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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nibley%20Green

Battle of Nibley Green

Further reading

The Battle of Nibley Green was fought near in on 20 March 1470, between the troops of and . It is notable for being the last battle fought in entirely between the private armies of s.

Fleming, Peter & Wood, Michael. Gloucestershire's Forgotten Battle: Nibley Green 1470, 2003

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Introduction

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Early years

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

Born as a Protestant pastor's son in , North , Scheel attended classical schools in , and . While still a schoolboy, he became involved in circles of the and groups. Beginning in the summer semester of 1928, he studied , political economy and at to become a minister like his father. Scheel intensified his activities in right-wing student circles and in the winter semester of 1928-29 became a member of the (VDSt), an umbrella organization of German fraternities. In 1928 he also joined the Heidelberg (Deutschen Studentenschaft, DStA). In October 1931 he was named to the board of directors and in December 1931 he became its chairman.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Student and academic posts

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

In 1930 he joined the (NSDStB), on 1 October 1930 the (SA) and on 1 December 1930 the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He moved for a short time to to begin studies in . He continued his studies again in Heidelberg, where he quickly rose to become one of the main propagandists of the Nazis at the college. As NSDStB College Group Leader (Hochschulgruppenführer), he led the Nazi student rallies against the mathematics professor and pacifist (1891–1966) which led to the removal of Gumbel's teaching entitlement in 1932. In 1933, Scheel became chairman of the Heidelberg General Students' Committee () and fought vehemently for the exclusion of students of Jewish lineage from the benefits of social institutions at the university. During this time, he also became 's mentor, getting him to join the NSDAP and the SS. Furthermore, Scheel exerted influence over the university's appointments and personnel policy in his capacity as student body leader and member of the vice chancellor's leadership staff. On 10 May 1933, Scheel was one of the main speakers at the Heidelberg . In April 1934, he passed his State medical examination and received his doctorate in medicine on 31 May 1935. In November 1935, on his 28th birthday, Scheel was named as an honorary of Heidelberg University. On 6 November 1936, he acceded to the newly created post of Reichsstudentenführer (Reich Student Leader) a position he would retain until the fall of the Nazi regime. As such, he headed both the NSDStB and the DstA. With this came the rank of in the Party Reichsleitung (National Leadership). Scheel would advance to Hauptamstleiter in April 1937 and in April 1940. In April 1938, Scheel became an active Senator of Heidelberg University, and he was also elected to the from electoral constituency 20, Köln-Aachen, retaining this seat until May 1945. In May 1938, he became leader of the National Socialist Alumni Association and also served as editor of its official organ, Der Altherrenbund. That same month he was made Chairman of the Reichsstudentenwerk (Reich Student Union). In November 1940, he was named an honorary Senator of . In 1943, he declared in his capacity as Reich Student Leader that the members of the (Weiße Rose) resistance group should be "executed not as students," but rather as "antisocial former members." Scheel's point of view was that these "criminals" should not be allowed to stain the student body's image. From this time also came Scheel's declaration: "German student, it is not necessary for you to live, but, to be sure, to fulfill your duty to your people." In 1943, Scheel became President of the German Academic Exchange Service and in June 1944, he succeeded as leader of the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

SS and Security Service (SD)

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

On 30 July 1934 Scheel was accepted into the (SD), the Nazi Party security service by its head, . He left the SA and joined the (SS) on 15 September 1934 and became a full time SD employee in the SD Main Office. He rose swiftly in this secret Nazi intelligence service. Between September 1934 and August 1935 he headed the SD training school in . Between August 1935 and September 1939 he was Leader of the SD Oberabschnitt (Upper District) Southwest, headquartered in . As a former student official, he brought along with him to the SD a great many young Nazi academics who went on to become mass murderers. Among them were , , , , , and , all of whom went into various divisions of the (RSHA) to become leaders of murder squads of the various . Promoted to SS-, Scheel on 25 April 1938 became Inspector for the (Security Police, SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service, SD) in (Military District) V (Baden and Württemberg), based in Stuttgart. He then transferred to become Leader of SD Oberabschnitt South in from 18 June 1939. On 6 December 1939, he became the Inspector for SiPo and SD in Wehrkreis VII (Munich) and XIII () encompassing all of . Scheel, in the spring of 1940 performed military service as a medical officer with the rank of , serving with the in the . After the fall of France, from May through July 1940, Scheel headed III in and was involved in the deportation of Jews from that area. From August 1940 to January 1941 he was Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei and the SD attached to the office of the in Alsace, . In October 1940, Scheel organised the deportation of 's Jews to their certain deaths in the east. Scheel's further rise within the Nazi repression apparatus continued unabated. In April 1941, he rose to the rank of SS-. He became the Higher (HSSP) Alpenland from 1 May 1941 while also commanding SS Oberabschnitt Alpenland. In this post, he was the commander of all SS and police forces, including the (Order Police) in the four e of Wehrkreis XVIII, , , and and reported directly to . He was made a Major General of Police on 19 October 1941. Scheel left the SD service on 24 November 1941 and was transferred to the staff of the . He was promoted to SS- on 21 June 1942, SS- on 1 August 1944 and General of Police on 4 August 1944.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

Scheel was named as of on 18 November 1941, succeeding . Formally installed on 27 November, he also that day succeeded Rainer as (Reich Governor) thus uniting under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. Further, on 11 December he also succeeded Rainer as of Wehrkreis XVIII. This entailed responsibility for civil defense and evacuation measures as well as administration of wartime rationing and suppression of black market activity. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and Scheel remained Commissioner for his Reichsgau alone. After the discovery of groups in Salzburg, Scheel organized a widespread wave of arrests and had a number of railwaymen put to death. In September 1944 Scheel, as the Reich Defense Commissioner, was made leader of the in Reichsgau Salzburg. On 29 April 1945, , in his , named Scheel , in the short-lived . As a Nazi "multifunctionary", Scheel held the following functions (in addition to those mentioned above): Member of the Reich Labour Chamber Member of the Executive Board of the (Reich Research Council) Leader of the Trainee Office in the Reichsforschungrat

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Postwar life

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German and official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in , including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the and the , as an member and employee, as a Higher , as well as and in . He was also an commander in and he organized the October 1940 deportation of 's to s.

After 's peaceful surrender to the on 4 May, Scheel fled with his family to and on 14 May was arrested by the US 307th and . After spending time in many camps and prisons, he was released on 24 December 1947. After once again being interned, he was transferred to Heidelberg to undergo . A local court sentenced him in December 1948 to five years in a labour camp, and classified him as Category I, Hauptschuldiger (literally "main culprit"). He was however released on 24 December 1948 as a result of several testimonies in his defence stating that he had ignored Hitler's commands to defend the city of Salzburg against the approaching US forces. Afterwards, he first worked as a night worker at the , and as of summer 1949, he was a doctor in a Hamburg hospital, then an assistant doctor at Rautenberg Hospital in Hamburg. After an appeal proceeding in 1952, Scheel was reclassified to Category II as a Belasteter ("incriminated one"). From 1951 to 1953, he belonged, along with other former Nazi leaders such as , and , to the "Naumann Circle" that tried to infiltrate the , and so was arrested in January 1953 by police. He was handed over to German authorities in Karlsruhe in March and released by them on 17 June 1953. On 3 December 1954, his trial was dismissed for lack of adequate evidence of wrongdoing. From February 1954 to 8 April 1977, he was the owner of a medical practice in Hamburg.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Introduction

