jeggers/ai2_arc_easy_formatted · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 8 22	question stringlengths 17 586	choices sequence	answerKey stringclasses 9 values	choices_sequence sequencelengths 3 5
Mercury_SC_406058	A car has a small gasoline engine combined with a battery-powered electric motor. When the car stops at a red light, the gasoline engine stops running and the electric motor begins working. How does this type of car most likely benefit people?	{ "text": [ "reduces traffic", "uses less gasoline", "accelerates faster", "carries more passengers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: reduces traffic", "B: uses less gasoline", "C: accelerates faster", "D: carries more passengers" ]
Mercury_7215215	Increased populations can lead to the depletion of locally available resources. Compared to other communities, which of these locally available resources is most likely to be depleted in desert communities?	{ "text": [ "mineral", "oxygen", "gasoline", "water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: mineral", "B: oxygen", "C: gasoline", "D: water" ]
Mercury_7222478	Where is the first place a scientist should present new research data about the structure of a galaxy in order to receive the most appropriate review of the research?	{ "text": [ "a high school science classroom", "a university science blog", "a peer-reviewed science journal", "a popular science news magazine" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: a high school science classroom", "B: a university science blog", "C: a peer-reviewed science journal", "D: a popular science news magazine" ]
AKDE&ED_2012_4_10	Which action most likely causes large rocks to become smaller pieces of rock?	{ "text": [ "melting inside of Earth", "weathering by wind and water", "cementing by mud and minerals", "being pressed between layers of soil" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: melting inside of Earth", "B: weathering by wind and water", "C: cementing by mud and minerals", "D: being pressed between layers of soil" ]
Mercury_SC_408562	European starlings are birds that take over the nests of other birds. When they move into an area, starlings reproduce quickly. Taking over the nests of other birds most likely increases the number of starlings by helping them to do what?	{ "text": [ "attract a better mate", "compete for resources", "migrate during the winter", "blend in with the environment" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: attract a better mate", "B: compete for resources", "C: migrate during the winter", "D: blend in with the environment" ]
MCAS_2008_5_5635	Many bacteria are decomposer organisms. Which of the following statements best describes how these bacteria help make soil more fertile?	{ "text": [ "The bacteria break down water into food.", "The bacteria change sunlight into minerals.", "The bacteria combine with sand to form rocks.", "The bacteria break down plant and animal matter." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: The bacteria break down water into food.", "B: The bacteria change sunlight into minerals.", "C: The bacteria combine with sand to form rocks.", "D: The bacteria break down plant and animal matter." ]
Mercury_7014473	In Rutherford's experiment, what caused some high-energy particles to bounce off the metal, while most pass straight through?	{ "text": [ "light waves", "magnetic waves", "positive charges", "negative charges" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: light waves", "B: magnetic waves", "C: positive charges", "D: negative charges" ]
Mercury_SC_405337	Jenny's class made an instrument to measure air pressure. The instrument is a	{ "text": [ "thermometer.", "rain gauge.", "barometer.", "wind vane." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: thermometer.", "B: rain gauge.", "C: barometer.", "D: wind vane." ]
Mercury_7057628	Condensation in the water cycle can best be described as the result of water vapor	{ "text": [ "rising into the atmosphere, cooling and changing into a liquid form.", "rising into the atmosphere, warming and changing into a gaseous form.", "changing from a liquid form into a solid and forming snow.", "changing from a gas form into a solid and forming hail." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: rising into the atmosphere, cooling and changing into a liquid form.", "B: rising into the atmosphere, warming and changing into a gaseous form.", "C: changing from a liquid form into a solid and forming snow.", "D: changing from a gas form into a solid and forming hail." ]
MCAS_2008_8_5706	New carpet is being measured for a room that is 5.5 m by 4.6 m. On a measuring tape, what is the smallest unit that is necessary to measure the room accurately for the carpet?	{ "text": [ "millimeters", "centimeters", "meters", "kilometers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: millimeters", "B: centimeters", "C: meters", "D: kilometers" ]
Mercury_7107205	How does an ecosystem benefit when leaves fall from a tree and decompose on the soil?	{ "text": [ "Nutrients are released into the soil.", "Soil erosion decreases.", "Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soil.", "Soil temperature decreases." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: Nutrients are released into the soil.", "B: Soil erosion decreases.", "C: Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soil.", "D: Soil temperature decreases." ]
CSZ10292	Which of the following gases do plants use in photosynthesis?	{ "text": [ "hydrogen", "oxygen", "carbon dioxide", "carbon monoxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: hydrogen", "B: oxygen", "C: carbon dioxide", "D: carbon monoxide" ]
Mercury_7026583	During an ice age, enormous ice sheets called glaciers increase in size on Earth's surface, resulting in decreased ocean depths. Due to global cooling, the water cycle is disrupted between which two stages to cause an increase in glacier size?	{ "text": [ "runoff and evaporation", "transpiration and precipitation", "precipitation and runoff", "transpiration and evaporation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: runoff and evaporation", "B: transpiration and precipitation", "C: precipitation and runoff", "D: transpiration and evaporation" ]
Mercury_7194285	Different units of measurement are more useful in some settings than in others. Which unit of measurement is most used when comparing distances within the solar system?	{ "text": [ "the mile", "the kilometer", "the light year", "the astronomical unit" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: the mile", "B: the kilometer", "C: the light year", "D: the astronomical unit" ]
Mercury_7086818	The formation of diamonds requires tremendous pressure that is generated	{ "text": [ "in deep ocean trenches.", "high in the mountains.", "in dry environments.", "deep below the crust." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: in deep ocean trenches.", "B: high in the mountains.", "C: in dry environments.", "D: deep below the crust." ]
Mercury_SC_402269	What characteristic helps a rabbit survive in a winter environment?	{ "text": [ "size", "strength", "long ears", "camouflage" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: size", "B: strength", "C: long ears", "D: camouflage" ]
Mercury_SC_400345	A science class is taking a field trip to a forest to observe and study birds. Which tool would be most helpful for observing birds?	{ "text": [ "beakers", "binoculars", "safety goggles", "microscopes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: beakers", "B: binoculars", "C: safety goggles", "D: microscopes" ]
MCAS_2000_4_22	An example of an instinct is	{ "text": [ "laughing at something funny.", "dogs doing tricks when told.", "doing your homework at the same time each day.", "salmon returning to their birthplace to lay their eggs." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: laughing at something funny.", "B: dogs doing tricks when told.", "C: doing your homework at the same time each day.", "D: salmon returning to their birthplace to lay their eggs." ]
Mercury_7221690	During which change of state do the particles of a substance move from being tightly packed together to having more freedom of movement?	{ "text": [ "a solid becoming a liquid", "a gas becoming a solid", "a gas becoming a liquid", "a liquid becoming a solid" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: a solid becoming a liquid", "B: a gas becoming a solid", "C: a gas becoming a liquid", "D: a liquid becoming a solid" ]
Mercury_7094990	When astronauts walked on the Moon, they used weighted boots to help them walk due to the lower gravitational pull. What difference between Earth and the Moon accounts for the difference in gravity?	{ "text": [ "density", "diameter", "mass", "volume" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: density", "B: diameter", "C: mass", "D: volume" ]
Mercury_7211120	A population of wood mice lives in a cool, moist temperate forest. Several years of hot, dry weather have affected the plants in the area. Which mice in the population are most likely to survive this change and pass their genes on to their offspring?	{ "text": [ "those with the warmest coats and best camouflage", "the largest and strongest mice in the population", "those with traits most adapted to the new environment", "the youngest and fastest mice in the population" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: those with the warmest coats and best camouflage", "B: the largest and strongest mice in the population", "C: those with traits most adapted to the new environment", "D: the youngest and fastest mice in the population" ]
MCAS_2003_8_16	Harmful ultraviolet rays from the Sun are primarily absorbed by	{ "text": [ "dust.", "ozone.", "land masses.", "water vapor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: dust.", "B: ozone.", "C: land masses.", "D: water vapor." ]
Mercury_SC_400535	Which of these is most likely caused by the action of water, wind, and animals?	{ "text": [ "mountains", "erosion", "earthquakes", "volcanic eruptions" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: mountains", "B: erosion", "C: earthquakes", "D: volcanic eruptions" ]
Mercury_7057698	The core of Earth is divided into two layers. The outer core is made of	{ "text": [ "basaltic rocks.", "silicate rocks.", "solid iron and nickel.", "molten iron and nickel." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: basaltic rocks.", "B: silicate rocks.", "C: solid iron and nickel.", "D: molten iron and nickel." ]
MSA_2015_5_38	Offshore oil platforms affect ocean habitats. An ocean environment is most likely damaged by an offshore oil platform because	{ "text": [ "leaking oil from the oil platform might pollute the water", "fishing from the oil platform might reduce the fish population", "drilling in the ocean floor might reduce the water temperature", "changing the ocean floor might increase the number of hurricanes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: leaking oil from the oil platform might pollute the water", "B: fishing from the oil platform might reduce the fish population", "C: drilling in the ocean floor might reduce the water temperature", "D: changing the ocean floor might increase the number of hurricanes" ]
