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<s>[INST] Is driving safe for a person with heart failure? [/INST] Most people can safely drive however if there is a history of fainting due to abnormal heart rhythm then consultation with the doctor is necessary. Refrain from driving a heavy goods vehicle or public transport. Source: NARAYANA HEALTH . Link: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/common-patient-questions-related-to-heart-failure/. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] Is fertility affected by heart failure? [/INST] If you plan on having a baby, you should discuss this carefully with your doctor. You shouldn’t think that having heart failure means that you can’t get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; this is often possible, but your pregnancy will have to be carefully managed and monitored. Most of the people have a rewarding sex life even when on therapy. It is normal to have a stress free life after being diagnosed with CHF. Source: NARAYANA HEALTH . Link: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/common-patient-questions-related-to-heart-failure/. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What surgical options are there for a heart failure patient? [/INST] Device therapy helps in improving quality of life and life expectancy. CRT device helps in improving Ejection Fraction and decreases mortality. AICD device prevents sudden cardiac death. Both these devices can be implanted without anesthesia and require hospitalization for a couple of days. LVAD are devices that act as an artificial heart and are used in critically ill patients. Cardiac transplantation is another option that helps in removing the diseased heart and giving a healthy heart to the patient. Source: NARAYANA HEALTH . Link: https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/common-patient-questions-related-to-heart-failure/. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What is heart failure? [/INST] Heart failure means that the heart is not functioning properly and is unable to pump enough blood to meet all of the body’s needs. Heart failure causes muscles to weaken which hinders proper blood circulation through the body. This can cause weakness and fatigue, and blood to back up which can cause fluid to leak from the blood vessels into tissues, causing congestion. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What causes heart failure? [/INST] Diseases that weaken the heart muscles can cause heart failure, such as heart attack, high blood pressure, infection of the heart muscle, heart valve disease, and diabetes. Genetic structural diseases can also cause heart failure. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What medical conditions contribute to heart failure? [/INST] Conditions such as coronary artery disease (heart attacks), high blood pressure, heart valve disease, toxins including alcohol, viral infections (myocarditis), pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, and genetic diseases (cardiomyopathy) can cause heart failure. Conditions such as diabetes, HIV infection, hyperthyroidism, amyloidosis, sleep apnea, and obesity also increase the risk of heart failure. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms? [/INST] Heart failure symptoms include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, coughing, worsening fatigue and tiredness, weakness, swelling in the legs or feet, and weight gain. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] How is heart failure diagnosed? [/INST] If your physician suspects heart failure, they can review your medical history, perform blood tests and physical examination, and order x‐rays, electrocardiograms, stress tests, cardiac MRI, and other tests to determine a diagnosis. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments? [/INST] There are multiple options for heart failure treatment. Several medications can help alleviate symptoms of heart failure. If the disease has worsened to advanced heart failure stages, your physician can suggest appropriate treatments based of the best care plan for you, such as a defibrillator or pacemaker, LVAD, bypass surgery, and heart transplantation. Source: BCM EDU. Link: https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/cardiovascular-medicine/specialty-centers-and-programs/advanced-heart-failure-clinic/heart-failure-faqs. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What causes heart failure? [/INST] Heart failure happens when the heart is not able to pump oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body effectively. As your heart works harder, it may become enlarged to keep up with the demand to pump more blood — causing shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and other symptoms. Source: NewYork-Presbyterian. Link: https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-failure/faq. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] What medical conditions contribute to heart failure? [/INST] Any condition that damages or weakens the heart can cause heart failure. Examples include coronary artery disease (heart attacks), high blood pressure, heart valve disease, toxins including alcohol, viral infections (myocarditis), pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease and genetic diseases (cardiomyopathy). Chronic diseases or conditions such as diabetes, HIV infection, hyperthyroidism, amyloidosis, sleep apnea, and obesity may also raise the risk of heart failure, as well as tobacco use. Source: NewYork-Presbyterian. Link: https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-failure/faq. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] Which populations are at greater risk of heart failure? [/INST] Heart failure is more common in people age 65 and older, due to the effects of aging on heart muscle as well as the influence of other chronic diseases. Black individuals, are more likely to have heart failure than people of other races due to an increased incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. People who are overweight are more likely to develop heart failure due to associated risk factors as well as increased strain on the heart. Source: NewYork-Presbyterian. Link: https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-failure/faq. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] Can you have heart failure and not know it? [/INST] Yes, especially in its earliest stages. It is possible to have heart failure without symptoms for many years. Source: NewYork-Presbyterian. Link: https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-failure/faq. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] Will there always be symptoms? [/INST] Not always. The earliest stages of heart failure may impair the heart's pumping ability but not cause any symptoms. Source: NewYork-Presbyterian. Link: https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-failure/faq. Field: Cardiovascular. Disease: Heart Failure </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS CKD? [/INST] CKD is chronic kidney disease. CKD is defined as a decreased level of kidney function or the evidence of kidney damage for greater than three months. Individuals at risk for developing kidney disease are those with diabetes, high blood pressure or a family history of kidney disease. