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Q: Insert plugin into a fluid template? The extension ke_search has a search field plugin that I want to insert into my fluidtemplate and show on every page. I am very new in this and don't know how to start. Any help is appreciated. A: You can assign the Plugin to an typoscript lib: lib.searchMask < tt_content.list.20.your_plugin (Please search the location of the plugin in the typoscript browser) In your fluid you can use f:cObjectto include it: <f:cObject typoscriptObjectPath="lib.searchMask" />

(I Am) The Seeker The Seeker is a song written by ABBA composers Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson towards the end of the group's career. The song was however not recorded by ABBA, but was 'given' by the composers to be included in the 1983 London staging of the originally French musical "Abbacadabra", based on 14 of the group's songs. The lyrics were altered for the show by Don Black and Mike Batt. The song was performed by singer and actor B. A. Robertson, and recorded for the English language cast album. It was used as the B-side to the single "Time". The song was re-recorded by Benny Anderssons Orchestra in 2007 with a new chorus and completely new lyrics, as well as a new title "Upp Till Dig", and was performed by Helen Sjöholm. Category:Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Category:1983 songs

Q: Can i use background-image to any specific from a a whole set of s? My code is : <div id="menubar"> <ul> <li id="f">Home</li> <li>About Us</li> <li>Our Companies</li> <li>Our Projects</li> <li>Photo Gallery</li> <li>Latest News</li> <li>Contact Us</li> </ul> CSS: #menubar ul li#f { background-color:#D63030; margin-left:70px !important; background-image:abc.jpg } A: Your CSS needs a small tweak: #menubar ul li#f { background-color:#D63030; margin-left:70px !important; background-image: url(abc.jpg) } background-image can take one of 3 different values: background-image: none; background-image: url(<filepath>); background-image: inherit The first one says the element has no background image. The second one tells the browser what url to use to find the background image. The third one will inherit the image from the element's parent. Source: MDN

Adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale into Spanish. Considering the extensive debate that is currently taking place in Spain regarding euthanasia, it is important to examine the attitude of professionals who perform most of their duties at the bedside of these patients and their families. The aim of the present study was to present an adaptation and validation of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties among a sample of nursing students in Spain. A cross-sectional study design was conducted. Non-probabilistic sampling was used to recruit 396 Spanish nursing students. A self-report questionnaire, including socio-demographic data and the Euthanasia Attitude Scale, were used for data collection. The psychometric properties of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale were assessed, including reliability and validity. Fit indices of the overall model were computed. This study was approved by the Hospital Ethical Committee. Students were informed of the aims and procedures and provided written informed consent prior to data collection. The factorial solution comprised four domains and the scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .878). For the exploratory factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index of sampling adequacy was .905 and the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was 2972.79 (p < .001). The initial factorial solution revealed four factors with eigenvalues of 6.78 for the first factor, 1.90 for the second one, 1.29 for the third, and 1.10 for the fourth factor. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between religiosity and the domains of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale. This study obtained a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .88 which is in consonance with the findings reported by other studies whereby none of the items were removed and the initial structure based on four domains was conserved, with a factorial solution that explains 52.79% of the total variance. The displacement of some items of the domain may be explained by certain religious and/or cultural components as, in accordance with other studies, people with firm religious beliefs are more inclined to refuse euthanasia. According to the findings of this study, the Euthanasia Attitude Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure the attitudes toward euthanasia in a sample of Spanish nursing students. This Spanish adaptation will be valuable in future studies examining the attitude and implication of nurses, understanding that nurses are key figures in the euthanasia debate.

perf-y += header.o perf-y += machine.o perf-y += perf_regs.o perf-$(CONFIG_DWARF) += dwarf-regs.o perf-$(CONFIG_LOCAL_LIBUNWIND) += unwind-libunwind.o perf-$(CONFIG_LIBDW_DWARF_UNWIND) += unwind-libdw.o perf-$(CONFIG_AUXTRACE) += ../../arm/util/pmu.o \ ../../arm/util/auxtrace.o \ ../../arm/util/cs-etm.o \ arm-spe.o

set(BENCHMARK_HEADERS ) set(BENCHMARK_SOURCES ) ADD_FISHSTORE_BENCHMARK(checkpoint_recovery)

Vital-freezing of human muscle cultures for storage and reculture. The vital-freezing of human muscle cultures enabling long-term storage in liquid nitrogen and future reculturing is described. Although human muscle is more fastidious in tissue culture than most cells of other origin, it was successfully frozen and re-established in culture. Cultures re-established after storage in liquid nitrogen differentiated and matured in the same way as primary human muscle cultures, and had the same histochemical and electron microscopic characteristics.

Q: Inserting QSvgWidget in QTableWidget cell What I want to do is to load .svg file and show (render) it in qtableWidget cell. First part I've done like this: svgWidget = QSvgWidget("C:\mySVG.svg") svgWidget.setMaximumSize(100,100) next line renders svg like what I expected: widget.show() but when I've tried this: self.ui.tableWidget.setItem(i, j, QtGui.QTableWidgetItem(svgWidget)) self.ui.tableWidget.setItem(i, j, svgWidget) neither of those lines inserts svgWidget in tableWidget cell. How should I do that? Examples would be appreciated, I'm still a noob. A: this should work: self.ui.tableWidget.setCellWidget(i, j, svgWidget)

Clinical features of patients with IgG4-related disease complicated with perivascular lesions. To define the clinical features of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) complicated with perivascular lesions. The clinical features of seven patients with IgG4-RD and perivascular lesions diagnosed at the University of Tsukuba Hospital between October 2008 and October 2013, were analyzed, including clinical background, results of imaging studies, satisfaction of the 2011 comprehensive diagnostic criteria (CDC) for IgG4-RD, laboratory data, distribution of perivascular lesions, involvement of other organs, and response to steroid therapy. We studied six men and one woman with a mean age of 66.9 ± 6.7 years (± SD). Six of seven patients were diagnosed as definite IgG4-RD, while the seventh was considered possible IgG4-RD, based on the CDC for IgG4-RD. Serum IgG4 levels at diagnosis were higher than 135 mg/dl in all seven patients (mean, 933 ± 527). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were elevated in two only (mean, 1.42 ± 3.56 mg/dl). The perivascular lesions were located in the pulmonary artery (n = 1), thoracic aorta (n = 2), abdominal aorta (n = 6), coronary (n = 1), celiac (n = 1), superior mesenteric (n = 1), renal (n = 2), inferior mesenteric (n = 5), and iliac (n = 3) arteries. In addition to perivascular lesions, six patients showed involvement of other organs. All seven patients were treated with prednisolone (0.6 mg/kg/day), which rapidly improved the perivascular and other organ lesions in six patients (the other one patient have not yet been evaluated due to the short follow-up). Perivascular lesions show wide distribution in patients with IgG4-RD. Serum CRP levels are not necessarily elevated in these patients. Steroid therapy is effective in IgG4-RD and results in resolution of lesions.

Sev (song) "Sev" ("Love") was the Turkish entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 1995, held in Dublin, Ireland. The song was composed and conducted by Melih Kibar. The song was performed tenth on the night of the contest, following Spain's Anabel Conde with "Vuelve conmigo" and preceding Croatia's Magazin & Lidija with "Nostalgija". The song received 21 points, placing 16th in a field of 25. The song was succeeded as Turkish representative at the 1996 contest by Şebnem Paker with "Beşinci mevsim". Category:Eurovision songs of Turkey Category:Eurovision songs of 1995 Category:Turkish-language songs Category:1995 songs

Protein sialylation by sialyltransferase involves radiation resistance. Previously, we identified beta-galactoside alpha(2,6)-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal I) as a candidate biomarker for ionizing radiation. The expression of ST6Gal I and the level of protein sialylation increased following radiation exposure in a dose-dependent manner. Radiation induced ST6Gal I cleavage and the cleaved form of ST6Gal I was soluble and secreted. Sialylation of integrin beta1, a glycosylated cell surface protein, was stimulated by radiation exposure and this increased its stability. Overexpression of ST6Gal I in SW480 colon cancer cells that initially showed a low level of ST6Gal I expression increased the sialylation of integrin beta1 and also increased the stability of the protein. Inhibition of sialylation by transfection with neuraminidase 2 or neuraminidase 3 or by treatment with short interfering RNA targeting ST6Gal I reversed the effects of ST6Gal I overexpression. In addition, ST6Gal I overexpression increased clonogenic survival following radiation exposure and reduced radiation-induced cell death and caspase 3 activation. However, removal of sialic acids by neuraminidase 2 or knockdown of expression by short interfering RNA targeting ST6Gal I restored radiation-induced cell death phenotypes. In conclusion, radiation exposure was found to increase the sialylation of glycoproteins such as integrin beta1 by inducing the expression of ST6Gal I, and increased protein sialylation contributed to cellular radiation resistance.

Kirkaldy Spur Kirkaldy Spur () is a rock spur at the northwest side of Coxcomb Peak in the northwestern part of the Shipton Ridge, in the Allan Hills of Oates Land, Antarctica. It was reconnoitered by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme Allan Hills Expedition (1964) who gave the name after J.F. Kirkaldy, professor of geology at Queen Mary College, London. References Category:Ridges of Oates Land

In the field of automobiles or the like, for example, a seal member which is disclosed in Patent Literature 1 is known as a seal member (gasket) that is to be interposed between an upstream exhaust pipe and a downstream exhaust pipe. The seal member is interposed between a first flange of the upstream exhaust pipe and a second flange of the downstream exhaust pipe in order to seal the gap between end portions of the upstream and downstream exhaust pipes. The seal member is configured by using expanded graphite and a metal mesh, and includes a first sealing surface and a second sealing surface. The first sealing surface is configured as a convex spheroidal surface which is to butt slidably against a concave spheroidal sealing surface disposed on the first flange. The second sealing surface is configured as a convex spheroidal surface which is to butt slidably against a concave spheroidal sealing surface disposed on the second flange. However, the gasket has the configuration where the first and second sealing surfaces having a convex spheroidal shape simply butt against the concave spheroidal sealing surfaces of the corresponding flanges, respectively, and therefore cannot ensure a high sealing property between the first and second flanges. Namely, there is room for improvement in the sealing property of a gasket.

Q: How do I Instantiate Restored View Controllers with Managed Object Context from App Delegate? Problem Statement In my application, I instantiate a Managed Object Context (moc) in the applicationWillFinishLaunchingWithOptions method in my app delegate. During normal operation, I pass that same moc to all view controllers in my hierarchy via custom initWithMoc initialization methods I've set up for each view controller. Everything works fine, but now I'm trying to use iOS6's built-in state restoration features. When I get to the viewControllerWithRestorationIdentifierPath restoration method in the view controller, I'm not sure how to access the newly created moc from the app delegate. Question How do I point each view controller's moc to the same one from the app delegate? A: According to Apple's iOS App Programming Guide: State Preservation and Restoration, It is worth noting that if you specify a restoration class for a view controller, UIKit does not try to find your view controller implicitly. and, If you choose to use a restoration class, the implementation of your viewControllerWithRestorationIdentifierPath:coder: method should create a new instance of the class, perform some minimal initialization, and return the resulting object. you will be able to create instance of child view controller with your legacy initWithMOC: method for the State Preservation and Restoration API to use. By doing it this way however you loose the benefit of 'it just works and all you need to do is specify the restoration identifier in your storyboard'. Does anyone know a better way? The obvious way is to retrieve it from app delegate, but that is really a non-preferred way of doing it, so please do not recommend that. Besides all evil on a conceptual level, retrieving it from app delegate kills the benefits of using discardable nested contexts.

This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726. MANA To Undergo Re-branding Makhteshim Agan re-branding to ADAMA includes U.S. MANA business Jan 29, 2014 MANA this week announced that it will operate under the new corporate brand name, ADAMA, as of second quarter 2014. The new corporate brand name comes on the heels of the global re-branding of Makhteshim Agan Industries – MANA's parent company – in April 2014. All Makhteshim Agan Industries crop protection subsidiaries will transition to the new brand name within 18 months. The name, ADAMA, comes from the Hebrew word for "earth" and reflects the company's farmer-centric focus and its commitment to advancing agriculture in its markets around the world. Makhteshim Agan re-branding to ADAMA includes U.S. MANA business "Our decision to transition to a single global brand, ADAMA, marks yet another milestone in our evolution from a group of individual entrepreneurial companies into a leading global branded provider of farmer-focused products and services," said Erez Vigodman, Makhteshim Agan President and CEO. "The transition to the new brand highlights our long-standing commitment to the agricultural community and allows us to speak with farmers around the world with a common voice and identity." Over the course of the brand transition, the company expects to reduce its numerous local brands and to establish a more simplified product structure. Until now, Makhteshim Agan subsidiaries throughout the world – including MANA – operated under unique local brand names. However, all subsidiaries will now unify under the name ADAMA. "As we take on this new shared brand, we also recognize the need to balance our global voice with the ability to tailor our operations and solutions to the requirements of farmers and partners in each local community," said Vigodman. "For this reason, many key aspects of the business will continue to be driven by local market and farmer needs." The formal launch of the new global brand is scheduled for early April 2014, at which time the company will provide further details on the group's gradual adoption of the ADAMA name on a worldwide basis. The official name change of Makhteshim Agan Industries Ltd. to ADAMA Agricultural Solutions Ltd. is as of January 23, 2014. MANA will release more information about its re-branding after its official name change in the second quarter 2014.

Q: Convert string consisting of number pairs separated by ',' into tuples of type int I have a string in the following format. '1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 7 8' How can I convert it into a list of tuples (of type int) in the following format? [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8)] I think it could be done using regular expressions but I'm having trouble with the expression itself. Thanks A: Sure, it could be done with regular expressions. But I find it often much easier to just use string methods and list comprehensions to accomplish such things. s = '1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 7 8' [tuple(int(i) for i in x.split()) for x in s.split(',')] [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)]

1980 Murjani WTA Championships The 1980 Murjani WTA Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1980 WTA Tour. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from April 15 through April 20, 1980. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $20,000 first-prize money. Finals Singles Martina Navratilova defeated Hana Mandlíková 5–7, 6–3, 6–2 It was Navratilova's 7th singles title of the year and the 41st of her career. Doubles Rosemary Casals / Ilana Kloss defeated Kathy Jordan / Pam Shriver 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–3) It was Casals' 4th doubles title of the year and the 112th of her career. It was Kloss' 4th doubles title of the year and the 23rd of her career. References External links ITF tournament edition details Category:Amelia Island Championships Category:1980 WTA Tour Category:1980 in sports in Florida Category:1980 in American tennis

Introduction {#H1-1-ZOI180193} ============ The introduction of value-based payment has resulted in profound changes in the delivery of health care in the United States,^[@zoi180193r1]^ including the development of quality reporting programs and patient-centered quality measures.^[@zoi180193r2]^ Postacute care has been the focus of recent value-based payment initiatives for several reasons. Medicare fee-for-service spending for postacute care has doubled since 2001 and totaled \$60 billion in 2016.^[@zoi180193r3]^ Discharge to postacute care services has increased nearly 50% during the past 15 years, and 42% of Medicare beneficiaries are now discharged from acute care hospitals to postacute care.^[@zoi180193r2],[@zoi180193r4]^ A report by the National Academy of Sciences found that postacute care services are responsible for the largest geographic variation in Medicare costs when compared with acute care and outpatient services.^[@zoi180193r5]^ Thus, postacute care services represent an important opportunity to improve quality and reduce costs.^[@zoi180193r5],[@zoi180193r6]^ Substantial research has been conducted examining the role of facility characteristics and geographic location on variation in patient outcomes and health care costs.^[@zoi180193r7],[@zoi180193r8],[@zoi180193r9]^ Most of this research has focused on acute care hospitals and outpatient services. Less research has focused on postacute care, in particular for inpatient rehabilitation facilities. Inpatient rehabilitation facilities provide comprehensive and intensive postacute medical and rehabilitative services.^[@zoi180193r4]^ The goal is to prepare individuals for the most independent living setting possible by facilitating recovery, addressing adaptive equipment needs, and educating patients and their caregivers. Ideally, these additional services allow the individual to discharge back to the community, rather than remain in institutional care.^[@zoi180193r4]^ Successful community discharge is one of the standardized outcome measures specified by the Improving Medicare Post--Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act of 2014 and will be publicly reported for inpatient rehabilitation facilities beginning in 2018.^[@zoi180193r10],[@zoi180193r11]^ Successful discharge to the community after inpatient rehabilitation is important to the full spectrum of stakeholders, from patients to policy makers. A first step toward improving community discharge rates is to better understand variations in performance, because variation suggests room for improvement. The purpose of our study was to examine facility-level and geographic variation in rates of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation. Findings will help guide the next steps in care improvement initiatives targeting successful community discharge and reducing the cost of institutional care. Methods {#H1-2-ZOI180193} ======= Data Sources {#H2-1-ZOI180193} ------------ Analyses and reporting for this study were conducted following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology ([STROBE](http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/)) reporting guideline for cohort studies.^[@zoi180193r12]^ We used the following 100% national Medicare files: Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR), Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility--Patient Assessment Instrument (IRF-PAI), Beneficiary Summary, and Provider of Service. The MedPAR files contain finalized claims for stays in acute care hospitals, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, psychiatric hospitals, and skilled nursing facilities. We used these files to gather information on patients' prior hospitalizations, verify inpatient rehabilitation stays (ie, matching admission and discharge dates in IRF-PAI ± 1 day), and identify rehospitalizations within the 31-day window after inpatient rehabilitation discharge. The IRF-PAI files were used to extract information on patients' inpatient rehabilitation stay, including their initial discharge destination. Beneficiary Summary files were used to gather sociodemographic and Medicare enrollment information and to identify patients who died within the 31-day window after inpatient rehabilitation. Files were linked using unique, encrypted patient identifiers. All analyses were completed after establishing a data use agreement with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and obtaining approval from the institutional review board of The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, which waived the need for informed consent for use of deidentified data from publicly available files. Patient Population {#H2-2-ZOI180193} ------------------ The final cohort included 487 862 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged from inpatient rehabilitation from December 31, 2013, through October 1, 2015 ([Figure 1](#zoi180193f1){ref-type="fig"}). We identified our cohort using the exclusion criteria for the Discharge to Community---Post--Acute Care Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Quality Reporting Program (Community Discharge IRF-QRP) measure.^[@zoi180193r13]^ Individuals younger than 18 years and with no acute care stay during the 30 days before inpatient rehabilitation admission were excluded. We also excluded those discharged from inpatient rehabilitation to psychiatric hospitals, disaster alternative care sites, federal hospitals, and court or law enforcement, as well as patients who discharged against medical advice or to hospice. The risk adjustors and outcome for the Community Discharge IRF-QRP measure require a 1-year look back before inpatient rehabilitation and a 31-day observation period after discharge. Therefore, patients were excluded if they were not continuously enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service during that time. We also excluded patients whose prior hospitalization was for nonsurgical treatment of cancer, those transferred to another inpatient rehabilitation facility or with a planned discharge to a short- or long-term care hospital, patients receiving care outside of the United States or US territory, patients who exhausted their Medicare Part A benefits during their inpatient rehabilitation stay, and patients with missing inpatient rehabilitation case-mix group (CMG) information.^[@zoi180193r13]^ {#zoi180193f1} Outcome {#H2-3-ZOI180193} ------- The outcome was successful community discharge as defined for the Community Discharge IRF-QRP measure.^[@zoi180193r13]^ The intent of CMS's new quality outcome measure is to capture successful discharges to the community. To be considered a successful community discharge, patients must discharge from the inpatient rehabilitation facility to the community (ie, home or self-care) and remain there without experiencing an unplanned rehospitalization or dying within the next 31 days.^[@zoi180193r13]^ We used the discharge destination codes specified for the quality measure to identify community discharges, and then reviewed hospital claims and beneficiary death dates to determine success. Statistical Analysis {#H2-4-ZOI180193} -------------------- Data were analyzed from December 8, 2017, through September 11, 2018. We calculated risk-standardized rates of successful community discharge for all inpatient rehabilitation facilities submitting claims to CMS. Risk-standardized rates are used for quality reporting and are the ratio of a facility's predicted number of successful community discharges to their expected number, multiplied by the mean rate across all facilities. We used hierarchical logistic regression to calculate the facilities' predicted and expected numbers of community discharges, where the predicted number included the random intercept and the expected number did not. We replicated as closely as possible the risk adjustors specified for the Community Discharge IRF-QRP measure,^[@zoi180193r13]^ which included patients' age and sex groups, original reason for Medicare entitlement (ie, age, end-stage renal disease, or disability), number of acute care stays during the previous year (count), primary diagnosis and/or surgical category from the prior acute stay, receipt of dialysis during the prior acute stay (yes/no), length of prior acute stay (in days \[categorical\]) or prior stay in a psychiatric hospital, comorbidities, and inpatient rehabilitation CMG. Inpatient rehabilitation CMGs are used by CMS to determine payment under the inpatient rehabilitation prospective payment system. The CMGs are based on patients' impairment category (eg, stroke, lower extremity fracture), functional status (ie, motor and cognition), age, and comorbidity tier.^[@zoi180193r14]^ Primary diagnoses and surgical procedures (*International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision* \[*ICD-9*\] codes) from patients' prior acute care stays were categorized into the Clinical Classifications Software groups developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. We categorized comorbidities into the Hierarchical Condition Categories used by CMS. The Hierarchical Condition Categories were identified by reviewing secondary diagnoses (*ICD-9* codes) from the most recent hospitalization or all hospitalizations during the prior year based on CMS specifications.^[@zoi180193r15]^ The Clinical Classifications Software groupings and Hierarchical Condition Categories are the classification approaches used for primary hospital diagnoses and comorbidities in risk adjustment for the Community Discharge IRF-QRP measure.^[@zoi180193r13]^ We used bootstrapping to calculate 95% CI estimates for facility-level risk-standardized rates.^[@zoi180193r13]^ These CIs were used to identify inpatient rehabilitation facilities performing significantly better and significantly worse than the mean national rate. To describe facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean national rate, we examined the following characteristics: size (bed count), ownership (government, nonprofit, or for-profit), teaching status (teaching or nonteaching), and location (urban or rural). Facility characteristics were extracted from CMS Provider of Service files.^[@zoi180193r16]^ We also examined facility-level mean motor and cognitive functional scores at discharge. The risk-standardized rates used to identify facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean on the community discharge quality measure are adjusted for patients' CMG, which includes admission functional status. Examining discharge scores provides insight into functional outcomes among facilities with higher and lower risk-adjusted successful community discharge rates. Functional status data were extracted from IRF-PAI files, which include items from the Functional Independence Measure.^[@zoi180193r17]^ These items are rated on a 7-point scale, with higher scores indicating greater functional independence. Motor subscale scores were calculated from 13 items related to self-care, sphincter control, mobility, and locomotion. Cognition subscale scores were calculated from 5 items related to comprehension, expression, social interaction, and memory. We categorized motor and cognition scores into quartiles and examined distributions across the score quartiles of inpatient rehabilitation facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure. To examine geographic variation, we calculated risk-standardized state rates of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation. We used the same risk adjustors that were included in the facility-level risk standardized rates. We used bootstrapping to calculate 95% CI estimates for the risk-standardized state rates. All analyses were performed using SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc) and SPSS (version 24; IBM Corporation) software. *P* \< .05 indicated significance using a 2-tailed test. Results {#H1-3-ZOI180193} ======= The mean (SD) age of this cohort of 487 862 Medicare beneficiaries was 76.4 (10.8) years; 277 129 (56.9%) were women and 210 733 (43.2%) were men. The overall rate of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation was 63.7% (95% CI, 63.6%-63.8%). The hierarchical logistic regression model estimating successful community discharge is presented in eTable 1 in the [Supplement](#note-ZOI180193-1-s){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Risk-standardized rates ranged from 42.9% to 83.6% across the 1154 inpatient rehabilitation facilities submitting claims to CMS during the study period ([Figure 2](#zoi180193f2){ref-type="fig"}). Two hundred sixteen facilities (18.7%) performed significantly better than the mean national rate and 203 (17.6%) performed significantly worse (*P* \< .05). Characteristics of the facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean national rate are presented in the [Table](#zoi180193t1){ref-type="table"}. Although distributions across characteristics differed between facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean national rate, consistencies in patterns were observed. Among both performance groups, the largest percentage had bed counts less than 200 (117 of 216 \[54.2%\] and 79 of 203 \[38.9%\]), and most were in an urban location (189 of 216 \[87.5%\] and 185 of 203 \[91.1%\]). Differences were observed in ownership and teaching status. Most facilities performing worse than the mean national rate were nonprofit (128 of 203 \[63.1%\]), and most facilities performing better than the mean national rate were nonteaching (151 of 216 \[69.9%\]). {#zoi180193f2} ###### Characteristics of High- and Low-Performing Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities on the Successful Community Discharge Quality Measure Facility Characteristic Performance of Facilities, No. (%)[^a^](#zoi180193t1n1){ref-type="table-fn"} -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------ Facility total bed count 0-200 117 (54.2) 79 (38.9) 201-350 36 (16.7) 46 (22.7) 351-500 19 (8.8) 39 (19.2) \>500 41 (19.0) 39 (19.2) Ownership Government 23 (10.6) 26 (12.8) Not-for-profit 96 (44.4) 128 (63.1) Profit 94 (43.5) 49 (24.1) Teaching status Nonteaching 151 (69.9) 104 (51.2) Teaching 62 (28.7) 99 (48.8) Location Rural 24 (11.1) 18 (8.9) Urban 189 (87.5) 185 (91.1) Mean discharge Motor score[^c^](#zoi180193t1n3){ref-type="table-fn"} Quartile 1 (18.0-58.3) 33 (15.3) 68 (33.5) Quartile 2 (58.4-61.0) 54 (25.0) 65 (32.0) Quartile 3 (61.1-63.9) 52 (24.1) 46 (22.7) Quartile 4 (64.0-74.3) 77 (35.6) 24 (11.8) Mean discharge Cognitive score[^d^](#zoi180193t1n4){ref-type="table-fn"} Quartile 1 (10.0-26.5) 42 (19.4) 55 (27.1) Quartile 2 (26.6-27.6) 54 (25.0) 46 (22.7) Quartile 3 (27.7-28.8) 68 (31.5) 57 (28.1) Quartile 4 (28.9-33.8) 52 (24.1) 45 (22.2) Performance refers to inpatient rehabilitation facilities performing significantly better (high) and significantly worse (low) than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure, respectively. Facility characteristic data were missing from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Provider of Service files for 3 inpatient rehabilitation facilities (n = 213). Discharge functional data are complete. Measured using the Motor subscale of the Functional Independence Measure. Scores range from 0 to 91 points, with higher scores indicating better motor functional independence. Measured using the Cognition subscale of the Functional Independence Measure. Scores range from 0 to 35 points, with higher scores indicating better cognitive independence. Differences in motor functional outcomes were also observed. Seventy-seven facilities (35.6%) performing significantly better than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure had mean motor discharge scores in the top quartile compared with only 24 (11.8%) performing significantly worse than the mean national rate. The distribution across cognition score quartiles was fairly similar between facilities performing significantly better and worse than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure. The largest difference was observed in the lowest cognition score quartile. Fifty-five of 203 facilities (27.1%) performing significantly worse than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure had mean discharge cognition scores in the lowest quartile compared with 42 of 216 facilities (19.4%) performing significantly better than the mean national rate. Risk-standardized state rates of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation ranged from 55.9% to 73.3% ([Figure 3](#zoi180193f3){ref-type="fig"}). Rates were lowest in the Northeast (Massachusetts, 55.9%; New Hampshire, 57.0%) and Midwest (Nebraska, 58.9%; Illinois, 59.3%; North Dakota, 59.3%) and highest in the West (Oregon, 70.3%; Hawaii, 73.3%) and in the Southeast (South Carolina, 68.1%; Alabama, 67.3%). Risk-standardized state rates and corresponding 95% CIs are presented in eTable 2 in the [Supplement](#note-ZOI180193-1-s){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. {#zoi180193f3} Discussion {#H1-4-ZOI180193} ========== Returning to and remaining in the community after an illness or injury is an important patient-centered outcome reflecting the quality of postacute care.^[@zoi180193r4],[@zoi180193r13],[@zoi180193r18]^ Variation has been observed in rates of discharge to the community based on the initial destination after inpatient rehabilitation^[@zoi180193r13],[@zoi180193r19]^ and in rates of community discharge without rehospitalization during 30 days.^[@zoi180193r4]^ However, a better understanding of variation in successful community discharges, as defined by the new quality metric, is needed. In this national cohort of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, rates of successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation varied across facilities and geographic regions. The observed variation suggests that we may be able to improve quality and reduce costs of inpatient postacute care.^[@zoi180193r20]^ Approximately 75% of patients are initially discharged to the community after inpatient rehabilitation.^[@zoi180193r4],[@zoi180193r21]^ Reported rates range from 68% to 70% for patients with hip fracture,^[@zoi180193r22],[@zoi180193r23],[@zoi180193r24]^ 70% to 76% for patients with stroke,^[@zoi180193r19],[@zoi180193r25],[@zoi180193r26],[@zoi180193r27],[@zoi180193r28]^ 72% for patients with traumatic spinal cord injury,^[@zoi180193r29]^ 74.2% for patients with traumatic brain injury,^[@zoi180193r30]^ and 91.9% for patients with lower-extremity joint replacement.^[@zoi180193r31]^ These rates reflect patients' planned discharge destination and do not capture whether the individual is able to remain in the community.^[@zoi180193r19],[@zoi180193r21],[@zoi180193r22],[@zoi180193r23],[@zoi180193r24],[@zoi180193r25],[@zoi180193r26],[@zoi180193r27],[@zoi180193r28],[@zoi180193r29],[@zoi180193r30],[@zoi180193r31]^ Leland et al^[@zoi180193r32]^ examined successful community discharges in a cohort of patients with hip fracture. They defined success as discharging from postacute care (inpatient rehabilitation or skilled nursing facility) to the community and remaining in the community for 30 days without a subsequent reentry into the health care system or death.^[@zoi180193r32]^ Their findings highlight the need to look beyond patients' initial discharge setting, because 14% of patients initially discharged to the community did not remain there for 30 days.^[@zoi180193r32]^ Initial work has focused on the patient characteristics associated with successful community discharge after inpatient rehabilitation. Cary et al^[@zoi180193r33]^ examined successful community discharge in a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries discharged from inpatient rehabilitation in 2013. Their cohort and definition of successful community discharge differed from those of our study. Their cohort was restricted to those discharged to noninstitutional settings, and success was defined as surviving and having no acute or postacute admission during the 30 days after inpatient rehabilitation discharge. Despite these differences, the findings provide insight regarding the patient characteristics associated with better community discharge outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation. In their cohort, younger age, male sex, social support, fewer comorbid conditions, better functional status at inpatient rehabilitation admission, and less use of hospital services during the prior year were associated with higher odds of successful community discharge.^[@zoi180193r33]^ These findings indicate that sociodemographic and clinical characteristics are associated with successful community discharge, and our findings suggest that room for improvement exists at the facility level. Our findings provide initial insight into characteristics of facilities performing significantly better and significantly worse than the mean national rate on the successful community discharge quality measure. However, analyses of facility characteristics were limited to bed count, ownership, teaching status, and urban or rural location. Achieving better functional outcomes may contribute to higher community discharge rates, because we observed better motor functional outcomes among higher performing facilities. Other modifiable aspects of care delivery likely promote successful community discharge. Future studies should examine the processes and programs in inpatient rehabilitation facilities with high- vs low-risk standardized rates of successful community discharge. Another avenue for future research is to better understand regional differences in rates of successful community discharge. Regional differences in community discharge rates have been previously reported among patients with stroke.^[@zoi180193r19]^ That study focused solely on patients with stroke, and the outcome was community as the initial setting, rather than successful community discharge as defined by the inpatient rehabilitation quality metric. Despite these differences, our findings are consistent with those of the prior study, which also reported lower rates in the Northeast and higher rates in the West.^[@zoi180193r19]^ The consistency of these patterns supports the need for future research to understand regional differences in care processes and/or community services and supports. Broader Implications {#H2-5-ZOI180193} -------------------- Successful community discharge is a new quality measure mandated by the IMPACT Act of 2014.^[@zoi180193r10]^ The measure is standardized across all postacute care settings, which include inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, long-term care hospitals, and home health care agencies.^[@zoi180193r10]^ A concern with newly implemented quality metrics is the potential for unintended consequences. The characteristics of individuals receiving postacute care will need to be monitored as the community discharge quality metric is implemented to ensure that disparities in access do not emerge. The intended consequence of the new quality measure is to incentivize health care providers to improve processes that influence patients' ability to successfully return to community settings. However, not all patients will be appropriate for discharge to the community. The new measure does not penalize postacute care providers for institutionalizations (eg, long-term care nursing home admissions) occurring after an initial discharge to a community setting. Monitoring rates of institutionalization after discharge to the community will provide insight into whether inappropriate community discharges may be an unintended consequence of the new quality measure. Another concern with new quality measures is whether the metric, as defined, truly reflects quality of care. Future research is needed to validate the successful community discharge measure as an indicator of high-quality care. The premise of the measure as a quality indicator is twofold. Community discharge is an important outcome for patients and families, and discharge to community settings is associated with lower health care costs than discharge to institutional settings.^[@zoi180193r13]^ For these reasons the successful community discharge measure will be used by CMS to assess quality of postacute care. Tracking patient-centered quality measures, such as community discharge rates, will be imperative as postacute care reforms are implemented. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission continues to refine recommendations for a unified postacute care prospective payment system.^[@zoi180193r3]^ Currently, postacute health care providers are reimbursed by Medicare using setting-specific payment systems.^[@zoi180193r3]^ Under a unified payment system, reimbursement for services will be based on patient characteristics and outcomes rather than the postacute care setting.^[@zoi180193r3]^ To fully understand the effects of a unified payment system, variation in patient outcomes within and across postacute care settings will need to be monitored during and after the payment reform. Successful community discharge rates after postacute care also have implications in the context of episode-based payment models. Episode-based payment models incentivize the accountable entity to improve outcomes and minimize costs throughout the episode of care.^[@zoi180193r34]^ Currently, costs for postacute care services vary across settings,^[@zoi180193r2]^ which may influence decisions on the type of postacute care patients receive under episode-based payment models. Reporting of successful community discharge rates will allow acute health care providers to identify high-quality postacute health care providers to partner with in episode-based payments. In their June 2018 Report to Congress, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission highlighted the importance of beneficiaries receiving postacute care from high-quality health care providers.^[@zoi180193r3]^ The premise is that high-quality postacute care leads to better patient outcomes and lower downstream health care spending.^[@zoi180193r3]^ Our findings suggest that opportunities exist for further improving the quality of postacute care. The next step is identifying the aspects of care delivery and community services and supports that facilitate successful community discharge. Continuing to improve the quality of postacute care is critical as we shift to a health care payment system that rewards value.^[@zoi180193r1],[@zoi180193r10]^ Limitations {#H2-6-ZOI180193} ----------- We used the specifications for the Community Discharge IRF-QRP measure to identify our cohort and calculate risk-standardized rates. These rates are not adjusted for patients' race/ethnicity or Medicaid eligibility, which are social determinants that may have an effect on successful community discharge.^[@zoi180193r32]^ Some of the variation observed may be due to unmeasured confounding. The definition of success does not take into account admission to institutional settings other than acute care hospitals within the 31 days after inpatient rehabilitation. This definition may not align with patient and caregiver perceptions of success; however, our intent was to replicate the quality measure. Conclusions {#H1-5-ZOI180193} =========== In this study, risk-standardized rates of successful community discharge ranged from 42.9% to 83.6% across inpatient rehabilitation facilities and from 55.9% to 73.3% across states. The facility and regional variation observed suggests there may be opportunities for improving this important, patient-centered quality measure. Future research is needed to identify the aspects of care delivery and the community services and supports that facilitate successful community discharge. These findings can be used to guide care improvement efforts and further enhance the quality of postacute care while reducing institutional costs. ###### **eTable 1.** Hierarchical Logistic Regression Model Estimating Successful Discharge to the Community After Inpatient Rehabilitation **eTable 2.**Risk-Standardized State Rates of Successful Community Discharge After Inpatient Rehabilitation and Corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals ###### Click here for additional data file.