Mercury_7077473	An object such as a hammer weighs less on the Moon than on Earth. This is because the Moon has a	{ "text": [ "thinner atmosphere than Earth.", "smaller diameter than Earth.", "stronger magnetic field than Earth.", "lower mass than Earth." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: thinner atmosphere than Earth.", "B: smaller diameter than Earth.", "C: stronger magnetic field than Earth.", "D: lower mass than Earth." ]
Mercury_SC_401647	A scientist plans a project to determine the effect of rain on the formation of caves. An area of rock has been chosen as the site for the investigation. How often should the scientist measure the changes in the rock?	{ "text": [ "every day", "every week", "every month", "every year" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: every day", "B: every week", "C: every month", "D: every year" ]
Mercury_7085523	Which type of rock is formed from limestone that has been compacted, heated, and recrystallized?	{ "text": [ "siltstone", "sandstone", "marble", "shale" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: siltstone", "B: sandstone", "C: marble", "D: shale" ]
Mercury_7158953	Isabel goes jogging for two miles on a sunny afternoon. At the end of her run, she is warmer. As Isabel jogs, which function does the skin perform to help stabilize her body temperature?	{ "text": [ "Her skin exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "Her skin produces red blood cells.", "Her skin releases hormones.", "Her skin discharges water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: Her skin exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "B: Her skin produces red blood cells.", "C: Her skin releases hormones.", "D: Her skin discharges water." ]
Mercury_SC_416460	Which cell can survive without the help of other cells?	{ "text": [ "leaf cell", "yeast cell", "onion cell", "muscle cell" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: leaf cell", "B: yeast cell", "C: onion cell", "D: muscle cell" ]
TAKS_2009_8_23	Two students make hot chocolate. One student pours the hot chocolate into a foam cup. The other student pours the hot chocolate into a metal cup. The metal cup becomes too hot to touch, but the foam cup can be held comfortably. The best explanation for this difference in temperature is that the foam cup-- A heats up much faster than the metal cup	{ "text": [ "has a higher specific heat than the metal cup", "is a better conductor of heat than the metal cup", "has a specific heat that is similar to that of the metal cup" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C" ] }	B	[ "A: has a higher specific heat than the metal cup", "B: is a better conductor of heat than the metal cup", "C: has a specific heat that is similar to that of the metal cup" ]
Mercury_SC_408890	Frogs and salamanders compete with each other for insects. Both frogs and salamanders catch flying insects with their tongues. Which feature would most likely help both animals compete for flying insects?	{ "text": [ "sticky tongues", "bright tongues", "thick tongues", "short tongues" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: sticky tongues", "B: bright tongues", "C: thick tongues", "D: short tongues" ]
Mercury_406803	Which interaction benefits both organisms?	{ "text": [ "a flea living on a dog", "a bee pollinating a flower", "a tapeworm living inside an animal", "a mosquito biting a person" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: a flea living on a dog", "B: a bee pollinating a flower", "C: a tapeworm living inside an animal", "D: a mosquito biting a person" ]
Mercury_7214323	Which type of rock is formed when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure?	{ "text": [ "sandstone", "basalt", "marble", "granite" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: sandstone", "B: basalt", "C: marble", "D: granite" ]
FCAT_2008_5_5	Jenny measures the outside temperature as 16 degrees Celsius (°C), 61 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). She observes precipitation falling from the clouds in a solid form. What type of precipitation is Jenny most likely observing?	{ "text": [ "hail", "rain", "sleet", "snow" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: hail", "B: rain", "C: sleet", "D: snow" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2004_8_13	A change in the environment that causes a response is known as a	{ "text": [ "stimulus", "habit", "reflex", "source" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	1	[ "1: stimulus", "2: habit", "3: reflex", "4: source" ]
Mercury_7212118	Aluminum is an element. Which of the following best describes the smallest particle of aluminum that retains all the properties of aluminum?	{ "text": [ "a molecule", "an atom", "a proton", "an electron" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: a molecule", "B: an atom", "C: a proton", "D: an electron" ]
Mercury_176943	What advantage do sea stars gain from having radial symmetry?	{ "text": [ "They reproduce at a faster rate.", "They digest food more efficiently.", "They move quickly along the ground.", "They sense predators and potential food from all directions." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: They reproduce at a faster rate.", "B: They digest food more efficiently.", "C: They move quickly along the ground.", "D: They sense predators and potential food from all directions." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2004_4_21	A student has a ball of clay that sinks when placed in a pan of water. Which property should he change to make the clay float?	{ "text": [ "color", "texture", "mass", "shape" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: color", "B: texture", "C: mass", "D: shape" ]
MCAS_2005_8_26	The population of which of the following 26 organisms would most likely decline if small animals like rats, rabbits, and snakes were eliminated from an ecosystem?	{ "text": [ "earthworms", "grasses", "hawks", "mushrooms" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: earthworms", "B: grasses", "C: hawks", "D: mushrooms" ]
AKDE&ED_2012_8_39	During a lab investigation, students were asked to determine the best way to clean up an oil spill using different materials. Investigation Materials • filter paper • foam sponge • metal wire screen • thin sock filled with hair The students tested the materials by placing each material into separate buckets containing oil and water. They recorded their observations on which material absorbed the most oil. Why would the students' teacher ask them to repeat their tests?	{ "text": [ "to determine if water and oil can be separated", "to learn more about how to protect wildlife during an oil spill", "to improve the chances of obtaining accurate oil cleanup results", "to increase the total amount of oil removed from each container" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: to determine if water and oil can be separated", "B: to learn more about how to protect wildlife during an oil spill", "C: to improve the chances of obtaining accurate oil cleanup results", "D: to increase the total amount of oil removed from each container" ]
Mercury_SC_402635	A delta can be seen from the air at the mouth of the Mississippi River. This delta was formed by	{ "text": [ "erosion.", "weathering.", "conservation of soil.", "deposition of sediment." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: erosion.", "B: weathering.", "C: conservation of soil.", "D: deposition of sediment." ]
Mercury_7021228	The nose, mouth, and diaphragm are parts of which body system?	{ "text": [ "digestive", "muscular", "circulatory", "respiratory" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: digestive", "B: muscular", "C: circulatory", "D: respiratory" ]
AKDE&ED_2008_4_1	Students are studying some leaves. They group the leaves by shape. Which science process are the students using when they put the leaves in different groups?	{ "text": [ "classifying", "predicting", "measuring", "experimenting" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: classifying", "B: predicting", "C: measuring", "D: experimenting" ]
Mercury_7216825	The thin, semi-permeable membrane that encloses a cell allows nutrients to enter and wastes to be	{ "text": [ "digested.", "recycled.", "protected.", "excreted." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: digested.", "B: recycled.", "C: protected.", "D: excreted." ]
TIMSS_2003_8_pg34	A small, fast-moving river in is in a V-shaped valley on the slope of a mountain. If you follow the river to where it passes through a plain, what will the river most likely look like compared with how it looked on the mountain?	{ "text": [ "Much the same", "Deeper and faster", "Slower and wider", "Straighter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: Much the same", "B: Deeper and faster", "C: Slower and wider", "D: Straighter" ]
Mercury_7235743	The atmosphere of Mars is almost entirely composed of a greenhouse gas. Compared with Earth, which factor accounts for the low, nighttime surface temperatures on Mars?	{ "text": [ "Mars is much farther from the Sun than Earth.", "The atmosphere on Mars has an extremely low density.", "The atmosphere on Mars lacks global circulation.", "Mars has more glacial activity than Earth." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: Mars is much farther from the Sun than Earth.", "B: The atmosphere on Mars has an extremely low density.", "C: The atmosphere on Mars lacks global circulation.", "D: Mars has more glacial activity than Earth." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_5	Asexually produced offspring are genetically	{ "text": [ "identical to the parent", "different from the parent", "different from each other", "formed by two parents" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	1	[ "1: identical to the parent", "2: different from the parent", "3: different from each other", "4: formed by two parents" ]
Mercury_7161000	A teacher asks her students to examine titles of four scientific articles. Which titled article is specifically about a chemical change?	{ "text": [ "How Baking Soda Reacts With Vinegar", "How Rust Can Be Scraped off of Metal", "How Metals Respond to Electrical Currents", "How Elements Can Change Phase When Heated" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: How Baking Soda Reacts With Vinegar", "B: How Rust Can Be Scraped off of Metal", "C: How Metals Respond to Electrical Currents", "D: How Elements Can Change Phase When Heated" ]