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Early life

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

Assandra composed a number of s and pieces, written in . She studied with Benedetto Re, or Reggio, one of the leading teachers at , who dedicated a piece to her in 1607. Re may have been an exiled German Catholic. Assandra's musical talents were noted by the publisher Lomazzo early in her career, in his dedication of the works of . She composed many works during the first half of the 17th century, including Promptuarium Musicum and Siren Colestis. In 1609, Assandra took and entered the of Saint Agata in Lomello, in the region of northern Italy. She adopted "Agata" as her religious name and continued composing, including a collection of s in the new style in in 1609, an imitative eight-voice in 1611, and a , Audite verbum Dominum, for four voices in 1618. After entering the convent, Assandra published no new books of music. Caterina Assandra was the first Italian nun to have an entire collection of musical works published, following Raffaella Aleotti.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Career

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

Two of her compositions from Op. 2 appeared in German publications during the decade and a half following their original appearance. Two works by her, otherwise unknown, also appear in German tablature in a manuscript located in the Fürst Thurn und Taxis Hofbibliothek (court library) in Regensburg. Assandra's s were among the first in the Roman style to be published in , as Borsieri noted. Researchers suggest Borsieri must have heard in her music the influence of , whose small-scale works had recently been published in the city. She composed both highly traditional pieces and more innovative works. Among the latter is Duo seraphim. Her motet O Salutaris hostia, included in Motetti op. 2, was one of the first pieces to include ''.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Personal life

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

Two influential figures to Caterina's style were her teacher, Re, and local composer . Due to her living in the convent and the likeness between the written bass and continuo parts, her motets were able to be performed and function without male singers, though they were often written for two sopranos, alto, bass, and continuo. On February 20 of 1606, publisher Giovanni Paolo Cima dedicated a portion of his Partito de Ficercari & Canzoni Alla Francese to Caterina. This is the composer's first known mention and is as follows: "To the very excellent and most virtuous lady and my very obliging and benign Mistress: Caterina Assandra".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Works, editions and recordings

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

Op. 1 is lost. It is possible that her two , Ave Verum Corpus and Ego Flos Campi, could be from that volume. Motetti à due, & tre voci, Op. 2, dedicated to G. B. Biglia, the , in 1609, has survived. Il Canto delle Dame, a 2010 recording by , , and Concerto Soave, includes four pieces from the Motetti of 1608: Duo Seraphim, Canzon a 4, O quam suavis, and O salutaris hostia. Ave verum corpus. Unknown publish date Canzon a 4 (for Benedetto Re) written for voice and ensemble Duo Seraphim written for 3 voices and continuo Ego flos campi Haec dies written in 1609 for 2 to 3 voices Impleos nostrum motet written for 3 voices Jubilate Deo written in 1609 O Dulcis Amor Jesu motet written for 3 voices O quam suavais written for voice and ensemble O Salutaris hostia written for voice and ensemble Salve Regina motet written for 8 voices

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Sources

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

"Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620)." Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620) | Women Composers 1 | Alexander Street, search.alexanderstreet.com Bowers, Jane; Judith Tick. Women Making Music. University of Illinois Press (1986). Cessac, Catherine. Il Canto delle Dame, liner notes. Centre culturel de rencontre d'Ambronay (2010). Eckart Tscheuschner, Die Neresheimer Orgeltabulaturen der Fürstlich Thurn und Taxisschen Hofbibliothek zu Regensburg (Erlangen, 1963), 107. Jump up^ Listen: Ego Flos Campi (H.Heldstab), "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-10-19. Women Composers: Music Through the Ages.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Further reading

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian and . In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with an 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown.

at the Facsimile of Impetum fecerunt in a collection from the (book 1, page 129) Index of pieces in the above collection by

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Newquist

Jimmy Newquist

Introduction

James P. Newquist (born May 10, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist, best known as lead singer for the band . Born in , and raised in , he is one of eight children. Newquist started writing songs at an early age and moved to to further his music career. In 1993, he formed Caroline's Spine with college friend Mark Haugh – the band's name being a reference to a character in a story Newquist wrote about a comatose girl whose doctor nonchalantly inquires, "How's Caroline's spine today?" His major label debut, "Monsoon" by Caroline's Spine, was released by Hollywood Records in 1997. Newquist has since released numerous albums under the Caroline's Spine moniker as well as his own name.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Introduction

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Career

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

Davison began skating at age three. He competed with Jessie McNeil at the pre-novice and juvenile levels. They were the 2000 Canadian Juvenile national champions. He later competed with Claire Daugulis on the novice and junior levels. Davison teamed up with in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the and 7th at the that same season. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the . After an on-ice accident at the (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at . They lost the national title to and at the , but two months later at the , they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Davison suffers from , which led to his sustaining a serious knee injury in practice in October 2010, forcing the pair to withdraw from the . He underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. The recovery period was estimated at 18 months. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. He had felt they needed to make changes but Dubé was unwilling and suggested parting ways. Davison left open the possibility that he might continue skating if he finds the right partner. In July, it was reported that Davison had completed his Level I Coaching Certification and would begin coaching young skaters in . At the time, Davison said he might compete again, but in December 2011, he confirmed that he had retired from competition. He is the director of skater development at the Hamilton Skating Club. Davison competed in singles until 2007. He is a member of the Hamilton Skating Club in .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Accidents

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the in . The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side , in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for , but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together. In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a ; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Personal life

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

Davison has dual American and Canadian citizenship. In addition to figure skating, he also played hockey until age 15. He formerly dated his partner Dubé. Davison studied human anatomy and physiology through online courses. He married retired Canadian synchronized skater Michele Moore Davison on September 9, 2017. The couple have two children together.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Programs

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

(With Dubé)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clarke%20%28botanist%29

Charles Clarke (botanist)

Introduction

Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in , ) is an and specialising in the , for which he is regarded as a world authority. Clarke has an in Botany from in , and a in at the , in , . Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in , studying the of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught and at in , and worked as a consultant in . He now works at the . Clarke has written on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the . The most significant of these works are the monographs (1997) and (2001). Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: (now known as ), , , , , and .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clarke%20%28botanist%29

Charles Clarke (botanist)

Publications

Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in , ) is an and specialising in the , for which he is regarded as a world authority. Clarke has an in Botany from in , and a in at the , in , . Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in , studying the of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught and at in , and worked as a consultant in . He now works at the . Clarke has written on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the . The most significant of these works are the monographs (1997) and (2001). Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: (now known as ), , , , , and .

Clarke, C., Schlauer, J., Moran, J. & Robinson, A.S., 2018. Systematics and evolution of Nepenthes. In: Ellison, A.M. & Adamec, L., eds.: Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution. Oxford University Press, 58-69. Clarke, C.M. 1992. The ecology of metazoan communities in Nepenthes pitcher plants in Borneo, with special reference to the community of Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Ph.D. thesis, , , 269 pp. Clarke, C.[M.] 1993.   22(1–2): 27–28. Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1993. The Metazoan Food Webs from Six Bornean Nepenthes Species. Ecological Entomology 18: 7–16. Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 321–323. Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1995. Swimming Ants and Pitcher Plants: a Unique Ant-Plant Interaction from Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 11(4): 589–602. Clarke, C.M. 1997. . , . xi + 207 pp. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Another nice trip to Sumatra. 26(1): 4–10. Clarke, C.M. 1997. The effects of pitcher dimorphism on the metazoan community of the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Malayan Nature Journal 50: 149–157. Clarke, C.M. 1998. Initial colonisation and prey capture in Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Brunei. Sandakania 12: 27–36. Clarke, C.M. 1998. The aquatic arthropod community of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) in Brunei. Sandakania 11: 55–60. Clarke, C.M. 1998. A re-examination of geographical variation in Nepenthes food webs. Ecography 21(4): 430–436. Clarke, C.M. 1999. Nepenthes benstonei (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant from Peninsular Malaysia. Sandakania 13: 79–87. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Ecology & Conservation of Montane Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra. Fourth International Flora Malesiana Symposium. 20–24 July 1998, Kuala Lumpur. Clarke, C.M. 2001. . , . ix + 325 pp. Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. , . iv + 40 pp. Moran, J.A., M.A. Merbach, N.J. Livingston, C.M. Clarke & W.E. Booth 2001. Annals of Botany 88: 307–311. Clarke, C.M. 2002. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia. , . iv + 32 pp. Clarke, C.M., T. Davis & R. Tamin 2003. Nepenthes izumiae (Nepenthaceae): a new species from Sumatra. Blumea 48: 179–182. Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From Carnivore to Detritivore? Isotopic Evidence for Leaf Litter Utilization by the Tropical Pitcher Plant Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 635–639. Dong, T.T.X., Q.M. Xiao, C.M. Clarke, H.S. Zhong, N.J. Zhao, K.L. Chun & K.W.K. Tsim 2003. Phylogeny of Astragalus in China: Molecular evidence from the DNA sequences of 5S rRNA spacer, ITS, and 18S rRNA. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(23): 6709–6714. Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. A Pocket Guide: Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. , . vi + 81 pp. Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2004. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. International Carnivorous Plant Society. Clarke, C.M., C.C. Lee & S. McPherson 2006. Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Journal 7: 53–66. Clarke, C.M & R. Kruger 2006. Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke and R.Kruger (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Austrobaileya 7(2): 319–324. Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. . Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15 Clarke, C.M., U. Bauer, C.C. Lee, A.A. Tuen, K. Rembold & J.A. Moran 2009. Biology Letters 5(5): 632–635. Chin, L., J.A. Moran & C. Clarke 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytologist 186 (2): 461–470. Clarke, C.M., J.A. Moran & L. Chin 2010. Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants: perspectives and avenues for future research. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5(10): 1187–1189. Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clarke%20%28botanist%29