673 S.E.2d 667 (2009) SUGAR CREEK CHARTER SCHOOL, INC., Kennedy Charter School, Cross-roads Charter School, Carolina International School, and Metrolina Scholars Academy, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. The CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BOARD OF EDUCATION and Peter C. Gorman, Superintendent in his Official Capacity, d/b/a "Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools," Defendants-Appellants. No. COA08-516. Court of Appeals of North Carolina. February 17, 2009. *669 Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., by Richard A. Vinroot and Scott W. Gaylord, Charlotte, for Plaintiffs-Appellees. Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, L.L.P., by Jill R. Wilson, Robert J. King III, and Elizabeth V. LaFollette, Greensboro, for Defendants-Appellants. Tharrington Smith, L.L.P., by Ann Majestic and Lisa Lukasik; and North Carolina School Boards Association, by General Counsel Allison B. Schafer, Raleigh, for North Carolina School Boards Association, amicus curiae. McGEE, Judge. Plaintiffs filed this action for declaratory judgment on 17 April 2007, alleging that the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education and Peter Gorman, in his official capacity as Superintendent of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (Defendants), were violating N.C. Gen. Stat § 115C-238.29H(b) in that Defendants were not distributing to Plaintiffs the appropriate per pupil pro rata share of moneys included in Defendants' local current expense fund. For more detailed facts and law concerning the general funding dispute at issue, see Sugar Creek Charter Sch., Inc. v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 188 N.C.App. 454, 655 S.E.2d 850 (2008), disc. review denied, ___ N.C. ___, 667 S.E.2d 460 (2008) (Sugar Creek I). Plaintiffs moved for summary judgment on 1 November 2007, and the trial court granted Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on 15 January 2008. The trial court ordered Defendants to pay Plaintiffs $1,295,857.00 for moneys not distributed to Plaintiffs for the fiscal years 2003-04 through 2006-07, and further ordered Defendants to distribute in the future all moneys contained in Defendants' local current expense fund pursuant to the mandate of N.C. Gen. Stat § 115C-238.29H(b). *670 Further relevant facts will be discussed in the body of our opinion. Defendants appeal. I. In Defendants' first and second arguments, they contend that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider the issues now on appeal, and that this Court's standard of review for issues of subject matter jurisdiction is de novo. We agree in part. "[Q]uestions of subject matter jurisdiction may properly be raised at any point[,]" even for the first time on appeal. Forsyth County Bd. of Social Services v. Division of Social Services, 317 N.C. 689, 692, 346 S.E.2d 414, 416 (1986). Our standard of review for questions of subject matter jurisdiction is de novo. Ales v. T.A. Loving Co., 163 N.C.App. 350, 352, 593 S.E.2d 453, 455 (2004). Defendants argue that sole jurisdiction to resolve the issues presented resides with the North Carolina Board of Education (BOE). The powers of the BOE are defined in the Constitution of the State of North Carolina, and the North Carolina General Statutes. "It is well settled that statutes dealing with the same subject matter must be construed in pari materia, `as together constituting one law.'" Williams v. Alexander County Bd. of Educ., 128 N.C.App. 599, 603, 495 S.E.2d 406, 408 (1998) (citation omitted). Statutory interpretation presents a question of law. The cardinal principle in the process is to ensure accomplishment of legislative intent. To achieve this end, the court should consider "the language of the statute or ordinance, the spirit of the act and what the act seeks to accomplish." In ascertaining the intent of the legislature, the presumption is that it acted with full knowledge of prior and existing laws. Id. (citations omitted). Section 5 of Article IX of the North Carolina Constitution states: Powers and duties of Board. The State Board of Education shall supervise and administer the free public school system and the educational funds provided for its support ... and shall make all needed rules and regulations in relation thereto, subject to laws enacted by the General Assembly. N.C. Const. art. IX, § 5. Therefore, this constitutional grant of powers to the BOE may be limited and defined by "laws enacted by the General Assembly." Id. Article 2 of the North Carolina General Statutes, "State Board of Education[,]" covers the constitution, organization, powers and duties of the BOE. Article 2 of the North Carolina General Statutes, Section 115C-12, is titled: "Powers and duties of the Board generally." The general supervision and administration of the free public school system shall be vested in the State Board of Education. The State Board of Education shall establish policy for the system of free public schools, subject to laws enacted by the General Assembly. The powers and duties of the State Board of Education are defined as follows: (1) Financial Powers.—The financial powers of the Board are set forth in Article 30 of this Chapter. .... (5) Apportionment of Funds.—The Board shall have authority to apportion and equalize over the State all State school funds and all federal funds granted to the State for assistance to educational programs administered within or sponsored by the public school system of the State. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-12 (2007)(emphasis added). Article 2 has been amended many times, and as recently as 2007. A thorough reading of Section 115C-12 uncovers no additional grants of power to the BOE relevant to the case before us. Therefore, pursuant to Article 2, the BOE has the power to apportion state and federal funds for public school use, and the additional financial powers of the BOE are defined in Article 30. Article 30 is entitled "Financial Powers of the State Board of Education." The only section of this article relevant to this case is Section 115C-408, "Funds under control of the State Board of Education[,]" which states in part: *671 (a) . . . The Board shall have general supervision and administration of the educational funds provided by the State and federal governments . . . excepting such local funds as may be provided by a county, city, or district. (b) To insure a quality education for every child in North Carolina, and to assure that the necessary resources are provided, it is the policy of the State of North Carolina to provide from State revenue sources the instructional expenses for current operations of the public school system as defined in the standard course of study. It is the policy of the State of North Carolina that the facilities requirements for a public education system will be met by county governments. It is the intent of the 1983 General Assembly to further clarify and delineate the specific financial responsibilities for the public schools to be borne by State and local governments. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-408(a)(b) (2007) (emphasis added). The language of Section 115C-408(a) tracks the language of Section 5, Article IX of the North Carolina Constitution and removes local funding from the general supervision and administration of the Board. Defendants argue that Article 31 of the North Carolina General Statutes should control the jurisdictional issue in this case. Article 31 is entitled "The School Budget and Fiscal Control Act." Pursuant to Section 115C-12(a) of Article 2, Article 31 does not involve the financial powers of the Board. As noted above, Article 2, though amended numerous times, does not include Article 31 as including the financial powers of the Board. Section 115C-424 of Article 31, entitled "Uniform system; conflicting laws and local acts superseded[]" states: It is the intent of the General Assembly by enactment of this Article to prescribe for the public schools a uniform system of budgeting and fiscal control. To this end, all provisions of general laws and local acts in effect as of July 1, 1976, and in conflict with the provisions of this Article are repealed except local acts providing for the levy or for the levy and collection of school supplemental taxes. No local act enacted or taking effect after July 1, 1976, may be construed to modify, amend, or repeal any portion of this Article unless it expressly so provides by specific reference to the appropriate section. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-424 (2007) (emphasis added). Despite the absence of Article 31 in the allocation of financial powers in Article 2, Article 31 includes: § 115C-451. Reports to State Board of Education; failure to comply with School Budget Act. (a) The State Board of Education shall have authority to require local school administrative units to make such reports as it may deem advisable with respect to the financial operation of the public schools. (b) The State Board of Education shall be responsible for assuring that local boards of education comply with State laws and regulations regarding the budgeting, management, and expenditure of funds. When a local board of education willfully or negligently fails or refuses to comply with these laws and regulations, the State Board of Education shall issue a warning to the local board of education and direct it to take remedial action. In addition, the State Board may suspend the flexibility given to the local board under G.S. 115C-105.21A [repealed in 1991] and may require the local board to use funds during the term of suspension only for the purposes for which they were allotted or for other purposes with the specific approval from the State Board. (c) If the local board of education, after warning, persists in willfully or negligently failing or refusing to comply with these laws and regulations, the State Board of Education shall by resolution assume control of the financial affairs of the local board of education and shall appoint an administrator to exercise the powers assumed. The adoption of a resolution shall have the effect of divesting the local board of education of its powers as to the adoption of budgets, expenditure of money, and all other financial powers conferred upon the local board of education by law. *672 N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-451 (2007) (emphasis added). We first note that Section 115C-12(1) of Article 2 was in existence before the enactment of Article 31, and therefore through the express language of Article 31, Article 2 was superceded on the date Article 31 went into effect to the extent that Article 2 excluded Article 31 from expanding the financial powers of the BOE. However, Article 2 has been amended since the effective date of Article 31, but Section 115C-12(1) of Article 2 has not been amended to include Article 31, and Section 115C-12(5) of Article 2 has not been amended to grant the BOE authority to regulate apportionment of local funds. As noted, Article 31, Section 115C-424 includes the following language: "No local act enacted or taking effect after July 1, 1976, may be construed to modify, amend, or repeal any portion of this Article unless it expressly so provides by specific reference to the appropriate section." N.C. Gen. Stat § 115C-424. The language of Article 31, Section 115C-424 may have served to resolve the conflict between Article 2 as it existed 1 July 1976, though in light of the later amendments of Article 2, the continued exclusion of Article 31 from the provisions of Article 2 casts some doubt upon the current effect of Article 31. We note that the language in the above quoted section of Article 31, Section 115C-424 pertaining to acts enacted after 1 July 1976 are limited to local acts, not those of the General Assembly. Assuming arguendo that Article 31 currently represents a legitimate grant of authority by the General Assembly, when our Court construes the provisions of Articles 2, 30, 31 and the provisions of N.C. Constitution art. IX § 5 in pari materia, we still find Defendants' argument unpersuasive. Article 31, Section 115C-451(b) states: "The State Board of Education shall be responsible for assuring that local boards of education comply with State laws and regulations regarding the budgeting, management, and expenditure of funds." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-151(b) (2007). The State laws regarding the financial powers and duties of the BOE are defined in Articles 2 and 30. Neither of these Articles grants the BOE supervisory authority over local funds, nor the power to determine disputes or provide redress for alleged misuse of local funds. Nothing in Article 31 extends the authority of the BOE beyond administration of state and federal funds. Further, in Appeal of Forsyth County, 285 N.C. 64, 71, 203 S.E.2d 51, 55 (1974): Chief Justice Stacy stated the rule: "Where the meaning of a statute is doubtful, its title may be called in aid of construction. . .; but the caption will not be permitted to control when the meaning of the text is clear. . . . Especially is this true where the headings of sections have been prepared by compilers and not by the Legislature itself." See also State ex rel. Cobey v. Simpson, 333 N.C. 81, 90, 423 S.E.2d 759, 763-64 (1992). To the extent that the text of Section 115C-451 of Article 31 is unclear, we may look to its title for guidance on the legislative intent in enacting it. In 1991, Section 115C-451 of Article 31 was amended by the General Assembly to include sections (b) and (c), involving enforcement powers of the BOE. The title of Section 115C-451 was also amended by Chapter 529, section 5 of the North Carolina Session Laws of 1991, as proposed by House Bill 493, (codified as amended at N.C. Gen. Stat § 115C-451), from "Reports to State Board of Education[]" to "Reports to State Board of Education; failure to comply with School Budget Act." (Emphasis added). This title suggests the authority granted in this section is limited to violations of the School Budget Act. Article 31 is the School Budget Act, and the title of Article 31 § 115C-451 indicates that the supervisory and remedial powers and duties granted therein are limited to violations of Article 31 alone, and do not abrogate powers and duties contained in other Articles of the North Carolina General Statutes. The General Assembly has enacted laws specifically governing Charter Schools in North Carolina. Section 115C-238.29G of Article 16, entitled "Causes for nonrenewal or termination; disputes" states: "(b) The State Board of Education shall develop and implement a process to address contractual and other grievances between a charter *673 school and its chartering entity or the local board of education during the time of its charter." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29G(b) (2007). This is the sole section in Article 16 concerning resolution of disputes between charter schools and their local boards of education. Section 115C-238.29G of Article 16 also states: "(c) The State Board and the charter school are encouraged to make a good-faith attempt to resolve the differences that may arise between them. They may agree to jointly select a mediator." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29G(c) (2007). Though Article 16 provides for the BOE to establish a process by which disputes between a charter school and a local board of education might be addressed, there is no express language limiting the resolution of such disputes to this process. In fact, this section expressly encourages resolution by a means other than this process, namely mediation. We do not interpret this section as limiting resolution of disputes between charter schools and local boards of education to the process included in Article 16, Section 115C-238.29G. In light of our interpretation of Articles 2, 30 and 31 above, we find no grant of authority for the BOE to determine monetary disputes between charter schools and local boards of education for locally derived school funds. The powers of the BOE have been explicitly limited to control, administration, and disbursement of state and federal moneys, and superior courts maintain jurisdiction to hear disputes between charter schools and their local boards of education such as those in the case before us. This holding is in keeping with prior opinions of this Court, though the specific issue of subject matter jurisdiction argued by Defendants was not raised in those opinions. Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C. App. 454, 655 S.E.2d 850; Francine Delany New School for Children, Inc. v. Asheville City Bd. of Educ., 150 N.C.App. 338, 563 S.E.2d 92 (2002). This argument is without merit. II. In their third argument, Defendants contend that the trial court erred in ordering Defendants to share certain of its "other local revenues" with Plaintiffs. We disagree. Defendants argue that Article 16, specifically Section 115C-238.29H and Article 30, Section 155C-426, provides Plaintiffs no private cause of action against Defendants. Neither of these statutes explicitly provides Plaintiffs with a private cause of action against Defendants, and Defendants state in their brief that "a statute allows for a private cause of action only where the legislature has expressly provided a private cause of action within the statute." Lea v. Grier, 156 N.C.App. 503, 508, 577 S.E.2d 411, 415 (2003) (citation omitted). Defendants include only a partial quote from our opinion in Lea. The full quote in Lea reads: "[o]ur case law generally holds that a statute allows for a private cause of action only where the legislature has expressly provided a private cause of action within the statute." Id. (emphasis added). The Lea Court then went on to reaffirm established precedent that an implicit right of a cause of action exists when a statute requires action from a party, and that party has failed to comply with the statutory mandate. Id. at 508-09, 577 S.E.2d at 415-16 (citation omitted); see also Williams, 128 N.C.App. at 604, 495 S.E.2d at 409 (holding that because the language of the statutes in issue were "unambiguous, direct, imperative and mandatory" in requiring certain protections for teachers, the violation of these statutes created an implied cause of action despite the absence of express language granting any cause of action). N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29H(b) (2007) (emphasis added) states in relevant part: If a student attends a charter school, the local school administrative unit in which the child resides shall transfer to the charter school an amount equal to the per pupil local current expense appropriation to the local school administrative unit for the fiscal year. It is clear to this Court that the General Assembly intended that charter school children have access to the same level of funding as children attending the regular public schools of this State. The language of § 115C-238.29H(b) is "unambiguous, direct, imperative and mandatory." See Williams, *674 128 N.C.App. at 604, 495 S.E.2d at 409. We hold that § 115C-238.29H(b) creates an implied cause of action in favor of Plaintiffs when they allege violation of the mandatory provisions of this statute. When construed in pari materia with N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-408, which explicitly divests jurisdiction of the BOE concerning issues of local school funding, we hold that the issues on appeal are properly before this Court. This argument is without merit. III. In its fourth argument, Defendants contend that the trial court erred in calculating the amount of "local funds" that must be shared with Plaintiffs. We agree in part. A. Defendants are required by law to maintain at least three separate funds: (1) the State Public School Fund, (2) the local current expense fund, and (3) the capital outlay fund. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-426(c) (2007); Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 853. "In addition, other funds may be required to account for trust funds, federal grants restricted as to use, and special programs. Each local school administrative unit shall maintain those funds shown in the uniform budget format that are applicable to its operations." Id. Accordingly, money made available to CMS by the Board for current operating expenses shall be deposited into the local current expense fund; money made available to CMS by the Board for capital outlay shall be deposited into the capital outlay fund; and money made available to CMS by the Board for special programs shall be deposited into funds specifically established for those special programs. Id. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854. The local current expense fund of local boards of education includes: "moneys made available to the local school administrative unit by the board of county commissioners, supplemental taxes levied by or on behalf of the local school administrative unit pursuant to a local act or G.S. 115C-501 to 115C-511, State money disbursed directly to the local school administrative unit, and other moneys made available or accruing to the local school administrative unit for the current operating expenses of the public school system." Francine Delany, 150 N.C.App. at 339, 563 S.E.2d at 93 (quoting N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-426(e); see N.C. Const. art. IX, § 7). "If a student attends a charter school, the local school administrative unit in which the child resides shall transfer to the charter school an amount equal to the per pupil local current expense appropriation to the local school administrative unit for the fiscal year." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29H(b) (2001). In [Francine Delany], this Court held that the phrase "local current expense appropriation" in the Charter School Funding Statute, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29H(b), is synonymous with the phrase "local current expense fund" in the School Budget and Fiscal Control Act, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-426(e). Thus, the Charter Schools are entitled to an amount equal to the per pupil amount of all money contained in the local current expense fund. Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854 (emphasis added). B. We note that Defendants include no authority in their brief in support of several of the following arguments, which constitutes a violation of Rule 28(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, and subjects these arguments to dismissal. Dogwood Dev. & Mgmt. Co., LLC v. White Oak Transp. Co., 362 N.C. 191, 200, 657 S.E.2d 361, 367 (2008). Applying the Dogwood Dev. guidelines, we choose to address most of Defendants' arguments on the merits despite this violation of our appellate rules, pursuant to the authority granted us by Rule 2 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. (1) Revenue Line for State Textbooks Defendants argue that the revenue line for state textbooks should not be included as part of its local current expense fund, which includes "State money disbursed directly *675 to the local school administrative unit." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-96 states under "Powers and duties of the State Board of Education in regard to textbooks": The children of the public elementary and secondary schools of the State shall be provided with free basic textbooks within the appropriation of the General Assembly for that purpose. To implement this directive, the State Board of Education shall evaluate annually the amount of money necessary to provide textbooks based on the actual cost and availability of textbooks and shall request sufficient appropriations from the General Assembly. The State Board of Education shall administer a fund and establish rules and regulations necessary to: (1) Acquire by contract such basic textbooks as are or may be on the adopted list of the State of North Carolina which the Board finds necessary to meet the needs of the State public school system and to carry out the provisions of this Part. (2) Provide a system of distribution of these textbooks and distribute the books that are provided without using any depository or warehouse facilities other than those operated by the State Board of Education. (3) Provide for the free use, with proper care and return, of elementary and secondary basic textbooks. The title of said books shall be vested in the State. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-96 (2007). This statute provides that the BOE make a determination of the appropriate textbooks for the public schools of North Carolina, purchase these textbooks, and distribute them to the public schools. The State retains title to these textbooks. Local boards of education receive neither money to purchase these textbooks, nor any authority to obtain moneys from these textbooks "loaned" by the State. Id.; N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-100 (2007). The local boards of education are merely the custodians of the textbooks until they are returned to the State. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-99 (2007). The BOE must be reimbursed annually any moneys collected by the local boards of education for damage to the textbooks. N.C.G.S. § 115C-100. Though, for accounting purposes, the value of these textbooks is shown in Defendants' annual local current expense fund, Defendants do not have any authority or means to convert this "value" to their own purposes, and we hold that it does not constitute moneys contained in Defendants' local current expense fund that must be shared with Plaintiffs. The trial court erred by including the revenue line for state textbooks in its order as moneys within Defendants' local current expense fund that must be shared with Plaintiffs. (2) Fund Balance Defendants argue that the fund balance constitutes moneys Defendants received in a previous fiscal year but which were not used in that fiscal year, but instead were transferred to the current year's local current expense fund, and therefore Defendants should not have to share the fund balance with Plaintiffs. Defendants object to the proposition that requiring them to share moneys with Plaintiffs that carried over from the previous year would allow Plaintiffs to "double dip," as they presumably received a per pupil share of this money in the prior fiscal year. However, Defendants' argument is double-edged. If Defendants do not share the fund balance with Plaintiffs, then Defendants' students will receive more per pupil funds in the current fiscal year than Plaintiffs' students. As Defendants point out, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29H(b) mandates that Defendants transfer to Plaintiffs "an amount equal to the per pupil local current expense appropriation to the local school administrative unit for the fiscal year." As the fund balance is carried over from the previous fiscal year to the current fiscal year, it constitutes moneys in Defendants' local current expense fund. By the mandate of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 115C-238.29H(b), it must be shared with Plaintiffs. See also Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854. Otherwise Defendants' students would be receiving a higher per pupil share of the local current expense fund for the current fiscal year than Plaintiffs' students. We hold the trial court did not err in including the fund balance in its calculation of its award. *676 (3) Hurricane Katrina Relief Funds Defendants argue that they should not have to share moneys granted by the federal government to cover the cost of educating students displaced by Hurricane Katrina who entered the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System. In their brief, Defendants contend the funds were to "help reimburse [Defendants] for [their] costs in schooling these children." However, in their brief, Defendants do not direct this Court to any evidence indicating how these funds were spent. Defendants do not state in their brief whether the Katrina funds were simply added, without restriction, to the local current expense fund and distributed equally among all students, including those displaced by Hurricane Katrina, or whether these funds were restricted for the sole benefit of Hurricane Katrina students. If the former, then we find no inequity in treating these funds like any other funds used to support the general public school student population. If the latter, then a potential equitable argument arises concerning the sharing of these funds with Plaintiffs. However, Defendants provide no guidance on this matter, and we treat the Hurricane Katrina funds as any other funding. Furthermore, because these funds were deposited in the local current expense fund, the trial court did not err in ordering them shared with Plaintiffs. Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854. We further note that "other funds may be required to account for trust funds, federal grants restricted as to use, and special programs. Each local school administrative unit shall maintain those funds shown in the uniform budget format that are applicable to its operations." Id. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 853 (emphasis added). If the federal Hurricane Katrina funds were restricted, then they should have been placed in a separate fund, not the current local expense fund. (4) Sales Tax Reimbursement Defendants pay sales tax on certain transactions, and they may apply for reimbursement of certain taxes paid. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 105-164.14 (2007). Defendants argue that they should not have to share these tax reimbursements with Plaintiffs. However, these tax reimbursements are deposited in Defendants' local current expense fund, and Defendants make no argument that these tax reimbursements are used any differently than other moneys in that fund. We hold the trial court did not err by including these moneys in its calculation. Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854. (5) Preschool Programs and Facilities Defendants argue that moneys in their local current expense fund used for preschool students should not be shared with Plaintiffs because Plaintiffs do not have preschool programs. Defendants' argument was previously decided against them in our Sugar Creek I opinion. Sugar Creek I, 188 N.C.App. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 854-55. (6) Donations for other Specific Programs Defendants argue that donations from individuals and organizations for "specific special programs and schools" should not be shared with Plaintiffs. Again, this issue was addressed in Sugar Creek I. If donations or other moneys are intended for special programs, they should be held in a special fund. Because Defendants have held these moneys in their local current expense fund, they are required to share these moneys with Plaintiffs. Id. at ___, 655 S.E.2d at 855. (7) Reimbursements from Capital Funds We decline to address this argument because not only do Defendants fail to cite any authority in support of their argument, Defendants' argument consists of four sentences which offer this Court no guidance on the substance of the argument or any significant basis therefore. This argument is deemed abandoned. N.C.R.App. P. 28(b)(6); Dogwood, 362 N.C. at 200, 657 S.E.2d at 367. IV. In Defendants' fifth argument, they contend that the trial court erred in refusing to consider an affidavit of Dennis Covington (Covington). In their argument, Defendants fail to inform this Court as to the identity of Covington. From Plaintiffs' brief, we learn that Covington is Defendants' Chief Financial *677 Officer. The entirety of Defendants' argument concerning this issue, excluding its recitation of the standard of review, is as follows: As prior counsel for [Defendants] explained to the trial court throughout the summary judgment process, [Plaintiffs'] proposed damages were incorrect and included categories of money that [Defendants] should not be required to share with [Plaintiffs]. [Defendants] offered the Affidavit of Dennis Covington to more fully elaborate upon [sic] nature of these objections, but the [c]ourt refused to consider the affidavit. The [c]ourt's decision was arbitrary and the affidavit should have been considered. This argument has been abandoned for violation of Rule 28(b)(6) of our Appellate Rules. Assuming arguendo Defendants have not abandoned this argument, we hold they fail in their burden to show that the trial court's "`decision was manifestly unsupported by reason, or "that it was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision."'" HSI N.C., LLC v. Diversified Fire Prot. of Wilmington, Inc., 169 N.C.App. 767, 774, 611 S.E.2d 224, 228 (2005) (citations omitted). This argument is without merit. We reverse the trial court's award insofar as it requires Defendants to share moneys with Plaintiffs related to the textbooks Defendants receive from the BOE and remand for further action consistent with this holding. We affirm the judgment of the trial court in every other respect. Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part. Judges BRYANT and GEER concur.

Bobić Bobić is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Bernardo Bobić (? –c. 1695), Croatian painter and gilder Ljubinka Bobić (1897–1978), Serbian actress Predrag Bobić (born 1960), Croatian musician, guitarist and music pedagogue Category:Serbo-Croatian-language surnames

Law enforcement action Nov. 6 through 24 While en route to the county jail, Patrolman Marc Eustace witnessed a multi-vehicle crash that had just occurred on Rt. 18 in Colts Neck. The officer stood by and assisted with the injured parties until the arrival of other officers. NOV 8 During the early morning hours, police stopped a 23-year-old Long Branch man for an equipment violation. He was subsequently charged with driving without a license, never having secured a license. He was also given field sobriety tests at the scene, which he passed. He was released on summonses with a pending court date. The vehicle was released to a properly licensed driver. Patrolman David Lipari was the investigating officer, and was assisted by Patrolmen Wray Burritt. After stopping a 59-year-old Neptune woman for speeding on Main Street, police arrested her for driving while intoxicated. She was arrested, processed, and released into the custody of a responsible/sober adult. She was issued summonses for speeding, reckless driving, and driving while intoxicated [DWI], all with a pending court date. Her vehicle was also impounded. Lipari was the arresting officer and was assisted by Eustace and Special Officer Whitney Molinelli. Police stopped a 32-year-old Long Branch man for an equipment violation and found he was driving without a license, never having secured a license. He was processed and released on two summonses with a ending court date. The vehicle was released to a properly licensed driver. Patrolman Scott Rapolla was the investigating officer and was assisted by Eustace. NOV 11 Police took a report of malicious mischief that occurred at two different locations around town. The incidents involved realtor signs that were placed on private properties. These incidents remain under investigation. NOV 12 Patrolman Anthony Carafa and K-9 Bia performed a demonstration for a Cub Scout’s group in Brick Township. NOV 15 Police responded to an Allen Avenue address when an off-duty Allenhurst officer noticed suspicious activity at a residence that was believed to be vacant. The subjects were checked and after contacting the home owner, it was determined they had permission to be there. Sergeant James Rogers and Lipari were the officers involved. NOV 20 Officers responded to a business located near the train tracks for a report of a suspicious person who tried to enter a business that was closed for the day. Officers checked the area and the subject could not be located. Officers assisted observing an employee walk to her vehicle to ensure she made it safely. NOV 21 Police responded to a Lake Drive address for a report of a dispute between a resident and a nearby worker. The matter was resolved while the officer was on scene. Patrolman Michael DiBona was the responding officer. NOV 22 After stopping a 38-year-old Long Branch woman for driving at an excessive speed police administered field sobriety tests to her which she successfully completed. She was released on a traffic summons and agreed to find another way home due to medical issues she was experiencing. Lipari was the investigating officer. Police stopped a 28-year-old Neptune woman for an equipment violation and found she was driving without a license, never having secured a license. She was processed and released on summonses with a pending court date. Rapolla was the arresting officer. NOV 23 Officers responded to a Main Street location for a report of a dispute involving a taxi. The matter was resolved while the officers were on scene with no charges filed. DiBona was the investigating officer. NOV 24 Police responded to a motor vehicle crash at the intersection of Allen and Norwood avenues that involved three vehicles. Two of the vehicles had to be towed from the scene. The Allenhurst First Aid Squad and Allenhurst Fire Department responded as well. One subject was transported to a local hospital and the incident remains under investigation. Eustace was the investigating officer.

Q: Is there a way to make a hidden call from an iOS app through the telprompt URL scheme? I can make a phone call with this code: if let url = URL(string: "telprompt://\(number)"), UIApplication.shared.canOpenURL(url) { UIApplication.shared.open(url, options: [:], completionHandler: nil) } Now I want to make a phone call with hidden phone number, so I would add #31# but then url is not, and the canOpenURL function is not even called. if let url = URL(string: "telprompt://#31#\(number)"), UIApplication.shared.canOpenURL(url) { UIApplication.shared.open(url, options: [:], completionHandler: nil) } tel:// scheme responds the same, and I don't want to go in the system settings and change it there, as it would hide my number on every call I make. Any idea? Xcode 11.5 - macOS Catalina - Swift 5 A: Have you tried url-encoding the # ? "telprompt://%2331%23\(number)"

Rush is about to unleash its 10th live release upon the world, and Radio.com has an exclusive preview of the concert film coming later this week. Clockwork Angels Tour will be out on CD, mp3, DVD and BluRay next Tuesday (Nov. 19), but for 24 hours starting at noon EST on Thursday (Nov. 14), we’ll have six performances from the DVD available exclusively to stream on Radio.com. The sold-out arena tour in support of 2012’s Clockwork Angels, Rush’s 19th studio album, saw the Canadian rockers playing material not performed since the ’80s, alongside a string section in many cases. For our exclusive preview, we’ll show you footage of some of those rarely performed songs as well as two performances with the “Clockwork Angels String Ensemble.” For two weeks following our exclusive stream, two of the performances — of “Red Sector A” and “Middletown Dreams” — will be available to stream on-demand. While diehards will never tire of seeing Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson and Neil Peart work their alchemy onstage, the string section featured on the tour did receive a lot of attention from fans. The original concept for the tour was to start with a set of rarities, and then perform Clockwork Angels in the second set alongside the string section. However, it ended up that the strings brought new life to some older songs as well, including “Dreamline,” “Red Sector A” and “YYZ.” “It’s been kind of a secret dream for me for many years to record and play live with a string section,” Lee told Radio.com. “Now, I had a bigger string section in mind, but when we recorded Clockwork Angels and Nick [Raskulinecz], our producer, suggested that maybe four of the songs would really suit a string arrangement. He brought David Campbell [who’s arranged strings for Black Sabbath, Celine Dion, etc.] in to meet us. When the string section played ‘The Garden,’ we were all kind of tearing up, because it was kind of an emotional moment for some reason. And afterwards we said, ‘Look David, if we ever want to do this on the road, would you be up for doing the string arrangements and helping us put a group together?’ ‘Yeah, totally into that,’ and like a dog with a bone I didn’t let it go.” Of course, Lee had to sell his bandmates on the idea of letting other people on the stage. “I kept talking about it with the other guys and Neil was more ready for that than Alex initially,” Lee explained. “Alex is a little reticent — he likes to have the three-piece, no strangers on the stage. I think by day two in the rehearsals, that all changed. We were just loving it, and loving the fact that we had these new guys to hang around with on tour. They were contributing so much visually by being so into it and being such great players. It brought a new life to the tour, and we crossed our fingers our fans would see it the way we saw it and I think they certainly did.” (Provided photo) The “Clockwork Angels String Ensemble” added a visual aspect to the show, as well: where most string sections remain seated and look like they were kidnapped from the opera house, these players looked like Rush fans who also happen to be great violinists and cellists. Instead of sitting down, they rocked out. And they didn’t wear tuxes either: “We said to them, ‘We’ve got some shirts designed with our logo for you. And aside from that, just have fun,’ and the rest came from them. They decided when they were gonna stand up, when they were gonna sit down, and as the tour went on and as they got more comfortable, they got into it. You can’t stay on that stage and be just sitting still.” You can also see Clockwork Angels Tour on the big screen; more than 350 select movie theaters around the country will be showing it as a one-night-only event on November 18 (though “Grand Designs,” “The Body Electric,” “Territories” and “Middletown Dreams” are exclusive to Radio.com and won’t be included in the theatrical release). For a complete list of theater locations and prices, visit the NCM Fathom Events website (theaters and participants are subject to change).

Pharmacologic and surgical treatment of dyslipidemic children and adolescents. A wide variety of treatment modalities have been used in children with dyslipidemias to reduce the concentrations of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. Most of the published experience has focused upon children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). A variety of pharmacologic regimens have been utilized with variable degrees of success. The bile acid sequestrants colestipol and cholestyramine, lovastatin, pantethine, paraminosalicylic acid, and fenofibrate have all been successful in reducing total blood cholesterol concentrations by 18-24% in hypercholesterolemic children. Of these medications, only the bile acid sequestrants are not absorbed into the circulation. This theoretic advantage is paralled by long-term safety studies which indicate the absence of serious adverse effects with bile acid sequestrant therapy. Therefore, the bile acid sequestrants represent the drugs of choice in treating severely dyslipidemic children. In selected cases of profoundly dyslipidemic children, other therapeutic strategies have been utilized. Most of these efforts have been directed in the treatment of the child homozygous for FH. Despite the lipid lowering effects of partial ileal bypass surgery in hypercholesterolemic adults, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic children are not adequately treated by this approach. Portacaval shunt has reduced the total cholesterol concentrations by 20-35% in homozygous FH children without having a negative impact on growth and development. These children have, however, gone on to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease despite therapy. Liver transplantation has led to virtual normalization of the plasma lipoprotein concentrations in 3 children homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, and there is evidence for regression of vascular lesions in the coronary arteries in one of these children. However, considering the expense, the difficulty in posttransplantation management, and the irreversible nature of the therapy, liver transplantation should be reserved as the therapy of last resort for homozygous FH. The best therapy for FH homozygotes is the frequent removal of the atherogenic lipoproteins by one of the several apheresis procedures currently available. Total plasma exchange, immunoadsorption, membrane filtration, dextran sulfate adsorption, and heparin extracorporeal precipitation have all been used successfully in significantly reducing the concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Studies currently under way will more extensively evaluate the long-term safety as well as the efficacy of apheresis procedures.

Excuse me for not following the application form but I think you'll get over it. I now have more play time than most anyone on the server and most of the new ideas that are reviving the server have come from my head. When online im constantly patrolling the guest maps clearing grief as best I can, talking to the players, and doing a good job of it. I created a spawn point for "guest" that many players have told me they like to see when they spawn in. The competition for the new main was my idea and I have an entry in the competition. I have no doubt that I deserve this rank and am sure I can still learn more. Of course I cant judge my own application so ill need someone to do that and If you read this and think I deserve the rank (and are above co-co yourself) reply saying that you recommend me because of course I need the recommends to get the rank. Thanks guys.

In situ localization and structural analysis of the malaria pigment hemozoin. Raman microspectroscopy was applied for an in situ localization of the malaria pigment hemozoin in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. The Raman spectra (lambdaexc=633 nm) of hemozoin show very intense signals with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. These in situ Raman signals of hemozoin were compared to Raman spectra of extracted hemozoin, of the synthetic analogue beta-hematin, and of hematin and hemin. beta-Hematin was synthesized according to the acid-catalyzed dehydration of hematin and the anhydrous dehydrohalogenation of hemin which lead to good crystals with lengths of about 5-30 microm. The Raman spectra (lambdaexc=1064 nm) of hemozoin and beta-hematin show almost identical behaviors, while some low wavenumber modes might be used to distinguish between the morphology of differently synthesized beta-hematin samples. The intensity pattern of the resonance Raman spectra (lambdaexc=568 nm) of hemozoin and beta-hematin differ significantly from those of hematin and hemin. The most striking difference is an additional band at 1655 cm(-1) which was only observed in the spectra of hemozoin and beta-hematin and cannot be seen in the spectra of hematin and hemin. Raman spectra of the beta-hematin dimer were calculated ab initio (DFT) for the first time and used for an assignment of the experimentally derived Raman bands. The calculated atomic displacements provide valuable insight into the most important molecular vibrations of the hemozoin dimer. With help from these DFT calculations, it was possible to assign the Raman band at 1655 cm(-1) to a mode located at the propionic acid side chain, which links the hemozoin dimers to each other. The Raman band at 1568 cm(-1), which has been shown to be influenced by an attachment of the antimalarial drug chloroquine in an earlier study, could be assigned to a C=C stretching mode spread across one of the porphyrin rings and is therefore expected to be influenced by a pi-pi-stacking to the drug.

Q: Get PSObject array size or count I create an array like this: $Array = @() $Item = New-Object PSObject $Item | Add-Member -Type NoteProperty -Name item1 -Value test $Item | Add-Member -Type NoteProperty -Name item2 -Value test $Array += $Item Now I want to add a check to determine if $Item is empty before adding it in $Array. How can I get the member count of $Item ? I tried stuff like : $Item.count $Item.length @($Item).count ($Item | Measure).count ($Item | Get-Member).count $Item.psobject.members.count But none of them gives me the actual member count. A: You can use the hidden .PsObject.Properties to either check for $Item.PSobject.Properties.Value.count or $Item.PSobject.Properties.Names.count $Item = New-Object PSObject $Item.Psobject.Properties.value.count 0 $Item | Add-Member -Type NoteProperty -Name item1 -Value test $Item.Psobject.Properties.value.count 1 $Item | Add-Member -Type NoteProperty -Name item2 -Value test $Item.Psobject.Properties.value.count 2

Valentine's Day delivery orders fall due to storm By Hatzel Vela 1392245133000 0shares (WJLA) - The orders keep coming for Valentine’s Day flowers, but the numbers are still low. "We know that there is not going to be that many walk-in customers if in fact it snows the amount they say it is," says owner Stacie Lee of Lee’s Flowers, who adds that typically, orders rack up to over 200. Right now, the number of orders is at less than half that – so she was forced to cut delivery drivers. "This is the worst time of the year for a florist to have snow because it messes up our deliveries," she says. Florists are now trying to encourage customers not to wait, and Tim Franklin listened: "It's going to snow tonight, and I want to be able to relax with her tonight and know some flowers are coming." Up in Silver Spring at Potomac Floral Wholesale, they heard the storm was coming, so they started sending their deliveries to shops earlier this week. And they were still doing so on Wednesday, trying to get every last-minute flower out: "They want the flowers delivered at the office so when the guy walks in with a dozen roses, everybody sees it, everybody gets excited, and hopefully the guy at home gets two brownie points." Meanwhile back at Lee’s Flowers, they are trying to do whatever possible to make sure all of their customers receive their Valentine’s Day bouquets:

Toby Slater Tobias "Toby" Slater (born 14 August 1979) is an English singer, songwriter and musician best known as the lead singer for the 1990s pop band Catch, who released two singles in the UK and an album in Indonesia. Slater has also recorded and released music as a solo artist and with the band Kunta Kinte, who were renamed Tough Love. He is the son of British singers Stephanie de Sykes and Stuart Slater, who was lead singer of beat group The Mojos. He has one brother, Barnaby Slater, who is a comedian, writer and producer. Career 1995-1999: Catch Reputedly formed when Slater, Murray and Etchells kissed the same girl at a party, Catch (band) were in fact formed from the ashes of Brattish, Slater's first band, formed in 1994/95, which also included Etchells. Brattish rehearsed the Catch material extensively, paid for by interested A&R men, but never gigged. This period is briefly mentioned in John Niven's satirical book "Kill Your Friends". Slater also was a driving-force behind the Romo movement , DJing at Soho's Arcadia at L'Equippe Anglais and Madame Jojo's in the autumn/winter of 1995. Melody Maker reported that an eleven track demo tape of Brattish, featuring a heavily synth/electro sound, was circulating among an elite handful at Arcadia/Club Skinny at the time. "Bingo" was Catch's biggest hit, and resulted in the band appearing on Top of the Pops, Light Lunch, The Paul Ross Show (performing three songs live), The Jack Docherty Show and various Saturday morning UK TV shows. Bingo was also being shown on The ITV Chart Show when ITN interrupted programming to report on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997. Slater also presented some shows on MTV around this time. An album was quickly released in Thailand and Indonesia due to the band's popularity there, with the band securing a number one radio single in Thailand. But the album was never released in the UK due to Slater being unhappy with it at the time. The band visited Jakarta for a promotional tour and performed acoustically for fans. Despite finding success in the Far East, the band achieved one Top 30 and one Top 50 hit in the UK, and disbanded after completing their only album. A UK album was due for release, with different track listing to the Indonesian issue, but this was never released. It is not known whether the UK album was fully completed or not, a working title was believed have been Victim Support, however a gold recordable CD-R, dated 4th Oct '97, features a proposed running order for an unnamed and unreleased UK album. 2000-2003: solo material Slater moved to Los Angeles, California and began pursuing a solo career. Returning to London, he formed a group featuring former members of the UK band Salamanda, and began recording and gigging, under his own name. A number of songs were made available online via Slater's own website and via the fledgling Napster file sharing service, on which Slater was a featured artist during August 2000. These early solo songs included "The Next Life", "Begging Rebecca" and "For You". Videos for the latter two tracks were released on Slater's 2002 single, "Consumption" as enhanced content. The single also featured the tracks "Uprising (Things Are Going to Change...)", "For You" and "Smoking Isn't Natural". The single itself was mixed by English producer/mixing engineer Mark 'Spike' Stent. 2004-2013: Kunta Kinte, Tough Love, White Mischief, Kinky Salon London, ITV show Following the release of "Consumption" and a series of live gigs, mainly in London, Slater started to record demos of songs that would later be released under the band name Kunta Kinte, subsequently renamed Tough Love. Songs included "Stress", "The Perfect Couple" and a cover of "Is That All There Is?". The band released the five-track "Tough Love" EP that included "Stress", which was also released as a standalone digital single and as a promotional CDR. The EP tracks had been available to stream and download via various official sources including the band's Facebook and MySpace pages since 2007 and the single was officially released on CD and via worldwide digital music vendors on 1 June 2009. Tough Love band members were Slater (Vocals) along with Selina Andrews (Vocals), Craig Davies (Guitar & Vocals), Matt White (Drums & Vocals), Mark Davies (Bass & Vocals) and Ben Hawkins (Percussion). British Newspaper The Guardian described the band as "the Afrobeat Scissor Sisters". Slater had previously worked with Craig Davies, Matt White and Mark Davies on his solo material - the three are listed as musicians alongside Slater and guitarist Nick Fowler on the "Consumption" single. Following the release of the "Tough Love" EP, the band released a free download of a reworked version of "The Perfect Couple" in 2009. The song tells the story of a bi-curious couple who arrange a full-on same-room swap with another couple. The reworked version featured completely new vocals by Slater (with new backing vocals by Andrews) and re-recorded music, following the same arrangement and structure with slightly alternative lyrics to one of the verses. In the original version, Slater sings "I had to measure myself against a VHS and send it off as a JPEG" which was changed in the 2009 version to "I had to measure myself against a DVD and send it as a PNG". A video was filmed for the song and was made available via the band's Facebook page in January 2010. Slater and the band are also curators of London’s "new vaudeville" Steampunk club night, White Mischief. Hosted in venues including a 1920s theatre, a palatial Georgian mansion and London’s 1,100 capacity Scala, the often sold-out White Mischief shows were founded by Tough Love as a reaction against the dour, bland environments that typify many live intimate club gigs. The band performed at various gigs and White Mischief nights until 2010 and released a further track, Alpha Male, via their Facebook page in June that year. In 2010, Slater co-founded Kinky Salon London, the UK chapter of a sex-positive "arty sexy party" originally created in San Francisco in 2003. Together with his brother Barnaby, Slater is signed to Troika Talent, an agency whose celebrities include David Walliams, Michael Fassbender and Matt Smith among others. In 2012 the two Slater brothers created Trending Topics, a comedy panel show based around the internet and starring Jonathan Ross, David Walliams and Rhod Gilbert for the ITV channel. Discography Catch "Bingo" - Single (CD, CD2, 1997) "Dive In" - Single (CD, CD2, 1998) Catch - Album (CD, 1998, Indonesia Only) Toby Slater "Consumption" - Single (CD, 2002) Tough Love Tough Love - 5 Track EP (CD, Digital, 2009) "Stress" - Single (CDR, Digital, 2009) List of known songs Catch Singles "Bingo" "Dive In" Album tracks "Half the World Away" "A New Soul" "Don't Wait Up" "Pity the Man" "My Burst Balloon" "Expensive Kiss" "Goodbye" "Start of Something'' "Over Again" "Maybe Tonight" B-sides "Boys Will Be Boys" "Bitten by You" "The Better Me" "Simon Says" "Pullover Boy" "No-One Knows" "The Possibilities" "Morning Sun" Known demos "Blue Room" "Under the Bed2 "Victorian Names" "Paper Aeroplanes" Solo Singles "Consumption" B-sides "Uprising (Things Are Going to Change...)" "For You" "Smoking Isn't Natural" Other songs Songs made available online between 2000 and 2003 "The Next Life" (Free download when Slater was Napster featured artist in 2000) "Begging Rebecca" "Conquistador" "Disconnected" "Sunbather" "Lachrymosa" "Dumb Blonde" "Uprising (Things Are Going To Change)" "Ritalin" "Propaganda" "Coming Back to You" "Sand" "Why" (live) "Scars" (live) Tough Love (formerly Kunta Kinte) Singles/EP tracks "Stress" "Bastard" "Dissenter's Song" "Film of My Life" "Sticks & Stones" "Getting Over It" Other songs Songs made available online between 2004 and 2009 "The Perfect Couple" (re-recorded and issued as a digital download via Facebook in 2009) "Is That All There Is" "Getting Over It" "Them" "Show Me Your Face" "Alpha Male" "The Perfect Couple" (2009 re-recorded version) References Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:English male singers Category:English pop singers Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:English singer-songwriters Category:21st-century English singers Category:21st-century male singers

A review of the anatomy and physiology of the coronary collateral circulation.

