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<s>[INST] When will the bioartificial kidney be available for patients? [/INST] The artificial kidney must undergo multiple rounds of clinical trials before it is approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for widespread use. Our goal is to have a device commercially available by the end of the decade (2030), but again this depends on our funding situation, and it is possible that unanticipated technical challenges could slow us down. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Will the artificial kidney be available internationally? Or will international patients have to go to the United States for the procedure? [/INST] Once the artificial kidney is approved by the FDA, we will work with international regulatory agencies to make the device available around the world. International approvals will likely be a couple of years behind U.S. approval. It is possible that international patients may be able to travel to the U.S. for the procedure in the meantime, depending on their situation. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] I am waiting for the implantable bioartificial kidney, but my doctor is recommending that I start dialysis and get on the kidney transplant list. What should I do? [/INST] You should always heed the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider. The implantable bioartificial kidney is still under development and is not yet available for patients. Please do not delay any recommended treatments. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Will patients with any kind of kidney disease be eligible for the implantable bioartificial kidney? [/INST] We cannot say definitively, but we expect that in any case where a kidney transplant is needed, our device will be an option. However, individual situations differ, and future eligibility will always be determined by your health care provider. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How much will this device cost? Will it be covered by insurance? [/INST] The cost of the artificial kidney will depend on the business and economic climate at the time the device is released on the market. We expect that the device will cost no more than a transplant. We will apply for insurance coverage by both Medicare and commercial insurers once the device is in clinical trials. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How does the artificial kidney work? How big is it? [/INST] The implantable bioartificial kidney is about the size of a coffee cup and consists of two main components that work together to get rid of wastes. First, the hemofilter, or blood filter, processes incoming blood to create “ultrafiltrate” that contains dissolved toxins, sugars, and salts. Second, a bioreactor containing kidney cells processes the ultrafiltrate and concentrates it into “urine,” which is directed to the bladder. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Will the artificial kidney work as well as a human kidney? [/INST] The artificial kidney is designed to work like the natural kidney, filtering the blood and maintaining the body's fluid balance so that dialysis is not necessary. The first versions of the device will not provide as much kidney function as a transplant or a healthy natural kidney, but enough to keep patients off dialysis. Device performance will improve in later versions with advances in technology. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What is the surgery like to implant the device? [/INST] The implantation procedure will be similar to kidney transplant surgery and will require a hospital stay and general anesthesia. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How long will the device last after implantation? Will it have to be replaced? [/INST] The device is meant to be permanent. Current testing and research suggest that the device could operate for many years without failure. If failures occur, the replacement of the filter and/or cells could be done through minimally invasive surgery. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] How will the filter be cleaned? [/INST] The filter will not require cleaning or replacement. A thin biocompatible coating is applied to the filter membrane to help prevent clogging and blood clots. The constant flowing of blood over the coated filter surface also helps keep the membrane free of debris. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Will patients still have to take immunosuppressive drugs or blood thinners after implantation? Will there be a risk of blood clots? [/INST] No. The pores in the membranes used in the artificial kidney are smaller than the size of immune cells and antibodies. As such, the kidney cells in the bioreactor stay isolated from the patient’s immune system. We also do not expect that patients will need to take blood thinning medications like warfarin. The coatings and geometry of the device are designed to prevent formation of blood clots. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Will patients still need Erythropoietin (EPO) injections? [/INST] Yes. The type of kidney cell in the bioreactor is different than the cells that secrete erythropoietin, so patients will still need supplemental EPO. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What kind of GFR value would you expect to see with the artificial kidney? [/INST] We are targeting a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 20-30 ml/min with the first version of the artificial kidney. We expect that future versions of the device will provide a higher GFR. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] Can you still get this device if you still have some level of kidney function, or is this only for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)? [/INST] This device is intended for patients with ESKD, defined as a GFR of 15 ml/min or less. It is possible that eligibility could eventually be broadened to patients not yet in renal failure. Source: UC San Francisco. Link: https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney/device/faq. Field: Nephrology. Disease: Kidney Disease </s>

<s>[INST] What should I do if I think someone is having a stroke? [/INST] A stroke should be treated as a medical emergency, similar to a heart attack. It is very important to remain calm but to react quickly if someone you're with seems to be having a stroke. The longer you wait, the more likely that further damage to the brain will occur. You should immediately call 9-1-1 or an emergency service. Even if the person appears to "recover" do not hesitate to call for help. Brain damage can continue to occur for several hours after an attack, so the earlier the stroke victim receives treatment, the better. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What causes a stroke? [/INST] Strokes sometimes are called brain attacks because they often occur suddenly and result in loss of blood flow to the brain or bleeding into the brain that causes cells to die. Because injury that cell death causes to the brain progresses over time, it is vital to seek help immediately if someone you know is having a stroke. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Are there different types of stroke? [/INST] There are two major kinds of stroke. An ischemic stroke is one that is caused by an artery or blood vessel that is blocked. Approximately 80% of strokes are ischemic. Making up the other 20% are hemorrhagic strokes, which occur when a blood vessel or artery bursts and leaks into the brain. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Are some people more at risk than others? [/INST] The risk of stroke increases with age, with people age 70 and older at the greatest risk. People of all ages, however, can have a stroke. Men are at a slightly greater risk for stroke than women, but because women in the United States live longer on average than men, there are more female stroke survivors. Women tend to have strokes at earlier ages than men (in their 40s and 50s) and are more likely to die from a stroke. Strokes are the 2nd leading cause of death among women. African-Americans are three to five times more likely to have a stroke, and people with diabetes and heart disease also have a greater risk. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Am I at risk for a stroke? [/INST] While hereditary factors play a role in the risk of stroke, there are many things you can do to help reduce your risk. Smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure all can greatly increase your risk for a stroke. Risk for stroke provides one more compelling reason to quit smoking. In addition, diet and exercise can help control cholesterol, which is another risk factor for stroke. And, proper medication management can help control diabetes, and high blood pressure. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of a stroke? [/INST] Before any of the symptoms (listed below) occur, there may be a sudden onset of the "worst headache of your life." The following symptoms of stroke can occur together, or only one or two symptoms may occur: Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg on one side of the body. Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding. Sudden difficulty seeing or loss of vision. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or imbalance. These symptoms may be mild or severe in nature and may be temporary or permanent. If they are temporary (i.e., typically lasting 5-15 minutes), the episodes are referred to as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). TIAs are important warning signs of a possible impending stroke and require urgent evaluation. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Do victims of a stroke ever return to normal after suffering a stroke? [/INST] The extent of recovery varies. A stroke kills brain cells. The extent of the brain damage and the size of the stroke are directly related to the extent of the impairments. People who suffer a minor stroke may have only slight impairments, such as a weak arm or leg. A massive stroke, however, can cause a person to lose the ability to read, write, or speak. It also can cause paralysis. Fortunately, with rehabilitation therapy, about 25% of victims recover with slight impairments and an additional 10% recover almost completely. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What kind of treatment is available for stroke victims? [/INST] The type of treatment provided depends on the type and severity of the stroke. If the victim has suffered an ischemic stroke, immediate therapies may include clot-busting medications, surgery, and/or interventional neuroradiology. If the victim has suffered a hemorrhagic stroke, immediate therapies may include medications and/or surgery. REMEMBER: The sooner the victim receives treatment, the better his or her chances are of survival and recovery. Source: EMORY HEALTH CARE. Link: https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/centers-programs/brain-health-center/treatments/stroke-faqs#:~:text=Am%20I%20at%20risk%20for,compelling%20reason%20to%20quit%20smoking.. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is stroke? [/INST] Stroke (also known as cerebrovascular disease) occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts. When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood and oxygen it needs, so it starts to die. The extent and location of the brain cell damage determines the severity of the stroke, which can range from minimal to catastrophic. Because different areas of the brain control different functions, the specific effects of a particular stroke depend on which area of the brain is injured. A small stroke in a critical area of the brain can be permanently disabling. Because brain cells do not regenerate, damage to the nerve cells is permanent. Millions of brain cells die each minute a stroke is untreated. Ruptured blood vessels cause hemorrhagic or bleeding strokes. Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the types of stroke? [/INST] There are two types of stroke caused by an isolated blood vessel that hampers blood flow to the brain: Where the vessel gets clogged within – Ischemic Stroke Where the vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak into the brain – Haemorrhagic Stroke Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How common is stroke? [/INST] There are 6 new cases of stroke that occur every hour in Malaysia. Approximately 52,000 Malaysians suffer from strokes annually Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the effects of stroke? [/INST] The brain is an extremely complex organ that controls various body functions. If a stroke occurs and blood flow cannot reach the region that controls a particular body function, that part of the body won’t work as it should. If the stroke occurs toward the back of the brain, for instance, it’s likely that some disability involving vision will result. The effects of a stroke depend primarily on the location of the obstruction and the extent of brain tissue affected. The effects of a stroke depend on several factors, including the location of the obstruction and how much brain tissue is affected. However, because one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body, a stroke affecting one side will result in neurological complications on the side of the body it affects. Left Brain If the stroke occurs in the left side of the brain, the right side of the body will be affected, producing some or all of the following: Paralysis on the right side of the body Speech/language problems Individual’s behaviour is slow and cautious Memory loss Right Brain If the stroke occurs in the right side of the brain, the left side of the body will be affected, producing some or all of the following: Paralysis on the left side of the body Vision problems Individual’s behaviour is quick and overly curious Memory loss Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Are you at risk of stroke? [/INST] Your Age The largest number of people who have strokes are aged over 55 and the risk increases as you get older. This is because our arteries naturally become narrower and harder as we get older. Medical conditions Certain medical conditions can increase your risk of stroke. These include: High blood pressure Diabetes Atrial fibrillation High cholesterol An important way to reduce your risk of stroke is to find out if you have any of these conditions and work with your doctor to manage them. Lifestyle Factors The way we live has a big impact on our risk of stroke. Things like smoking, drinking too much alcohol, being overweight and eating unhealthy foods can damage your blood vessels, increase your blood pressure and make your blood more likely to clot. There are lots of simple changes you can make to your lifestyle that can reduce your risk of stroke. Family History If a close relative (parent, grandparent, brother or sister) has had a stroke, your risk is likely to be higher. Your Ethnicity If you are of South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Nepalase, Sri Lankan) origins, or from an African or Caribbean background, you are at a higher risk of stroke than other people in the UK. People in these groups can be more likely to have conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure which can raise your stroke risk. Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How to treat a patient with acute stroke? [/INST] If you have ischaemic stroke, you may be treated with a clot-dissolving medicine. The earlier the treatment, the better the outcome. An endovascular procedure or mechanical thrombectomy is another option to remove a clot in eligible patients with a large vessel occlusion. In this procedure, doctors use a wire-cage device called a stent retriever. They thread a catheter through an artery in the groin up to the blocked artery in the brain. The stent opens and grabs the clot. Special suction tubes may also remove the clot. The procedure: Should be done within six hours of onset of acute stroke symptoms Can benefit patients under certain conditions if done even within 24 hours of onset Should include clot-dissolving medicine in eligible patients Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How to reduce your risk of a stroke? [/INST] a) Cut down on alcohol Regularly drinking too much alcohol raises your risk of a stroke. In the UK, the government advises that to keep health risks low, it’s best to drink no more than 14 units a week, and to spread the units over the week. The limit is the same for men and women. b) Stop smoking Smoking doubles your risk of dying from a stroke. But the minute you quit, your risk of a stroke starts to drop right away. Stopping smoking could be one of the best things you ever do for your health, and there is lots of help available. c) Reduce your waist size Being overweight makes you over 20% more likely to have a stroke, and your risk goes up with your weight. Being obese puts your risk of a stroke up by 64%. Extra weight affects your body in many ways, such as raising the risk of high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes, which are both linked to stroke. If your waist is larger than 94cm (37 inches) in men, or 80cm (31.5 inches) in women you could be overweight. BMI, or body mass index, shows whether you are the right weight for your height. Your BMI should be below 25, although people from African/Caribbean and South Asian ethnic groups should aim for a lower BMI of 23. This is because people in these groups are more likely to have conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. If you are advised to lose some weight or you want to make some healthy lifestyle changes, you don’t have to do it alone. There are some great resources online such as NHS One You and apps for stopping smoking. Your local pharmacist may be able to help. Your family and friends could give support by encouraging you, or joining in with your healthy eating and exercise plans. d) Eat healthily Reduce salt Reduce sugar Eat less fat Boost your fibre Balance your die e) Be as active as you can Being physically active can help to reduce your risk of a stroke. Moving around can also help your emotional wellbeing by releasing chemicals into your brain that make you feel better. If you are able to increase your levels of physical activity, it can make a difference to your health and wellbeing. For some people, staying active could mean walking around the room, and for others it means joining a fitness class or doing some gardening. Source: MALAYSIA STROKE COUNCIL . Link: https://www.strokecouncil.org/stroke-faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is a stroke or brain attack? [/INST] A stroke, recently termed “brain attack,” occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is interrupted. This interruption of the blood supply interferes with the normal functioning of brain cells in that area. Cessation of normal functioning of brain cells results in symptoms such as arm and/or leg weakness, disturbed speech or comprehension of spoken speech, numbness, visual disturbance or other symptoms. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is a transient ischemic attack? [/INST] Also known as a TIA, this is a brain attack for which the symptom(s) last fewer than 24 hours. Transient – meaning temporary Ischemic – meaning inadequate blood supply Attack – due to sudden onset Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is “CVA”? [/INST] If the symptoms of the brain attack last longer than 24 hours, it is called a “stroke” or “cerebrovascular accident” (CVA). Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What interferes with blood supply in arteries? [/INST] The most common cause of stroke is a disease/disorder of an artery. Healthy arteries are smooth and elastic and efficiently carry oxygen and nourishment to brain cells, as well as to the rest of the body. Disorders of arteries include: Atherosclerosis: a build-up of plaque within an artery, and Aneurysm: a weak spot in an artery which may burst, which is called a hemorrhage A disorder of the heart, such as abnormal heart rhythm, atrial fibrillation or disease of heart valves may send blood clots into the bloodstream, which may lodge in arteries of the brain, causing a blockage of the blood supply to brain cells. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How do I know if I’m having a stroke? [/INST] If you experience any sudden changes to your physical ability or mental status, you should seek help immediately because you might be having a stroke. Strokes can present in many different ways but there are a few common signs. A good way to remember the signs of stroke is to think “F.A.S.T” F – Face drooping to one side or is numb A – Arm weakness or numbness on one side S – Speech difficulty, sudden slurred speech or inability to talk T – Time is vital; call 911 immediately Other signs or symptoms you may experience are a sudden numbness or weakness of the leg, sudden confusion, sudden vision changes in one or both eyes, sudden trouble walking, loss of balance, dizziness, and/or a sudden severe headache with no known cause. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What do I do if I think I’m having a stroke? [/INST] It is imperative that you call 9-1-1 immediately. “Time is brain” and every second that passes causes more brain injury. Studies have been done that show that after 12 minutes without treatment a pea-sized piece of brain tissue dies. It is also important that you remember and record the time the stroke symptoms started. The time of symptom onset will be an important piece of information that will affect your treatment options once you are in the hospital. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How can I prevent stroke? [/INST] Prevention is the most effective treatment for stroke, that is, prevention of the event or prevention of extension of brain damage following stroke. The most meaningful efforts in prevention of stroke are up to us. These include controlling high blood pressure (hypertension), cessation of smoking, maintaining low cholesterol levels and normal weight, regular physical activity and treatment of heart disorders. Most recent efforts in treatment after the stroke have occurred in a “clot-busting” drug treatment now being offered in many medical centers. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the effects of stroke? [/INST] Signs and symptoms of stroke are dependent on the area of the brain involved in the stroke. Strokes may affect a broad spectrum of life, including physical capacities, vision, communication abilities such as speaking, comprehending, reading and written language, calculation, information processing, social sensitivity, vocations and earning power. A stroke usually results in the following: Health concerns Changes in relationships Other social changes Upset of one’s self-esteem Change or loss of employment Other psychological challenges affecting the well-being of the person surviving the stroke, as well as those close to the stroke survivor Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] If I had a stroke will I have another one? [/INST] There is no sure way to know if you are going to have another stroke. However, it has been shown that once you’ve had one stroke you are at an increased risk to have another one. The best way to decrease your chances of having more strokes is to manage your risk factors and consult with your doctor. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are my risk factors for stroke? [/INST] There are a number of risk factors that cannot be changed or prevented; these factors are called non-modifiable. These non-modifiable risk factors include age, family history, race, gender, and prior history of stroke or TIA. The risk factors that can be changed, treated or controlled are called modifiable risk factors. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, poor/unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes, artery disease, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease and other heart diseases. Knowing your risk factors will help you plan ways to control and decrease your modifiable risk factors. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Is there life after stroke? [/INST] We have found that the more one learns about the stroke, the better one understands the stroke. The better one understands the stroke, the better one can cope with the changes it brings. The better one is at coping, the better one’s well-being. And YES, there is life after stroke. Source: STROKE SUPPORT ASSOCIATION. Link: https://strokesupportassoc.org/about-stroke/faq/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] HOW DO YOU KNOW IF SOMEONE IS HAVING A STROKE? [/INST] The initial symptoms can vary from person to person; but there are three common warning signs of stroke. The acronym F.A.S.T. was developed to help people remember these symptoms: Face – In particular a facial droop. Can the person smile properly? Does one side of their mouth or one eye seem droopy? Arms – Can they raise both arms in front of them? Does one arm drift downward if they try? Is one arm weak or numb? Speech – Is their speech slurred? Time – If you or someone around you is suffering from any of the above symptoms you need to seek immediate medical assistance. It’s time to call 999 and report a suspected stroke. Other symptoms/early warning signs of stroke in adults can include:- A severe headache which comes on suddenly Blurred vision / sudden loss of vision Dizziness Confusion Difficulty swallowing Balance and co-ordination problems Difficulty understanding and communicating with others Paralysis of one side of the body In children and babies some warning signs of stroke are the same as those seen in adults, but these may present differently and so it is important to aware of these, especially for babies and toddlers who are unable to communicate the difficulties they are experiencing. Stroke symptoms to look out for in infants and children include: Limb weakness, which may present as difficulty standing or walking (particularly on one side or stopping using a particular limb) Drowsiness Difficulty swallowing Increased dribbling Severe headache Behavioural changes Seizures Collapse Difficulty focusing eyes Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT IS A MINI STROKE? [/INST] A Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) is a condition which is related to stroke which occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted temporarily. This condition is more commonly known as a “Mini Stroke”. The symptoms of a TIA are the same as those of a stroke, however they tend to only last a few minutes to a few hours. Although the symptoms pass TIAs should still be treated as a medical emergency as they often indicate that you are at significant risk of suffering from a full stroke in the near future. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A STROKE AND NOT REALISE IT? [/INST] In short, yes. It is possible to have what is known as a ‘Silent Stroke’, which is a stroke that you are either completely unaware of or have no memory of. Like ischaemic strokes, a silent stroke happens when the blood supply to part of your brain is cut off, however the typical warning signs of stroke (such as FAST) are not noticeable as the part of the brain which the stroke has disrupted the blood supply to is one which does not control motor functions (such as speech or movement); meaning there are no visible symptoms. Because of this it is possible you can have a stroke and not be aware of it. The most common way people discover they have suffered a silent stroke is by having an MRI or CT Scan for another condition. This could potentially be years after the event. Unfortunately however, not being aware that you have had a stroke does not mean brain damage has not been caused. You may begin to suffer from cognitive symptoms such as memory loss, balance problems, frequent falls, mood swings, personality changes, laughing or crying at inappropriate times, bladder and/or bowel incontinence or difficulty with decision making. Research has also confirmed that suffering from multiple silent strokes puts a person at a significantly increased risk of developing vascular dementia. