ndoli utwikekaho iki?” ndahiro ati: “Umwana ntabwo yacitse, ahubwo yarazindutse.” Bahera ko bararakara baramutera bararwana, baramunesha baramwica maze bacukura inyenga yo kumurohamo. Bagiye kuyimuhambamo, umusangwabutaka umwe arabarindagiza ati: “Uyu mugabo wagiraga nabi mwimutaba, nabonye ikiguri cy’intozi nimucyo abe ari cyo tumujugunyamo zimurye!” mu Nduga guhamba mu nyenga ntibabikundaga, bahambaga mu bihuru. Ndahiro bamumanika ku giti ahe haribagirana, ariko apfa amaze kugira abanyamabanga benshi, ari bo biru. Mu Nduga hari Mpande-ya-Rusanga i Cyotamakara cy’i Buhanga; Karangara mu Kona ka Mashyoza; Mpyisi ya Sagisengo i Gihinga na Ruzege; Cyabakanga cya Butare i Nyamweru mu Bumbogo; n’Abasangwabutaka b’abanyabushingo bo kwa Bwojo bwa Mabago. Minyaruko asigarana na mwene Ndahiro witwaga Bamara yari yarabyaye ku nshoreke, n’umuhungu we Byinshi bari batuye ku Kimisagara ka Kigali. Ako gace k’i Bwanacyambwe bakigiramo abahinza, ab’aho barabayoboka kuko bari bene Ndahiro, naho Nduga yose iyoboka Mateke w’umusinga.
Ni uko biba bityo, hanyuma bitinze mu Nduga hacana amapfa, ateza icyorezo cy’inzara. Abanyanduga batangira kwinuba, bavuga ko Mateke ari we wateje inzara mu gihugu. Ubwo Mateke yari afite imfizi y’intama n’ikivumu cy’umutabataba yateyeho imana, bikaba ibimenyetso by’ubuhinza bwe. Abanyanduga bamaze kuremba baramutera, baramufata baramwica, intama ye barayica, intebe y’ubuhinza barayimena n’ikivumu barakirimbura, bihurirana n’igicu imvura itangira kugwa maze Abanyanduga babigira ihame ko ari we wayicaga. Abasangwabutaka baboneraho baravuga bati: “Nduga yari ikwiye Ndahiro cyangwa inkomoko ye (ubwo berekezaga kuri Ndoli).” Babivugira i Buhoro bwa Nyundo muri Tambwe (ubu ni mu Karere ka Ruhango) kwa Kiboga cya Ndahiro. Havamo umwe ati: “Uwabimenyesha abagaragu b’ibyegera bya Ndahiro.” Undi ati: “Iyi nkuru uwayibwira Mpande-ya-Rusanga!” Ubwo wa musangwabutaka Kavuna yari aho, ati: “Sindushye ndashonje!” bamuha impamba arahambira ajya kubwira Mpande-yaRusanga. Agezeyo amutekerereza uko Mateke yapfuye, uko intama ye yapfuye, ikivumu cye cyaguye n’intebe ye ikameneka. Mpande arishima cyane, ati: “Iyi nkuru uwayimenyesha Mpyisi ya Sagisengo i Gihinga na Ruzege.” Kavuna ati: “Sindushye ndashonje.” Mpande amuhambirira impamba arashogoshera n’i Gihinga, abwira Mpyisi kwakundi. Mpyisi ati: “Iyi nkuru uwayishyikiriza Karangana mu Kona ka Mashyoza.” Kavuna ati: “sindushye ndashonje.” Ahambirira Kavuna impamba ajyana ubutumwa kwa Karangana mu Kona ka Mashyoza. Karangana na we ati: “uwabimenyesha Bwojo bwa Mabago w’i Kanyinya ka Nyanza. Na we amugira nk’aba mbere amwohereza kwa Cyabakanga cya Butare i Nyamweru, na we amwohereza kwa Minyaruko ya Nyamikenke i Busigi. Minyaruko ati: “Iyi nkuru uwayibwira Nyiragahira akayigeza kuri Ndoli wa Ndahiro i Karagwe k’Abahinda.” Kavuna akaryankuna ati sindushye ndashonje.
Ni uko Minyaruko amuha impamba, Kavuna arahambira ajya i Karagwe i Karagwe k’Abahinda. Agezeyo abwira Nyabunyana kuko ari inkomoko ya Ndahiro. Nyabunyana aranga ati: “Musaza wanjye uko bamugize ndakuzi, sinakwiyoherereza umwana ngo bamugire nka se!” Ndoli yumvise ko Nyabunyana yanze aya kavuna ararakara, abwira nyirasenge ko agomba gutahukana na Kavuna. Nyirasenge amujyana mu gikari ahiherereye bajya inama, bakiri mu muhezo Kavuna aromboka ajya kubumviriza. Nyabunyana ati: “yatwumvise azatuvamo, noneho ntimukijyanye.” Bahera ko bacura inama yo kumusibira amayira. Bamaze kuyinoza, Ndoli ahera ko aboneza iyo mu Rwanda. Ahageze, yagize amahirwe imvura irashyana ikomeza kugwa, imyaka irera haba ubukungu, bituma rubanda bateruriraho ijambo ngo “haje Ndoli ya Ndahiro, riba akarande n’inkunga yo gukomera kw’abami b’abanyiginya. Ni naho muka Minyaruko yakurije kwita Ndoli Ruhanga ntazira, kuko Ndahiro yavugiye uwo mugore ku myugariro akabyara, inka zikabyara n’inkoko zigaturaga. Ni ho kandi kuvuba byaturutse, ngo Umwami ni we utuma imvura igwa, biba inkomoko yo kwemeza ko Abasigi bo kwa Nyamikenke bazi ubwiru bw’imvura kuko Ndoli ava i Karagwe ari ho yabanje kuba, kandi Minyaruko akaba yari umwiru w’icyegera cya Ndahiro mu bandi banyamahanga, ari bo biswe abiru ubwami bumaze gukomera mu gihugu. Ni uko biba umuhango wa bo n’abana babo kugeza ku ndunduro y’ubwami mu Rwanda.
