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transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . | D11-1138 | D08-1059 | 2,011 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a tale of two parsers investigating and combining graphbased and transitionbased dependency parsing | [
"Y Zhang",
"S Clark"
] | null | ⢠Transition-based : An implementation of the transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . Beams with varying sizes can be used to produce k-best lists . | 3 | null | Uses | [
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] | transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in @@CITATION with a beam size of 8 . | D11-1138_30 | 0 | experiments |
Using the basic solution proposed by ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ) as a term of comparison , we experiment with different sources of multilingual lexical knowledge to address the following questions : ( 1 ) What is the potential of the existing multilingual lexical resources to approach CLTE ? | P11-1134 | N10-1146 | 2,011 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | syntacticsemantic structures for textual entailment recognition | [
"Yashar Mehdad",
"Alessandro Moschitti",
"Fabio Massimo Zanzotto"
] | null | start from the acquisition and use of lexical knowledge , which represents the basic building block of any TE system . Using the basic solution proposed by ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ) as a term of comparison , we experiment with different sources of multilingual lexical knowledge to address the following questions : ( 1 ) What is the potential of the existing multilingual lexical resources to approach CLTE ? To answer this question we experiment with lexical knowledge extracted from bilingual dictionaries , and from a multilingual lexical database . | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
39,
59
] | [
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] | Using the basic solution proposed by ( @@CITATION ) as a term of comparison , we experiment with different sources of multilingual lexical knowledge to address the following questions : ( 1 ) What is the potential of the existing multilingual lexical resources to approach CLTE ? | P11-1134_18 | 0 | introduction |
Acoustic models for HTK is trained with the continuous speech database of the Acoustical Society of Japan ( Kobayashi et al. , 1992 ) . | W00-1017 | External_46368 | 2,000 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | asj continuous speech corpus for research | [
"Tetsunori Kobayashi",
"Shuichi Itahashi",
"Satoru Hayamizu",
"Toshiyuld Takezawa"
] | null | As the recognition engine , either VoiceRex , developed by NTT ( Noda et al. , 1998 ) , or HTK from Entropic Research can be used . Acoustic models for HTK is trained with the continuous speech database of the Acoustical Society of Japan ( Kobayashi et al. , 1992 ) . This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( Hirasawa et al. , 1998 ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses . | 3 | null | Uses | [
108,
131
] | [
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Automatic text categorization has been used in search engines , digital library systems , and document management systems ( Yang , 1999 ) . | W04-1610 | External_8808 | 2,004 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an evaluation of statistical approaches to text categorization” | [
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] | Automatic text categorization has been used in search engines , digital library systems , and document management systems ( @@CITATION ) . | W04-1610_14 | 0 | introduction |
For our Text modality , we use deWaC , a large German web corpus created by the WaCKy group ( Baroni et al. , 2009 ) containing approximately 1.7 B word tokens . | D13-1115 | External_4554 | 2,013 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the wacky wide web a collection of very large linguistically processed webcrawled corpora language resources and evaluation | [
"Marco Baroni",
"Silvia Bernardini",
"Adriano Ferraresi",
"Eros Zanchetta"
] | null | For our Text modality , we use deWaC , a large German web corpus created by the WaCKy group ( Baroni et al. , 2009 ) containing approximately 1.7 B word tokens . We filtered the corpus by : removing words with unprintable characters or encoding troubles ; removing all stopwords ; removing word types with a total frequency of less than 500 ; and removing documents with a length shorter than 100 . | 4 | null | Uses | [
94,
114
] | [
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] | For our Text modality , we use deWaC , a large German web corpus created by the WaCKy group ( @@CITATION ) containing approximately 1.7 B word tokens . | D13-1115_11 | 0 | experiments |
Unless very high rates of misspellings are to be expected ( this explains the favorable results for trigram indexing in ( Franz et al. , 2000 ) ) one can not really recommend this method . | W02-0309 | External_45876 | 2,002 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automated coding of diagnoses three methods compared | [
"P Franz",
"A Zaiss",
"S Schulz",
"U Hahn",
"R Klar"
] | null | It is comparable to WS at low recall levels ( ) , but at high ones its precision decreases almost dramatically . Unless very high rates of misspellings are to be expected ( this explains the favorable results for trigram indexing in ( Franz et al. , 2000 ) ) one can not really recommend this method . The subword approach ( SU ) clearly outperforms the previously discussed approaches . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
122,
141
] | [
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] | Unless very high rates of misspellings are to be expected ( this explains the favorable results for trigram indexing in ( @@CITATION ) ) one can not really recommend this method . | W02-0309_2 | 0 | experiments |
For english , there is for instance the 15 year old HewlettPackard test suite , a simple text file listing test sentences and grouping them according to linguistics phenomena ( Flickinger et al. , 1987 ) ; and more recently , the much more sophisticated TSNLP ( Test Suite for Natural Language Processing ) which includes some 9500 test items for English , French and German , each of them being annotated with syntactic and application related information ( Oepen and Flickinger , 1998 ) . | W04-0910 | External_15756 | 2,004 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards evaluation of nlp systems | [
"D Flickinger",
"J Nerbonne",
"I Sag",
"T Wasow"
] | null | Another known method consists in developing and using a test suite that is , a set of negative and positive items against which the grammar can be systematically tested . For english , there is for instance the 15 year old HewlettPackard test suite , a simple text file listing test sentences and grouping them according to linguistics phenomena ( Flickinger et al. , 1987 ) ; and more recently , the much more sophisticated TSNLP ( Test Suite for Natural Language Processing ) which includes some 9500 test items for English , French and German , each of them being annotated with syntactic and application related information ( Oepen and Flickinger , 1998 ) . Yet because they do not take into account the semantic dimension , none of these tools are adequate for evaluating the paraphrastic power of a grammar . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
177,
201
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] | For english , there is for instance the 15 year old HewlettPackard test suite , a simple text file listing test sentences and grouping them according to linguistics phenomena ( @@CITATION ) ; and more recently , the much more sophisticated TSNLP ( Test Suite for Natural Language Processing ) which includes some 9500 test items for English , French and German , each of them being annotated with syntactic and application related information ( Oepen and Flickinger , 1998 ) . | W04-0910_11 | 0 | null |
Previous work on Chinese SRL mainly focused on how to transplant the machine learning methods which has been successful with English , such as Sun and Jurafsky ( 2004 ) , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) . | D08-1034 | N04-1032 | 2,008 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | shallow semantic parsing of chinese | [
"Honglin Sun",
"Daniel Jurafsky"
] | null | Compared to the research on English , the research on Chinese SRL is still in its infancy stage . Previous work on Chinese SRL mainly focused on how to transplant the machine learning methods which has been successful with English , such as Sun and Jurafsky ( 2004 ) , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) . Sun and Jurafsky ( 2004 ) did the preliminary work on Chinese SRL without any large semantically annotated corpus of Chinese . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Previous work on Chinese SRL mainly focused on how to transplant the machine learning methods which has been successful with English , such as @@CITATION , Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) and Xue ( 2008 ) . | D08-1034_7 | 0 | introduction |
A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) . | J97-4003 | External_9078 | 1,997 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the formalism and implementation of patr ii | [
"Stuart Shieber",
"Hans Uszkoreit",
"Fernando Pereira",
"Jane Robinson",
"Mabry Tyson"
] | null | This approach is taken , for example , in LKB ( Copestake 1992 ) where lexical rules are introduced on a par with phrase structure rules and the parser makes no distinction between lexical and nonlexical rules ( Copestake 1993 , 31 ) . A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) . The covariation approach described in this paper can be viewed as a domain-specific refinement of such a treatment of lexical rules . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
42,
61
] | [
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] | A similar method is included in PATR-II ( @@CITATION ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) . | J97-4003_54 | 0 | related work |
Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; Keller and Lapata , 2003 ; Rooth et al. , 1999 ) . | D08-1007 | J03-3005 | 2,008 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | using the web to obtain frequencies for unseen bigrams | [
"Frank Keller",
"Mirella Lapata"
] | null | Similarity-smoothed models can make use of the regularities across similar verbs , but not the finergrained stringand token-based features . Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; Keller and Lapata , 2003 ; Rooth et al. , 1999 ) . This data consists of triples ( v , n , n â² ) where v , n is a predicateargument pair observed in the corpus and v , n â² has not been observed . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
136,
160
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] | Our training examples are similar to the data created for pseudodisambiguation , the usual evaluation task for SP models ( Erk , 2007 ; @@CITATION ; Rooth et al. , 1999 ) . | D08-1007_25 | 0 | method |
With the use of computers in storing the explosive amount of biological information , natural language processing ( NLP ) approaches have been explored to make the task of managing information recorded in free text more feasible [ 1 , 2 ] . | P05-3005 | External_7092 | 2,005 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | mining the biomedical literature in the genomic era an overview | [
"H Shatkay",
"R Feldman"
] | null | With the use of computers in storing the explosive amount of biological information , natural language processing ( NLP ) approaches have been explored to make the task of managing information recorded in free text more feasible [ 1 , 2 ] . One requirement for NLP is the ability to accurately recognize terms that represent biological entities in free text . | 1 | null | Background | [
229,
238
] | [
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] | With the use of computers in storing the explosive amount of biological information , natural language processing ( NLP ) approaches have been explored to make the task of managing information recorded in free text more feasible @@CITATION . | P05-3005_0 | 0 | introduction |
A formula q5 of L ( =-RRB- , the language with equality , is weakly R + M-abductible from an object theory T , denoted by T I-R + m 0 , iff there exists a partial theory T e PT ( T ) and a preferred model M E PM ( T ) such that M = 0 , i.e. 0 is true in at least one preferred model of the partial theory T. Note : The notions of strong provability and strong R + M-abduction can be introduced by replacing `` there exists '' by `` all '' in the above definitions ( cfXXX Zadrozny 1987b ) . | J91-2003 | External_76184 | 1,991 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | intended models circumscription and commonsense reasoningquot | [
"W Zadrozny"
] | null | The set of all preferred models of T is denoted by PM ( T ) . A formula q5 of L ( =-RRB- , the language with equality , is weakly R + M-abductible from an object theory T , denoted by T I-R + m 0 , iff there exists a partial theory T e PT ( T ) and a preferred model M E PM ( T ) such that M = 0 , i.e. 0 is true in at least one preferred model of the partial theory T. Note : The notions of strong provability and strong R + M-abduction can be introduced by replacing `` there exists '' by `` all '' in the above definitions ( cfXXX Zadrozny 1987b ) . We will have , however , no need for `` strong '' notions in this paper . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
472,
485
] | [
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] | A formula q5 of L ( =-RRB- , the language with equality , is weakly R + M-abductible from an object theory T , denoted by T I-R + m 0 , iff there exists a partial theory T e PT ( T ) and a preferred model M E PM ( T ) such that M = 0 , i.e. 0 is true in at least one preferred model of the partial theory T. Note : The notions of strong provability and strong R + M-abduction can be introduced by replacing `` there exists '' by `` all '' in the above definitions ( cfXXX @@CITATIONb ) . | J91-2003_63 | 0 | introduction |