Mercury_7199098	Nuclear fusion is the source of energy for stars. Besides hydrogen, which other element is most likely also common in stars?	{ "text": [ "helium", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "uranium" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: helium", "B: nitrogen", "C: oxygen", "D: uranium" ]
Mercury_7187233	Plants in a forest need to obtain nutrients from the soil to survive. How do most of the nutrients get back in the soil once the forest plants have used them for growth?	{ "text": [ "Organic matter recycles from dead organisms.", "Commercial fertilizers are applied by humans.", "Solar radiation reaches the ground surface.", "Rainwater drips off of living organisms." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: Organic matter recycles from dead organisms.", "B: Commercial fertilizers are applied by humans.", "C: Solar radiation reaches the ground surface.", "D: Rainwater drips off of living organisms." ]
Mercury_416583	Conjugation in a paramecium differs from sexual reproduction in volvox because conjugation	{ "text": [ "results in two genetically identical cells.", "requires specialized gonidia cells.", "forms haploid male and female gametes.", "takes place between specialized cells." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: results in two genetically identical cells.", "B: requires specialized gonidia cells.", "C: forms haploid male and female gametes.", "D: takes place between specialized cells." ]
Mercury_175175	Which of the following helps to produce urine in humans and other mammals?	{ "text": [ "bladder", "urethra", "kidneys", "ureter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: bladder", "B: urethra", "C: kidneys", "D: ureter" ]
Mercury_7081183	A scientist looks at a graph that shows the percentages of humus, clay, and sand that make up a soil. If the scientist had the total weight of each material, instead of percentages, what type of graph would be best to illustrate the data?	{ "text": [ "bar graph", "scatterplot", "circle graph", "pictograph" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: bar graph", "B: scatterplot", "C: circle graph", "D: pictograph" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2011_4_7	Which unit of measurement describes an object's length?	{ "text": [ "meter", "kilogram", "liter", "degree" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: meter", "B: kilogram", "C: liter", "D: degree" ]
Mercury_405466	Which organ is part of the respiratory system?	{ "text": [ "stomach", "lungs", "spinal cord", "large intestines" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: stomach", "B: lungs", "C: spinal cord", "D: large intestines" ]
Mercury_7172410	The iron in iron-rich red soils may not be in a form that can be taken up by tree roots. As a result, leaves and needles may look yellow. Some trees release acids that convert iron in soil to a usable form. This change in soil chemistry is a type of which process?	{ "text": [ "deposition", "weathering", "precipitation", "photosynthesis" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: deposition", "B: weathering", "C: precipitation", "D: photosynthesis" ]
Mercury_7018165	The action that results when waves made in a pond strike the edges and bounce back is known as	{ "text": [ "amplitude.", "frequency.", "vibration.", "reflection." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: amplitude.", "B: frequency.", "C: vibration.", "D: reflection." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2006_4_3	Sleet and hail are forms of	{ "text": [ "clouds", "energy", "evaporation", "precipitation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: clouds", "B: energy", "C: evaporation", "D: precipitation" ]
Mercury_177853	Astronomers have determined the surface temperature of stars by studying their colors. What color emission represents stars with the hottest temperatures?	{ "text": [ "blue", "red", "white", "yellow" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: blue", "B: red", "C: white", "D: yellow" ]
MCAS_1999_8_30	Because sulfur cannot be decomposed by simple chemical methods into two or more different substances, it is classified as	{ "text": [ "an element.", "a compound.", "a mixture.", "a molecule." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: an element.", "B: a compound.", "C: a mixture.", "D: a molecule." ]
Mercury_SC_407435	The students watch ocean waves crash on a beach. Which statement describes what will most likely happen because of the waves?	{ "text": [ "Grass on the beach will grow longer.", "Sand from the beach will wash away.", "Salt from the ocean will be left on the beach.", "Currents in the ocean will become stronger." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: Grass on the beach will grow longer.", "B: Sand from the beach will wash away.", "C: Salt from the ocean will be left on the beach.", "D: Currents in the ocean will become stronger." ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_26	When plants and animals die, which organisms help return nutrients to the food chain?	{ "text": [ "decomposers", "predators", "prey", "producers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: decomposers", "B: predators", "C: prey", "D: producers" ]
Mercury_SC_401664	Which object used in an experiment can safely be recycled?	{ "text": [ "an aluminum can", "a wet paper towel", "salt spilled onto a tabletop", "a broken graduated cylinder" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: an aluminum can", "B: a wet paper towel", "C: salt spilled onto a tabletop", "D: a broken graduated cylinder" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2005_8_32	Evidence that living things have evolved over hundreds of millions of years can be found in	{ "text": [ "particles in the air", "rocks containing fossils", "tree rings from recently logged trees", "chemicals in human hair" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	2	[ "1: particles in the air", "2: rocks containing fossils", "3: tree rings from recently logged trees", "4: chemicals in human hair" ]
Mercury_415683	What causes the blue color of the sky?	{ "text": [ "emission of light by land and water surfaces", "reflection of light from land and water surfaces", "absorption of light by matter in the atmosphere", "scattering of light by matter in the atmosphere" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: emission of light by land and water surfaces", "B: reflection of light from land and water surfaces", "C: absorption of light by matter in the atmosphere", "D: scattering of light by matter in the atmosphere" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2004_8_15	As the population of small fish in a lake decreases, the population of large fish that depend on the small fish for food will	{ "text": [ "reproduce faster", "begin to produce their own food", "decrease in number", "increase in number" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	3	[ "1: reproduce faster", "2: begin to produce their own food", "3: decrease in number", "4: increase in number" ]
Mercury_7183435	Living organisms require energy for biological processes. Chemical energy in a plant cell is	{ "text": [ "produced in vacuoles.", "converted from solar energy.", "developed by centrioles.", "stored as kinetic energy." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: produced in vacuoles.", "B: converted from solar energy.", "C: developed by centrioles.", "D: stored as kinetic energy." ]
Mercury_SC_401154	Pollen is necessary for a flowering plant to	{ "text": [ "grow.", "blossom.", "germinate.", "reproduce." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: grow.", "B: blossom.", "C: germinate.", "D: reproduce." ]
Mercury_7217928	Which gas makes up the greatest percentage of Earth's atmosphere?	{ "text": [ "argon", "nitrogen", "nitrous oxide", "carbon dioxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: argon", "B: nitrogen", "C: nitrous oxide", "D: carbon dioxide" ]
Mercury_7044310	Which is the best explanation of the term ecology?	{ "text": [ "the study of the nonliving parts of the environment", "the study of the living parts of the environment", "the study of the protection and renewal of natural resources", "the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: the study of the nonliving parts of the environment", "B: the study of the living parts of the environment", "C: the study of the protection and renewal of natural resources", "D: the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment" ]
Mercury_7026303	A student leaves a rock in the Sun on a bright afternoon. An hour after sunset, the weather is cool, but the rock still feels warm. The student has demonstrated a property of the rock resulting directly from which of the rock's other properties?	{ "text": [ "its reactivity", "its magnetism", "its specific heat", "its chemical energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: its reactivity", "B: its magnetism", "C: its specific heat", "D: its chemical energy" ]
Mercury_402058	Which characteristic is not an inherited trait?	{ "text": [ "size", "eye color", "skin color", "personality" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: size", "B: eye color", "C: skin color", "D: personality" ]
TIMSS_2003_8_pg97	Eating leafy vegetables is important for human health. This is because leafy vegetables are a good source of which of the following?	{ "text": [ "protein", "carbohydrates", "minerals", "fat" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: protein", "B: carbohydrates", "C: minerals", "D: fat" ]
Mercury_180303	What is necessary to use on a telescope in order to photograph solar flares and solar prominences?	{ "text": [ "a light filter", "a chronograph", "an electric drive", "a series of mirrors" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: a light filter", "B: a chronograph", "C: an electric drive", "D: a series of mirrors" ]
Mercury_7218645	Near Earth's equator, water generally exists naturally in the liquid and gas states. In which other part of Earth is water usually found naturally in only two states?	{ "text": [ "Indian Ocean", "interior of Africa", "South Pole", "Tropic of Cancer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: Indian Ocean", "B: interior of Africa", "C: South Pole", "D: Tropic of Cancer" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2011_8_22	A cat jumps when startled by a loud noise. This is an example of an organism	{ "text": [ "sensing and responding to its external environment", "sensing and responding to its internal environment", "changing and controlling its external environment", "changing and controlling its internal environment" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }	1	[ "1: sensing and responding to its external environment", "2: sensing and responding to its internal environment", "3: changing and controlling its external environment", "4: changing and controlling its internal environment" ]