Ngaho aho ubwami bw’abanyiginya bwashingiye imizi buhereye kuri Ruganzu Ndoli, bugakurakuzwa n’umuhungu we Mutara Semugeshi (Muyenzi wa Kaburabuza). Ni we wasasanuye imihango y’ibwami n’ubuhake n’ibihe, afatanije n’abaryankuna basigaye (abanyamabanga ba sekuru Ndahiro). Kavuna akaryankuna rero amaze kugambanirwa na Ndoli na nyirasenge ngo adakoza u Rwanda mo ikirenge kandi yarabibye ubwiru, aza akurikiye Ndahiro. Ageze ku Kagera asanga batetse abasare kutamwambutsa, arashoberwa. Amaze ,kubura epfo na ruguru, umuheto we awushyira ku ivi arawuvuna, awirohana mu mazi ariyahura, amira nkeri aranogoka.
Ndoli rero amaze kwigarurira u Rwanda, ahemba abandi banyamabanga ba se ikuzo ryo kwitwa Abaryankuna, kuko bajyaga bahererekanya ubutumwa bwo kumugarura bohereza Kavuna aho rukomeye hose, baryegurirwa nk’aho ari bo barigendeye umutaga bakarirarira ijoro, bikabatera umuruho nka Kavuna byahobagije ajya i Karagwe gutarura mwene shebuja. Aho ni ho Abanyarwanda bakomoye umugani ngo Ingoma uyirira inkuna igakiza Nkunzi (umutoni). Kuva ubwo rero babona umuntu ahihibikanira ikintu ejo kigakindirwa undi (kigahabwa undi mu muwanya w’uwakiruhiye), bakagira bati: “Yarushye uwa Kavuna! Muhabura.rw |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/sobanukirwa-inkomoko-y-umugani-kurara-rwa-ntambi | Sobanukirwa Inkomoko y’umugani “Kurara rwa ntambi” | Uyu mugani baca ngo: "Naka yaraye rwantambi cyangwa arasa n’uwaraye rwantambi", wakomotse kuri Sekayange ka Nyakazana mu Mvejuru (Butare); ku ngoma ya Cyilima Rujugira, ahayinga umwaka w’i 1700. Bawuca iyo babonye umuntu umerewe nabi afite umukokwe w’inzara n’inyota ni bwo bavuga, bati: "Naka arasa n’uwaraye Rwantambi" Iryo zina Rwantambi, ni iry’umugezi wo mu Burundi wabaga hafi y’urugerero rw’Abarundi rwari ruteganye n’urw’Abanyarwanda rw’i Gaharanyonga ari yo Nyaruteja ya Butare (Gaharanyonga iyo, ni yo bacyurira abana bakubirije baka amata imburagihe, bakabatwama bagira, ngo: "Mbese uraka amata nk’uziviriye i Gahanyonga kuzihakirwa). Umugani rero wadutse ku ngoma ya Cyilima Rujugira, ubwo Abarundi bari bateye inkiko z’u Rwanda mu gitero bise icy’inzora. Bari basezeranye gutera u Rwanda barebye inzora y’ukwezi. Bati: "Umurundi wese uzabona ukwezi kuzoye azatere mu Rwanda" Ubwo hari ku ngoma ya Cyilima Rujugira. Nuko Abarundi bahuza umugambi, ukwezi kuzoye batera inkiko zose zihereranye n’i Burundi. Batera iy’Indilira mu Buyenzi, batera iya Mututu mu Mayaga, batera iya Nyaruhengeli n’iya Bashumba. Ubwo Abarundi baneshwa impande zose z’inkiko bateye; ni bwo umugaba w’ingabo z’i Burundi witwaga Makungu, umunyarwanda witwa Rugimbana amutsinze kuri Nyakizu mu Bashumba. Ubwo Makungu yari yarasezeranye ko namara gutsinda u Rwanda azatabaruka yirabye ingwa ya Nyakizu, (ikigugu cy’ingwa yera cyane kugeza n’ubu). Urugerero rw’i Nyaruteja rero runesha Abarundi, Abanyarwanda barabirukana babarenza umupaka; babacisha no ku Rugerero rwabo. Babonye babacishije ku Rugerero rwabo barahimbarwa bagumya kubirukana. Abarambiwe bakisubirira inyuma bagaruka i Rwanda. Ubwo Abarundi birukanwaga n’umutwe w’ingabo z’u Rwanda witwaga Imvejuru. Bakomeza kubiruka inyuma iminsi ibiri. Bigeze aho, Abarundi barabahindukirana kuko babonye hasigaye Imvejuru mbarwa, kubera ko bamwe bagiye barambirwa bakisubirira inyuma. Ni n’aho hakomotse wa mugani baca, ngo: "Wirukana umugabo kera ukamumara ubwoba", n’undi ngo: "Ubugabo butagaruka babwita ububwa!" Abarundi rero barongera bambikana n’Imvejuru barazitatanya; bamwe barabica, abasigaye bihisha mu bihuru, abandi barambuka baza mu Rwanda. Bageze mu Rwanda, abasigaye bakababaza bati: "Naka ari he ?" BaIti: "yarapfuye!" Ubwo hariho umukecuru mu Mvejuru witwaga Nyakazana, yari afite umuhungu w’intwari witwaga Sekayange; araza abaza abatabarutse, ati: "Ingogo, ari he? (ikivugo cya Sekayange)." Bati: "Ubanza yarapfuye!" Ati: "Yagiye afite iki?" Bati: "yari afite umuheto yiruka agana ishyamba. Nyakazana, ati: "Nzamuheba rihiye!" Ubwo yavugaga ko ubwo yacikanye umuheto agana ishyamba nta murundi wamuhangara awufite; ni cyo yavugiye, ati: "Nzamuheba rihiye" Nuko biba aho; haciyeho iminsi Sekayange arabunguka. Nyakazana amukubise amaso, amusangana inzara ndende; aratakarwa n’ibyishimo ati: "Nimuze murebe uko Ingogo asigaye angana!" Ati: "Mbese mwana wanjye abaraye Rwantambi ni uko musa!" Abari aho baraseka bumva ubudabagizi bw’uwo mukecuru. Ni iby’ijambo rivugiwe mu rwenya rw’abahungu rero, babona umuntu wese ushonje inzara ndende, bati: "Yaraye Rwantambi", cyangwa, bati: "Uno muntu arasa n’uwaraye Rwantambi!" Kurara rwantambi = Kumererwa nabi kubera umukokwe w’inzara n’inyota.