21 F.2d 313 (1927) THE FEDERAL No. 2. No. 372. Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. July 25, 1927. Barry, Wainwright, Thacher & Symmers, of New York City (James K. Symmers and John C. Crawley, both of New York City, of counsel), for appellant. Kirlin, Woolsey, Campbell, Hickox & Keating, of New York City (William H. Arnold, of New York City, of counsel), for appellee. Before MANTON, SWAN, and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges. MANTON, Circuit Judge. On August 16, 1924, a seaman employed by the appellant was aboard the barge Glooscap. He was injured while on deck, due to a towing hawser sweeping the deck, through appellee's negligence, and coming in contact with him. He was removed to the United States Marine Hospital, where expenses were incurred for his maintenance and cure and paid for by the appellant. The libel is filed for reimbursement of this expense, and also for injury to the barge, which subsequently came in collision with the tug Federal No. 2. Each claim is set forth in a separate cause of action. The sole question presented on this appeal is whether the appellant may maintain the action for hospital expenses incurred in an endeavor to cure the seaman of his injury. In The Hanna Nielsen, 273 F. 171, we pointed out that the right of a seaman to cure is not contractual only, but depends upon the law of the flag, and that the court may not take judicial notice of the foreign law. But the libel sets forth that the appellant is a Canadian corporation. While there is no express allegation that the law of Canada imposes an employer's liability to render maintenance and cure to seamen, still, with allegations of the seaman's injury, the service of this ship, owned by a Canadian corporation, and the further statement that, as the employer of the seaman, Parr, the libelant became obliged to pay, we will assume for the purpose of this opinion, that the Canadian law imposed the obligation claimed (Liverpool, etc., Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 397, 9 S. Ct. 469, 32 L. Ed. 788), and proceed to consider the issue presented. The appellant's claim, as alleged, is based upon the theory that the tug was a proximate cause in a chain of causation resulting in the damage. The seaman was cared for in the United States Marine Hospital, and because he was under contractual relations with the appellant as a seaman it was obliged to pay the bill. The basis of the claim is that the negligence resulting in injury to Parr gave rise to the occasion which required or obliged the appellant to pay the hospital bill. Even though one causes injury to another, to impose responsibility therefore contemplates a violation of a legal duty. The tug owed no legal duty to the appellant with reference to its contractual rights with the seaman. No principle of subrogation of rights is involved. The seaman had a cause of action against the tug for negligence. If he had succeeded in it, or settled or made adjustment thereof, that would end all appellant's claims resulting from injury to this seaman. In the absence of some right of subrogation, either by contract or foreign law, the appellant may not succeed. In the absence of some contractual rights, such as exist in the case of accident insurers to recover losses paid an assured, which the assured can recover from the tort-feasor and the insurer (Suttles v. Ry. Mail Ass'n, 156 App. Div. 435, 141 N. Y. S. 1024), we perceive of no right of action accorded to the appellant. The right to maintenance and cure is granted to seamen because of the contractual *314 relation, and the covenant of such obligation is implied by operation of law. The Osceola, 189 U. S. 158, 23 S. Ct. 483, 47 L. Ed. 760; The Hanna Neilsen, 273 F. 171. The effective and proximate cause of the appellant's damage is due to the contract with the seaman, and the law does not predicate liability upon the party occasioning a contingency contemplated in that contract of employment. Ins. Co. v. Brame, 95 U. S. 754, 24 L. Ed. 580; Anthony v. Slaid, 11 Metc. (52 Mass.) 290; Dale v. Grant, 34 N. J. Law, 142; Conn. Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. N. Y., etc., R. R. Co., 25 Conn. 265, 65 Am. Dec. 571. When the seaman was injured, the contingency contemplated in his contract of employment occurred, and he was entitled, as promised by implication of law, to his employer's aid in affecting his cure; that is, the payment of the hospital bill and maintenance. It is too indirect to insist that this may be recovered, where there is neither the natural right nor legal relationship between the appellant and the tug, even though the alleged right of action be based upon negligence. Where a father is permitted to recover for loss of services or expense in the cure of his child, it is based upon the recognition of the natural parental obligation to care for and maintain the infant child. In such case, the tort-feasor is held responsible because he is expected to recognize the natural and probable consequences of his act. The same is true where recovery is allowed a husband for loss sustained by reason of injury to his wife. But this social condition does not exist in the relationship of a seaman and his employer. It is a contract obligation, which he must perform, that imposes this responsibility, even though it be a special damage he suffers from a tortious act. The cause of the responsibility is the contract; the tort is the remote occasion. We are referred to Fuller v. Otis Elevator Co., 245 U. S. 489, 38 S. Ct. 180, 62 L. Ed. 422, where a recovery was allowed for an elevator accident because the builder failed to provide a safe place or appliance for the use of an employee of a subcontractor. The contractor and his employees and the subcontractor's employees were allowed the use of the elevator by the elevator manufacturer, under an agreement between the principal contractor and the elevator manufacturer. Because of the negligence of the elevator manufacturer's servant, the subcontractor's employee was injured. He recovered against the principal contractor, and the elevator manufacturer was obliged to indemnify the principal contractor for the loss, due to the probable and natural consequences of the elevator manufacturer's negligence. In The Belgenland (D. C.) 36 F. 504, one of the elements of damages was the breach of a contract of carriage, due to the ship's detention, and this was allowed as an incident of damage. Where recovery for tortious injury to a servant has been allowed, it has been in the case of loss of service of a servant on account of personal injury to him. Ames v. Union Ry., 117 Mass. 543, 19 Am. Rep. 426. But in no case that we have been able to find may an employer recover for loss incurred in attempting to cure the servant. Where recovery is allowed to a master for loss of service of his servant, it is upon the theory that his right or interest has been injuriously affected. But ordinarily damage suffered by one whose interest in the party or thing injured is contractual is too remote for recovery, unless the wrong is done with intent to affect the contractual relations. Flint v. Robins D. D. & Repair Co. (C. C. A.) 13 F.(2d) 3. So here the damage sustained is too remote to warrant a decree for the appellant. Decree affirmed, with costs. SWAN and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges, concur in the result.

Q: UML : How to Show Calling Methods of One Class and The Interaction Between Them in One I want to show the interaction between methods of one class and sequence of calling them in uml diagram. is the sequence diagram suitable for this scenario? is activity diagram suitable? what name and stereotype i have to select for entity? for example my class is C which has 3 methods M1, M2, M3. first method M1 will be invoked in class and second M2. the result of M1 is a input parameter for m2. then M3 will be invoked and the result of M2 is a input for M3. A: Activity and Interaction Overview can be used for planning logic inside one class, or some classes/components. Sequence and Time diagrams don't even know, if the methods they are planning are in one class or different ones - it is irrelevant for them. Also look for composite structure diagram - it is for inner class structure.

Q: Unit Testing Factories Jasmine-Sinon I have a factory with a getter and setter .factory('myService', function() { var car = null; return { car: car, get: function get() { return car; }, set: function set(newCar) { car = newCar; } }; }); I am writing test for it but I cannot call the set method and have it actually set car to newCar myService.set = sinon.spy(); myService.get = sinon.spy() it('should set car to new car', function () { var newCar = ['a','b','c']; expect(myService.car).toEqual(null); //pass myService.set(newCar); dump(myService.car); //null expect(myService.set).toHaveBeenCalledWith(newCar);//pass expect(myService.get).toHaveReturned(newCar);//fail }); Any advice on what I am doing wrong here? A: There are more problems here. One is that the .car property will always be null. var car = null; return { car: car, get: function get() { return car; }, set: function set(newCar) { car = newCar; } }; Here you initialize it with car which is null. There will be no reference between them. This will always be null since you never change that property on the object: dump(myService.car); //null You might do something like: return { car: null, get: function get() { return this.car; }, set: function set(newCar) { this.car = newCar; } }; But with this you might run into some this context issues later. Why are you trying to expose car if you have a getter for it? The other thing is that you replace the entire get and set functions with this: myService.set = sinon.spy(); myService.get = sinon.spy(); Sinon knows nothing about your original get and set. You should do it like this: sinon.spy(myService, 'set'); So sinon can wrap your function with a spy while preserving it's original behavior. Check Sinon documentation

obj-y += drm/ vga/ obj-$(CONFIG_TEGRA_HOST1X) += host1x/

Key clinical processes in intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Davanloo's Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP), while derived from traditional psychoanalytic theory, is a modified brief treatment with growing empirical support for its effectiveness with clients with psychoneurotic disorders and character pathology. This model describes key empirically derived processes that can bring ready access to unprocessed unconscious emotions that otherwise perpetuate widespread symptom and behavioral disorders. Herein we describe the metapsychological underpinnings, clinical application, and evidence for central interventions used in ISTDP through the use of a case example.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an interpolation method and apparatus used, for example, for generating a frame signal from a field signal in televisions, video recorders, printers, photocopiers, and similar devices that use gray or color scale images in the image and data processing fields. 2. Prior Art Pixel resolution conversion technologies have become increasingly important with the development of digital imaging devices. In IDTV (improved definition TV) and EDTV (enhanced definition TV), a single frame is generated by interlacing two fields in the broadcast signal and video signal, and the method of non-interlaced reproduction of these frames becomes very important. This non-interlaced reproduction of frames can be easily accomplished using the information from one previous field when there is a correlation between the frames as in still images. When there is no precise frame correlation as in a moving image, the information from the previous field is the information for a point in time 1/60th second earlier and cannot be used for direct field interlacing. It is therefore necessary to interpolate the data for one field between the scan lines to reproduce one complete frame. The printer engine in video printers and other video signal hard copy printers likewise records images with the same number of pixels as in a complete frame. If the input video signal is a still image, the printer can print the image directly to paper, but if the signal is a moving image, the printer engine must interpolate the information for one field to obtain the same number of pixels as in the full frame before printing the image. Linear interpolation using the average values of the pixels in the preceding and following scan lines has conventionally been used for field interpolation. Because this interpolation method generates additional pixel data from only a few pixels, the object has been to smooth the image by increasing the number of pixels rather than to improve the resolution. The interpolated image is therefore relatively defocused or blurred compared with the original source image. Another interpolation method has since been developed to resolve these problems with linear interpolation by using statistical properties of the image, e.g. the continuity between fields in a moving image, to obtain a higher vertical resolution and to obtain diagonal lines that are smoother than in the linearly interpolated image by using correlation detection. This interpolation method using correlation detection is explained in further below with reference to FIG. In FIG. 17 lines A and C are scan lines from the same field input continuously to the rasterizer. Line B is the scan line that is not input in this field and which must be interpolated. If the pixel to be interpolated is pixel Bn in line B where n is the pixel number, the differences (.DELTA.1, .DELTA.2, .DELTA.3) in the three brightness levels passing through pixel Bn between lines A and C are expressed by the following equations. EQU .DELTA.1=.vertline.An-1-Cn+1.vertline. EQU .DELTA.2=.vertline.An-Cn.vertline. EQU .DELTA.3=.vertline.An+1-Cn-1.vertline. The value to be used for the interpolated pixel Bn is selected by determining which of these differences is smallest, and then applying a corresponding equation. Thus, EQU if min.=.DELTA.1, Bn=.vertline.An-1+Cn+1.vertline./2 EQU if min.=.DELTA.2, Bn=.vertline.An+Cn.vertline./2 EQU if min.=.DELTA.3, Bn=.vertline.An+1+Cn-1.vertline./2 Thus, this interpolation method compares the level difference of the pixel An above and the pixel Cn below the interpolated pixel Bn with the level difference of the pixel An+1 right above and the pixel Cn-1 left below, and the level difference of the pixels An-1 left above and Cn+1 right below the interpolated pixel Bn. It is assumed that the continuity, i.e., correlation, between the images is highest in the direction in which the pixel level difference is minimum, and uses the average of the pixel values in this direction as the value of the interpolated pixel. (See Shashin Kogyo (Photography industry), October 1989, pp. 107-108.) There is a related method that expands this concept to gray scale interpolation and expands the direction of interpolation to the right and left of these three directions (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H2-177683).