Mercury_SC_LBS10605	Which of the following materials would best slow the transfer of heat?	{ "text": [ "aluminum", "copper", "glass", "wood" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: aluminum", "B: copper", "C: glass", "D: wood" ]
NCEOGA_2013_5_22	What can cause a moving object to increase its speed in a forward direction?	{ "text": [ "a force pushing on the object from the opposite direction", "a force that continually acts on the object in the direction the object is moving", "an increase in the mass of the object", "a decrease in the mass of the object" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: a force pushing on the object from the opposite direction", "B: a force that continually acts on the object in the direction the object is moving", "C: an increase in the mass of the object", "D: a decrease in the mass of the object" ]
NCEOGA_2013_8_27	In which oceanic zone do clams and crabs survive by burrowing in the sand?	{ "text": [ "oceanic", "intertidal", "deep ocean", "open ocean" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: oceanic", "B: intertidal", "C: deep ocean", "D: open ocean" ]
MCAS_1998_8_21	A manufacturing industry has asked to relocate its plant to your town. From an environmental perspective, which question is least important to ask before deciding whether the industry may move to your town?	{ "text": [ "How will the plant affect wildlife of the area?", "What kinds of pollution will the plant produce?", "What impact will the plant have on the population of the town?", "What are the uses of the products that the plant will manufacture?" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: How will the plant affect wildlife of the area?", "B: What kinds of pollution will the plant produce?", "C: What impact will the plant have on the population of the town?", "D: What are the uses of the products that the plant will manufacture?" ]
Mercury_7206885	Some meteorologists use visual aids such as diagrams, maps, and charts when they present the weather to television viewers. How do different types of visual aids help the viewers understand complex weather phenomena?	{ "text": [ "by combining knowledge from past reports with new information", "by providing information collected by other meteorologists", "by checking the accuracy of each part of the weather report", "by showing many components that impact the weather" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: by combining knowledge from past reports with new information", "B: by providing information collected by other meteorologists", "C: by checking the accuracy of each part of the weather report", "D: by showing many components that impact the weather" ]
Mercury_7071925	Which renewable energy resource possesses the greatest potential for providing renewable energy to meet the future needs of the southern United States?	{ "text": [ "tidal", "water", "solar", "coal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: tidal", "B: water", "C: solar", "D: coal" ]
Mercury_7011043	A student performs an experiment and the results are shown below: Before- Iron filings are brown, small, and magnetic: Copper sulfate crystals are blue, brittle, and not magnetic. After- The copper formed was reddish, solid, and not magnetic: Iron sulfide solution was colorless and not magnetic. Which statement supports that a chemical reaction took place?	{ "text": [ "Changes in color occurred.", "A new substance was formed.", "A physical change in the iron occurred.", "The original substances were present after." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: Changes in color occurred.", "B: A new substance was formed.", "C: A physical change in the iron occurred.", "D: The original substances were present after." ]
Mercury_7090545	In order for rocks to be classified as igneous, the rocks must	{ "text": [ "solidify at the surface of Earth.", "be eroded and deposited in layers.", "be formed from magma.", "change form when pressure is applied." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: solidify at the surface of Earth.", "B: be eroded and deposited in layers.", "C: be formed from magma.", "D: change form when pressure is applied." ]
Mercury_406548	Which of these is most likely the cause of a father and son having almost identical-sounding voices?	{ "text": [ "learned behaviors", "environmental conditions", "inherited characteristics", "instinctive characteristics" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: learned behaviors", "B: environmental conditions", "C: inherited characteristics", "D: instinctive characteristics" ]
Mercury_SC_400597	Frog eggs hatch into tadpoles, and then tadpoles gradually develop into frogs. This process is known as	{ "text": [ "adolescence.", "crossbreeding.", "regeneration.", "metamorphosis." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: adolescence.", "B: crossbreeding.", "C: regeneration.", "D: metamorphosis." ]
MCAS_1999_4_30	Many people like to use microwave ovens rather than traditional ovens. The main reason for this is that microwave ovens	{ "text": [ "take less time to cook food than regular ovens do.", "get hotter than regular ovens.", "do not leave spattered grease or food on the inside.", "cannot overcook food." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: take less time to cook food than regular ovens do.", "B: get hotter than regular ovens.", "C: do not leave spattered grease or food on the inside.", "D: cannot overcook food." ]
Mercury_7168280	When trees are removed from an area in a tropical rainforest, the area experiences an increase in soil erosion. Which statement best explains why removing the trees can lead to soil erosion?	{ "text": [ "Less bedrock will be available to make soil.", "There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.", "The number of soil-eating insects in the area will increase.", "The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground will increase." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: Less bedrock will be available to make soil.", "B: There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.", "C: The number of soil-eating insects in the area will increase.", "D: The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground will increase." ]
MEA_2013_5_6	What information is needed to calculate the speed of a car?	{ "text": [ "the road conditions and type of tires", "the type of engine and the amount of gas used by the engine", "the car length and distance traveled", "the distance travel" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: the road conditions and type of tires", "B: the type of engine and the amount of gas used by the engine", "C: the car length and distance traveled", "D: the distance travel" ]
MCAS_2003_5_11	Freda always hangs her wet swimsuit outdoors after getting out of the swimming pool. Which of the following is least likely to affect the rate at which Freda's swimsuit dries?	{ "text": [ "the heat of the Sun", "the speed of the wind", "the temperature of the water in the pool", "the amount of water vapor in the air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: the heat of the Sun", "B: the speed of the wind", "C: the temperature of the water in the pool", "D: the amount of water vapor in the air" ]
TIMSS_1995_8_I15	Maria collected the gas given off by a glowing piece of charcoal. The gas was then bubbled through a small amount of colorless limewater. Part of Maria's report stated, "After the gas was put into the jar, the limewater gradually changed to a milky white color." This statement is	{ "text": [ "an observation", "a conclusion", "a generalization", "an assumption of the investigation", "a hypothesis" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D", "E" ] }	A	[ "A: an observation", "B: a conclusion", "C: a generalization", "D: an assumption of the investigation", "E: a hypothesis" ]
NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_27	Some butterflies live an average of two weeks. This period of time is called a life	{ "text": [ "process", "span", "change", "cycle" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: process", "B: span", "C: change", "D: cycle" ]
MCAS_2003_8_34	Which two body systems work together to transport oxygen to the cells?	{ "text": [ "skeletal and respiratory", "digestive and respiratory", "respiratory and circulatory", "respiratory and reproductive" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	C	[ "A: skeletal and respiratory", "B: digestive and respiratory", "C: respiratory and circulatory", "D: respiratory and reproductive" ]
Mercury_7235655	Some localized layers of rock contain the element iridium. Iridium is most often found in space objects such as meteoroids and asteroids. The discovery of these iridium-containing layers has been matched to which phenomena in Earth's history?	{ "text": [ "tectonic plate separations", "mass species extinctions", "orbital path changes", "magnetic pole reversals" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: tectonic plate separations", "B: mass species extinctions", "C: orbital path changes", "D: magnetic pole reversals" ]
Mercury_SC_401830	Which of these converts electrical energy to light energy?	{ "text": [ "a star", "a flashlight", "a campfire", "a tea kettle" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: a star", "B: a flashlight", "C: a campfire", "D: a tea kettle" ]
Mercury_SC_401676	Darwin's theory that animal species can change over time was inspired by his research on which set of islands?	{ "text": [ "the Philippine Islands", "the Virgin Islands", "the Hawaiian Islands", "the Galapagos Islands" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: the Philippine Islands", "B: the Virgin Islands", "C: the Hawaiian Islands", "D: the Galapagos Islands" ]
Mercury_7186813	An athlete is running a race. The athlete's body needs energy. Which organelle(s) in the athlete's cells supply the energy for cellular functions?	{ "text": [ "Golgi apparatus", "mitochondrion", "ribosome", "nucleus" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	B	[ "A: Golgi apparatus", "B: mitochondrion", "C: ribosome", "D: nucleus" ]
Mercury_SC_406712	Which of these would best help a scientist discover a new planet?	{ "text": [ "making a model of outer space", "asking questions to other scientists", "collecting information about planets", "looking at the night sky with a telescope" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	D	[ "A: making a model of outer space", "B: asking questions to other scientists", "C: collecting information about planets", "D: looking at the night sky with a telescope" ]
VASoL_2009_3_3	Which of these lists has only products that come from plants?	{ "text": [ "Paper, spices, and fibers", "Wool, lumber, and butter", "Medicines, leather, and milk", "Cotton, rubber, and eggs" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }	A	[ "A: Paper, spices, and fibers", "B: Wool, lumber, and butter", "C: Medicines, leather, and milk", "D: Cotton, rubber, and eggs" ]