The first version ( TIMIT ) was developed for the 450 phonetically rich sentences of the TIMIT database ( Lamel et al. 1986 ) . | J92-1004 | External_84960 | 1,992 | 1,986 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | speech database development design and analysis of the acousticphonetic corpusquot | [
"L Lamel",
"R H Kassel",
"S Seneff"
] | null | To date , four distinct domain-specific versions of TINA have been implemented . The first version ( TIMIT ) was developed for the 450 phonetically rich sentences of the TIMIT database ( Lamel et al. 1986 ) . The second version ( RM ) concerns the Resource Management task ( Pallett 1989 ) that has been popular within the DARPA community in recent years . | 3 | null | Uses | [
106,
123
] | [
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] | The first version ( TIMIT ) was developed for the 450 phonetically rich sentences of the TIMIT database ( @@CITATION ) . | J92-1004_10 | 0 | null |
A third problem arises with the approach to the semantics of QLFs that this notion of the relationship between QLF and RQLF encourages one to adopt : it is that taken by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) . | J00-4002 | External_32773 | 2,000 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | monotonic semantic interpretation | [
"Hiyan Alshawi",
"Richard Crouch"
] | null | The resolution mechanism is not intended to be reversible , although by redefining resolution rules , reversibility is achievable to some extent within the limitations just discussed ( Hurst 1994 ) . A third problem arises with the approach to the semantics of QLFs that this notion of the relationship between QLF and RQLF encourages one to adopt : it is that taken by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) . This describes the semantics of QLFs via a supervaluation over the semantics of the RQLFs that they subsume . | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
170,
197
] | [
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] | A third problem arises with the approach to the semantics of QLFs that this notion of the relationship between QLF and RQLF encourages one to adopt : it is that taken by @@CITATION . | J00-4002_7 | 0 | null |
In ( Lin , 2004 ) , I present evidence from Mandarin Chinese that this analysis is on the right track . | N04-2004 | External_40239 | 2,004 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | event structure and the encoding of arguments the syntax of the english and mandarin verb phrase | [
"Jimmy Lin"
] | null | Given this framework , deadjectival verbs such as flatten can be directly derived in the syntax : ( 15 ) The tire flattened . In ( Lin , 2004 ) , I present evidence from Mandarin Chinese that this analysis is on the right track . The rest of this paper , however , will be concerned with the computational implementation of my theoretical framework . | 5 | null | Extends | [
5,
15
] | [
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Interaction between components is coordinated by the dialogue manager which uses the informationstate approach ( Larsson and Traum , 2000 ) . | P10-4003 | External_5662 | 2,010 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | information state and dialogue management in the trindi dialogue move engine toolkit | [
"Staffan Larsson",
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] | Interaction between components is coordinated by the dialogue manager which uses the informationstate approach ( @@CITATION ) . | P10-4003_17 | 0 | experiments |
Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) [ 20 ] , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) [ 24 ] , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | P05-3005 | External_95861 | 2,005 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | online mendelian inheritance in man omim a knowledgebase of human genes and genetic disorders nucleic acids res | [
"A Hamosh",
"Scott AF",
"Amberger JS",
"Bocchini CA",
"McKusick VA"
] | null | The Semantic Network contains information about the types or categories ( e.g. , `` Disease or Syndrome '' , `` Virus '' ) to which all META concepts have been assigned . Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) [ 20 ] , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) [ 24 ] , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | 2 | null | Uses | [
437,
443
] | [
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] | [] | Other molecular biology databases We also included several model organism databases or nomenclature databases in the construction of the dictionary , i.e. , mouse Mouse Genome Database ( MGD ) [ 18 ] , fly FlyBase [ 19 ] , yeast Saccharomyces Genome Database ( SGD ) [ 20 ] , rat -- Rat Genome Database ( RGD ) [ 21 ] , worm -- WormBase [ 22 ] , Human Nomenclature Database ( HUGO ) [ 23 ] , Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) @@CITATION , and Enzyme Nomenclature Database ( ECNUM ) [ 25 , 26 ] . | P05-3005_10 | 0 | null |
There are many more distinctions which are conveyed by the conjunction of grammar codes and word qualifiers ( see Michiels , 1982 , for further details ) . | J87-3002 | External_11433 | 1,987 | 1,982 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | exploiting a large dictionary data base | [
"Archibal Michiels"
] | null | On the other hand , donate is coded [ T1 ( to ) ] , which tells us that it does not undergo dative movement but does require a prepositional phrase headed by `` to '' : ( Takes NP NP ToPP ) . There are many more distinctions which are conveyed by the conjunction of grammar codes and word qualifiers ( see Michiels , 1982 , for further details ) . However , exploiting this information to the full would be a non-trivial task , because it would require accessing the relevant knowledge about the words contained in the qualifier fields from their LDOCE entries . | 4 | null | Background | [
114,
129
] | [
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] | There are many more distinctions which are conveyed by the conjunction of grammar codes and word qualifiers ( see @@CITATION , for further details ) . | J87-3002_22 | 0 | null |
The most common way is to divide each half of the bitext into an equal number of segments and to align the segments so that each pair of segments Si and Ti are translations of each other ( Gale & Church , 1991 ; Melamed , 1996a ) . | P97-1063 | External_19461 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a geometric approach to mapping bitext correspondencequot | [
"I D Melamed"
] | null | Word co-occurrence can be defined in various ways . The most common way is to divide each half of the bitext into an equal number of segments and to align the segments so that each pair of segments Si and Ti are translations of each other ( Gale & Church , 1991 ; Melamed , 1996a ) . Then , two word tokens ( u , v ) are said to co-occur in the | 2 | null | Background | [
212,
226
] | [
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] | The most common way is to divide each half of the bitext into an equal number of segments and to align the segments so that each pair of segments Si and Ti are translations of each other ( Gale & Church , 1991 ; @@CITATIONa ) . | P97-1063_30 | 0 | introduction |
Leech et al. , 1983 ) . | J87-3002 | External_25753 | 1,987 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the automatic grammatical tagging of the lob corpus | [
"Geoffrey Leech",
"Roger Garside",
"Erik Atwell"
] | null | In the longer term , therefore , the automatic construction of dictionaries for natural language processing systems may need to be based on techniques for the automatic analysis of large corpora ( eg . Leech et al. , 1983 ) . However , in the short term , the approach outlined in this paper will allow us to produce a relatively sophisticated and useful dictionary rapidly . | 7 | null | Future | [
0,
19
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] | @@CITATION ) . | J87-3002_17 | 0 | conclusion |
Langendoen ( 1975 ) proposes readjustment rules similar to those of Chomsky and Halle , but he claims that the readjustment of structure is part of the grammar , not part of the performance model . | J90-3003 | External_5587 | 1,990 | 1,975 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | finitestate parsing of phrasestructure languages and the status of readjustment rules in grammar | [
"D T Langendoen"
] | null | Thus phrasing , in their approach , is only indirectly related to syntax , since readjustment is done by special rules outside the grammar proper . Langendoen ( 1975 ) proposes readjustment rules similar to those of Chomsky and Halle , but he claims that the readjustment of structure is part of the grammar , not part of the performance model . He thus makes explicit what is often a tacit assumption in both the linguistic and psycholinguistic literature2 -- that there is a direct connection between syntactic constituency and prosodic phrasing , with apparent misalignments readjusted before syntax interfaces with prosodic phonology . | 1 | null | Background | [
0,
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] | @@CITATION proposes readjustment rules similar to those of Chomsky and Halle , but he claims that the readjustment of structure is part of the grammar , not part of the performance model . | J90-3003_18 | 0 | introduction |
financial news , we created a probabilistic CzechEnglish dictionary by running GIZA + + training ( translation models 1-4 , see Och and Ney ( 2000 ) ) on the training part of the English-Czech WSJ parallel corpus extended by the parallel corpus of entry/translation pairs from the manual dictionary . | E03-1004 | External_10615 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | improved statistical alignment models | [
"F J Och",
"H Ney"
] | null | Compare an example of a Czech tectogrammatical tree after the lexical transfer step ( Figure 3 ) , with the original English sentence in Figure 2 . financial news , we created a probabilistic CzechEnglish dictionary by running GIZA + + training ( translation models 1-4 , see Och and Ney ( 2000 ) ) on the training part of the English-Czech WSJ parallel corpus extended by the parallel corpus of entry/translation pairs from the manual dictionary . As a result , the entry/translation pairs seen in the parallel corpus of WSJ become more probable . | 5 | null | Uses | [
128,
148
] | [
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In the field of machine learning research , incremental training has been employed in the work ( Cauwenberghs and Poggio , 2001 ; Shilton et al. , 2005 ) , but there is little work for tuning parameters of statistical machine translation . | D12-1037 | External_91022 | 2,012 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | incremental and decremental support vector machine learning | [
"G Cauwenberghs",
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] | In the field of machine learning research , incremental training has been employed in the work ( @@CITATION ; Shilton et al. , 2005 ) , but there is little work for tuning parameters of statistical machine translation . | D12-1037_4 | 0 | null |
A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) . | J97-4003 | External_62674 | 1,997 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the typed feature structure representation formalism | [
"Martin Emele"
] | null | This approach is taken , for example , in LKB ( Copestake 1992 ) where lexical rules are introduced on a par with phrase structure rules and the parser makes no distinction between lexical and nonlexical rules ( Copestake 1993 , 31 ) . A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; Emele 1994 ) . The covariation approach described in this paper can be viewed as a domain-specific refinement of such a treatment of lexical rules . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
234,
244
] | [
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] | A similar method is included in PATR-II ( Shieber et al. 1983 ) and can be used to encode lexical rules as binary relations in the CUF system ( Dorre and Eisele 1991 ; Done and Dorna 1993b ) or the TFS system ( Emele and Zajac 1990 ; @@CITATION ) . | J97-4003_9 | 0 | related work |
In a log-linear parameterization , for example , a prior that penalizes feature strengths far from 1 can be used to do feature selection and avoid overfitting ( Chen and Rosenfeld , 1999 ) . | P02-1001 | External_3025 | 2,002 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a gaussian prior for smoothing maximum entropy models | [
"Stanley F Chen",
"Ronald Rosenfeld"
] | null | Maximum-posterior estimation tries to maximize P ( 0 ) · Hi fθ ( xi , yi ) where P ( 0 ) is a prior probability . In a log-linear parameterization , for example , a prior that penalizes feature strengths far from 1 can be used to do feature selection and avoid overfitting ( Chen and Rosenfeld , 1999 ) . The EM algorithm ( Dempster et al. , 1977 ) can maximize these functions . | 3 | null | Uses | [
161,
186
] | [
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] | In a log-linear parameterization , for example , a prior that penalizes feature strengths far from 1 can be used to do feature selection and avoid overfitting ( @@CITATION ) . | P02-1001_4 | 0 | null |
We report performance in terms of two metrics : ( 1 ) the Fmeasure score as computed by the commonly-used MUC scorer ( Vilain et al. , 1995 ) , and ( 2 ) the accuracy on the anaphoric references , computed as the fraction of anaphoric references correctly resolved . | P07-1068 | External_392 | 2,007 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a modeltheoretic coreference scoring scheme | [
"M Vilain",
"J Burger",
"J Aberdeen",
"D Connolly",
"L Hirschman"
] | null | As in SC induction , we use the ACE Phase 2 coreference corpus for evaluation purposes , acquiring the coreference classifiers on the 422 training texts and evaluating their output on the 97 test texts . We report performance in terms of two metrics : ( 1 ) the Fmeasure score as computed by the commonly-used MUC scorer ( Vilain et al. , 1995 ) , and ( 2 ) the accuracy on the anaphoric references , computed as the fraction of anaphoric references correctly resolved . Following Ponzetto and Strube ( 2006 ) , we consider an anaphoric reference , NPi , correctly resolved if NPi and its closest antecedent are in the same coreference chain in the resulting partition . | 3 | null | Uses | [