Ibirari by’Insigamigani, umuco nyarwanda
By Akayezu Snappy |
5history
| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/bakunzi-bacu-mwarimuzi-ibirebana-n | Bakunzi bacu, mwarimuzi ibirebana n’abami b’umushumi !!!! | Bakunzi bacu, twateruye tubagezaho ibirebana n’abami b’umushumi igice cya mbere, reka twanzike dukomeze amateka yaranze urwa Gasabo,
Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw’Abatsobe na bwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze. Uyu muryango na wo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y’ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwamo na ho umurwa baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda.
Umuryango w’Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw’igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y’Ubwiru ijyanye n’umuganura bagatura mu karere k’u Bumbogo bakagira n’umutwe w’ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukomoka kuri Gihanga.
Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z’u Rwanda tuzi ubu. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu Burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n’ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rucuru.
Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by’amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y’uturere twa kera. Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by’aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi n’imiturire.
Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n’inka zitwa Ingizi nk’uko uyu munyamateka abivuga. Iyi mihango ngo yaba yaratangiye ku ngoma y’umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari na bwo umutwe w’ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n’izitwa Abangakugoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga. Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara, aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga.
*Gihanga yarongoye abagore benshi
Ikindi amateka garagaza, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko na we yari afite abagore benshi nk’uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.
Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw’Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n’uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima (Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n’ubwoko bw’Abashambo (Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n’uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w’ubwoko
Abahondogo (Bategetse u Bugesera), ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w’ubwoko bw’Abacyaba (Bategekaga Ingoma y’u Bugara).
Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo (Intara ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n’abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n’undi mwana witwa Gafomo.
Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w’inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w’abo mu bwoko bw’Abatsobe.
Richard Ruhumuriza |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/umugore-w-intwari-amateka-akomeye-yifuzwaga-na-benshi-y | Umugore w’intwari : Amateka akomeye yifuzwaga na benshi y’umusirikare w’umugore w’inkotanyi wafotowe ateruye umwana mu rugamba rwo guhagarika ... | Amateka akomeye y’umusirikare w’umugore wafotowe ateruye umwana mu kubohora igihugu yifuzwaga na benshi mu gihe tukiri mu minsi 100 yo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kunshuro ya 26 ubu ugaragara mungoro y’amateka igaragaza amateka yo guhagarika Jenoside no ku bohora Igihugu Rtd captain Daphrosa Intaramirwa yasize umuryango we aza ku rugamba rwo kubohora igihugu, nyuma arera abana b’imfubyi barokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Gusiga abana be batanu n’umugabo muri Uganda akaza ku rugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda ntibyashimishije benshi. Ariko we yirengagije abamushinjaga kutita ku muryango, akurikiza icyo umutima we wamubwiraga ko cyari gikwiye. Mu Ukuboza 2017, u Rwanda rwungutse ingoro nshya ikubiyemo amateka y’urugendo rw’ingabo zari iza APR zahagaritse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ikaba imwe mu zicungwa n’Ikigo cy’Ingoro z’Umurage w’u Rwanda. Ubwo yafunguraga ku mugaragaro iyi ngoro yuzuyemo amateka y’uko urugamba rwagenze kugeza ubwo tariki ya 7 Nyakanga igihugu kibohowe. Ubwo iyi ngoro yatahwaga Perezida Paul Kagame yitegereje ifoto y’umugore wambaye imyenda ya gisirikare y’ingabo za RPA ateruye umwana. Uretse Perezida Kagame wafotowe yitegereza iyi foto, n’abandi bantu basanzwe bagiye basura iyi Ngoro Ndangamateka y’Urugamba rwo guhagarika Jenoside iherereye mu nyubako y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda, bagiye bagaragaza ko iri mu byabashimishije