Charles Clarke (botanist)

References

Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in , ) is an and specialising in the , for which he is regarded as a world authority. Clarke has an in Botany from in , and a in at the , in , . Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in , studying the of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught and at in , and worked as a consultant in . He now works at the . Clarke has written on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the . The most significant of these works are the monographs (1997) and (2001). Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: (now known as ), , , , , and .

Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. (), . xi + 207 pp.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20catholiques%20du%20Centre-Est

List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est

Introduction

Schools of the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20catholiques%20du%20Centre-Est

List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est

Elementary

Schools of the .

École élémentaire catholique Édouard-Bond - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique l’Étoile-de-l’Est École élémentaire catholique la Source - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique Reine-des-Bois École élémentaire catholique Saint-Joseph d’Orléans École élémentaire catholique des Voyageurs École élémentaire catholique Arc-en-ciel École élémentaire catholique de la Découverte École élémentaire catholique Saint-Guillaume École élémentaire catholique la Vérendrye École élémentaire catholique Montfort École élémentaire catholique des Pins École élémentaire catholique le Petit Prince École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Anne École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marie École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Kateri École élémentaire catholique Vision Jeunesse École élémentaire catholique Georges-Étienne-Cartier École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique Marius-Barbeau École élémentaire catholique Notre-Dame-Des-Champs École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Bernadette École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Geneviève École élémentaire catholique Saint-Laurent École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Thérèse-d’Avila École élémentaire catholique Élisabeth-Bruyère École élémentaire catholique J.-L.-Couroux École élémentaire catholique Laurier-Carrière École élémentaire catholique Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau École élémentaire catholique Roger-Saint-Denis École élémentaire catholique Saint-François-d’Assise École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marguerite-Bourgeoys École élémentaire catholique Jean-Paul II École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes École élémentaire catholique Jean-Robert Gauthier École élémentaire catholique Bernard-Grandmaître École élémentaire catholique Académie catholique Ange Gabrielle École élémentaire catholique Monseigneur Rémi-Gaulin

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20catholiques%20du%20Centre-Est

List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est

High school

Schools of the .

, Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Ottawa , Kingston , Brockville , Pembroke

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa%20Catholic%20School%20Board

List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

Introduction

Schools of the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa%20Catholic%20School%20Board

List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

Elementary

Schools of the .

Assumption School Chapel Hill Catholic School Convent Glen Catholic School Divine Infant School Dr. F. J. McDonald Catholic School Good Shepherd School Guardian Angels School Holy Cross School Holy Redeemer School Holy Spirit School (formerly known as Pineview Catholic School) Monsignor Paul Baxter School Our Lady of Mount Carmel School Our Lady of Peace School Prince of Peace School St. Andrew School St. Anne School St. Anthony School St. Augustine School St. Bernard School St. Benedict School St. Brigid School St. Brother André Catholic School (formerly known as Elmridge Catholic School) St. Catherine School St. Cecilia School St. Clare School St. Daniel School St. Dominic School St. Elizabeth School St. Elizabeth Ann Seton School St. Emily School St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School St. Gabriel School St. Gemma School (formerly known as McMaster Catholic School) St. George School St. Gregory School St. Isidore School St. Isabel School St. James School St. Jerome School St. John XXIII School St. John the Apostle School St. Kateri Tekakwitha Elementary School (formerly known as Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha School) St. Leonard School St. Luke School (Barrhaven) St. Luke Elementary School (Hawthorne Meadows) St. Marguerite d'Youville School St. Martin De Porres School St. Mary School School St. Michael School (Vanier) St. Michael School (Corkery) St. Michael School (Fitzroy) St. Monica School St. Patrick School St. Philip School St. Rita School St. Rose of Lima School (formerly known as Bayshore Catholic) St. Stephen School St. Theresa School St. Thomas More School Thomas D'Arcy McGee Catholic School

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa%20Catholic%20School%20Board

List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

Closed

Schools of the .

St. Victor School (closed 1999; now École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux) St. Raymond's Intermediate School (closed 2000; now École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes) St. Margaret Mary School (closed 2002; demolished 2004) Pauline Vanier Intermediate School (closed 2007; demolished 2008) St. Mary's Catholic School (closed 2008; now St. Ambrose Training Centre of Excellence) Jean Vanier Catholic Intermediate (closed 2009) Uplands Catholic Elementary School (closed 2017) (closed 2018)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

Introduction

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

Stone Flower Productions

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

Sly Stone wrote, produced, and performed instrumentation for each single released on his Stone Flower label:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

Little Sister

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

For details on this group, see 1970: "You're the One [Part 1]" / "You're the One [Part 2]" (US #22, R&B #4) 1970: "Somebody's Watching You" / "Stanga" (US #32, R&B #8)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

Joe Hicks

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

1969: "I'm Goin' Home" / "Home Sweet Home" (backed by Sly & the Family Stone on both sides) 1970: "Life and Death in G & A" [Part 1] / "Life and Death in G & A" [Part 1]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

6IX

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

1970: "I'm Just Like You" / "Dynamite"

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

Compilations and other releases

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

1994: Precious Stone – Sly Stone in the Studio 1963-1965 2010: Listen to the Voices – Sly Stone in the Studio 1965-1970 2014: I'm Just Like You: Sly's Stone Flower 1969-70 –

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

The Stewart Four

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

Members Sylvester Stewart, , , and 1952: "On the Battlefield" / "Walking in Jesus' Name" (Church of God in Christ, Northern Sunday School Department)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

The Viscaynes

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

1961: "Stop What You are Doing" / "I Guess I'll Be" (Tropo Records) 1 1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Uncle Sam Needs You (My Friend)" (VPM Records) ² 1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Heavenly Angel" (VPM Records) 1976: "Oh What a Nite" / "You've Forgotten Me" (Subarro Records) ³ 1 Tropo 101. Released as by "THE VISCAYNES AND THE RAMBLERS" ² VPM 1006. "Yellow Moon" comp.: Geo. Motola - R. Page. Record was first misprinted as The Biscaynes. This was a mistake because the band has always used the name VISCAYNES. ³ Subarro 489. A leftover George Motola production, "Oh What a Nite" (a remake of the Dells' 1956 hit), b/w "You've Forgotten Me" was credited "Sly Stone & the Biscaynes" when issued in 1976. 4 Sylvester Stewart / Sly Stone has nothing to do with the Stewart Brother singles released in the late 50s on the LA based Keen and Ensign labels. This was a different Sylvester Stewart.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

References

This is a discography for the work of (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, .