--- abstract: 'The paper is devoted to the prospects of using the laser radiation interaction with plasmas in the laboratory relativistic astrophysics context. We discuss the dimensionless parameters characterizing the processes in the laser and astrophysical plasmas and emphisize a similarity between the laser and astrophisical plasmas in the ultrarelativistic energy limit. In particular, we address basic mechanisms of the charged particle acceleration, the collisionless shock wave and magnetic reconnection and vortex dynamics properties relevant to the problem of ultrarelativistic particle acceleration.' author: - | S. V. Bulanov$^{1,2}$, T. Zh. Esirkepov$^1$, D. Habs$^{3,4}$, F. Pegoraro$^5$, T. Tajima$^{1,3,4}$\ $^1$\ $^2$\ $^3$\ $^4$[\ $^5$[Physics Dept. and CNISM, University of Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo, 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy]{} ]{} title: 'Relativistic Laser-Matter Interaction and Relativistic Laboratory Astrophysics' --- Introduction {#intro} ============ High-power laser facilities have made unprecedented progress in recent years and the nearest future their radiation may reach intensities of 10$^{24}$W/cm$^{2}$ and higher [@ELIILE]. As a result of laser technology progress the laser-matter interaction entered regimes of interest for astrophysics. Typically in the course of laser irradiation of targets shock waves are generated; the target compression is accompanied by the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) and Richtmayer-Meshkov (RM) instability development; collimated plasma jets are observed; the matter equation of state (EOS) acquires new properties under extreme pressure, density and temperature conditions; the laser plasma emits high energy charged particle beams and high- and low-frequency powerful electromagnetic radiation. Gathering of these facts principal for both space and laboratory physics has initiated works in the so-called laboratory astrophysics [@LabAstr] with the aim to model the processes of key importance for the space objects under laboratory conditions. Concerning the laser facilities, the present day laser systems can be subdivided into two categories. The first category includes lasers with a relatively long pulse of pico- and nanosecond duration and generally low repetition rate. These high energy and power laser facilities have been mainly developed for purposes of inertial confinement fusion with the laser pulse and target parameters corresponding to the collisional hydrodynamics phenomena [@Lindl]. In context of laboratory astrophysics they are used for experiments on shock waves, including the radiative shocks and RT&RM instability, the jet formation, and the EOS studies. The second category includes table top size lasers, whose pulse duration is of the order of a few tens of a femto-second with high repetition rate [@S-Mou]. Due to ultra short pulse duration and high contrast, these relatively moderate energy lasers can produce extremely high power and relativistically high intensity electromagnetic pulses. However, the role of both kinds of laser systems is complementary for the development of experimental facilities for the purposes of relativistic laboratory astrophysics. Generic questions for astrophysics such as whether we are living in the Universe or in the Multiverse [@Weinberg], related discussions of the inflation era in the Multiverse evolution [@Linde] and probing our world’s dimensions are related to quantum gravitation physics and deal with the observational cosmology, in particular with an analysis of the cosmic black body radiation, the nuclear synthesis and Type I supernovae radiation (see [@Khlopov]), are yet out of the energy range accessible with present day lasers. The quantum gravitation energy scale is given by the Planck energy, $\sqrt{\hbar c^{3}/G}\approx 10^{19}$GeV, which corresponds to the mass $\sqrt{\hbar c/G}\approx 10^{-5}$g and the length $\sqrt{\hbar G/c^{3}}\approx 10^{-33}\ $cm. In quantum field theory the unification energy scale corresponds to $10^{16}$GeV [@Perkins; @Wilczek]. These energy frontiers are yet well above of nowadays laser pulse energies. Fortunately, new physics such as the Higgs boson detection and exploration of the physics beyond the Standard Model is anticipated to be met at a substantially lower energy level in the range of several TeV in the experiments planned with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), as summarized in Ref. [@Wilczek]. If relativistic laser plasmas can provide the charged particle acceleration up to the TeV energy level, laser accelerators will make a considerable impact to high energy physics, to finding answers on black hole and brane production under the terrestrial conditions [@MBH], to test causality [@TM] and to study the quark-gluon plasmas [@JR]. We may see that the main field of studies of astrophysical phenomena with high power lasers lies in the electrodynamics of continuous media in the relativistic regime [@MTB-06]. Since matter irradiated by ultrastrong electromagnetic waves (EMW) is ionized during a time interval comparable with the wave period and becomes a plasma and under astrophysical conditions approximately 95% of barionic part of matter is in the plasma state, the object of our studies is the relativistic laser and astrophysical plasma. If we address to the problems of contemporary relativistic astrophysics, first of all questions on the mechanisms of the cosmic ray acceleration and on the properties of strong EMW interaction with relativistic plasmas attract our attention [@ACR]. In space plasmas basic mechanisms of charged particle acceleration are connected with the reconnection of magnetic field lines, which is accompanied by the strong and regular electric field generation (it occurs in the planet magnetosheres, in binary stellar systems, in accretion disks, in the magnetar magnetospheres, etc.) and with collisionless shock waves, at the fronts of which the charged particle acceleration occurs (this happens in interplanetary space, during supernova explosions, in colliding galaxies, etc.) [@ACR; @AH]. The laser accelerator development relies upon the fact that under the terrestrial laboratory conditions presently one of the most powerful sources of coherent electromagnetic radiation is provided by lasers [@MTB-06]. Wakefield accelerators, [@T-D] and [@Ch-D], presently provide the most advanced schemes for electron acceleration and they may be suggested to be good candidates for the charged particle acceleration in space [ACR,CTT]{}. One of the efficient mechanisms of ion acceleration in laser plasmas utilizes the radiation pressure of electromagnetic waves interacting with plasmas (see Refs. [@RPDA] and [@BEKT] ). Radiation pressure is a very effective mechanism of momentum transfer to charged particles. This mechanism was introduced long ago [@leb] and physical conditions of interest range from stellar structures and radiation generated winds (see e.g. Refs. [@miln]), to the formation of photon bubbles in very hot stars and accretion disks [Arons]{}, to particle acceleration in the laboratory [@RPDA; @VEK; @TER], see in addition Refs. [@lif; @ma], and in high energy astrophysical environments [@astr1]. Utilization of the plasma nonlinear properties for the electromagnetic wave intensification can result in much higher intensity and power. In this case a fundamental role is played by relativistic mirrors, which are thin electron sheets induced by the laser radiation moving with a speed close to the speed of light in vacuum, as proposed in Ref. [@BET-03]. We note the fruitfulness of the relativistic mirror concept for solving a wide range of problems in modern theoretical physics. Relativistic mirrors are important elements in the theory of the dynamical Casimir effect [@Casimir], with regard to the Unruh radiation [@Unruh] and other nonlinear vacuum phenomena [@Rozanov; @four-wave; @Narozhny-Fedotov; @MSh-06; @SHHK-06]. Relativistic mirrors made by wake waves may lead to an electromagnetic wave intensification resulting in an increase of pulse power up to the level when the electric field of the wave reaches the Schwinger limit [@SCHWIN] when electron-positron pairs are created from the vacuum and the vacuum refractive index becomes nonlinearly dependent on the electromagnetic field strength. In quantum field theory particle creation from the vacuum attracts a great attention, because it provides a typical example of non perturbative processes [@QED]. Nonlinear QED vacuum properties can in future be probed with such strong and powerful electromagnetic pulses. If we trace a relationship between astrophysics and laser physics, we can see a number of publications devoted to the laboratory modeling of astrophysical processes [@LabAstr]. As known there has been an interest in modeling space physics with laboratory experiments for many years. The first modeling of processes fundamental for space physics in terrestrial laboratories has been done by Kristian Birkeland, who more than 100 years ago conducted first experiments on studying the auroral regions in the earth magnetosphere [@BIRK]. Lateron progress has been achieved in the laboratory modeling of various processes [@SPEXP; @FORT], including the magnetic field reconnection [@REC], collisionless shock waves [@SHW], which provide mechanisms for charged particle acceleration under various astrophysical conditions (see Ref. [@ACR]). In the present paper we address plasma processes relevant to space physics, which occur in the relativistic and collisionless regimes. Dimensionless Parameters that Characterize the Interaction Regimes of High Intensity Electromagnetic Waves with Matter ====================================================================================================================== Principle of Qualitative Scaling -------------------------------- Laboratory experiments for studying astrophysical phenomena are of two types [@FH]. The first type of experiments can be referred to as *configuration modeling*, which is aiming at simulating the actual configuration of a system, e.g. the whole Earth’s magnetosphere (for example see Ref. [@ZABM], where the results of the laser-plasma experiments on the simulation of the global impact of the coronal mass ejections onto the Earth’s magnetosphere are presented). The second type of experiments corresponds to *process simulation*, i. e. they are aiming at studying the properties of physical processes relevant to astrophysical phenomena [@LabAstr]. There are a number of nonlinear plasma physical processes that require their clarification. Physical systems obey scaling laws, which can also be presented as similarity rules. In the theory of similarity and modeling the key role is played by dimensionless parameters that characterize the phenomena under consideration [@Sedov]. The principle requirement of the laboratory modeling is the equality of the key dimensionless parameters in the modeled processes. In cases of modeling astrophysical phenomena where this equality can hardly be respected, instead the* principle of limited similarity* (PLS) or *principle of qualitative scaling* has been formulated in Refs. [@PodSag] and [@FH]. According to the PLS those dimensionless parameters, which are relevant in a certain context and which are much larger or smaller than unity under astrophysical conditions must retain this property (i.e. be much larger or smaller than unity) in the laboratory experiments modeling the astrophysical process. Below we present the key dimensionless parameters that characterize the high intensity electromagnetic wave (EMW) interaction with matter (see also Refs. [NEW,RELPEG]{}). Parameters of Strong EMW Propagating in Plasmas ----------------------------------------------- The intensity of an electromagnetic wave pulse is defined by its electric field amplitude through the expression: $I=cE_{0}^{2}/4\pi $, which is related to the Poynting vector $$P=\frac{c}{4\pi }\left[ {E\times B}\right] .$$ The power of the EMW is equal to the integral over its transverse cross-section $S$, $$P=\frac{{c}}{4\pi }\oint\limits_{S}{\left( {\left[ {E\times B}\right] \cdot n% }\right) }dS=I\,S.$$ The time integral of the power gives the pulse energy, $\mathcal{E}=\mathcal{% P}\tau _{p}$, where $\tau _{p}$, is the pulse duration. Other important parameters are the pulse frequency, $\omega _{0}$, which is related to its wavelength, $\lambda _{0}=2\pi c/\omega _{0}$, and the pulse polarization. The first of the dimensionless parameters which characterizes the EMW packet is the ratio of the pulse length, $l_{p}=c\tau _{p}$, to the radiation wavelength, $\lambda _{0}$. We shall denote this ratio as $% N_{p}=l_{p}/\lambda _{0}$. It is equal to the number of wavelengths per pulse, and is Lorentz invariant. If the EMW intensity is relatively low, irradiated matter is not ionized. We notice that the typical energy of a photon in the laser parameter range with wavelengths in the micron range is of the order of one electron-volt and is substantially smaller than the binding energy of an electron inside an atom, $\hbar \omega _{0}\ll W_{b}$, i.e. it is smaller than the atomic ionization potential. In this case the characteristic dimensionless parameter of the interaction is the ratio between the amplitude of the electric field in the laser pulse, $E=\sqrt{4\pi I/c}$, and the atomic electric field, $E_{a}$. The latter is equal to the electric field of the proton at a distance of a Bohr radius, $a_{B}=\hbar ^{2}/m_{e}e^{2}\simeq 5.3\times 10^{-9}cm$, i.e. $% E_{a}=e/a_{B}^{2}=m_{e}^{2}e^{5}/\hbar ^{4}$. The electron binding energy is $W_{b}=\hbar ^{2}/2a_{B}^{2}m_{e}$ and it corresponds to the frequency $% \omega _{a}=W_{b}/\hbar $. The above condition, $\hbar \omega _{0}\ll W_{b}$, is equivalent to the inequality $\hbar \omega _{0}/W_{b}=\omega _{0}/\omega _{a}\ll 1$. The dimensionless parameter $$\frac{E_{0}}{E_{a}}=\frac{\hbar ^{4}E_{0}}{m_{e}^{2}e^{5}}$$ becomes equal to unity for a laser radiation intensity equal to $% m_{e}^{4}e^{10}c/4\pi \hbar ^{8}\simeq 10^{16}$ W/cm$^{2}$. For small but finite values of this parameter, i.e. in the limit $I<10^{16}$ W/cm$^{2}$, the atom is not ionized, unless the multiphoton processes come into play, the EMW–matter interaction can be described within the framework of perturbation theory. When the parameter $E_{0}/E_{a}$ approaches unity, the potential inside the atom changes its form and the so-called tunnel ionization becomes possible. The tunnel ionization probability is given by the Keldysh formula [@Keldysh] $$w=\omega _{a}\exp \left[ {-\frac{2W_{b}}{\hbar \omega _{0}}f(\gamma _{K})}% \right] , \label{eq:tunion}$$ where the function $f(\gamma _{K})\approx 2\gamma _{K}/3$ for $\gamma _{K}\ll 1$ and $f(\gamma _{K})\approx \ln 2\gamma _{K}-1/2$ for $\gamma _{K}\gg 1$. The adiabatic parameter $\gamma _{K}$ is defined as $$\gamma _{K}=\omega _{0}\frac{\sqrt{2m_{e}W_{b}}}{eE_{0}}=\sqrt{\frac{2\hbar \omega _{a}}{a_{0}^{2}m_{e}c^{2}}}.$$ Here introduced is the EMW dimensionless amplitude, $$a_{0}=\frac{eE_{0}}{m_{e}\omega _{0}c}. \label{eq:dimla}$$ In the limit $\gamma _{K}\ll 1$, i.e. for a relatively strong electromagnetic wave, Eq. (\[eq:tunion\]) corresponds to the ionization probability by a constant electric field, $$w=2\omega _{a}\frac{E_{a}}{E_{0}}\exp \left( {-}\frac{{2E_{a}}}{{3E_{0}}}% \right) .$$ For intensities larger than $m_{e}^{4}e^{10}c/4\pi \hbar ^{8}\simeq 10^{16}$ W/cm$^{2}$ the deformation of the potential inside the atoms caused by the laser pulse field becomes so strong that the electron energy level becomes larger than the maximum value of the potential. As a result, the electron appears as if in a free state and leaves the atom. Due to the periodicity of the electric field, there is a probability that the electron will return after a half of the wave period. Recollisions with the ions lead to the generation of high order harmonics [@Corkum]. However, for a very strong electromagnetic wave the effects of the wave magnetic field decrease this probability. In this case the matter becomes ionized in one optical period and plasma processes start to play a key role. Under the action of the electromagnetic wave the plasma electrons oscillate at the wave frequency. In the limit $v<<c$ their quiver velocity is approximately equal to $v_{E}=eE_{0}/m_{e}\omega _{0}$. In the non-relativistic limit, when $v_{E}/c\ll 1$ or $a_{0}\ll 1$, the electron quiver amplitude is smaller than the laser wavelength, $\lambda _{0}$. Under the action of the electromagnetic wave, given by the vector potential $% A_{\bot }(x-ct)$, the electrons oscillate at the wave frequency. From the equations of the motion we obtain that the transverse component of the generalized momentum $p_{\bot }-eA_{\bot }(x-ct)/c$ is constant. The particle energy and the longitudinal momentum component are related as [LLTF]{} $$\sqrt{m_{e}^{2}c^{4}+p_{\bot }^{2}+p_{\parallel }^{2}}-p_{||}c=h.$$ In the reference frame where the particle was at rest before interaction with the laser pulse, the particle kinetic energy $$K=m_{e}c^{2}\left( {\sqrt{1+(p/m_{e}c)^{2}}-1}\right)$$ and momentum $\mathbf{p=(}p_{||},p_{\bot }\mathbf{)}$ are given by expressions $K=m_{e}c^{2}\left| {a_{\bot }}\right| ^{2}/2$, $p_{\bot }=m_{e}c\,a_{\bot }$, $p_{||}=m_{e}c\left| {a_{\bot }}\right| ^{2}/2$. Here $% a_{\bot }=eA_{\bot }(x-ct)/m_{e}c^{2}$. For $|a_{\bot }|>1$ the particle acquires a relativistic energy, and the longitudinal component of its momentum is larger than the transverse component. Fig. \[fig:01\] shows a typical trajectory of the charged particle in the electromagnetic wave. ![Projectories of the charged particle trajectory, when it interacts with the elliptically polarized EMW.[]{data-label="fig:01"}](fig-01.jpg){width="9cm"} The EMW behavior in a plasma differs from its behavior in vacuum, and depends on the electron density. In a plasma with a density $n$, a displacement of the electrons with respect to the ions generates the electric field. Its ratio to the laser electric field is $E/E_{0}=4\pi ne^{2}/m_{e}\omega _{0}^{2}=(\omega _{pe}/\omega _{0})^{2}=n/n{{{{_{cr}}}}}$, where $\omega _{pe}=\sqrt{4\pi ne^{2}/m_{e}}$ is the Langmuir frequency and $n_{cr}={m_{e}\omega _{0}^{2}{{/{4\pi e^{2}}}}}$ is the critical density. The dimensionless parameter $$\frac{\omega _{pe}}{\omega _{0}}=\sqrt{\frac{n}{n_{cr}}}=\sqrt{\frac{4\pi ne^{2}}{m_{e}\omega _{0}^{2}}}$$ is a measure of the plasma collective response to a periodic electromagnetic field. When an EMW propagates through a plasma, its group velocity, $v_{g}=\partial \omega /\partial k$, and phase velocity, $v_{ph}=\omega /k$, are not equal to each other and are related as $v_{g}v_{ph}=c^{2}$. While in vacuum the dispersion equation for the frequency, $\omega $, and wave vector,$k$, takes the form $\omega ^{2}=k^{2}c^{2}$, in a plasma it becomes $\omega ^{2}=k^{2}c^{2}+\omega _{pe}^{2}$. This dispersion equation can be rewritten as $k=\sqrt{\omega ^{2}-\omega _{pe}^{2}}/c$, which shows that an EMW with a frequency below the Langmuir frequency cannot propagate through the plasma and that the electromagnetic field evanescence length in a high density plasma is of the order of the collisionless skin depth, $d_{e}=c/\omega _{pe} $, i.e. an overdense plasma with the electron density higher than the critical density is not transparent. The collective response of the plasma, in addition to the transverse electromagnetic mode, exhibits longitudinal plasma oscillations, i.e., Langmuir waves. The electric field in a Langmuir wave oscillates with frequency $\omega =\omega _{pe}$. The group velocity of the Langmuir waves vanishes, $v_{g}=\partial \omega _{pe}/\partial k=0$, and their phase velocity is determined by the wave number. Relativistic effects change the dispersion equation due to the dependence of the Langmuir frequency on the wave amplitude. As found in Ref. [@A-P], the frequency of a longitudinal wave depends on its amplitude $% a_{L}=eE/m_{e}\omega _{pe}c$ as $\omega \approx \omega _{pe}(1-3a_{L}^{2}/4)$ for $a_{L}\ll 1$ and as $\omega \approx \omega _{pe}/\sqrt{8a_{L}}$ in the case $a_{L}\gg 1$. For a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave the dispersion equation takes the form: $$\omega ^{2}=k^{2}c^{2}+\frac{\omega _{pe}^{2}}{\sqrt{1+a_{0}^{2}}}.$$ We see that the effective critical density increases as the EMW amplitude grows, i.e., the plasma is more transparent to high intensity electromagnetic radiation. Large amplitude, finite length pulses of electromagnetic and Langmuir waves do not propagate independently since they are coupled by nonlinear processes. The Langmuir wave that is generated by an ultra short laser pulse, being left behind in the plasma and thus called the wake wave. It is of special interest since the structure of the electric field of this wake wave is favorable for charged particle acceleration. In a low density plasma the phase velocity of the wake wave can be very close to the speed of light in vacuum. In analogy to linear accelerators that use electric fields in the radio-frequency range in Ref. [@T-D] it was proposed to use the wake field for charged particle acceleration. The dimensionless amplitude, Eq. (\[eq:dimla\]), is equal to the electron quiver momentum normalized to $m_{e}c$. For a pulse with an intensity corresponding to $a_{0}>1$, relativistic effects must be taken into account. The intensity of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave can be written via $a_{0}$ as $$I_{L}=\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{a_{0}^{2}}{\lambda _{0}^{2}}\frac{{m_{e}c^{3}}}{% r_{e}}\approx 1.37\times 10^{18}\times a_{0}^{2}\times \left( {\frac{1\mu m}{% \lambda _{0}}}\right) ^{2}\frac{W}{cm^{2}}.$$ If the wave is focused into a one wavelength spot, this intensity corresponds to the power $\mathcal{P}=a_{0}^{2}\times 43\;$GW. At present laser intensities have reached a level above $10^{22}$W/cm$^{2}$ [@YAN]. When the electron energy approaches $3m_{e}c^{2}$, electron-positron pairs are generated during electron-nuclei collisions, [@QED]. The cross section of this process is given by $$\sigma _{\pm }=\frac{28}{27\pi }r_{e}^{2}(\alpha Z)^{2}\left[ {\ln \left( \sqrt{1+\left( \frac{p}{m_{e}c}\right) ^{2}}\right) }\right] .$$ Here $Ze$ is the nucleus electric charge and $\alpha =e^{2}/\hbar c=1/137$ is the fine-structure constant. Positron generation in a plasma has been discussed in a number of publications (e.g. see [@BKZS]) and was observed in the terawatt laser plasma interaction experiments [@POS]. We note a discussion of the pion and muon production in electron-positron and gamma plasmas [@IKUZ]. Interaction of EMW with Plasmas in the Radiation-Dominated Regime ----------------------------------------------------------------- The dimensionless parameters characterizing the electromagnetic emission by an electron are the ratio between the classical electron radius and the electromagnetic wavelength, $r_{e}/\lambda _{0}=e^{2}\omega _{0}/2\pi m_{e}c^{3}$, and the ratio between the photon energy and the electron rest mass energy, $\hbar \omega _{0}/m_{e}c^{2}$. When an electron moves under the action of the electric and magnetic field of a wave, it emits electromagnetic radiation. The intensity of this radiation is given by the formula $W=(2e^{2}/3m_{e}^{2}c^{3})(dp_{\mu }/d\tau )^{2}$, where $p_{\mu }$ is the particle 4-momentum and $\tau $ is its proper time. When an ultrarelativistic charged particle moves along a circular trajectory in a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave, the radiation intensity is $W=\left( {4\pi r_{e}/3\lambda _{0}}\right) \omega _{0}\,m_{e}c^{2}a_{0}^{4}$. We see that the relative role of the radiation damping force is determined by the dimensionless parameter$\varepsilon _{rad} $, which is equal to $$\varepsilon _{rad}=\frac{4\pi r_{e}}{3\lambda _{0}}.$$By comparing the energy radiated by the particle per unit of time with the maximum energy gain in the electromagnetic wave $\partial _{t}\mathcal{E}% =\omega _{0}m_{e}c^{2}a_{0}$, we obtain that the radiation effects become dominant at $a_{0}\geq a_{rad}=\varepsilon _{rad}^{-1/3}$ , i. e. in the limit $I>10^{23}W/cm^{2}$ for 1 $\mu $m wavelength laser [@BEKT; @RAD]. In the limit of a relatively low amplitude laser pulse, $a_{0}\ll a_{rad}$, the momentum of an electron moving in a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave in a plasma scales with the laser pulse amplitude as $p=m_{e}ca_{0}$, while in the limit $a_{0}\gg a_{rad}$, it scales as $p=m_{e}c(a_{0}/% \varepsilon _{rad})^{1/4}$. Quantum effects become important, when the energy of the photon generated by Compton scattering is of the order of the electron energy, i.e. $\hbar \omega _{m}\approx \mathcal{E}_{e}$. An electron with energy $\mathcal{E}% _{e}=\gamma m_{e}c^{2}$ rotates with frequency $\omega _{0}$ in a circularly polarized wave propagating in a plasma and emits photons with frequency $% \omega _{m}=\gamma ^{3}\omega _{0}$. We obtain that quantum effects come into play when $\gamma \geq \gamma _{Q}=\sqrt{m_{e}c^{2}/\hbar \omega _{0}}$. For an electron interacting with one-micron laser light we find $\gamma _{Q}\approx 600$. From the previous analysis we obtain that the quantum limit on the electron gamma factor corresponds to $$a_{Q}=\frac{2e^{2}m_{e}c}{3\hbar ^{2}\omega _{0}}.$$ The energy flux reemitted by the electron is equal to $e(E\cdot v)=\varepsilon _{rad}\omega _{0}\gamma ^{2}p_{\bot }^{2}/m_{e}$. The total scattering cross section defined as the ratio of the reemitted energy to the Poynting vector $P=cE_{0}^{2}/4\pi $, is given by $$\sigma =\sigma _{T}\frac{\gamma ^{2}}{1+\varepsilon _{rad}^{2}\gamma ^{6}},$$ where the Thomson scattering cross section is $\sigma _{T}=8\pi r_{e}^{2}/3=6.65\times 10^{-25}cm^{2}$. We see that, as the wave amplitude increases in the range $1\ll a_{0}\ll a_{rad}$, the scattering cross section increases according to the law $\sigma =\sigma _{T}(1+a_{0}^{2})$ and reaches its maximum $\sigma =\sigma _{T}a_{rad}^{2}$ at $a_{0}\approx a_{rad} $; for $a_{0}\gg a_{rad}$, it decreases according to the law $\sigma =\sigma _{T}a_{rad}^{3}/a_{0}$. In Fig. \[fig:02\] we show the scattering cross section dependence on the EMW amplitude and wavelength. ![Scattering cross section dependence on the EMW amplitude and wavelength.[]{data-label="fig:02"}](fig-02.jpg){width="9cm"} In the radiation-dominated regime of the EMW interaction with charged particles, i.e. at $a_{0}>a_{rad}$, the emitted gamma quanta can produce secondary electron-positron pairs, which in turn emit gamma ray photons, producing an avalanche of $\gamma $ rays and electron-positron pairs [Bell]{}. Probing Nonlinear Vacuum ------------------------ When the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave approaches the critical electric field of quantum electrodynamics (also called the “Schwinger field”), vacuum becomes polarized and electron-positron pairs are created in vacuum [@QED; @DGi]. On a distance equal to the Compton length, $% \lambda _{C}=\hbar /m_{e}c$, the work of the critical field on an electron is equal to the electron rest mass energy, $m_{e}c^{2}$, i.e. $% eE_{QED}\lambda _{C}=m_{e}c^{2}$. The dimensionless parameter $$\frac{E}{E_{QED}}=\frac{e\hbar E}{m_{e}^{2}c^{3}}$$ becomes equal to unity for an electromagnetic wave intensity of the order of $$I=\frac{c}{r_{e}\lambda _{C}^{2}}\frac{m_{e}c^{2}}{4\pi }\approx 4.7\times 10^{29}\frac{W}{cm^{2}}.$$ For such ultrahigh intensities the effects of nonlinear quantum electrodynamics play a key role: an electromagnetic wave excites virtual electron-positron pairs. An observable manifestation of this process could be detection of light birefringence during the propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a strong electric or magnetic field in vacuum. The cross section for the photon-photon interaction in the limit $\hbar \omega \ll m_{e}c^{2}$ is given by $$\sigma _{\gamma \gamma \to \gamma \gamma }=\frac{973}{10125}\frac{\alpha ^{2}% }{\pi ^{2}}r_{e}^{2}\left( {\frac{\hbar \omega }{m_{e}c^{2}}}\right) ^{6},$$ where $\hbar \omega $ is the photon energy (see [@QED]). This cross section reaches its maximum, $\sigma _{\max }\approx 10^{-20}cm^{2}$, for $% \hbar \omega \approx m_{e}c^{2}$, i.e. for the interactions of photons in the gamma range. Also attention is focused on the process of electron-positron pair creation in vacuum by an electromagnetic wave. For an electric field small compared to $E_{QED}$, this process is sub-barrier, similarly to the tunnel ionization of atom discussed above \[see Eq. ([eq:tunion]{})\]. The probability of electron-positron pair creation per unit volume and per unit time is exponentially small and is given by $$w=\left( \frac{\alpha c}{\pi ^{2}\lambda _{C}^{4}}\right) \left( \frac{E}{% E_{QED}}\right) ^{2}exp\left( -\pi \frac{E_{QED}}{E}\right) . \label{eq:w}$$ Here $\lambda _{C}=\hbar /m_{e}c$ is the Compton length and $\alpha =e^{2}/\hbar c=1/137$ is the fine structure constant. We may formally estimate the number of electron-positron pairs produced by a 10 fs long laser pulse in a volume $V=\lambda ^{3}=10^{-12}$cm$^{3}$ as $% N_{\pm }=wV\tau _{p}$. It is easy to show that $N_{\pm }$ is equal to one pair for a laser intensity equal to $I=10^{26}$W/cm$^{2}$ (a more detailed description of this process can be found in [@NAR] and in Refs. [QED,VSP,NBMP]{}). Obviously, this latter number is overestimated because the minimum needed energy is by many orders of magnitude larger than the total energy of the laser pulse. At intensities of the order $I=10^{30}$W/cm$^{2}$ Eq. (\[eq:w\]) is not applicable and a depletion of the laser pulse must be taken into account. The electromagnetic pulse depletion due to its energy conversion into electron-positron pairs has been studied in Ref. [@BFP]. ![Various regimes of relativistically strong EMW interaction with plasmas.[]{data-label="fig:03"}](fig-03.jpg){width="9cm"} The nonlinear dependence of the vacuum susceptibilities on the electromagnetic-field amplitude results in the finite value of the Kerr constant of vacuum. It can be found to be $$K_{K}=\frac{7\alpha }{90\pi }\frac{\lambda _{C}^{3}}{m_{e}c\lambda _{0}}$$ The Kerr constant in vacuum for $\lambda _{0}=1\mu m$ is of the order of $% 10^{27}cm^{2}/erg$, which is a factor $10^{20}$ smaller than for water. As shown in Ref. [@Rozanov], in a QED nonlinear vacuum two counterpropagating electromagnetic waves mutually focus each other. A nonlinear modification of the refraction index in vacuum within the framework of the Heisenberg-Euler approximation is characterized by the critical value of the electromagnetic wave power $$\mathcal{P}_{QED}=45\pi ^{2}\frac{cE_{QED}^{2}\lambda _{0}^{2}}{4\pi \alpha }.$$ When the electromagnetic wave power exceeds this value, the cross modulation nonlinear effects affect the wave propagation. We see that the critical power, $\mathcal{P}_{cr}$, depends only on the laser pulse wavelength, $% \lambda _{0}$, and on fundamental constants. It is easy to show that for $% \lambda _{0}=1\mu $m the critical power $\mathcal{P}_{cr}=cE^{2}w^{2}/4$, where $w$ is the laser beam waist. For the mutual self-focusing $\mathcal{P}% _{cr}=2.5\times 10^{24}$W can be found to be for $\lambda _{0}=1\mu m$. Nonlinear modifications of the vacuum refraction index lead to the vacuum birefringence [@Rozanov], to the four-wave interaction [@four-wave], to the high order harmonic generation [@Narozhny-Fedotov], and to the laser-photon splitting and merging [@DIP] (see also review articles [@MTB-06], [@MSh-06; @SHHK-06]). According to Ref. [@Unruh] the Unruh radiation intensity of the electron moving in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave becomes comparable with the nonlinear Thomson scattering intensity under the condition $4\pi a_{0}\hbar \omega _{0}/m_{e}c^{2}\approx 1$. The multi-photon Compton scattering during the collision of counter-propagating laser beams and ultrarelativistic electron bunches leading to the gamma quanta generation $$e^{-}+n\hbar \omega _{0}\rightarrow \hbar \omega _{\gamma },$$ with their subsequent interaction with the laser light accompanied by the electron -positron pair creation in vacuum via the Breit-Wheeler process $$\hbar \omega _{\gamma }+n\hbar \omega _{0}\rightarrow e^{-}+e^{+}$$ has been investigated in Ref. [@Burke]. In Ref. [@ErL] the cross section of the Breit-Wheeler process on the laser pulse intensity has been investigated. Various regimes of the relativistically strong EMW interaction with plasmas are illustrated in Fig. \[fig:03\]. EMW Parameters under Space Plasma Conditions -------------------------------------------- ![Pulsar magnetosphere. The inset: The Crab pulsar [Hester]{}.[]{data-label="fig:04"}](fig-04.jpg){width="9cm"} In one of the first works on the charged particle acceleration by strong electromagnetic waves in astrophysical plasmas, pulsars [@BG] have been considered as sources of ultraintense radiation [@GO]. Pulsars are considered to be oblique rotators with non-parallel rotation and magnetic dipole axes, as illustrated in Fig. \[fig:03\]. The power of magneto-dipole radiation is given by the expression $\ $$$W=\frac{2\mu ^{2}\sin ^{2}\chi \Omega _{P}^{4}}{3c^{3}},$$ where $\mu $ is the magnetic momentum, $\chi $ is an angle between the rotational and magnetic dipole axes, and $\Omega _{P}$ is the pulsar rotation frequency. Even for parallel magnetic and angular moments, i.e. for $\chi =0$, the expression $W=(2/3)\mu ^{2}\Omega _{P}^{4}/c^{3}$ gives the pulsar electromagnetic energy losses, as it follows from the theoretical model of the pulsar magnetosphere [@GR]. The magnetic moment is related to the pulsar magnetic field and radius as $\mu \approx Br_{P}^{3}$. For typical values of $r_{P}=10^{6}$cm and $B=10^{12}\ $G we obtain $\mu =10^{30}\ $G cm$^{3}$. The electromagnetic wave intensity at the distance $% r $ is equal to $I=W/4\pi r^{2}$. At the wave zone boundary, $r=c/\Omega _{P} $, the dimensionless amplitude of the electric field is $$a_{P}=\frac{e\mu \Omega _{P}^{2}}{m_{e}c^{4}}.$$ For the Crab pulsar with the rotation frequency $\Omega _{P}=200\ $s$^{-1}$ we find $a_{P}=2\times 10^{10}$. According to Ref. [@BEKT; @RAD] in the limit of high radiation intensity the effects of the radiation damping should be incorporated into the theory of the electromagnetic wave interaction with plasmas. A dimensionless parameter, $$\varepsilon _{rad}=\frac{2e^{2}\Omega _{P}}{3m_{e}c^{3}},$$ gives a value of the wave amplitude, $a_{rad}=\varepsilon _{rad}^{-1/3}$, above which the radiation damping cannot be neglected. For $\Omega _{P}=200\ $s$^{-1}$ this yields $a_{rad}=10^{7}$, which is substantially less than above found value of $a_{P}=2\times 10^{10}$. In the case of laser - plasma interaction for a typical laser wavelength of $% 1\mu $m the dimensionless amplitude $a_{rad}$ corresponds to an intensity of the order of $10^{23}$W/cm$^{2}$ which can be achieved by tight focusing of the PW power laser beams onto the one-lambda size focus spot. We see that the laser plasmas can be used for modeling the radiation damping effects, which are important for relativistic astrophysics. Acceleration of Charged Particles in the EMW Interaction with Plasmas {#LACP} ===================================================================== General requirements for the laser accelerator parameters are principally the same as for standard accelerators of charged particles [ACC-EM]{}, i. e. they should have a reasonable acceleration scale length, a high enough efficiency and the required maximal energy, a high quality, emittance and luminosity of charged particle beams. In the 1940-s Enrico Fermi paid attention to the high energy limit of $\approx 1\ $PeV$=10^{15}\ $eV for accelerated particles, which could be reached under terrestrial conditions, when the accelerator size is limited by the equator circumference. These limitations resulted in the 1950-ties in the proposal to use collective electric fields excited in a plasma (collective methods of acceleration) in order to accelerate charged particles [@VEK]. Electron Accelerator {#EA} -------------------- Wakefield acceleration has been proposed in Ref. [@CTT] for the generation of ultra high energy cosmic rays. Below we describe the wake field acceleration mechanism using as an example the LWFA scheme. ![Schematic view of the standard linear accelerator of charged particles, a) and the LWFA, b).[]{data-label="fig:05"}](fig-05.jpg){width="9cm"} Under the condition of minimum laser energy the one stage LWFA accelerator scaling is described as it follows [@T-D]. The electric field in a plasma has the form of a wave propagating with a phase velocity, $v_{ph,W}$. A gamma factor corresponding to the wave phase velocity is given by the expression $\gamma _{ph,W}=(1-v_{ph,W}^{2}/c^{2})^{-1/2}$. A condition of the wake wave synchronization with the driver laser pulse yields $% v_{ph,W}=v_{g,las}$, where $v_{g,las}\approx c(1-\omega _{pe}^{2}/2\omega _{0}^{2})$ is the laser pulse group velocity. The wavelength of the weakly nonlinear wake wave is $\lambda _{p}=\lambda _{0}\gamma _{ph,W}$. Assuming the electrostatic potential in the wake is equal to $m_{e}c^{2}/e$, we obtain for the fast electron gamma factor $\gamma _{e}=2\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$. The acceleration length is given by $l_{acc}=\lambda _{p}\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$, i.e. $l_{acc}=\lambda _{0}\gamma _{ph,W}^{3}$. This gives a relationship between the acceleration length and the fast electron energy: $% l_{acc}=\lambda _{0}\gamma _{e}^{3/2}$. For $\lambda _{0}=1\ \mu $m and $% \gamma _{e}=10^{6}$ we obtain $l_{acc}\approx 1$km [@KanTeV]. ![2D PIC simulations show that the electrons pushed away by the ponderomotive pressure of the laser pulse form the “bow wave” [NEW]{}. The electron density distribution (a) clearly shows the ’swallow-tail’ formation during the wake wave breaking in the first period of the wave behind the laser pulse. The wakefield (the x-component of the electric field) is excited by the laser pulse in an underdense plasma (b). Inset: The bow wave formed by colliding galaxies in the Bullet Cluster [@DClowe].[]{data-label="fig:06"}](fig-06.jpg){width="9cm"} In the opposite limit, when the laser transverse width $r_{las}\le \lambda _{p}$, we need to take into account the formation of an electron density cavity moving with the group velocity of the laser pulse (see Fig.[fig:06]{}, where the wake wave left behind the ultra short laser pulse in the underdense plasma is shown). The cavity’s transverse size is determined by the laser pulse width and its length is of the order of the Langmuir wave wavelength. In this limit, the wavelength depends on the amplitude of the Langmuir wave, which in turn depends on the laser pulse intensity. For a given laser pulse width the electrostatic potential in the cavity is of the order of $\phi \approx \pi n_{0}er_{las}^{2}$, and the group velocity of a narrow laser pulse is determined by its width, i.e. $\gamma _{ph,W}\approx r_{las}/\lambda _{0}$. As a result we find the electron energy scaling [NEW]{}: $$\gamma _{e}=\frac{r_{las}^{4}}{\lambda _{0}^{2}\lambda _{p}^{2}}.$$ It does not depend on the laser pulse amplitude provided $a_{0}>e\phi /m_{e}c^{2}$. The laser energy depletion length in this limit is given by $$l_{dep}=a_{0}l_{las}\left( \frac{\lambda _{p}}{\lambda _{0}}\right) ^{2},$$ i. e. it is by a factor $a_{0}$ greater than in the 1D case. Considering the laser electron accelerator for the applications in the high energy physics, we find that its parameters should satisfy several conditions in addition to the requirement on the maximum particle energy. Parameters of fundamental importance such as the luminosity characterize the number of reactions produced by the particles in colliding beams of a collider. The luminosity is given by the expression $$\mathcal{L}=f\frac{N_{1}N_{2}}{4\pi \sigma _{y}\sigma _{z}},$$ where $N_{1}$ and $N_{2}$ are the numbers of particles in each of the beams, $\sigma _{y}$ and $\sigma _{z}$ are the transverse size of the beam in the $% y $ and $z$ directions, and $f$ is the frequency of the beam collisions. A product of the luminosity and the reaction cross section gives the reaction rate. We see that the luminosity can be increased by increasing the particle number in a bunch, $N_{j}$, and/or by increasing the repetition rate, $f$, or by decreasing the transverse size of the bunch, $\sigma _{i}$, by focusing the particle beam into the minimum size focal spot. The focal spot size depends on the beam emittance, which is defined as the surface occupied by the bunch in the phase plane ($(y,p_{y})$ or $(z,p_{z})$). A calculation under the assumption of a round transverse shape of the beam ($\sigma _{y}=\sigma _{z}=r$) results in the expression given by the integral $$\varepsilon _{\bot }=\frac{1}{\pi }\int drdr^{\prime },$$ where $r$ is the transverse size of the bunch and $r^{\prime }=dr/dx=dr/cdt$ [@ACC-EM]. The transverse dynamics of the electron in the field of the wake wave is described by the equation (see for example Ref. [@B-PoP]) $$\frac{d}{dt}\left( \gamma _{||}\frac{dr}{dt}\right) +\omega _{pe}^{2}r=0,$$ where the electron gamma factor depends on time as $\gamma _{||}(t)=\gamma _{e}(1-t^{2}/t_{acc}^{2})$ with $\gamma _{e}=\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$ and $\gamma _{ph,W}=\omega _{0}/\omega _{pe}$. In the limit $\gamma _{||}\gg 1$ the electron transverse oscillations are described by the dependence of the radial displacement on time: $$r(t)=r_{inj}\left( \frac{\gamma _{inj}}{\gamma _{||}(t)}\right) ^{1/4}\cos % \left[ \int_{t_{inj}}^{t}\omega _{b}(t^{\prime })dt^{\prime }\right] ,$$ where $\omega _{b}(t)=\omega _{pe}\gamma _{||}(t)^{2}$ is the betatron oscillation frequency and $r_{inj}$ and $\gamma _{inj}\approx \gamma _{ph,W}$ are the radial coordinate and the electron energy at the injection time, $% t_{inj}$ normalized on $m_{e}c^{2}$. Calculating the transverse emittance, we find $\varepsilon _{\perp }=\pi \kappa ^{2}(\omega _{pe}/\omega _{0})^{3}$ mm mrad, with $\kappa =r_{inj}/\lambda _{p}$. The normalized emittance, $% \varepsilon _{N}=\varepsilon _{\perp }\gamma _{e}$, is equal to $\varepsilon _{\bot }=\pi \kappa ^{2}(\omega _{pe}/\omega _{0})$ mm mrad. The electron motion in the electric field of the wake plasma wave is characterized by the structure of the phase plane ($p_{x},X=x-v_{ph}t$). A calculation of the energy spectrum of fast electrons is done in Refs. [B-PoP,QME]{}). It uses the property of electrons injected at the breaking point to move along the separatrix. The electrons, whose trajectories lie on the separatrix, where they are uniformly distributed, near the top of the separatrix have an electron momentum dependence on the coordinate $$p_{x}=p_{m}(1-X^{2}\omega _{pe}^{2}/c^{2}a_{0})=p_{m}(1-t^{2}/t_{acc}^{2}).$$ The distribution function of the electrons at the target has the form $$f(t,\mathcal{E})=(n_{b}\omega _{pe}/\sqrt{2}ca_{0})\delta (\mathcal{E}-% \mathcal{E}_{m}(1-t^{2}/t_{acc}^{2})).$$ Here $\delta (z)$ is the Dirac delta function and we have assumed that the electrons are ultrarelativistic with $\mathcal{E}=p_{x}c$ and $\mathcal{E}% _{m}=p_{m}c$ . In order to find the energy spectrum of the electrons on the target, we must integrate the function on time in the limits between $% -t_{acc}$ and $t_{acc}$. We obtain $$\frac{d\mathcal{N}(\mathcal{E})}{d\mathcal{E}}=\frac{n_{b}\omega _{pe}}{% \sqrt{2}ca_{0}}\int\limits_{-t_{acc}}^{t_{acc}}\delta \left( \mathcal{E}-% \mathcal{E}_{m}\left( 1-\frac{t^{2}}{t_{acc}^{2}}\right) \right) dt=\frac{% n_{b}\omega _{pe}}{2\sqrt{2}ca_{0}\sqrt{\mathcal{E}_{m}(\mathcal{E}_{m}-% \mathcal{E})}},$$ i.e. the particle spectrum has a typical form $\propto 1/\sqrt{\mathcal{E}% _{m}-\mathcal{E}}$ near maximum energy. Using the above given relationships and estimating a maximum number of particles in a bunch as $N\approx \kappa ^{2}n_{e}\lambda _{p}^{3}$, we obtain the luminosity to be equal to $$\mathcal{L}=10^{34}\left( \frac{f}{10KHz}\right) \left( \frac{\kappa }{0.1}% \frac{\lambda _{0}}{r_{inj}}\right) ^{2}\left( \frac{\gamma _{e}}{10^{6}}% \right) ^{3/2}\ \frac{1}{\mathrm{cm}^{2}\mathrm{s}}.$$ Here we assume a round transverse shape of the bunch with $r\approx r_{inj}(\gamma _{inj}/\gamma _{e})^{1/4}$. Utilization of flat bunches with $% \sigma _{y}\gg \sigma _{z}$ allows and to achieve larger luminosity [kando-07]{}. In addition, in the case of flat beams the space charge effects and beamsstahlung can be weakened. We notice that the radiation damping effects on the LWFA operation have been considered in Ref. [@MSSEL]. Ion Accelerator {#IA} --------------- The mechanism of laser acceleration of ions (protons and other ions) is determined by the electric field set up by the space charge separation of hot or energetic electrons and the ions. The exact mechanisms entering into the energy transfer from the fast electron to the ion energy depends on the specific conditions of the laser-target interaction (see review articles [@MTB-06] and [@BFB]). The proton generation is a direct consequence of the electron acceleration. The typical energy spectrum of laser accelerated particles observed both in experiments and in computer simulations can be approximated by a quasi-thermal distribution with a cut-off at a maximum energy. On the other hand, the applications require high quality proton beams, i.e. beams with sufficiently small energy spread $\Delta \mathcal{E}_{i}/\mathcal{E}_{i}\ll 1_{i}$. For example, for hadron therapy it is highly desirable to have a proton beam with $\Delta \mathcal{E}_{i}/\mathcal{E}_{i}\leq 2\%$ in order to provide the conditions for a high irradiation dose being delivered to the tumor, while sparing neighboring tissues. In Ref. [@BKh] it was shown that such a required beam of laser accelerated ions can be obtained using a double layer target. Extensive computer simulations of this target were performed in Ref. [@Es-2002] and the results of experimental studies of this ion acceleration mechanism are presented in Ref. [@Nat]. ### Ion acceleration during plasma expansion into vacuum Ion acceleration during the collisionless plasma expansion into vacuum appears to be one of the most obvious mechanisms of the ion acceleration [@GP]. In particular, it has been considered as one of the possible acceleration mechanisms in space plasmas [@ACR]. When the electrons that have been heated and tend to expand overtake the ions in a relatively small volume, the electric neutrality of the plasma breaks and the generated electric field induces the ion motion. Although a velocity of the bulk ion and electron motion is of the order of the ion acoustic speed, $v_{s}=\sqrt{% T_{e}/m_{p}}$, a small fraction at the plasma front gains energy efficiently. Here $T_{e}$ is the electron temperature and $m_{p}$ is the ion (proton) mass. Under the most favorable conditions the ions achieve a kinetic energy which corresponds to an ion velocity of the order of the electron thermal velocity, i.e. the maximum ion energy can be of the order of $m_{p}\mathcal{E}_{e}/m_{e}$. We notice here that for the electron distributions with the energy cut-off this conclusion requires careful analysis (see Refs. [@M-T; @BEKTF]) In the limit when the electron energy is relativistic, in order to analyze the ion motion one should use the equations of relativistic hydrodynamics, $% \nu _{\alpha} T_{\mu} ^{\nu} = 0$ with $T_{\mu}^{\nu} $ being the energy-momentum tensor, $$\partial _{\mu }\left( {nu^{\mu }}\right) =0,$$ $$\mathcal{W}u^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }u^{\nu }=-\left( {\delta ^{\mu \nu }-u^{\mu }u^{\nu }}\right) \partial _{\mu }P.$$ Here $u^{\mu} $ is the four-dimensional velocity vector, $P$ is the pressure, n is the density in the proper frame of reference, $\mathcal{W} = P + \varepsilon $ is the enthalpy with $\varepsilon $ being the internal energy density. The self-similar plasma motion depending on the variable $\chi =x/t$ is described by a system of ordinary differential equations $$\frac{u\chi -1}{(u-\chi )(1-u^{2})}u^{\prime }-(\ln n)^{\prime }=0,$$ $$\mathcal{W}\frac{u-\chi }{1-u^{2}}u^{\prime }-(u\chi -1)P^{\prime }=0,$$ with a prime denoting a differentiation with respect to $\chi $ and $u=v/c$. Here we use the relativistic equation of state of an ideal gas, $$\mathcal{W}=c^{2}\frac{K_{3}\left( {m_{e}c^{2}/T_{e}}\right) }{K_{2}\left( {% m_{e}c^{2}/T_{e}}\right) },$$ $$P=nT_{e},$$ where $K_{n}(x)$ are the modified Bessel functions. In the case of $T_{e}=$constant we find $$u=\frac{c_{s}+c\eta }{c+c_{s}},$$ $$n=n_{0}\left( \frac{c_{s}-c\eta }{c+c_{s}}\right) ^{c/c_{s}}$$ with $c_{s}$ being the relativistic speed of sound, $$c_{s}=\sqrt{\frac{T_{e}}{m_{e}}\frac{K_{3}(m_{e}c^{2}/T_{e})}{% K_{2}(m_{e}c^{2}/T_{e})}}.$$ In the ultra-relativistic limit the energy spectrum of fast ions has a power-law form, $$\frac{d\mathcal{N}_{p}(\mathcal{E}_{i})}{d\mathcal{E}_{i}}\propto \mathcal{E}% _{i}^{-2c^{2}/c_{s}^{2}}.$$ ### Radiation pressure dominated regime of the ion acceleration A regime of ion acceleration that exhibits very favorable properties has been identified in Ref. [@RPDA]. Among the wide variety of ion acceleration mechanisms realized in the laser-plasma interaction, the radiation pressure dominated ion acceleration (RPDA) has the highest efficiency. In the RPDA ion accelerator the laser pulse radiation pressure pushes forward the irradiated region of a thin foil as a whole. In the relativistic limit, when the electrons and ions move together with the same velocity due to a smallness of the electron to ion mass ratio, the ion kinetic energy is by a factor $m_{i}/m_{e}$ times higher than the electron energy. In this case the laser pulse interacts with an accelerated foil like with a relativistic co-propagating mirror. The electromagnetic radiation reflected back by the relativistic mirror has almost negligible energy compared to the energy in the incident laser pulse, i.e. the laser energy is almost completely transformed into the energy of fast ions. In Fig. [fig:07]{} we show results of 3D PIC simulations of this ion acceleration regime. In the course of the interaction with a thin overdense plasma slab the multi-petawatt laser pulse forms a cocoon confining the EMW energy, thus increasing the coupling of the electromagnetic wave with the target (see frame a) and the 2D inset). The ions accelerated beyond the GeV energy level have a quasi-monoenergetic spectrum (Fig. \[fig:07\]b). We notice that a combination of the RPDA mechanism with the use of double layer targets can substantially increase the ion acceleration efficiency as demonstrated in Ref. [@lif]. ![ Results of 3D PIC simulations of the PPDA ion acceleration regime. a) The electromagnetic pulse forms a cocoon confining the EMW energy. The right inset shows a cocoon seen in the plasma density and an EMW distribution obtained with the 2D PIC simulation. In the left inset we see a cocoon formed by the Black Widow pulsar (Pic. NASA). b) Quasi-monoenergetic ion spectrum.[]{data-label="fig:07"}](fig-07.jpg){width="9cm"} The equations of the irradiated foil motion can be cast into the form [PB-07]{}: $$\frac{dp_{i}}{dt}=\mathcal{P}d\sigma _{i}\mathbf{\;}, \label{eq1}$$ where $p_{i}$ is a momentum of the foil element, $d\sigma _{i}$ is a vector normal to the foil, the index $i=1,2,3$, and $\mathcal{P}$ is the relativistically invariant pressure. In the frame of reference co-moving with the foil the radiation pressure is equal to $\mathcal{P}=E_{M}^{2}/2\pi $, with $E_{M}$ being the EMW amplitude. In the laboratory frame of reference we have $E_{0}^{2}=E_{M}^{2}\left( \omega _{0}/\omega _{M}\right) ^{2}$, where $\omega _{0}$ and $\omega _{M}$ are the wave frequency in the laboratory and boosted frames. They are related to each other as $\omega _{M}/\omega _{0}=\sqrt{\left( 1-\beta \right) /\left( 1+\beta \right) }$. Introducing the Lagrange variables $\eta $ and $\xi $, related to the Euler coordinates as $x=x(\eta ,\xi ,t)$, $y=y(\eta ,\xi ,t)$, $z=z(\eta,\xi,t)$, we find that the vector normal to the foil surface element is given by $% d\sigma _{i}=\varepsilon _{ijk}dx_{j}dx_{k}$. Here $dx_{j}$ are the vectors directed along the $i$-axes, $\varepsilon _{ijk}$ is the fully antisymmetric unity tensor, and a summation over repeated indices is assumed. Using these relationships we can find the equations of foil motion $$\frac{\partial p_{i}}{\partial t}=\frac{\mathcal{P}}{\nu _{0}}\varepsilon _{ijk}\frac{\partial x_{j}}{\partial \eta }\frac{\partial x_{k}}{\partial \xi },$$ $$\frac{\partial x_{i}}{\partial t}=c\frac{p_{i}}{\sqrt{% m_{p}^{2}c^{2}+p_{k}p_{k}}}.$$ Here $\nu _{0}=n_{0}l_{0}$ is the initial surface density, $% p_{i}=(p_{x},p_{y},p_{z})$ is the momentum, $x_{i}=(x,y,z)$ is the foil element coordinate and, the index, $m_{p}$ is the ion mass. In the nonrelativistic limit for constant pressure $\mathcal{P}$, this system is reduced to the equations obtained in Ref. [@Ott]. When a planar foil is irradiated by a normally incident EM pulse, the ions achieve the energy $$\gamma _{i}=1+\frac{2w^{2}}{1+2w},$$ where $w$ is the normalized fluence, $$w=\int_{-\infty }^{t-x/c}\frac{E_{0}^{2}(\psi )}{2\pi n_{0}lm_{i}c}d\psi .$$ In the limit $w\gg 1$ the resulting ion energy is equal to the ratio of the laser pulse energy, $\mathcal{E}_{las}$ , to the total number of accelerated ions, $N_{tot}$, i.e. $\gamma _{i}\approx \mathcal{E}% _{las}/m_{i}c^{2}N_{tot} $. As an example, we consider a solid density foil, $n_{0}=10^{24}$cm$^{-3}$, of 1$\ \mu $m thickness irradiated by a laser pulse with a transverse size of 100$\ \mu $m. For the laser pulse energy of the order of 200 kJ we find that the accelerated ion energy is equal to 1$\ $TeV with a total ion number of 10$^{12}$. The ion acceleration length in this case is approximately equal to $l_{acc}\approx 0.5~$km. In order to achieve high values of the ion bunch luminosity it is highly desirable to decrease the transverse bunch size. This can be achieved by modulating the density inside the foil, e.g. by a properly modulated laser pulse. The analysis of the linearized equations of the foil motion demonstrates the exponential growth of the modulations $$x_{i}^{(1)}(\alpha ,\beta ,t)\propto \exp \left[ {\left( {\frac{t}{\tau _{RT}% }}\right) ^{1/3}-iq\eta -ir}\xi \right] , \label{eq34}$$ where $$\tau _{RT}=\omega _{0}^{-1}\frac{(2\pi )^{3/2}R_{0}^{1/2}}{6\left( {% q^{2}+r^{2}}\right) ^{3/2}\lambda _{0}^{2}}. \label{eq37}$$ and [@PB-07] $$R_{0}=\frac{E_{0}^{2}}{2\pi n_{0}l\omega _{0}^{2}}.$$ This opens a way for focusing the accelerated ions onto a narrow spot with lower limit given by the foil thickness. Using these results we can estimate the RPDA accelerated ion bunch luminosity as $$\mathcal{L}=10^{35}\left( \frac{f}{10KHz}\right) \left( \frac{N_{tot}}{% 10^{12}}\right) ^{2}\left( \frac{10^{-4}cm}{\sigma _{\bot }}\right) ^{2}\ \frac{1}{\mathrm{cm}^{2}\mathrm{s}}.$$ A first indication of the RPDA - regime has been obtained in the experiments [@Kar], when a thin foil target has been irradiated by a laser pulse with an intensity approaching 10$^{20}$W/cm$^{2}$. Mini-black-holes on Earth {#MBHE} ========================= We may see that when LWFA and RPDA accelerators will reach 100 GeV and TeV particle energies, which corresponds to the energy range of interest for high energy physics, laser accelerators may be considered as a source of ultrarelativistic particle beams with parameters comparable to those, which are produced by standard accelerators. As an example for the problems in the field of high energy physics and astrophysics which may be explored with laser accelerators of charged particles, we note the mini-black-hole detection. In the general relativity theory black holes play a fundamental role. The Einstein equation [LLTF,WMTW]{}, $$R_{\mu \nu }-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R=-\frac{8\pi }{m_{p}^{2}}T_{\mu \nu },$$ where $m_{p}^{2}=1/G$ is the square of the Planck mass, and $T_{\mu \nu }$ is the energy-momentum tensor (the units $\hbar =c=1$ are used), has a Schwarzschild solution for the interval: $$ds^{2}=g_{\mu \nu }dx^{\mu }dx^{\nu }=-\eta (r)dt^{2}+dr^{2}/\eta (r)+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}$$ with $$\eta (r)=1-(2/m_{p}^{2})M/r.$$ Here $M$ and $\Omega $ are the object mass and the surface element in the 3D space. The metric given by this interval has a singularity at $r$ equal to the Schwarzschild radius, $R_{BH}=2M/m_{p}^{2}$. For an object with a mass of the order of the solar mass the black hole radius is equal to 2 km. As it was noted above, a black hole with the size of about the Planckian length, 10$^{-33}$cm, has the mass $m_{p}=10^{-5}$g, which corresponds to an energy approximately equal to 10$^{19}$GeV. The situation may change, if our world’s dimension is higher than 3. In accordance with modern quantum field theory [@ArH], our world may have higher dimensions $(d+3)$. The additional dimensions are compactified in a sufficiently small scale, $R_{comp}$. Gravitational interaction is present in the whole space due to its universal character. At the small scale for $% r\ll R_{comp}$, the gravitational potential of the field produced by an object with mass $M$ behaves as $\phi (r)=M_{f}^{d+2}M/r^{(1+d)}$. A constant $M_{f} $ characterizes the gravitational interaction in the small scale limit. In the limit of large scale compared with $R_{comp}$, i.e. for $% r\gg R_{comp}$ we have the expression $\phi (r)=M/m_{p}^{2}r=M/rR_{comp}^{d}M_{f}^{d+2}$. It yields a relationship between $m_{p}$, $R_{comp}$, and $M_{f}$ being $% m_{p}^{2}=M_{f}^{d+2}R_{comp} $. The solution of the Einstein equation in space with d+3 dimension gives for the interval the formula $$ds^{2}=-\eta (r)dt^{2}+dr^{2}/\eta (r)+r^{2}d\Omega _{d+3}^{2},$$ where $\Omega _{d+3}$ is the surface element and the metric element is equal to $$\eta (r)=1-(R_{BH}/r)^{d+1}.$$ This results in the expression for the black hole radius $$R_{BH}^{d+1}=(2/(d+1))M_{f}^{-(d+1)}M/M_{f}.$$ For the constant $M_{f}$ of the order of 1 TeV the black hole radius is equal to $R_{BH}\approx 10^{-4}\ $fm (here 1 fm=10$^{-13\ }$cm). A probability of a black hole creation is proportional to the cross section of this process [@MBH] $$\sigma _{BH}=\pi R_{BH}^{2}.