119,
139
] | [
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] | We report performance in terms of two metrics : ( 1 ) the Fmeasure score as computed by the commonly-used MUC scorer ( @@CITATION ) , and ( 2 ) the accuracy on the anaphoric references , computed as the fraction of anaphoric references correctly resolved . | P07-1068_23 | 0 | null |
A study of the query log of the AllTheWeb and Altavista search sites gives an idea of the relevance of the people search task : 11-17 % of the queries were composed of a person name with additional terms and 4 % were identified as person names ( Spink et al. , 2004 ) . | D09-1056 | External_60027 | 2,009 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | searching for people on web search engines | [
"Amanda Spink",
"Bernard Jansen",
"Jan Pedersen"
] | null | com are examples of sites which perform web people search , although with limited disambiguation capabilities . A study of the query log of the AllTheWeb and Altavista search sites gives an idea of the relevance of the people search task : 11-17 % of the queries were composed of a person name with additional terms and 4 % were identified as person names ( Spink et al. , 2004 ) . According to the data available from 1990 U.S. Census Bureau , only 90,000 different names are shared by 100 million people ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | A study of the query log of the AllTheWeb and Altavista search sites gives an idea of the relevance of the people search task : 11-17 % of the queries were composed of a person name with additional terms and 4 % were identified as person names ( @@CITATION ) . | D09-1056_22 | 0 | introduction |
This was done because purely unsupervised techniques ( e.g. , Baum-Welch [ Baum and Petrie 1966 ] or Brill 's [ Brill 1995b ] ) enable regularities to be induced for word classes which contain many entries , exploiting the fact that individual words that belong to a POS class occur in different ambiguity patterns . | J02-3002 | External_62865 | 2,002 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | transformationbased errordriven learning and natural language parsing a case study in partofspeech tagging | [
"Eric Brill"
] | null | We also used our DCA system to assign capitalized words , abbreviations , and sentence breaks , retaining only cases assigned by the strategies with an accuracy not less than 99.8 % . This was done because purely unsupervised techniques ( e.g. , Baum-Welch [ Baum and Petrie 1966 ] or Brill 's [ Brill 1995b ] ) enable regularities to be induced for word classes which contain many entries , exploiting the fact that individual words that belong to a POS class occur in different ambiguity patterns . Counting all possible POS combinations in these ambiguity patterns over multiple patterns usually produces the right combinations as the most frequent . | 9 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
112,
122
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] | This was done because purely unsupervised techniques ( e.g. , Baum-Welch [ Baum and Petrie 1966 ] or Brill 's [ @@CITATIONb ] ) enable regularities to be induced for word classes which contain many entries , exploiting the fact that individual words that belong to a POS class occur in different ambiguity patterns . | J02-3002_6 | 0 | null |
Future research should apply the work of Blunsom et al. ( 2008 ) and Blunsom and Osborne ( 2008 ) , who marginalize over derivations to find the most probable translation rather than the most probable derivation , to these multi-nonterminal grammars . | W10-3814 | P08-1024 | 2,010 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a discriminative latent variable model for statistical machine translation | [
"Phil Blunsom",
"Trevor Cohn",
"Miles Osborne"
] | null | This problem is exacerbated by syntax-augmented MT with its thousands of nonterminals , and made even worse by its joint source-and-target extension . Future research should apply the work of Blunsom et al. ( 2008 ) and Blunsom and Osborne ( 2008 ) , who marginalize over derivations to find the most probable translation rather than the most probable derivation , to these multi-nonterminal grammars . All source code underlying this work is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License as part of the ` SAMT ' system at : www.cs.cmu.edu/Ëzollmann/samt | 7 | null | Future | [
41,
64
] | [
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] | Future research should apply the work of @@CITATION and Blunsom and Osborne ( 2008 ) , who marginalize over derivations to find the most probable translation rather than the most probable derivation , to these multi-nonterminal grammars . | W10-3814_1 | 0 | conclusion |
In informal experiments described elsewhere ( Melamed 1995 ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . | J00-2004 | W95-0115 | 2,000 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing nbest translation lexicons | [
"I Dan Melamed"
] | null | For example , Gale and Church ( 1991 , 154 ) suggest that `` 02 , a x2-like statistic , seems to be a particularly good choice because it makes good use of the off-diagonal cells '' in the contingency table . In informal experiments described elsewhere ( Melamed 1995 ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . Let the cells of the contingency table be named as follows : | 4 | null | Background | [
46,
58
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] | In informal experiments described elsewhere ( @@CITATION ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . | J00-2004_37 | 0 | null |
porating these two KSs into our resolver : they can Following Soon et al. ( 2001 ) , we select as the aneach be represented as a constraint or as a feature , tecedent of each NP , NPS , the closest preceding NP and they can be applied to the resolver in isolation that is classified as coreferent with NPS . | P07-1068 | J01-4004 | 2,007 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a machine learning approach to coreference resolution of noun phrases | [
"W M Soon",
"H T Ng",
"D Lim"
] | null | Recall that there are eight ways of incorto select an antecedent for each NP in a test text . porating these two KSs into our resolver : they can Following Soon et al. ( 2001 ) , we select as the aneach be represented as a constraint or as a feature , tecedent of each NP , NPS , the closest preceding NP and they can be applied to the resolver in isolation that is classified as coreferent with NPS . If no such and in combination . | 3 | null | Motivation | [
62,
82
] | [
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] | porating these two KSs into our resolver : they can Following @@CITATION , we select as the aneach be represented as a constraint or as a feature , tecedent of each NP , NPS , the closest preceding NP and they can be applied to the resolver in isolation that is classified as coreferent with NPS . | P07-1068_21 | 0 | null |
Using the section labels , the HMM was trained using the HTK toolkit ( Young et al. , 2002 ) , which efficiently performs the forward-backward algorithm and BaumWelch estimation . | W06-3309 | External_14127 | 2,006 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the htk book | [
"Steve Young",
"Gunnar Evermann",
"Thomas Hain",
"Dan Kershaw",
"Gareth Moore",
"Julian Odell",
"Dave Ollason",
"Dan Povey",
"Valtcho Valtchev",
"Phil Woodland"
] | null | The output probabilities were modeled as four-dimensional Gaussians mixtures with diagonal covariance matrices . Using the section labels , the HMM was trained using the HTK toolkit ( Young et al. , 2002 ) , which efficiently performs the forward-backward algorithm and BaumWelch estimation . For testing , we performed a Viterbi ( maximum likelihood ) estimation of the label of each test sentence/vector ( also using the HTK toolkit ) . | 3 | null | Uses | [
71,
90
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In this paper , we use TF-IDF ( a kind of augmented DF ) as a feature selection criterion , in order to ensure results are comparable with those in ( Yahyaoui , 2001 ) . | W04-1610 | External_69209 | 2,004 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | toward an arabic web page classifierquot master project | [
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A variety of statistical methods were proposed over the recent years for learning to produce a full parse of free-text sentences ( e.g. , Bod ( 1992 ) , Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , Ratnaparkhi ( 1997 ) , and Sekine ( 1998 ) ) . | P00-1007 | External_5861 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a linear observed time statistical parser based on maximum entropy models | [
"A Ratnaparkhi"
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] | A variety of statistical methods were proposed over the recent years for learning to produce a full parse of free-text sentences ( e.g. , Bod ( 1992 ) , Magerman ( 1995 ) , Collins ( 1997 ) , @@CITATION , and Sekine ( 1998 ) ) . | P00-1007_20 | 0 | introduction |
There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) . | P13-3018 | External_90451 | 2,013 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | masked morphological priming in visual word recognition | [
"J Grainger",
"P Cole",
"J Segui"
] | null | Their computational significance arises from the issue of their storage in lexical resources like WordNet ( Fellbaum , 1998 ) and raises the questions like , how to store morphologically complex words , in a lexical resource like WordNet keeping in mind the storage and access efficiency . There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) . However , we do not know of any such investigations for Indian languages , which | 2 | null | Background | [
300,
324
] | [
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] | There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; @@CITATION ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) . | P13-3018_9 | 0 | introduction |
In the disambiguation of capitalized words , the most widespread method is POS tagging , which achieves about a 3 % error rate on the Brown corpus and a 5 % error rate on the WSJ corpus , as reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) . | J02-3002 | A00-2035 | 2,002 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | tagging sentence boundaries” | [
"Andrei Mikheev"
] | null | The best performance on the Brown corpus , a 0.2 % error rate , was reported by Riley ( 1989 ) , who trained a decision tree classifier on a 25-million-word corpus . In the disambiguation of capitalized words , the most widespread method is POS tagging , which achieves about a 3 % error rate on the Brown corpus and a 5 % error rate on the WSJ corpus , as reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) . We are not aware of any studies devoted to the identification of abbreviations with comprehensive evaluation on either the Brown corpus or the WSJ corpus . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
203,
219
] | [
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] | In the disambiguation of capitalized words , the most widespread method is POS tagging , which achieves about a 3 % error rate on the Brown corpus and a 5 % error rate on the WSJ corpus , as reported in @@CITATION . | J02-3002_21 | 0 | null |
The problem with this approach is that any threshold is , to some extent , arbitrary , and there is evidence to suggest that , for some tasks , low counts are important ( Collins and Brooks , 1995 ) . | N01-1013 | External_22096 | 2,001 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | prepositional phrase attachment through a backedoff model | [
"M Collins",
"J Brooks"
] | null | One response to this problem is to apply some kind of thresholding , and either ignore counts below the threshold , or only apply the test to tables that do not contain low counts . The problem with this approach is that any threshold is , to some extent , arbitrary , and there is evidence to suggest that , for some tasks , low counts are important ( Collins and Brooks , 1995 ) . Another approach would be to use Fisher 's exact test , which can be applied to tables regardless of the size of the counts . | 5 | null | Motivation | [
171,
196
] | [
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Zollmann and Vogel ( 2011 ) further labeled the SCFG rules with POS tags and unsupervised word classes . | Q13-1020 | P11-1001 | 2,013 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a wordclass approach to labeling pscfg rules for machine translation | [
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"Stephan Vogel"
] | null | Zollmann and Venugopal ( 2006 ) substituted the non-terminal X in hierarchical phrase-based model by extended syntactic categories . Zollmann and Vogel ( 2011 ) further labeled the SCFG rules with POS tags and unsupervised word classes . Our work differs from theirs in that we present a Bayesian model to learn effective STSG translation rules and U-tree structures for tree-based translation models , rather than designing a labeling strategy for translation rules . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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Steganography is concerned with hiding information in some cover medium , by manipulating properties of the medium in such a way that the hidden information is not easily detectable by an observer ( Fridrich , 2009 ) . | N10-1084 | External_64567 | 2,010 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | steganography in digital media principles algorithms and applications | [
"Jessica Fridrich"
] | null | Steganography is concerned with hiding information in some cover medium , by manipulating properties of the medium in such a way that the hidden information is not easily detectable by an observer ( Fridrich , 2009 ) . The covert communication is such that the very act of communication is to be kept secret from outside observers . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Steganography is concerned with hiding information in some cover medium , by manipulating properties of the medium in such a way that the hidden information is not easily detectable by an observer ( @@CITATION ) . | N10-1084_14 | 0 | introduction |