ndetse bakabisangiza abandi ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Ibinyamakuru bya tangiye gushakisha uriya musirikare ndetse n’umwana yari ateruye, ibintu bitari byoroshye kuko nubwo ababanye nawe mu gihe cy’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu bamuvugaga ibigwi, batagaragaza uko bamubona ndetse bamwe bakavuga ko ashobora kuba yaritabye Imana. Nyuma yo gushakisha ibinyamakuru byaje kubwirwa n’umwe mu bakozi bacyo ko amuzi, kuko avuga ko we n’abavandimwe be barokowe n’Inkotanyi bajyanwa ahitwa Urumuri. Nubwo yavuze ko izina rye ari Intaramirwa Daphrose ndetse azi neza ko akiriho, hari hashize nk’umwaka atazi amakuru y’aho aherereye. Ku bw’amahirwe ariko baje kumenyako Rtd Capt Intaramirwa atuye mu karere ka Nyagatare, aho umwe mu bakozi b’iki kinyamakuru yagiye kumusura, amusaba ko baganira. Mu kiganiro bagiranye yavuze ko atibuka igihe iriya foto yafatiwe. Ati “Ntabwo nibuka umunsi yafotoreweho ariko ndibuka ko hari umunyamakuru wavugaga Igiswahili wagendaga afata amafoto. Hari byinshi byo gukora, twari dufite igihugu tugomba kugaruramo amahoro, hari imfubyi nyinshi. Hari abasivili benshi bashonje kandi bakomeretse bazaga aho twari turi. Ibintu byari bimeze nabi, gufata amafoto ntabwo byari mu bintu byihutirwa.” Yakomeje avuga ko Interahamwe zahigaga ndetse zikica inzirakarengane, mu gihe Inkotanyi zo zarwanaga zishaka gutabara Abanyarwanda benshi bashoboka. Mu barokowe hakaba harimo abana barimo n’abafite ukwezi kumwe aho bajyanwaga ku Kigo cyari cyariswe Urumuri ndetse n’ahandi hakoraga nkacyo. Ubwo Jenoside yatangiraga ku ya 7 Mata 1994, Perefegitura ya Byumba kuri ubu isigaye ariko akarere ka Gicumbi ari naho FPR yari ifite ibirindiro yari yarabohowe, abantu benshi bakaba barahahungiraga kuko babaga bizeye gukira. Iriya foto ya Intaramirwa ateruye umwana yafatiwe mu Urumuri, aho ariwe wari uyoboye itsinda ryitaga ku mfubyi zari zihari. Ajya ku rugamba ntawari uzi ko yabyaye Intaramirwa w’imyaka iri hafi 70 wari waravukiye i Gahini mu Burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda, yavuye mu Rwanda ahungira muri Uganda ubwo Abatutsi batangiraga kwicwa. Ubwo urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu rwatangiraga mu Ukwakira 1990, yari atuye mu cyaro cya Bulemezi akaba yari yarashakanye n’Umunya- Uganda. Nubwo cyari icyemezo kitoroshye, uyu mubyeyi wari ufite abana batandatu yafashe umwanzuro wo gusanga abandi ku rugamba, ndetse umugabo we aramushyigikira. Intaramirwa kuri ubu ufite abana bane n’abuzukuru, aho umwe yapfuye mbere y’urugamba, mu gihe undi yapfuye adahari. Avuga ko bagenzi be bamenye ko yabyaye ubwo umwe mu bana be nawe yazaga mu ntambara yo kubohora igihugu. Ati “Birambabaza cyane kuba ntarabashije gushyingura umwana wanjye ariko nzi neza ko ubu aruhukiye mu mahoro kuko urugamba twariho rwari rukwiye.” Amashereka ye yahembuye benshi Mu masaha agera ku munani abanyamakuru bamaranye na Intaramirwa, bamusabye kubashushanyiriza uko ubuzima bwari bwifashe na bariya bana, ikibazo yagerageje gusubiza nubwo hari aho yageraga agafatwa n’ikiniga. Ati“Ubuzima bwari bubi. Yego hari ibyo kurya nk’amata na celerac. Nagombaga konsa abari abana, rimwe na rimwe iyo nariraga nabo barariraga. Ariko baje kurokoka, ubu ni ababyeyi b’abagore n’abagabo. Ibi nibyo bituma nsabwa n’ibyiyumviro, iyo mpuye nabo turarira kubera ibyabaye ariko nkababwira ko dufite igihugu cyiza kizabitaho.” Hari amakuru avuga ko mu Urumuri aho uyu mubyeyi yabaga habaga imfubyi zigera ku 100, ubwo Jenoside yahagarikwaga muri Nyakanga, bamwe bakaba barajyanywe mu bigo by’imfubyi, abandi bagafashwa n’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yari yaratangiye gukorera mu gihugu. Hari n’abanze gutandukana nawe ariko aza kubana nabo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, abandi bahujwe n’imiryango yabo. Ese umwana agaragara ateruye ni inde? Intaramirwa avuga ko uriya mwana yari ateruye yazanywe mu Urumuri na se wari ugiye ku rugamba. Ubwo FPR yamaraga gufata igihugu muri Nyakana 1994, uyu mugabo ngo yagarutse gufata umwana we. Ati “Nyuma ariko y’imyaka itari mike naje kumenya ko umwana yapfuye azize indwara. Icy’ingenzi ariko ni uko uriya mwana yarokotse kwicwa n’Interahamwe.” Uyu mubyeyi uganira n’abana yitayeho kuri ubu bakuze binyuze mu matsinda ya WhatsApp yitwa Family Masaka” na “Family Urumuri”, aho atuye ni umuyobozi w’umudugudu, umwanya ahora atorerwa kandi abasha kwitwaramo neza by’umwihariko abifashijwemo n’indangagaciro za gisirikare zikimuri mu maraso. Ahamya ko ubwo umwana w’umukobwa n’umuhungu bose bashoboye ndetse kuba yararwaniraga ibintu bifatika bikaba biri mu byatumye adacika intege. Yafashe umwanzuro wo gusezera mu ngabo mu 1997 kuko yumvaga ko umusanzu we yawutanze, bityo akwiye