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] HOW COMMON IS IT TO HAVE A STROKE? [/INST] Stroke is the most common non-traumatic cause of acquired brain injury. Around 100,000 people a year suffer from a stroke in the UK alone – that’s around one every five minutes; and in 2019 the World Health Organisation listed Stroke as the second highest single cause of death worldwide. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] WHO IS AT RISK OF HAVING A STROKE? [/INST] Ischaemic strokes, which are the most common kind, are caused by a blood clot blocking the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. Whilst anyone can get a blood clot they are most likely to form in “clogged “arteries which have been narrowed over time by fat deposits. Arteries do naturally narrow as we age (which is why strokes are most common in older people) but the narrowing process can be sped up by certain things such as; diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure), obesity and excessive alcohol consumption. Another cause of stroke is Atrial Fibrillation (AF), which is a condition which causes an irregular heartbeat. AF can cause blood clots to form in the heart which then travel to the brain causing a stroke. It is a common misconception however that it is only older people who are at risk of stroke. Whilst it is true that majority of strokes occur in over 65s, anyone can be affected – from fit and healthy young adults, to children and even babies still in the womb. Research has shown that in recent years more and more younger people are being affected by stroke, with 25% of strokes now occurring in under 65s and with stroke being in the top ten causes of childhood death. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] IS IT POSSIBLE TO PREVENT A STROKE? [/INST] There are some lifestyle changes which can be made or pre-existing conditions which can be managed to help reduce your risk of suffering a stroke. These include; maintaining a healthy weight, stopping smoking, reducing your alcohol intake, and proper management and monitoring of ongoing conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] HOW IS A STROKE DIAGNOSED? [/INST] When a patient suspected of having a stroke arrives at the hospital, brain scans (typically either a CT scan or an MRI) will be taken in order to determine whether the stroke is an ischaemic stroke (caused by a blockage) or a haemorrhagic stroke (caused by a burst blood vessel). The scan will also help the doctors to establish how severe the stroke is and which area(s) of the brain have been affected. Given the urgency of the situation the hospital will aim to ensure the scan is carried out within an hour of the patient arriving. Other investigations such as blood pressure checks and blood tests will also likely be carried out. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF A STROKE? [/INST] The impact of stroke can be devastating. Whilst some stroke survivors do make a good recovery, relatively quickly, many require significant long-term support. Stroke can cause a number of both physical and cognitive symptoms including:- Paralysis Muscle weakness Communication difficulties, including the loss of the ability to speak Praxis (a reduced ability to carry out physical activities / movements) Difficulty swallowing Altered vision Loss of bladder and/or bowel control Loss of sexual function Memory loss Reduced executive function (such as the ability to problem solve, plan and reason) Along with the physical and cognitive symptoms caused by the stroke many survivors also experience a significant psychological impact, most commonly experiencing symptoms anxiety and depression. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] WHAT HELP IS AVAILABLE TO HELP ASSIST WITH STROKE RECOVERY? [/INST] Following a stroke an often-lengthy rehabilitation process begins to try to help survivors regain as much of their independence as possible. This support begins in the hospital and is continued in local clinics or at home. The rehabilitation process varies from person to person and is dependent on the severity of the stroke and the symptoms they experience. Often survivors will work with a team of specialists, dependent on their individual needs to help them to achieve the best recovery possible. These may include speech and language therapists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychologists. Source: ENABLE LAW . Link: https://www.enablelaw.com/news/expert-opinion/10-frequently-asked-questions-about-strokes/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What happens during a stroke? [/INST] During a stroke 32,000 neurons die per second. Blood clots stop the flow of blood to the brain and without oxygen and nutrients from blood, brain tissue starts to die within minutes – resulting in a sudden loss of function. Source: LOWELL GENERAL HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.lowellgeneral.org/care-and-services/emergency-services/resources-and-education/frequently-asked-questions-about-stroke. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the two types of stroke? [/INST] There are two types of stroke – ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are caused by a blockage of an artery from a blood clot or plaque. They can form elsewhere in the body, break free and travel to the brain (embolic strokes), or they can form in the arteries of the brain from a clot or plaque build-up (thrombotic strokes). About 88% of all strokes are ischemic. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by a burst blood vessel. They can occur inside the brain (intracerebral) or outside the brain (subarachnoid) in the space under the arachnoid membrane. An aneurysm is a weakened area on an artery wall that can burst or can slowly leak blood into or outside of the brain. Source: LOWELL GENERAL HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.lowellgeneral.org/care-and-services/emergency-services/resources-and-education/frequently-asked-questions-about-stroke. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the signs of stroke? [/INST] Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body Sudden confusion, sudden change in mental status, trouble speaking or understanding Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Sudden, severe headache with no known cause Source: LOWELL GENERAL HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.lowellgeneral.org/care-and-services/emergency-services/resources-and-education/frequently-asked-questions-about-stroke. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What should you do if you suspect stroke? [/INST] Act FAST. Face – Ask the person to smile. Does is droop on one side? Arm – Ask the person to close their eyes and hold out their arms, palms up. Does one arm drift down or are they unable to lift one arm? Speech – Is their speech slurred or are they having difficulty finding words or not making sense? Time – Time lost – brain lost. The brain ages 3.6 years each hour without treatment during an ischemic stroke. Act FAST. Source: LOWELL GENERAL HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.lowellgeneral.org/care-and-services/emergency-services/resources-and-education/frequently-asked-questions-about-stroke. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Who is at risk for stroke? [/INST] Patients over the age of 55 Family History African Americans High Blood pressure (leading cause) High Cholesterol Diabetes Atrial Fib Smoking Source: LOWELL GENERAL HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.lowellgeneral.org/care-and-services/emergency-services/resources-and-education/frequently-asked-questions-about-stroke. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is a stroke? [/INST] Stroke is restricted or interrupted blood supply to the brain. Stroke can occur when blood vessels within the brain get blocked or rupture. Lack of oxygen supply to the brain kills brain cells. Strokes can be fatal and in some cases, a person may enter the state of coma immediately after a severe stroke. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#1. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are different types of strokes? [/INST] There are three different types of strokes- Ischemic stroke Transient ischemic attack Hemorrhagic stroke Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#2. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is Ischemic stroke? [/INST] Ischemic stroke occurs when blood vessel within the brain gets blocked Hence, blood flow to brain is obstructed This blockage is caused because of fat deposits in the inner lining of blood vessel walls Condition wherein blood vessel gets blocked because of fat deposits in it is called atherosclerosis These fatty deposits can cause two types of blockages- cerebral thrombosis and cerebral embolism In cerebral thrombosis, there is a blood clot (thrombosis) in cerebral sinus region of the brain Cerebral embolism is blockage (fat, air and plaque) in blood vessel of the circulatory system. This blockage obstructs blood supply to the brain. It is most commonly occurring type of stroke amongst the three types of strokes Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#3. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is transient Ischemic attack? [/INST] Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a temporary stroke caused because of transient (temporary ) blockage in the blood vessels Some of the clots dissolve on their own while some don't. Scientists don't know the precise reason behind this. Generally, clots that exist for longer period of time, do not dissolve easily. It is commonly referred as mini stroke Average time period of TIA is one minute, while some of them last for over three-five minutes This stroke serves as warning and one must take it very seriously TIA does not cause permanent injury to the brain Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#4. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is hemorrhagic stroke? [/INST] Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when weak blood vessel ruptures This causes blood to leak in surrounding areas and compresses other blood vessels and tissues Aneurysm is a condition in which weakened part of the blood vessel is swollen or ballooned. If it is left untreated, it can get weaker and ultimately burst out causing bleeding in brain. Cluster of abnormally developed blood vessels leads to the condition of Arteriovenous malformation. Any of these blood vessels can burst causing bleeding in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are of two types- Intra-cerebral and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening type of stroke caused by bleeding of brain tissue Sub-arachnoid condition occurs in fetus and may cause miscarriage depending upon mother's age and fetus' gestation age Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#5. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is atherosclerosis? [/INST] Arteries are blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood from heart to different parts of body Arteries further divide into capillaries that reach out to each and every cell of the bodyHere, nutrients and oxygen from the blood are supplied to the cell and waste materials from the cell are exchanged into the blood. Blood now becomes impure and de-oxygenated Capillaries join together to form vein-lets and vein-lets combine further into veins Veins carry de-oxygenated blood or blood that is deprived of oxygen from different parts of the body to the heart for purification When plaque builds up in the arteries, it interrupts blood flow to organs. This condition is called atherosclerosis. Plaque consists of cholesterol, fats, calcium and other substances found in blood. Atherosclerosis can result in stroke and other fatal disorders Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#6. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of stroke? [/INST] If any of the symptoms mentioned below are consistent for even short period of time, it is best to consult with doctor for diagnosis. Some common symptoms of stroke are enlisted here: Severe headache along with vomiting or altered consciousness Vision trouble Difficulty in speaking and understanding Trouble with activities related to co-ordination like walking, reading etc. Depression Numbness in face, arms or in one side of the body Weakness Paralysis Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#7. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Ischemic stroke? [/INST] Intense headache Numbness on one side of body Vision loss in one or both eyes Trouble in speaking and understanding Dizziness Decrease in consciousness level Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#8. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How is Ischemic stroke diagnosed? [/INST] Ischemic stroke can be diagnosed by using various techniques such as CT Scan, MRI etc. CT scan: X-ray pictures of skull and brain are taken using Computed Tomography (CT) Scan machine. Patient is made to lie on a table that slides down into a tunnel-like device. The inside of this machine rotates and takes several X-ray pictures of brain from different angles. This enables the doctor to detect the presence blockages or clot inside the brain. MRI Scan: Unlike CT Scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technique does not use X-rays for imaging purposes. It makes use of radio waves and magnetic field to get accurate pictures of brain anatomy. It is highly effective in taking soft issue images and can show minute differences between similar areas. Patient is made to lie on a table and slided into the opening of MRI machine. The images assist doctors in identifying clots, blockages and tumors. Cerebral Angiogram: A thin, flexible tube called as catheter is inserted into groin through a small incision. It is further glided up to vertebral artery. A dye is injected into blood vessels for better view of arteries under X-ray imaging. Carotid Ultrasound: Carotid ultrasound test helps in identifying plaque build up and flow of blood in carotid arteries. It uses sound waves. Doctors may ask to do either single test or combination of tests for better analysis and interpretation. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#9. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack? [/INST] Transient Ischemic Attack lasts for a very short duration and symptoms generally vanish within an hour. Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack are enlisted here: Facial paralysis or feeling of numbness in one side of body Double vision or loss of vision in either of the eyes Dizziness Loss of concentration and co-ordination Difficulty in speaking Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#10. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How is Transient Ischemic Attack diagnosed? [/INST] Since Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a short-lived stroke, doctors generally diagnose it by asking more about the event, family history, rather than neurological examination. However, some doctors may recommend you to undergo certain tests like CT Scan, MRI Scan etc. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#11. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Hemorrhagic stroke? [/INST] Hemorrhagic stroke is a type of stroke in which blood vessel ruptures. This causes blood to leak in the organ, thereby compressing other blood vessels and affecting blood pressure. Since it can be a fatal kind of stroke, symptoms or early signs should be taken seriously and must not be ignored. Few symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke are enlisted here: Sudden and severe headache Loss of consciousness Vomiting Nausea Weakness Numb feeling on one side of body Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#12. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the diagnostic tests for hemorrhagic stroke? [/INST] Hemorrhagic stroke is caused due to rupture of blood vessel in brain. It also includes some common tests like MRI Scan, CT Scan etc. However, doctors may suggest some other diagnostic tests to detect hemorrhagic stroke. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#13. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Is stroke genetic? [/INST] Many studies have revealed that people with family history of stroke, are at higher chances of suffering from brain stroke. This applies not only to stroke, but also to other diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer etc. So if you suffer from any of symptoms of stroke, you must not delay your appointment with doctor. It is always better to get diagnosed by doctor early, than to regret later. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#14. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the causes of stroke? [/INST] Stroke occurs when supply of blood (oxygen supply) is restricted or when a weak blood vessel tears out. Lifestyle, genetics and other factors have influence on our overall well-being and health. Alterations in healthy lifestyle may increase chances of stroke. People who live sedentary lifestyle may also suffer stroke Alcohol and smoking are two demons that gradually kill you. Over consumption of alcohol has hazardous effect on bloodstream. People have reportedly been told to quit smoking as it poses serious threat to health. It not only sows a seed of stroke, but also a bunch of other diseases. High blood pressure is another cause of stroke. As the name suggests, more pressure is build up against walls of blood vessels that make weak blood vessel to rupture. This causes hemorrhage. Obesity leads to accumulation of fat deposits in blood stream that can block passages of blood vessels. Diabetes Genes too can be blamed for stroke. If any of your family member or close relative has had history of stroke, then you might as well suffer from stroke. So take precautions from beginning. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#15. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Who are most likely to have stroke? [/INST] There are certain factors attributed to risk of stroke. The more risk factors you develop or are living with, more are the chances of stroke. Let us study what factors make you prone to stroke. Genetics: If any of your family member or close relative has suffered from stroke, then your chances of developing stroke are also increased. High Blood Pressure: People suffering from high blood pressure are at risk of developing stroke. High blood pressure can cause rupture of weak blood vessels that results in condition of hemorrhage. High blood pressure when left untreated may also lead to paralysis. Hence, high blood pressure patients must never ever miss any medication prescribed by their doctor. Smoking: Smoking is one of the leading causes of brain stroke. This habit damages blood vessels and increases blood pressure. Smoking also prohibits oxygen delivery to cells. Lungs of people who smoke are blackish-brown in color due to accumulation of toxic chemicals in it. As a result, lungs are not able to carry out their function with ease. Gender: Women, especially who take birth control pills, are more likely to suffer from stroke. At younger ages, men are more prone to suffer from stroke. Age: Older one gets, higher are chances of brain stroke. Ethnicity and race: African-American, native Alaskan people and American-Indian people are more likely to be diagnosed for stroke. Diabetes Alcohol and drug use is another major cause of brain stroke Depression Obese individuals Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#16. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are the treatments for stroke? [/INST] Treatment for stroke depends on what kind of stroke you suffered from. Aspirin: Aspirin is given as immediate treatment right after stroke to prevent occurrence of another stroke. It also prevents formation of blood clots and helps in thinning of blood. TPA: Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA), also called as alteplase, is administered into body in the form of injection via vein in the arm. It must be injected within four and half hours of stroke symptoms. TPA dissolves clot formations, thereby regulating blood flow. It also helps the patient to recover completely post stroke. Mechanical clot removal: A tiny mechanical device such as catheter (long, thin tube) is used to break up or remove the clot from brain. It is inserted through a small incision made across an artery in groin region to deliver Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) directly into the area where stroke had occurred. TPA then melts the clot to clear blockage allowing blood to flow easily. Carotid endarterectomy: Carotid endarterectomy procedure is effective in reducing Ischemic stroke. Plaque from carotid arteries (arteries that are found on both side of the neck that connect with brain) is removed through this surgical procedure. A small incision is made on front of neck that gives access to carotid arteries. A surgeon then opens up these arteries and removes plaque from it. Artery is then repaired by stitches comprised of a vein section or graft (artificial material). Carotid endarterectomy procedure may not suit people suffering from heart disease or other medical conditions. Surgical blood vessel repair: Ruptured blood vessels as in case of hemorrhage are treated by surgical blood vessel repair procedure. Various surgical procedures such as surgical clipping, intracranial bypass, stereotactic radiosurgery, coiling etc. are implemented to treat ruptured blood vessels. Surgical clipping: A small clamp is placed at the base of aneurysm. Aneurysm is excessive enlargement of artery caused because of weakness in arterial walls. This small clamp prevents flow of blood to aneurysm, thereby preventing it from bursting. It also prevents re-bleeding of aneurysm that has previously been operated upon. Intracranial bypass: Surgical bypass of intracranial blood vessels (blood vessels of brain) is an option to treat poor blood flow to certain region of brain or complex vascular lesions. Stereotactic radiosurgery: Stereotactic radiosurgery is a minimally invasive treatment that implements use of highly focused radiation to treat vascular malformations. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#17. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What are stroke recovery solutions? [/INST] Post stroke treatment, doctor will advise you to go for rehabilitation program. You will be required to stay in the hospital for few days to recover and heal. Rehabilitation treatment counts upon the type of stroke and its intensity. Different types of strokes have different type of rehabilitation procedures. If the stroke has occurred in right side of the brain, your left side gets affected causing speech and language problems. If stroke has harmed left side of brain tissues, movement and sensation on right side of body might get affected. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#18. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What precautions should I take to avoid stroke? [/INST] Practicing healthy habits right from early age can go a long way to avoid stroke. Some of the precautionary measures that you can follow to reduce the risk of stroke are as follows: Eat healthy foods. Incorporate thermogenic or fat burning foods in your diet. Thermogenic foods such as egg whites, chicken, turkey, legumes and beans etc., harness more energy to effectively digest it. As a result, more calories are burned. Exercise should be on your priority list. It will help burn fat and maintain your body-mass index. Get regular health check-ups done Check medical history of your family Quit smoking and keep a check on alcohol consumption Do mental exercises. Mental health is as important as physical health. Try some memory games and keep yourself active. Learning a new language or musical instrument will help as well. If in depression, do not hesitate or feel uncomfortable to consult a psychologist. Talk to your family and friends. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#19. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What lifestyle changes can I make to avoid brain stroke? [/INST] Adopting a healthy lifestyle not only decreases your chances of stroke, but also increases your longevity by keeping you fit and healthy. Here are some lifestyle changes recommendations that will help in keeping stroke at bay: Quit smoking. Yes, you need to quit smoking as it increases stroke chances by two folds. Smoking is anyway not good for your health. It is one of the leading causes of liver cancer. Even passive smoking is hazardous for health. Being physically active decreases fat percentage in body, thereby restricting cholesterol deposits in lining of blood vessels. Exercise improves blood circulation and ensures proper blood flow to organs of body. Seek emotional support whenever necessary. Consult a physiologist to reduce burden of emotional pain. Give attention to your mental health. Reduce stress levels. Life is too beautiful to succumb to pressure and stress levels. Have a feeling of gratitude. Positivity heals stress and releases feel-good hormones. Limit intake of trans fatty acids found in fast foods such as burger, pizza, refined flour or maida, bakery items, fried items etc. Trans fatty acids are hazardous to our health as they increase cholesterol amount in body. Restrict use of salt. Over-consumption of salt can cause high blood pressure, thereby increasing chances of stroke. Take medicines as directed by your physician. If you miss on them, it becomes more complicated to treat stroke. Maintain healthy weight. Your weight should be in proportion to your height. Regular medical check-ups are advised. Early detection will reduce further complications. Blood pressure should be checked on regular basis Eat healthy diet comprising of green leafy vegetables and fruits. Limit intake of red meats. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#20. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Which exercises should I do to avoid stroke? [/INST] Studies have shown that exercises are your best mate to avoid stroke. Cardio and aerobic exercises that make you breathe heavy and sweat profoundly are especially more effective to prevent occurrence of stroke. Exercise cuts down fat deposits in body, thereby avoiding atherosclerosis disorder. Doing yoga on regular basis not only reduces stress, but also chances of stroke. Asanas (yoga positions) like halasana (shoulder stand), shirshasan (head stand) etc., increase the supply of blood to brain by giving brain tissues a good exercise. Please note that it is always better to perform these asanas under guidance of a yoga teacher or practitioner. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#21. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Which exercises to practice post stroke? [/INST] Importance of exercise post stroke should not be under-estimated. Of-course you are not expected to put on your running shoes and start high cardio activity immediately after stroke. It is better to start slowly and eventually increase cardio strength. You can try any cardio activities such as walking, jogging, running, cycling, swimming etc. Walking slowly for at least half an hour everyday in the initial period is more than enough. Please do consult your doctor before you start any cardio exercises. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#22. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What diet plan should I follow to reduce risk of stroke? [/INST] Diet plays an indispensable role in maintaining overall health. It is recommended to consume balanced diet of whole grains, dals and legumes, fish, low-fat dairy products, fruits and vegetables. Eat at least four to five servings of fruits everyday. Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#23. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What diet plan should I follow post stroke? [/INST] Diet goes a long way in keeping body fit and healthy. Here are some tips for stroke patients to follow. Ask your doctor about diet consultation for enhanced benefits. Some stroke patients may experience loss of appetite. For such patients, it is recommended to add more flavors and spices in order to increase palatability quotient of food. Choose colorful foods such as carrots, bell peppers, mushrooms, green leafy vegetables, salmon etc. to make food appear visually appealing Choose foods that are easy and soft to chew Consume diet rich in fruits and vegetables Increase protein rich foods in your diet. Post surgery, there is loss of muscle and tissue. To replenish this loss, it is important to consume protein rich foods like eggs etc. Limit intake of alcohol Eat fiber-rich Foods Source: MEDIFEE. Link: https://www.medifee.com/faq/stroke#24. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is a stroke? [/INST] A severe interruption in the brain, depriving tissue of essential nutrients and oxygen can lead to a serious lack of blood supply, causing a stroke. In a matter of minutes, cells and tissues in the brain begin to die and the risk for permanent brain damage increases dramatically. For this reason, a stroke is considered a medical emergency. Early action and immediate medical attention can help save a life or reduce the risk of serious brain damage and other complications. During a stroke, a person loses the ability to speak and control their own movement, as well as displays a lack of perception. A person has virtually no control over their own bodily or mental functions, and may also lose consciousness. A stroke occurs in one of two main forms – an ischemic stroke (wherein blood flow is blocked by blood clots or narrowed blood vessels in the brain) or a haemorrhagic stroke (wherein a weakened blood vessels bursts or ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain). Both forms of stroke are considered life-threatening with severe consequences. How quickly a person having a stroke is tended to by medical professionals, as well as the severity (i.e. how long blood flow to the brain was disrupted) determines whether damage will likely be temporary or permanent. The sooner warning signs are tended to, the better for avoiding serious damage to the brain or causing severe disability, and the better the chances of recovery. Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Are there different types of strokes? [/INST] The different types of strokes are dependent on the specific cause – is the underlying reason because blood flow has been blocked by blood clots or has a blood vessel ruptured? Ischemic stroke Blood vessels or arteries which supply blood to the brain narrow or experience a blockage. Blood clots can severely reduce blood flow, causing a life-threatening situation within a matter of minutes. The most common types of ischemic strokes are: Thrombotic stroke (a blood clot forms in the arteries): A thrombotic stroke is often caused by plaque or fatty deposits which have accumulated in the arteries and result in a blockage known as atherosclerosis. Embolic stroke: A blood clot, known as an embolus or other form of debris forms elsewhere in the body, such as the heart and when moving through the blood stream causes a blockage to the blood vessels supplying the brain. Transient ischemic attack or TIA: This type of stroke is sometimes referred to as a mini-stroke. Blood flow to the brain becomes blocked for less than 5 minutes. Symptoms as a result of the blockage are temporary and appear to ‘resolve’ within a handful of minutes without a seemingly damaging effect. A TIA is considered a serious form of stroke as well and shouldn’t be taken lightly. In most TIA cases a blood clot is responsible for causing the blockage and serves as a warning for a possible major stroke down the line. It is strongly advisable to seek medical attention for a TIA, as you would for any other major stroke. Arteries may be partially blocked, which places a person at higher risk for a more serious stroke at any stage. A partial blockage can still cause damage to the brain. Haemorrhagic stroke Leaking blood from a ruptured artery in the brain can cause excess pressure in the skull. This pressure can lead to swelling and severe damage to cells and tissue as blood accumulates in the tissues surrounding the brain. Types of haemorrhagic strokes that occur include: Intracerebral stroke: When an artery ruptures, tissue surrounding the brain fills with blood, often as a result of high blood pressure, vascular malformations, use of blood-thinning medications, and trauma. Subarachnoid stroke: Bleeding occurs between the brain and tissues surrounding it and is typically associated with a sudden and intense headache. A small sack-shaped pouch on an artery (an aneurysm) ruptures, causing blood vessels to widen and narrow erratically, which leads to the rupturing of the blood vessels during a subarachnoid haemorrhage stroke. Hypertension (uncontrolled high blood pressure), aneurysms (weak spots in the walls of blood vessels) and overtreatment with anticoagulants (blood thinning substances) are often underlying causes of a haemorrhagic stroke. Less common causes include arteriovenous malformation (a rupturing of a blood vessels which are abnormal or thin-walled), which is often present at birth. Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] The most common signs of a stroke are: [/INST] Confusion or difficulties with thinking and understanding (or comprehending something happening at the time) Slurred speech Difficulty understanding speech Loss of balance or coordination (poor ability to walk) Sudden numbness, body weakness or paralysis (drooping) in the arms, legs or face (particularly on one side of the body) Vision problems in one or both eyes (blurry or blackened vision, and sometimes double vision) Sudden, severe headache (a person having a stroke as a result of rupture and bleeding may experience this and lose consciousness very quickly) Neck stiffness Dizziness (sometimes followed by a complete collapse) Vomiting Hiccups Difficulty swallowing Altered consciousness or loss of consciousness (this can happen quickly or may happen for a brief period of time) Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What places a stroke survivor at greater risk of having another stroke? [/INST] Many risk factors for a stroke are treatable and if caught in time, can prevent this potentially devastating experience from happening. Common risk factors include: Obesity and excess weight Excessive alcohol consumption and binge drinking Physical inactivity Substance abuse – use of illicit drugs such as methamphetamines and cocaine High blood pressure High cholesterol Cardiovascular disease, heart infection, abnormal heart rhythm, heart defects, heart valve defects, enlarged heart chambers and heart failure Smoking (nicotine and tobacco) or exposure to second-hand smoke An unhealthy diet (high in salt, cholesterol, saturated and trans fats) Diabetes Obstructive sleep apnoea Family history of heart attack, TIA or stroke Age – 55 and older Ethnicity (Hispanics, American Indians, Alaska Natives and African-American races are more prone to stroke than other races) Gender (males are at higher risk than females, but women tend to experience stroke more often when older in age and more severely – possibly resulting in death) Sickle cell disease (Sickle cell anaemia) Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What complications can occur as a result of a stroke? [/INST] Complications range from temporary challenges and disabilities to permanent problems. Some other complications can include: Loss of muscle movement and paralysis Difficulties with reading and writing Pain (central stroke pain or central stroke syndrome), numbness and odd sensations in the body Sensitivity to temperature changes Difficulties with sense of touch Vision impairments Anxiety and feelings of grief, sadness or anger Loss of bladder or bowel control Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can stroke be prevented? [/INST] Many risk factors associated with stroke potentially could have been treated or changed as a means of prevention. The best ways to prevent risk factors from reaching a danger point include: Keeping blood pressure and cholesterol levels under control through a balanced and healthy diet, regular exercise (aerobic and cardio), and stress management. Quitting bad habits such as smoking, the use of illicit drugs and excessive alcohol consumption. Maintaining a healthy weight. Controlling diabetes (and other health conditions already diagnosed and being treated). Going for regular medical check-ups to manage overall health Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can a migraine feel just like a stroke? [/INST] A bad headache that progresses to a migraine often has accompanying symptoms of sensitivity to light, smell, sound and touch, as well as nausea and vomiting. Pain can be intense and throbbing, particularly on one or both sides of the head and around the eyes and temples. A migraine is not a pleasant experience. A migraine with aura is the form that can be confused with similar symptoms of stroke, particularly a TIA. ‘Aura’ refers to vision disturbances, such as blind spots, flashing lights and jagged lines, that also affect a person’s senses. Aura typically happens before the pain of the headache, and can sometimes also be accompanied by sensations (or lack of) such as numbness or tingling in the limbs and facial area. Some may even experience a ringing in the ears and find it difficult to speak coherently. Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is a silent stroke and is it different from a TIA? [/INST] It is possible to have a stroke and not even know it. These are often known as ‘silent strokes’. Symptoms may not be as easy to recognise or a person may not even remember feeling anything out of the ordinary. A silent stroke is no less dangerous or life-threatening. Permanent damage to the brain can still happen. Many will have lingering problems with memory and thinking after experiencing stroke. The risk for more severe strokes is higher as well. It is therefore imperative that if a person experiences a silent stroke that they seek immediate medical treatment. Source: MYMED. Link: https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/stroke/stroke-faqs. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How do you identify a stroke? [/INST] The earlier you can recognize that you or a loved one are having a stroke, the better. It’s easy to identify a stroke by remembering the “F.A.S.T.” acronym. F: Face drooping. During a stroke, one side of the face can become numb or droop. This can cause a person’s smile to appear uneven. A: Arm weakness. A stroke will cause weakness in one arm or a feeling of numbness. If you ask a person who is having a stroke to raise both of their arms, one will drift downward. S: Speech difficulty. Someone who is having a stroke will probably not be able to speak properly. Their words will be slurred, or it will be hard to understand them. They often will struggle to repeat a simple sentence. T: Time to call 911. If a friend or loved one is exhibiting any of these symptoms, call 911 and get to a hospital. Don’t hesitate! Even if only some of the symptoms are present, it’s better to be safe than sorry. Be sure to take note of the time that the stroke symptoms started to show, even if they end up going away. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How are strokes treated? [/INST] Whether a stroke is minor or severe, the most important part of the treatment process is to seek help as soon as possible. The more quickly you seek help, the better chance there is of reducing long-term damage. Depending on the type of stroke, treatment can include a variety of therapies, medications, or, in extreme cases, surgery. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Are strokes hereditary? [/INST] It does seem that genetics can play a role in the risk for strokes. Some of the conditions that can lead to stroke have hereditary links, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. If these conditions run in your family, there is a chance that you share those risk factors. Even if these risk factors don’t run in your family, if you have a parent who has suffered a stroke, research has shown that you are more likely to have a stroke yourself. According to a study conducted by Boston University, children of individuals who had strokes before age 65 were two times more likely to have a stroke at some point in their lives and four times more likely of having a stroke by age 65, when compared to study participants whose parents had not experienced a stroke. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can stroke patients recover fully? [/INST] Yes, it is possible to recover completely from a stroke. Of all stroke patients, 10 percent will make a full recovery, while 25 percent will recover with minor impairments. Some patients (40 percent) will require special care due to more severe impairments, and 10 percent of individuals who had a stroke will need a nursing home or long-term care facility. Unfortunately, 15 percent of stroke patients die after their stroke. Strokes have a big impact on the brain and nervous system, and parts of the brain can experience cell damage. Fortunately, the damage is sometimes temporary, and even in cases where the stroke permanently kills brain cells, healthy areas of the brain have been known to take over for the damaged portions. This type of recovery varies from patient to patient and cannot be predicted, but even stroke patients with severe damage sometimes make unexpected recoveries. Rehabilitation and therapy can help the recovery process both physically and mentally. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How long does it take to recover from a stroke? [/INST] Most stroke patients will need some form of rehabilitation, and the recovery timeline varies by the individual. Some stroke patients recover rather quickly, but if the stroke or the related complications were severe, it can take months or years. The rehab process will change over time depending on the particular patient’s needs and progress. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How can stroke patients reduce spasticity? [/INST] Spasticity—the stiffness or tightness of the muscles that often occurs after a stroke—can be treated through therapy or surgery, depending on the severity of the problem. Minor spasticity can be controlled with oral or injectable medications and stretching, while other cases may require orthoses (braces) or casting. Dynamic splints like the SaeboStretch are important to help prevent spasticity. They are designed to relieve pressure on joints and provide a prolonged muscle stretch. Some medical professionals also recommend electrotherapeutics or cryotherapy to reduce spasticity, and in extreme cases, surgery is an option. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Why are stroke survivors so tired after their stroke? [/INST] Post-stroke fatigue is a common complication for stroke patients. This type of fatigue isn’t simply being tired; it can feel all-encompassing and overwhelming. Between the physical toll that a stroke takes on a person and the emotional factors that come with a stroke, it’s normal to feel constantly run-down. Scientists and doctors have not been able to pinpoint the exact reason why stroke patients feel this way, but it’s extremely common after a stroke, regardless of whether the stroke was mild or severe. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can stress cause a stroke? [/INST] Yes, stress can absolutely be a contributing factor toward a stroke. While minor day-to-day stress will probably not increase your chance of a stroke, chronic or long-term stress very well could. A 2012 study published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry found that individuals who reported chronic stress over the past year were four times more likely to have a stroke than those who did not have chronic stress in their lives. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can a stroke cause paralysis? [/INST] Yes, a stroke can cause some degree of paralysis. It’s very common for a stroke patient to feel weakness or paralysis, usually on one side of the body. This phenomenon is known as hemiplegia or hemiparesis. If the stroke occurred in the left side of the brain (the part of the brain that controls language and memory), the patient will feel weakness or paralysis on their right side, while a stroke in the right side of the brain (the area of the brain that deals with nonverbal behavior and facial recognition) will result in paralysis or weakness on the left side of the body. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can you recover from paralysis after a stroke? [/INST] Yes—through therapy and rehab, patients experiencing hemiplegia or hemiparesis can regain some of the motion and movement that they lost as a result of their stroke. There are a number of techniques that can combat post-stroke paralysis, including range-of-motion exercises, flexibility training, electrical stimulation, assistive devices, and more. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How can a caregiver keep a stroke survivor motivated? [/INST] Recovering from a stroke can feel daunting and overwhelming, and it can be hard for a stroke patient to find the motivation needed to recover. Stroke patients commonly suffer from apathy and depression. If you are a friend, family member, or caregiver of a stroke patient, do your best to keep them motivated and thinking positively. For tips on how to do so, be sure to check out our blog post on staying motivated through stroke recovery. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] Can young people have strokes? [/INST] Contrary to popular belief, a person of any age can suffer from a stroke. This includes teenagers, children, and even infants. In fact, stroke is the sixth leading cause of death for children, although as children get older, their odds of suffering from a stroke decrease (the greatest chance of having a stroke is during a baby’s first year). Considering that people of all ages can have a stroke, it’s all the more important to know and recognize the warning signs. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] How do strokes affect speech? [/INST] One of the most common side effects of a stroke is trouble with speech. Because a stroke can damage the part of the brain that deals with language, many stroke patients are left with difficulty speaking or comprehending speech. Even if the language area of the brain isn’t damaged by the stroke, the muscle weakness or paralysis that strokes often cause can still make it hard to speak if the face or mouth have been impacted. Source: SAEBO. Link: https://www.saebo.com/blog/common-stroke-questions-answered/. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>

<s>[INST] What is stroke? [/INST] A stroke, sometimes called brain attack, happens when blood supply to specific areas or parts of the brain is interrupted due to blocked or ruptured blood vessels. This prevents vital nutrients and oxygen reaching the brain causing severe damage to brain cells. This results in loss of function in the areas directly affected by the stroke due to tissue death; as well as the surrounding areas due to swelling and inflammation. Source: WEST SUFFOLK HOSPITAL. Link: https://www.wsh.nhs.uk/Services-A-Z/Stroke-early-supported-discharge/Frequently-asked-questions.aspx. Field: Neurology. Disease: Stroke </s>