We offer a theorem that highlights the broad applicability of these modeling techniques .4 If f ( input , output ) is a weighted regular relation , then the following statements are equivalent : ( 1 ) f is a joint probabilistic relation ; ( 2 ) f can be computed by a Markovian FST that halts with probability 1 ; ( 3 ) f can be expressed as a probabilistic regexp , i.e. , a regexp built up from atomic expressions a : b ( for a E E U -LCB- E -RCB- , b E A U -LCB- E -RCB- ) using concatenation , probabilistic union + p , and probabilistic closure * p. For defining conditional relations , a good regexp language is unknown to us , but they can be defined in several other ways : ( 1 ) via FSTs as in Fig. 1c , ( 2 ) by compilation of weighted rewrite rules ( Mohri and Sproat , 1996 ) , ( 3 ) by compilation of decision trees ( Sproat and Riley , 1996 ) , ( 4 ) as a relation that performs contextual left-to-right replacement of input substrings by a smaller conditional relation ( Gerdemann and van Noord , 1999 ) ,5 ( 5 ) by conditionalization of a joint relation as discussed below . | P02-1001 | P96-1029 | 2,002 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | compilation of weighted finitestate transducers from decision trees | [
"Richard Sproat",
"Michael Riley"
] | null | Each of these probabilities in turn affects multiple arcs in the composed FST of Fig. 1a . We offer a theorem that highlights the broad applicability of these modeling techniques .4 If f ( input , output ) is a weighted regular relation , then the following statements are equivalent : ( 1 ) f is a joint probabilistic relation ; ( 2 ) f can be computed by a Markovian FST that halts with probability 1 ; ( 3 ) f can be expressed as a probabilistic regexp , i.e. , a regexp built up from atomic expressions a : b ( for a E E U -LCB- E -RCB- , b E A U -LCB- E -RCB- ) using concatenation , probabilistic union + p , and probabilistic closure * p. For defining conditional relations , a good regexp language is unknown to us , but they can be defined in several other ways : ( 1 ) via FSTs as in Fig. 1c , ( 2 ) by compilation of weighted rewrite rules ( Mohri and Sproat , 1996 ) , ( 3 ) by compilation of decision trees ( Sproat and Riley , 1996 ) , ( 4 ) as a relation that performs contextual left-to-right replacement of input substrings by a smaller conditional relation ( Gerdemann and van Noord , 1999 ) ,5 ( 5 ) by conditionalization of a joint relation as discussed below . A central technique is to define a joint relation as a noisy-channel model , by composing a joint relation with a cascade of one or more conditional relations as in Fig. 1 ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ; Knight and Graehl , 1998 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
831,
854
] | [
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] | We offer a theorem that highlights the broad applicability of these modeling techniques .4 If f ( input , output ) is a weighted regular relation , then the following statements are equivalent : ( 1 ) f is a joint probabilistic relation ; ( 2 ) f can be computed by a Markovian FST that halts with probability 1 ; ( 3 ) f can be expressed as a probabilistic regexp , i.e. , a regexp built up from atomic expressions a : b ( for a E E U -LCB- E -RCB- , b E A U -LCB- E -RCB- ) using concatenation , probabilistic union + p , and probabilistic closure * p. For defining conditional relations , a good regexp language is unknown to us , but they can be defined in several other ways : ( 1 ) via FSTs as in Fig. 1c , ( 2 ) by compilation of weighted rewrite rules ( Mohri and Sproat , 1996 ) , ( 3 ) by compilation of decision trees ( @@CITATION ) , ( 4 ) as a relation that performs contextual left-to-right replacement of input substrings by a smaller conditional relation ( Gerdemann and van Noord , 1999 ) ,5 ( 5 ) by conditionalization of a joint relation as discussed below . | P02-1001_33 | 0 | introduction |
Word pairs containing polysemous words are expanded to concept pairs using GermaNet ( Kunze , 2004 ) , the German equivalent to WordNet , as a sense inventory for each word . | W06-1104 | External_14759 | 2,006 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexikalischsemantische wortnetze chapter computerlinguistik und sprachtechnologie | [
"Claudia Kunze"
] | null | were noun-noun pairs , 15 % noun-verb pairs and so on . Word pairs containing polysemous words are expanded to concept pairs using GermaNet ( Kunze , 2004 ) , the German equivalent to WordNet , as a sense inventory for each word . It is the most complete resource of this type for German . | 5 | null | Uses | [
86,
98
] | [
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] | Word pairs containing polysemous words are expanded to concept pairs using GermaNet ( @@CITATION ) , the German equivalent to WordNet , as a sense inventory for each word . | W06-1104_16 | 0 | experiments |
Using the initial target U-trees , source sentences and word alignment , we extract minimal GHKM translation rules7 in terms of frontier nodes ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . | Q13-1020 | N04-1035 | 2,013 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | what’s in a translation rule | [
"Michel Galley",
"Mark Hopkins",
"Kevin Knight",
"Daniel Marcu"
] | null | The created tree nodes are labeled by the non-terminals described in section 3 . Using the initial target U-trees , source sentences and word alignment , we extract minimal GHKM translation rules7 in terms of frontier nodes ( Galley et al. , 2004 ) . Frontier nodes are the tree nodes that can map onto contiguous substrings on the source side via word alignment . | 5 | null | Uses | [
145,
165
] | [
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] | Using the initial target U-trees , source sentences and word alignment , we extract minimal GHKM translation rules7 in terms of frontier nodes ( @@CITATION ) . | Q13-1020_14 | 0 | method |
For example , while it is difficult to induce a grammar with raw text alone , the task is tractable when the syntactic analysis for each sentence is provided as a part of the training data ( Pereira and Schabes 1992 ) . | J04-3001 | P92-1017 | 2,004 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | insideoutside reestimation from partially bracketed corpora | [
"Fernando C N Pereira",
"Yves Schabes"
] | null | Many learning tasks for natural language processing require supervised training ; that is , the system successfully learns a concept only if it has been given annotated training data . For example , while it is difficult to induce a grammar with raw text alone , the task is tractable when the syntactic analysis for each sentence is provided as a part of the training data ( Pereira and Schabes 1992 ) . Current state-of-the-art statistical parsers ( Collins 1999 ; Charniak 2000 ) are all trained on large annotated corpora such as the Penn Treebank ( Marcus , Santorini , and Marcinkiewicz 1993 ) . | 1 | null | Background | [
191,
215
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] | For example , while it is difficult to induce a grammar with raw text alone , the task is tractable when the syntactic analysis for each sentence is provided as a part of the training data ( @@CITATION ) . | J04-3001_18 | 0 | introduction |
Our results are lower than those of full parsers , e.g. , Collins ( 1997 ) as might be expected since much less structural data , and no lexical data are being used . | P00-1007 | External_555 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | Tjong Kim Sang ( 1999 ) presented result for composite NP , obtained by repeated cascading , similar to our results with seperate base and composite NPs and no internal structure . Our results are lower than those of full parsers , e.g. , Collins ( 1997 ) as might be expected since much less structural data , and no lexical data are being used . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
58,
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] | [] | Our results are lower than those of full parsers , e.g. , @@CITATION as might be expected since much less structural data , and no lexical data are being used . | P00-1007_11 | 0 | null |
Our work is more similar to NLG work that concentrates on structural constraints such as generative poetry ( Greene et al. , 2010 ) ( Colton et al. , 2012 ) ( Jiang and Zhou , 2008 ) or song lyrics ( Wu et al. , 2013 ) ( Ramakrishnan A et al. , 2009 ) , where specified meter or rhyme schemes are enforced . | W14-1815 | External_73192 | 2,014 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic generation of tamil lyrics for melodies | [
"Ananth Ramakrishnan A",
"Sankar Kuppan",
"Sobha Lalitha Devi"
] | null | The majority of NLG focuses on the satisfaction of a communicative goal , with examples such as Belz ( 2008 ) which produces weather reports from structured data or Mitchell et al. ( 2013 ) which generates descriptions of objects from images . Our work is more similar to NLG work that concentrates on structural constraints such as generative poetry ( Greene et al. , 2010 ) ( Colton et al. , 2012 ) ( Jiang and Zhou , 2008 ) or song lyrics ( Wu et al. , 2013 ) ( Ramakrishnan A et al. , 2009 ) , where specified meter or rhyme schemes are enforced . In these papers soft semantic goals are sometimes also introduced that seek responses to previous lines of poetry or lyric . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | Our work is more similar to NLG work that concentrates on structural constraints such as generative poetry ( Greene et al. , 2010 ) ( Colton et al. , 2012 ) ( Jiang and Zhou , 2008 ) or song lyrics ( Wu et al. , 2013 ) ( Ramakrishnan @@CITATION ) , where specified meter or rhyme schemes are enforced . | W14-1815_11 | 0 | related work |
Hermann and Deutsch ( 1976 ; also reported in Levelt 1989 ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking . | J06-2002 | External_2854 | 2,006 | 1,989 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | speaking from intention to articulation | [
"William J M Levelt"
] | null | Suppose , for example , that the KB contains information about height as well as width , then we have inequalities of the forms ( a ) height > x , ( b ) height < x , ( c ) width > x , and ( d ) width < x. Which of these should come first ? Hermann and Deutsch ( 1976 ; also reported in Levelt 1989 ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking . In experiments involving candles of different heights and widths , if the referent is both the tallest and the fattest candle , subjects tended to say ` the tall candle ' when the tallest candle is much taller than all others whereas the same candle is only slightly wider than the others ; if the reverse is the case , the preference switches to ` the fat candle . ' | 1 | null | Background | [
46,
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] | Hermann and Deutsch ( 1976 ; also reported in @@CITATION ) show that greater differences are most likely to be chosen , presumably because they are more striking . | J06-2002_31 | 0 | introduction |
The result holds for both the MaltParser ( Nivre 2008 ) and the Easy-First Parser ( Goldberg and Elhadad 2010 ) . | J13-1008 | J08-4003 | 2,013 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing | [
"Joakim Nivre"
] | null | This is likely a result of MSA having a rich agreement system , covering both verb -- subject and noun -- adjective relations . The result holds for both the MaltParser ( Nivre 2008 ) and the Easy-First Parser ( Goldberg and Elhadad 2010 ) . Additionally , almost all work to date in MSA morphological analysis and part-ofspeech ( POS ) tagging has concentrated on the morphemic form of the words . | 1 | null | Uses | [
43,
53
] | [
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] | The result holds for both the MaltParser ( @@CITATION ) and the Easy-First Parser ( Goldberg and Elhadad 2010 ) . | J13-1008_34 | 0 | introduction |
This system has been successfully tested with the development of plug-ins supporting instant messaging , distributed video encoding ( Hughes and Walkerdine , 2005 ) , distributed virtual worlds ( Hughes et al. , 2005 ) and digital library management ( Walkerdine and Rayson , 2004 ) . | W06-1705 | External_36200 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | distributed video encoding over a peertopeer network | [
"D Hughes",
"J Walkerdine"
] | null | can be captured within plug-ins that can then integrate with the environment and utilise its functionality . This system has been successfully tested with the development of plug-ins supporting instant messaging , distributed video encoding ( Hughes and Walkerdine , 2005 ) , distributed virtual worlds ( Hughes et al. , 2005 ) and digital library management ( Walkerdine and Rayson , 2004 ) . It is our intention to implement our distributed corpus annotation framework as a plugin . | 5 | null | Background | [
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] | This system has been successfully tested with the development of plug-ins supporting instant messaging , distributed video encoding ( @@CITATION ) , distributed virtual worlds ( Hughes et al. , 2005 ) and digital library management ( Walkerdine and Rayson , 2004 ) . | W06-1705_16 | 0 | method |
In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . | J05-3003 | External_198 | 2,005 | 1,982 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexical functional grammar a formal system for grammatical representation | [
"Ronald Kaplan",
"Joan Bresnan"
] | null | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . * National Centre for Language Technology , School of Computing , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland . | 1 | null | Uses | [
75,
98
] | [
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] | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ @@CITATION ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . | J05-3003_31 | 0 | introduction |