$$ In the collision of 7 TeV proton bunches with a luminosity of the order of the LHC luminosity, $\mathcal{L}=10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, it is expected that approximately 10$^{9}$ mini-black-holes may be detected per year. The created mini-black-holes are to be detected by their emission of electromagnetic radiation and of elementary particles according to the Hawking mechanism. At the end of its evolution the black hole is thought be strings. The TeV range laser accelerator of charged particles can generate 10$^{6}$ mini-black-hole per year, when its repetition rate is 1 Hz. Flying Mirror Concept of the Electromagnetic Wave Intensification {#FMC} ================================================================= An electromagnetic wave reflected off a moving mirror undergoes frequency multiplication and corresponding increase in the electric field magnitude. The multiplication factor $(1+\beta _{M})/(1-\beta _{M})$ is approximately proportional to the square of the Lorentz factor of the mirror, $\gamma _{M}=1/\sqrt{1-\beta _{M}^{2}}$, making this effect an attractive basis for a source of powerful high-frequency radiation. Several ways have been suggested to extremely high intensity (see articles, Refs. [BET-03,ARUT,NAU]{}, [@MTB-06; @PPR] and literature quoted in). A specular reflection by a sufficiently dense relativistic electron cloud as suggested in Refs. [@LAND]. The reflection at the moving ionization fronts was studied in Refs. [@IONS]. Here we consider the flying mirrorconcept[@BET-03]. It uses a fact that at optimal conditions, the dense shells formed in the electron density in a strongly nonlinear plasma wake, generated by a short laser pulse, reflect a portion of a counter-propagating laser pulse. In the wake wave generated by the ultrashort laser pulse electron density modulations take the form of a paraballoid moving with the phase velocity close to the speed of light in vacuum [@PAR]. At the wave breaking threshold the electron density in the nonlinear wake wave tends towards infinity. The formation of peaked electron density maxima breaks the geometric optics approximation and provides conditions for the reflection of a substantially high number of photons of the counterpropagating laser pulse. As a result of the electromagnetic wave reflection from such a “relativistic flying mirror”, the reflected pulse is compressed in the longitudinal direction, which is a consequence of frequency upshifting. The paraboloidal form of the mirrors leads to a reflected wave focusing into the spot with the size determined by the shortened wavelength of the reflected radiation (see Fig. \[fig:08\]). This mechanism allows to generate extremely short, femto-, atto-, zepto-second duration pulses of coherent electromagnetic radiation with extremely high intensity, which pave the way for studying such nonlinear quantum electrodynamics effects as the electron-positron pair creation and nonlinear refraction in vacuum. ![Flying Mirror Concept. a) The reflection of EMW at the relativistic mirror results in a frequency upshifting and compression of the wave. b) Paraboloidal modulations of the electron density in the plasma wake wave. c) The electric field pattern of the laser pulse driver and of the reflected EMW. Inset: The reflected electromagnetic pulse frequency is upshifted, it is focused and its intensity increases.[]{data-label="fig:08"}](fig-08.jpg){width="9cm"} The key parameter in the problem of Flying Relativistic Mirror (FRM) is the wake wave gamma factor, $\gamma _{ph,W}$. According to the special theory of relativity [@STR], the frequency of the electromagnetic wave reflected from FRM increases by a factor approximately equal to $4\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$. A number of back reflected photons is proportional to $\gamma _{ph,W}^{-3}$ (for details see Ref. [@PAN]), which results in the reflected light intensification [@BET-03] $$I_{r}/I_{0}\approx \gamma _{ph,W}^{3}(S/\lambda _{0})^{2}, \label{eq:intFM}$$ where $S$ is the transverse size of the laser pulse incident on the FRM. The reflected pulse power increases as $\mathcal{P}_{r}=\mathcal{P}_{0}\gamma _{ph,W}$. Using the expression for the reflected pulse intensity (\[eq:intFM\]), we obtain that the interaction of two laser pulses with energies 10 kJ and 30 J, respectively, counterpropagating in a plasma with a density $\approx 10^{18}$cm$^{-3}$ can result in a light intensification of up to $\approx 10^{28}$W cm$^{-2}$. This corresponds to the generation of an electric field with a value close to the nonlinear quantum electrodynamics (QED) limit, $E_{QED}=m_{e}^{2}c^{3}/e\hbar $, when electron-positron pairs can be created in vacuum. This QED electric field is also called the “Schwinger field”. Experiments utilizing the electromagnetic pulse intensified with the FRM technique may allow studying regimes of super-Schwinger fields, when $% E>E_{QED}$. This may be possible because the light reflected by the parabaloidal FRM is focused into a focus spot moving with a relativistic velocity and is well collimated within an angle $\approx 1/\gamma _{ph,W}$ [@BET-03]. The wave localization within the narrow angle corresponds to the fact that the wave properties are close to the plane wave properties to the extent of the smallness of the parameter $1/\gamma _{ph,W}$. In this case the second Poincare invariant of the electromagnetic field, $% B^{2}-E^{2} $, has a value of the order of $E^{2}/\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$. Therefore the electric field amplitude in the reflected electromagnetic wave can exceed the Schwinger limit by $\gamma _{ph,W}$ times. We note that a tightly focused electromagnetic wave cannot have an amplitude above $E_{QED}$, due to the electron-positron pair creation [@NAR] when $E\rightarrow E_{QED}$ leads to the depletion of the electromagnetic wave [@BFP]. As it was shown above, the critical power for mutual focusing of two counterpropagating EMW is equal to $\mathcal{P}_{cr}=2.5\times 10^{24}$W, which is beyond the reach of existing and planned lasers. Fortunately, if we take into account that the radiation reflected by the FRM has a shortened wavelength $\lambda _{r}=\lambda _{0}/4\gamma _{ph,W}^{2}$ and that its power is increased by a factor $\gamma _{ph,W}$, we may find that for $% \gamma _{ph,W}=30$, i.e. for a plasma density $\approx 3\times 10^{17}$cm$% ^{-3}$, nonlinear vacuum properties can be seen for laser light the incident on the FRM with a power of about 10 PW. This makes the FRM concept attractive for the purpose of studying nonlinear quantum electrodynamics effects. Within the framework of the Flying Mirror concept, it has been demonstrated [@BET-03] that the wavelength of the laser pulse, which has been reflected and focused at the wake plasma wave, becomes shorter by a factor $% 4\gamma _{ph}^{2}$ and its power increases by a factor $2\gamma _{ph}$. From this it follows that nonlinear QED vacuum polarization effects are expected to be observable for 50 PW 1-$\mu $m lasers. A demonstration of the Flying Mirror concept has been accomplished in the experiments of Ref. [@KP]. Two beams of terawatt laser radiation interacted with an underdense plasma slab. The first laser pulse excited the nonlinear wake wave in a plasma with parameters required for the wave breaking, which has been seen in the quasi-mono-energetic electron generation and in the stimulated Raman scattering. The second counter-crossing laser pulse has been partially reflected from the relativistic mirrors formed by the wake plasma wave. We detected the electromagnetic pulses with a duration of femtoseconds and wavelengths from 7 nm to 15 nm. These results demonstrate the feasibility of constructing sources of coherent X-ray radiation with the parameters that are tunable in a broad range. Reconnection of Magnetic Field Lines & Vortex Patterns ====================================================== The term magnetic field line reconnection refers to a broad range of problems that are of interest for space and laboratory plasmas. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of magnetic reconnection have been reviewed in many papers and monographs [@ACR; @SYROV; @BISKAMP]. As it concerns relativistic laser plasmas, earlier a conclusion was made in Ref. [@ASK] about the important role of the generation of magnetic fields by fast electron currents and their reconnection in the relativistic laser-matter interaction regime. The experiments conducted in Refs. [@Nil] revealed magnetic reconection phenomena in laser plasmas, when two high power laser beams irradiated a thin foil target. Processes of reconnection are accompanied by an ultra fast magnetic energy release, which is transformed into different forms, such as internal plasma energy, radiation and fast particles. Dimensionless parameters describing the relative roles of nonlinear, dissipative and Hall effects {#S.DIM} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Inside current sheets, which are basic entities in the reconnection process, as well as in the vicinity of shock wave fronts, the effects of dissipation and of nonlinearity play a crucial role being comparable in magnitude. Together with the Hall effect, which leads to the appearance of small scale structures, these effects violate the freezing of magnetic field in plasma motion. Magnetic field is frozen in a plasma in the limit of a large Lundquist number $S\rightarrow \infty $. It obeys the equation: $$\partial _{t}\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{B},$$ which corresponds to the conservation of magnetic field flux through a contour moving with the plasma. The dimensionless parameter $S$ is equal to the ratio of two characteristic time scales: the magnetic diffusion time $% \tau _{\sigma }=l^{2}/\nu _{m}$ and a typical time $\tau _{A}=l/v_{A}$ that it takes for an Alfvèn wave to propagate along the distance $l$; $S=\tau _{\sigma }/\tau _{A}$. Here the magnetic diffusivity is $\nu _{m}=c^{2}/4\pi \sigma $, where $\sigma $ is the electric conductivity of the plasma, and $% v_{A}=|\mathbf{B}|/\sqrt{4\pi \rho }$ is the Alfvèn wave velocity. In the vicinity of the zero point the scale of the field nonuniformity $l$ equals to the distance $r$ from the zero point. The magnetic field and hence the Alfvèn velocity are proportional to $r$: $|\mathbf{B}|=hr$, $% v_{A}=hr/\sqrt{4\pi \rho }\equiv \Omega _{A}r$. Here $h$ is a typical value of the gradient of the magnetic field. The measure of the significance of nonlinear effects is given by the ratio $% \delta B/hl$ between the magnitude of the magnetic field perturbation $% \delta B$ and the background magnetic field $B=hl$. This ratio depends on the distance from the null point, due to both the nonuniformity of the background magnetic field $B$ and to the change of the MHD wave amplitude in the course of its propagation. If the plasma is pinched by a the quasi-cylindrical electric current $I$ with a radius of the order of $r$, the value of the magnetic field at its boundary is approximately $\delta B=2I/cr$. The dimensionless ratio $\delta B/hl$ is equal to one for $r\approx r_{m}=\sqrt{I/hc}$. If the electric current has the form of a quasi-one-dimensional slab pinch, and if the pinching occurs in the direction of its small size, the characteristic value of the magnetic field perturbation is constant: $\delta B=B_{\Vert }$ and the ratio $\varepsilon $ becomes of order unity at the distance $% r_{A}=B_{\Vert }/h$. In the approximation of small amplitude perturbations, these two types of pinching correspond to the effects of the propagation of magnetoacoustic and of Alfvèn waves, respectively. The magnetoacoustic waves focus towards the null line, while the energy of the Alfvèn waves accumulate near the magnetic field separatrices. The values $r_{m}$ and $% r_{A}$ determine the size of the region, where the magnetoacoustic wave and, respectively, the Alfvèn one become nonlinear. The dimensionless parameters $$(r_{m}/r_{\sigma })^{2}=I\Omega _{A}/c\nu _{m}\equiv L_{m}, \label{eq:4.3}$$ $$(r_{A}/r_{\sigma })^{2}=B_{\Vert }^{2}\Omega _{A}/h^{2}\nu _{m}\equiv L_{A} \label{eq:4.4}$$ determine the relative role of the dissipation and of the nonlinearity effect in the course of the current sheet formation due to finite amplitude perturbations of the magnetoacoustic and of the Alfvèn wave type, respectively. Now we discuss the relationship between the dimensionless parameter $L_{m}$ and the current sheet parameters obtained in the framework of the Sweet – Parker model [@SWEET; @PARKER]. In this model it is supposed the current sheet has a width $b$ and a thickness $a$ with $b\gg a$. The plasma flows into the current sheet with a velocity $v_{\mathrm{in}}\approx \nu _{m}/a$ and exits through its narrow edges with a velocity $v_{\mathrm{out}}$, which is of the order of the Alfvèn wave velocity, $v_{A}\approx \Omega _{A}b$. From mass conservation we obtain $v_{\mathrm{in}}b=av_{\mathrm{out}}$. From this it follows that the thickness of the current sheet is equal to $$a=\sqrt{\nu _{m}/\Omega _{A}},$$ i.e. of order $r_{\sigma }$. Estimating the current sheet width as $r_{m}$, we find that the ratio of its width to its thickness is $$b/a=\sqrt{I\Omega _{A}/hc\nu _{m}}\equiv \sqrt{L_{m}}.$$ Thus, the condition for the formation of a wide current sheet with $b\gg a$ is equivalent to the requirement $L_{m}\gg 1$. Similarly, current sheets are formed in the vicinities of the magnetic field separatrices when $L_{A}\gg 1$. Considering the case when the Hall effect, i.e. the electron inertia, plays a dominant role in the reconnection process, we define the dimensionless parameter which measures the role of the Hall effect as $\tilde{\alpha}% =\alpha h/\Omega _{A}l\equiv c/\omega _{pi}l$. When the length $r_{H}$, at which the Hall effect starts to be important, is larger than the current sheet thickness, $r_{H}/a=\alpha h/\sqrt{\nu _{m}\Omega _{A}}>1$, the effects of dispersion lead to the formation of small scale structures. In the limit $r_{H}/b=\alpha h\sqrt{ch/I}/\Omega _{A}\gg 1$ the pattern of the plasma flow is completely determined by the Hall effect. Similar to the way used to define the parameters $L_{m}$ and $L_{A}$, we define the dimensionless parameter $$L_{H}=(b/r_{H})^{2}=E^{2}c^{2}\Omega _{a}/h^{4}\alpha ^{2}\nu _{m}\equiv E^{2}\omega _{pi}^{2}/h^{2}\nu _{m}\Omega _{a}.$$ When $L_{H}\gg 1$, nonlinear effects are much stronger than the Hall effect. Current Sheet ------------- In a simple 2D configuration the current sheet is formed in the magnetic field described by a complex function $B(x,y)=B_{x}-iB_{y}=h\zeta $ of a complex variable $\zeta =x+iy$. The magnetic field vanishes at the coordinate origin. The magnetic field lines lie on the surfaces of constant vector potential, $A(x,y)=\mathrm{Re}\{h\zeta ^{2}/2\}$. They are hyperbolas as we can see in Fig. \[fig:09\] a). This is a typical behaviour of the magnetic field lines in the vicinity of null lines (they are the so called X-lines) in magnetic configurations.   Under finite time perturbations the magnetic X-line evolves to the magnetic configurations of the form $B=h(\zeta -b)^{1/2}$, which desribes the magnetic field created by thin current sheet between two points $\pm b$ [SYROV]{}. The magnetic field lines lie on the constant surfaces of $$A(x,y)=\frac{h}{2}\mathrm{Re}\left\{ \zeta \sqrt{\zeta ^{2}-b^{2}}-\mathrm{% Log}\left[ \zeta +\sqrt{\zeta ^{2}-b^{2}}\right] \right\} .$$ They are shown in Fig. \[fig:09\] b. The width of the current layer $b$ is determined by the total electric current $I$ inside, and by the magnetic field gradient, $h$. It is equal to $$b=\sqrt{4I/hc.}$$ In the strongly nonlinear stage of the magnetic field and plasma evolution a quite complex pattern in the MHD flow in the nonadiabatic region near the critical point can be formed, with shock waves and current sheets. In Fig. \[fig:10\] we show the results of the dissipative magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the current sheet formation near the X-line.   Magnetic Reconnection in Collisionless Plasmas ---------------------------------------------- When the Hall effect is dominant, i.e. the electron inertia determines the relationship between the electric field and the electric current density carried by the electron component, the magnetic field evolution is described by the equation (see [@EMHD; @BPS-92]) $$\partial _{t}(\mathbf{B}-\Delta \mathbf{B})=\nabla \times \left[ \left( \nabla \times \mathbf{B}\right) \times (\mathbf{B}-\Delta \mathbf{B})\right] , \label{eq:EMHD}$$ which corresponds to the condition of generalized vorticity, $\mathbf{\Omega }=\mathbf{B}-\Delta \mathbf{B}$, be frozen into the electron component motion with the velocity $\mathbf{v}_{e}=c\nabla \times \mathbf{B/}4\pi n_{0}e$. Here the space scale is chosen to be equal to the collisionless electron skin-depth, $d_{e}=c/\omega _{pe}$, and the time unit is $\omega _{Be}^{-1}=m_{e}c/eB$. The range of frequencies described by the EMHD equations is given by $\omega _{Bi}<\omega <\omega _{Be}$. In the linear approximation Eq. (\[eq:EMHD\]) describes the propagation of whistler waves, for which the relationship between the wave frequency and the wave vector, is $\omega =|\mathbf{k}|(\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{B_{0}}% )/(1+k^{2})$. From this relationship it follows that in a weakly inhomogeneous magnetic field the critical points are the points and lines where $|\mathbf{B_{0}}|=0$ or/and $(\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{B_{0}})=0$. The electron inertia effects make the reversed magnetic field configuration unstable against tearing modes [@FKR; @LPV], which result in magnetic field line reconnection. The slab equilibrium configuration with a magnetic field given by $\mathbf{B_{0}}=B_{0z}\mathbf{e_{z}}+B_{0x}(y/L)\mathbf{e_{y}} $, where $B_{0x}(y/L)$ is the function that gives the current sheet magnetic field, is unstable with respect to perturbations of the form $f(y)\exp (\gamma t+ikx)$ with $kL<1$. For this configuration one has $(\mathbf{k}% \cdot \mathbf{B_{0}})=0$ at the surface $y=0$. The growth rate of the tearing mode instability is [@BPS-92; @BASOVA; @FRUSTRA] $\gamma \approx (1-kL)^{2}\Delta ^{\prime 2}/kL^{2}$. In Fig. \[fig:11\] the results of a numerical solution of Eq. ([eq:EMHD]{}) in a 2D geometry with magnetic field $\mathbf{B}(x,y,t)=\left( \nabla \times a\right) \times \mathbf{e_{\bot }}+b\mathbf{e_{\Vert }}$ are shown. The unperturbed configuration is chosen to be a current sheet, infinite in the $x$-direction, that separates two regions with opposite magnetic field. Both the line pattern of generalized vorticity, $\Omega =a-\Delta a$, and of the magnetic field show the formation of quasi–one–dimensional singular distributions in the electric current density and in the distribution of the generalized vorticity. The magnetic field topology changes, as is seen from Fig. \[fig:11\]. Charged Particle Acceleration ----------------------------- A fully developed tearing mode results in a current sheet break up into parts separated by a distance $2a$, as it is illustrated in Fig. \[fig:12\]a (see. Ref. [@SYROV] and literature quoted therein). Under the magnetic field line tension the plasma is thrown out. The model magnetic field describing this configuration is given by the complex variable function $% B(\zeta )=B_{0}\varsigma /\sqrt{a^{2}-\varsigma ^{2}}$. The magnetic field lines lie on the surfaces of constant vector potential, $$A(x,y,t)=\mathrm{Re}\left\{ B_{0}\sqrt{a^{2}(t)-\varsigma ^{2}}\right\} .$$ Due to a dependence of the function $a$ on time the electric field parallel to the $z$ axis arrises. It is given by $$E(x,y,t)=-\frac{1}{c}\partial _{t}A=-\frac{1}{c}\frac{B_{0}a(t)\dot{a}(t)}{% \sqrt{a^{2}(t)-\varsigma ^{2}}}.$$ In the vicinity of the null line we have a quadrupole structure of the magnetic $B(\zeta )\approx B_{0}\varsigma /a$ field and a locally homogeneous electric field, $E\approx \dot{a}B_{0}/c$. The magnetic field reconnection, the study of which has been started by Dungey [@Dungey], on its initial stage had had as a main goal to explain the generation of suprathermal particles during solar flares and substorms in the earth’s magnetosphere. Despite the simplycity of the formulation of the problem, it is quite far from a complete solution. Even in the test particle approximation, which describes the particle motion in the given magnetic and electric fields, the solution of this problem meets serious difficulties [@ACR; @RCACC]. The reason of that is due to the fact that in the vicinity of critical points of magnetic configurations the standard approximations adopted to describe the plasma dynamics are no longer valid. In such regions the drift approximation, i.e., the assumption that the adiabatic invariants are constant, can no longer be applied. On the other hand, the particle spends only a finite time interval in the nonadiabatic region, since there its motion is unstable. After a finite time interval it gets out of the nonadiabatic region, and gets into the drift region as it is seen in Fig. \[fig:12\]b. Matching the solution described by the particle trajectories in different regions, we can describe the particle motion and hence the acceleration near critical points of the magnetic configurations. Under the conditions of space plasmas, the radiation losses during the charged particle acceleration in the magnetic reconnection processes are caused by the backward Compton scattering and by synchrotron losses. A characteristic time of the synchrotron losses for the electron with energy $% \mathcal{E}$ is given by the expression $$\tau _{B}=\frac{3m_{e}^{4}c^{7}}{2e^{4}B^{2}\mathcal{E}}.$$ As it was shown in Ref. [@BKORF], during solar flares this effect limits the ultrarelativistic electron energy to a value of about several tens of GeV. Electron Vortices in Collisionless Plasmas ------------------------------------------ The vortical fluid motion is well known to be widely present under the earth’s and space conditions. In laser plasmas, when ultra short and high intensity EMW pulse propagates in the collisionless plasmas, it accelerates a copious number of relativistic electrons. The electric current of fast electrons produces quasistatic magnetic field, whose evolution results in the formation of electron vortex structures. They naturally take a form of the vortex rows [@HMV], as it is shown in the LHS inset to Fig.[fig:13]{}. A strong magnetic field in the relativistic laser plasma has been detected experimentaly [@BBfield]. The interacting vortices can be described within the framework of a two-dimensional theoretical model. By taking $\mathbf{B}$ to be along the $z$-axis ($\mathbf{B=}B\mathbf{{e}_{z}}$), and assuming all the quantities to depend on the $x,y-$coordinates, we obtain from vector equations ([eq:EMHD]{}) one equation $$\partial _{t}(\Delta B-B)+\{B,(\Delta B-B)\}=0 \label{eq:8.2D}$$ for a scalar function $B(x,y,t)$. Hear $$\{f,g\}=\partial _{x}f\ \partial _{y}g-\partial _{x}g\ \partial _{y}f$$ are the Poisson brackets. Equation (\[eq:8.2D\]) is known as the Charney equation [@Batch] or the Hasegawa-Mima (HM) [@HasMima] equation in the limit of zero drift velocity. In this case linear perturbations with the dispersion equation $\omega =|\mathbf{k}|(\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{B_{0}}% )/(1+k^{2})$ correspond to the Rossby waves, the drift waves or to the whistler waves, respectively. Equation (\[eq:8.2D\]) has a discrete vortex solution, for which the generalized vorticity is localized at the points $\mathbf{x=x}^{\alpha }$: $$\Omega =\Delta B-B=\sum_{\alpha }\kappa _{\alpha }\delta (\mathbf{x-x}% ^{\alpha }(t)).$$ Solving this equation we find that the magnetic field is a superposition of the magnetic fields created at isolated vortices localized at the coordinates $\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t)$: $\,B=\sum_{\alpha }B^{\alpha }$ with $% ~$$$B^{\alpha }(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t))=-\frac{\kappa _{\alpha }}{{% 2\pi }}K_{0}(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t)|)\mathbf{.} \label{eq:8.BVrt}$$ Here and below $K_{n}(\xi )$ are modified Bessel functions. The curves $\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t)$ are determined by the characteristics of equation (\[eq:8.2D\]). The characteristic equations have the Hamiltonian form $$\kappa _{\alpha }\dot{x}_{i}^{\alpha }=J_{ij}\frac{\partial \mathcal{H}}{% \partial x_{j}^{\alpha }}=-\frac{1}{2\pi }J_{ij}\sum_{\beta \neq \alpha }\kappa _{\alpha }\kappa _{\beta }\frac{(x_{i}^{\alpha }-x_{j}^{\beta })}{% l_{\alpha \beta }^{2}}, \label{eq:8.HpointHM}$$ where $J_{ij}$ is the antisymmetric unit matrix. The Hamiltonian is given by $$\mathcal{H}=-\sum_{\alpha <\beta }\kappa _{\alpha }\kappa _{\beta }K_{0}(l_{\alpha \beta })/2\pi .$$ In the case of the Euler hydrodynamics, a point vortex is described by $% (\kappa _{\alpha }/2\pi )\ln \mathbf{|x}-\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t)|$, instead of the expression (\[eq:8.BVrt\]) which involves the Bessel  function $% K_{0}\,(\mathbf{|x}-\mathbf{x}^{\alpha }(t)|\mathbf{)}$. The later results in the shiealding of the interaction between vortices at large distances. A typical scale length of the problem under consideration in the case of the EMHD vortex systems, is equal to the collisionless electron skin-depth, $% d_{e}=c/\omega _{pe}$. Considering the problem of the stability of an infinite vortex chain we assume that all vortices have the same absolute intensity and take. In the initial equilibrium the vortices have coordinates (Fig. (\[fig:13\])) In the case of an antisymmetrical vortex row with $\sigma =1/2$, we expect a more complicated behavior of the perturbations, compared to that of the symmetrical configuration. As noted in Lamb’s monograph [@Lamb], in standard hydrodynamics the antisymmetrical von Karman’s vortex row is stable for $q/s\approx 0.281$, where $s$ and $q$ give a distance between the vortices in the unperturbed vortex row along the $x$ and $y$ coordinates. A dependence of the instability growth rate on $s$ and $q$ for the vortex row described within the framework of the Euler hydrodynamics approximation is shown in Fig. \[fig:13\]a. By direct inspection of the row instability described by the Hasegawa-Mima equations we can see that for large distance between neighbouring vortices the antisymmetric vortex row is stable for $$3s^{2}/4>q>s/2.$$ (see Fig. \[fig:13\]b). A Role of the Weibel Instability in the Quasistatic and Turbulent Magnetic Field Generation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The quasistatic magnetic field generation in relativistic laser plasmas occurs due to the fast electron beam interaction with the background plasma. It can be understood in terms of the Weibel instability [@Weibel] or in the generic case, in terms of the electromagnetic filamentation instability. When the fast electron beam propagates in the plasma, its electric current is compensated by the current carried by the plasma electrons. A repulsion of the oppositely directed electric currents results in the electron beam filamentation and in the generation of a strong magnetic field [@Cali]. An electromagnetic filamentation instability leads to the generation of a quasistatic magnetic field and is associated with many small-scale current filaments [@Honda]. Each filament consists of a direct and of a return electric current which repel each other. This produces a strong electric field, which accelerates the ions in the radial direction. In the long term evolution, the successive coalescence of the small-scale current filaments forms a large scale magnetic structure. This process is accompanied by the reconnection of the magnetic field lines, by the formation of current sheets, and by strong ion acceleration inside these sheets [@Sakai1]. The filamentation phenomena are of great interest for the explanation of the quasi-static magnetic field origin in laser plasmas irradiated by relativistically strong EMW [@BAsk]. Counterstreaming electric current configurations naturally appear in space at the fronts of colliding electron-positron and electron-ion plasma clouds [@Kazimura] as in the cases of the Galactic Gamma Ray Bursts and in shock waves in supernova remnants. The filamentation instability generates the magnetic field required by the theory of the synchrotron afterglow in GRB [@Med1]. The Weibel instability has been invoked as a mechanism of the primordial magnetic field generation by colliding electron clouds in cosmological plasmas [@Sakai2]. The filamentation instability developing in the vicinity of shock wave fronts together with other types of instabilities [@TKrll] plays the role of the source of strong electromagnetic turbulence invoked in the theoretical models of the Fermi acceleration of cosmic rays [Med2,Takabe]{}. A realization of the Fermi acceleration mechanism of Type A at the shock wave front is discussed below in Section \[Sec:SW\]. Relativistic Rotator ==================== In Ref. [@GG] the antenna mechanism of the pulsar radiation emission has been proposed. According to this mechanism in the pulsar magnetoshere, which is a rotating magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole interaction with a plasma at the magnetosphere periphery induces strong modulations of the electron density, an electron density lump. The phase velocity of the electron lump can be arbitrarily close to the speed of light in vacuum. It is directed along a circle as illustrated in Fig. \[fig:GG\]. As a result of the curvilinear acceleration, the electron lump emits a radiation, whose properties are similar to the synchrotron radiation [@VLG]. In the context of Relativistic Laboratory Astrophysics it is remarkable that the relativistic rotating dipole can naturally be formed in the laser plasma. Laser-plasma interactions provide an opportunity to reproduce nonlinear electrodynamics effects under astrophysical conditions in the laboratory. In Ref. [@Afterglow] it is demonstrated that high-power coherent synchrotron-like radiation can be generated by the relativistic charge density wave rotating self-consistently inside an electromagnetic-dipole solitary wave, dwelling in a laser plasma. The relativistically strong laser pulse can generate relativistic EM subcycle solitary waves in a plasma [@EMSoliton], as it was indicated by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. An analytical description of solitons of this type was developed in Refs. [@Kozlov]. Figure \[fig:15\] presents the structure of electric and magnetic fields inside the soliton [3Dsoliton]{}. The soliton ressembles an oscillating or rotating electric dipole. The toroidal magnetic field, shown in Fig. \[fig:15\], indicates that, besides the strong electrostatic field, the soliton also has an electromagnetic field. The electrostatic and electromagnetic components in the soliton are of the same order of magnitude. The 3D solitons emit high-frequency EM radiation, whose frequency is much higher than the Langmuir frequency [@Afterglow]. This radiation is emanated from the electron density hump rotating in the wall of the soliton cavity, similar to coherent synchrotron-like emission. This radiation has the characteristics of a well pronounced outgoing spiral EM wave, Fig. [fig:16]{} a). The emission of the spiral wave correlates to the rotation of the electron density hump in the cavity wall, and it leads to the spiral modulations of the electron density (see Fig. \[fig:16\] b)). The density hump gyrates in a circle, and the period of revolution is exactly equal to the soliton period. The polarization of the spiral wave corresponds to the well known synchrotron radiation [@VLG] and the density hump emission is coherent. The results of 3D PIC simulations, presented in Ref. [@Afterglow], distinctly demonstrated relativistic rotating dipoles excited by the circularly polarized laser pulse in an underdense plasma. The dipoles are associated with the relativistic electromagnetic solitons. Shock Waves {#Sec:SW} =========== Phenomena taking place at shock-wave fronts play a key role in various astrophysical conditions. The characteristic dimensionless parameters that determine the shock wave propagagation are the magnetic Mach number, $% M_{A}=v_{SW}/v_{A}$, equal to the ratio of the shock wave front velocity, $% v_{SW}$, to the Alfven velocity, $v_{A}$, the ratio of the gas pressure to the magnetic pressure, $8\pi nT/B^{2}$, and $\theta $, the angle between the normal to the front and the magnetic field. Shock Waves in Supernova Remnants --------------------------------- The origin of cosmic rays (CR) is one of the most interesting problems in astroparticle physics [@ACR; @CRLEC]. The observation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays indicates that cosmic rays exist beyond 10$^{20}$ eV and certainly beyond 10$^{19}$ eV energies greater than the GZK cutoff [@GZK] for the extragalactic sources due to the pionization loss of protons that decay by collision with cosmic microwave background photons. The galactic CR spectra in the energy range above a few GeV and below $\approx 10^{7}$GeV are power-laws with the total cosmic ray spectrum being $$I_{CR}=1.8\times \mathcal{E}^{-\kappa }\frac{\mathrm{particles}}{\mathrm{cm}% ^{2}\mathrm{s\ st\ GeV}} \label{eq:CRspectr}$$in the energy range from a few GeV to 100 TeV with $\kappa \approx 2.7$. Around 10$^{15}$ eV (the knee), the slope steepens from $\kappa \approx 2.7$ to $\kappa \approx 3$. The energies 10$^{18}$ eV correspond to the ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR), which sources are associated with active galactic nuclei (AGNs) [@AUGER]. For the most advanced theoretical models of galactic cosmic ray acceleration with the energy below 10$^{17}$ eV the shock waves formed in the supernova explosions are most important. This process is related to the nature of collisionless shock waves [@TKrll]. During explosions of type II supernovae an energy $\mathcal{E}_{tot}$ of the order of $10^{51}$erg is released. The frequency of supernova explosions is about 1/30 per year. Estimates [@ACR] show that approximately 2% of the energy of a supernova should be transferred into the cosmic ray energy. In the initial stage of the evolution of a supernova envelope a system of shocks is formed (\[fig:17\]). The matter ejected from a star is decelerated and compressed in the inner shock wave. Through the circumstellar gas a second shock wave propagates. The matter ejected from a star is separated from the circumstellar gas by a contact discontinuity, which is unstable with respect to a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The RT instability leads to the relatively long scale modulations of the gas density inside the supernova shells. When the mass of the swept interstellar gas becomes larger than the mass ejected from the star, the propagation of outer shock in Fig. (\[fig:17\]) is described by the Sedov-Taylor self-similar solution. The radius of the shock, $R_{SW}$, as a function of time is related to the energy, $\mathcal{E}% _{SN}$, released in the explosion and to the gas density $\rho _{0}$ by the relation $$R_{SW}(t)=1.51\left( \frac{\mathcal{E}_{SN}}{\rho _{0}}\right) ^{1/5}t^{2/5}=% \frac{5}{2}v_{SW}t.$$The shock wave velocity, $v_{SW}(t)\approx t^{-3/5}$, decreases with time. At a later time when the radiation losses become important, the law of the supernova envelope expansion changes. The asymptotic time dependence of the SN envelope radius is given by $R_{SW}(t)\approx t^{2/7}$ (see Ref. [ACR]{} and references therein). Collisionless Shock Waves ------------------------- If the shock wave has a relatively small amplitude, $M_{A}<M_{1}\approx 1.5$ (the precise value depends on $\beta $ and $\theta $), then the front profile is laminar in structure and it is determined by a joint action of the dispersion and dissipation on the nonlinear waves propagation. These effects are described in the framework of the Korteweg-de Veries-Burgers equation: $$\partial _{t}u+u\partial _{x}u-\nu \partial _{xx}u+\beta \partial _{xxx}u=0. \label{eq:10kdvB}$$ The stationary wave propagating with constant velocity is described by a solution, which shows the change of the amplitude of the wave from zero far ahead of the shock wave front, to $u_{1}=2v_{sw}$ far behind the shock wave front. The decay of the oscillation amplitude, with the coefficient equal $\nu /\beta $, results in the decrease of the amplitude of solitons as it is shown in Fig. \[fig:18\]. If dissipation effects are more important than the effects of dispersion, $% \nu /\beta \gg 1$, there are no oscillations at the shock wave front. More precisely, the decay should be large enough, $\nu \gg v_{cr},$ with $$\nu _{cr}=\sqrt{4\beta u_{1}}.$$ In this case the wave has a monotonous structure. In the case of $\nu /\beta \ll 1,$ the dispersion effects are dominant and there are many well seen solitons near the front. For $\beta >0$ the oscillations are localized behind the front (Fig. \[fig:12.4\]a), while for $\beta <0$ they are ahead of the front (Fig.\[fig:12.4\]b). For example, in the case of the magnetoacoustic shock waves in a plasma, propagating almost perpendicularly to the direction of the magnetic field, the dispersion coefficient, $\beta \approx v_{a}c^{2}/2\omega _{pe}^{2}$, is positive. This means that the oscillations are localized behind the front of the magnetoacoustic shock wave propagating perpendicularly to the magnetic field. When the direction of the magnetoacoustic wave propagation is almost parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, the coefficient $\beta \approx -v_{a}c^{2}/2\omega _{pi}^{2}$ is negative with $\omega _{pi}=\sqrt{% 4\pi ne^{2}/m_{i}}$. The oscillations at the front of the magnetoacoustic shock wave, propagating quasi-parallely with respect to the magnetic field, are localized ahead of the front. Dissipation, which determines the distance of the oscillation decay, can be due to anomalous resistance and viscosity arising from an excitation of the plasma instability, i.e. the Weibel instability of counterpenetrating plasmas. If the amplitude of the shock wave is large, $M_{A}>3$, a high level of turbulent fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields are excited ahead and behind the wave front. In the laser-plasma physics context, the observation of collisionless shocks was reported by several authors [@SHW], aiming to reproduce astrophysical phenomena in small scale laboratories. However, in general when the shocks were observed with optical probing techniques, the front structure could hardly be resolved. In Ref. [@LRom] the propagation in a rarefied plasma ($n_{e}<10^{15}cm^{-3}$) of collisionless shock waves being excited following the interaction of a long ($L=470ps$) and intense ($% I=10^{15}Wcm^{-2}$) laser pulse with solid targets, has been investigated via proton probing techniques [@PrIm]. The shocks’ structures and related electric field distributions were reconstructed with high spatial and temporal resolution. The experimental results are described within the framework of the nonlinear wave description based on the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation (\[eq:10kdvB\]). Diffusive Acceleration of Charged Particles at the Shock Wave Front ------------------------------------------------------------------- The charged particle interaction with fluctuations of the electric and magnetic field in a turbulent plasma may result in particle scattering and diffusion. When the shock wave propagates in a turbulent medium, an average velocity of electromagnetic fluctuations is different in the regions ahead and behind the shock front. Efficiently the particle appears to move between semitransparent (due to diffusion) walls with a decreasing distance between them. A model transport equation describing the particle convection, diffusion and acceleration has a form [@ACR] $$\partial _{t}\mathrm{\,}f+\mathrm{div}(\mathbf{u}\mathrm{\,}f-D\mathrm{\,}% \nabla f)=$$ $$\frac{1}{p^{2}}\partial _{p}\left[ p^{2}\left( \frac{p}{3}\mathrm{div\ }% \mathbf{u}-K(p)\right) \mathrm{\,}f\right] , \label{eq:CRtrEq}$$ where $f(p,x,t)$ is the fast particle distribution function, $p$, $x$ and $t$ the particle momentum, coordinate and time, $v_{SW}$ being the speed of the shock wave propagation, and $D$ is the diffusion coefficient. A term in the right hand side describes regular acceleration or deceleration of the charged particles: $$\frac{dp}{dt}=-K(p)-\frac{1}{3}p\ \mathrm{div\,}\mathbf{u}.$$ The function $K(p)$ corresponds to the Compton and synchrotron losses important for the cosmic ray electron component: $$K(p)=-\beta _{B}cp^{2}$$ with $$\beta _{B}=8\times 10^{-25}\left( \frac{B^{2}}{8\pi }+w_{ph}\right) \frac{1}{% eV\ s}$$ An average change of the particle momentum proportional to $p\mathrm{\,div\,}% \mathbf{u}$ occurs due to the particle bouncing between converging, $\mathrm{% div\,}\mathbf{u}<0$ , or diverging, $\mathrm{div\,}\mathbf{u}<0$, scattering centres. The average particle bouncing between two reflecting plates with distance $L $  as a function of time provides a simple example of a dynamic system with conservation of the longitudinal adiabatic invariant, $J_{||}=pL$ [LibLich,SVB-SNS]{}. The phase plane shown in the inset to Fig. \[fig:19\], illustrates the Fermi acceleration mechanism of the first type (type A according to Ref. [@Fermi]). By virtue of the longitudinal adiabatic invariant conservation, for decreasing distance between the plates, $dL/dt<0$, the particle momentum grows, i.e. the particle acquires energy. The velocity distribution in the vicinity of the front of an infinitely thin shock wave, propagating from left to right, has the form: $u(X)=u_{1}$ in the region $X>0$, and $u(X)=u_{2}$ for $X<0$. Here $X=x-v_{SW}t$. The velocities ahead the shock front and behind it are related to each other as $$u_{2}=u_{1}\frac{\kappa +1}{\kappa -1}.$$ Here, $\kappa $ is the polytropic index. For an infinitely thin shock wave front the divergence of the velocity is equal to $$\mathrm{div\ }\mathbf{u=(}u_{1}-u_{2})\delta (X).$$ Substituting this expression into Eq. (\[eq:CRtrEq\]), we obtain that the charged particle acceleration at the fronts of collisionless shock waves propagating in a turbulent plasma is described by the equation (see Ref. [@ACR] and references therein) $$\partial _{X}(u(X)f-D\partial _{X}f)+\frac{1}{p^{2}}\partial _{p}(p^{2}K(p)f)=$$$$-2\frac{u_{2}}{3(\kappa +1)}\delta (X)\frac{1}{p^{2}}\partial _{p}(p^{3}f).$$In the limit, when the energy losses are negligibly small, this equation has a solution, which gives a power law dependence of the distribution function, $f\propto p^{-k}$ with the index value $k=3u_{2}/(u_{2}-u_{1})$. For $\kappa =5/3$ the index equals $k=4$, i.e. $f\propto p^{-4}$, or the energy spectrum $d\mathcal{N}_{CR}(\mathcal{E})/d\mathcal{E}\propto \mathcal{E}^{-3}$ is close to the power law index observed in the galactic cosmic ray energy spectrum (see Eq. (\[eq:CRspectr\])). For the cosmic ray electron component in the high energy limit, at the energy when we cannot neglect the Compton and synchrotron losses, there is a cut off in the spectrum [@SVBVAD]. For typical parameters in supernova remnants, $D=10^{25}$cm$^{2}$s$^{-1}$, $B=10^{-4}$G, $u_{1}=10^{8}$ cm s$% ^{-1}$, the radiation losses limit the energy of ultrarelativistic electrons by values of the order of 10 TeV. Under the conditions of typical timescale of the laser plasmas the synchrotron losses of ultrarelativistic electrons interacting with the self-generated magnetic field is of the order of $$\tau _{B}=5\left( \frac{10^{3}}{\gamma _{e}}\right) \left( \frac{10^{9}G}{B}% \right) ^{2}\ fs.$$ Conclusions =========== Finally, we note that the development of superintense lasers with parameters in the ELI range will provide the necessary conditions for experimental physics where it will become possible to study ultrarelativistic energy of accelerated charged particles, super high intensity EMW and the relativistic plasma dynamics. A fundamental property of the plasma to create nonlinear coherent structures, such as relativistic solitons and vortices, collisionless shock waves and high energy particle beams, and to provide the conditions for relativistic regimes of the magnetic field line reconnection, makes the area of relativistic laser plasmas attractive for modeling of processes of key importance for relativistic astrophysics. Acknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered} =============== We appreciate discussions and comments from V. S. Beskin, M. Borghesi, P. Chen, R. Diehl, A. Ya. Faenov, M. Kando, Y. Kato, T. Kawachi, J. K. Koga, K. Kondo, G. Korn, G. Mourou, N. B. Narozhny, T. A. Pikuz, A. S. Pirozhkov, N. N. Rosanov, V. I. Telnov, A. G. Zhidkov. This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan, Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research (A), 202244065, 2008. 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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 30 2004 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk JIM W. SNEED, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. No. 03-6156 (D.C. No. 02-CV-431-T) JO ANNE B. BARNHART, (W.D. Okla.) Commissioner, Social Security Administration, Defendant-Appellee. ORDER AND JUDGMENT * Before EBEL , HENRY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. * This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.  Plaintiff-appellant Jim W. Sneed appeals from the district court’s order affirming the Commissioner’s denial of his applications for disability benefits and supplemental security income benefits. Mr. Sneed argues the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) failed (1) to adequately develop the record regarding his mental impairments and (2) to properly analyze his credibility. “We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the factual findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether the correct legal standards were applied.” Angel v. Barnhart , 329 F.3d 1208, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003). Applying these standards, we affirm. Mr. Sneed asserts disability beginning March 21, 1995, 1 due to depression, seizures, inability to read and write, low I.Q., post-traumatic stress disorder, confusion, neck pain and back pain. 2 The ALJ denied benefits at step five of the 1 Mr. Sneed previously filed an application for disability benefits that was denied by an ALJ decision on January 20, 1997, and not appealed. See Aplt. App., Vol. II at 15 (ALJ decision). This decision does not appear in the record. The Commissioner asserts that, due to the prior denial of benefits, disability could not commence before January 20, 1997. We disagree. Although the ALJ acknowledged the prior decision, he proceeded under Mr. Sneed’s asserted disability date of March 21, 1995. Id. at 16, 21. We construe this as a de facto reopening of the prior denial of benefits. Cf. Taylor ex. rel Peck v. Heckler , 738 F.2d 1112, 1115 (10th Cir. 1984) (ALJ de facto reopened prior decision by reviewing case on merits and considering additional evidence). 2 In his disability benefits application, Mr. Sneed listed seizures, back pain and the inability to read and write as the basis for disability. Because the record before the Commissioner indicated the other possible impairments, we consider these to have been properly before the ALJ. See Hawkins v. Chater , 113 F.3d (continued...) -2- five-step sequential evaluation process. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920. See generally Dikeman v. Halter , 245 F.3d 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2001) (recognizing that at step five Commissioner has burden of proving claimant can perform work existing in national economy). Before doing so, the ALJ found that Mr. Sneed suffered from the severe impairment of epilepsy and could not return to his prior very heavy, unskilled pipeline construction work. The ALJ decided Mr. Sneed had no transferable job skills, a limited eighth-grade education and must avoid ladders, heights and moving machinery. Nonetheless, the ALJ concluded Mr. Sneed was not disabled because he could perform light or sedentary work such as a car wash attendant, housekeeper and microfilm preparer, jobs suggested by the vocational expert (VE). When the Appeals Council denied review, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the Commissioner. Mr. Sneed then appealed to the district court. In a very thorough report and recommendation, the magistrate judge recommended affirming the Commissioner’s final decision. After reviewing de novo, the district court affirmed. This appeal followed. 2 (...continued) 1162, 1164 n.2 (10th Cir. 1997). -3-  I. Mr. Sneed first argues that the ALJ erred by failing to adequately and properly develop the record regarding his mental impairments. Specifically, he submits the ALJ should have ordered an additional consultative examination for I.Q. testing. An ALJ has the responsibility “in every case ‘to ensure that an adequate record is developed during the disability hearing consistent with the issues raised.’” Hawkins , 113 F.3d at 1164 (quoting Henrie v. United States Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. , 13 F.3d 359, 360-61 (10th Cir. 1993)); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.944, 416.1444 (requiring ALJ to look fully into issues); Social Security Ruling 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at *2 n.3 (requiring ALJ to develop “evidence regarding the possibility of a medically determinable mental impairment when the record contains information to suggest that such an impairment exists”). This duty is heightened when the claimant proceeds pro se. See Henrie , 13 F.3d at 361. We agree with Mr. Sneed’s assertion that the heightened duty applies to this case. Throughout the administrative proceedings Kenneth Clason, Mr. Sneed’s friend, who is not an attorney, represented him. Also, Mr. Clason testified at the hearing on Mr. Sneed’s behalf. Although Mr. Clason had personal experience with Social Security disability matters because he had been receiving -4- benefits himself, he had previously helped another individual obtain benefits when he called the Social Security Administration seeking guidance, and he had completed some college courses in social work, he probably did not have knowledge of the Regulations, definitely had no prior experience with ALJ hearings, and asked Mr. Sneed very few questions at the hearing. Thus, we conclude Mr. Sneed did not have representation comparable to that of an attorney. Under the circumstances, the ALJ was required to take a more active role in developing the record. In developing the record, the ALJ “has broad latitude in ordering consultative examinations.” Hawkins , 113 F.3d at 1166. For further investigation to be required, however, there must be “some objective evidence in the record suggesting the existence of a condition [that] could have a material impact on the disability decision.” Id. at 1167. A claimant’s “[i]solated and unsupported comments . . . are insufficient.” Id. Mr. Sneed made minimal references to a possible low I.Q. in his requests for reconsideration and for an ALJ hearing. See Aplt. App., Vol. II at 87 (noting in request for hearing that I.Q. was not addressed), 144 (questioning I.Q. in reconsideration disability report), 150 (noting I.Q. is one reason for inability to work). Also, he relies on several isolated medical statements to support his claim that the ALJ should have ordered I.Q. testing. Dr. France, a psychologist who -5- conducted a consultative mental examination, indicated that Mr. Sneed may have a learning disability, has low-average intelligence, could not understand proverbs, could not spell “world” backwards, could not count by threes, could not repeat six and seven digits forward and made errors in computing change. Id. at 206, 207. Dr. Sullivan, who conducted a consultative physical examination, surmised that Mr. Sneed is probably mildly retarded. Id. at 210. Dr. Lawton, also a consultative physical examiner, suspected Mr. Sneed’s I.Q. is less than average. Id. at 169. And Dr. Rienschmiedt, a treating doctor, reported that Mr. Sneed is mentally slow secondary to a childhood brain injury. Id. at 267. The latter three doctors made no further assertions concerning intelligence. Other medical evidence from Dr. France, however, suggests that Mr. Sneed did not have a sufficiently low I.Q. to impact the disability decision. See generally 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(d)(5), 416.927(d)(5) (giving greater weight to medical specialist’s opinion in area of specialty than to opinion of non-specialist). Dr. France also reported that Mr. Sneed had goal-directed language, good responses to spoken words, no gross thought disorder, good general information and long term memory, good judgment, full orientation, ability to give his history, fair abstract thinking, fair concentration and fair short term memory. Aplt. App., Vol. II at 206, 207. Significantly, neither Dr. France nor any other doctor recommended that Mr. Sneed undergo intelligence testing. -6-  In addition, the Psychiatric Review Technique (PRT) and Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment (RFC) forms do not suggest Mr. Sneed’s I.Q. would impact the disability decision. The PRT form indicated that Mr. Sneed would have no restriction of activities of daily living; moderate difficulty in maintaining social functioning; mild difficulty in maintaining concentration, persistence or pace; and no repeated episode of decompensation. Id. at 226. The RFC form indicated that except for marked limitations in the ability to understand, remember and carry out detailed instructions, Mr. Sneed is not significantly limited in understanding and memory, sustained concentration and persistence, social interaction, or adaptation. Id. at 238-39, 250-51. Likewise, Mr. Sneed’s activities suggest he is not so mentally impaired that he cannot work. Although he cannot make change and can only write his name, he can read “somewhat,” id. at 45-46. He lives alone, takes care of his personal grooming, does some house cleaning, cooks, drives, attends church twice a week, shops twice a week, and visits friends. To the extent he does not do household cleaning, laundry or other tasks, he stated he lacks the incentive and interest to do so. See id. at 138. He testified that his main complaints were seizures, which he admitted are minor because his medications work for him, and depression. Id. at 39, 56. He did not indicate that he had had problems working due to his intelligence. Overall, the ALJ asked sufficient questions to learn of Mr. Sneed’s -7- alleged impairments and the impact they had on his activities. See Musgrave v. Sullivan , 966 F.2d 1371, 1375 (10th Cir. 1992). Furthermore, in reaching a decision, the ALJ did not ignore the intelligence evidence. Rather, the ALJ took into account the record evidence concerning Mr. Sneed’s asserted low intelligence when he posed hypothetical questions to the VE. The ALJ asked the VE to consider Mr. Sneed’s inability to make change and do basic math and his ability to understand and perform routine tasks and follow simple instructions. The isolated comments about Mr. Sneed’s possible limited intelligence, when viewed as part of the entire record, do not sufficiently raise a question about his intelligence. See Pierre v. Sullivan , 884 F.2d 799, 803 (5th Cir. 1989). The “few instances in the record noting diminished intelligence [did] not require that the ALJ order an I.Q. test in order to discharge his duty to fully and fairly develop the record,” id. , even under the heightened standard we apply here. Because the record before the ALJ contained sufficient evidence to evaluate Mr. Sneed’s mental impairments, the ALJ did not err in failing to purchase an additional consultative examination to test Mr. Sneed’s I.Q. Accordingly, we conclude that the ALJ did not fail to develop the record. And, contrary to Mr. Sneed’s assertion, the ALJ did consider any mental impairments in combination with his physical impairments. -8-  II. Mr. Sneed argues that the ALJ applied incorrect legal standards in assessing his credibility and that the ALJ’s resulting credibility findings were not based on substantial evidence. Mr. Sneed contends the ALJ failed to link any evidence to the credibility findings or explain how the evidence demonstrated he was not credible, as is required by Social Security Ruling 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at *3. “‘Credibility determinations are peculiarly the province of the finder of fact, and we will not upset such determinations when supported by substantial evidence.’” McGoffin v. Barnhart , 288 F.3d 1248, 1254 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting Kepler v. Chater , 68 F.3d 387, 391 (10th Cir. 1995)). Nonetheless, the ALJ must “closely and affirmatively link[ his credibility findings] to substantial evidence and not just [make] a conclusion in the guise of findings.” Huston v. Bowen , 838 F.2d 1125, 1133 (10th Cir. 1988). After setting forth the objective medical evidence and then summarizing Mr. Sneed’s testimony at the hearing, the ALJ found that Mr. Sneed’s “impairments related to functional limitations are not supported by objective medical findings to the extent alleged.” Aplt. App. vol. II at 19; see also id. at 21 (“[Mr. Sneed’s] allegations regarding his limitations are not totally credible for the reasons set forth in the body of the decision”). In light of the recitation of the -9- relevant evidence, we cannot say that the ALJ simply rejected Mr. Sneed’s credibility in a conclusory fashion. See Qualls v. Apfel , 206 F.3d 1368, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000) (“So long as the ALJ sets forth the specific evidence he relies on in evaluating the claimant’s credibility, the dictates of Kepler are satisfied.”). Instead, it was sufficiently specific to satisfy Social Security Ruling 96-7p and Tenth Circuit requirements. Nonetheless, we remind the ALJ of his duty to “closely and affirmatively link” his credibility findings to the objective medical evidence. Huston , 838 F.2d at 1133. Mr. Sneed also argues that substantial evidence shows he is credible because his testimony demonstrated he relies extensively on family and friends to help with daily duties and he does minimal tasks himself. He believes his testimony was supported by objective evidence that he has a broad-based disc bulge and changes consistent with degenerative disc disease in his lumber spine, a seizure disorder, a small area of atrophy in his left posterior parietal cortex, abnormal neurological examination findings, limited range of motion in his low back and pain with straight leg raising. The medical evidence, however, also shows that Mr. Sneed has mild spinal degeneration, no significant functional limitations, no problems walking and a good range of motion in his back and extremities. Notably, no doctor recommended back surgery; all recommended conservative treatment. With -10- respect to seizures, Mr. Sneed testified and the medical evidence showed that they are minor and controllable with medication. We conclude both that the ALJ applied the correct legal standards and that there is substantial evidence in the record to support the ALJ’s credibility findings. Accordingly, we defer to the ALJ’s credibility findings. See Kepler , 68 F.3d at 391. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Entered for the Court Robert H. Henry Circuit Judge -11- 