Edwin & Arno Konings www.slystonebook.com

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Introduction

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Early years

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

Jessica Dubé began skating at age four. She eventually took up and competed for a few seasons with Samuel Tetrault. During the 2002–03 season, they won silver at the and also became Canadian junior champions.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Partnership with Davison

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

Dubé teamed up with in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the and 7th at the that same season. She has also competed in singles skating. Her highest finish in the senior ladies' event at the was 6th in 2008; internationally, she was a medallist at two junior Grand Prix events. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They trained both short and long programs for nationals, while Jessica also trained a short program for the singles event. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the . After an on-ice accident at the (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at . They lost the national title to and at the , but two months later at the , they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Dubé and Davison withdrew from after Davison suffered a knee injury. Davison underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. Dubé elected to compete as a singles skater in 2010–11. She qualified for , and competed in the ladies' event for the first time in three years, her last appearance being in 2008 when she finished 6th. Despite falling ill with a virus on the morning of the free skate, she skated to a 6th-place finish in 2011. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. Dubé said she intended to continue as a singles skater but did not rule out returning to pair skating in the future.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Accidents

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the in . The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side , in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for , but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together. In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a ; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Partnership with Wolfe

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

On April 17, 2011, Dubé announced that she had teamed up with Sébastien Wolfe. The pair made their competitive debut at the Liberty Summer competition in July, winning the free skate. They were coached by Annie Barabe and also worked with on pair elements. Dubé and Wolfe made their international debut together at the , where they finished 6th. They competed at two Grand Prix events, , where they finished 5th, and , where they were 6th. Dubé and Wolfe won the silver medal at the and were assigned to Four Continents and Worlds. At the , they finished 8th. In the 2012–2013 season, Dube and Wolfe were assigned two Grand Prix events, the and , but withdrew from both. Dubé had an injury to her right foot which affected their training. After several months of consideration, Dubé and Wolfe announced on January 9, 2013 that they had both decided to retire from competition. Dubé has completed her initial National Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) and begun coaching alongside Yvan Desjardins and Michelle Godbout.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Personal life

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

Dubé has an older sister, Veronique, who competed at the national level. Dubé lost part of a finger in a lawnmower accident at the age of four. Following her competitive retirement, Dubé moved to where she is a student at .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93charge%20separation

Spin–charge separation

Introduction

In , spin–charge separation is an unusual behavior of s in some materials in which they 'split' into three independent particles, the , the and the (or chargon). The electron can always be theoretically considered as a of the three, with the spinon carrying the of the electron, the carrying the degree of freedom and the chargon carrying the , but in certain conditions they can behave as independent . The theory of spin–charge separation originates with the work of who developed an approximate method for treating one-dimensional interacting quantum systems in 1950. This was then developed by in 1963 with an exactly solvable model which demonstrated spin–charge separation. In 1981 generalized Luttinger's model to the Tomonaga– concept whereby the physics of Luttinger's model was shown theoretically to be a general feature of all one-dimensional metallic systems. Although Haldane treated spinless fermions, the extension to fermions and associated spin–charge separation was so clear that the promised follow-up paper did not appear. Spin–charge separation is one of the most unusual manifestations of the concept of s. This property is counterintuitive, because neither the spinon, with zero charge and spin half, nor the chargon, with charge minus one and zero spin, can be constructed as combinations of the electrons, , s and s that are the constituents of the system. It is an example of , the phenomenon in which the s of the quasiparticles are not multiples of those of the elementary particles, but fractions. The same theoretical ideas have been applied in the framework of s. In a two-component Bose gas in 1D, strong interactions can produce a maximal form of spin–charge separation.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93charge%20separation

Spin–charge separation

Observation

In , spin–charge separation is an unusual behavior of s in some materials in which they 'split' into three independent particles, the , the and the (or chargon). The electron can always be theoretically considered as a of the three, with the spinon carrying the of the electron, the carrying the degree of freedom and the chargon carrying the , but in certain conditions they can behave as independent . The theory of spin–charge separation originates with the work of who developed an approximate method for treating one-dimensional interacting quantum systems in 1950. This was then developed by in 1963 with an exactly solvable model which demonstrated spin–charge separation. In 1981 generalized Luttinger's model to the Tomonaga– concept whereby the physics of Luttinger's model was shown theoretically to be a general feature of all one-dimensional metallic systems. Although Haldane treated spinless fermions, the extension to fermions and associated spin–charge separation was so clear that the promised follow-up paper did not appear. Spin–charge separation is one of the most unusual manifestations of the concept of s. This property is counterintuitive, because neither the spinon, with zero charge and spin half, nor the chargon, with charge minus one and zero spin, can be constructed as combinations of the electrons, , s and s that are the constituents of the system. It is an example of , the phenomenon in which the s of the quasiparticles are not multiples of those of the elementary particles, but fractions. The same theoretical ideas have been applied in the framework of s. In a two-component Bose gas in 1D, strong interactions can produce a maximal form of spin–charge separation.

Building on physicist 's 1981 theory, experts from the and proved experimentally in 2009 that a mass of electrons artificially confined in a small space together will split into spinons and holons due to the intensity of their mutual repulsion (from having the same charge). A team of researchers working at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory observed the peak spectral structures of spin–charge separation three years prior.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

Introduction

The Trnopolje camp was an established by military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near in northern , during the first months of the . Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 and inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of and for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute . Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former , who died mid-trial in March 2006.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

Background

The Trnopolje camp was an established by military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near in northern , during the first months of the . Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 and inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of and for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute . Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former , who died mid-trial in March 2006.

The administrative district ( or ) of is made up of 71 smaller towns and villages. According to the , Prijedor had a total population of 112,470, of which 44 percent identified as Bosnian Muslims (), 42.5 percent as , 5.6 percent as , 5.7 percent as Yugoslavs and 2.2 percent as "others" (, , and ). Prijedor was of strategic significance to the as it connected north-western with the (RSK) in , a breakaway state that had been established by in 1991. It was also in 1991 that the Serbs of Prijedor organized and enforced a Serb-only administration in the town and placed it under the control of the Bosnian Serb capital . , a physician who had been the deputy to the elected Bosniak mayor Muhamed Čehajić, was declared the Serb mayor of Prijedor. On 30 April 1992, Bosnian Serb forces seized control of Prijedor. Four-hundred Bosnian Serb police participated in the takeover, whose objective was to usurp the functions of the municipality's president and vice-president, the director of the post office, and the chief of police. Serb employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in the suburb of Čirkin Polje, where they were broadly divided into five groups of about 20 members each, and ordered to gain control of five buildings, one assigned to each group: the assembly building, police headquarters, courts, bank, and post office. (SDS) politicians prepared a declaration of the takeover, which was broadcast repeatedly on Radio Prijedor the following day. The (ICTY) would conclude that the takeover was an illegal , planned and coordinated long in advance with the aim of creating an ethnically pure municipality. The conspirators made no secret of the takeover plan, and it was implemented by the coordinated actions of Serb politicians, police, and army. Milomir Stakić, a leading figure in the coup, was to play a dominant role in the political life of the municipality during the war. Following the seizure of power, Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats were removed from positions of responsibility. On 30 May 1992, Prijedor police chief officially opened four camps (Trnopolje, , and ) where non-Serbs who failed to leave Prijedor were then confined. To avert resistance, Bosnian Serb forces interrogated all non-Serbs that were deemed a threat and arrested every Bosniak and Croat who had authority or power. Non-Serb men of fighting age were particularly targeted for interrogation and separated from women, children and the elderly.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

Operation

The Trnopolje camp was an established by military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near in northern , during the first months of the . Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 and inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of and for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute . Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former , who died mid-trial in March 2006.