We then use Illinois Chunker ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ) 6 to extract more noun phrases from the text and employ Collins head rules ( Collins , 1999 ) to identify their heads . | K15-1002 | External_62 | 2,015 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | headdriven statistical models for natural language parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | 3 ) , we train on a set of candidates with precision larger than 50 % . We then use Illinois Chunker ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ) 6 to extract more noun phrases from the text and employ Collins head rules ( Collins , 1999 ) to identify their heads . When these extracted heads do not overlap with gold mention heads , we treat them as negative examples . | 3 | null | Uses | [
137,
151
] | [
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] | We then use Illinois Chunker ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ) 6 to extract more noun phrases from the text and employ Collins head rules ( @@CITATION ) to identify their heads . | K15-1002_15 | 0 | null |
Butt ( 1993 ) argues CV formations in Hindi and Urdu are either morphological or syntactical and their formation take place at the argument structure . | P13-3018 | External_90446 | 2,013 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | conscious choice and some light verbs in urduquot | [
"M Butt"
] | null | Hook ( 1981 ) considers the second verb V2 as an aspectual complex comparable to the auxiliaries . Butt ( 1993 ) argues CV formations in Hindi and Urdu are either morphological or syntactical and their formation take place at the argument structure . Bashir ( 1993 ) tried to construct a semantic analysis based on `` prepared '' and `` unprepared mind '' . | 3 | null | Background | [
0,
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] | @@CITATION argues CV formations in Hindi and Urdu are either morphological or syntactical and their formation take place at the argument structure . | P13-3018_3 | 0 | related work |
feature Cohen 's k corrected k agreement 73.59 98.74 dial act 84.53 98.87 turn 73.52 99.16 Table 2 : Inter-coder agreement on feedback expression annotation Although researchers do not totally agree on how to measure agreement in various types of annotated data and on how to interpret the resulting figures , see Artstein and Poesio ( 2008 ) , it is usually assumed that Cohen 's kappa figures over 60 are good while those over 75 are excellent ( Fleiss , 1971 ) . | P10-2059 | External_2679 | 2,010 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | intercoder agreement for computational linguistics | [
"Ron Artstein",
"Massimo Poesio"
] | null | The inter-coder agreement figures obtained for the three types of annotation are given in Table 2 . feature Cohen 's k corrected k agreement 73.59 98.74 dial act 84.53 98.87 turn 73.52 99.16 Table 2 : Inter-coder agreement on feedback expression annotation Although researchers do not totally agree on how to measure agreement in various types of annotated data and on how to interpret the resulting figures , see Artstein and Poesio ( 2008 ) , it is usually assumed that Cohen 's kappa figures over 60 are good while those over 75 are excellent ( Fleiss , 1971 ) . Looking at the cases of disagreement we could see that many of these are due to the fact that the annotators had forgotten to remove some of the features automatically proposed by ANVIL from the latest annotated element . | 2 | null | Background | [
314,
342
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] | feature Cohen 's k corrected k agreement 73.59 98.74 dial act 84.53 98.87 turn 73.52 99.16 Table 2 : Inter-coder agreement on feedback expression annotation Although researchers do not totally agree on how to measure agreement in various types of annotated data and on how to interpret the resulting figures , see @@CITATION , it is usually assumed that Cohen 's kappa figures over 60 are good while those over 75 are excellent ( Fleiss , 1971 ) . | P10-2059_2 | 0 | introduction |
Collins 1996 , Charniak 1997 , Collins 1999 and Charniak 2000 ) . | E03-1005 | A00-2018 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximumentropyinspired parser | [
"E Charniak"
] | null | Table 1 gives the results of these experiments and compares them with some other statistical parsers ( resp . Collins 1996 , Charniak 1997 , Collins 1999 and Charniak 2000 ) . While the PCFG reduction of Bod ( 2001 ) obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | Collins 1996 , Charniak 1997 , Collins 1999 and @@CITATION ) . | E03-1005_38 | 0 | experiments |
Two formalizations of lexical rules as used by HPSG linguists have been proposed , the meta-level lexical rules ( MLRs ; Calcagno 1995 ; Calcagno and Pollard 1995 ) and the . | J97-4003 | External_84379 | 1,997 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexical rules in hpsg what are they | [
"Mike Calcagno",
"Carl Pollard"
] | null | While the setup of King provides a clear formal basis for basic HPSG grammars , nothing is said about how special linguistic mechanisms like lexical rules fit into this formal setup . Two formalizations of lexical rules as used by HPSG linguists have been proposed , the meta-level lexical rules ( MLRs ; Calcagno 1995 ; Calcagno and Pollard 1995 ) and the . description-level lexical rules ( DLRs ; Meurers 1995 ) .5 2.2.1 Meta-Level Lexical Rules . | 2 | null | Background | [
137,
162
] | [
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] | Two formalizations of lexical rules as used by HPSG linguists have been proposed , the meta-level lexical rules ( MLRs ; Calcagno 1995 ; @@CITATION ) and the . | J97-4003_2 | 0 | introduction |
We run TreeTagger ( Schmid , 1994 ) for tokenization , and used the Giza + + ( Och and Ney , 2003 ) to align the tokenized corpora at the word level . | P11-1134 | External_3667 | 2,011 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a systematic comparison of various statistical alignment models | [
"Franz Josef Och",
"Hermann Ney"
] | null | In order to build English-Spanish phrase tables for our experiments , we used the freely available Europarl V. 4 , News Commentary and United Nations Spanish-English parallel corpora released for the WMT101 . We run TreeTagger ( Schmid , 1994 ) for tokenization , and used the Giza + + ( Och and Ney , 2003 ) to align the tokenized corpora at the word level . Subsequently , we extracted the bilingual phrase table from the aligned corpora using the Moses toolkit ( Koehn et al. , 2007 ) . | 3 | null | Uses | [
79,
97
] | [
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] | We run TreeTagger ( Schmid , 1994 ) for tokenization , and used the Giza + + ( @@CITATION ) to align the tokenized corpora at the word level . | P11-1134_30 | 0 | null |
Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . | J01-4001 | P96-1036 | 2,001 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | functional centering | [
"Michael Strube",
"Udo Hahn"
] | null | Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) . Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . For a more detailed survey of the state of the art in anaphora resolution , see Mitkov ( forthcoming ) . | 0 | null | Background | [
316,
336
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] | Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; @@CITATION ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . | J01-4001_21 | 0 | null |
We then go on to compare the current approach with that of some other theories with similar aims : the `` standard '' version of quasi-logical form implemented in the Core Language Engine , as rationally reconstructed by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) and Crouch and Pulman ( 1994 ) ; underspecified Discourse Representation Theory ( Reyle 1993 ) ; and the `` glue language '' approach of Dalrymple et al. ( 1996 ) . | J00-4002 | External_32773 | 2,000 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | monotonic semantic interpretation | [
"Hiyan Alshawi",
"Richard Crouch"
] | null | The aim is merely to show that we can , to a first approximation , provide a reasonably fully worked out description of these phenomena in a truly bidirectional way . We then go on to compare the current approach with that of some other theories with similar aims : the `` standard '' version of quasi-logical form implemented in the Core Language Engine , as rationally reconstructed by Alshawi and Crouch ( 1992 ) and Crouch and Pulman ( 1994 ) ; underspecified Discourse Representation Theory ( Reyle 1993 ) ; and the `` glue language '' approach of Dalrymple et al. ( 1996 ) . Finally , we discuss some of the semantic and logical issues raised by the approach described here , in particular the extent to which the theory meets the desiderata for accounts of underspecification outlined by van Eijck and Jaspars ( 1996 ) , and the extent to which the theory supplies a methodologically satisfactory account of truth and interpretation for sentences involving contextually dependent constructs . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
221,
248
] | [
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] | We then go on to compare the current approach with that of some other theories with similar aims : the `` standard '' version of quasi-logical form implemented in the Core Language Engine , as rationally reconstructed by @@CITATION and Crouch and Pulman ( 1994 ) ; underspecified Discourse Representation Theory ( Reyle 1993 ) ; and the `` glue language '' approach of Dalrymple et al. ( 1996 ) . | J00-4002_3 | 0 | introduction |
Note that this ensures that greater importance is attributed to longer chunks , as is usual in most EBMT systems ( cfXXX Sato and Nagao 1990 ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Carl 1999 ) .7 As an example , consider the translation into French of the house collapsed . | J03-3004 | External_29257 | 2,003 | 1,990 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | toward memorybased translation | [
"Satoshi Sato",
"Makoto Nagao"
] | null | In order to calculate a ranking for each TL sentence produced , we multiply the weights of each chunk used in its construction . Note that this ensures that greater importance is attributed to longer chunks , as is usual in most EBMT systems ( cfXXX Sato and Nagao 1990 ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Carl 1999 ) .7 As an example , consider the translation into French of the house collapsed . Assume the conditional probabilities in ( 33 ) : | 1 | null | Background | [
121,
140
] | [
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] | Note that this ensures that greater importance is attributed to longer chunks , as is usual in most EBMT systems ( cfXXX @@CITATION ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Carl 1999 ) .7 As an example , consider the translation into French of the house collapsed . | J03-3004_29 | 0 | introduction |
Using WordNet , annotating the sem feature of an adjective involves first choosing the correct sense for the adjective 2Some descriptions of int modifiers can be found in ( Cheng and Mellish , 2000b ) . | N01-1002 | W00-1425 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | capturing the interaction between aggregation and text planning in two generation systems | [
"H Cheng",
"C Mellish"
] | null | In WordNet , if an adjective ascribes a value to a noun concept , e.g. round gives a value of shape , WordNet will contain a pointer between the adjective and the noun by which the appropriate attribute is lexicalised , e.g. between round and shape . Using WordNet , annotating the sem feature of an adjective involves first choosing the correct sense for the adjective 2Some descriptions of int modifiers can be found in ( Cheng and Mellish , 2000b ) . and then mapping the word sense to a noun concept in the WordNet ontology . | 3 | null | Background | [
173,
197
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] | Using WordNet , annotating the sem feature of an adjective involves first choosing the correct sense for the adjective 2Some descriptions of int modifiers can be found in ( @@CITATIONb ) . | N01-1002_3 | 0 | null |
One common approach is using Machine Translation ( MT ) to translate the queries to the language of the documents or translate documents to the language of the queries ( Gey et al , 1999 ; Oard , 1998 ) . | W00-1312 | External_24242 | 2,000 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a comparative study of query and document translation for crosslanguage information retrievalquot | [
"D W Oard"
] | null | Many approaches to cross-lingual IR have been published . One common approach is using Machine Translation ( MT ) to translate the queries to the language of the documents or translate documents to the language of the queries ( Gey et al , 1999 ; Oard , 1998 ) . For most languages , there are no MT systems at all . | 9 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | One common approach is using Machine Translation ( MT ) to translate the queries to the language of the documents or translate documents to the language of the queries ( Gey et al , 1999 ; @@CITATION ) . | W00-1312_13 | 0 | related work |
Adding selectional restrictions ( semantic feature information , Hobbs 1977 ) does not solve the problem , because isolated features offer only part of the background knowledge necessary for reference disambiguation . | J91-2003 | External_70120 | 1,991 | 1,977 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | 38 examples of elusive antecedents from published texts | [
"J R Hobbs"
] | null | But syntactic relations do not suffice to resolve anaphora : Hobbs ' ( 1976 ) algorithm for resolving the reference of pronouns , depending only on the surface syntax of sentences in the text , when applied to `` it '' in the example paragraph , fails in both cases to identify the most likely referent NP . Adding selectional restrictions ( semantic feature information , Hobbs 1977 ) does not solve the problem , because isolated features offer only part of the background knowledge necessary for reference disambiguation . Later , Hobbs ( 1979 , 1982 ) proposed a knowledge base in which information about language and the world would be encoded , and he emphasized the need for using `` salience '' in choosing facts from this knowledge base . | 1 | null | Background | [