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT ARE THE 5 STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE? [/INST] Once CKD is diagnosed it is important to determine the level of kidney function. The National Kidney Foundation has identified 5 stages of chronic kidney disease. Each stage represents a level of kidney function as defined by a creatinine clearance. The 5 stages are: Stage 1 CrCl > 90 Stage 2 CrCl 60-89 Stage 3 CrCl 30-59 Stage 4 CrCl 15-29 Stage 5 CrCl <15 or dialysis Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHY ARE THE KIDNEYS SO IMPORTANT? [/INST] The kidneys are the master chemists of the body. They filter and remove waste products from the blood, remove extra water from the body, adjust levels of minerals and chemicals in your body and produce hormones that help control your blood pressure and help make red blood cells. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT CAN I DO TO PROTECT MY KIDNEYS? [/INST] There are a number of ways you can protect your kidneys and slow the progression of CKD. Good blood pressure control, diet modifications, smoking cessation and if you are a diabetic, keeping your blood sugar in a safe range are all ways you can positively affect your kidney function. In addition, keep informed about your test results, ask questions, and be involved in your treatment plan.You are the most important member of your health care team. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS A NEPHROLOGIST? [/INST] A nephrologist is a doctor who treats patients with kidney problems and related hypertension or high blood pressure. Once you have been diagnosed with kidney disease, early referral to a nephrologist is important in preserving and protecting your kidney function. As a specialist in kidney disease, your nephrologist has the knowledge and skill to work with you in developing a plan of care specific to your needs. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT TESTS ARE DONE TO ASSESS AND MONITOR MY KIDNEY FUNCTION? [/INST] Blood Tests - Zerum creatinine, Electrolytes, & BUN Urine Tests - Microalbumin, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Imaging Tests - A renal ultrasound may be recommended to assess the size, shape and anatomy of your kidney. In addition, a CT scan, MRI or MRA may be recommended to determine possible reasons for your kidney disease. Kidney Biopsy - A kidney biopsy is a test where a small piece of kidney tissue is removed by a needle. The tissue is examined under a microscope to determine the cause of kidney disease. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW IS MY DIABETES CONTROL RELATED TO MY KIDNEY FUNCTION? [/INST] Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the United States. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels and affect the filtering ability of the kidney. Controlling your blood sugar can help slow the progress of your kidney disease. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW IS MY BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL RELATED TO MY KIDNEY FUNCTION? [/INST] High blood pressure damages the blood vessels and reduces blood supply to the kidney. High blood pressure can cause kidney problems and kidney problems can cause high blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause a decrease in kidney function and irreversible kidney damage. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHY DO I NEED TO TAKE MULTIPLE BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS? [/INST] High blood pressure may be controlled with a combination of weight loss, exercise, changes in diet, stress reduction and smoking cessation. If these steps do not control your blood pressure then medications, often a combination of medications is recommended. Each type of blood pressure medication you take provides a different benefit for controlling your blood pressure and slowing the progression of kidney disease. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW DOES DIET AFFECT KIDNEY FUNCTION? [/INST] One way to preserve your kidney function is to modify your diet. Proper nutrition can reduce the workload of the kidneys and preserve or delay further progression of your kidney disease. A renal dietitian can help you make good choices with the foods you normally eat and make suggestions on foods to add and foods to moderate in your diet. The dietitian is an important part of your healthcare team and can assist you in living well with chronic kidney disease. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] ARE THERE MEDICATIONS I SHOULD AVOID WITH CKD? [/INST] Common medications to avoid are NSAIDS ( anti-inflammatory medications), enemas and laxatives- unless ordered by the nephrologists, any "cure all" remedies and various food supplements, herbal medicines and vitamins. It is a good idea to check with your nephrologist prior to starting any new over the counter or prescription medications. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHY DO I HAVE ANEMIA? [/INST] Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body and a decrease in red blood cells can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, depression, poor appetite and heart disease. The kidneys make a hormone called erythropoietin which helps form red blood cells. With CKD there is a decrease in the production of this hormone and thus a decrease in red blood cells. The treatment for anemia related to CKD is injections with the man-made form of the hormone erythropoietin and with iron pills or iron infusions ( intravenous, IV iron). Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT ARE MY TREATMENT OPTIONS IF MY KIDNEYS FAIL? [/INST] Hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant are all treatment options. Kidney transplantation surgically places a healthy kidney from another person into your body. The donated kidney does the work that your failed kidneys used to do. One additional option is to refuse or withdraw from treatment. For many people dialysis and transplantation extend and improve quality of life. For others these treatment options may seem a burden and only to prolong suffering. You have the right to refuse or withdraw dialysis if you feel there is no hope of improving your quality of life or a life with dignity and meaning. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS DIALYSIS? [/INST] Dialysis is a process that cleans and filters your blood. There are two types of dialysis, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis - Hemodialysis cleans your blood using a machine with a special filter called a dialyzer. During a hemodialysis treatment blood travels from your body through tubes to the dialyzer which filters out wastes and extra water. The cleaned blood flows through another set of tubes back into your body. Peritoneal Dialysis - Peritoneal dialysis removes wastes and extra water from your body using the lining of your abdomen (peritoneum) to filter your blood. A special solution travels through a soft tube into your abdomen. The solution draws wastes and extra water from tiny blood vessels in your peritoneum back into the solution which is then drained from your abdomen through the soft tube. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS A VASCULAR ACCESS? [/INST] For hemodialysis it is necessary to create a vascular access or pathway to your blood. The access is usually created in your arm during a short surgery. One type of access is a fistula, another type of access is a graft. In some cases an external catheter may be inserted into a vein in your chest or neck. A catheter is usually temporary and replaced by a fistula or graft. Source: COLUMBUS REGIONAL HEALTH. Link: https://www.crh.org/physician-practices/columbus-regional-health-nephrology-hypertension/faq-about-kidney-disease#:~:text=CKD%20is%20chronic%20kidney%20disease,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease.. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW FAST CAN KIDNEY DISEASE PROGRESS? [/INST] Chronic kidney disease doesn’t progress at the same rate for everyone. In fact, it develops slowly for many, depending on the stage of kidney failure. There are many different factors that affect how quickly kidney disease progresses, including whether you have another health condition such as diabetes or hypertension (high blood pressure). Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT ARE THE 5 STAGES OF KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] The 5 stages of kidney failure are: Stage 1: The kidney is damaged but still functions normally Stage 2: There’s some loss of kidney function Stage 3: The loss of kidney function ranges from mild to moderate Stage 4: The loss of kidney function is severe Stage 5: Also known as end stage renal disease, Stage 5 kidney failure requires dialysis or kidney transplant Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW LONG CAN YOU LIVE WITH KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] In acute kidney failure, people may only live a few days to a week without treatment. In chronic kidney disease, which progresses more slowly, people can live for up to a few years without treatment. Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] CAN YOU REVERSE KIDNEY DISEASE? [/INST] Damage from kidney disease can’t be reversed. However, the right treatment can slow or stop the progression of kidney failure. Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] AT WHAT POINT WILL KIDNEY FAILURE REQUIRE A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT? [/INST] As the kidneys lose function, toxins and waste begin building up in the blood, which can cause life-threatening complications. If kidney failure has progressed to the point where the kidneys can no longer filter this waste from the body, then dialysis or a kidney transplant is performed. It’s possible to remain on dialysis for life rather than getting a kidney transplant. However, the quality of life and life expectancy are usually both higher in people who get a transplant instead. Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON'T GET A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT? [/INST] Not everyone is a candidate for a kidney transplant. If you cannot get a transplant or choose not to, then dialysis is a possible long-term treatment option. Your doctor will talk with you about the risks and benefits of both dialysis and kidney transplant to help you make the best decision for you. Source: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM. Link: https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/kidney-disease/kidney-disease-faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] IS THAT TRUE THAT ONLY ELDERLY PEOPLE CAN GET KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] No, any one at any age can get kidney failure. In general, diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure resulting in kidney problems become more common amongst the aging population. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] CAN KIDNEY FAILURE BE CURED? [/INST] Unfortunately, kidney failure cannot be cured. But if you are in the early stages of kidney disease, you may be able to make your kidneys last longer by taking certain steps. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] I CONSUME HERBAL MEDICATION FOR MY HEALTH, WILL IT AFFECT MY KIDNEYS? [/INST] In general, the contents of herbal medications are not known. There may be certain risks in consuming herbal medications on a long term basis. For CKD patients, it may be unsafe to consume herbal medications since your body is not able to clear waste products like a healthy person. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] I HAVE DIABETES WILL MY KIDNEY FAIL? [/INST] Diabetic kidney disease progresses slowly and silently, so you may not feel that anything is wrong until severe problems have developed. Therefore, it is important to get your blood and urine checked for kidney problems at least one a year. Keeping your blood pressure under control is also important. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] DOES KIDNEY DISEASE RUN IN FAMILY OR IS KIDNEY DISEASE HEREDITARY? [/INST] About 10 percent of patients with kidney failure are due to hereditary causes. The known leading causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure, which often run in families. The commonest cause of kidney failure that is directly passed down from your parents is Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD). PKD is a disease in which cysts (pouches of fluid) form in the kidneys. As time goes by, more cysts appear and get bigger, eventually leading to kidney failure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] IF I HAVE KIDNEY FAILURE WILL MY CHILDREN BE PRONE TO KIDNEY PROBLEMS? [/INST] About 10 percent of kidney diseases are due to hereditary problems. Both high blood pressure and diabetes are more common in children whose parents are suffering from the same disease. If your children do not have either high blood pressure or diabetes, they will not be at increased risk. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] OUR BODY HAS TWO KIDNEYS. IF YOU ARE TOLD TO HAVE KIDNEY FAILURE, DOES IT MEAN BOTH KIDNEYS ARE AFFECTED? [/INST] Yes. Usually both kidneys are affected if you have kidney failure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WILL HIGH PROTEIN DIET DAMAGE MY KIDNEYS? [/INST] High protein intake leads to a build-up of nitrogen in the blood. The nitrogen ends up in the kidneys in the form of urea, where it needs to be cleaned from the blood and removed in the urine. This may result in further straining of the impaired kidneys. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] BOTH MY PARENTS HAVE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, AM I AT RISK? [/INST] Yes, you are at risk of having high blood pressure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] DOES CERTAIN FOOD INTAKE LEAD TO KIDNEY DISEASE? [/INST] No, but unhealthy eating habits can lead to high blood pressure and diabetes, and these two are the main causes of kidney failure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW LONG CAN ONE LIVE WITH KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] One can live as long as others with kidney failure provided that he/she has no other confounding ailments such as severe cardiovascular disease, undergoes dialysis treatment and follow the recommended diet and medications. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] HOW CAN CAN ONE LIVE WITH ONE KIDNEY? [/INST] As long as one’s kidney is healthy, having only one kidney does not affect one’s survival at all. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] CAN BEING OVERWEIGHT CAUSE ONE'S ONLY KIDNEY FAIL [/INST] People who are very seriously overweight have an increased frequency of kidney failure. Obese persons have increased risk of high blood pressure (please refer to Hypertension/ High Blood Pressure) and diabetes. These in turn increases the risk of kidney failure Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION MALAYSIA. Link: https://nkf.org.my/prevention/education-tools-resources/faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] Kidney failure is where the kidneys are less able to remove toxic wastes and remove excess water. The condition tends to get worse over a period of years. Chronic kidney failure usually leads to End-Stage Renal Failure (ESRF). ESRF can be treated by dialysis or by a kidney transplant. Whilst effective, these treatments are not a cure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHY DOES BLOOD PRESSURE MATTER? [/INST] High blood pressure is very common in people with kidney failure. Kidney failure causes high blood pressure and high blood pressure causes kidney failure. High blood pressure increases the likelihood of a stroke or a heart attack. It can be controlled by removing fluid from your body and by taking blood pressure tablets. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] IS ANAEMIA LINKED TO KIDNEY FAILURE? [/INST] Many dialysis patients have anaemia, it makes them weak and tired. Anaemia is easy to treat with injections of erythropoietin (EPO). Patients on EPO treatment may need additional iron, either in the form of tablets or injections. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] DO MOST PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY FAILURE SUFFER RENAL BONE DISEASE? [/INST] Renal bone disease is caused by low levels of calcium and vitamin D in the blood, and by high blood levels of phosphate. It is an important complication of kidney failure, without treatment it can cause bone pain and fractures. Although renal bone disease starts early in kidney failure, it does not usually cause problems until after dialysis has begun. A combination of dialysis and tablets usually reverses these problems but in some cases an operation (called parathyroidectomy) may be necessary. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS DIALYSIS? [/INST] Dialysis is the removal of body wastes and water from the blood. There are two types: haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). In the UK, approximately half of the patients on dialysis have PD and the other half have HD - most patients can have either type. Both work in a similar way. Each method has two main processes:- Diffusion removes the body wastes and ultrafiltration removes the excess water. What is the difference between the two dialysis systems? PERITONEAL DIALYSIS In Peritoneal dialysis the process takes place inside the patients abdomen, it is suitable for most people with End-Stage Renal Failure (ESRF). The abdominal lining acts as the dialysis membrane. Dialysis fluid from a bag is drained into the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen, left there until dialysis has taken place, and then drained out. Patients are trained to do this themselves at home which gives them independence, although storage space is needed to accommodate bulky supplies of dialysis fluid. Peritonitis is the main problem with PD. HAEMODIALYSIS In haemodialysis the process takes place inside a machine, it is suitable for most people with kidney failure. Blood is taken from the body, pumped into the dialysis machine, cleaned and pumped back into the body. It is usually done three times a week, each session lasting 3 to 5 hours. Access to the patient’s blood stream is usually by a dialysis catheter (plastic tube inserted into a large vein) or a fistula (made by joining a vein to an artery). Most patients have haemodialysis in a hospital, but some have it in a satellite dialysis unit or at home. Some patients may feel sick or dizzy during a session. Haemodialysis patients have a stricter fluid restriction than PD patients. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] IS A TRANSPLANT OPERATION POSSIBLE? [/INST] For the right patient at the right time, a transplant is the best treatment for End-Stage Renal Failure. If it works well the patient will be totally free from dialysis. Many patients with kidney failure are suitable for a transplant. Suitability is more important than age. Transplants are matched to the patient in terms of blood group and tissue type. There are three sources of transplant kidneys:- Cadaveric transplants Living related transplants Living unrelated transplants The transplant waiting list works on the basis of finding the right kidney for the right person ie patients do not form a queue. The average waiting time in the UK is two years. Transplants do not last forever, transplants from living relatives last longest. If a transplant fails the patient can go back to dialysis or have another transplant. Patients have to take immuno-suppressant drugs daily to prevent their body rejecting a transplant. These drugs have side effects, including an increased risk of developing some types of cancer. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] IS DIET IMPORTANT TO A KIDNEY PATIENT? [/INST] Dietary advice differs according to the stage of kidney failure and the type of treatment given. Kidney patients should only alter their diet when advised to do so by their doctor or dietician. Malnutrition is the major problem for many patients on dialysis - both peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis. So, high protein intakes are recommended. Potassium restriction is generally not needed on PD but may be needed on haemodialysis. Salt intake may need to be restricted. Most transplant patients will not have any dietary restrictions. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IMPACT DOES KIDNEY FAILURE HAVE? [/INST] Kidney failure has a major impact on the whole of a patients life, and affects the lives of people who live with the patient. People with kidney failure have to cope with extra stresses. Those diagnosed with kidney failure usually go through shock, grief, and denial before acceptance. Long term problems may involve non-compliance, anxiety, problems with body image, loss of self confidence, depression, adapting to changes, and a loss of interest in sex. Some patients find that their ability to concentrate and think clearly is affected although efficient dialysis helps most people. Various coping strategies can help people deal with the psychological problems that often occur with kidney failure. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] ARE THERE SEXUAL PROBLEMS TO FACE? [/INST] The majority of male and female dialysis patients have sexual difficulties. Impotence is the most common problem but treatment is usually successful. Kidney failure affects the periods. Pregnancy is less likely but contraception is still needed. If a woman with kidney failure gets pregnant, there are serious risks to both mother and baby. A successful pregnancy is sometimes possible. If a woman with kidney failure wants to get pregnant, it is best to do so either in the early stages of kidney failure or after a transplant. Source: NATIONAL KIDNEY FEDERATION. Link: https://www.kidney.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/faqs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What are the first signs of kidney disease? [/INST] Clinicians usually find out about kidney diseases during blood or urine tests. It is hard to detect the early stages of chronic kidney disease due to homeostasis. However, patients with acute or later stages of renal diseases may experience: Blood in urine: a sign of disrupted filtering functions of the kidneys. Healthy kidneys have filters called glomeruli which keep red blood cells in the blood vessels rather than entering the urinary tract. Blood in the urine may be an early sign of glomerulonephritis. Foamy urine: may be an indication of chronic kidney diseases due to tubular or glomerular dysfunctions. Proteins are large particles that cannot cross the glomerular filtration barriers. Relatively smaller albumin particles may pass the barrier, but tubular reabsorption would take the molecules back into the blood. When the functions are disrupted, protein enters the kidneys and would not removed from the urine during reabsorption. A high concentration of protein in the urine is termed nephrotic syndrome. Polyuria (urinating more than usual): indicates that water molecules are not efficiently reabsorbed into the blood vessels. The urine concentration is low, and the patients urinate more frequently, especially at night. Lower back pain Other clinical features, including anemia, nausea, lowered immunity against infections, and infertility, may also occur later in chronic kidney disease. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What are the most common kidney diseases? [/INST] The three main categories of kidney diseases are nephritis, acute renal failure (ARF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nephritis can lead to both acute and chronic renal diseases. Kidney infections and inflammation define nephritis. The type of nephritis depends on the region of the inflammation. For instance, glomerulonephritis indicates damage in glomeruli (the “ball” shaped filters in the kidney); bacterial infections in the urinary tract cause pyelonephritis; and interstitial nephritis occurs between the tubules in the kidneys, mostly caused by allergic reactions to drugs. Nephritis can either be acute or chronic, depending on the length and frequency of inflammation. Acute renal failure is defined by a sudden glomerular filtration rate (GFR) drop and a persistent increase in urea and creatinine concentration. The condition develops rapidly and can be fatal. The causes can be categorised into pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal causes, of which vascular diseases, nephritis, and tubular injuries are the most common triggers. Other than being caused by recurrent/long-term renal damage, chronic kidney disease can also be triggered by other chronic conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high-fat levels. There are five stages of the disease, and the condition can rarely be diagnosed during early stages, as most patients are asymptomatic until the GFR falls below 15 ml/min (whilst normal GFR is over 90 ml/min). However, patients can prevent the condition by adopting healthy living habits and controlling other age-related diseases due to their slow development. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What should I know about kidney disease? [/INST] Renal function is linked with multiple organs and body functions via the blood, including fertility, blood pressure, blood glucose, protein level regulations, etc. Defects in renal functions are, therefore, a typical complication of other diseases. Multiple other diseases, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, can cause kidney disease. As a result, the severity of the disease can be regulated by monitoring the risk factors. Kidney disease can also lead to other conditions. For example, when CKD occurs, the decreased GFR would trigger the rise of aldosterone concentration. This may lead to hyperaldosteronism when the adrenal function is also impaired. An excess amount of aldosterone would impair the kidneys’ ability to reabsorb water by creating a high salt concentration, it also overloads the kidneys’ filtration system with potassium, further damaging the system. Due to the high blood concentration and lack of water, high blood pressure could be induced. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What foods help your kidneys recover? [/INST] Foods with low sodium levels can help recover your kidney functions by repairing the water reabsorption from the kidneys to blood vessels, increasing the GFR. As the reduction of GFR is associated with high fat and salt levels, it is important to monitor your diet and select foods such as green-leaved vegetables and fruits rather than high-fat meat, cheese, smoked food, pickles, etc. Fat that is relatively healthy such as milk, olive oil, and fish, can be consumed by patients with kidney diseases. The DASH eating plan is recommended for people with hypertension and those with kidney diseases. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Can you get kidney disease at any age? [/INST] Yes, you can get kidney disease at any age, despite the fact that older age groups are more likely to develop the condition. The chance of people developing ARF peaks amongst people aged 70-79, and those over 65 have a higher chance of developing CKD than younger people. This is due to a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders amongst older people, which impacts the GFR of the kidneys. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Is alcoholic kidney disease reversible? [/INST] Heavy drinking may lead to permanent damage to kidney functions. However, quitting drinking would slow down the damage to your kidneys if you have been diagnosed with chronic alcoholic kidney disease. As alcohol contains high energy levels and may cause increased blood pressure and cholesterol, it may worsen the condition if the patients also experience renal disease. Excessive drinking/binge drinking may directly cause acute renal failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in chronic conditions. Kidneys would no longer function due to the system overload, and only treatments such as kidney transplantation could support the patients survival. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is the best medicine for kidney disease? [/INST] Currently, the most effective medications for kidney disease are ACE inhibitors and ARBs, which may effectively repair the GFR and treat CKD. They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure, as they help relax the blood vessels. However, these drugs can produce side effects such as excessive potassium in the blood; and may lead to heart failure if the dosage is not controlled. None of these drugs can treat severe CKD from stages 3-5. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Why are kidney problems serious? [/INST] Our kidneys function as one of the main sites to filter out toxins. The removal of waste and the balance of blood electrolyte and hormone concentrations depend on renal function. When the kidneys stop functioning, toxic substances accumulate in the blood vessels, and essential hormones cannot be produced or activated for normal body functions. The imbalanced electrolyte concentration in the blood also promotes the development of pathologies such as hypertension and peripheral neuropathy.17,18 These diseases heavily impact our hearts and brains and may increase mortality.. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Is kidney disease fatal? [/INST] Early stages of chronic kidney disease can be treated and easily controlled by adopting healthy lifestyles. However, both acute and chronic kidney diseases can be fatal, as they may trigger other severe health conditions. Both acute and chronic conditions have different levels of severity. Although acute renal failure progresses more rapidly, chronic kidney disease is unlikely to be diagnosed until the condition becomes severe. Urgent treatment, including dialysis and kidney transplantation, is needed for both acute and end-stage renal failure, to ensure the survival of patients. Source: KLARITY HEALTH LIBRARY. Link: https://my.klarity.health/kidney-disease-faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What do the kidneys do and why are they so important? [/INST] Kidneys are the unsung heroes of your body. They have a very important job of filtering waste and excess fluid out of your blood to make urine. They also control your blood pressure, help red blood cell production, keep your body’s acid/base balance right and help bone health. Source: DR RICHARD BAER. Link: https://drbaer.com.au/kidney-resources-links-groups/kidney-faq/#1488668044127-4bcebbf4-be31. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How do I know if I have kidney disease? [/INST] Your GP can do a Kidney Health Check. This includes having your blood pressure checked, having a blood test and a urine test. Together, these three tests indicate how well your kidneys are working. Source: DR RICHARD BAER. Link: https://drbaer.com.au/kidney-resources-links-groups/kidney-faq/#1488668044127-4bcebbf4-be32. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Am I at risk for kidney disease? [/INST] The risk factors for kidney disease are: Diabetes High Blood Pressure Having heart failure, or having had a heart attack or a stroke. Having a family history of kidney disease Being obese (with a Body Mass Index > 30) Smoking Previous episode of Acute Kidney Injury (for more details see Kidney Terminology and Definitions) Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Source: DR RICHARD BAER. Link: https://drbaer.com.au/kidney-resources-links-groups/kidney-faq/#1488668044127-4bcebbf4-be33. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease? [/INST] Most people with Chronic Kidney Disease do not feel any symptoms until the kidney function (eGFR) is less than about 30%, and sometimes less than 10%. Things you may see or feel if you have Chronic Kidney Disease: Tiredness and fatigue Fluid retention or puffiness in the ankles and legs Shortness of breath Difficult or restless sleeping Loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting, bad breath or a metallic taste Pain in the kidney area in the back (uncommon) Itching Changes in the appearance of your urine or the frequency of urination Source: DR RICHARD BAER. Link: https://drbaer.com.au/kidney-resources-links-groups/kidney-faq/#1488668044127-4bcebbf4-be34. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How long can I live with chronic kidney disease? [/INST] Many people think that if their kidneys fail, they will die. Right away. This used to be true—50 years ago. Back then, there were not enough dialysis machines to go around and medical knowledge about kidney disease was limited. It is no longer true today. How long you can live with CKD depends on your age, other health problems, and how involved you become in your care. Most people with early CKD will never have kidney failure. Others will reach kidney failure and may live for decades with dialysis or kidney transplants. There are major advances in today's healthcare. We have better drugs, know more about how to slow down kidney failure, and have updated dialysis machines. But the most important factor is still the person who has the disease. Research shows that people who become partners in their care live longer. So, ask questions, and explore with your doctor and care team the best way for you to help manage your disease. Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How good will my life be with CKD? [/INST] How good your life can be with CKD depends on YOU! In the early stages, CKD may have symptoms that are so subtle you may not even notice them. In later stages, fatigue, itching, loss of appetite, and other symptoms can reduce your quality of life—if you don't act. How? All of these symptoms can be treated. Learn what to watch for and tell your doctor, so you can get the help you need. You can also keep a good quality of life by following your treatment plan. For example, taking your medications in the right doses at the right times may help slow your kidney disease. Your quality of life with CKD depends on your attitude, and how you accept the changes and take control of your health and your life. Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Can I still have a good life if I need dialysis? [/INST] Yes, you can live long and live well with dialysis. Many people—even those with loved ones on dialysis—don't know that there are many types of dialysis. You can choose a treatment that lets you keep doing all or most of the things you value. People who are very sick before they start dialysis are often surprised to find that they feel much better a few weeks or months later. The unknown you imagine is often much scarier than the reality. Learn all you can, and talk to people who are doing well—like people who do their treatments at home, or while they sleep. You'll see that you can have a good life on dialysis. Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] I'm tired all the time. Is there a treatment for fatigue? [/INST] Even healthy people complain of being tired. But people with CKD can be so exhausted that they fall asleep during the day—even after 8 to 10 hours of sleep at night. One reason for fatigue can be anemia, a shortage of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. People with CKD often have anemia because damaged kidneys make less of a hormone called erythropoietin (epoetin, or EPO). EPO tells the bone marrow to make new red blood cells. Without a fresh supply of red blood cells, the body has less oxygen. This makes you more tired and cold, and less able to focus and fight disease. If your fatigue is due to anemia, your doctor may prescribe iron and injections of a man-made form of EPO. Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How can I keep my kidneys working as long as possible? [/INST] There are a number of treatments, including medications and lifestyle changes, that may help keep your kidneys working longer. People can even get transplants before having dialysis, especially if they have a willing living donor. Ask your doctor what would help you Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Should I keep working? [/INST] Yes! Most people find that disability pays much less than working—but their bills don't go away just because they're ill. If you have CKD and a job, try to keep it if you can, or find a new one. Work can make you feel like you're still you, and that you are still helping to support your family. Work may also be a vital part of your social life. If your job comes with a health plan, it can also help you get good care and pay for prescription drugs. If you find that you feel too tired to work, see your doctor! Fatigue can be caused by anemia, which can be treated. Ask your employer if you need an accommodation—more breaks, a different shift time, or energy-saving devices to keep your job. You can find helpful information about employment support programs, laws, and resources to help people with disabilities on the social security website. Source: LIFE OPTION. Link: https://lifeoptions.org/learn-about-kidney-disease/faq/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is chronic kidney disease? [/INST] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a term used to describe kidney damage or reduced kidney function (regardless of the cause) that persists for more than 3 months. Sometimes, CKD leads to kidney failure or end stage renal disease (ESRD), which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep you alive. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is end stage renal disease? [/INST] End stage renal disease (ESRD) is total and permanent kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful waste builds up. If you have ESRD, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Is there a cure for CKD or ESRD? [/INST] There is no cure for CKD or ESRD. However, there are ways to manage CKD and ESRD that can help those who have these diseases live a full, productive life. If you have CKD, it’s important to have regular checkups. With early diagnosis and treatment, you may be able to slow the progression of your disease. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is dialysis? [/INST] Put simply, dialysis is a way of cleaning your blood. It is a medical treatment for people with ESRD that does some of the work healthy kidneys would do, including: Removing waste, salt and extra water from your body Regulating your body’s fluid balance Helping to control your blood pressure Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What are the different types of dialysis treatments for kidney disease? [/INST] There are 2 main types of dialysis—hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD)—and each has different advantages, requirements and scheduling options. Depending on your health, lifestyle and other factors, you and your doctor should decide which type of dialysis is right for you. Hemodialysis; The word hemo means “blood” and dialysis means “filter.” Simply put, hemodialysis is a process where blood is filtered outside the body by a machine called a dialyzer or “artificial kidney,” and then returned to your body. Peritoneal dialysis gets its name from the lining of your abdomen, which is called the peritoneum. This lining is a membrane that surrounds the space in your abdomen called the peritoneal cavity. This natural lining can be used to filter your blood. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Is there a special diet for CKD and ESRD? [/INST] What you should eat—and how much—depends on the stage of CKD you are in and how well your kidneys are working. Check with your doctor or renal dietitian, to find out the specific dietary requirements for your kidney condition. However, in general, you’ll need to: Lighten up on protein, especially if you have stage 3 or 4 CKD. Shake off the salt—sodium can have a negative effect on your kidneys and raise your blood pressure. Watch out for too much phosphorus—it’s a mineral found in many foods, which helps control your heartbeat. When you have CKD, too much phosphorus can build up in your kidneys. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Now that I’ve been diagnosed with ESRD, I’m having trouble with my feelings. What can I do? [/INST] Getting the word that you have ESRD can open up a floodgate of emotions. It’s a serious disease, but thanks to kidney dialysis treatments and other forms of support, you can still live your life and even thrive. If you’re finding it hard to stay optimistic, talking to a trusted friend or loved one can help. If you need a professional counselor, speak with a social worker who can help you sort out your feelings and also connect you to other counselors or resources. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How will dialysis affect my sex life? [/INST] You will probably feel very tired and may have feelings of depression that ebb and flow. But it’s important to know that while dialysis may affect your sex life, it doesn’t put an end to it. Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How can I reach out to others for support? [/INST] Reaching out to others is no small thing—especially if you pride yourself on being independent. While there are still many things you can do on your own, you will still need to manage the physical and emotional realities of being on dialysis. For starters, you can: Speak with your social worker—he or she can educate you on all the ways you can build support Get the word out to friends and family—have a conversation with those closest to you and consider the power of social media for getting the word out to larger groups of friends and acquaintances Build and join support groups—ask your social worker for tips on finding or starting a support group Source: FRESENIUS KIDNEY CARE. Link: https://www.freseniuskidneycare.com/frequently-asked-questions. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What do kidneys do? [/INST] Kidneys filter waste products and regulate fluid and electrolytes in the body. Kidneys are also responsible for producing hormones to regulate blood pressure, produce blood cells, and bone health. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is the GFR? [/INST] The GFR or Glomerular Filtration Rate is a way of measuring kidney function through a calculation of serum creatinine, age and gender. This is measured during a 24 hour urine collection. More information can be found about the GFR through the National Institutes of Health. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is CKD? [/INST] CKD is an acronym for Chronic Kidney Disease. CKD is a condition in which kidney damage is above a certain threshold within a 3 month period or kidney function is below a certain threshold within a 3 month period. The leading cause of kidney disease are diabetes or high blood pressure. Unfortunately there is no cure for kidney disease There is only stopping or slowing down the speed of damage. In some cases, kidneys can be repaired through proper care. CKDs are defined by your GFR Results: Stage 1 CKD - GFR > 90 – Normal Kidney function. This stage may or may not mean you have CKD. CKD at this stage can be defined through other means, normally by diagnoses of diabetes or high blood pressure. Stage 2 CKD - GFR > 60-89 – Signs of abnormal kidney function. The patient should consider changing diets and lifestyle and may need medication to prevent further damage. Stage 3 CKD - GFR > 30-59 – Signs of CKD. The patient will require a special diet designed to preserve kidney function. Medication is also prescribed and working with a registered renal dietitian will be necessary. Stage 4 CKD - GFR > 15-29 – Severe CKD. The patient will be needing to prepare for dialysis or a kidney transplant. Stage 5 CKD - GFR < 15 – Kidney Failure and considered at the end stage renal disease (ESRD). At this stage, the patient requires immediate medical attention and will need dialysis or kidney transplant to live. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What tests can detect CKD? [/INST] The lab work to test CKD includes blood pressure analysis, serum creatinine levels, and urine albumin. Your nephrologist may order a more detailed test based on your condition. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What medications can I take if I have CKD? [/INST] Patients with CKD should avoid NSAIDS (Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), IV dyes, certain enemas, laxatives, and herbal products. Patients should consult their renal physicians before starting any new over the counter medicines. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What happens if my kidneys fail? [/INST] The damage in the kidneys are unrepairable. Kidney failure will lead to a condition called uremia, which is where the body fills with extra water and waste products. The body begins to swell, and you will feel fatigue and feeble. If left untreated, the patient will lead to seizures or coma, and eventually death. The patient will require dialysis or a kidney transplant in order to remain alive. Patients will have the right to refuse or withdraw from treatment. Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What are Renal Physicians? [/INST] A Renal Physician or Nephrologist is a doctor who specializes in kidneys. A renal physician will diagnose and care for patients with kidney diseases Source: THE NEPHROLOGY GROUP. Link: https://www.thenephrologygroupinc.com/Career/FAQs. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How does dialysis feel? [/INST] At the beginning, needles may cause a pinch of pain going in, but the pain should stop after that. Dialysis itself shouldn’t be painful. However, because the effects of kidney dialysis vary from one person to another, uncomfortable side effects such as nausea, vomiting, itchiness and muscle cramps may occur. If this happens, kindly inform your healthcare team. This is your first dialysis session and adjustments may have to be made with your treatment plan to relieve your discomfort and ensure that an optimal treatment is delivered to you. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How long does a dialysis session take? [/INST] Each treatment takes about 4 to 5 hours and is carried out thrice a week on alternate days. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Do I need to get into a special diet? [/INST] Yes, but this doesn’t mean that you can’t have delicious food anymore. Rather, you will have to be careful with your nutrient intake. Dialysis diet varies depending on the condition of your kidneys and the modality of your kidney dialysis treatment. Your healthcare team will work with you on this and let you know what specific diet program you should follow. To give you a general idea, dialysis diets usually focus on controlling specific nutrients such as sodium, protein, potassium, and phosphorus, as they affect the overall effectiveness of your treatment and well being. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Can I still travel while I’m on dialysis? [/INST] Yes, most patients are able to travel safely while undergoing treatment. As a matter of fact, going on a quick getaway and getting a much-needed vacation is a great motivator. Before packing your bags, you will have to make arrangements with a dialysis centre with regards to your travel destination. To ensure that you will still be able to continue receiving adequate kidney dialysis, your healthcare team will assist you with the arrangements. You will also have to check with your team first if you are stable enough to travel. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Should I quit exercising once I start with my dialysis? [/INST] No, don’t quit exercising. You are encouraged to get up and exercise. Keeping yourself active will make you feel stronger, increase your endurance, and keep fatigue at bay. Patients who suffer from sleep deprivation during treatments say that doing some exercise help them get a good night’s sleep and are more able to cope with their treatments. Again, check with your healthcare team on which type of exercise is best suited for you. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Can I get pregnant while on dialysis? [/INST] As conditions vary from one woman to another, the answer depends. Circumstances are complex when kidney disease is added to the picture. You and your partner have to decide on the risk you’re willing to take. It’s best to consult with your doctor as well to ensure you are safe to carry a baby while on kidney dialysis. Source: RENAL TEAM. Link: https://renalteam.org/en/patient-education/kidney-dialysis-faqs/. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is the status of the bioartificial kidney? [/INST] The implantable bioartificial kidney is under development, and we have not begun clinical trials. We have shown that the main functional components of the device (the hemofilter and the bioreactor) work together as intended in animals using small-scale prototypes. This gives us confidence that it will work in humans once the device is scaled up with enough capacity. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] When will clinical trials start? [/INST] We estimate that the artificial kidney is about 4-5 years away from being ready for clinical trials from a technical perspective. However, we do not yet have all the funding we need (estimated at USD 10 million) to complete the preclinical development, so this timeline could be slower. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>