Trnopolje was a predominantly Muslim village within the Prijedor municipality prior to the outbreak of the . The camp formed inside it was established on the grounds of a local primary school, which was named after the concept of (Osnovna škola Bratstvo–Jedinstvo). Trnopolje held both male and female prisoners. Most of the non-Serb women of Prijedor passed through it at some point, and many were raped. A total of 30,000 people were detained in the camp from May to November 1992. It held 4,000–7,000 prisoners at any given time. Trnopolje was described variously as a ghetto, a prison and a detention camp. A (UN) report from 1994 reported that Trnopolje was a concentration camp which functioned as a staging area for mass deportations mainly of women, children, and elderly men. The reported found that: Refugees reported that Trnopolje was a "decent" camp in comparison to Omarska and Keraterm as there were no systematic killings, only arbitrary ones. Indeed, many non-Serbs entered the camp voluntarily, "simply to avoid the rampaging militias plundering their streets and villages". This phenomenon led British journalist to describe Trnopolje as "a perverse haven" for the Bosniaks and Croats of Prijedor. Author Hariz Halilovich writes: Many inmates were starved and physically or verbally abused during their imprisonment. By August 1992, Trnopolje held about 3,500 people. On 7 August 1992, reporters from (ITN), a British television station, took footage of the prisoners at Omarska and Trnopolje, and recorded their living conditions. The images were shown around the world and caused public outrage. This prompted the Bosnian Serb authorities to allow journalists and the (IRC) access to some of the Prijedor camps, but not before the most emaciated of the prisoners were killed or shipped off to camps far from the public eye. Some 200 former male inmates were separated and killed in the on 21 August 1992. The publicity generated by the discovery of the Prijedor camps led to their closure by the end of August. In mid-August, Trnopolje was placed into the hands of the IRC. The camp was officially shut down that November.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

Aftermath

The Trnopolje camp was an established by military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near in northern , during the first months of the . Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 and inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of and for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute . Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former , who died mid-trial in March 2006.

The camp's main building resumed its function as a local primary school following the Bosnian War. A monument to the Bosnian Serb soldiers killed in the war has also been erected in the school's vicinity. In 1997, the British magazine (LM) claimed that footage filmed at Trnopolje deliberately misrepresented the situation in the camp. This caused ITN to sue LM for in 2000. Following ITN's victory in a court case in which the evidence given by the camp doctor led LM to abandon its defence, the magazine declared itself bankrupt, avoiding payment of the large damages awarded. "Prijedor 92", an association representing the survivors of Prijedor area camps, estimates that 90 inmates perished in the camp during its operation. During Milomir Stakić's trial, ICTY prosecutors claimed that several hundred non-Serbs were killed at Trnopolje between May and November 1992. The ICTY puts the number of inmates killed in all Bosnian Serb-run camps in Prijedor at 1,500. The number of women raped in Trnopolje remains unknown.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

Indictments and trials

The Trnopolje camp was an established by military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near in northern , during the first months of the . Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 and inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of and for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute . Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former , who died mid-trial in March 2006.

Milomir Stakić was convicted for his role in setting up the camps at Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska in July 2003 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was acquitted of the charge of genocide. In March 2006, Stakić's sentence was reduced to 40 years on appeal. The court upheld his conviction for extermination and persecution of Prijedor's non-Serb population, but also upheld his acquittal for the charge of genocide. , a taxi-driver from Prijedor, was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment in November 2001 for abusing, beating, torturing, raping and killing detainees at Trnopolje, as well as at Keraterm and Omarska. His conviction was upheld in February 2005, and his 25-year sentence was affirmed. Crimes committed in Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska were listed in the ICTY's indictment of following the war. Milošević died in his cell on 11 March 2006, before his trial could be completed. The (ICJ) presented its judgment in the on 26 February 2007, in which it examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Trnopolje, in relation to Article II (b) of the . The Court stated in its judgment:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Introduction

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Academics

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

Concord Academy ranks in the top fifteen U.S. boarding schools for student scores and scores. To foster love of learning and a noncompetitive environment, the school does not compute class rank and awards no academic, arts, athletic, or community awards during the school year or at graduation. The school eliminated all AP courses several years ago due to the lack of depth in their curricula. They were replaced by advanced courses designed by teachers, though the school still offers AP exams. Eighty percent of the students taking an AP exam score a 4 or 5. Concord Academy – according to Niche 2022 rankings – is ranked the 10th best boarding school in the United States as well as the most diverse in its area. For the 2021-2022 admissions cycle, Concord Academy had an acceptance rate of 16%, with over a thousand applicants.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Demographics

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

The demographic breakdown of the 378 students registered for the 2013–14 school year was: Asian – 23.3% Black – 2.6% Hispanic – 5.0% White – 61.7% Multiracial – 7.4%

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Athletics

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

Concord Academy students play on 28 teams in 23 sports; about 75 percent of students play on at least one team each year. Teams compete in the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Student life

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

The dress code at Concord Academy is casual. Boarding students live in three girls' houses and three boys' houses, each holding an average of 25 students. A little more than a third of the day students commute to school on the MBTA Commuter Rail. Day (commuting) students comprise 60% of student population and boarding students 40%. Students participate in a variety of clubs, performing arts groups, and other activities. The campus is a short walk from restaurants and shops in Concord and students have easy access to Cambridge and Boston via the MBTA Commuter Rail.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Campus

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

Concord Academy's primary campus is on between Main Street and the in the center of . The campus includes eleven historic houses on Main Street, all built as family homes between 1780 and 1830. It is a three-minute walk from the center of Concord and a five-minute walk from the MBTA Commuter Rail stop in Concord. Among the campus buildings are the PAC (Performing Arts Center), the SHAC (Student Health and Athletic Center), the main school, the newly built CA Labs, and the MAC (Math and Arts Center). The Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel is a 19th-century meetinghouse that was transported to Concord from Barnstead, New Hampshire in 1956. It serves as a meeting place three times per week for the entire Concord Academy community. The new 13-acre Moriarty Athletic campus, a mile from the main campus, includes six tennis courts, a baseball field, a field hockey field, and two soccer/lacrosse fields. A field house contains changing rooms, a training room, and a common room with fireplace. These new facilities freed up space on the main campus for expansion of academic and arts facilities.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

History

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

Concord Academy was established as a school for girls in September 1922. Enrollment grew gradually from three in 1924 to 20 in 1948. The school's headmistress for the first 15 years was Elsie Garland Hobson, followed by Valerie Knapp (1937–40) and Josephine Tucker (1940–49). Tucker imposed the advisor system and ended the giving of prizes at commencement. Under Elizabeth Hall (1949–63), student population increased. 1963 – David Aloian named headmaster 1981 – Thomas E. Wilcox named headmaster 1984 – Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel dedicated 1987 – J. Josephine Tucker Library dedicated 2000 – Jacob A. Dresden named head of school 2004–05 – Renovation and expansion of Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel 2007 – Purchase of additional property near main campus 2009 – Richard Hardy named head of school; began July 1, 2009 2012 – Completion of the Moriarty Athletic Campus, located 1 mile from main campus 2017 – Renovation of the science center now known as CA Labs

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Notable alumni

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

– 28th president of – Ambassador to Japan and Australia, author, attorney, daughter of U.S. President and – Ambassador to the Netherlands, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University – Widow of King – 2002 National Book Award-winning author of and The Whole World Over. – Television writer, producer, winner of two Emmy Awards and two Writers' Guild Awards for ; nominated for his work on and . – Jazz pianist, organist, composer, and 2006 nominee for Best Jazz Instrumental Album Individual or Group for Trio Beyond - Saudades – actress – cinematographer – Rapper and producer, known for work with . – Two-time winning journalist, Los Angeles Times national reporter. – Journalist, radio personality, producer of and host of the acclaimed podcast – Founding member of the band – Founding member and cellist for the band Magnetic Fields – Author of My Life Next Door, What I Thought Was True, and The Boy Most Likely To. – Author of ; director of the documentaries and . – Founding member of the band – Award-winning chef. – Author of Monkeys, Evening, and Folly – Blogger and former columnist for – Broadway actor – winner – Former assistant U.S. attorney for the District of Massachusetts. – U.S. , 2001–2004 – Hughes-Rogers Professor of African American Studies at Princeton University. – Cartoonist. – winning journalist. – co-founder and CEO of , president of