kureka abakiri bato bagakomereza aho yari agejeje. Avuga ko iriya foto igaragaza Kagame amwitegereza yagiye ayohererezwa kenshi nyuma gato y’uko iriya ngoro itashywe. Akaba avuga ko yakwishima kurushaho agize amahirwe yo kwifotozanya na Perezida we. Ati “Ntewe ishema n’aho igihugu kigeze uyu munsi. Ni umugabo udapfa kubona umwanya kugira ngo tugere aha hari ibitambo byinshi byagombaga gutangwa. Birumvikana ko nari kwishima kurushaho iyo ngira amahirwe yo kuba muri iriya foto na perezida wanjye, ariko nzi neza ko hari igihe kizagera nkabasha gufata ikiganza cye.” Salongo Richard/MUHABURA.RW |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/tariki-6-kamena-1994-uko-guverinoma-y-abicanyi-yagendaga | Tariki 6 Kamena 1994 : Uko Guverinoma y’abicanyi yagendaga itsindwa urugamba rwa gisilikare yarwanaga na FPR-INKOTANYI - Dr BIZIMANA Jean ... | Uko Guverinoma y’abicanyi yagendaga itsindwa urugamba rwa gisilikare yarwanaga na FPR-INKOTANYI, ni nako yageragezaga gushakisha uburyo bwose bushoboka ngo idatsindwa urugamba harimo kugura intwaro mu mahanga irenze ku mwanzuro w’Inama y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Ishinzwe Amahoro yabuzaga ibihugu byose kugurisha u Rwanda intwaro. Ni nako kandi yakomeje gushishikariza abaturage kwica Abatutsi bari bataricwa no kubaha uburyo bwose bwo gusoza Jenoside mu bihe bya vuba. 1) GUVERINOMA YA KAMBANDA YAKORESHEJE UBURYO BWA DIPLOMASI ISHAKA GUHISHA ISURA Y’UBWICANYI YAKORERAGA ABATUTSI Ku itariki 6 Kamena 1994, I Tunis mu gihugu cya Tuniziya hatangiya inama y’abaminisitiri b’ububanyi n’amahanga b’Ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (OUA), yari igamije gutegura iy’abakuru b’ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango yagomga guterana ku matariki ya 13-15 Kamena 1994. Mu nama zitandukanye za Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA zabaye muri Gicurasi na Kamena 1994, hagiye hemezwa ko Guverinoma igomba gushyira imbaraga mu gushaka intwaro no kugarura isura nziza yayo ikoresheje ububanyi n’amahanga (diplomasi) ikagaragaza ko nta bwicanyi ikorera abaturage, ahubwo ibyaha byose ikabigereka kuri FPR-INKOTANYI. Iyi ni nayo nama Ubufransa bwari bwaragiriye Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA mu bihe bitandukanye. Twibutse ko mu rwego rwa politiki na diplomasi, ku wa 24 Mata 1994, Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA yohereje intumwa mu Bufransa zigizwe na Jerome BICAMUMPAKA wari Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga na Jean Bosco BARAYAGWIZA wari umuyobozi mukuru muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ushinzwe politiki na diplomasi. Izi ntumwa z’u Rwanda zakiriwe muri Perezidansi ya Repuburika y’Ubufransa na Bruno DELAYE wari Umujyanama wihariye wa Perezida MITTERRAND ushinzwe Afurika; zakirwa kandi na Edouard BALLADUR wari Minisitiri w’Intebe ndetse na Alain JUPPE wari Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’amahanga. Mu rwego rwa gisilikare, ku matariki ya 9-13 Gicurasi 1994, Ubufransa bwakiriye intumwa z’u Rwanda zari ziyobowe na Liyetona Koloneli Ephrem RWABARINDA; zikaba zari zirimo Colonel Sebastien NTAHOBARI wari uhagarariye u Rwanda mu butwererane bwa gisilikare muri Ambasade y’u Rwanda mu Bufransa (Attache militaire) na Liyetona Koloneli Cyprien KAYUMBA wari ushinzwe imari muri Minisiteri y’ingabo y’u Rwanda; mu gihe cya Jenoside KAYUMBA yamaze iminsi 27 mu Bufransa muri gahunda yo gushakisha intwaro. Mu bayobozi b’Ubufransa bakiriye izo ntumwa za gisilikare z’u Rwanda, harimo Jenerali Jean-Pierre HUCHON wari Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ubutwererane mu bya gisilikare muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga y’Ubufransa. Raporo y’ubutumwa yakozwe na Liyetona Koloneli RWABARINDA ijyanye n’ibyavugiwe muri ubwo butumwa, igaragaza ko Ubufransa bwemeye guha u Rwanda ubufasha mu bya gisilikare kandi butanga inama ko Guverinoma igomba gukora ibishoboka ikanoza isura yayo mu mahanga. Ni nayo mpamvu ku itariki 22 Gicurasi 1994, Perezida Tewodori SINDIKUBWABO yandikiye ibaruwa Perezida Francois MITTERRAND w’Ubufransa amushimira ku nkunga yose Ubufransa bwahaye u Rwanda kuva muri 1990, anamwinginga ko iyo nkunga iwkiye kwiyongera cyane cyane ko kuri uwo munsi Ingabo za FPR-INKOTANYI zari zamaze gufata ikibuga mpuzamahanga cy’indege cya Kigali I Kanombe. Hashingiwe kuri icyo cyizere Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA yemeje ko intumwa zayo zigomba guhaguruka zikazenguruka amahanga zigerageza guhisha ko iyo Guverinoma iriho ikora Jenoside. Ni muri urwo rwego intumwa zayo zitabiriye inama ya OUA yo mu rwego rwa ba Minisitiri ndetse na Perezida SINDIKUBWABO akayitabira nk’Umukuru w’Igihugu ku wa 13-15 Gicurasi 1994. Amagambo yahavugiye yaranzwe no guhakana ko Guverinoma ye yari iriho ikora Jenoside, atangaza ko ikibazo cyari mu Rwanda ari intambara NGO U Rwanda rwashowemo na FPR-INKOTANYI. Ayo magambo yamaganywe na benshi mu bari muri iyo nama y’I Tunis bagaragaza ko ari ikinyoma. Intumwa z’u Rwanda zagaragarijwe muri iyo nama ko byamaze kugaragara ko Guverinoma n’abasilikare bayo iriho yica abaturage b’abasivile b’Abatutsi aho kujya ku rugamba rwa gisilikare ngo barwane na FPR-INKOTANYI mu rwego rwa gisilikare. 