65,
75
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] | Adding selectional restrictions ( semantic feature information , @@CITATION ) does not solve the problem , because isolated features offer only part of the background knowledge necessary for reference disambiguation . | J91-2003_31 | 0 | introduction |
Software engineering research on Generative Programming ( Czarnecki and Eisenecker , 2000 ) attempts to solve these problems by focusing on the development of configurable elementary components and knowledge to combine these components into complete systems . | W03-0806 | External_83364 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | generative programming methods tools and applications | [
"Krzysztof Czarnecki",
"Ulrich W Eisenecker"
] | null | Although many problems share algorithms and data structures there is a tendency to reinvent the wheel . Software engineering research on Generative Programming ( Czarnecki and Eisenecker , 2000 ) attempts to solve these problems by focusing on the development of configurable elementary components and knowledge to combine these components into complete systems . Our infrastructure for NLP will provide high performance ) components inspired by Generative Programming principles . | 2 | null | Background | [
58,
89
] | [
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] | Software engineering research on Generative Programming ( @@CITATION ) attempts to solve these problems by focusing on the development of configurable elementary components and knowledge to combine these components into complete systems . | W03-0806_16 | 0 | introduction |
Both use the evaluation software and triple encoding presented in Crouch et al. ( 2002 ) . | J05-3003 | External_61277 | 2,005 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a comparison of evaluation metrics for a broad coverage parser | [
"Richard Crouch",
"Ron Kaplan",
"Tracy King",
"Stefan Riezler"
] | null | The results of two different evaluations of the automatically generated f-structures are presented in Table 2 . Both use the evaluation software and triple encoding presented in Crouch et al. ( 2002 ) . The first of these is against the DCU 105 , a gold-standard set of 105 hand-coded f-structures | 4 | null | Uses | [
66,
88
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] | Both use the evaluation software and triple encoding presented in @@CITATION . | J05-3003_19 | 0 | method |
In this Section , we will describe some example cases , which are drawn from the problem of using synchronous formalisms to define translations between languages ( e.g. Shieber ( 1994 ) cases ) . | W02-1601 | External_4496 | 2,002 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | restricting the weak generative capacity of synchronous tree adjoining grammar | [
"S Shieber"
] | null | As mentioned earlier , there are some non-standard phenomena exist between different languages , that cause challenges for synchronized formalisms . In this Section , we will describe some example cases , which are drawn from the problem of using synchronous formalisms to define translations between languages ( e.g. Shieber ( 1994 ) cases ) . Due to lack of space we will only brief on some of these non-standard cases without going into the details . | 5 | null | Background | [
169,
185
] | [
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] | In this Section , we will describe some example cases , which are drawn from the problem of using synchronous formalisms to define translations between languages ( e.g. @@CITATION cases ) . | W02-1601_26 | 0 | null |
Some examples include text categorization ( Lewis and Catlett 1994 ) , base noun phrase chunking ( Ngai and Yarowsky 2000 ) , part-of-speech tagging ( Engelson Dagan 1996 ) , spelling confusion set disambiguation ( Banko and Brill 2001 ) , and word sense disambiguation ( Fujii et al. 1998 ) . | J04-3001 | External_90833 | 2,004 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | rule writing or annotation costefficient resource usage for base noun phrase chunking | [
"Grace Ngai",
"David Yarowsky"
] | null | applications . Some examples include text categorization ( Lewis and Catlett 1994 ) , base noun phrase chunking ( Ngai and Yarowsky 2000 ) , part-of-speech tagging ( Engelson Dagan 1996 ) , spelling confusion set disambiguation ( Banko and Brill 2001 ) , and word sense disambiguation ( Fujii et al. 1998 ) . More challenging are learning problems whose objective is not classification , but generation of complex structures . | 4 | null | Background | [
99,
121
] | [
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] | Some examples include text categorization ( Lewis and Catlett 1994 ) , base noun phrase chunking ( @@CITATION ) , part-of-speech tagging ( Engelson Dagan 1996 ) , spelling confusion set disambiguation ( Banko and Brill 2001 ) , and word sense disambiguation ( Fujii et al. 1998 ) . | J04-3001_17 | 0 | related work |
Most coreference resolution work simply mentions it in passing as a module in the pipelined system ( Chang et al. , 2013 ; Durrett and Klein , 2013 ; Lee et al. , 2011 ; Bj ¨ orkelund and Kuhn , 2014 ) . | K15-1002 | D13-1057 | 2,015 | 2,013 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a constrained latent variable model for coreference resolution | [
"K-W Chang",
"R Samdani",
"D Roth"
] | null | Mention detection is rarely studied as a stand-alone research problem ( Recasens et al. ( 2013 ) is one key exception ) . Most coreference resolution work simply mentions it in passing as a module in the pipelined system ( Chang et al. , 2013 ; Durrett and Klein , 2013 ; Lee et al. , 2011 ; Bj ¨ orkelund and Kuhn , 2014 ) . However , the lack of emphasis is not due to this being a minor issue , but rather , we think , its difficulty . | 2 | null | Background | [
101,
120
] | [
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] | Most coreference resolution work simply mentions it in passing as a module in the pipelined system ( @@CITATION ; Durrett and Klein , 2013 ; Lee et al. , 2011 ; Bj ¨ orkelund and Kuhn , 2014 ) . | K15-1002_9 | 0 | introduction |
Because the judges do not evaluate the same cases , we could not employ standard inter-annotator agreement measures ( Carletta 1996 ) . | J09-4010 | External_3555 | 2,009 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | assessing agreement on classification tasks the kappa statistic | [
"J Carletta"
] | null | In addition , we tried to ensure that the sets of cases shown to the judges were of similar quality , so that the judges ' assessments would be comparable . Because the judges do not evaluate the same cases , we could not employ standard inter-annotator agreement measures ( Carletta 1996 ) . However , it is still necessary to | 3 | null | Uses | [
118,
131
] | [
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] | Because the judges do not evaluate the same cases , we could not employ standard inter-annotator agreement measures ( @@CITATION ) . | J09-4010_14 | 0 | method |
Related are also the studies by Rieks op den Akker and Schulz ( 2008 ) and Murray and Renals ( 2008 ) : both achieve promising results in the automatic segmentation of dialogue acts using the annotations in a large multimodal corpus . | P10-2059 | External_81761 | 2,010 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | detecting action meetings in meetings | [
"Gabriel Murray",
"Steve Renals"
] | null | For example , Jokinen and Ragni ( 2007 ) and Jokinen et al. ( 2008 ) find that machine learning algorithms can be trained to recognise some of the functions of head movements , while Reidsma et al. ( 2009 ) show that there is a dependence between focus of attention and assignment of dialogue act labels . Related are also the studies by Rieks op den Akker and Schulz ( 2008 ) and Murray and Renals ( 2008 ) : both achieve promising results in the automatic segmentation of dialogue acts using the annotations in a large multimodal corpus . Work has also been done on prosody and gestures in the specific domain of map-task dialogues , also targeted in this paper . | 2 | null | Background | [
75,
101
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] | Related are also the studies by Rieks op den Akker and Schulz ( 2008 ) and @@CITATION : both achieve promising results in the automatic segmentation of dialogue acts using the annotations in a large multimodal corpus . | P10-2059_18 | 0 | introduction |
Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 2001 ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences . | N04-2004 | P01-1017 | 2,004 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | immediate head parsing for language models | [
"Eugene Charniak"
] | null | The understanding of natural language text includes not only analysis of syntactic structure , but also of semantic content . Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 2001 ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences . A common lexical semantic representation in the computational linguistics literature is a frame-based model where syntactic arguments are associated with various semantic roles ( essentially frame slots ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
79,
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] | Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( Collins , 1997 ; @@CITATION ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences . | N04-2004_1 | 0 | introduction |
The reader may consult recent papers on this subject ( e.g. Moens and Steedman 1987 ; Webber 1987 ) to see what a formal interpretation of events in time might look like . | J91-2003 | External_2003 | 1,991 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | temporal ontology in natural languagequot | [
"M Moens",
"M Steedman"
] | null | So it is not necessary now to present a formal semantics here . The reader may consult recent papers on this subject ( e.g. Moens and Steedman 1987 ; Webber 1987 ) to see what a formal interpretation of events in time might look like . Since sentences can refer to events described by other sentences , we may need also a quotation operator ; Perlis ( 1985 ) describes how first order logic can be augmented with such an operator . | 1 | null | Background | [
60,
83
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] | The reader may consult recent papers on this subject ( e.g. @@CITATION ; Webber 1987 ) to see what a formal interpretation of events in time might look like . | J91-2003_43 | 0 | introduction |
Because it is also consistent , it will be chosen as a best interpretation of S , ( cfXXX Zadrozny 1987a , 1987b ) . | J91-2003 | External_76184 | 1,991 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | intended models circumscription and commonsense reasoningquot | [
"W Zadrozny"
] | null | Since it is the `` highest '' path , flit is the most plausible ( relative to R ) interpretation of the words that appear in the sentence . Because it is also consistent , it will be chosen as a best interpretation of S , ( cfXXX Zadrozny 1987a , 1987b ) . Another theory , consisting of f ' = -LCB- el , sh2 , pl , b2 , dl -RCB- and S , saying that A space vehicle came into the harbor and caused a disease/illness is less plausible according to that ordering . | 1 | null | Background | [
90,
103
] | [
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] | Because it is also consistent , it will be chosen as a best interpretation of S , ( cfXXX @@CITATIONa , 1987b ) . | J91-2003_61 | 0 | introduction |
For our experiments we used the standard division of the WSJ ( Marcus et al. 1993 ) , with sections 2 through 21 for training ( approx . | E03-1005 | External_681 | 2,003 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | building a large annotated corpus of english the penn treebank | [
"M Marcus",
"B Santorini",
"M Marcinkiewicz"
] | null | For our experiments we used the standard division of the WSJ ( Marcus et al. 1993 ) , with sections 2 through 21 for training ( approx . 40,000 sentences ) and section 23 for testing ( 2416 sentences 100 words ) ; section 22 was used as development set . | 4 | null | Uses | [
63,
81
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] | For our experiments we used the standard division of the WSJ ( @@CITATION ) , with sections 2 through 21 for training ( approx . | E03-1005_64 | 0 | experiments |
With respect to this , we apply the different priming and other lexical decision experiments , described in literature ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 1994 ; Bentin , S. and Feldman , 1990 ) specifically for derivationally suffixed polymorphemic words and compound verbs of Bangla . | P13-3018 | External_63932 | 2,013 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | morphology and meaning in the english mental lexicon | [
"W D Marslen-Wilson",
"L K Tyler",
"R Waksler",
"L Older"
] | null | experiments to probe the brain signatures of verb-verb combinations and propose cognitive as well as computational models regarding the possible organization and processing of Bangla CVs in the mental lexicon ( ML ) . With respect to this , we apply the different priming and other lexical decision experiments , described in literature ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 1994 ; Bentin , S. and Feldman , 1990 ) specifically for derivationally suffixed polymorphemic words and compound verbs of Bangla . Our cross-modal and masked priming experiment on Bangla derivationally suffixed words shows that morphological relatedness between lexical items triggers a significant priming effect , even when the forms are phonologically/orthographically unrelated . | 2 | null | Uses | [
121,
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] | With respect to this , we apply the different priming and other lexical decision experiments , described in literature ( @@CITATION ; Bentin , S. and Feldman , 1990 ) specifically for derivationally suffixed polymorphemic words and compound verbs of Bangla . | P13-3018_13 | 0 | introduction |