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Notable teachers

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

taught at Concord Academy from 1987 to 1995. He was chair of the history department and founded the nation's first .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian%20People%27s%20Revolutionary%20Movement

Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement

Introduction

Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement (Mouvement Revolutionnaire du Peuple Tchadien or MPR) was a ian group that operated in southern Chad in the 1980s. The MPR, headed by , vice-president of the , wanted to overthrow the government of and replace it with a decentralized, government. Backed by , while the MPR had hardly any troops on the ground, it was considered all the same through the it politically represented a serious threat to Habré's rule. However, after the crushing blows inflicted to the codos in 1984 and 1985, it came to terms with the President and joined his (UNIR).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel%2C%20Hamburg

St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg

Introduction

St. Mary's Church (Kirchengemeinde St. Marien) is a church in the quarter of . It was designed by local architects Bernhard Hopp and Rudolf Jäger. The church was dedicated on February 14, 1960. The twelve small stained-glass s in the choir loft were made by , who also created the windows for the main church of and the parish church of in the quarter of .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel%2C%20Hamburg

St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg

References

St. Mary's Church (Kirchengemeinde St. Marien) is a church in the quarter of . It was designed by local architects Bernhard Hopp and Rudolf Jäger. The church was dedicated on February 14, 1960. The twelve small stained-glass s in the choir loft were made by , who also created the windows for the main church of and the parish church of in the quarter of .

The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Grace

Morgan Grace

Introduction

Morgan Grace is a songwriter from . Mostly a solo acoustic performer, she released her first album, The Rules of Dating in 2003 on . In 2004, she joined up with former and drummer . The two recorded and co-produced the multi-genre spanning album The Sound of Something Breaking in 2005. She gained greater notoriety in August 2006 when her song "The Rules of Dating" won first prize in a songwriting contest at American Idol Underground, an online version of which caters to independent bands and songwriters and offers no promise of major label affiliation like the TV version does.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Goodman

Louise Goodman

Introduction

Louise Goodman is a British reporter and presenter who worked on 's coverage until it ceased at the . She now co-presents ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her late partner was , a former team manager who died of a heart attack in 2004.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Goodman

Louise Goodman

Biography

Louise Goodman is a British reporter and presenter who worked on 's coverage until it ceased at the . She now co-presents ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her late partner was , a former team manager who died of a heart attack in 2004.

After growing up in , Hampshire, Goodman worked in marketing for the team before becoming one of the two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage, initially alongside and later . Other than occasional pre-race segments by , she was the only woman in the team. She was part of ITV's F1 team across the 12 years of the company's coverage. She missed the due to her partner's death and was replaced for that race by . In 2007 she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the alongside Ted Kravitz. In 2008 she joined HondaRacingF1.com as guest presenter for Formula One's first online TV channel. In 2009, she rejoined ITV's coverage of the alongside as reporter. Goodman provided cover for 's coverage of the , for who was presenting coverage of the . For the 2018 F1 season, Goodman stood in for McKenzie as reporter for certain races.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ridgely%20State%20Park

Fort Ridgely State Park

Introduction

Fort Ridgely State Park is a of , USA, on the south of . It preserves , site of the during the . It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole , which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek. The park was established in 1911. The Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the . In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20South%20Wales%20Rugby%20Union

New South Wales Rugby Union

Introduction

The New South Wales Rugby Union, or NSWRU, is the for the sport of within most of the state of in . It is a member and founding union of . Within Australia it is considered the strongest Union. It has the largest player base, biggest population, most suburban clubs, and the oldest running club rugby competition in the country. The southern areas of New South Wales encompassing the Monaro, Far South Coast, and Southern Inland unions are not affiliated with the NSWRU. They are now within the . The New South Wales Rugby Union was founded in 1874 as the Southern Rugby Union, before changing to the present name in 1893.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20South%20Wales%20Rugby%20Union

New South Wales Rugby Union

Jurisdiction

The New South Wales Rugby Union, or NSWRU, is the for the sport of within most of the state of in . It is a member and founding union of . Within Australia it is considered the strongest Union. It has the largest player base, biggest population, most suburban clubs, and the oldest running club rugby competition in the country. The southern areas of New South Wales encompassing the Monaro, Far South Coast, and Southern Inland unions are not affiliated with the NSWRU. They are now within the . The New South Wales Rugby Union was founded in 1874 as the Southern Rugby Union, before changing to the present name in 1893.

Due to the merging of Union's by the , the New South Wales Rugby Union does not encompass all of . However, it does include major cities and towns, making up roughly two-thirds (and/or more) of the state. Such cities and towns include: , the , , , , , , , , , , , and .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Introduction

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Early life

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

Heide was born Wilma Louise Scott on February 26, 1921, in . Her father was William Robert Scott, a rail brakeman and labor unionist with the , and her mother was Ada Catherine Scott ( Long), a teacher and shop assistant. She was the third of four children and her two brothers, and , would later become nationally recognized sportscasters. The family moved to , in 1932. She grew up in a traditional household where her mother was the homemaker and her father worked to provide for the family. Heide was raised and regularly attended youth group, but she left the church as a teenager after learning that women could not be . She was a good student in high school, and was a member of the and a high school journalism honor society, . She was also actively involved in sports, including basketball, tennis, football, and softball, and was captain of the girls' basketball team in her senior year. She joined a semi-professional basketball team for two and a half years, the Fayette Shamrocks, where she received enough money to cover her expenses and was expected to play up to two or three games an evening against visiting teams from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. She graduated from in June 1938, and received a scholarship to , but her parents refused to allow her to attend as they were unable to afford to pay for college for all the children. Instead, she continued to play with the Fayette Shamrocks and lived at home, picking up odd jobs at a department store or selling products door-to-door.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Nursing career

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

In 1940, Heide started working as a hospital attendant for a state mental hospital in , where she was frustrated by the conditions for both patients and staff. She joined the trade union which was being organized by two of her colleagues and worked with them for two years to improve pay and working conditions at the hospital. Heide struggled with the job, which had taken a toll on her mental health. She spoke to one of her fellow attendants about being stalked by a woman who intended to kill her, which her colleague recognised as a symptom of her increasing stress and frustration. As a result, she was encouraged to leave the job and instead to attend nursing school. In 1942, she began training as a at Brooklyn State Hospital in , and received a degree in psychiatric nursing. During her studies, she was given the opportunity to meet the First Lady, , and they spoke for an hour about social activism. After graduation, Heide returned to the mental hospital where she had previously worked. The conditions had not improved and she began to work to reduce the staff's shifts to forty hours a week and made other changes to fix the consistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She refused to sign untruthful reports given to the about the treatment of patients and reported the hospital to the department for non-compliance with regulations. Heide was considered by supervisors to be insubordinate and she eventually resigned in frustration, after being falsely accused in a check cashing scandal. She enrolled at the in 1948, alongside a job as a nurse at the . Heide received a bachelor of arts degree in sociology in 1950 and was awarded a master's degree in sociology and nursing in 1955. She met Eugene Heide while studying there, and they married in May 1951. The same year, she moved to , to teach health education and work as a school nurse. While there, she became the first woman to serve as a board member at the local (YMCA) as there was no equivalent (YWCA) in the city. During summers, she was a camp nurse at a camp in southern Pennsylvania and a consultant at the Edith Macy Training School for Girl Scout Leaders. She and her husband moved to South Carolina in 1953, and she took a position as education director in the School of Nursing at . When Eugene was sent to , Heide worked as a night supervisor and sociology researcher at the Phoenix City Hospital. She joined the (NAACP) and the (LWV). She received hate mail and threats after registered black voters, which went against the rules of the LWV. She also ran a radio show called 'Time for Living'. In 1955, the couple moved back to , where Eugene established a new campus for . Heide worked for the new branch of the university as a nurse, sociology instructor, and administrator. She was involved in the civil rights movement, the (PTA), and chaired the Home Health Care Advisory Committee of the Miners Clinic. She had her first child, Terry Lynne, the year after the couple returned to Pennsylvania. Her second daughter, , was born in 1959 and Heide struggled during her pregnancy with severe depression and suicidal thoughts. She was told by a doctor that her depression was caused by a desire to be a man, a comment that infuriated her but "force[d] her to confront her own growing feminism".