2) UMUBARE MUNINI W’INKOMERE Z’ABASILIKARE BA LETA N’UW’ABAGUYE KU RUGAMBA WAGARAGAJWE NK’IKIBAZO CY’INGUTU KIBANGAMIYE IKORWA RYA JENOSIDE Mu nama yo ku wa 06 Kamena 1994, Minisitiri w’Intebe yasobanuye mu ncamake ibyo yaganiriye mu nama yagiranye n’abakuru b’ingabo na jandarumori ku wa 05 Kamena 1994. Kimwe mu bibazo basuzumye ni ikijyanye n’umubare munini w’inkomere mu basilikare bayo bavuga ko inkomere bari bafite zirenga ibihumbi bitanu (5000), naho abaguye ku rugamba kuva muri mata 1994 bakaba bagera ku gihumbi (1000). 3) NYIRAMASUHUKO, NGIRABATWARE NA KAREMERA BAGARAGARIJE INAMA YA GUVERINOMA UBURYO “AUTO-DEFENSE CIVILE” IKORWA MU BICE BAGENZURA Inama ya Guverinoma yo ku wa 6 Kamena 1994 yasuzumye kandi uburyo abaturage barimo bashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza ya “auto-defense civile” nkuko yashyizwe ahagaragara na Minisitiri w’Intebe Jean KAMBANDA. UMWANZURO Kigali, 06 Kamena 2020 Dr BIZIMANA Jean Damascène Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, CNLG |
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| amateka | history | http://muhabura.rw/amakuru/amateka/article/4-kamena-1994-guverinoma-y-abatabazi-yababajwe-n-uko | 4 Kamena 1994: Guverinoma y’Abatabazi yababajwe n’uko yatangiye gutakaza igice kinini yari yarimukiyemo | Ku itariki 4 Kamena 1994, Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA (yiyise Guverinoma y’Abatabazi) yagaragaje mu nama ya Guverinoma ko ingabo zayo zari hafi gutakaza Umujyi wa Gitarama nyuma y’ifatwa rya Kabgayi. Mu nama y’Abaminisitiri be yabaye uwo munsi ndetse n’izakurikiyeho hemejwe ibikorwa byo kongera intwaro mu nterahamwe, gukaza ubugenzuzi bw’uburyo amabwiriza ya auto-défense civile akorwa no gukomeza gushakisha intwaro hirya no hino mu mahanga zo kwihutisha Jenoside. Hashoboye kuboneka Agenda za KAMBANDA na bamwe mu ba Minisitiri be zanakoreshejwe nk’ibimenyetso bishinja mu manza zabo zabereye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. Izi Agenda zerekana uburyo umugambi wa Jenoside wakomeje gukazwa mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Gicurasi n’intangiriro za Kamena 1994. Inama nyinshi za Guverinoma zabaye muri iyo minsi suzumye uburyo bwo gushaka imbunda, amasasu n’ibindi bikoresho byo guhangana na FPR-INKOTANYI no gusoza Jenoside. Guverinoma ya Kambanda yiyemeje gukomeza kwica Abatutsi ibishyiramo imbaraga zidasanzwe mu Nama z’Abaminisitiri NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse muri Agenda ye ko inama ya Guverinoma yo ku wa 01 Kamena 1994 yemeje ko ba Minisitiri bakomeza gukurikirana ikorwa rya Jenoside muri gahunda bise “auto-défense civile” muri za Perefegitura. Gitarama igakomeza gukurikiranwa na Minisitiri Callixte NZABONIMANA. Gisenyi igakurikiranwa na ba Minisitiri Augustin NGIRABATWARE na Jean de Dieu HABINEZA n’ahandi gahunda igakomeza gukurikiranwa na ba Minisitiri bahashinzwe. Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha « auto-défense civile », NYIRAMASUHUKO yari ashinzwe kuyikurikirana muri Perefegitura ya Butare. Ku itariki 31 Gicurasi 1994, NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse muri Agenda ye ko yakoresheje inama muri Komini za Muyaga, Rusatira, Ruhashya na Nyabisindu. Ntiyavuze abo yayikoranye nabo, ariko yagaragaje ko havuzwe ku kibazo kirebana n’urugamba yandika ko « kugemurira abari ku rugamba bidashoboka ‘donc’ bagomba kurya ibyo basanze ». NYIRAMASUHUKO yakomeje yandika uburyo Jenoside igomba gukomeza gukorwa akabivuga muri aya magambo : « gusaka hose mu ngo, kuvanaho ibihuru aho biri hose, gutema amashyamba, kugurira abaturage ibikoti by’imbeho, gushaka imipanga, gukaza uburinzi kandi hagashakwa urubyiruko rugera ku bihumbi bibiri (2000) bizewe mu gihe kitarenze iminsi ibiri no kwambara ibirere nk’ikimenyetso kiranga abahuje umugambi. » NYIRAMASUHUKO yanagaragaje amazina y’abategetsi bagomba kuyobora icyo gikorwa cyo gushaka urubyiruko muri Butare rwiyongera ku rukora Jenoside muri za Komini no kubaha ibikoresho byavuzwe: Komini Maraba : gushaka abasore 30 bishingwa uwari diregiteri wa Gereza ya Butare witwa MUNYERAGWE ; Komini Ruhashya : abasore 30 bikayoborwa na porokireri wa Repuburika i Butare, Mathias BUSHISHI; Komini Rusatira: abasore 60 bikayoborwa na Sylvain HARINDINTWALI wari