---
NEP: 297
Title: Events
Author: Olga Telezhnaya <olga@near.org>
DiscussionsTo: https://github.com/near/NEPs/issues/297
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Category: Contract
Created: 03-Mar-2022
---

## Summary

Events format is a standard interface for tracking contract activity.
This document is a meta-part of other standards, such as [NEP-141](https://github.com/near/NEPs/issues/141) or [NEP-171](https://github.com/near/NEPs/discussions/171).

## Motivation

Apps usually perform many similar actions.
Each app may have its own way of performing these actions, introducing inconsistency in capturing these events.

NEAR and third-party applications need to track these and similar events consistently.
If not, tracking state across many apps becomes infeasible.
Events address this issue, providing other applications with the needed standardized data.

Initial discussion is [here](https://github.com/near/NEPs/issues/254).

## Rationale and alternatives

- Why is this design the best in the space of possible designs?
- What other designs have been considered and what is the rationale for not choosing them?
- What is the impact of not doing this?

## Specification

Many apps use different interfaces that represent the same action.
This interface standardizes that process by introducing event logs.

Events use the standard logs capability of NEAR.
Events are log entries that start with the `EVENT_JSON:` prefix followed by a single valid JSON string.  
JSON string may have any number of space characters in the beginning, the middle, or the end of the string.
It's guaranteed that space characters do not break its parsing.
All the examples below are pretty-formatted for better readability.

JSON string should have the following interface:

```ts
// Interface to capture data about an event
// Arguments
// * `standard`: name of standard, e.g. nep171
// * `version`: e.g. 1.0.0
// * `event`: type of the event, e.g. nft_mint
// * `data`: associate event data. Strictly typed for each set {standard, version, event} inside corresponding NEP
interface EventLogData {
  standard: string;
  version: string;
  event: string;
  data?: unknown;
}
```

Thus, to emit an event, you only need to log a string following the rules above. Here is a bare-bones example using Rust SDK `near_sdk::log!` macro (security note: prefer using `serde_json` or alternatives to serialize the JSON string to avoid potential injections and corrupted events):

```rust
use near_sdk::log;

// ...
log!(
    r#"EVENT_JSON:{"standard": "nepXXX", "version": "1.0.0", "event": "YYY", "data": {"token_id": "{}"}}"#,
    token_id
);
// ...
```

#### Valid event logs

```js
EVENT_JSON:{
    "standard": "nepXXX",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "event": "xyz_is_triggered"
}
```

```js
EVENT_JSON:{
    "standard": "nepXXX",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "event": "xyz_is_triggered",
    "data": {
        "triggered_by": "foundation.near"
    }
}
```

#### Invalid event logs

- Two events in a single log entry (instead, call `log` for each individual event)

```js
EVENT_JSON:{
    "standard": "nepXXX",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "event": "abc_is_triggered"
}
EVENT_JSON:{
    "standard": "nepXXX",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "event": "xyz_is_triggered"
}
```

- Invalid JSON data

```js
EVENT_JSON:invalid json
```

- Missing required fields `standard`, `version` or `event`

```js
EVENT_JSON:{
    "standard": "nepXXX",
    "event": "xyz_is_triggered",
    "data": {
        "triggered_by": "foundation.near"
    }
}
```

## Reference Implementation

[Fungible Token Events Implementation](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-contract-standards/src/fungible_token/events.rs)

[Non-Fungible Token Events Implementation](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-contract-standards/src/non_fungible_token/events.rs)

## Drawbacks

There is a known limitation of 16kb strings when capturing logs.
This impacts the amount of events that can be processed.

## Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).