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Social activism

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

During the early 1960s, Heide expanded her work in social activism through several channels. She was still teaching students, but also spent her time developing a first model of the . She applied for a position as executive director of the Pennsylvania Mental Health Association but was informed that she had not been hired because of her gender. In 1965, she wrote a series of award-winning articles on the impact of civil rights on local Black people for the Valley Daily News and Daily Dispatch. She served as vice chair of the Allegheny County Civil Rights Council and the Westmoreland County Economic Opportunities Program in 1965. She also became the only female member of the Pennsylvania State Human Relations Commission, a position she was appointed to in 1969. Heide remained active in the New Kensington chapter of the NAACP, alongside her work with the and beginning to study for her doctorate at the University of Pittsburgh, although she interrupted her degree to focus on her activist causes.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Pittsburgh chapter of NOW

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

Heide learned of the (NOW) in 1967, shortly after the organization was founded. That same year, she founded the chapter and was elected as president. She also held a number of positions within the national branch of the organization in short succession, becoming Pennsylvania coordinator in September 1967, a member of the national board in November 1967, chair of membership at the 1967 annual conference, and National Membership Coordinator in February 1968. Heide was then elected chairwoman of the organization's national board in March 1970. Meanwhile, the Pittsburgh chapter quickly grew to forty members within the first few months, and took on a number of cases of local discrimination, including fighting against discrimination in restaurants. The organization chose Stouffer's Restaurant in , where men were able to sit in a private dining room while women had to eat in the public area. Chapter members staged a which caught the attention of . The sit-in was organized by Heide to coincide with the campaign to make gender a protected characteristic in the anti-discrimination ordinance covering employment, housing, and public accommodations. The chapter members, led by Heide, recruited the YWCA, the (ACLU) and the Allegheny County Council for Civil Rights to join the petition. The Pittsburgh Commission on Human Rights submitted an amendment to the after hearing testimony from the organizations, including a statement by Heide on October 23, 1968. This ordinance was ultimately signed into law on July 3, 1969. In 1967, the board of directors of NOW called for each chapter to protest sex-segregated . The Pittsburgh chapter filed a complaint with the Commission on Human Rights against The Pittsburgh Press under the ordinance banning sex discrimination that the City Council had passed. This complaint challenged the practice of the newspaper of separating help wanted advertisements by those employers seeking women or men in columns with different headings. The Commission upheld the complaint under the ordinance and the newspaper filed suit, claiming that the restriction violated its rights under the to freedom of the press. The upheld the ban in its 1973 decision in the case , ruling by a 5–4 margin that the practice was discriminatory. They also led the boycott of to protest the company's discriminatory practices. The company had a policy that de facto prohibited women from certain positions by imposing a restriction that required employees to lift packages over . A court ruling had ordered the company to change its practices but the response was slow. The national board of NOW chose a day for its various chapters to protest the company. Heide carried a sign on the day which proclaimed: 'Colgate-Palmolive is a sex offender'. On February 17, 1970, Heide and led a group of twenty chapter members to disrupt a hearing on allowing eighteen-year-olds to vote, which was being held by a subcommittee of the on constitutional amendments. The women held up signs and Heide gave a speech demanding that the Senate take action to pass the (ERA). After the disruption, the women met privately with Senator who agreed to hold hearings on the ERA later in the year, and later credited their demonstration with convincing him to act on the issue. The hearings which resulted from this demonstration were the first ones to be held on the ERA since 1956. The supporters of the amendment were able to give testimony before the on September 15, 1970, and Heide was given the opportunity to speak. The ERA finally passed Congress on March 22, 1972.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Presidency of NOW

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

Heide was elected president of NOW, succeeding , in September 1971. During her term as president, Heide grew the organization to 700 chapters with 50,000 members worldwide and an annual budget of three-quarters of a million dollars by the time she left office, having started with 3,000 members and a $28,000 budget in 1971. While serving as president, Heide and Eugene divorced in 1972, which made international news. On February 18, 1973, she was re-elected as the president of NOW for her second term. While president, Heide led the campaign against for sex discrimination. The (EEOC), at NOW's urging, conducted an investigation that found that women employees were not working in all available jobs, which caused them to lose $422 million (equivalent to $ in ). In 1972, Heide and other members of NOW met with , the president of AT&T, to discuss the EEOC report and to challenge the inadequacy of the proposed plan. However, AT&T refused to cooperate further with NOW and ultimately settled a case with the EEOC for $53 million (equivalent to $ in ), the largest settlement for employment discrimination at the time. Heide was also actively recruiting other organizations to support the ERA. The ACLU was opposed to the ERA at the time, as it believed women were covered by the , but Heide worked with and to convince the ACLU board to change its position. She also urged NOW members to refuse to join , a lobbying organization, until it expressed its support for the ERA; this finally happened after a meeting between and Heide, , and Carol Burris. Heide also convinced the LWV, the (ANA), the , and the to support the ERA. NOW also focused during this time on creating an international women's movement. Heide, , and collaborated on an international conference on June 1, 1973, which brought together more than 300 women from 27 countries. Following the conference, Heide became aware of the arrest of three Portuguese women, , and , for writing the . Heide called a press conference to protest their arrest and a week later, demonstrations were held across the US and Europe to support the women. They were eventually released and Heide was invited to Sweden. She flew over with Sandy Byrd, Judy Pickering and Betty Spaulding and the four women toured the country for ten days, which concluded with Heide being presented with the key to the city of Stockholm. NOW designated 1973 as its action year against poverty. That summer, Heide testified before the Joint Economic Committee on women's economic problems, arguing that the problems were caused by sexism in government agencies. Despite this focus, some women within the organization did not believe that enough was being done to solve this issue. This was one of several areas of friction within NOW. In the same year, a questionnaire was conducted among the chapters which determined that women of color had little involvement in the organization, even where they were members. Heide encouraged the board to take action on racism, such as issuing a statement that deserved a fair trial, but they refused to take on as a feminist issue. There was also a conversation at the time about the role of lesbians in feminist organizations. Heide strongly believed that was a feminist issue and she petitioned the board to include it on the agenda.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Later life

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in , Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in , where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the (NOW) and became a founding member of the chapter. Heide was involved in case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the in . She also led a demonstration during a subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in , in 1985 at the age of 64.