umukuru wa serivisi y’iperereza muri Butare; Komini Mugusa: abasore 60 bikayoborwa na Perefe (Colonel Alphonse Nteziryayo); Komini Runyina na Gishamvu: ntihagaragajwe umubare w’abakenewe ariko NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse ko icyo gikorwa kizayoborwa na superefe Assiel SIMBALIKURE. Uwo mugambi wo kongera umubare w’interahamwe mu gihugu hose warakwiriye kuko muri Agenda ya Jean KAMBANDA yo ku wa 04 Kamena 1994, KAMBANDA yanditsemo ko kugira ngo batsinde umwanzi hagomba gushakwa abasore 30 muri buri Komini; ni ukuvuga abasore 30×145 = 4350; iki gikorwa gishingwa Minisitiri NYIRAMASUHUKO. Icyo gihe hanavuzwe ko intwaro zari zaratumijwe muri Afurika y’Epfo zari kugera mu Rwanda ku wa mbere tariki ya 7 Kamena 1994 mbere ya saa sita. Muri Agenda ya NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse kandi ko muri Komini Ngoma (Butare) hagomba kwitabwaho kurusha ahandi, hagashakwa abantu bihishe mu mashyamba kuko ¾ by’ubutaka bwa Komini bugizwe n’amashyamba. Akomeza avuga ko buri wese agomba kugira icyo ashinzwe kandi muri buri Selire hagashyirwa ba resiponsabule byibura batanu (5), akanamenyesha ko Kmainuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda yifuza guhabwa imbunda mu rwego rwa “auto-défense civile” kandi ko Kaminuza yiteguye kuzatanga amafranga y’izo mbunda. Iyi gahunda yo kwihutisha Jenoside batsemba Abatutsi bari bataricwa kuri aya matariki inagaragara muri Agenda za Jean KAMBANDA wari Minisitiri w’Intebe, Augustin NGIRABATWARE wari Minisitiri w’igenamigambi na Edouard KAREMERA wari Minisitiri w’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu. KAMBANDA na KAREMERA bakatiwe igihano cya cy’igifungo cya burundu n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda naho NGIRABATWARE akatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka mirongo itatu n’itanu. Inama za ba Minisitiri zakajije ingamba zo gushakisha ku buryo bwose intwaro n’amasasu mu mahanga byo guhangana na FPR-INKOTANYI no gusoza Jenoside Ku itariki ya 01 Kamena 1994, NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse ko habaye inama ya Guverinoma yaganiriye ku migendekere y’intambara ikamenyeshwa ko ingabo za Guverinoma zari muri batayo ya 96 yabarizwaga i Muvumba zagiye zitsindwa mu birindiro byazo zigahungira i Byumba, zikomereza i Rwamagana, Kibungo, Bugesera, Nyanza na Rukondo. NYIRAMASUHUKO yagaragaje ko inama ya Guverinoma yasanze abasilikare bakeneye ibikoresho, ngo bakaba bafite ikibazo cy’ibyitso ngo biri mu basilikare, ngo hakaba kandi habura gushyira hamwe guhagije hagati y’abasilikare na Guverinoma ngo kuko hari bamwe muri bo bifuza kugirana imishyikirano n’umwanzi bonyine. NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse ko muri iyo nama ya ba Minisitiri yo ku wa 01 Kamena 1994, haganiriwe kandi ku bijyanye no kugura imbunda, amasasu n’ibindi bikoresho bya gisirikare. NYIRAMASUHUKO yanditse ko Guverinoma yatanze amafranga angana na miliyoni icyenda z’amadolari y’Amerika (9.000.000$) zo kugura intwaro mu Misiri. Hakaba n’andi mafranga miliyoni enye n’ibihumbi magana abiri y’amadolari y’Amerika (4.200.000$) yo kugura intwaro babinyujije ku witwa Dominique Lemonnier w’Umufaransa bigakurikiranwa na Colonel BAGOSORA na Lt Colonel Jean Bosco Ingenieur RUHORAHOZA. NYIRAMASUHUKO kandi yanditse ko hari andi mafranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana abiri y’amadolari y’Amerika (2.200.000$) yari amaze amezi arindwi yaratanzwe mu kugura intwaro, hakaba hari icyuzere ko izo ntwaro zari kugera mu Rwanda (garantie de livraison). NYIRAMASUHUKO yanagaragaje ko KARAMIRA yari mu butumwa mu mahanga bwo kugura intwaro ariko ko yari ataragaruka. Muri Agenda ya Jean KAMBANDA bigaragara ko muri iyo nama yo ku wa 01 Kamena 1994, Guverinoma yemeje ko Banki ya Kigali igomba guhatirwa gutanga amafranga y’amadevize kugira ngo izo ntwaro zishobore kugurwa. Iki kibazo cy’ahantu Guverinoma izakura amafranga cyananditswe na NGIRABATWARE muri Agenda ye agaragaza ko mu nama yo ku wa 06 Kamena 1994, Guverinoma yemeje ko amadevize ari muri SONARWA agomba kuvanwayo agakoreshwa. Muri Agenda ya KAMBANDA irebana n’inama y’Abaminisitiri yabaye ku wa 4 Kamena 1994 handitse ko Inama yanaganiriye kuri gahunda yo gushaka abacanshuro bunganira ingabo za Leta bagera ku gihumbi na magana atanu (1500). Mu nama KAMBANDA yakoranye n’abakuru b’ingabo na Jandarumori ku wa 05 Kamena 1994, nkuko bigaragara muri Agenda ye, hemejwe ko abo bacanshuro bazashakwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika no mu Bubiligi. Inama yo ku wa 4 Kamena 1994 kandi yemeje ko Umujyi wa Gitarama wigaruriwe n’Ingabo za FPR-INKOTANYI ariyo mpamvu muri iyo nama hashyizweho Perefe w’umusilikare, major UKURIKIYEYEZU Jean-Damascène asimbuye Fidele