Tom Joyner Foundation, Allstate Help Black Students Pay For College Each year, paying for college is becoming more expensive. And in these tough economic times, many students of color are faced with a choice that will forever shape their lives. The choice — whether to attend college, drop out or forsake school all together. It is a choice that’s becoming increasingly prevalent across the country as Congress considers deeper cuts into federal student aid and loans. In response to this crisis, Allstate, and the Tom Joyner Foundation are uniting to assist African-American college students pay for school. Today’s struggling economy and distressed job market make it more important than ever to secure a college education,” said Tom Joyner, Founder of The Tom Joyner Foundation.

The effect of temperature on bacteria-host interactions in the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Water temperature is known to affect many aspects of aquatic life including immune responses and susceptibility to diseases. In this context, we studied the effect of temperature on the defense system of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Animals were challenged with two pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas gessardii, as well as the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at two different temperatures, cold (6 °C) and room temperature (22 °C). The immune responses were compared by means of differences in mortality, phagocytosis, bacterial clearance, and the melanization reaction of the hemolymph at these two temperatures. We observed that crayfish survival was higher at cold temperature. The mortality rate was zero at 6 °C following A. hydrophila or LPS injections. Furthermore, the bacteria were completely cleared from crayfish after they had been held at 6 °C for more than 9 days. We also observed a strong melanization reaction of hemolymph at 22 °C when stimulated with LPS, as well as with bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that the cellular immunity is more effective at low temperature in this cold-adapted animal and pathogens are efficiently removed from the body by mean of phagocytosis.

CAR appeals for French help against rebels, Paris balks France's President Francois Hollande speaks at a news conference at the end of the first session of a two-day European Union (EU) leaders summit in Brussels October 19, 2012. Reuters/Christian Hartmann BANGUI The president of the Central African Republic appealed on Thursday for France and the United States to help push back rebels threatening his government and the capital, but Paris said its troops were only ready to protect French nationals. The exchanges came as regional African leaders tried to broker a ceasefire deal and as rebels said they had temporarily halted their advance on Bangui, the capital, to allow talks to take place. Insurgents on motorbikes and in pickup trucks have driven to within 75 km (47 miles) of Bangui after weeks of fighting, threatening to end President Francois Bozize's nearly 10-year-stint in charge of the turbulent, resource-rich country. French nuclear energy group Areva mines the Bakouma uranium deposit in the CAR's south - France's biggest commercial interest in its former colony. The rebel advance has highlighted the instability of a country that has remained poor since independence from Paris in 1960 despite rich deposits of uranium, gold and diamonds. Average income is barely over $2 a day. Bozize on Thursday appealed for French and U.S. military support to stop the SELEKA rebel coalition, which has promised to overthrow him unless he implements a previous peace deal in full. He told a crowd of anti-rebel protesters in the riverside capital that he had asked Paris and Washington to help move the rebels away from the capital to clear the way for peace talks which regional leaders say could be held soon in Libreville, Gabon. "We are asking our cousins the French and the United States, which are major powers, to help us push back the rebels to their initial positions in a way that will permit talks in Libreville to resolve this crisis," Bozize said. France has 250 soldiers in its landlocked former colony as part of a peacekeeping mission and Paris in the past has ousted or propped up governments - including by using air strikes to defend Bozize against rebels in 2006. But French President Francois Hollande poured cold water on the latest request for help. "If we have a presence, it's not to protect a regime, it's to protect our nationals and our interests and in no way to intervene in the internal business of a country, in this case the Central African Republic," Hollande said on the sidelines of a visit to a wholesale food market outside Paris. "Those days are over," he said. Some 1,200 French nationals live in the CAR, mostly in the capital, according to the French Foreign Ministry, where they typically work for mining firms or aid groups. CEASEFIRE TALKS The U.N. Security Council issued a statement saying its members "condemn the continued attacks on several towns perpetrated by the 'SELEKA' coalition of armed groups which gravely undermine the Libreville Comprehensive Peace Agreement and threaten the civilian population." U.S. State Department spokesman Patrick Ventrell said the U.S. embassy had temporarily suspended operations and the U.S. ambassador and other embassy personnel had left the country. Officials from around central Africa are due to meet in Bangui later on Thursday to open initial talks with the government and rebels. A rebel spokesman said fighters had temporarily halted their advance to allow dialogue. Previous rebel promises to stop advancing have been broken, and a diplomatic source said rebels had taken up positions around Bangui on Thursday, effectively surrounding it. The atmosphere remained tense in the city the day after anti-rebel protests broke out, and residents were stocking up on food and water. Government soldiers deployed at strategic sites and French troops reinforced security at the French embassy after protesters threw rocks at the building on Wednesday. In Paris, the French Foreign Ministry said protecting foreigners and embassies was the responsibility of the CAR authorities. "This message will once again be stressed to the CAR's charge d'affaires in Paris, who has been summoned this afternoon," a ministry spokesman said. He also said France condemned the rebels for pursuing hostilities and urged all sides to commit to talks. Bozize came to power in a 2003 rebellion that overthrew President Ange-Felix Patasse. However, France is increasingly reluctant to directly intervene in conflicts in its former colonies. Since coming to power in May, Hollande has promised to end its shadowy relations with former colonies and put ties on a healthier footing. A military source and an aid worker said the rebels had got as far as Damara, 75 km (47 miles) from Bangui, by late afternoon on Wednesday, having skirted Sibut, where some 150 Chadian soldiers had earlier been deployed to try and block a push south by a rebel coalition. With a government that holds little sway outside the capital, some parts of the country have long endured the consequences of conflicts in troubled neighbours Chad, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo spilling over. The Central African Republic is one of a number of nations in the region where U.S. Special Forces are helping local forces try to track down the Lords Resistance Army, a rebel group responsible for killing thousands of civilians across four African nations.