Heide chose not to run for a third term as president of NOW in May 1974. Instead she served as chairwoman of the organization's national advisory board in 1974 and 1975, before leaving the organization to focus on her doctorate. After leaving the presidency, Heide focused her attention on other organizations. In 1974, she met with the ANA and challenged them to take on a more political role, a meeting that was later credited with the foundation of the Nurses Coalition for Action and Politics. Heide had also previously assisted with the founding of the in 1971 and she served on the Policy Council until 1974 and on the Advisory Board until 1977. She was also involved with the ACLU, the , the National Board of Partners in Housing, the National Coalition for Human Needs and Budget Priorities and at magazine. She was a co-founder of the Women's Coalition for the Third Century in 1972, in response to a request to consult on the Federal American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. The Coalition urged the organizers to focus on the future instead of the past and to center women and racial minorities, and it later split from the Commission to form a new organization that drafted a Declaration of Imperatives and a Declaration of Interdependence. The Declaration of Interdependence was signed on July 4, 1976, and it was formally presented in a ceremony at the on October 3, 1977. Heide earned her in and in 1978 from the . Her doctoral thesis was titled Feminism for the Health of It, which was published as a book shortly before her death. She worked as a visiting professor for half a decade, beginning her teaching career at and the in 1974 and leaving the institutions in 1975 and 1976 respectively. She then moved to from 1978 to 1980, before serving as the director of the women’s studies program at in , from 1978 to 1982. She moved to , the same year. She died there at Sacred Heart Hospital at age 64 from a on May 8, 1985.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Introduction

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Early career (1995-1999)

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

The group originally started with three high school friends; Marcus Albaladejo, Mario Collazo and Richard Cruz. The trio later went on to form the group OuterSpace. The group originally started to form in the early 1990s and eventually led to an alliance with fellow Philadelphians and their label Superegular Recordings. In 1998, Superegular released their debut single "We Lyve". OuterSpace appeareded on several Jedi Mind Trick tracks and in 1999 the Illegaliens EP was released in on the Wordsound label. Soon thereafter, OuterSpace hooked up with DJ SAT ONE and began recording with 's production company A Touch of Jazz. This collaboration proved useful with the release of the SAT ONE produced Danger Zone 12" on Soulspazm Records.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

OuterSpace and Blood and Ashes (2000-2004)

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

OuterSpace appeared on ' albums through the early 2000s and became a part of Paz's supergroup . In May 2004, OuterSpace released A collection of OuterSpace's 12" and previously unreleased tracks from the Superegular label era, loyalists were treated to unreleased music, while new fans were given the chance to experience the tracks that established OuterSpace's underground presence. After OuterSpace moved with over to , they went on to release their debut studio album , in July 2004. The Album features collaborations by member , , from and fellow A.O.T.P. members , , & .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Blood Brothers and work with Army of the Pharaohs (2005-2007)

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

In 2005, it was announced that were working on their debut studio album. OuterSpace members were due to be on the album. On March 21, 2006 was released on . Artists including Crypt the Warchilds brother; , frontman; , members; & , members; and and other artists including , & Faez One were also on the album. An Army of the Pharaohs collaboration album was rumoured to be in the works for years, but was often delayed due to separate projects and internal problems, however a mixtape titled was released shortly after the release of the album because it was thought some songs didn't fit the artistic design of the album while others were known to have been extremely political and were possibly held back to reduce controversy. Another mixtape titled was released early in 2007. In 2006, OuterSpace released their second studio album , it was released on September 5, 2006, by . The album features guest appearances from of , and . The album's lead single is "Street Massacre" b/w "U Don't Like Me". OuterSpace were seen on Army of the Pharaohs second studio album , it was officially released on September 21, 2007, . The album also features group members , , , , , , , , , Demoz, and . Although he was prominently featured on the group's debut album , does not appear on Ritual of Battle.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

God's Fury and The Unholy Terror (2008-2010)

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

On September 30, 2008 OuterSpace released their third studio album titled; . It was released via . The album features collaborations by member , Sick Jacken & Cynic of , and fellow A.O.T.P. members , , , , , and . OuterSpace were also seen collaborating with on his debut LP on the song Warning Shot alongside brother . OuterSpace returned to work on the third studio album with titled . The official street release date was March 30, 2010, but the album was released early on March 19, 2010 on UGHH.com.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

My Brothers Keeper, In Death Reborn and Lost in Space (2011-2015)

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

On August 23, 2011, OuterSpace released their fourth studio album titled . It was released by Enemy Soil. The Album features collaborations by member , , , , Blacastan, , Sick Jacken, and . On November 30, 2013, revealed that two new Army Of The Pharaohs albums would be released in 2014. In Death Reborn is slated for a release on 22 April and the second LP is expected to drop in November. OuterSpace duo Crypt the Warchild and Planetary are both confirmed to be on the upcoming albums. New members including Blacastan of and from are said to be joining the group. In 2012, they announced they were working on their fifth studio album titled . The album was originally set to be released in August, 2012 but has been pushed back and it is said to be released somewhere in 2016. They released two promo singles of the album, one called Manolo produced by Stu Bangas and one called Never Enough produced by . A new single called Murder Makes Art (MMA) produced by Scott Stallone, came out in 2015.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Albums

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

(2004) (2006) (2008) (2011) Lost in Space (2020)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Compilations

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

(2004)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Mixtapes

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

A Tribute To (2009)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

Army of the Pharaohs

OuterSpace is an underground duo from North . Originally a trio consisting of three friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop .

(2006) (2007) (2010) (2014) (2014)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen

The Queen

Introduction

The Queen most commonly refers to: (1926–2022), the former Queen of United Kingdom and other between 1952 and 2022 The Queen may also refer to: , the incumbent Queen, wife of , King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms since 2022 any past , or any present one from any non English-speaking monarchy as a translation of her title, as well as to:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen

The Queen

Arts, entertainment, and media

The Queen most commonly refers to: (1926–2022), the former Queen of United Kingdom and other between 1952 and 2022 The Queen may also refer to: , the incumbent Queen, wife of , King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms since 2022 any past , or any present one from any non English-speaking monarchy as a translation of her title, as well as to:

, launched in London in 1864 , a 1968 film documentary about Flawless Sabrina and the early NYC underground drag community , a 2006 British drama film starring Helen Mirren about Queen Elizabeth II , a 2012 Iranian film , a 1653 play published anonymously , the antagonist in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves , 2004 album by Dalida , 2009 album by Velvet , 1988 album by Elaine Paige , 2009 , a 2009 Channel 4 drama-documentary about Queen Elizabeth II , a 2016 Singaporean Channel 8 drama , a South African TV series, since 2016 The Queen TV-Game 2, a video game developed by Butterfly

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen

The Queen

Other

The Queen most commonly refers to: (1926–2022), the former Queen of United Kingdom and other between 1952 and 2022 The Queen may also refer to: , the incumbent Queen, wife of , King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms since 2022 any past , or any present one from any non English-speaking monarchy as a translation of her title, as well as to:

The Queen, one of the locomotives , a South Eastern and Chatham Railway steamship , an American professional wrestler referred to as "The Queen" , figure skater sometimes known as "The Queen"

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Introduction

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Location

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Town is located near the (Pivsko) in the northwestern mountainous region of Montenegro, close to the area. Plužine is the administrative centre of and also unofficial centre of Piva region, named after the and historical tribe of Piva ().

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Population

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Plužine is administrative centre of Plužine municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 3,235. The town of Plužine itself has 1,341 citizens.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Historical population

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Population of Town of Plužine: 1981 - 730 1991 - 1,453 2003 - 1,494 2011 - 1,341

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Ethnic composition

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Ethnic groups (1991 census): Montenegrins (91.61%) Serbs (6.63%) Ethnic groups (2003 census): (63.92%) (29.79%) Ethnic groups (2011 census): (65.65%) (27.79)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Twin towns — Sister cities

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Plužine is with: , Serbia , Slovenia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Transport

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

The town is close to the border crossing with Bosnia and Herzegovina ( region) for the town of and . Plužine is located on a road connecting central Montenegrin cities and with central .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

Introduction

For the history of the in the , including the time before the formation of the in 1707, see:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

See also

For the history of the in the , including the time before the formation of the in 1707, see:

Many of the following articles relate to in the :

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Introduction

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

projected-04044444-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Kievan Rus'

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

By the 11th century, Byzantine Jews of had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of . For instance, some 11th-century participated in an anti- held in either or Constantinople. One of the three Kyivan city gates in the times of was called Zhydovski (Judaic).