UWIZEYE. Mu nama ya Guverinoma yabaye ku wa 06 Kamena 1994, Agenda ya Jean KAMBANDA igaragaza ko hasohowe andi mafranga menshi yavanywemo kontaro ebyiri zo gutumiza intwaro mu Bushinwa. Kontaro ya mbere yari igizwe na miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana atandatu y’amadolari (1.600.000 $) n’indi ya miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana abiri y’amadolari (2.200.000$). Iyi nama yanagaragaje ko hari kontaro Guverinoma ya Jean KAMBANDA yari yasinyanye n’Umufransa batavuze izina. Uyu yaramenyekanye nyuma ya Jenoside, ni uwitwa Dominique Yves Lemonnier wari ufite sosiyete y’ubucuruzi yitwaga DYL INVEST yari ifite icyicaro ahitwa Annecy mu Bufaransa. Inama za ba Minisitiri zemeje kurushaho kwishyira hamwe mu gukora Jenoside no kunoza isura ya Guverinoma y’abicanyi Muri Agenda ya KAMBANDA ivuga ku byaganiriweho mu nama ya ba Minisitiri be yo ku wa 04 Kamena 1994, yanditse ko isura ya Guverinoma ye ari mbi cyane mu mahanga, hakaba hagomba gukora ibishoboka ngo bayikosore. KAMBANDA ntiyavuze ko icyateraga kwangirika kw’iyo sura ari ubwicanyi yakoraga na Guverinoma ye, ariko niyo mpamvu nta yindi. KAMBANDA akavuga ko Ubufransa bwiteguye kubafasha ariko ko bwasabye ko KAMBANDA na Guverinoma ye bakwihutira gushaka ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Uganda iha ubufasha FPR-INKOTANYI, bityo Ubufransa bukabigira impamvu zo gusobanura ubufasha nabwo bwiteguye guha Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA. Ingamba z’icyo gikorwa cy’itumanaho zigaragara neza muri Agenda ya NGIRABATWARE aho yanditse ko inama ya Guverinoma yo ku wa 06 Kamena 1994 yemeje isinywa ry’amasezerano ya sosiyete eshatu zizobereye mu itumanaho (communication) zo mu Bufransa no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zizabafasha guhisha ikorwa rya Jenoside, banemeza ko Perezida wa Repuburika na Minisitiri w’Intebe bagomba gukora ingendo zisobanura urugamba barimo, ni ukuvuga Jenoside. Ni na bwo hemejwe ko Perezida Tewodori SINDIKUBWABO agomba gukorera urugendo Addis Abeba mu Muryango w’Ibihugu by’Afurika gukora icyiswe “lobbying” (ubuvugizi) mu bihugu by’Afurika, kandi hagakorwa intambara yifashishije itangazamakuru (guerre mediatique). NGIRABATWARE yananditse ko Inama y’abaminisitiri yasanze mu Nterahamwe no mu basilikare harimo abafashwe neza kurusha abandi, bikaba biteza ibibazo by’ubwumvikane buke kandi bakeneye gushyira hamwe mu guhashya umwanzi. Iyi nama yo ku wa 6 Kamena 1994 yanavuze ko mu ngabo z’Igihugu harimo ibyitso, bamwe muri ibyo byitso ngo bakaba ari Abatutsi, ariko ngo no mu Banyanduga harimo Ibyitso kubera ikibazo cy’amacakubiri ashingiye ku Turere (regionalisme). Iki kibazo cyananditswe na KAMBANDA muri Agenda ye aho avuga ko amacakubiri ahari mu ngabo, ariko akongeraho ko “ikibazo cy’ibyitso muri jandarumori ntawe ukwiye kugikabiriza.” Nyamara nubwo KAMBANDA asa nk’utesha agaciro iki kibazo cy’amacakubiri muri Jandarumori ni ukubeshya. Mu nama zitandukanye zabanjirije iyi ngiyi, nk’iyabaye ku wa 4 Kamena 1994, amacakubiri muri jandarumori yaganiriweho cyane. Muri Agenda ya KAMBANDA hagaragara ko muri iyi nama banatekereje gusimbuza Jenerali NDINDIRIYIMANA Augustin ku buyobozi bwa Jandarumori bakanasuzumwa lisiti y’abakandida bashobora kumusimbura ariko ntihagira uwo bahurizaho. Mu bakandida baganiriweho harimo: Colonel NYIRIMANZI, Colonel RUTAYISIRE, Colonel NTIWIRAGABO na Colonel RWARAKABIJE. NGIRABATWARE we yanditse ko iyo nama yo ku wa 06 Kamena 1994 yanemeje gukaza imikorere ya “auto-defense civile” Guverinoma igaha abaturage uburyo bwo kuyikora kandi igashishikariza abavuye mu byabo kubisubiramo. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, NGIRABATWARE yanditse ko Guverinoma yemeje hagomba gushyirwaho imikorere ya “auto-defense civile” muri buri Komini na buri segiteri, kandi ba Minisitiri bakamanuka bakegera abaturage, bakajya gukurikirana umunsi ku munsi imigendekere y’iyi gahunda, aho gukora inama za ba Minisitiri buri munsi mu biro. Ukwezi kwa Kamena 1994 kwageze Jenoside imaze guhitana Abatutsi benshi cyane muri perefegitura zose z’igihugu. Nkuko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko z’inama za Guverinoma y’abicanyi zabonywe muri Agenda ya Minisitiri w’Intebe Jean KAMBANDA, na bamwe muri ba Minisitiri, zikaba zarifashishijwe mu manza zabo muri TPIR, bakaba baratsinzwe bagahamwa n’ibyaha by’ubwicanyi bwa Jenoside, Guverinoma ya KAMBANDA niyo yashyize mu bikorwa umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi. Uyu mugambi wari warateguwe na mbere y’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida HABYARIMANA kandi HABYARIMANA n’agatsiko ke nibo bawuteguye. Dr BIZIMANA Jean Damascène, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Jenoside, CNLG |