Filed 7/16/20 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT AIXTRON, INC., H045126 (Santa Clara County Super. Plaintiff and Appellant, Ct. No. 17CV311362) v. VEECO INSTRUMENTS INC. et al., Defendants and Respondents. VEECO INSTRUMENTS INC., H045464 (Santa Clara County Super. Plaintiff and Respondent, Ct. No. 17CV315493) v. AIXTRON, INC., et. al., Defendants and Appellants. Miguel Saldana is a former employee of respondent Veeco Instruments, Inc. (Veeco). In 2017, Saldana resigned from his position at Veeco and went to work for a competitor, appellant Aixtron, Inc. (Aixtron). Veeco initiated arbitration proceedings against Saldana pursuant to an arbitration clause in his employee confidentiality agreement, alleging causes of action for breach of contract, breach of the duty of loyalty, and conversion, including alleged data theft. Aixtron was not a party to the arbitration. The arbitrator granted Veeco’s application for a pre-hearing discovery subpoena for Aixtron’s business records, which included a demand that Aixtron produce any computers that Saldana had used for forensic examination by “an agreed-upon third-party neutral expert.” Over Aixtron’s objections, the arbitrator granted Veeco’s motion to compel and ordered Aixtron to comply with the subpoena. Aixtron initiated a special proceeding in the superior court seeking judicial review of the arbitrator’s discovery order. The superior court denied that petition. Veeco filed a separate petition in the superior court to enforce the arbitrator’s discovery order, which the court granted. Aixtron appeals both orders. On appeal, we reject Veeco’s contention that the superior court’s orders are not appealable. We find it unnecessary to resolve the parties’ dispute over whether this case is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) or the California Arbitration Act (CAA), since we conclude that under either statutory scheme, the arbitrator did not have the authority to issue a discovery subpoena to Aixtron in the circumstances of this case. We agree with federal appellate cases that hold there is no right to pre-hearing discovery under the FAA. As part of our analysis, we construe Code of Civil Procedure section 1282.61 and address, as an issue of first impression, whether it granted the arbitrator broad powers to issue pre-hearing discovery subpoenas. We conclude that it did not and hold that the arbitrator’s discovery subpoena to Aixtron was not authorized under the CAA since the parties to the arbitration did not provide for full discovery rights in their arbitration agreement (§ 1283.1). Since we conclude the arbitrator did not have the authority to issue the discovery subpoena, we reverse the superior court’s orders. I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. Parties & Saldana’s Employment with Veeco and Aixtron Aixtron is a global technology company that manufactures equipment for use in the semiconductor industry; its headquarters are in Herzogenrath, Germany, with an office in Sunnyvale, California. Veeco is a global electronics, semiconductor and data storage company; it is a Delaware corporation with offices in New York, New Jersey, California, and other locations. Aixtron and Veeco are competitors with respect to a technology known as the Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) process, 1 All undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure. 2 which involves layering atoms on a semiconductor wafer to create materials used to manufacture LED’s, sensors, compound semiconductors, and other products. Miguel Saldana worked for Veeco from September 2, 2014, until May 6, 2016, as its Senior Director of Hardware Engineering in Somerset, New Jersey. Weeks before starting his employment with Veeco, he signed an Employee Confidentiality and Inventions Agreement (Veeco Confidentiality Agreement), which contained an arbitration clause. Saldana decided to leave Veeco because of alleged discriminatory acts by Veeco in its hiring process. Around March 8, 2016, Saldana accepted an offer of employment from Aixtron. He resigned from Veeco seven weeks later, on April 25, 2016. B. Text of Arbitration Clause The arbitration clause provided in its entirety: “Arbitration of Disputes. Except as provided under ‘Equitable Remedies’ above, any claim or controversy arising out of my employment or the cessation thereof, including any claim relating to this Agreement, shall be settled by binding arbitration, in accordance with the National Rules for Resolution of Employment Disputes of the American Arbitration Association, to be held in the county and state in which my place of employment is located, or any other location mutually agreed upon by the parties. In such arbitration, each party shall bear its own legal fees and related costs, except that the parties shall share equally the fee of the arbitrator, provided that my portion of the arbitrator’s fee shall not exceed the amount of the filing fee for commencing an action in the court of general jurisdiction in the judicial district in which my place of employment is located. The decision or award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding upon the parties. The arbitrator shall have the power to award any type of legal and/or equitable relief available in a court of competent jurisdiction, including, but not limited to, the costs of arbitration and attorney’s fees, to the extent such damages are available under law. Any arbitral award may be entered as a 3 judgment or order in any court of competent jurisdiction. [¶] To the extent that any claim between the parties is found not to be subject to arbitration and with respect to claims described under ‘Equitable Remedies’ above, such claim shall be decided either by the U.S. District Court or the state court of general jurisdiction in and for the judicial district in which my place of employment is located.” (We shall hereafter refer to this clause as the “Arbitration Clause.”) C. Dispute Between Saldana and Veeco When Saldana submitted his resignation to Veeco, he made it effective May 6, 2016. Saldana’s declaration suggests he traveled back and forth between California and New Jersey between the time he accepted the job at Aixtron and the day he resigned from Veeco. After he resigned, someone at Veeco directed him to return to New Jersey to return Veeco’s physical property, including a laptop and a tablet computer. According to Saldana, before submitting his resignation, “with the sole intention of continuing to contribute to Veeco” as part of his continuing employment, he stored and used relevant work information on his personal electronic devices, including a laptop and a cloud storage account, so that he could work remotely from his home in California, as he had done several times before. He declared that such use of personal computing devices was a “common practice” that was “sanctioned by Veeco.” Around the time he resigned, Saldana shipped his personal property, including his electronic devices, to California. Veeco alleges Saldana “deliberately and purposefully concealed the fact that he had accepted employment with Aixtron for over a month” to have continued access to Veeco’s confidential information. On May 3, 2016, Saldana went through the first phase of his exit interview from Veeco in Plainview, New York, where he met with Greg Robbins (Veeco’s general counsel) and Robert Bradshaw (Veeco’s senior vice president for human resources). According to Bradshaw, during that interview, Saldana initially stated that he had not 4 copied any Veeco data. But after they confronted him with forensic evidence that he had retained data on at least one device, Saldana admitted that he had copied Veeco data onto several personal electronic storage devices that were in the process of being shipped to California. He promised to return them immediately. According to Saldana, he did not admit to stealing any company data during his exit interview; he contends he told Bradshaw he backed up data with the sole intention of continuing to work for Veeco remotely until May 6, his last day at work. He also told them he would allow Veeco to access his personal computing devices. Bradshaw later characterized Saldana’s statement as an “outright lie” and an “after-the-fact alibi.” Veeco alleges that “after months of plotting and disloyal conduct,” Saldana went to “its largest competitor . . . , while in possession of significant amounts of stolen . . . confidential data.” The day after his exit interview, Saldana asked Veeco’s human resources director what to do about the data on his electronic devices. She told him to follow the instructions on his exit interview forms, which required him to confirm in writing that all Veeco confidential information had been deleted from his personal electronic devices. In a declaration, Saldana stated that on May 7 and May 8, 2016—before he started working for Aixtron—he followed those instructions and deleted any remaining Veeco data from his personal electronic storage devices, laptop, and online accounts. Saldana started working for Aixtron on May 9, 2016. When hired, Aixtron required Saldana to sign its Confidential Information and Inventions Assignment Agreement, in which Saldana represented that “during his employment with Aixtron, he would not improperly make use of, or disclose, any information or trade secrets of any former employer” bring any former employer’s property onto Aixtron’s premises, or use any former employer’s unpublished documents. Saldana also met with Aixtron’s general manager, Bill Bentinck, and assured him that he would not bring any information belonging to Veeco to Aixtron and would abide by his continuing obligations to Veeco. 5  D. Veeco’s Complaint in Superior Court (Case No. 16CV294921) On May 10, 2016, the day after Saldana started work at Aixtron, Veeco filed a civil complaint against Saldana (Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Miguel Saldana (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2016, No. 16CV294921)) “in furtherance of arbitration” (§ 1281.8) for injunctive relief based on causes of action for breach of written contract and conversion. Veeco also filed an ex parte application for “evidence preservation” and a “non-use order,” directing Saldana not to access, use, copy, destroy, or modify any evidence, including metadata, related to the action. The superior court granted the ex parte application. On May 11, 2016, Veeco’s counsel sent a letter to Aixtron, advising it of the lawsuit and the court’s order on the ex parte application. After receiving that letter, Bentinck met with Saldana and told him that Aixtron did not want any Veeco information on its systems and to use only Aixtron-issued devices to do his work. Saldana reaffirmed to Bentinck that he had not brought any Veeco information to Aixtron and that he would abide by his continuing obligations to Veeco. Two weeks later, Veeco filed a notice of claim and demand for arbitration with the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (JAMS) pursuant to the Arbitration Clause in the Veeco Confidentiality Agreement.2 Veeco’s arbitration demand alleged causes of action for breach of contract, breach of the duty of loyalty, and conversion against Saldana. Saldana presumably agreed that the matter was subject to arbitration, and a retired superior court judge with JAMS was appointed arbitrator. Aixtron was not a party to the superior court action or the arbitration. 2 The Arbitration Clause provides that any arbitration shall be “in accordance with the National Rules for Resolution of Employment Disputes of the American Arbitration Association” (AAA). (Italics added.) In its petition below, Veeco told the court that Saldana and Veeco had agreed to arbitrate this dispute at JAMS and abide by the JAMS rules instead of the AAA rules. 6  On May 20, 2016, pursuant to the superior court’s non-use and evidence preservation order, Saldana produced his personal computer and other devices to Veeco’s computer forensic expert Bruce Pixley. Pixley imaged Saldana’s devices and found eight files, which Veeco identified as containing “highly confidential Veeco data,” on Saldana’s laptop and cloud storage account. Pixley’s declarations identified those files by file names. Pixley stated that “because those files resided in [Saldana’s] cloud storage account, the data could be accessed from any computer or device connected to the internet, including any of Saldana’s Aixtron computer media.” Saldana later asserted that the files that Veeco claimed were “highly confidential” were “automatically generated systems files [that were] left over,” and that he did not know about them prior to the search. He argued that he made “every reasonable effort as a common place user of [his] personal computer to delete the files [he] felt contained any Veeco data” and had offered to have the forensic expert remove those files from [his] devices, if relevant and if deemed necessary, after the nature of the file’s content was assessed.” As of June 2017, Veeco still had “care, custody, and control” of Saldana’s personal computer. E. Proceedings in Arbitration Related to Discovery Subpoena Early in the arbitration proceeding, Veeco “announced that it would be seeking pre-hearing discovery” from Aixtron “regarding Veeco’s claim that Saldana had improperly shared Veeco confidential information with Aixtron.” On January 17, 2017, counsel for Veeco, Aixtron, and Saldana had a telephone conference in which counsel for Veeco asked Aixtron to provide “concrete assurances . . . that no Veeco data was retained, used, or disclosed by Saldana.” Veeco’s counsel stated that Veeco was looking for assurances that Aixtron had conducted an investigation, reviewed its computer systems regarding things that only Saldana had touched, and done its due diligence to confirm that Saldana was not withholding a thumb drive containing Veeco data and had not accessed Veeco’s confidential information in connection with his work for Aixtron. 7 Aixtron’s counsel stated that Saldana had signed Aixtron’s confidentiality agreement, which prohibits used of third-party data, that Aixtron’s executives had reminded Saldana of his obligations to Veeco on multiple occasions, and that Aixtron had found no evidence that Saldana had brought Veeco data into Aixtron. At an arbitration management conference with Veeco and Saldana in January 2017, the arbitrator set the arbitration hearing for August 30, 2017 and made orders regarding discovery consistent with the parties’ agreements, which included “a process under which Veeco would advise Saldana of any proposed subpoena to Aixtron and Saldana would have an opportunity to object” before the arbitrator issued the subpoena. Aixtron did not participate in that conference. The attorneys for Aixtron and Veeco spoke again on February 2, 2017. Aixtron’s counsel asked if Veeco had a list of the files Saldana allegedly took and offered to have Aixtron run a targeted search for those files to determine whether they existed on Aixtron’s computer systems. Veeco’s counsel said he would provide a list of items that would provide reasonable assurances to Veeco. Four days later, Veeco’s counsel sent Aixtron’s counsel an e-mail, demanding that Aixtron (1) hire a forensic expert of Veeco’s choosing to run searches on all of Aixtron’s computer media to which Saldana had had access, as well as Saldana’s personal devices, for Veeco-specific terms and files; (2) interview Saldana about specified topics; and (3) provide a “high-level description of Saldana’s work for Aixtron” to be used in further discussions between Veeco and Aixtron. Veeco’s demands included that its expert would have the right to delete files from Aixtron’s computer systems and would report back to Veeco, and that Aixtron would pay for the expert. Aixtron rejected Veeco’s demands, stating that they were “neither reasonable nor unburdensome,” “extremely costly,” “would interfere with Aixtron’s daily business activities,” and “put Aixtron’s highly sensitive, confidential, and proprietary information at risk” by allowing “a competitor’s forensic expert access to its most confidential and 8 proprietary information,” to run searches, delete information, and report its findings to Veeco, “without Aixtron having any·control over what is disclosed to its competitor or what is done with its own information.” Aixtron stated that Veeco’s “offer to enter into a protective order [was] insufficient to protect the exposure and risk these actions pose to [its] confidential information.” Aixtron stated that while it “understands and respects Veeco’s legitimate interest in protecting its confidential information, these requested actions extend far beyond these legitimate interests” and that Veeco was “trying to place the burden of its own costs and discovery onto a third party [that] has no involvement with the dispute” against Saldana. Aixtron argued that the “requests reveal a much more nefarious apparent intent by Veeco, to improperly gain access to the confidential and proprietary information of its competitor.” Aixtron said it had spoken to Saldana multiple times about his duties to Veeco, had not solicited Veeco data from Saldana, had done its own internal review, and was confident that Saldana had not brought any confidential Veeco information onto its premises. On February 20, 2017, Veeco circulated a proposed subpoena for the production of Aixtron’s business records, which demanded 16 different categories of documents and the production of certain Aixtron computers.3 Saldana objected the following day. On March 3, 2017, Veeco filed a motion with the arbitrator to enforce the subpoena. It argued that “Saldana’s theft of highly confidential Veeco data immediately prior to leaving for Veeco’s chief competitor Aixtron, his material deception to Veeco’s General Counsel and Senior Vice President of Human Resources, the nature of the highly valuable MOCVD technology in a two-player market where Veeco leads and Aixtron competes, and his possession of Veeco data while employed with Aixtron—in addition to . . . Aixtron’s conduct—warrant the discovery sought against Aixtron. Aixtron’s 3 There is no proof of service or cover letter in the record. The arbitrator’s subsequent order and other documents suggest that the proposed subpoena was sent to Saldana’s counsel, and perhaps the arbitrator, but not Aixtron. 9 complete refusal to assist Veeco in this matter has undermined Aixtron’s credibility and furthered the urgency of this subpoena. Saldana’s claim that he has not used or disclosed the stolen Veeco data at Aixtron cannot be taken on ‘scout’s honor’ . . . as he has lied, among other things, about retaining, returning, and deleting the stolen data, and has made multiple false certifications under oath—all while secretly starting his employment at Aixtron in possession of the stolen Veeco data . . . .” In opposition, Saldana argued that Veeco had “gloss[ed] over the threshold procedural question” whether the arbitrator “can even order pre-hearing discovery on a nonparty.” He argued that arbitrators do not have the power to enforce nonparty discovery subpoenas; that the subpoena was overbroad and sought access to highly confidential information; that the subpoena was invalid because, to the extent that it sought Saldana’s employment records, it did not comply with the requirements of section 1985.6. As noted, in a declaration, Saldana stated that the “ ‘highly confidential’ files” Veeco sought were “left over,” “automatically generated systems files” that he did not know about prior to the search of his computer, that he made “every reasonable effort as a common place user of [a] personal computer to delete the files [he] felt contained any Veeco data, and had “offered to have the forensic expert remove those files from [his] devices, if relevant and if deemed necessary, after the nature of the file’s content was assessed.” (Aixtron refers to these files as “Binary Files.”) Saldana added that Veeco had not proven that the files that remained on his computer contained Veeco data and that Veeco had taken his “cooperation and turned it into additional exaggerated, unfounded, and unreasonable claims.” In reply, Veeco argued that the arbitrator did have the power to enforce the subpoena, the subpoena was not overbroad and did not seek Aixtron’s confidential information, and Saldana had waived his objection as to his employment records because he had not previously lodged that objection with the arbitrator. 10  On March 15, 2017, the arbitrator held a telephone hearing with counsel for Veeco and Saldana—but not Aixtron—regarding the subpoena. The arbitrator modified the language of two of Veeco’s demands and approved the subpoena, as modified, for service on Aixtron. The arbitrator found that the revised subpoena was “reasonable as to subject matter and scope,” and that he had “the authority, including under JAMS Employment Arbitration Rule 21, to order issuance of third party subpoenas for discovery purposes.” The arbitrator signed the subpoena, ordered that it may be served on Aixtron through its counsel, and encouraged Aixtron, in the event it objected to the subpoena, to meet and confer with Veeco to determine if an agreement could be reached on a protective order and the “identity of a third party neutral and the protocols to be followed with respect to Demand No. 15.”4 Veeco served its discovery subpoena on Aixtron on or about March 17, 2017. F. Aixtron’s Objections to the Subpoena and Veeco’s Motion in Arbitration to Compel Aixtron’s Compliance with the Subpoena On April 10, 2017, Aixtron filed written objections to the subpoena in arbitration, arguing that (1) the subpoena was impermissible because Aixtron was not a party to the arbitration; (2) the requests were overbroad and irrelevant; (3) the requests sought confidential, trade secret information; and (4) and the subpoena was procedurally deficient. In addition, Aixtron made separate objections directed to each of Veeco’s 16 demands. Aixtron told Veeco’s counsel that, given its objections, it would not produce any documents. On April 27, 2017, Veeco filed a motion with the arbitrator to compel Aixtron to respond to the subpoena. Aixtron filed opposition to the motion in arbitration, arguing 4 Demand No. 15 requested: “ALL DOCUMENTS RELATING TO AIXTRON’s handling of non-public third-party information which its employees possess or acquire, including, but not limited to, ALL DOCUMENTS RELATING TO AIXTRON’S acquisition, retention, disclosure, and/or use of any VEECO data.” 11 that under California law, the arbitrator lacked authority to issue and enforce nonparty discovery subpoenas for two reasons. First, the dispute between Veeco and Saldana was not a personal injury or wrongful death action to which the discovery provisions of the California Arbitration Act (§ 1280 et seq.) are deemed to apply under section 1283.1, subdivision (a). Second, the parties had not incorporated the discovery provisions of section 1283.05 into their arbitration agreement or made them applicable to their arbitration agreement as required by section 1283.1, subdivision (b) for the discovery provisions to apply. As before, Aixtron argued that the subpoena was invalid because the requests were overbroad and irrelevant; the subpoena sought Aixtron’s confidential, proprietary, and trade secret information; and the subpoena was procedurally deficient. Veeco filed a reply, arguing that Aixtron could not relitigate issues the arbitrator had already decided regarding his authority to enforce the subpoena and the scope of the subpoena, that Veeco sought only its own data, not Aixtron’s trade secrets; and that Aixtron’s arguments regarding procedural deficiencies were without merit. In mid-May 2017, after conducting a telephone hearing on Veeco’s motion to compel, the arbitrator ordered Aixtron to comply with the subpoena within twenty days. The arbitrator stated that the “discovery provisions in the arbitration statutes provide the ‘default mode’ that applies in the absence of an agreement between the parties as to discovery” and that the parties are free to agree on discovery beyond that minimum, up to the full panoply of discovery rights authorized by the Code of Civil Procedure. He stated that the parties had agreed to arbitrate this case under the JAMS Employment Arbitration Rules and Procedures (JAMS Rules) and that Rule 1 of the JAMS Rules provides that the parties “shall be deemed to have made” the JAMS Rules a part of their arbitration agreement. The arbitrator found that the “incorporated Rules allow for subpoenas directed to third parties, both at the arbitration hearing and prior to the hearing,” citing Rule 21; that the subpoena was well within the parties’ agreement as to allowable discovery; and that he had the authority and duty to enforce the parties’ agreement. 12 (Original italics.) The arbitrator’s order stated, without citation to authority, that the “limitations on discovery as found in the arbitration acts was not intended to shield third parties from unwanted discovery; they were intended to put reasonable limits [on] the parties’ discovery efforts, in the absence of the parties’ agreement otherwise.” The arbitrator overruled Aixtron’s other objections, stating that they “can be addressed by the use of privilege logs, protective orders, and designation of a neutral third party to oversee any sensitive discovery inquiries.” The arbitrator encouraged Aixtron to meet and confer with Veeco regarding a protective order and use of a third party neutral. G. Aixtron’s Petition in the Superior Court for Protective Order and Rehearing on the Arbitrator’s Discovery Order (Case Nos. 17CV311362 & H045126) On June 5, 2017, Aixtron filed a “petition for protective order and for rehearing on arbitrator’s discovery order” in the superior court (Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco Instruments, Inc. (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2017, No. 17CV311362)). Aixtron requested judicial review of the arbitrator’s order on the subpoena and a protective order allowing it to refrain from responding to the subpoena. In a declaration, Aixtron general manager Bentinck stated that Aixtron developed its MOCVD technology in Germany over 30 years, that the work done in Sunnyvale on its MOCVD technology was with respect to market segments where Aixtron and Veeco do not compete, and that its main areas of product development in the United States “relate to techniques and technologies other than MOCVD, in areas where Aixtron and Veeco do not compete.” Bentinck declared that Aixtron had not uncovered any evidence that Saldana had transferred any Veeco information to Aixtron, that he is knowledgeable about Aixtron’s trade secrets, and that the subpoena sought materials that Aixtron considered “nonpublic, confidential, and proprietary,” citing Veeco’s demands Nos. 4 and 5.5 He provided additional facts that 5 Veeco’s demand No. 4 requested: “ALL DOCUMENTS RELATING TO any actual or potential business transaction related to [MOCVD] technology that you have closed or reasonably expect to close in the next twelve months in which SALDANA had 13 supported Aixtron’s trade secrets claim, including a description of the steps Aixtron took to insure its proprietary data remained confidential. Aixtron asked the superior court to vacate the arbitrator’s discovery order, quash the subpoena, and enter a protective order excluding Aixtron’s confidential information from the subpoena. In its opposition, Veeco argued that the petition should be dismissed or denied because the court lacked authority to grant any relief. First, it argued Aixtron was not entitled to relief under section 1285, which authorizes a petition to vacate an arbitrator’s award, because only parties to the arbitration may seek relief under that section and Aixtron was not a party to the arbitration. Second, it contended that the court lacked authority to order rehearing under either the JAMS Rules or the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.) and that Berglund v. Arthroscopic & Laser Surgery Center of San Diego, L.P. (2008) 44 Cal.4th 528 (Berglund), which held that persons who are not parties to an arbitration are entitled to full judicial review of an arbitrator’s discovery order, did not apply because it was decided under the California Arbitration Act. Third, it argued Aixtron was not entitled to a protective order because it never requested one from the arbitrator and waited until after the subpoena was issued to object. Veeco asserted that the arbitrator had twice considered Aixtron’s arguments and rejected them and argued that Aixtron’s purported trade secrets were not exempt from discovery, given Veeco’s repeated offers to enter into a protective order. Veeco asserted that when Saldana deleted Veeco’s data from his personal devices, he deleted metadata that showed when he accessed the data and whether he copied it, and that Veeco needed to know whether its data sits on Aixtron’s computers and whether Saldana had used his Aixtron computer to access the Veeco data in his cloud storage. any participation or involvement” and demand No. 5 asked for “ALL DOCUMENTS RELATING TO any development for AIXTRON of MOCVD technology and in which SALDANA had any participation or involvement.” 14  On August 15, 2017, without explanation, the superior court denied Aixtron’s petition for a protective order and for rehearing. (We shall refer to this order as the August Order.) Three weeks later, Aixtron filed a notice of appeal from the August Order in Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco Instruments, Inc. (H045126). H. Veeco’s Petition in the Superior Court to Enforce the Arbitrator’s Discovery Order (Case Nos. 17CV315493 & H045464) Less than an hour after Aixtron filed its notice of appeal, Veeco filed a petition against Aixtron and Saldana in the superior court to enforce the arbitrator’s discovery order (Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Aixtron, Inc. (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2017, No. 17CV315493)). Veeco complained that Aixtron had not produced a single document, argued that Aixtron was not entitled to object further since the matter had been fully adjudicated by the arbitrator and the superior court had denied Aixtron’s petition, and asserted that the court’s “intervention was necessary to ensure Aixtron’s compliance.” Veeco analogized the arbitrator’s discovery order to an arbitration award on the merits and argued that it was final and enforceable like any other arbitration award. Three weeks later, Veeco advised the superior court that Aixtron had filed a notice of appeal from the August Order. Veeco told the court the parties disputed whether the August Order was appealable and whether the appeal stayed further proceedings in the superior court in both cases and asked the court to determine whether proceedings on its petition were stayed pending Aixtron’s appeal. Aixtron filed opposition to Veeco’s petition. Aixtron argued that as a nonparty to the arbitration, it was entitled to “full judicial review” of the arbitrator’s discovery order, which included the right to appeal; that the superior court’s order on its petition (the August Order) was appealable; and that Veeco’s petition violated the automatic stay on appeal (§ 904.1(a)(2)) since the matters raised in Veeco’s petition are embraced in and affected by Aixtron’s appeal. Aixtron also reargued the merits of the dispute over the 15 discovery subpoena and reiterated its request that if discovery is ordered, it be subject to a protective order. Veeco filed a reply. In December 2017, without explanation, the superior court granted Veeco’s petition to enforce the arbitrator’s discovery order and ordered Aixtron to produce its documents within 20 days subject to a protective order that the parties to the arbitration— but not Aixtron—had stipulated to in June of 2016 in Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Miguel Saldana (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2016, No. 16CV294921). (We shall refer to this order as the December Order.) Aixtron filed a timely appeal from the December Order in Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Aixtron, Inc. (H045464). In February 2018, this court denied Aixtron’s motion to consolidate the two appeals, but ordered the appeals considered together for briefing, oral argument, and disposition. II. DISCUSSION A. Parties’ Contentions on Appeal Aixtron makes three arguments on appeal. First, it contends that the superior court erred in ordering it to comply with the discovery subpoena because under the plain language of both the CAA and the FAA, an arbitrator does not have the authority to compel a nonparty to the arbitration to produce documents in response to a discovery subpoena for business records issued by an arbitrator. According to Aixtron, the “central issue before this Court is whether the arbitrator is authorized by federal or state statute to issue a deposition subpoena for the production of business records to a [nonparty] outside the context of the arbitration hearing.” Second, Aixtron argues that the court erred in ordering it to comply with the subpoena because Veeco failed to make the requisite showing that the information it seeks, which includes Aixtron’s confidential information and trade secrets, is both necessary to a claim or defense and essential to a fair resolution of the dispute in arbitration. Third, it argues that Veeco’s document requests are overly broad, unduly burdensome, and harassing. 16  Veeco raises a threshold question of appealability. It argues that Aixtron’s first appeal is improper and should be dismissed because the August Order denying Aixtron’s petition for a protective order and rehearing on the arbitrator’s discovery order is not appealable. In its brief, Veeco apparently concedes, however, that the December Order granting Veeco’s petition to enforce the discovery subpoena is appealable. Before addressing the parties’ contentions, we shall discuss two issues with the record in these appeals. B. Veeco’s Respondent’s Appendix Veeco has filed a respondent’s appendix that consists entirely of documents filed in Veeco’s civil complaint against Saldana (Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Miguel Saldana (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2016, No. 16CV294921)) or before the JAMS arbitrator. But Aixtron has not appealed any of the court’s orders in case No. 16CV294921. An appendix may contain only accurate copies of documents filed with the superior court in the matter or matters under appeal. (In re Steroid Hormone Product Cases (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 145, 151, fn. 6 [inclusion of portions of deposition transcript that were not filed with the trial court is improper].) By filing an appendix, counsel represent, under risk of sanctions, that the appendix “consists of accurate copies of documents in the superior court file” in the matter under review. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.124(g); Perez v. Grajales (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 580, 592, fn. 11 [inclusion of unfiled documents in an appendix is improper].) Copies of some of the documents in Veeco’s appendix were filed as exhibits to the pleadings and papers filed in Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco Instruments, Inc. (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2017, No. 17CV311362) and Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Aixtron, Inc. (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2017, No. 17CV315493) and are therefore properly before us in this appeal since they are in the record in those cases. But some of the documents in Veeco’s appendix were not filed in either of the cases before us. They 17 include the May 9, 2016 declaration of Veeco’s forensic expert, which Veeco cites three times in its brief on appeal. Since that declaration and other documents in Veeco’s appendix were not before the superior court, we shall not consider them, except as described in the next paragraph. A court may judicially notice the “record of . . . any court of this state.” (Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d).) “We may take judicial notice of the existence of judicial opinions and court documents, along with the truth of the results reached—in documents such as orders, statements of decision, and judgments—but cannot take judicial notice of the truth of hearsay statements in decisions or court files, including pleadings, affidavits, testimony, or statements of fact.” (Williams v. Wraxall (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 120, 130, fn. 7.) On our own motion, we shall take judicial notice of the court documents from Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Miguel Saldana (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2016, No. 16CV294921) in Veeco’s appendix for the purpose of providing background information regarding the dispute between Veeco and Saldana and for the facts that the documents were filed in that case and that the court issued a preservation order. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d); 459.) But we shall not consider any of the documents in Veeco’s appendix that were not part of the record in the cases on appeal, including its expert’s May 2016 declaration, for the truth of the matters stated therein. (Lindsey v. Conteh (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 1296, 1302, fn. 2 [judicial notice of the existence, but not the contents, of the document is proper].) C. Aixtron’s Request for Judicial Notice Aixtron has filed a motion for judicial notice, asking this court to judicially notice two declarations that were signed months after the superior court made the orders at issue: (1) the declaration of Randy Singh, Aixtron’s chief financial officer, who helped coordinate a forensic examination of two Aixtron computers by Kivu Consulting, Inc. (Kivu), a computer forensics consulting firm; and (2) the declaration of Adam 18 Demonaco, the senior director of Kivu, who supervised the forensic analysis of the two computers. Aixtron’s request for judicial notice was based on Evidence Code section 452, subdivision (h), which permits a court to judicially notice “[f]acts and propositions that are not reasonably subject to dispute and are capable of immediate and accurate determination by resort to sources of reasonable indisputable accuracy.” Reviewing courts generally do not take judicial notice of evidence that was not presented to the trial court. (Hotels Nevada v. L.A. Pacific Center, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 754, 76, fn. 3.) In addition, the subject matter of these declarations is reasonably subject to dispute since Aixtron’s and Veeco’s experts might disagree regarding Kivu’s search protocols, as well as the expert’s qualifications and bias. This court therefore denied Aixtron’s motion for judicial notice in August 2018. We shall not consider these declarations further and will disregard any reference to them in the briefs. D. Both orders are appealable. 1. Parties’ Contentions Regarding Appealability Veeco argues that Aixtron’s first appeal is improper because the superior court’s August Order, which denied Aixtron’s petition for a protective order and rehearing, is not appealable. Veeco analogizes the August Order to an order denying a motion to vacate an arbitration award and argues that such an order is not appealable under section 1294. Alternatively, Veeco argues that even if the August Order is characterized as an order denying a protective order, it is not appealable. In its reply brief, Aixtron asserts that the August Order is appealable under the authority of Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th 528. Alternatively, it argues that the appealability of the August Order is moot, since Veeco’s petition raised the same issues as Aixtron’s petition and since Veeco concedes that the December Order is appealable. Aixtron argues that the August Order is appealable because it finally resolved the discovery issue between a party to the arbitration and a nonparty. 19  In its respondent’s brief, Veeco challenges only the appealability of the August Order and does not challenge the appealability of the December Order. Shortly before oral argument, we asked the parties to be prepared to discuss Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Google LLC (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 953, 959-960 (Uber), which was not final until after briefing in this case was completed. At oral argument, Veeco argued that neither order is appealable under the one final judgment rule or section 1294 and that this case is procedurally distinguishable from Uber. While we might otherwise deem the question of the appealability of the December Order forfeited because it was not raised until oral argument, we will exercise our discretion to consider it. 2. Berglund “ ‘ “[N]o appeal can be taken except from an appealable order or judgment, as defined in the statutes and developed by the case law . . . .” [Citation.]’ ” (City of Gardena v. Rikuo Corp. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 595, 601, italics omitted.) “The existence of an appealable order or judgment is a jurisdictional prerequisite to an appeal.” (Canandaigua Wine Co., Inc. v. County of Madera (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 298, 302 (Canandaigua).) “Section 904.1, subdivision (a), governs the right to appeal in civil actions. It codifies the ‘one final judgment rule,’ which provides that ‘ “ ‘an appeal may be taken only from the final judgment in an entire action.’ ” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] A judgment is final, and therefore appealable, when it embodies ‘the final determination of the rights of the parties in an action or proceeding’ (§ 577.) A judgment constitutes the final determination of the parties’ rights ‘ “where no issue is left for future consideration except the fact of compliance or noncompliance with [its] terms . . . .” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. v. Superior Court (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 1125, 1138 (Kaiser Foundation).) “The one final judgment rule is a ‘fundamental principle of appellate practice that prohibits review of intermediate rulings 20 by appeal until final resolution of the case.’ [Citation.] ‘[A]n appeal cannot be taken from a judgment that fails to complete the disposition of all . . . causes of action between the parties . . . .’ ” (C3 Entertainment, Inc. v. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1022, 1025.) An appeal from a judgment or order that is not appealable must be dismissed. (Canandaigua, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 302.) There are statutes, apart from section 904.1, that more specifically confer a right of direct appeal. Veeco cites section 1294, which confers a statutory right to appeal certain arbitration orders, including: “(a) An order dismissing or denying a petition to compel arbitration. [¶] (b) An order dismissing a petition to confirm, correct or vacate an award. [¶] (c) An order vacating an award unless a rehearing in arbitration is ordered. [¶] (d) A judgment entered pursuant to [(the CAA)]. [¶] (e) A special order after final judgment.” Veeco argues that the August Order denying Aixtron’s petition for protective order and for rehearing on the arbitrator’s discovery order does not fit any of these categories. Aixtron does not contend otherwise and argues that Veeco’s arguments and citation to authority are inapposite since Aixtron did not appeal from such an order. Aixtron relies on the authority of Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th 528, the Supreme Court’s decision regarding the scope of judicial review of an arbitrator’s discovery order, to assert that the August Order is appealable. Berglund was an action for personal injuries based on alleged negligent medical treatment. The case was eventually ordered to arbitration. (Id. at p. 532.) The plaintiff in Berglund served a discovery subpoena for the production of documents on a nonparty, which asserted that the documents were privileged and moved for a protective order in the superior court. While that motion was pending, the plaintiff filed a motion with the arbitrator to compel production of the documents. The arbitrator concluded that he had jurisdiction to rule on the motion and ordered the nonparty to produce the documents for his in-camera review. (Id. at p. 533.) The superior court subsequently denied the nonparty’s motion for a protective order, reasoning that “the arbitrator, not the court, had jurisdiction over [the] discovery 21 subpoena and thus was empowered to compel . . . production of the subpoenaed documents.” (Ibid.) The nonparty filed a notice of appeal and filed a motion for a stay, or alternatively a petition for writ of supersedeas, prohibition, or other relief in the Court of Appeal. The appellate court denied the request for a stay and denied the writ petition but allowed the appeal of the superior court’s order denying the nonparty’s motion for a protective order to proceed. The appellate court held that the arbitration proceeding was the proper forum for the nonparty to challenge the discovery sought by a party to the arbitration and that the limitations on judicial review of arbitration decisions do not apply to an arbitrator’s discovery orders against a nonparty. The appellate court reversed the superior court and remanded for further proceedings. (Ibid.) The Supreme Court granted review and affirmed the Court of Appeal judgment, concluding that (1) a discovery dispute involving a nonparty to an arbitration proceeding “must be submitted first to the arbitral, not the judicial, forum”; and (2) a “nonparty is entitled to full judicial review of the arbitrator’s discovery order” and is not subject to the same statutory limitations on judicial review of an arbitrator’s order as the parties to the arbitration. (Id. at pp. 532, 536-539.) In reaching its conclusions, the Supreme Court explained: “Generally, an arbitrator’s decision in a dispute between parties to an arbitration agreement is subject to only limited judicial review. This is why: An ‘arbitration decision is final and conclusive because the parties have agreed that it be so.’ [Citation.] Arbitration by agreement is often a ‘process in which parties voluntarily trade the safeguards and formalities of court litigation for an expeditious, sometimes roughshod means of resolving their dispute.’ [Citation.] Because ‘arbitral finality is a core component of the parties’ agreement to submit to arbitration’ [citation] and because arbitrators are not required to make decisions according to the rule of law, parties to an arbitration agreement accept the risk of arbitrator errors [citation], and arbitrator decisions cannot be judicially reviewed for errors of fact or law even if the error is apparent and causes 22 substantial injustice [citations]. ‘ “As a consequence, arbitration awards are generally immune from judicial review.” ’ [Citation.]” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 534, citing Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3 Cal.4th 1, 10-12 & Vandenberg v. Superior Court (1999) 21 Cal,4th 815, 831-832.) The court also noted that under section 1283.05, subdivision (c), an arbitrator’s discovery order is “ ‘as conclusive, final and enforceable as an arbitration award on the merits.’ ” (Berglund, at p. 536.) The Berglund court held that nonparties “cannot be compelled to arbitrate a dispute” and “are not bound by an arbitrator’s decision because the arbitrator’s authority is derived from the parties’ consent and, . . . , nonparties have not consented to arbitration.” (Id. at pp. 536, 537.) The court stated that “giving arbitrator discovery orders the same deference normally given arbitration awards would substantially compromise the legal rights of nonparties against whom erroneous discovery orders may be made” and observed that the “normal limitations on judicial review of arbitrator decisions mean that arbitrators need not follow the law and, apart from some narrow exceptions, their errors are not subject to judicial review and correction.” (Id. at pp. 537, 538.) The court concluded that absent their consent, nonparties were entitled to full judicial review of any adverse discovery order issued by an arbitrator, which was necessary to protect the legal rights of nonparties who had “not consented to arbitration and consequently have not agreed to the finality of arbitrator decisions.” (Id. at p. 539.) On its facts, Berglund established that a nonparty dissatisfied with an arbitrator’s discovery order may seek “full judicial review” by a superior court of that order. It is reasonable to conclude that the Supreme Court’s repeated use of the phrase “full judicial review” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at pp. 532, 534, 538, 539) also suggests a right to appellate review of the superior court’s order. Thus, Aixtron argues that the August Order is appealable because, as in Berglund, its appeal stems from the superior court’s denial of a petition for a protective order after a nonparty was served with a subpoena for 23 the production of documents in arbitration. But the Berglund court did not address the question whether a nonparty or a party to the arbitration that is dissatisfied with the superior court’s decision has a right of direct appeal. (See Uber, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at pp. 959-960 [Berglund “did not determine whether a party to the arbitration dissatisfied with the superior court decision then has a right of direct appeal”; italics added].) The Supreme Court noted without comment in its recitation of the procedural status of the case that the appellate court had denied the nonparty’s request for a stay and denied its petition for writ of supersedeas but allowed the nonparty’s appeal of the superior court’s order to proceed. But the court did not discuss the appealability of that order. (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 533.) “It is axiomatic that cases are not authority for propositions not considered.” (People v. Ault (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1250, 1268, fn. 10.) Berglund thus does not provide clear authority for Aixtron’s contention that the August Order is appealable. 3. Uber Generally, discovery orders are not appealable. (Good v. Miller (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 472, 475.) Instead, the challenge to a discovery order must await appeal from a final judgment. (Nickell v. Matlock (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 934, 940; see also Marriage of Economou (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 1466, 1474-1476.) But courts have recognized two general exceptions to the one final judgment rule. Even though issues remain for further determination, a direct appeal may be taken from (1) a collateral final judgment or order, or (2) a judgment that is final as to a party. (Eisenberg, et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals & Writs (The Rutter Group 2017) ¶¶ 2:76, 2:77, 2:91, pp. 2-54, 2-66.) The latter exception has been applied to find a right to appeal discovery orders involving nonparties. (See e.g., Brun v. Bailey (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 641, 649- 650 [nonparty deponent became a party by moving for a protective order; denial of that motion was appealable as a final determination of the litigation as to the nonparty].) 24  In Uber, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th 953, 958-962, the appellate court addressed the appealability of a superior court order in a special proceeding to vacate an arbitrator’s discovery order and held that a party to an arbitration that is dissatisfied with a superior court order vacating an arbitrator’s discovery order in favor of a nonparty has a right of direct appeal based on the one final judgment rule (§ 904.1, subd. (a)). In the underlying dispute in Uber, Google, Inc. (Google) initiated arbitration proceedings against two of its former employees for breach of their employment contracts, breach of fiduciary duty, and other claims. Google, a party to the arbitration, issued a discovery subpoena for the production of documents to Uber, a nonparty. (For ease of reference, we shall sometimes use the terms “party” and “nonparty” instead of the parties’ names.) The nonparty objected that the documents were privileged, and the party moved in arbitration to compel production of the documents. The arbitration panel rejected the nonparty’s privilege claims, granted the motion, and ordered the nonparty to produce the documents. The nonparty filed a special proceeding in the superior court to vacate the arbitrators’ discovery order. Unlike the court here, the superior court in Uber granted the nonparty’s petition and vacated the arbitrators’ discovery order. (Uber, at p. 957.) The party appealed, asserting that the superior court’s order was final, conclusive, and appealable as an order vacating an arbitration award under section 1294, subdivision (c). “Days later, in an effort ‘to accelerate adjudication of the issues raised [in the] appeal,’ [the party] petitioned for a writ of mandate, prohibition, and/or other appropriate relief” and asked the appellate court to direct the superior court to vacate the order. (Uber, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 958.) The appellate court summarily denied the writ. Shortly thereafter, the nonparty moved to dismiss the appeal, arguing that the superior court’s order was not appealable. The appellate court disagreed and denied the motion to dismiss “because the superior court’s order determined all the pending issues in the special proceeding between Google and Uber and was thus a final appealable order.” (Id. at p. 957.) The court held that a right of direct appeal existed “based on the one final 25 judgment rule,” reasoning that the superior court’s order was “the final resolution of the special proceeding initiated by [the nonparty] for the sole purpose of vacating” the arbitration panel’s discovery order, that the superior court’s order resolved the discovery dispute between the party and the nonparty with finality since it relieved the nonparty of any obligation to produce the documents and conclusively determined its obligations to the party, and there was nothing left for the superior court to determine as between them and disposed of all the issues raised in the special proceeding. (Id. at p. 960.) The Uber court concluded that the superior court’s order also had the finality required under section 1294. The court explained that “ ‘[u]nder section 1294, appealable arbitration orders require finality . . . . “. . . [T]he Legislature’s philosophy and intent in drafting section 1294 was that there should be no appellate consideration of intermediate rulings in arbitration disputes if the superior court was of the view that there should be initial or further proceedings in arbitration. . . .” An intermediate ruling in an arbitration dispute that contemplates further proceedings in arbitration is not appealable. [Citations.] Requiring finality in appealable arbitration orders is consistent both with the language of section 1294 and the general prohibition of appeals from interlocutory nonfinal judgments in section 904.1, subdivision (a). [Citations.]” (Uber, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 960, quoting Vivid Video, Inc. v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 434, 442-443.) The court concluded that the superior court’s order was appealable under section 1294 since it contemplated no further proceedings between Uber and Google and completely resolved their dispute since Uber was not a party to the arbitration. (Uber, at p. 960.) The court noted that Uber involved “a nonparty to the underlying arbitration, and the single dispute involving the nonparty was conclusively determined by the superior court.” (Id. at p. 962.) The court held that because the superior court’s order was “a final determination of the discovery rights between Uber and Google in the special proceeding commenced for the sole purpose of resolving this discovery dispute, the order is appealable.” (Ibid.) 26  We agree with the analysis in Uber and conclude that because the superior court’s August Order was “a final determination of the discovery rights [between Aixtron and Veeco] in the special proceeding commenced for the sole purpose of resolving this discovery dispute, the order is appealable” under the one final judgment rule and section 904.1. (Uber, supra, 27 Cal.App.5th at p. 962.) Like the nonparty in Uber, Aixtron filed a special proceeding in the superior court for the express purpose of challenging the arbitrator’s discovery order. The superior court finally determined Aixtron’s and Veeco’s rights as to the discovery order when it denied Aixtron’s petition. The August Order embodied the final determination of Aixtron’s and Veeco’s rights in the special proceeding (§ 577). At oral argument, Veeco argued that neither the August Order on Aixtron’s petition nor the December Order on Veeco’s separate petition is appealable under the one final judgment rule or section 1294 and that this case is distinguishable from Uber. Veeco argued that unlike the order in Uber, the orders here are not final because the superior court ordered the parties to return to arbitration for further discovery proceedings before the arbitrator. But Veeco has mischaracterized the superior court’s orders. The August Order summarily denied Aixtron’s petition for a protective order, and the December Order granted Veeco’s petition to enforce the arbitrator’s discovery order and ordered Aixtron to produce the responsive documents within 20 days pursuant to the protective order that the parties to the arbitration had already stipulated to in Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Miguel Saldana (Super. Ct. Santa Clara County, 2016, No. 16CV294921). Contrary to Veeco’s assertions, the superior court did not order further discovery proceedings before the arbitrator on either occasion. Both orders were final and appealable because there was no issue left for future consideration except the fact of Aixtron’s compliance or noncompliance with their terms. (Kaiser Foundation, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1138.) Veeco acknowledged as much regarding the August Order when it filed its own petition seeking enforcement of the 27 arbitrator’s order and an order directing Aixtron to comply with the order’s terms. Veeco’s petition initiated a separate special proceeding for the sole purpose of enforcing the arbitrator’s order. In its petition, Veeco argued that Aixtron was not entitled to object to its petition, since the “matter has been fully adjudicated by the arbitrator” and Aixtron’s petition to the superior court had been unsuccessful. Veeco stated that the superior court’s “intervention [was] necessary to ensure Aixtron’s compliance” (italics added) and that the arbitrator’s order requiring Aixtron to produce documents was a “conclusive, final, and immediately enforceable award and is subject to confirmation under C.C.P. § 1285.” Veeco did not assert that further discovery proceedings were contemplated before the arbitrator or ask the superior court to remand for further discovery proceedings in arbitration regarding its discovery subpoena to Aixtron. Thus, in its briefing and request for relief below, Veeco treated the superior court’s August Order as final and appealable and argued there was nothing left to do but ensure Aixtron’s compliance with the arbitrator’s discovery order. This underscores our conclusions that the August Order was final and appealable, and there was no issue left for future consideration except the fact of Aixtron’s compliance or noncompliance with the arbitrator’s discovery order. (Kaiser Foundation, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1138.) As Veeco notes, there are procedural differences between this case and Uber. In Uber, the nonparty (Uber) that sought to vacate the arbitrator’s discovery order prevailed in the superior court and the party to the arbitration (Google) appealed. In contrast here, the nonparty (Aixtron) lost in the superior court and the nonparty appealed. In Uber, the superior court vacated the arbitrator’s discovery order and the nonparty was not required to produce its documents. Moreover, the superior court’s order vacating the arbitrator’s discovery order was final as to the privilege issue presented in Uber. Here, the superior court’s August Order resolved the legal issues presented by Aixtron’s petition and Veeco’s response, denied nonparty Aixtron’s petition for a protective order, leaving the 28 arbitrator’s discovery order in place and requiring Aixtron to produce its documents and computers. Veeco argued at oral argument that the superior court’s validation of the arbitrator’s discovery order would result in further arbitration proceedings, and thus the August Order could not be considered final. We do not agree. Both the arbitrator and the superior court issued orders, and assumed compliance with those orders would be forthcoming. The arbitrator found that some of Aixtron’s objections to the ordered discovery could be addressed by the use of privilege logs, protective orders, or a third party neutral, but he did not order any further proceedings in arbitration to resolve Aixtron’s concerns. Rather, he urged Aixtron to meet and confer with Veeco to craft an appropriate protective order to shield Aixtron from the damage of discovery disclosure, and suggested the parties hire a neutral to oversee sensitive discovery inquiries. The arbitrator’s decision was made; and he was not going to work through the gritty details of Aixtron’s compliance with his discovery order. Nor did the superior court remand the case to the arbitrator for further proceedings in its August Order. In short, the superior court’s August Order was a final determination of the discovery rights between Aixtron and Veeco, and thus appealable under Uber. As noted, Veeco filed a separate proceeding in the superior court seeking an order directing Aixtron to comply with the arbitrator’s discovery order. In its December Order, the superior court directed Aixtron to produce documents pursuant to an existing protective order between the parties to the arbitration, thus resolving the compliance issue raised in Veeco’s petition. Since the December Order ordered compliance with the arbitrator’s discovery order, and there was no further issue left for the court’s consideration, it was also appealable under Uber. (See also Kaiser Foundation, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th at p. 1138.) 29  E. The discovery order exceeded the arbitrator’s statutory authority in the circumstances of this case. Aixtron argues that an arbitrator in a private arbitration has no authority under the FAA or California law to compel nonparty discovery. Aixtron contends that because it is not a party to the arbitration agreement between Saldana and Veeco, it has not consented to the arbitrator’s authority or to be bound by the JAMS Rules. Aixtron argues that the arbitration agreement and any arbitration rules Saldana and Veeco have agreed to are insufficient to confer authority on the arbitrator to compel Aixtron to produce documents for the purposes of discovery and that such authority exists only if conferred by statute. Veeco responds that the section 1282.6 of the CAA and the JAMS Rules authorize this subpoena and that it is irrelevant that Aixtron was not a party to the arbitration. 1. Standard of Review The question whether an arbitrator in a private, contractual arbitration can compel a nonparty to the arbitration to respond to a subpoena duces tecum for the production of business records issued by the arbitrator for the purposes of discovery is a question of law, which we review de novo. (Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1191.) To the extent this question requires us to construe certain statutes and written instruments for which there is no conflicting extrinsic evidence, these are also questions of law, which we review de novo. (People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 432 [statutory construction]; Parson v. Bristol Development Co. (1965) 62 Cal.2d 861, 865-866 [written instruments].) 2. Whether This Case is Subject to the FAA or the CAA Generally, the first step in reviewing an arbitration dispute is to determine whether the question presented is subject to the FAA or the CAA because different rules apply under the two acts, which in some cases leads to federal preemption. (Knight, et al., Cal Practice Guide: Alternative Dispute Resolution (Rutter Group 2018) ¶ 5:47, pp. 5-40, 30 citing Southland Corp. V. Keating (1984) 465 U.S. 1, 12 and other cases; ¶¶ 5:44-5:49.6, pp. 5-40 to 5-5-52.) The Arbitration Clause does not specify which act applies. The parties dispute whether the FAA or the CAA applies. Aixtron contends the FAA applies because the Veeco Confidentiality Agreement involves interstate commerce. In its papers below, Veeco agreed that the FAA governs this dispute. But on appeal, Veeco argues that the CAA applies because Aixtron filed its petition under the CAA. It also argues that if we conclude that the FAA applies, then we should reject the Ninth Circuit’s view in CVS Health Corp. v. Vividus, LLC (9th Cir. 2017) 878 F.3d 703 (CVS Health), which held that the FAA does not grant arbitrators the power to compel production of documents from nonparties prior to an arbitration hearing. (Id. at pp. 705, 708.) Veeco urges us to follow the contrary, minority view adopted by the Sixth and Eighth Circuit Courts of Appeals in In re Security Life Ins. Co. of America (8th Cir. 2000) 228 F.3d 865, 870-871 (Security Life), and American Fed’n of Tel. & Radio Artists v. WJBK-TV (6th Cir. 1999) 164 F.3d 1004, 1009 (TV Artists), which hold that the FAA authorizes arbitrators to compel production of documents prior to the hearing. Aixtron responds that it does not matter which arbitration act applies because the result is the same under both the FAA and the CAA. In addressing this issue, the parties discuss the choice of law clause in the Veeco Confidentiality Agreement. Without much discussion, each side relies on a different United States Supreme Court case: Veeco quotes briefly from Volt Info. Sciences v. Leland Stanford Jr. U. (1989) 489 U.S. 468 (Volt) and Aixtron relies on Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. (1995) 514 U.S. 52 (Mastrobuono). At first blush, Volt and Mastrobuono seem to state conflicting rules. Neither party discusses Cronus Investments, Inc. v. Concierge Services (2005) 35 Cal.4th 376 (Cronus), which resolves the seeming conflict. The Cronus court explained, “Under United States Supreme Court jurisprudence, we examine the language of the contract to determine whether the parties 31 intended to apply the FAA to the exclusion of California procedural law and, if any ambiguity exists, to determine whether [the procedural law at issue] conflicts with or frustrates the objectives of the FAA.” (Cronus, at p. 383.) “ ‘Like other federal procedural rules, . . . , “the procedural provisions of the [FAA] are not binding on state courts . . . provided applicable state procedures do not defeat the rights granted by Congress.” [Citation.]’ ” (Id. at p. 390.) As one commentator cogently explained “ ‘[in] Volt, the state policy furthered the federal goal of encouraging arbitration, and thus . . . did not require construing ambiguities toward applying the FAA. In Mastrobuono, however, the policy at issue would have directly impeded the FAA’s goals, thus triggering the FAA preemption. As a result, it should hardly be surprising that a choice- of-law clause, in an agreement bound by the contract law and involving the arbitration rules of one state, happened to produce a different result than did a choice-of-law clause in an entirely different context.’ ” (Cronus, at p. 393, quoting Note, An Unnecessary Choice of Law: Volt, Mastrobuono, and Federal Arbitration Act Preemption (2002) 115 Harv. L.Rev. 2250, 2259–2260, fns. omitted.) While the record suggests that Saldana’s work may have affected interstate commerce, the parties did not develop that point below and the evidentiary support for that conclusion is thin. Neither the Arbitration Clause nor the choice-of-law clause mentions the FAA. Both clauses are silent on the issue of discovery and the scope of allowable discovery in arbitration. To ensure that we have fully reviewed this matter and foreclose any possibility of federal preemption, we shall examine both federal and state law regarding the authority of an arbitrator to issue a discovery subpoena to a nonparty. As we shall explain, we arrive at the same conclusion under both the FAA and the CAA: the discovery subpoena here was not authorized by either act. We therefore need not resolve the question whether the Arbitration Clause is subject to the FAA or the CAA. 32  3. Discovery from Non-Parties Under the FAA The right to discovery under the FAA is limited. Under section 7 of the FAA (9 U.S.C. § 7), arbitrators are authorized to subpoena nonparties to appear before them and to produce documents or other evidence, and the arbitrator’s subpoena is enforceable by the district court.6 There is a split of authority in the federal courts of appeals regarding the scope of the arbitrator’s subpoena power under section 7 of the FAA. Some courts have interpreted section 7 to restrict the arbitrator’s subpoena power to hearings in the physical presence of the arbitrator. (Hay Group, Inc. v. E.B.S. Acquisition Corp. (3d Cir. 2004) 360 F.3d 404, 410 (Hay Group) [“Nowhere does the FAA grant an arbitrator authority to order non-parties to appear at depositions, or to demand that non-parties provide . . . documents during pre-hearing discovery”]; Life Receivables Trust v. Syndicate 102 at Lloyd’s of London (2d Cir. 2008) 549 F.3d 210, 212, 216-217; CVS Health, supra, 878 F.3d 703, 704-705 [9th Circ.]; Managed Care Advisory Grp., LLC v. CIGNA Healthcare, Inc. (11th Cir. 2019) 939 F.3d 1145, 1160.) Adhering to this view, one court has stated that an arbitration panel might be able to subpoena a nonparty for prehearing discovery “under unusual circumstances” “upon a showing of special need or hardship.” (COMSAT Corp. v. National Science Foundation (4th Cir. 1999) 190 F.3d 269, 275-276.) Other federal appellate courts have held that “implicit” in the arbitrator’s 6 Section 7 of the FAA provides in relevant part: “The arbitrators . . . , or a majority of them, may summon in writing any person to attend before them or any of them as a witness and in a proper case to bring with him or them any book, record, document, or paper which may be deemed material as evidence in the case. . . . Said summons shall issue in the name of the arbitrator or arbitrators, or a majority of them, and shall be signed by the arbitrators, or a majority of them, and shall be directed to the said person and shall be served in the same manner as subpoenas to appear and testify before the court; if any person or persons . . . shall refuse or neglect to obey said summons, upon petition the United States district court . . . may compel the attendance of such person or persons before said arbitrator or arbitrators, or punish said person or persons for contempt in the same manner provided by law for securing the attendance of witnesses or their punishment for neglect or refusal to attend in the courts of the United States.” (9 U.S.C. § 7.) 33 power under the FAA to subpoena relevant documents for production at the arbitration hearing “is the power to order the production of relevant documents for review by a party prior to the hearing.” (Security Life, supra, 228 F.3d at pp. 870-871 [8th Cir.]; TV Artists, supra, 164 F.3d at p. 1009 [6th Cir].) No California appellate court has addressed the issue. The Ninth Circuit reviewed this question in CVS Health. In that case, HMC Compounding Services (HMC) sued CVS Health, Express Scripts, and others for alleged antitrust violations. (CVS Health, supra, 878 F.3d at p. 705.) HMC’s claims against CVS Health were submitted to arbitration, and its claims against Express Scripts were litigated in federal court. (Ibid.) The arbitrators issued a records subpoena to Express Scripts, which was not a party to the arbitration. Express Scripts did not respond, and HMC filed a petition in federal district court to enforce the subpoena, which the district court denied. (Ibid.) The issue on appeal was “whether the FAA allows an arbitrator to order a third party to produce documents as part of pre-hearing discovery.” (Id. at p. 706.) After reviewing section 7 of the FAA and opinions from other federal appellate courts, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the FAA does not grant arbitrators that power and affirmed the district court. The court held that section 7 of the FAA gives arbitrators two powers: (1) to compel the attendance of persons to appear as witnesses at the hearing and (2) to compel such persons to bring relevant documents to the hearing. (Ibid.) The court held that a “plain reading of the text of section 7 reveals that an arbitrator’s power to compel the production of documents is limited to production at an arbitration hearing,” and that “section 7 grants an arbitrator no freestanding power to order third parties to produce documents other than in the context of a hearing.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.) The CVS Health court noted that in Security Life, the Eighth Circuit had reasoned that “ ‘implicit in an arbitration panel’s power to subpoena relevant documents for production at a hearing is the power to order the production of relevant documents for review by a party prior to the hearing,’ ” which furthered “efficient resolution of disputes 34 by allowing parties to ‘review and digest’ documents before hearings.” (CVS Health, supra, 878 F.3d at p. 707, citing Security Life, supra, 228 F.3d at pp. 870-871.) The CVS Health court rejected this rationale, stating: “it is not absurd to restrict third-party discovery to the disclosures that can be made at a hearing; third parties ‘did not agree to [the arbitrator’s] jurisdiction’ and this limit on document discovery tends to greatly lessen the production burden upon non-parties.” (CVS Health, at p. 708.) “ ‘Under a system of pre-hearing document production, by contrast, there is less incentive to limit the scope of discovery and more incentive to engage in fishing expeditions that undermine some of the advantages of the supposedly shorter and cheaper system of arbitration.’[] . . . Practical constraints on document production during an arbitration hearing may often result in lower production demands upon third parties. [Citation.] Moreover, an arbitrator’s power under section 7 extends only to documentary evidence ‘which may be deemed material . . . ,’ further demonstrating that under the FAA an arbitrator is not necessarily vested with the full range of discovery powers that courts possess.” (Id. at p. 708.) The court rejected the proposition that the FAA grants arbitrators implicit powers to order document discovery from nonparties prior to a hearing and declined to create additional discovery powers for arbitrators. (Ibid.) We find this reasoning persuasive and adopt the holding in CVS Health. 4. Discovery from Nonparties Under the CAA (§§ 1283.05 & 1283.1) The right to discovery in arbitration proceedings under the CAA “is generally limited” and “highly restricted.” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th 528, 534; Alexander v. Blue Cross of California (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088 (Alexander); Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 83, 106, fn.11 (Armendariz) [“a limitation on discovery is one important component of the ‘simplicity, informality, and expedition of arbitration’ ”], abrogated in part on another ground as stated in ATT Mobility LLC. v. Concepcion (2011) 131 S.Ct. 1740, 1746.) 35  Aixtron contends that the applicable statutory authority for conducting discovery in arbitration cases is found in sections 1283.1 and 1283.05 and argues that these statutes do not authorize discovery in this case. Our State Supreme Court has said that “[s]ections 1283.1 and 1283.05, . . . , grant arbitrators authority over discovery in certain arbitration proceedings.” (Berglund, at p. 535; accord Brock v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1790, 1802, fn. 10 (Brock) [“arbitrators have authority to order discovery in certain types of arbitration proceedings”].) Sections 1283.05 and 1283.1 are both in chapter 3 of the CAA, which governs the conduct of arbitration proceedings. Section 1283.05 describes the circumstances under which “depositions may be taken and discovery obtained in arbitration proceedings,” as well as the powers of the arbitrator with regard to such discovery. Subdivision (a) of section 1283.05 incorporates the Civil Discovery Act (§§ 2016.010 et seq.) and authorizes discovery “as if the subject matter of the arbitration were pending before a superior court.” This statutory grant of authority is subject to the limitation in subdivision (e) of section 1283.05, which provides that “[d]epositions for discovery shall not be taken unless leave to do so is first granted by the arbitrator or arbitrators.” (§ 1283.1, subds. (a), (e).) “Section 1283.05’s subdivision (b) grant arbitrators the power to enforce discovery through sanctions” similar to the power of a trial court, “ ‘except the power to order the arrest or imprisonment of a person.’ ” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 535.) Subdivision (c) of section 1283.05 gives the arbitrator the power to issue discovery orders imposing “terms, conditions, consequences, liabilities, sanctions and penalties.” (Ibid.) The discovery authorized in section 1283.05 is subject to one more important limitation. Section 1283.05 begins with the phrase, “[t]o the extent provided in section 1283.1.” This phrase limits the application of the deposition and discovery rules in section 1283.05 to the circumstances described in section 1283.1. The Brock court held that an arbitrator’s authority to order discovery “is statutorily conferred” and applies to 36 the types of arbitrations described in section 1283.1. (Brock, supra, 10 Cal.App.4th at p. 1802, fn.10.) Subdivision (a) of section 1283.1 “provides that section 1283.05 is incorporated into and made part of every agreement to arbitrate any dispute arising out of a claim for wrongful death or for personal injury.”7 (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 535; italics added.) Since the dispute between Veeco and Saldana is not a claim for wrongful death or personal injury, subdivision (a) of the statute does not apply. Subdivision (b) of section 1283.1 provides that in “all other arbitrations, the arbitrator may grant discovery ‘[o]nly if the parties by their agreement so provide . . . .’ ” (Brock, at p. 1802, fn. 10, quoting § 1283.1, subd. (b).) Thus, to determine whether the arbitrator had the authority to order discovery under the CAA, we must determine whether Veeco and Saldana provided that authority through their arbitration agreement. (§ 1283.1, subd. (b).) One treatise has opined that a “simple agreement for discovery ‘pursuant to the California Discovery Act’ or ‘pursuant to CCP § 1283.05’ creates enforceable discovery rights.” (Knight, supra, ¶ 5:386.6, p. 5-388, citing § 1283.1, subd. (b); see e.g. OTO, LLC v. Kho (2019) 8 Cal.5th 111, 119 (OTO) [arbitration clause in acknowledgment of at-will employment provided that arbitration would be conducted pursuant to the CAA, “with full discovery permitted (see . . . § 1283.05)”]; Cox v. Bonni (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 287, 304-305 (Cox) [arbitration agreements that “provided that discovery would be conducted pursuant to section 1283.05” “expressly granted the parties the same ability to obtain discovery that they would have had in the trial court”].) Unlike the arbitration clauses in OTO and Cox, the Arbitration Clause here does not 7 Section 1283.1, subdivision (a) provides: “All of the provisions of Section 1283.05 shall be conclusively deemed to be incorporated into, made a part of, and shall be applicable to, every agreement to arbitrate any dispute, controversy, or issue arising out of or resulting from any injury to, or death of, a person caused by the wrongful act or neglect of another.” 37 mention the California Discovery Act or section 1283.05, or even contain the word “discovery.” Since Veeco and Saldana have not provided for discovery in their arbitration agreement, we conclude that section 1283.05 does not apply in this case. 5. Interpretation of Section 1282.6 Veeco relies on a different code section and argues that section 1282.6 authorized the arbitrator to sign and issue the discovery subpoena to Aixtron. Veeco contends that section 1282.6, which governs the issuance of subpoenas in arbitration, provides that a subpoena may be issued for discovery purposes either when section 1283.05 applies or whenever a neutral arbitrator issues and signs the subpoena. Veeco argues that unlike section 7 of the FAA, the arbitrator’s authority to issue subpoenas under section 1282.6 is not limited to commanding the production of records at the hearing. In reply, Aixtron argues that section 1282.6 applies to deposition subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum for the purpose of producing documents at the arbitration hearing and not for discovery. The issue is one of statutory interpretation. “In construing a statute, our fundamental task is to ascertain the Legislature’s intent so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute. [Citation.] We begin with the language of the statute, giving the words their usual and ordinary meaning. [Citation.] The language must be construed ‘in the context of the statute as a whole and the overall statutory scheme, and we give “significance to every word, phrase, sentence, and part of an act in pursuance of the legislative purpose.” ’ [Citation.] In other words, ‘ “we do not construe statutes in isolation, but rather read every statute ‘with reference to the entire scheme of law of which it is part so that the whole may be harmonized and retain effectiveness.’ ” ’ ” (Smith v. Superior Court (2006) 39 Cal.4th 77, 83.) The parties do not cite, and our research has not disclosed any cases that have construed section 1282.6. The issue is therefore one of first impression. Section 1282.6 provides in its entirety: “(a) A subpoena requiring the attendance of witnesses, and a subpoena duces tecum for the production of books, records, 38 documents and other evidence, at an arbitration proceeding or a deposition under Section 1283, and if Section 1283.05 is applicable, for the purposes of discovery, shall be issued as provided in this section. In addition, the neutral arbitrator upon his own determination may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and subpoenas duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents and other evidence. [¶] (b) Subpoenas shall be issued, as of course, signed but otherwise in blank, to the party requesting them, by a neutral association, organization, governmental agency, or office if the arbitration agreement provides for administration of the arbitration proceedings by, or under the rules of, a neutral association, organization, governmental agency or office or by the neutral arbitrator. [¶] (c) The party serving the subpoena shall fill it in before service. Subpoenas shall be served and enforced in accordance with Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1985) of Title 3 of Part 4 of this code.” (Italics added.) Section 1282.6 describes the procedures used in arbitration for issuing “a subpoena requiring the attendance of witness, and a subpoena duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents and other evidence.” (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) The first sentence in subdivision (a) limits its application to three circumstances: (1) “at an arbitration proceeding”; (2) at “a deposition under Section 1283,” and (3) “if Section 1283.05 is applicable, for the purposes of discovery . . . .” (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) As we shall explain, none of these three circumstances applies here. The first circumstance for which a subpoena may be used to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence is “at an arbitration proceeding.” (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) Based on its plain language, we construe this phrase to mean an arbitration hearing before an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators. The subpoena at issue here was a discovery subpoena; it did not demand that Aixtron produce documents or other evidence (its computers) for an arbitration hearing. The second circumstance for which a subpoena may be used to compel attendance of witnesses and production of documents is at “a deposition under Section 1283.” 39 (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) Under section 1283, an arbitrator, on application of a party, “may order the deposition of a witness to be taken for use as evidence and not for discovery if the witness cannot be compelled to attend the hearing or if exceptional circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest of justice and with due regard to the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally at the hearing.” (Italics added.) Notably, section 1283 underscores the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally at the hearing (i.e., live testimony before the arbitrator). The subpoena here was not for a deposition for evidentiary purposes under section 1283. The third circumstance for which a subpoena may be used in arbitration to compel attendance of witnesses and production of evidence is “if Section 1283.05 is applicable, for the purposes of discovery.” Thus, the procedures for issuing subpoenas described in section 1282.6 may only be used for the purposes of discovery if section 1283.05 applies. But as we have stated, section 1283.05 does not apply in this case. Subdivisions (b) and (c) of section 1282.6 describe the procedures to be used for the issuance of subpoenas in arbitration. Subdivision (b) provides that a “neutral association” like JAMS may issue subpoenas “as of course, signed but otherwise in blank, to the party requesting them.” Subdivision (c) of section 1282.6 provides that the party shall fill in the subpoena before serving it and that subpoenas shall be served and enforced in accordance with “Chapter 2 . . . of Title 3 of Part 4” of the Code of Civil Procedure, which includes sections 1985 to 1997. We construe the word “party” in section 1282.6 to mean a “party to the arbitration,” which is defined in section 1280, subdivision (e). As a practical matter, in most cases, the party’s attorneys will obtain and serve the subpoena. Veeco focuses on discovery subpoenas and argues that section 1282.6, subdivision (a) authorizes the issuance of discovery subpoenas in two circumstances: (1) when section 1283.05 applies; and (2) when the neutral arbitrator signs and issues the subpoena. Veeco contends that since the arbitrator signed and issued the discovery 40 subpoena to Aixtron, “[t]hat makes all the difference,” and the arbitrator’s signature was “dispositive.” As we have stated, the first sentence of section 1282.6, subdivision (a) describes three circumstances in which an arbitrator may issue a subpoena. Veeco’s argument and the two circumstances it identifies are not consistent with the language of section 1282.6 or our interpretation of subdivision (a) of section 1282.6. Rather than focus on the first sentence, Veeco relies on the second sentence of that subdivision, which provides: “In addition, a neutral arbitrator upon his [or her] own determination may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and subpoena duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents, and other evidence.” (§ 1282.6, subd. (b).) Veeco’s contention appears to be that the second sentence defines a fourth circumstance in which a subpoena may be issued in arbitration and a second circumstance in which a subpoena may be issued for the purposes of discovery: namely, when the arbitrator signs the subpoena. In support of this assertion, Veeco cites an unpublished, tentative decision from the superior court in Los Angeles County—not even its appellate department—in an unrelated case that has no precedential value and is not citable authority. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a) [unpublished appellate court or superior court appellate department opinions “must not be cited or relied on by a court or a party in any other action”]; Bolanos v. Superior Court (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 744, 761 [citation of unrelated trial court order improper].) Veeco also relies on the following language from the Knight treatise on alternative dispute resolution: “CAUTION—Signature of attorney v. arbitrator authorizing subpoena: Unless the parties have incorporated rules allowing for discovery under CCP § 1283.05 into their arbitration agreement . . . , attorneys are not authorized to sign the subpoena. But many attorneys assume they have such authority regardless of the agreement. If the discovery provision is not incorporated, the arbitrator must sign the subpoena.” (Knight, supra, ¶ 5:390.1, p. 5-401.) The treatise does not cite any primary 41 authority supporting this statement. In the previous paragraph, entitled “Subpoenas,” the treatise states “[a]rbitrators have power to issue subpoenas for witnesses and for production of documents . . . at the hearing”; it does not mention discovery. (Id. at ¶ 5:390, p. 5-400.) While secondary sources like practice guides and treatises are not compelling authority, they may be persuasive when there is an absence of precedent. (See e.g., Kucker v. Kucker (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 90, 95.) But such sources “certainly are not binding” (Ammerman v. Callender (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1058, 1086), especially when, as here, they do not cite any authority for the asserted rule. In the absence of any relevant precedent, we return to the language of the statute. As noted, the second sentence in subdivision (a) of section 1282.6 (hereafter Second Sentence) provides: “In addition, a neutral arbitrator upon his own determination may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and subpoena duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents, and other evidence.” (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) Unlike the initial sentence in subdivision (a) of section 1282.6, which describes three circumstances in which subpoenas may be issued, the Second Sentence does not describe the circumstances in which an arbitrator may issue a subpoena “upon his own determination.” Veeco contends the Second Sentence grants the arbitrator unlimited powers to issue subpoenas, both for the arbitration hearing and for the purpose of discovery, as long as the subpoena is signed by the arbitrator. But the Second Sentence says nothing about the arbitrator signing the subpoena or about discovery from which we may conclude that the statute grants the arbitrator broad authority to order discovery. As we have noted, subdivisions (b) and (c) describe a procedure by which the parties to the arbitration may obtain a blank subpoena issued by the neutral association (or other entity listed in section 1282.6), fill out the subpoena, and serve it on the prospective deponent or records custodian, without involving the arbitrator in the process. The Second Sentence provides that in addition to the procedure outlined in subdivisions (b) and (c), which authorizes the parties to the arbitration to issue subpoenas, the 42 arbitrator may issue subpoenas “upon his own determination.” Another reasonable interpretation of the statute is that the initial sentence of subdivision (a) describes the three circumstances under which a subpoena may be issued, regardless of whether the subpoena is issued by the neutral association at the request of one of the parties or by the arbitrator. Under this interpretation, the arbitrator’s authority is not unlimited. Instead, it is limited to the three circumstances described in the first sentence in subdivision (a). Since the language of the Second Sentence is arguably subject to these two conflicting interpretations, we may resort to extrinsic evidence, including the statute’s legislative history as an aid to interpretation. (Title Ins. & Trust Co. v. County of Riverside (1989) 48 Cal.3d 84, 96 [“in construing the terms of a statute we resort to the legislative history of the measure only if its terms are ambiguous”].) Section 1282.6 was enacted in 1961 as a part of a comprehensive overhaul of the CAA. (Stats 1961, ch. 461, p. 1540.) The prior act (former Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1280- 1293) was enacted in 1927 and repealed by the 1961 legislation. (Ibid.; Recommendation and Study Relating to Arbitration (Dec. 1960) 3 Cal. Law Revision Com Rep. (1960) p. G-28 (Law Revision Rep.).) The 1961 revisions to the CAA did not contain sections 1283.05 or 1283.1, the code sections discussed above that currently provide for limited discovery in arbitration. The Law Revision Commission report that lead to the 1961 revisions to the CAA noted that “[i]t would be most unwise and inappropriate in an arbitration proceeding to permit the taking of depositions . . . for discovery purposes of the parties” and opined that subpoenas duces tecum should not be used “for the purpose of a ‘fishing expedition.’ ” (Law Revision Rep., pp. G-48 to G-49.) When section 1282.6 was enacted in 1961, it provided: “Upon application of a party to the arbitration or upon his own determination, the neutral arbitrator may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and subpoenas duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents and other evidence. Subpoenas shall be served and enforced in accordance with Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1985) of Title 3 of Part 4 of this code.” (Stats 43 1961, ch. 461, § 2.) Based on the legislative history and the language of the statute in 1961, we conclude that the subpoena authorized by former section 1282.6 was intended to be used to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of documents and other evidence at the arbitration hearing only and not for discovery purposes. As originally enacted, section 1282.6 provided that only the arbitrator could issue subpoenas, either upon application of a party to the arbitration or on the arbitrator’s own motion. (Former § 1282.6) Section 1282.6 was amended once, in 1982, to read as set forth above. (Stats. 1982, ch. 108, § 1.) As noted, it currently provides that subpoenas may issue in three circumstances, including for discovery if section 1283.05 applies. In addition to authorizing the arbitrator to issue subpoenas, the 1982 amendment provided a procedure whereby the parties to the arbitration may obtain a blank subpoena from the neutral association (or other enumerated entity) and fill out and serve the subpoena, without having to make an application to the arbitrator. When amended in 1982, section 1282.6 retained most of the language from the original statute in the Second Sentence, which provides that “in addition” to the procedure whereby the parties may issue subpoenas, “the neutral arbitrator upon his own determination may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and subpoenas duces tecum for the production of books, records, documents and other evidence.” (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) This was almost identical to the language of the original statute, except that it deleted the introductory phrase “[u]pon application of a party to the arbitration,” which was no longer necessary because the 1982 amendment provided a mechanism for the parties to obtain and serve subpoenas without the arbitrator’s involvement. Given this legislative history, we reject Veeco’s contention that the Second Sentence grants the arbitrator broad powers to issue subpoenas in arbitration for the purpose of discovery. As originally enacted, the subpoena power granted by section 1282.6 applied only to subpoenas for the arbitration hearing. When amended in 1982, the subpoena power granted by section 1282.6 was broadened to the three circumstances 44 described in the first sentence of subdivision (a): (1) for the arbitration hearing, (2) for a section 1283 deposition, and (3) for the purposes of discovery, but only if section 1283.05 applies. (§ 1282.6, subd. (a).) We conclude these limitations on circumstances in which a subpoena may issue in arbitration apply to subpoenas issued by both a party to the arbitration and the arbitrator. Our construction is consistent with case law that describes the right to discovery in arbitration under the CAA as “limited” and “highly restricted.” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th 528, 534; Alexander, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 1088.) To construe section 1282.6 as granting arbitrators unlimited power to issue discovery subpoenas as long as the subpoena is signed by the arbitrator, is inconsistent with the limitations on discovery in sections 1283.05 and 1283.1. Such an interpretation would also nullify the limits on discovery in sections 1283.05 and 1283.1, rendering both sections superfluous. For all these reasons, we reject Veeco’s assertion that the Second Sentence in subdivision (a) of section 1282.6 granted the arbitrator unlimited powers to issue discovery subpoenas and authorized the discovery subpoena here. Since the arbitration agreement here does not provide for discovery or reference section 1283.05, we conclude that the arbitrator did not have the authority to issue the discovery subpoena to Aixtron in this case. 6. Discovery from Nonparties Under the JAMS Rules Veeco argues that its arbitration agreement with Saldana provided for section 1283.05 discovery rights as required by section 1283.1, subdivision (b) “by incorporating in their Agreement arbitration rules that offer discovery rights like those that section 1283.05 confers.” That assertion is not supported by a citation to the record or any legal authority. The Arbitration Clause provided that the arbitration shall be conducted “in accordance with the National Rules for Resolution of Employment Disputes of the American Arbitration Association.” The Arbitration Cause did not mention discovery, 45 the Civil Discovery Act, or section 1283.05. In its petition below, Veeco told the court that Saldana and Veeco had agreed to arbitrate this dispute at JAMS and abide by the JAMS rules instead of the AAA rules. But the record does not contain any other written agreement between Veeco and Saldana that may have superseded the Arbitration Clause.8 We nonetheless examine the JAMS Rules to see what they provide with regard to discovery. Rule 17 of the JAMS Rules, entitled “Exchange of Information,” generally provides for limited discovery between the parties.9 But it does not incorporate the Civil Discovery Act or mention section 1283.05. JAMS Rule 17 does not provide the parties to the arbitration broad rights to discovery comparable to those in section 1283.05 or authorize discovery from nonparties. JAMS Rule 21, which Veeco cites, is entitled “Securing Witnesses and Documents for the Arbitration Hearing.” It does not contain the word “discovery.” It provides that the “Arbitrator may issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses or the production of documents either prior to or at the Hearing pursuant to this Rule or Rule 19(c). The subpoena or subpoena duces tecum shall be issued in accordance with the 8 The only other document in the record that Veeco has characterized as an arbitration agreement is a “Notice to All Parties” regarding the “Commencement of Employment Arbitration” issued by JAMS on June 9, 2016. That notice states: “This arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with JAMS Employment Rules” and is signed by a JAMS case manager, not the parties to the arbitration. In our view, this is not an agreement between Veeco and Saldana. 9 Subdivision (a) of Rule 17 provides for a “voluntary and informal exchange of non-privileged documents and other information . . . relevant to the dispute . . . immediately after commencement of the Arbitration” and describes the types of information that must be exchanged. Subdivision (b) of the rule provides that each party “may take at least one deposition of an opposing Party or an individual under the control of the opposing Party,” encourages party agreement when scheduling depositions, and authorizes the arbitrator to resolve any disputes about depositions. Subdivision (c) describes the parties’ continuing obligation to exchange information and subdivision (d) sets forth procedures for resolving discovery disputes. 46 applicable law.”10 Since the discovery subpoena here was not authorized by either the FAA or the CAA, it was not authorized by JAMS Rule 21. Moreover, only Veeco and Saldana—the parties to the arbitration—agreed to be bound by the JAMS Rules. As the Supreme Court stated in Berglund, “the arbitrator’s authority is derived from the parties’ consent” and “nonparties have not consented to arbitration.” (Berglund, supra, 44 Cal.4th at p. 537.) Nonparties are entitled to full judicial review of arbitrator discovery orders because “arbitrators are not required to follow the law when resolving the parties’ disputes, and their decisions as to parties cannot be judicially reviewed for errors of fact or law” and giving arbitrator discovery orders the same deference normally given arbitration awards would substantially compromise the legal rights of nonparties against whom erroneous discovery orders may be made.” (Ibid.) The arbitration and the application of JAMS Rules obtain their legal force based on party consent as reflected in the terms of the arbitration agreement or statutes that authorize limited discovery in arbitration. Aixtron did not consent to be bound by the JAMS rules, the Arbitration Clause did not authorize discovery from nonparties, and neither the FAA nor the CAA authorize nonparty discovery in this case. For these reasons, we reject Veeco’s contention that the JAMS Rules provided it with discovery rights that are comparable to those in section 1283.05 and that those rules authorized the discovery subpoena here. In summary, based on the language of the arbitration agreement in this case, the statutes and case law cited above, we hold that the arbitrator’s pre-hearing discovery subpoena for Aixtron’s business records and computers was not authorized under the FAA, the CAA, or the JAMS Rules. Since we conclude the arbitrator did not have the authority to issue the discovery subpoena to Aixtron, we shall not reach Aixtron’s 10 JAMS Rule 19(c) authorizes the arbitrator to conduct the hearing at any JAMS location for the convenience of the parties or the witnesses. 47 contention that the superior court erred in ordering it to comply with the subpoena because Veeco failed to make the requisite showing that the information it seeks is both necessary to a claim or defense and essential to a fair resolution of the dispute in arbitration and or its contentions that Veeco’s document requests are overly broad, unduly burdensome, and harassing. III. DISPOSITION The superior court’s August 2017 order denying Aixtron’s petition and its December 2017 order granting Veeco’s petition are reversed. The superior court is directed to enter new orders granting Aixtron’s petition, vacating the arbitrator’s discovery order, quashing the discovery subpoena to Aixtron, and denying Veeco’s petition to enforce the arbitrator’s discovery order. Aixtron shall recover its costs on appeal. 48  _______________________________ Greenwood, P.J. WE CONCUR: __________________________________________________ Bamattre-Manoukian, J. ______________________________________ Danner, J. Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco Instruments, Inc. et al. and Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Aixtron, Inc. et al. H045126/ H045464  Trial Court: Santa Clara County Superior Court Superior Court Nos.: 17CV311362 & 17CV315493 Trial Judges: The Honorable William J. Elfving & The Honorable Peter H. Kirwan Attorney for Plaintiff and Appellant, Bryan Alexander Merryman AIXTRON, INC.: John Taylor Akerblom White & Case LLP Attorneys for Defendants and Respondents, Bradford Korey Newman VEECO INSTRUMENTS INC., et al.: Baker & McKenzie, LLP Attorney for Plaintiff and Respondent, Bradford Korey Newman VEECO INSTRUMENTS INC.: Baker & McKenzie, LLP Attorneys for Defendants and Appellants, Bryan Alexander Merryman AIXTRON INC., et al.: John Taylor Akerblom White & Case LLP Aixtron, Inc. v. Veeco Instruments, Inc. et al. and Veeco Instruments, Inc. v. Aixtron, Inc. et al. H045126/ H045464 