Mercury_SC_406058

A car has a small gasoline engine combined with a battery-powered electric motor. When the car stops at a red light, the gasoline engine stops running and the electric motor begins working. How does this type of car most likely benefit people?

{ "text": [ "reduces traffic", "uses less gasoline", "accelerates faster", "carries more passengers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: reduces traffic", "B: uses less gasoline", "C: accelerates faster", "D: carries more passengers" ]

Mercury_7215215

Increased populations can lead to the depletion of locally available resources. Compared to other communities, which of these locally available resources is most likely to be depleted in desert communities?

{ "text": [ "mineral", "oxygen", "gasoline", "water" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: mineral", "B: oxygen", "C: gasoline", "D: water" ]

Mercury_7222478

Where is the first place a scientist should present new research data about the structure of a galaxy in order to receive the most appropriate review of the research?

{ "text": [ "a high school science classroom", "a university science blog", "a peer-reviewed science journal", "a popular science news magazine" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: a high school science classroom", "B: a university science blog", "C: a peer-reviewed science journal", "D: a popular science news magazine" ]

AKDE&ED_2012_4_10

Which action most likely causes large rocks to become smaller pieces of rock?

{ "text": [ "melting inside of Earth", "weathering by wind and water", "cementing by mud and minerals", "being pressed between layers of soil" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: melting inside of Earth", "B: weathering by wind and water", "C: cementing by mud and minerals", "D: being pressed between layers of soil" ]

Mercury_SC_408562

European starlings are birds that take over the nests of other birds. When they move into an area, starlings reproduce quickly. Taking over the nests of other birds most likely increases the number of starlings by helping them to do what?

{ "text": [ "attract a better mate", "compete for resources", "migrate during the winter", "blend in with the environment" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: attract a better mate", "B: compete for resources", "C: migrate during the winter", "D: blend in with the environment" ]

MCAS_2008_5_5635

Many bacteria are decomposer organisms. Which of the following statements best describes how these bacteria help make soil more fertile?

{ "text": [ "The bacteria break down water into food.", "The bacteria change sunlight into minerals.", "The bacteria combine with sand to form rocks.", "The bacteria break down plant and animal matter." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: The bacteria break down water into food.", "B: The bacteria change sunlight into minerals.", "C: The bacteria combine with sand to form rocks.", "D: The bacteria break down plant and animal matter." ]

Mercury_7014473

In Rutherford's experiment, what caused some high-energy particles to bounce off the metal, while most pass straight through?

{ "text": [ "light waves", "magnetic waves", "positive charges", "negative charges" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: light waves", "B: magnetic waves", "C: positive charges", "D: negative charges" ]

Mercury_SC_405337

Jenny's class made an instrument to measure air pressure. The instrument is a

{ "text": [ "thermometer.", "rain gauge.", "barometer.", "wind vane." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: thermometer.", "B: rain gauge.", "C: barometer.", "D: wind vane." ]

Mercury_7057628

Condensation in the water cycle can best be described as the result of water vapor

{ "text": [ "rising into the atmosphere, cooling and changing into a liquid form.", "rising into the atmosphere, warming and changing into a gaseous form.", "changing from a liquid form into a solid and forming snow.", "changing from a gas form into a solid and forming hail." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: rising into the atmosphere, cooling and changing into a liquid form.", "B: rising into the atmosphere, warming and changing into a gaseous form.", "C: changing from a liquid form into a solid and forming snow.", "D: changing from a gas form into a solid and forming hail." ]

MCAS_2008_8_5706

New carpet is being measured for a room that is 5.5 m by 4.6 m. On a measuring tape, what is the smallest unit that is necessary to measure the room accurately for the carpet?

{ "text": [ "millimeters", "centimeters", "meters", "kilometers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: millimeters", "B: centimeters", "C: meters", "D: kilometers" ]

Mercury_7107205

How does an ecosystem benefit when leaves fall from a tree and decompose on the soil?

{ "text": [ "Nutrients are released into the soil.", "Soil erosion decreases.", "Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soil.", "Soil temperature decreases." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: Nutrients are released into the soil.", "B: Soil erosion decreases.", "C: Carbon dioxide is absorbed by the soil.", "D: Soil temperature decreases." ]

CSZ10292

Which of the following gases do plants use in photosynthesis?

{ "text": [ "hydrogen", "oxygen", "carbon dioxide", "carbon monoxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: hydrogen", "B: oxygen", "C: carbon dioxide", "D: carbon monoxide" ]

Mercury_7026583

During an ice age, enormous ice sheets called glaciers increase in size on Earth's surface, resulting in decreased ocean depths. Due to global cooling, the water cycle is disrupted between which two stages to cause an increase in glacier size?

{ "text": [ "runoff and evaporation", "transpiration and precipitation", "precipitation and runoff", "transpiration and evaporation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: runoff and evaporation", "B: transpiration and precipitation", "C: precipitation and runoff", "D: transpiration and evaporation" ]

Mercury_7194285

Different units of measurement are more useful in some settings than in others. Which unit of measurement is most used when comparing distances within the solar system?

{ "text": [ "the mile", "the kilometer", "the light year", "the astronomical unit" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: the mile", "B: the kilometer", "C: the light year", "D: the astronomical unit" ]

Mercury_7086818

The formation of diamonds requires tremendous pressure that is generated

{ "text": [ "in deep ocean trenches.", "high in the mountains.", "in dry environments.", "deep below the crust." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: in deep ocean trenches.", "B: high in the mountains.", "C: in dry environments.", "D: deep below the crust." ]

Mercury_SC_402269

What characteristic helps a rabbit survive in a winter environment?

{ "text": [ "size", "strength", "long ears", "camouflage" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: size", "B: strength", "C: long ears", "D: camouflage" ]

Mercury_SC_400345

A science class is taking a field trip to a forest to observe and study birds. Which tool would be most helpful for observing birds?

{ "text": [ "beakers", "binoculars", "safety goggles", "microscopes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: beakers", "B: binoculars", "C: safety goggles", "D: microscopes" ]

MCAS_2000_4_22

An example of an instinct is

{ "text": [ "laughing at something funny.", "dogs doing tricks when told.", "doing your homework at the same time each day.", "salmon returning to their birthplace to lay their eggs." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: laughing at something funny.", "B: dogs doing tricks when told.", "C: doing your homework at the same time each day.", "D: salmon returning to their birthplace to lay their eggs." ]

Mercury_7221690

During which change of state do the particles of a substance move from being tightly packed together to having more freedom of movement?

{ "text": [ "a solid becoming a liquid", "a gas becoming a solid", "a gas becoming a liquid", "a liquid becoming a solid" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: a solid becoming a liquid", "B: a gas becoming a solid", "C: a gas becoming a liquid", "D: a liquid becoming a solid" ]

Mercury_7094990

When astronauts walked on the Moon, they used weighted boots to help them walk due to the lower gravitational pull. What difference between Earth and the Moon accounts for the difference in gravity?

{ "text": [ "density", "diameter", "mass", "volume" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: density", "B: diameter", "C: mass", "D: volume" ]

Mercury_7211120

A population of wood mice lives in a cool, moist temperate forest. Several years of hot, dry weather have affected the plants in the area. Which mice in the population are most likely to survive this change and pass their genes on to their offspring?

{ "text": [ "those with the warmest coats and best camouflage", "the largest and strongest mice in the population", "those with traits most adapted to the new environment", "the youngest and fastest mice in the population" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: those with the warmest coats and best camouflage", "B: the largest and strongest mice in the population", "C: those with traits most adapted to the new environment", "D: the youngest and fastest mice in the population" ]

MCAS_2003_8_16

Harmful ultraviolet rays from the Sun are primarily absorbed by

{ "text": [ "dust.", "ozone.", "land masses.", "water vapor." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: dust.", "B: ozone.", "C: land masses.", "D: water vapor." ]

Mercury_SC_400535

Which of these is most likely caused by the action of water, wind, and animals?

{ "text": [ "mountains", "erosion", "earthquakes", "volcanic eruptions" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: mountains", "B: erosion", "C: earthquakes", "D: volcanic eruptions" ]

Mercury_7057698

The core of Earth is divided into two layers. The outer core is made of

{ "text": [ "basaltic rocks.", "silicate rocks.", "solid iron and nickel.", "molten iron and nickel." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: basaltic rocks.", "B: silicate rocks.", "C: solid iron and nickel.", "D: molten iron and nickel." ]

MSA_2015_5_38

Offshore oil platforms affect ocean habitats. An ocean environment is most likely damaged by an offshore oil platform because

{ "text": [ "leaking oil from the oil platform might pollute the water", "fishing from the oil platform might reduce the fish population", "drilling in the ocean floor might reduce the water temperature", "changing the ocean floor might increase the number of hurricanes" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: leaking oil from the oil platform might pollute the water", "B: fishing from the oil platform might reduce the fish population", "C: drilling in the ocean floor might reduce the water temperature", "D: changing the ocean floor might increase the number of hurricanes" ]

Mercury_7077473

An object such as a hammer weighs less on the Moon than on Earth. This is because the Moon has a

{ "text": [ "thinner atmosphere than Earth.", "smaller diameter than Earth.", "stronger magnetic field than Earth.", "lower mass than Earth." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: thinner atmosphere than Earth.", "B: smaller diameter than Earth.", "C: stronger magnetic field than Earth.", "D: lower mass than Earth." ]

Mercury_SC_401647

A scientist plans a project to determine the effect of rain on the formation of caves. An area of rock has been chosen as the site for the investigation. How often should the scientist measure the changes in the rock?