From this description , it should be clear that TM systems do not translate : Indeed , some researchers consider them to be little more than a search-and-replace engine , albeit a rather sophisticated one ( Macklovitch and Russell 2000 ) . | J03-3004 | External_41371 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | what’s been forgotten in translation memory in envisioning machine translation in the information future | [
"Elliott Macklovitch",
"Graham Russell"
] | null | If a new input string can not be found exactly in the translation database , a search is conducted for close ( or `` fuzzy '' ) matches of the input string , and these are retrieved together with their translations for the translator to manipulate into the final , output translation . From this description , it should be clear that TM systems do not translate : Indeed , some researchers consider them to be little more than a search-and-replace engine , albeit a rather sophisticated one ( Macklovitch and Russell 2000 ) . We can illustrate this with respect to the TM entries in ( 1 ) , taken from the Canadian Hansards : ( 1 ) a . | 1 | null | Background | [
207,
235
] | [
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] | From this description , it should be clear that TM systems do not translate : Indeed , some researchers consider them to be little more than a search-and-replace engine , albeit a rather sophisticated one ( @@CITATION ) . | J03-3004_24 | 0 | introduction |
Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . | J01-4001 | External_62494 | 2,001 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | probabilistic coreference in information extraction | [
"Andrew Kehler"
] | null | Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) . Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . For a more detailed survey of the state of the art in anaphora resolution , see Mitkov ( forthcoming ) . | 0 | null | Background | [
134,
145
] | [
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] | Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; @@CITATION ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . | J01-4001_7 | 0 | null |
Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) . | W01-1510 | C00-1060 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | hybrid japanese parser with handcrafted grammar and statistics | [
"Hiroshi Kanayama",
"Kentaro Torisawa",
"Yutaka Mitsuisi",
"Jun’ichi Tsujii"
] | null | In practical context , German , English , and Japanese HPSG-based grammars are developed and used in the Verbmobil project ( Kay et al. , 1994 ) . Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) . | 3 | null | Background | [
160,
182
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] | [] | Our group has developed a wide-coverage HPSG grammar for Japanese ( Mitsuishi et al. , 1998 ) , which is used in a high-accuracy Japanese dependency analyzer ( @@CITATION ) . | W01-1510_6 | 0 | introduction |
There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; Pirkola , 1998 ; Hull 1997 ) . | W00-1312 | External_826 | 2,000 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the effects of query structure and dictionary setups in dictionarybased crosslanguage information retrievalquot | [
"An Pirkola"
] | null | This approach limits how much credit the retrieval algorithm can give to a single term in the original query and prevents the translations of one or a few terms from swamping the whole query . There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; Pirkola , 1998 ; Hull 1997 ) . One such method is to treat different translations of the same term as synonyms . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
79,
93
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] | There are several variations of such a method ( Ballesteros and Croft , 1998 ; @@CITATION ; Hull 1997 ) . | W00-1312_14 | 0 | method |
This evaluation set-up is an improvement versus the one we previously reported ( Gerber and Chai 2010 ) , in which fixed partitions were used for training , development , and testing . | J12-4003 | P10-1160 | 2,012 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | beyond nombank a study of implicit arguments for nominal predicates | [
"Matthew Gerber",
"Joyce Chai"
] | null | Following this , we split the predicate instances evenly into ten folds and used each fold as testing data for a model trained on the instances outside the fold . This evaluation set-up is an improvement versus the one we previously reported ( Gerber and Chai 2010 ) , in which fixed partitions were used for training , development , and testing . During training , the system was provided with annotated predicate instances . | 4 | null | Extends | [
81,
101
] | [
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] | This evaluation set-up is an improvement versus the one we previously reported ( @@CITATION ) , in which fixed partitions were used for training , development , and testing . | J12-4003_9 | 0 | experiments |
Saggion ( 2008 ) compared the performace of NEs versus BoW features . | D09-1056 | I08-1020 | 2,009 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | experiments on semanticbased clustering for crossdocument coreference | [
"Horacio Saggion"
] | null | For instance , Blume ( 2005 ) uses NEs coocurring with the ambiguous mentions of a name as a key feature for the disambiguation process . Saggion ( 2008 ) compared the performace of NEs versus BoW features . In his experiments a only a representation based on Organisation NEs outperformed the word based approach . | 3 | null | Background | [
0,
16
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] | @@CITATION compared the performace of NEs versus BoW features . | D09-1056_20 | 0 | related work |
The right-side context of a non-terminal category -- the probability of generating a category to the right of the current constituent 's category -- corresponds directly to the category transitions used for the HMM supertagger of Garrette et al. ( 2014 ) . | K15-1003 | W14-1615 | 2,015 | 2,014 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | weaklysupervised bayesian learning of a ccg supertagger | [
"Dan Garrette",
"Chris Dyer",
"Jason Baldridge",
"Noah A Smith"
] | null | In order to encourage our model to choose trees in which the constituent labels `` fit '' into their supertag contexts , we want to bias our context parameters toward context categories that are combinable with the constituent label . The right-side context of a non-terminal category -- the probability of generating a category to the right of the current constituent 's category -- corresponds directly to the category transitions used for the HMM supertagger of Garrette et al. ( 2014 ) . Thus , the right-side context prior mean θRCTX-0 can be biased in exactly the same way as t the HMM supertagger 's transitions : toward context supertags that connect to the constituent label . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | The right-side context of a non-terminal category -- the probability of generating a category to the right of the current constituent 's category -- corresponds directly to the category transitions used for the HMM supertagger of @@CITATION . | K15-1003_11 | 0 | method |
The starting point for the approach followed here was a dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the theory of quasi-logical form as described in Alshawi ( 1990 , 1992 ) , and implemented in SRI 's Core Language Engine ( CLE ) . | J00-4002 | External_37743 | 2,000 | 1,990 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | resolving quasi logical forms | [
"Hiyan Alshawi"
] | null | 5.1 Core Language Engine Quasi-Logical Form The starting point for the approach followed here was a dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the theory of quasi-logical form as described in Alshawi ( 1990 , 1992 ) , and implemented in SRI 's Core Language Engine ( CLE ) . In the CLE-QLF approach , as ra - | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | The starting point for the approach followed here was a dissatisfaction with certain aspects of the theory of quasi-logical form as described in @@CITATION , 1992 ) , and implemented in SRI 's Core Language Engine ( CLE ) . | J00-4002_1 | 0 | null |
However , the method we are currently using in the ATIS domain ( Seneff et al. 1991 ) represents our most promising approach to this problem . | J92-1004 | H91-1014 | 1,992 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | development and preliminary evaluation of the mit atis systemquot | [
"S Seneff",
"J Glass",
"D Goddeau",
"D Goodine",
"L Hirschman",
"H Leung",
"M Phillips",
"J Polifroni",
"V Zue"
] | null | Exactly how to get from the parse tree to an appropriate meaning representation is a current research topic in our group . However , the method we are currently using in the ATIS domain ( Seneff et al. 1991 ) represents our most promising approach to this problem . We have decided to limit semantic frame types to a small set of choices such as CLAUSE ( for a sentence-level concept , such as request ) , PREDICATE ( for a functional operation ) , REFERENCE ( essentially proper noun ) , and QSET ( for a set of objects ) . | 3 | null | Future | [
65,
83
] | [
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] | However , the method we are currently using in the ATIS domain ( @@CITATION ) represents our most promising approach to this problem . | J92-1004_15 | 0 | null |
Three UniRef tables UniRef100 , UniRef90 and UniRef50 ) are available for download : UniRef100 combines identical sequences and sub-fragments into a single UniRef entry ; and UniRef90 and UniRef50 are built by clustering UniRef100 sequences into clusters based on the CD-HIT algorithm [ 16 ] such that each cluster is composed of sequences that have at least 90 % or 50 % sequence similarity , respectively , to the representative sequence . | P05-3005 | External_95869 | 2,005 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | godzik a clustering of highly homologous sequences to reduce the size of large protein databases bioinformatics | [
"W Li",
"L Jaroszewski"
] | null | The UniProt Non-redundant Reference ( UniRef ) databases combine closely related sequences into a single record where similar sequences are grouped together . Three UniRef tables UniRef100 , UniRef90 and UniRef50 ) are available for download : UniRef100 combines identical sequences and sub-fragments into a single UniRef entry ; and UniRef90 and UniRef50 are built by clustering UniRef100 sequences into clusters based on the CD-HIT algorithm [ 16 ] such that each cluster is composed of sequences that have at least 90 % or 50 % sequence similarity , respectively , to the representative sequence . NCBI resources -- three data sources from NCBI were used in this study : GenPept , RefSeq , and Entrez GENE . | 2 | null | Uses | [
285,
291
] | [
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] | Three UniRef tables UniRef100 , UniRef90 and UniRef50 ) are available for download : UniRef100 combines identical sequences and sub-fragments into a single UniRef entry ; and UniRef90 and UniRef50 are built by clustering UniRef100 sequences into clusters based on the CD-HIT algorithm @@CITATION such that each cluster is composed of sequences that have at least 90 % or 50 % sequence similarity , respectively , to the representative sequence . | P05-3005_3 | 0 | null |
Collins 1996 , Charniak 1997 , Collins 1999 and Charniak 2000 ) . | E03-1005 | External_6640 | 2,003 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a new statistical parser based on bigram lexical dependencies | [
"M Collins"
] | null | Table 1 gives the results of these experiments and compares them with some other statistical parsers ( resp . Collins 1996 , Charniak 1997 , Collins 1999 and Charniak 2000 ) . While the PCFG reduction of Bod ( 2001 ) obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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To name a few examples , Rohrbach et al. ( 2010 ) and Socher et al. ( 2013 ) show how semantic information from text can be used to improve zero-shot classification ( i.e. , classifying never-before-seen objects ) , and Motwani and Mooney ( 2012 ) show that verb clusters can be used to improve activity recognition in videos . | D13-1115 | External_9243 | 2,013 | 2,012 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | improving video activity recognition using object recognition and text mining | [
"Tanvi S Motwani",
"Raymond J Mooney"
] | null | The Computer Vision community has also benefited greatly from efforts to unify the two modalities . To name a few examples , Rohrbach et al. ( 2010 ) and Socher et al. ( 2013 ) show how semantic information from text can be used to improve zero-shot classification ( i.e. , classifying never-before-seen objects ) , and Motwani and Mooney ( 2012 ) show that verb clusters can be used to improve activity recognition in videos . | 3 | null | Background | [
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] | [] | To name a few examples , Rohrbach et al. ( 2010 ) and Socher et al. ( 2013 ) show how semantic information from text can be used to improve zero-shot classification ( i.e. , classifying never-before-seen objects ) , and @@CITATION show that verb clusters can be used to improve activity recognition in videos . | D13-1115_46 | 0 | related work |
The computational treatment of lexical rules as covariation in lexical entries was implemented in Prolog by the authors in cooperation with Dieter Martini for the ConTroll system ( Gerdemann and King 1994 ; Gotz and Meurers 1997a ) . | J97-4003 | External_51366 | 1,997 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an expanded logical formalism for headdriven phrase structure grammar | [
"Paul King"
] | null | The computational treatment of lexical rules as covariation in lexical entries was implemented in Prolog by the authors in cooperation with Dieter Martini for the ConTroll system ( Gerdemann and King 1994 ; Gotz and Meurers 1997a ) . We tested the covariation approach with a complex grammar implementing an HPSG analysis covering the so-called aux-flip phenomenon , and partial-VP topicalization in the three clause types of German ( Hinrichs , Meurers , and Nakazawa 1994 ) . | 3 | null | Uses | [
195,
204
] | [
