---
id: data-storage
title: "Data Storage / Collections"
sidebar_label: Storage on NEAR
---

All data stored on the NEAR blockchain is done in key / value pairs. There are several collection methods in the SDKs we've created that will help you store your data on chain.

- [`near-sdk-rs`](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs) for [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) smart contracts
- [`near-sdk-js`](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-js) for [JavaScript](https://www.javascript.com/) smart contracts

For information on storage costs, please see [ **[storage staking](/concepts/storage/storage-staking)** ].

---



## Rust Collection Types {#rust-collection-types}

[`near-sdk-rs` module documentation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/)

| Type                                                          | Iterable | Clear All Values | Preserves Insertion Order | Range Selection |
| ------------------------------------------------------------- | :------: | :--------------: | :-----------------------: | :-------------: |
| [`Vector`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#vector)             |    ✅    |        ✅        |            ✅             |       ✅        |
| [`LookupSet`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#lookupset)       |          |                  |                           |                 |
| [`UnorderedSet`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#unorderedset) |    ✅    |        ✅        |                           |       ✅        |
| [`LookupMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#lookupmap)       |          |                  |                           |                 |
| [`UnorderedMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#unorderedmap) |    ✅    |        ✅        |                           |       ✅        |
| [`TreeMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#treemap)           |    ✅    |        ✅        |                           |                 |

---

### Big-O Notation {#big-o-notation-1}

> The [Big-O notation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation) values in the chart below describe the [time complexity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity) of the various collection methods found in `near-sdk-rs`. These method complexities correlate with [gas](/concepts/protocol/gas) consumption on NEAR, helping you decide which collection to utilize in your project. There are three types found in our collection methods:

- O(1) - _[constant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Constant_time)_
- O(n) - _[linear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Linear_time)_
- O(log n) - _[logarithmic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Logarithmic_time)_

| Type                                                          |  Access  |  Insert  |  Delete  |  Search  | Traverse | Clear |
| ------------------------------------------------------------- | :------: | :------: | :------: | :------: | :------: | :---: |
| [`Vector`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#vector)             |   O(1)   |  O(1)\*  | O(1)\*\* |   O(n)   |   O(n)   | O(n)  |
| [`LookupSet`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#lookupset)       |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   N/A    |  N/A  |
| [`UnorderedSet`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#unorderedset) |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(n)   | O(n)  |
| [`LookupMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#lookupmap)       |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   N/A    |  N/A  |
| [`UnorderedMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#unorderedmap) |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(1)   |   O(n)   | O(n)  |
| [`TreeMap`](/concepts/storage/data-storage#treemap)           | O(1) | O(log n) | O(log n) | O(log n) |   O(n)   | O(n)  |

_\* - to insert at the end of the vector using `push_back` (or `push_front` for deque)_

_\*\* - to delete from the end of the vector using `pop` (or `pop_front` for deque), or delete using `swap_remove` which swaps the element with the last element of the vector and then removes it._

---

### Gas Consumption Examples {#gas-consumption-examples-1}

> The examples below show differences in gas burnt storing and retrieving key/value pairs using the above methods. Please note that the gas cost of spinning up the runtime environment on chain has been deducted to show just data read/writes.
>
> You can reproduce this and test out your own data set by visiting [collection-examples-rs](https://github.com/near-examples/collection-examples-rs).

![Rust Set Data Gas Chart](/docs/assets/rust-setData-gasBurnt.png)

![Rust Get Data Gas Chart](/docs/assets/rust-getData-gasBurnt.png)

---

### `Vector` {#vector}

> Implements a [vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_structure) / persistent array.
>
> - can iterate using index
> - Uses the following map: index -> element.

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-sdk/src/collections/vector.rs) ]

[ [Implementation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/vector/struct.Vector.html) ]

---

### `LookupSet` {#lookupset}

> Implements a persistent set _without_ iterators.
>
> - can not iterate over keys
> - more efficient in reads / writes

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-sdk/src/collections/lookup_set.rs) ]

[ [Implementation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/struct.LookupSet.html) ]

---

### `UnorderedSet` {#unorderedset}

> Implements a persistent set _with_ iterators for keys, values, and entries.

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-sdk/src/collections/unordered_set.rs) ]

[ [Implementation Docs](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/struct.UnorderedSet.html) ]

---

### `LookupMap` {#lookupmap}

> Implements a persistent map.
>
> - can not iterate over keys
> - does not preserve order when removing and adding values
> - efficient in number of reads and writes

- To add data:

```rust
pub fn add_lookup_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.lookup_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
```

- To get data:

```rust
pub fn get_lookup_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.lookup_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from LookupMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            value
        },
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}
```

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-sdk/src/collections/lookup_map.rs) ]

[ [Implementation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/struct.LookupMap.html) ]

---

### `UnorderedMap` {#unorderedmap}

> Implements an unordered map.
>
> - iterable
> - does not preserve order when removing and adding values
> - is able to clear all values

- To add data:

```rust
pub fn add_unordered_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.unordered_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
```

- To get data:

```rust
pub fn get_unordered_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.unordered_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from UnorderedMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            value
        },
        // None => "Didn't find that key.".to_string()
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}
```

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/tree/master/near-sdk/src/collections/unordered_map) ]

[ [Implementation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/unordered_map/struct.UnorderedMap.html) ]

---

### `TreeMap` {#treemap}

> Implements a Tree Map based on [AVL-tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVL_tree).
>
> - iterable
> - preserves order
> - able to clear all values
> - self balancing

- To add data:

```rust
pub fn add_tree_map(&mut self, key: String, value: String) {
    self.tree_map.insert(&key, &value);
}
```

- To get data:

```rust
pub fn get_tree_map(&self, key: String) -> String {
    match self.tree_map.get(&key) {
        Some(value) => {
            let log_message = format!("Value from TreeMap is {:?}", value.clone());
            env::log(log_message.as_bytes());
            // Since we found it, return it (note implicit return)
            value
        },
        // did not find the entry
        // note: curly brackets after arrow are optional in simple cases, like other languages
        None => "not found".to_string()
    }
}
```

[ [SDK source](https://github.com/near/near-sdk-rs/blob/master/near-sdk/src/collections/tree_map.rs) ]

[ [Implementation](https://docs.rs/near-sdk/latest/near_sdk/collections/struct.TreeMap.html) ]

---

## Storage Constraints on NEAR

For storing data on-chain it’s important to keep in mind the following:

- Can add up in storage staking costs
- There is a 4mb limit on how much you can upload at once

Let’s say for example, someone wants to put an NFT purely on-chain (rather than IPFS or some other decentralized storage solution) you’ll have almost an unlimited amount of storage but will have to pay 1 $NEAR per 100kb of storage used (see Storage Staking).

Users will be limited to 4MB per contract call upload due to MAX_GAS constraints. The maximum amount of gas one can attach to a given functionCall is 300TGas.