{ "text": [ "every day", "every week", "every month", "every year" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: every day", "B: every week", "C: every month", "D: every year" ]

Mercury_7085523

Which type of rock is formed from limestone that has been compacted, heated, and recrystallized?

{ "text": [ "siltstone", "sandstone", "marble", "shale" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: siltstone", "B: sandstone", "C: marble", "D: shale" ]

Mercury_7158953

Isabel goes jogging for two miles on a sunny afternoon. At the end of her run, she is warmer. As Isabel jogs, which function does the skin perform to help stabilize her body temperature?

{ "text": [ "Her skin exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "Her skin produces red blood cells.", "Her skin releases hormones.", "Her skin discharges water." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: Her skin exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "B: Her skin produces red blood cells.", "C: Her skin releases hormones.", "D: Her skin discharges water." ]

Mercury_SC_416460

Which cell can survive without the help of other cells?

{ "text": [ "leaf cell", "yeast cell", "onion cell", "muscle cell" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: leaf cell", "B: yeast cell", "C: onion cell", "D: muscle cell" ]

TAKS_2009_8_23

Two students make hot chocolate. One student pours the hot chocolate into a foam cup. The other student pours the hot chocolate into a metal cup. The metal cup becomes too hot to touch, but the foam cup can be held comfortably. The best explanation for this difference in temperature is that the foam cup-- A heats up much faster than the metal cup

{ "text": [ "has a higher specific heat than the metal cup", "is a better conductor of heat than the metal cup", "has a specific heat that is similar to that of the metal cup" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C" ] }

B

[ "A: has a higher specific heat than the metal cup", "B: is a better conductor of heat than the metal cup", "C: has a specific heat that is similar to that of the metal cup" ]

Mercury_SC_408890

Frogs and salamanders compete with each other for insects. Both frogs and salamanders catch flying insects with their tongues. Which feature would most likely help both animals compete for flying insects?

{ "text": [ "sticky tongues", "bright tongues", "thick tongues", "short tongues" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: sticky tongues", "B: bright tongues", "C: thick tongues", "D: short tongues" ]

Mercury_406803

Which interaction benefits both organisms?

{ "text": [ "a flea living on a dog", "a bee pollinating a flower", "a tapeworm living inside an animal", "a mosquito biting a person" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: a flea living on a dog", "B: a bee pollinating a flower", "C: a tapeworm living inside an animal", "D: a mosquito biting a person" ]

Mercury_7214323

Which type of rock is formed when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure?

{ "text": [ "sandstone", "basalt", "marble", "granite" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: sandstone", "B: basalt", "C: marble", "D: granite" ]

FCAT_2008_5_5

Jenny measures the outside temperature as 16 degrees Celsius (°C), 61 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). She observes precipitation falling from the clouds in a solid form. What type of precipitation is Jenny most likely observing?

{ "text": [ "hail", "rain", "sleet", "snow" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: hail", "B: rain", "C: sleet", "D: snow" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2004_8_13

A change in the environment that causes a response is known as a

{ "text": [ "stimulus", "habit", "reflex", "source" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

1

[ "1: stimulus", "2: habit", "3: reflex", "4: source" ]

Mercury_7212118

Aluminum is an element. Which of the following best describes the smallest particle of aluminum that retains all the properties of aluminum?

{ "text": [ "a molecule", "an atom", "a proton", "an electron" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: a molecule", "B: an atom", "C: a proton", "D: an electron" ]

Mercury_176943

What advantage do sea stars gain from having radial symmetry?

{ "text": [ "They reproduce at a faster rate.", "They digest food more efficiently.", "They move quickly along the ground.", "They sense predators and potential food from all directions." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: They reproduce at a faster rate.", "B: They digest food more efficiently.", "C: They move quickly along the ground.", "D: They sense predators and potential food from all directions." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2004_4_21

A student has a ball of clay that sinks when placed in a pan of water. Which property should he change to make the clay float?

{ "text": [ "color", "texture", "mass", "shape" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: color", "B: texture", "C: mass", "D: shape" ]

MCAS_2005_8_26

The population of which of the following 26 organisms would most likely decline if small animals like rats, rabbits, and snakes were eliminated from an ecosystem?

{ "text": [ "earthworms", "grasses", "hawks", "mushrooms" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: earthworms", "B: grasses", "C: hawks", "D: mushrooms" ]

AKDE&ED_2012_8_39

During a lab investigation, students were asked to determine the best way to clean up an oil spill using different materials. Investigation Materials • filter paper • foam sponge • metal wire screen • thin sock filled with hair The students tested the materials by placing each material into separate buckets containing oil and water. They recorded their observations on which material absorbed the most oil. Why would the students' teacher ask them to repeat their tests?

{ "text": [ "to determine if water and oil can be separated", "to learn more about how to protect wildlife during an oil spill", "to improve the chances of obtaining accurate oil cleanup results", "to increase the total amount of oil removed from each container" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: to determine if water and oil can be separated", "B: to learn more about how to protect wildlife during an oil spill", "C: to improve the chances of obtaining accurate oil cleanup results", "D: to increase the total amount of oil removed from each container" ]

Mercury_SC_402635

A delta can be seen from the air at the mouth of the Mississippi River. This delta was formed by

{ "text": [ "erosion.", "weathering.", "conservation of soil.", "deposition of sediment." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: erosion.", "B: weathering.", "C: conservation of soil.", "D: deposition of sediment." ]

Mercury_7021228

The nose, mouth, and diaphragm are parts of which body system?

{ "text": [ "digestive", "muscular", "circulatory", "respiratory" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: digestive", "B: muscular", "C: circulatory", "D: respiratory" ]

AKDE&ED_2008_4_1

Students are studying some leaves. They group the leaves by shape. Which science process are the students using when they put the leaves in different groups?

{ "text": [ "classifying", "predicting", "measuring", "experimenting" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: classifying", "B: predicting", "C: measuring", "D: experimenting" ]

Mercury_7216825

The thin, semi-permeable membrane that encloses a cell allows nutrients to enter and wastes to be

{ "text": [ "digested.", "recycled.", "protected.", "excreted." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: digested.", "B: recycled.", "C: protected.", "D: excreted." ]

TIMSS_2003_8_pg34

A small, fast-moving river in is in a V-shaped valley on the slope of a mountain. If you follow the river to where it passes through a plain, what will the river most likely look like compared with how it looked on the mountain?

{ "text": [ "Much the same", "Deeper and faster", "Slower and wider", "Straighter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: Much the same", "B: Deeper and faster", "C: Slower and wider", "D: Straighter" ]

Mercury_7235743

The atmosphere of Mars is almost entirely composed of a greenhouse gas. Compared with Earth, which factor accounts for the low, nighttime surface temperatures on Mars?

{ "text": [ "Mars is much farther from the Sun than Earth.", "The atmosphere on Mars has an extremely low density.", "The atmosphere on Mars lacks global circulation.", "Mars has more glacial activity than Earth." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: Mars is much farther from the Sun than Earth.", "B: The atmosphere on Mars has an extremely low density.", "C: The atmosphere on Mars lacks global circulation.", "D: Mars has more glacial activity than Earth." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2007_8_5

Asexually produced offspring are genetically

{ "text": [ "identical to the parent", "different from the parent", "different from each other", "formed by two parents" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

1

[ "1: identical to the parent", "2: different from the parent", "3: different from each other", "4: formed by two parents" ]

Mercury_7161000

A teacher asks her students to examine titles of four scientific articles. Which titled article is specifically about a chemical change?

{ "text": [ "How Baking Soda Reacts With Vinegar", "How Rust Can Be Scraped off of Metal", "How Metals Respond to Electrical Currents", "How Elements Can Change Phase When Heated" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: How Baking Soda Reacts With Vinegar", "B: How Rust Can Be Scraped off of Metal", "C: How Metals Respond to Electrical Currents", "D: How Elements Can Change Phase When Heated" ]

Mercury_7199098

Nuclear fusion is the source of energy for stars. Besides hydrogen, which other element is most likely also common in stars?