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Arabic has two kinds of plurals : broken plurals and sound plurals ( Wightwick and Gaafar , 1998 ; Chen and Gey , 2002 ) . | W05-0709 | External_87918 | 2,005 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | arabic verbs and essentials of grammar | [
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] | Arabic has two kinds of plurals : broken plurals and sound plurals ( @@CITATION ; Chen and Gey , 2002 ) . | W05-0709_28 | 0 | null |
Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , Longacre 1979 , Haberlandt et al. 1980 ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure . | J91-2003 | External_4320 | 1,991 | 1,979 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the paragraph as a grammatical unit | [
"R E Longacre"
] | null | Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , Longacre 1979 , Haberlandt et al. 1980 ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure . Discourse linguists show little interest in making the structural descriptions precise enough so that a computational grammar of text could adapt them and use them . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
134,
147
] | [
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] | Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , @@CITATION , Haberlandt et al. 1980 ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure . | J91-2003_42 | 0 | introduction |
To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) , Xue ( 2008 ) . | D08-1034 | J08-2004 | 2,008 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | labeling chinese predicates with semantic roles | [
"Nianwen Xue"
] | null | So the ARGX sub task is improved . To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) , Xue ( 2008 ) . Xue ( 2008 ) is the best SRL system until now and it has the same data setting with ours . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
135,
147
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] | To prove that our method is effective , we also make a comparison between the performances of our system and Xue and Palmer ( 2005 ) , @@CITATION . | D08-1034_22 | 0 | experiments |
But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) and Collins ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . | E03-1005 | A00-2018 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximumentropyinspired parser | [
"E Charniak"
] | null | We show that these PCFG-reductions result in a 60 times speedup in processing time w.r.t. Bod ( 2001 , 2003 ) . But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to Charniak ( 2000 ) and Collins ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . In the second part of this paper , we extend our experiments with a new notion of the best parse tree . | 2 | null | Background | [
87,
104
] | [
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] | But while Bod 's estimator obtains state-of-the-art results on the WSJ , comparable to @@CITATION and Collins ( 2000 ) , Bonnema et al. 's estimator performs worse and is comparable to Collins ( 1996 ) . | E03-1005_37 | 0 | introduction |
Our plan is to implement a windowed or moving-average version of BLEU as in ( Chiang et al. , 2008 ) . | W10-1758 | D08-1024 | 2,010 | 2,008 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | online largemargin training of syntactic and structural translation features | [
"David Chiang",
"Yuval Marton",
"Philis Resnik"
] | null | For example , when using BLEU , it makes a big difference whether individual sentences are both longer and shorter than the reference or systematically shorter than the reference , but these two cases can not be distinguished by single-sentence objective functions . Our plan is to implement a windowed or moving-average version of BLEU as in ( Chiang et al. , 2008 ) . We also plan to further speed up the tuning process by parallelizing the decoding of the sentences in the tuning set . | 9 | null | Future | [
78,
98
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] | Our plan is to implement a windowed or moving-average version of BLEU as in ( @@CITATION ) . | W10-1758_8 | 0 | conclusion |
As Church ( 1988 ) rightly pointed out , however , `` Proper nouns and capitalized words are particularly problematic : some capitalized words are proper nouns and some are not . | J02-3002 | External_32929 | 2,002 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a stochastic parts program and nounphrase parser for unrestricted text” | [
"Kenneth Church"
] | null | Disambiguation of capitalized words is usually handled by POS taggers , which treat capitalized words in the same way as other categories , that is , by accounting for the immediate syntactic context and using estimates collected from a training corpus . As Church ( 1988 ) rightly pointed out , however , `` Proper nouns and capitalized words are particularly problematic : some capitalized words are proper nouns and some are not . Estimates from the Brown Corpus can be misleading . | 11 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
3,
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] | As @@CITATION rightly pointed out , however , `` Proper nouns and capitalized words are particularly problematic : some capitalized words are proper nouns and some are not . | J02-3002_12 | 0 | null |
The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . | W00-1017 | A00-2028 | 2,000 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | learning to predict problematic situations in a spoken dialogue system experiments with how may i help you | [
"Marilyn Walker",
"Irene Langkilde",
"Jerry Wright Allen Gorin",
"Diane Litman"
] | null | The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . One of the next research goals is to make these systems task-portable , that is , to simplify the process of porting to another task domain . | 2 | null | Background | [
200,
220
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] | The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; @@CITATION ) . | W00-1017_22 | 0 | introduction |
For instance , part of the ACE Phase 2 also adopted a corpus-based approach to SC deterevaluation involves classifying an NP as PERSON , mination that is investigated as part of the mention ORGANIZATION , GPE ( a geographical-political redetection ( MD ) task ( e.g. , Florian et al. ( 2006 ) ) . | P07-1068 | P06-1060 | 2,007 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | factorizing complex models a case study in mention detection | [
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] | For instance , part of the ACE Phase 2 also adopted a corpus-based approach to SC deterevaluation involves classifying an NP as PERSON , mination that is investigated as part of the mention ORGANIZATION , GPE ( a geographical-political redetection ( MD ) task ( e.g. , @@CITATION ) . | P07-1068_4 | 0 | introduction |
In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( Gildea , 2001 ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; Blitzer et al. , 2006 ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) . | D11-1138 | W06-1615 | 2,011 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | domain adaptation with structural correspondence learning | [
"J Blitzer",
"R McDonald",
"F Pereira"
] | null | This includes work on question answering ( Wang et al. , 2007 ) , sentiment analysis ( Nakagawa et al. , 2010 ) , MT reordering ( Xu et al. , 2009 ) , and many other tasks . In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( Gildea , 2001 ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; Blitzer et al. , 2006 ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) . But these accuracies are measured with respect to gold-standard out-of-domain parse trees . | 2 | null | Background | [
123,
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] | In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( Gildea , 2001 ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; @@CITATION ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) . | D11-1138_2 | 0 | introduction |
Based on this assumption , the problem of identifying mention heads is a sequential phrase identification problem , and we choose to employ the BILOU-representation as it has advantages over traditional BIO-representation , as shown , e.g. in Ratinov and Roth ( 2009 ) . | K15-1002 | W09-1119 | 2,015 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | design challenges and misconceptions in named entity recognition | [
"L Ratinov",
"D Roth"
] | null | That is , for each mi , j , we have a corresponding head ha , b where i < a < b < j. Moreover , for another head ha ' , b ' , we have the satisfying condition a â b ' > 0 or b â a ' < 0 bha , b , ha ' , b ' . Based on this assumption , the problem of identifying mention heads is a sequential phrase identification problem , and we choose to employ the BILOU-representation as it has advantages over traditional BIO-representation , as shown , e.g. in Ratinov and Roth ( 2009 ) . The BILOUrepresentation suggests learning classifiers that identify the Beginning , Inside and Last tokens of multi-token chunks as well as Unit-length chunks . | 3 | null | Motivation | [
243,
268
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] | Based on this assumption , the problem of identifying mention heads is a sequential phrase identification problem , and we choose to employ the BILOU-representation as it has advantages over traditional BIO-representation , as shown , e.g. in @@CITATION . | K15-1002_41 | 0 | null |
TF is given by TFD , t , and it denotes frequency of term t in document D. IDF is given by IDFt = log ( N/dft ) , where N is the number of documents in the collection , and dft is the number of documents containing the term t. ( Salton and Yang , 1973 ) proposed the combination of TF and IDF as weighting schemes , and it has been shown that their product gave better performance . | W04-1610 | External_52082 | 2,004 | 1,973 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | on the specification of term values in automatic indexingquot | [
"G Salton",
"C S Yang"
] | null | The importance of each term is assumed to be inversely proportional to the number of documents that contain that term . TF is given by TFD , t , and it denotes frequency of term t in document D. IDF is given by IDFt = log ( N/dft ) , where N is the number of documents in the collection , and dft is the number of documents containing the term t. ( Salton and Yang , 1973 ) proposed the combination of TF and IDF as weighting schemes , and it has been shown that their product gave better performance . Thus , the weight of each term/root in a document is given by wD , t = TFD , t * IDFt . | 6 | null | Motivation | [
229,
251
] | [
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An HPSG grammar consists of lexical entries and ID grammar rules , each of which is described with typed feature structures ( Carpenter , 1992 ) . | W01-1510 | External_7877 | 2,001 | 1,992 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the logic of typed feature structures | [
"Bob Carpenter"
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] | An HPSG grammar consists of lexical entries and ID grammar rules , each of which is described with typed feature structures ( @@CITATION ) . | W01-1510_1 | 0 | introduction |
More recently , Burke , Cahill , et al. ( 2004a ) carried out an evaluation of the automatic annotation algorithm against the publicly available PARC 700 Dependency Bank ( King et al. 2003 ) , a set of 700 randomly selected sentences from Section 23 which have been parsed , converted to dependency format , and manually corrected and extended by human validators . | J05-3003 | External_1004 | 2,005 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the parc 700 dependency bank | [
"Tracy Holloway King",
"Richard Crouch",
"Stefan Riezler",
"Mary Dalrymple",
"Ronald Kaplan"
] | null | There is , however , a risk of overfitting when evaluation is limited to a gold standard of this size . More recently , Burke , Cahill , et al. ( 2004a ) carried out an evaluation of the automatic annotation algorithm against the publicly available PARC 700 Dependency Bank ( King et al. 2003 ) , a set of 700 randomly selected sentences from Section 23 which have been parsed , converted to dependency format , and manually corrected and extended by human validators . They report precision of over 88.5 % and recall of over 86 % ( Table 2 ) . | 4 | null | Background | [
172,
188
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] | More recently , Burke , Cahill , et al. ( 2004a ) carried out an evaluation of the automatic annotation algorithm against the publicly available PARC 700 Dependency Bank ( @@CITATION ) , a set of 700 randomly selected sentences from Section 23 which have been parsed , converted to dependency format , and manually corrected and extended by human validators . | J05-3003_32 | 0 | method |
In our work , we gather sets of sentences , and assume ( but do not employ ) existing approaches for their organization ( Goldstein et al. 2000 ; Barzilay , Elhadad , and McKeown 2001 ; Barzilay and McKeown 2005 ) . | J09-4010 | W00-0405 | 2,009 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | multidocument summarization by sentence extraction | [
"J Goldstein",
"V Mittal",
"J Carbonell",
"M Kantrowitz"
] | null | Unlike a document reuse approach , sentence-level approaches need to consider issues of discourse coherence in order to ensure that the extracted combination of sentences is coherent or at least understandable . In our work , we gather sets of sentences , and assume ( but do not employ ) existing approaches for their organization ( Goldstein et al. 2000 ; Barzilay , Elhadad , and McKeown 2001 ; Barzilay and McKeown 2005 ) . The appeal of a sentence-level approach is that it supports the generation of a `` combination response '' in situations where there is insufficient evidence for a single document containing a full response , but there is enough evidence for parts of responses . | 3 | null | Background | [
122,
143
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] | In our work , we gather sets of sentences , and assume ( but do not employ ) existing approaches for their organization ( @@CITATION ; Barzilay , Elhadad , and McKeown 2001 ; Barzilay and McKeown 2005 ) . | J09-4010_21 | 0 | method |