{ "text": [ "helium", "nitrogen", "oxygen", "uranium" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: helium", "B: nitrogen", "C: oxygen", "D: uranium" ]

Mercury_7187233

Plants in a forest need to obtain nutrients from the soil to survive. How do most of the nutrients get back in the soil once the forest plants have used them for growth?

{ "text": [ "Organic matter recycles from dead organisms.", "Commercial fertilizers are applied by humans.", "Solar radiation reaches the ground surface.", "Rainwater drips off of living organisms." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: Organic matter recycles from dead organisms.", "B: Commercial fertilizers are applied by humans.", "C: Solar radiation reaches the ground surface.", "D: Rainwater drips off of living organisms." ]

Mercury_416583

Conjugation in a paramecium differs from sexual reproduction in volvox because conjugation

{ "text": [ "results in two genetically identical cells.", "requires specialized gonidia cells.", "forms haploid male and female gametes.", "takes place between specialized cells." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: results in two genetically identical cells.", "B: requires specialized gonidia cells.", "C: forms haploid male and female gametes.", "D: takes place between specialized cells." ]

Mercury_175175

Which of the following helps to produce urine in humans and other mammals?

{ "text": [ "bladder", "urethra", "kidneys", "ureter" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: bladder", "B: urethra", "C: kidneys", "D: ureter" ]

Mercury_7081183

A scientist looks at a graph that shows the percentages of humus, clay, and sand that make up a soil. If the scientist had the total weight of each material, instead of percentages, what type of graph would be best to illustrate the data?

{ "text": [ "bar graph", "scatterplot", "circle graph", "pictograph" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: bar graph", "B: scatterplot", "C: circle graph", "D: pictograph" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2011_4_7

Which unit of measurement describes an object's length?

{ "text": [ "meter", "kilogram", "liter", "degree" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: meter", "B: kilogram", "C: liter", "D: degree" ]

Mercury_405466

Which organ is part of the respiratory system?

{ "text": [ "stomach", "lungs", "spinal cord", "large intestines" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: stomach", "B: lungs", "C: spinal cord", "D: large intestines" ]

Mercury_7172410

The iron in iron-rich red soils may not be in a form that can be taken up by tree roots. As a result, leaves and needles may look yellow. Some trees release acids that convert iron in soil to a usable form. This change in soil chemistry is a type of which process?

{ "text": [ "deposition", "weathering", "precipitation", "photosynthesis" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: deposition", "B: weathering", "C: precipitation", "D: photosynthesis" ]

Mercury_7018165

The action that results when waves made in a pond strike the edges and bounce back is known as

{ "text": [ "amplitude.", "frequency.", "vibration.", "reflection." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: amplitude.", "B: frequency.", "C: vibration.", "D: reflection." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2006_4_3

Sleet and hail are forms of

{ "text": [ "clouds", "energy", "evaporation", "precipitation" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: clouds", "B: energy", "C: evaporation", "D: precipitation" ]

Mercury_177853

Astronomers have determined the surface temperature of stars by studying their colors. What color emission represents stars with the hottest temperatures?

{ "text": [ "blue", "red", "white", "yellow" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: blue", "B: red", "C: white", "D: yellow" ]

MCAS_1999_8_30

Because sulfur cannot be decomposed by simple chemical methods into two or more different substances, it is classified as

{ "text": [ "an element.", "a compound.", "a mixture.", "a molecule." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: an element.", "B: a compound.", "C: a mixture.", "D: a molecule." ]

Mercury_SC_407435

The students watch ocean waves crash on a beach. Which statement describes what will most likely happen because of the waves?

{ "text": [ "Grass on the beach will grow longer.", "Sand from the beach will wash away.", "Salt from the ocean will be left on the beach.", "Currents in the ocean will become stronger." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: Grass on the beach will grow longer.", "B: Sand from the beach will wash away.", "C: Salt from the ocean will be left on the beach.", "D: Currents in the ocean will become stronger." ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_26

When plants and animals die, which organisms help return nutrients to the food chain?

{ "text": [ "decomposers", "predators", "prey", "producers" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: decomposers", "B: predators", "C: prey", "D: producers" ]

Mercury_SC_401664

Which object used in an experiment can safely be recycled?

{ "text": [ "an aluminum can", "a wet paper towel", "salt spilled onto a tabletop", "a broken graduated cylinder" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: an aluminum can", "B: a wet paper towel", "C: salt spilled onto a tabletop", "D: a broken graduated cylinder" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2005_8_32

Evidence that living things have evolved over hundreds of millions of years can be found in

{ "text": [ "particles in the air", "rocks containing fossils", "tree rings from recently logged trees", "chemicals in human hair" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

2

[ "1: particles in the air", "2: rocks containing fossils", "3: tree rings from recently logged trees", "4: chemicals in human hair" ]

Mercury_415683

What causes the blue color of the sky?

{ "text": [ "emission of light by land and water surfaces", "reflection of light from land and water surfaces", "absorption of light by matter in the atmosphere", "scattering of light by matter in the atmosphere" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: emission of light by land and water surfaces", "B: reflection of light from land and water surfaces", "C: absorption of light by matter in the atmosphere", "D: scattering of light by matter in the atmosphere" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2004_8_15

As the population of small fish in a lake decreases, the population of large fish that depend on the small fish for food will

{ "text": [ "reproduce faster", "begin to produce their own food", "decrease in number", "increase in number" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

3

[ "1: reproduce faster", "2: begin to produce their own food", "3: decrease in number", "4: increase in number" ]

Mercury_7183435

Living organisms require energy for biological processes. Chemical energy in a plant cell is

{ "text": [ "produced in vacuoles.", "converted from solar energy.", "developed by centrioles.", "stored as kinetic energy." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: produced in vacuoles.", "B: converted from solar energy.", "C: developed by centrioles.", "D: stored as kinetic energy." ]

Mercury_SC_401154

Pollen is necessary for a flowering plant to

{ "text": [ "grow.", "blossom.", "germinate.", "reproduce." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: grow.", "B: blossom.", "C: germinate.", "D: reproduce." ]

Mercury_7217928

Which gas makes up the greatest percentage of Earth's atmosphere?

{ "text": [ "argon", "nitrogen", "nitrous oxide", "carbon dioxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: argon", "B: nitrogen", "C: nitrous oxide", "D: carbon dioxide" ]

Mercury_7044310

Which is the best explanation of the term ecology?

{ "text": [ "the study of the nonliving parts of the environment", "the study of the living parts of the environment", "the study of the protection and renewal of natural resources", "the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: the study of the nonliving parts of the environment", "B: the study of the living parts of the environment", "C: the study of the protection and renewal of natural resources", "D: the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment" ]

Mercury_7026303

A student leaves a rock in the Sun on a bright afternoon. An hour after sunset, the weather is cool, but the rock still feels warm. The student has demonstrated a property of the rock resulting directly from which of the rock's other properties?

{ "text": [ "its reactivity", "its magnetism", "its specific heat", "its chemical energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: its reactivity", "B: its magnetism", "C: its specific heat", "D: its chemical energy" ]

Mercury_402058

Which characteristic is not an inherited trait?

{ "text": [ "size", "eye color", "skin color", "personality" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: size", "B: eye color", "C: skin color", "D: personality" ]

TIMSS_2003_8_pg97

Eating leafy vegetables is important for human health. This is because leafy vegetables are a good source of which of the following?

{ "text": [ "protein", "carbohydrates", "minerals", "fat" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: protein", "B: carbohydrates", "C: minerals", "D: fat" ]

Mercury_180303

What is necessary to use on a telescope in order to photograph solar flares and solar prominences?

{ "text": [ "a light filter", "a chronograph", "an electric drive", "a series of mirrors" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: a light filter", "B: a chronograph", "C: an electric drive", "D: a series of mirrors" ]

Mercury_7218645

Near Earth's equator, water generally exists naturally in the liquid and gas states. In which other part of Earth is water usually found naturally in only two states?

{ "text": [ "Indian Ocean", "interior of Africa", "South Pole", "Tropic of Cancer" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: Indian Ocean", "B: interior of Africa", "C: South Pole", "D: Tropic of Cancer" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2011_8_22

A cat jumps when startled by a loud noise. This is an example of an organism

{ "text": [ "sensing and responding to its external environment", "sensing and responding to its internal environment", "changing and controlling its external environment", "changing and controlling its internal environment" ], "label": [ "1", "2", "3", "4" ] }

1

[ "1: sensing and responding to its external environment", "2: sensing and responding to its internal environment", "3: changing and controlling its external environment", "4: changing and controlling its internal environment" ]

Mercury_SC_LBS10605

Which of the following materials would best slow the transfer of heat?

{ "text": [ "aluminum", "copper", "glass", "wood" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: aluminum", "B: copper", "C: glass", "D: wood" ]

NCEOGA_2013_5_22

What can cause a moving object to increase its speed in a forward direction?

{ "text": [ "a force pushing on the object from the opposite direction", "a force that continually acts on the object in the direction the object is moving", "an increase in the mass of the object", "a decrease in the mass of the object" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: a force pushing on the object from the opposite direction", "B: a force that continually acts on the object in the direction the object is moving", "C: an increase in the mass of the object", "D: a decrease in the mass of the object" ]

NCEOGA_2013_8_27

In which oceanic zone do clams and crabs survive by burrowing in the sand?

{ "text": [ "oceanic", "intertidal", "deep ocean", "open ocean" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: oceanic", "B: intertidal", "C: deep ocean", "D: open ocean" ]

MCAS_1998_8_21

A manufacturing industry has asked to relocate its plant to your town. From an environmental perspective, which question is least important to ask before deciding whether the industry may move to your town?

{ "text": [ "How will the plant affect wildlife of the area?", "What kinds of pollution will the plant produce?", "What impact will the plant have on the population of the town?", "What are the uses of the products that the plant will manufacture?" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: How will the plant affect wildlife of the area?", "B: What kinds of pollution will the plant produce?", "C: What impact will the plant have on the population of the town?", "D: What are the uses of the products that the plant will manufacture?" ]

Mercury_7206885

Some meteorologists use visual aids such as diagrams, maps, and charts when they present the weather to television viewers. How do different types of visual aids help the viewers understand complex weather phenomena?

{ "text": [ "by combining knowledge from past reports with new information", "by providing information collected by other meteorologists", "by checking the accuracy of each part of the weather report", "by showing many components that impact the weather" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: by combining knowledge from past reports with new information", "B: by providing information collected by other meteorologists", "C: by checking the accuracy of each part of the weather report", "D: by showing many components that impact the weather" ]

Mercury_7071925

Which renewable energy resource possesses the greatest potential for providing renewable energy to meet the future needs of the southern United States?

{ "text": [ "tidal", "water", "solar", "coal" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: tidal", "B: water", "C: solar", "D: coal" ]

Mercury_7011043

A student performs an experiment and the results are shown below: Before- Iron filings are brown, small, and magnetic: Copper sulfate crystals are blue, brittle, and not magnetic. After- The copper formed was reddish, solid, and not magnetic: Iron sulfide solution was colorless and not magnetic. Which statement supports that a chemical reaction took place?

{ "text": [ "Changes in color occurred.", "A new substance was formed.", "A physical change in the iron occurred.", "The original substances were present after." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: Changes in color occurred.", "B: A new substance was formed.", "C: A physical change in the iron occurred.", "D: The original substances were present after." ]

Mercury_7090545

In order for rocks to be classified as igneous, the rocks must

{ "text": [ "solidify at the surface of Earth.", "be eroded and deposited in layers.", "be formed from magma.", "change form when pressure is applied." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: solidify at the surface of Earth.", "B: be eroded and deposited in layers.", "C: be formed from magma.", "D: change form when pressure is applied." ]

Mercury_406548

Which of these is most likely the cause of a father and son having almost identical-sounding voices?

{ "text": [ "learned behaviors", "environmental conditions", "inherited characteristics", "instinctive characteristics" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: learned behaviors", "B: environmental conditions", "C: inherited characteristics", "D: instinctive characteristics" ]

Mercury_SC_400597

Frog eggs hatch into tadpoles, and then tadpoles gradually develop into frogs. This process is known as

{ "text": [ "adolescence.", "crossbreeding.", "regeneration.", "metamorphosis." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: adolescence.", "B: crossbreeding.", "C: regeneration.", "D: metamorphosis." ]

MCAS_1999_4_30

Many people like to use microwave ovens rather than traditional ovens. The main reason for this is that microwave ovens

{ "text": [ "take less time to cook food than regular ovens do.", "get hotter than regular ovens.", "do not leave spattered grease or food on the inside.", "cannot overcook food." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: take less time to cook food than regular ovens do.", "B: get hotter than regular ovens.", "C: do not leave spattered grease or food on the inside.", "D: cannot overcook food." ]

Mercury_7168280

When trees are removed from an area in a tropical rainforest, the area experiences an increase in soil erosion. Which statement best explains why removing the trees can lead to soil erosion?

{ "text": [ "Less bedrock will be available to make soil.", "There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.", "The number of soil-eating insects in the area will increase.", "The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground will increase." ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: Less bedrock will be available to make soil.", "B: There will be fewer roots to hold the soil in place.", "C: The number of soil-eating insects in the area will increase.", "D: The amount of solar radiation reaching the ground will increase." ]

MEA_2013_5_6

What information is needed to calculate the speed of a car?

{ "text": [ "the road conditions and type of tires", "the type of engine and the amount of gas used by the engine", "the car length and distance traveled", "the distance travel" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: the road conditions and type of tires", "B: the type of engine and the amount of gas used by the engine", "C: the car length and distance traveled", "D: the distance travel" ]

MCAS_2003_5_11

Freda always hangs her wet swimsuit outdoors after getting out of the swimming pool. Which of the following is least likely to affect the rate at which Freda's swimsuit dries?

{ "text": [ "the heat of the Sun", "the speed of the wind", "the temperature of the water in the pool", "the amount of water vapor in the air" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: the heat of the Sun", "B: the speed of the wind", "C: the temperature of the water in the pool", "D: the amount of water vapor in the air" ]

TIMSS_1995_8_I15

Maria collected the gas given off by a glowing piece of charcoal. The gas was then bubbled through a small amount of colorless limewater. Part of Maria's report stated, "After the gas was put into the jar, the limewater gradually changed to a milky white color." This statement is

{ "text": [ "an observation", "a conclusion", "a generalization", "an assumption of the investigation", "a hypothesis" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D", "E" ] }

A

[ "A: an observation", "B: a conclusion", "C: a generalization", "D: an assumption of the investigation", "E: a hypothesis" ]

NYSEDREGENTS_2009_4_27

Some butterflies live an average of two weeks. This period of time is called a life

{ "text": [ "process", "span", "change", "cycle" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: process", "B: span", "C: change", "D: cycle" ]

MCAS_2003_8_34

Which two body systems work together to transport oxygen to the cells?

{ "text": [ "skeletal and respiratory", "digestive and respiratory", "respiratory and circulatory", "respiratory and reproductive" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

C

[ "A: skeletal and respiratory", "B: digestive and respiratory", "C: respiratory and circulatory", "D: respiratory and reproductive" ]

Mercury_7235655

Some localized layers of rock contain the element iridium. Iridium is most often found in space objects such as meteoroids and asteroids. The discovery of these iridium-containing layers has been matched to which phenomena in Earth's history?

{ "text": [ "tectonic plate separations", "mass species extinctions", "orbital path changes", "magnetic pole reversals" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: tectonic plate separations", "B: mass species extinctions", "C: orbital path changes", "D: magnetic pole reversals" ]

Mercury_SC_401830

Which of these converts electrical energy to light energy?

{ "text": [ "a star", "a flashlight", "a campfire", "a tea kettle" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: a star", "B: a flashlight", "C: a campfire", "D: a tea kettle" ]

Mercury_SC_401676

Darwin's theory that animal species can change over time was inspired by his research on which set of islands?

{ "text": [ "the Philippine Islands", "the Virgin Islands", "the Hawaiian Islands", "the Galapagos Islands" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: the Philippine Islands", "B: the Virgin Islands", "C: the Hawaiian Islands", "D: the Galapagos Islands" ]

Mercury_7186813

An athlete is running a race. The athlete's body needs energy. Which organelle(s) in the athlete's cells supply the energy for cellular functions?

{ "text": [ "Golgi apparatus", "mitochondrion", "ribosome", "nucleus" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

B

[ "A: Golgi apparatus", "B: mitochondrion", "C: ribosome", "D: nucleus" ]

Mercury_SC_406712

Which of these would best help a scientist discover a new planet?

{ "text": [ "making a model of outer space", "asking questions to other scientists", "collecting information about planets", "looking at the night sky with a telescope" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

D

[ "A: making a model of outer space", "B: asking questions to other scientists", "C: collecting information about planets", "D: looking at the night sky with a telescope" ]

VASoL_2009_3_3

Which of these lists has only products that come from plants?

{ "text": [ "Paper, spices, and fibers", "Wool, lumber, and butter", "Medicines, leather, and milk", "Cotton, rubber, and eggs" ], "label": [ "A", "B", "C", "D" ] }

A

[ "A: Paper, spices, and fibers", "B: Wool, lumber, and butter", "C: Medicines, leather, and milk", "D: Cotton, rubber, and eggs" ]