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// // Scaffolding // -------------------------------------------------- // Reset the box-sizing // // Heads up! This reset may cause conflicts with some third-party widgets. // For recommendations on resolving such conflicts, see // http://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/#third-box-sizing * { .box-sizing(border-box); } *:before, *:after { .box-sizing(border-box); } // Body reset html { font-size: 62.5%; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0); } body { font-family: @font-family-base; font-size: @font-size-base; line-height: @line-height-base; color: @text-color; background-color: @body-bg; } // Reset fonts for relevant elements input, button, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; } // Links a { color: @link-color; text-decoration: none; &:hover, &:focus { color: @link-hover-color; text-decoration: underline; } &:focus { .tab-focus(); } } // Figures // // We reset this here because previously Normalize had no `figure` margins. This // ensures we don't break anyone's use of the element. figure { margin: 0; } // Images img { vertical-align: middle; } // Responsive images (ensure images don't scale beyond their parents) .img-responsive { .img-responsive(); } // Rounded corners .img-rounded { border-radius: @border-radius-large; } // Image thumbnails // // Heads up! This is mixin-ed into thumbnails.less for `.thumbnail`. .img-thumbnail { padding: @thumbnail-padding; line-height: @line-height-base; background-color: @thumbnail-bg; border: 1px solid @thumbnail-border; border-radius: @thumbnail-border-radius; .transition(all .2s ease-in-out); // Keep them at most 100% wide .img-responsive(inline-block); } // Perfect circle .img-circle { border-radius: 50%; // set radius in percents } // Horizontal rules hr { margin-top: @line-height-computed; margin-bottom: @line-height-computed; border: 0; border-top: 1px solid @hr-border; } // Only display content to screen readers // // See: http://a11yproject.com/posts/how-to-hide-content/ .sr-only { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0); border: 0; }

Mary Maxim Mary Maxim is the largest privately held craft and needlework mail-order company in North America. It has offices in Port Huron, Michigan, and Paris, Ontario, as well as a retail location in London, Ontario. It specializes in selling crafts, knitting and other hobby related items. History Mary Maxim's roots can be traced back to Sifton, Manitoba, Canada, where Willard and Olive McPhedrain purchased Spinwell Manufacturing Co who had been manufacturing and selling spinning wheels. Willard soon began a mail order company titled "Sifton Products." In 1954 Willard began to search for new locations for his business and ended up in Paris, Ontario. The name was changed to Mary Maxim, after a store employee: Mary Maximchuk. Willard decided to take Betty Crocker's example by naming the company after a girl who helped around the household. Mary's name was shortened and the store name: Mary Maxim, was born. In 1956 after recognizing the customer potential in the United States, Willard's son Larry established an office in Port Huron, Michigan. Mary Maxim was first recognized for their quality knitting yarns. In the late 1950s they became increasingly popular for their bulky, knit sweaters with designs influenced by North American Wildlife. The first sweater pattern was designed in 1951 by Stella Sawchyn. Celebrity attention Bob Hope was photographed wearing a Mary Maxim totem pole design sweater in 1953 while visiting Canada. The Barenaked Ladies wore Mary Maxim Sweaters on their 2004 holiday album. Miss Outdoors 1957 was photographed wearing a Mary Maxim sweater. Angela Lansbury as Jessica Fletcher wore a Mary Maxim sweater in Episode 2 of the first series of Murder, She Wrote. Mary Maxim today Currently, Mary Maxim employs over 120 people in the Port Huron area and 60 people in Paris, Ontario. Ontario accounts for 15% sales from retail stores and 85% from the catalog division. Mary Maxim has looked to the internet to increase profits. They can attribute 25% of their sales to internet selling. Mary Maxim is now owned by the third generation of McPhedrains: Rusty and Jane. Rusty became vice president of operations in 1987 and president in 1995. Mary Maxim celebrated their 50th anniversary in June 2006. References External links Official American site Official Canadian site Vancouver Observer article on history of Mary Maxim Category:Clothing companies of Canada

Newsroom Related Topics Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu left for Europe on Wednesday morning for official visits to the Czech Republic and Germany. Netanyahu is scheduled to meet with Czech Prime Minister Peter Necas in Prague and thank him for his country’s support of Israel in last Thursday’s vote in the UN General Assembly on the official status of the Palestinian Authority. The Czech Republic was one of only eight countries, and the only European nation, to vote with Israel against the upgrade of “Palestine” to nonmember observer state. Netanyahu said that Israel and the Czech Republic are good friends and both know the value of standing up for their principles. According to the prime minister, “the history of Israel and the Czech Republic taught us to stand up for the truth, even when the majority is against us.” Netanyahu is also scheduled to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin, where they will sign cooperation agreements in the fields of counterterrorism, cyber-defense, science, agriculture and environmental protections. Merkel is expected to admonish Netanyahu for his government’s decision to approve the construction of thousands of new housing units in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. A delegation of ministers and officials is traveling with the prime minister and members will hold a summit with their German counterparts. Before his departure, Netanyahu thanked Germany for sticking up for Israel and defending its right to defend itself during last month’s eight-day Operation Pillar of Defense against terror targets in Gaza. He did not address Germany’s decision to abstain in last week’s UN vote. Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman, who was supposed to join Netanyahu on his trip, canceled his participation at the last minute,citing his need to oversee party affairs. Yisrael Beytenu named its Knesset slate on Tuesday, surprisingly omitting his deputy at the Foreign Ministry, Danny Ayalon.

[Neural tube defects in Austria: Assumption and calculations on the prevention potential through folic acid enrichment and supplementation]. Countries with obligatory fortification of food (USA, Canada) document a significant decrease of neural tube defects in newborns. In this study the Daly or, respectively, the Wald method was employed for calculating the potential of fortification/and supplementation for prevention in Austria. According to the EUROCAT study, in Austria the overall prevalence of neural tube defects (live birth, still births and induced abortions due to neural defect) is assumed to be 7.95 per 10,000 live and still births, and the prevalence of 3.9 per 10,000 live births - that is 62 or, respectively, 30 in absolute numbers per 78,000 births per year. In 2006, 26 live-born children with neural tube defects were actually reported in Austria by Statistik Austria. Different folic acid fortification and supplementation strategies can avoid 1.2-1.4 per 10,000 (9-11 cases) of neural tube defects (live and still births). Folic acid supplements are effective to decrease the amount of neural tube defects, however, only when pregnancies are planned. Thus, evidence-based neural tube defects are more common among lower social groups. An obligatory fortification of food could therefore reach unplanned pregnancies and women facing social problems. A reason to justify this population-based intervention where people need not decide for themselves could be the reduction of social imbalances. There are, of course, advantages and disadvantages of obligatory fortification of food and, therefore, all circumstances have to be taken into consideration.

The purpose of this program is to prevent complications of hemophilia and other bleeding disorders through assessment, surveillance, outreach, education, consultation, and management. A regional network of ten hemophilia treatment centers in Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee will be coordinated by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and provide comprehensive care and prevention services to persons with hemophilia and other bleeding disorders. In 2005, Region IV-North (comprising nine hemophilia treatment centers [HTCs] in North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee) had a total of 1,848 active patients with hemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Hemophilia patients constitute 61.5% of the total patients, while 27.6% have von Willebrand disease and 10.9% have other bleeding disorders. In 2005, there were 380 active female patients, an increase of 25.2% over the 2004 total. Almost 22% of the active patients are from ethnic minority groups, with an explosive increase in Hispanics. In comparison to U.S. averages, there are higher poverty rates and lower educational levels within the region, predisposing individuals to suboptimal behaviors in relation to diet, exercise, and use of health care services. The network will collaborate with regional lay organizations and the four non-federally funded centers in the region to deliver appropriately tailored prevention messages aimed at reducing complications of bleeding disorders and improving health across the lifespan, with the intention of attaining and measuring specific outcomes to reduce complications. Further, the region will redouble its outreach to underserved populations, such as women and minorities, to integrate them into the HTC system. All of these efforts will be systematically evaluated to assess their efficacy. Surveillance of patients enrolled in the CDC's Universal Data Collection (UDC) project, which has collected samples and data from over 18,000 individuals nationally since 1998, will continue in order to monitor the safety of the blood supply. The network will also expand upon the UDC program to collect data that could be used for clinical research projects leading to improved health outcomes for individuals with bleeding disorders, accelerated adoption of healthy behaviors, the reduction or elimination of health disparities among various ethnic and racial groups and between genders, and the achievement of greater efficiency in the core public health infrastructure. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]

Electrochemical cells, such as batteries and capacitors, are important components in IMDs (e.g., implantable defibrillators) because they store and deliver the energy necessary to correct cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and/or ventricular fibrillation). Ideally, such batteries should have a high rate capability to provide the required charge, possess low self-discharge to increase useful life, and be highly reliable. Further, because these medical devices are being surgically implanted within a patient's body, the battery should be as compact as possible. Lithium batteries are now commonly used in IMDs and generally include a lithium anode and a cathode that may contain carbon monofluoride and/or silver vanadium oxide. The anode and cathode are enveloped in an electrolyte, or electrolytic solution, containing a solute (typically a lithium salt such as LiCF3) and a solvent (e.g., dimethoxyethane). It is known that the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) are separated to prevent arcing and to allow charge to accumulate without short-circuiting the electrochemical cell. Such separators should be resistant to degradation, have sufficient thickness to maintain inter-electrode separation without interfering with cell performance, and exhibit sufficient surface energy to augment electrolyte wettability and absorption. In addition, the separator should have an electrical resistivity sufficiently high to prohibit short circuit current from flowing directly between the electrodes through the separator. These requirements are balanced by the need for a porosity sufficient to freely permit ionic communication between the electrodes. Separators may be made from a roll or sheet of separator material, and a variety of separator materials have been used. Paper (e.g., Kraft paper) is a cellulose-based separator material that is sometimes used and may be manufactured with high chemical purity. An alternative to paper separators are polymeric separators that may be made of microporous films (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene) or polymeric fabrics (e.g., a woven synthetic halogenated polymer). Hybrid separators employing polymers (e.g., polypropylene or polyester) and paper are also known. Separators having strong tensile properties are less likely to tear or break during fabrication and are better able to withstand internal stresses due to changes in the electrode volumes during discharge and re-charging cycles. Cathode material may swell as a battery is discharged. Thus, the space made available for batteries in medical devices may be somewhat larger than the non-swollen size of the battery thereby increasing the overall size of the medical device. When a separator is sealed around and envelopes a cathode, the volumetric expansion places stresses on the separator, perhaps causing tearing or rupturing of the separator that, in turn, may cause short circuits. This problem is exacerbated when thicker cathodes, which experience greater expansion (e.g., 100 percent), are employed. According, it would be desirable to provide an electrochemical cell separator assembly that accommodates greater electrode expansion without requiring increased separator margin (i.e., the distance between the edge of a cathode and the edge of the separator seal). In addition, it would further be desirable to provide a separator assembly including an expandable separator joint for accommodating electrode expansion while reducing the possibility of separator rupture. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

Q: iPhone Get UIImagePickerController Lat/Lng I'm using the UIImagePickerController to take a photo and then upload the photo to a WCF Service. Along with the image, I also need to send to the latitude and longitude of the photo. How can I get hold of this information from the photo taken? I've searched online but can't seem to find a good source of info. I've seen about the EXIF data that is passed through the UIImagePickerControllerMediaMetadata key as part of the didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo delegate method. However, when I print out the contents to the log, there's no location information. Am I missing something, do I need to turn on location services prior to taking the photo? Or is there another way to get the information? Many thanks. A: I've been figuring this out for a couple of days, and finally got a solution. As already suggested, you can use ALAssetsLibrary. The image picker will give you a dictionary, which contains an url that points to the asset. The ALAssetsLibrary's assetForURL: resultBlock: failureBlock: method uses blocks. You can read more about them from example here. So this is how we handle the info given by the picker: - (void)imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info { if ([picker sourceType] == UIImagePickerControllerSourceTypePhotoLibrary) { // We'll store the info to use in another function later self.imageInfo = info; // Get the asset url NSURL *url = [info objectForKey:@"UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL"]; // We need to use blocks. This block will handle the ALAsset that's returned: ALAssetsLibraryAssetForURLResultBlock resultblock = ^(ALAsset *myasset) { // Get the location property from the asset CLLocation *location = [myasset valueForProperty:ALAssetPropertyLocation]; // I found that the easiest way is to send the location to another method [self handleImageLocation:location]; }; // This block will handle errors: ALAssetsLibraryAccessFailureBlock failureblock = ^(NSError *myerror) { NSLog(@"Can not get asset - %@",[myerror localizedDescription]); // Do something to handle the error }; // Use the url to get the asset from ALAssetsLibrary, // the blocks that we just created will handle results ALAssetsLibrary* assetslibrary = [[[ALAssetsLibrary alloc] init] autorelease]; [assetslibrary assetForURL:url resultBlock:resultblock failureBlock:failureblock]; } [picker dismissModalViewControllerAnimated:YES]; [picker release]; } And next the method that handles the image and location data: - handleImageLocation:(CLLocation *)location { UIImage *image = [self.imageInfo objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage]; // Do something with the image and location data... } And of course you can also get other information about the image with this method by using keys: ALAssetPropertyType ALAssetPropertyLocation ALAssetPropertyDuration ALAssetPropertyOrientation ALAssetPropertyDate ALAssetPropertyRepresentations ALAssetPropertyURLs A: New since iOS 8 It was complicated with ALAssetLibrary, which is now deprecated, use Photos.Framework instead. func imagePickerController(picker: UIImagePickerController, didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo info: [String : AnyObject]) { if let assertURL = info[UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL] as? NSURL { let fetchResult = PHAsset.fetchAssetsWithALAssetURLs([assertURL], options: nil) if let asset = fetchResult.firstObject as? PHAsset { print(asset.location) } } } Quick and easy :)

package config import ( "fmt" "io" ) // configurable is an interface that must be implemented by any configuration // formats of Terraform in order to return a *Config. type configurable interface { Config() (*Config, error) } // importTree is the result of the first-pass load of the configuration // files. It is a tree of raw configurables and then any children (their // imports). // // An importTree can be turned into a configTree. type importTree struct { Path string Raw configurable Children []*importTree } // This is the function type that must be implemented by the configuration // file loader to turn a single file into a configurable and any additional // imports. type fileLoaderFunc func(path string) (configurable, []string, error) // loadTree takes a single file and loads the entire importTree for that // file. This function detects what kind of configuration file it is an // executes the proper fileLoaderFunc. func loadTree(root string) (*importTree, error) { var f fileLoaderFunc switch ext(root) { case ".tf": fallthrough case ".tf.json": f = loadFileLibucl default: } if f == nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf( "%s: unknown configuration format. Use '.tf' or '.tf.json' extension", root) } c, imps, err := f(root) if err != nil { return nil, err } children := make([]*importTree, len(imps)) for i, imp := range imps { t, err := loadTree(imp) if err != nil { return nil, err } children[i] = t } return &importTree{ Path: root, Raw: c, Children: children, }, nil } // Close releases any resources we might be holding open for the importTree. // // This can safely be called even while ConfigTree results are alive. The // importTree is not bound to these. func (t *importTree) Close() error { if c, ok := t.Raw.(io.Closer); ok { c.Close() } for _, ct := range t.Children { ct.Close() } return nil } // ConfigTree traverses the importTree and turns each node into a *Config // object, ultimately returning a *configTree. func (t *importTree) ConfigTree() (*configTree, error) { config, err := t.Raw.Config() if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf( "Error loading %s: %s", t.Path, err) } // Build our result result := &configTree{ Path: t.Path, Config: config, } // Build the config trees for the children result.Children = make([]*configTree, len(t.Children)) for i, ct := range t.Children { t, err := ct.ConfigTree() if err != nil { return nil, err } result.Children[i] = t } return result, nil }

Q: Send email to DISTINCT email I have an Classic ASP page that lets users search for properties and a results page that then emails the property agents who have matching properties to let them know that there are tenants interested in their properties. Some agents may have more than 1 property, in which case the agent only needs to receive 1 email rather than an email for each property they have. Currently my code is doing the latter and I need it to only send 1 email to each agent. In the code below I have 2 recordsets; rspropertyresults displays all matching properties and then I have rsemailagents which is used to gather the agent's email address and send them an email. I was wondering if anyone might be able to see how I can amend the sql query for rsemailagents to send out 1 email per agent? <% [...] rsemailagents.Source = "SELECT *" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "FROM (" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " SELECT ContentID" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " FROM (" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " SELECT ContentID" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " WHERE ContentStreet = '" & Replace(rsemailagents__varReqStreet, "'", "''") & "'" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " UNION ALL" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " SELECT ContentID" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " WHERE ContentTown = '" & Replace(rsemailagents__varReqTown, "'", "''") & "'" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " UNION ALL" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " SELECT ContentID" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " WHERE ContentTrimmedPostCode LIKE '" & Replace(varPostcode, "'", "''") & "%'" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " ) qi" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " GROUP BY" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " ContentID" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " ) q " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "JOIN VWTenantPropertiesResults r " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "ON r.ContentID = q.ContentID " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "WHERE ContentBedrooms BETWEEN " & Replace(rsemailagents__varBedroomsNoMin, "'", "''") & " " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "AND " & Replace(rsemailagents__varBedroomsNoMax, "'", "''") & " " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "AND ContentPrice BETWEEN " & Replace(rsemailagents__varPriceMin, "'", "''") & " " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "AND " & Replace(rsemailagents__varPriceMax, "'", "''") & " " & varSQL & " " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "ORDER BY" rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& " ContentPrice " & Replace(rsemailagents__varSortWay, "'", "''") & " " rsemailagents.Source = rsemailagents.Source& "GROUP BY CustomerEmail" [...] %> In my email code I have set the objMail.To as follows; objMail.To = (rsemailagents.Fields.Item("CustomerEmail").Value) This is the VWTenantPropertiesResults code; SELECT dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentID, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentBriefText, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentDetails, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentHouseNo, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentStreet, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentStreet2, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentTown, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentArea, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentCounty, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPostCode, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentReference, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPrice, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPricePeriod, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPriceText, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPropertyType, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.PropertyTypeTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentPropertyListType, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.PropertyListTypeTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.PricePeriodTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.BedRoomNoTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentBedRooms, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentFurnishing, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.FurnishTypeTitle, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerID, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerName, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerBusiness, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerAddress1, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerAddress2, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerCity, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerArea, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerRegion, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerPostalCode, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerPhone, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerFax, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerURL, dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerEmail, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.CountyTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentCreated, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentUpdated, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentStatus, dbo.VWPropertyImagesList.DocumentFile, dbo.VWPropertyImagesList.DocumentTitle, dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentTrimmedPostCode, dbo.VWPropertyImagesList.ContentStatusTitle FROM dbo.VWResidentialLettings INNER JOIN dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions ON dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentParentID = dbo.VWPropertyAgentsActiveSubscriptions.CustomerID LEFT OUTER JOIN dbo.VWPropertyImagesList ON dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentID = dbo.VWPropertyImagesList.ContentID WHERE (dbo.VWResidentialLettings.ContentStatus = 2) When I run this query in the database, it is just returning a CustomerEmail column and nothing else; SELECT DISTINCT CustomerEmail FROM ( SELECT ContentID FROM ( SELECT ContentID FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults WHERE ContentStreet = 'Hull' UNION ALL SELECT ContentID FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults WHERE ContentTown = '' UNION ALL SELECT ContentID FROM VWTenantPropertiesResults WHERE ContentTrimmedPostCode LIKE 'HU7' ) qi GROUP BY ContentID HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2 ) q JOIN VWTenantPropertiesResults r ON r.ContentID = q.ContentID WHERE ContentBedrooms BETWEEN 1 AND 10 AND ContentPrice BETWEEN 1 AND 10 A: Put your query into the IN clause of this query SELECT email FROM agents WHERE id IN ( SELECT agentID FROM … ) This will select each agent only once.

Q: How to extract a folder from zip file using SharpZipLib? I have a test.zip file which contains inside a Folder with a bunch of other files and folders in it. I found SharpZipLib after figuring out that .gz / GzipStream was not the way to go since its only for individual files. More importantly, doing this is similar to using GZipStream meaning it will create a FILE. But I have whole folder zipped. How do I unzip to a For some reason the example unzipping here is set to ignore directories, so I'm not totally sure how that is done. Also, I need to use .NET 2.0 for accomplish this. A: I think it is the easier way. Default functionality (please look here for more info https://github.com/icsharpcode/SharpZipLib/wiki/FastZip) it extract with folders. code: using System; using ICSharpCode.SharpZipLib.Zip; var zipFileName = @"T:\Temp\Libs\SharpZipLib_0860_Bin.zip"; var targetDir = @"T:\Temp\Libs\unpack"; FastZip fastZip = new FastZip(); string fileFilter = null; // Will always overwrite if target filenames already exist fastZip.ExtractZip(zipFileName, targetDir, fileFilter);

An image capture device, such as a camera, a mobile phone that includes a camera, or the like, may capture a set of images with some overlap between images of the set of images. The set of images may be combined, or stitched, into a stitched image based on the overlap between the images, to capture an image of a wide area at a higher resolution than the resolutions of each individual image. In some cases, a device may perform an object recognition operation to detect objects in the stitched image. For example, the stitched image may show a store shelf, and the device may perform an object recognition operation to determine which products are stocked on the store shelf.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <HTML lang="ja"> <HEAD> <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="dsk_sakura.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico"> <TITLE>カーソル上移動(２行ごと)</TITLE> <META NAME="MS-HKWD" CONTENT="カーソル上移動(２行ごと)"> <META NAME="MS-HKWD" CONTENT="Up2"> </HEAD> <BODY> <script type="text/javascript" src="item.js"></script> <noscript>[<a href="HLP000001.html">目次</a>]<br></noscript> <h2>カーソル上移動(２行ごと)</h2> カーソルを2行上に移動します。<br> <br> ■<a href="HLP000204.html"><b>マクロ構文</b></a><br> ・構文: Up2( );<br> ・記録: ○<br> </BODY></HTML>

Directions Melt butter into skillet over medium heat. Saute papaya for 3-4 minutes or until browned on one side. Remove and place on serving platter.Dredge chicken through flour mix. Saute 2-3 minutes on each side or until done. Add peppers and mushrooms. Saute 1 minute. Add Frangelica, reduce by half. Add beef stock and reduce by half to make sauce. Top over papaya and Enjoy!Chef Yancy Online Public Information File Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or fccinfo@fcc.gov.

Laurentian Power Centre hours Information about Laurentian Power Centre, coupon code, sales, news Laurentian Power Centre offer more than 8 brand name stores. Laurentian Power Centre is located in Kitchener, Ontario - 245 Strasburg Road, Kitchener, ON N2E 3W7 (GPS: 43.42626, -80.4884). Look at the list of stores in Laurentian Power Centre, hours, location and information about mall and special events, sales, coupons. You can choose store from list below and get detail information - other stores locations for the brand, location, shopping hours, phone, map, directions contact. Laurentian Power Centre is one of the best shopping place for spend your free time - mall/shopping center has all types of stores - outlets, department, fashion, traditional and more. Have you ever visited Laurentian Power Centre? Do not forget to write shopping review and rate your satisfaction. Map and location of Laurentian Power Centre Location details Laurentian Power Centre - Kitchener Area, Ontario N2E 3W7. Click on the button and get directions to Laurentian Power Centre. Mall/Shopping center is also displayed on the map with gps for your navigation.

The conference call has been canceled. ----- Forwarded by Bernadette Hawkins/Corp/Enron on 02/05/2001 11:33 AM ----- Bernadette Hawkins 02/01/2001 05:53 PM To: Mary Hain/HOU/ECT@ECT, Sarah Novosel/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Susan J Mara/NA/Enron@ENRON, James D Steffes/NA/Enron@Enron, Jeff Dasovich/NA/Enron@Enron cc: Joe Hartsoe/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Lysa Akin/PDX/ECT@ECT, Joseph Alamo/NA/Enron@Enron, Marcia A Linton/NA/Enron@Enron Subject: Market Monitoring in California A conference call has been scheduled for February 5, at 3:00 PM (est), 2:00 PM (cst), 12:00 (pst). To access the call dial: 1-877-233-7845, Host Code: 920637, Participant Code: 493227. If you have any questions, please call (202) 466-9147. Thanx

The present invention relates to an electronic component, in particular to a regulator for generators in motor vehicles, with an IC block. A known regulator with IC blocks is disclosed for example in the German patent document DE 44 19 21. In this regulator different structural sizes are used for different powers, and the power dissipation of the IC components must be withdrawn outwardly through correspondingly dimensioned cooling bodies. Additional functions of the regulator, for example a protection from voltage peaks from outside, are realized by additional semiconductor ICs and/or separate components used in the regulator. Both the additional components as well as their connections through bond wire connections require a sufficiently large space in the regulator housing. Therefore, the disadvantage of this construction is the required large dimensions of the regulator. Since moreover the electronic components and the connections for protection against corrosion must be covered with silicone gel as casting compound, this constitutes an additional disadvantage of this construction, in that with increasing cover surfaces the required gel quantity increases as well. In rough vehicle applications of the regulator, this leads in some situations in the event of occurring vibrations, to loosening of silicone gel or damages to the connections of the electronic components. Since furthermore the surface covered with the silicone gel is limited by a frame, a sufficient space must be provided on this surface for the insertion and withdrawal of bond tools in the frame.

Knights ride into semis Doncaster Knights have become the first club to book a place in the inaugural British & Irish Cup semi finals following their bonus point 24-11 win over Pontypridd at Sardis Road last night. The Knights have secured maximum points from their four Pool D games and go into the hat on March 24. Knights coach Lynn Howells, returning to his old stomping ground, said: "There's not many sides who come to Sardis Road and win but to get a bonus point as well is testament to how we have managed this competition." The British & Irish Cup semi final draw will be made on Wednesday, March 24. The 1st and 3rd teams drawn will receive home advantage in the semi finals on the weekend of April 24 A further draw will then take place between the two semi finals to determine which of the potential finalists would be at home in the final on the weekend of May 15. Dodgy tattoos, carthorses, Avatar and soft chins are revealed by Wales Sevens players Tom Williams and Sam Cross as they profile the Wales Sevens squad taking part in Hong Kong this weekend in the latest round of the HSBC Sevens World Series. The youngest member of the Wales Women's squad, Keira Bevan, is hoping to repay the faith shown in her when she starts her first Six Nations game against Italy tomorrow evening in the final round of the championship. Sevens head coach Gareth Williams is a happy man after drafting in full internationals Rhodri Williams and Adam Warren for the next two rounds of the world series in Hong Kong and Japan, as WRU TV's Graeme Gillespie discovers.

Why This Lioness Suddenly Grew a Mane Bridget the lion is 18 years old, and for most of her life has been mane free. View Images Bridget grew her mane between March and November of last year. Vets still aren't sure why. Photograph by Amanda Sorenson, Oklahoma City Zoo PUBLISHED February 26, 2018 Bridget, a lioness at the Oklahoma City Zoo, is sporting an unusual look. The 18-year-old female has grown a mane—although her extra tresses resemble more a beard than a typical male lion's mane. The zoo has been calling it her "mini-mane." In a zoo blog post about the curious case, Bridget's keepers claim the growth occurred from March to November 2017. As of this month, veterinarians were still working to pinpoint exactly what caused the big cat to grow excess fur. (See 15 intimate portraits of lions.) View Images Unlike other males at the zoo, Bridget's mane only covers part of her face. Her sister from the same litter has not grown a mane. Embryos that were disrupted either at conception or during gestation likely caused the genetic mutation, Luke Hunter, president of the big-cat conservation group Panthera, told National Geographic in 2012. "Alternatively, and perhaps more likely, the problem may have occurred during gestation if the fetus was exposed to increased levels of androgens—male hormones such as testosterone," Hunter says. Male lions typically start growing manes at about a year old, when they begin producing testosterone. Some males, like the infamous Tsavo man-eaters, are maneless, but a 2006 study found they may have evolved this feature to keep cool in blistering heat. Mysterious Mane As for Bridget, who was born in captivity, none of her fellow littermates have manes. Vets also suspect a medical condition may be the culprit, such as a tumor growing on her adrenal or pituitary glands that's affecting her hormones. In 2011, a 13-year-old lioness at a South African zoo began growing a mane. Caretakers discovered this was caused by a deformity in the lioness's ovaries, which contained cells normally found in testicles causing an increased level of testosterone.

// Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. // // This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free // software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the // terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the // Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) // any later version. // This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along // with this library; see the file COPYING3. If not see // <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. // { dg-do compile } // 22.2.1 The ctype category #include <locale> // libstdc++/53678 void test01() { bool NetBSD __attribute__((unused)) = true; }

View of a Garden Club of Denver member's yard in Denver, Colorado; features lawn, flower borders of zinnias, an umbrella, and Greek style sculpture of a woman. A wrought iron gate has a sign: "Garden May," and a depiction of a bell. [between 1930 and 1940?] QuickView Display a larger image and more item information when the pointer pauses over a thumbnail

Marine Autonomy and Technology Showcase 2019 Posted: 28 August 2019 Registration is now open for the National Oceanography Centre’s (NOC) Marine Autonomy and Technology Showcase (MATS) 2019, which will take place from 12–14 November at the NOC’s waterfront site in Southampton. This year saw a record number of abstracts submitted, and the organising committee is looking forward to building upon last year’s success and delivering a packed programme of presentations, panel discussions, exhibits and networking opportunities over the three days. MATS2019 will welcome a broad roster of speakers and exhibitors from across industry, academia, and government organisations. Each day of the showcase – hosted in our Southampton quayside marquee – will see leading figures from the world of marine autonomy and technology take to the stage to present on innovative, disruptive technologies, as well as discussions focusing on current developments, future priorities and challenges for the sector. Tickets are priced at £180 (including VAT) for the three-day event, which includes lunch and refreshments, and access to the icebreaker drinks, and an evening networking supper. The full programme and biographies of the speakers will be announced in the coming weeks. Full details on how to register are available on the NOC Conference website. Testimonials from MATS2018 “MATS is a really important event on the marine robotics calendar. It is a great opportunity to hear not only what steps forward the NOC have made but also the whole industry and ecosystem around it. This year certainly had a real buzz and the event is a great indicator of just how busy this industry is at the moment.” Dan Hook, Senior Director – Business Development, L3 ASV “MATS-2018 at NOC was a step up from previous years in all respects; the number and quality of delegates, exhibitors and the quality of the talks makes MATS a must attend event in our busy calendar.” Terry Sloane, Managing Director, Planet Ocean / ecoSUB “MATS was a great forum to introduce the Maritime Autonomy Regulation Lab (MARLab) to a broad spectrum of industry players, and at the same time gain a comprehensive overview of industry and academic achievements over the past 12 months, and to discuss ambitions and new uses for these technologies in the future.” Tim Wilkes, Product Manager, MCA “Sonardyne’s deep capabilities are enablers for ocean robots. Bringing these to the right forum, to the right people in the industry, is of great value to us. That is why I firmly believe that there is space in the calendar for a show specialising in autonomy on the maritime domain. If MATS continues to grow, and be as effective as it was this year, then MATS is that show. Unless you can find another show that invites both BP and the Royal Navy to outline their visions for marine autonomy. Not that easy.” “The intimate set up and combination of presenting and exhibiting at MATS gives us the opportunity to introduce and demonstrate our new technology solutions, whether they are in the research phase or a final product, to current and potential partners and customers.” Nick Green, Global Business Development Manager, SeeByte “Great to see all of UK marine autonomy under one roof. MATS has really established itself as a vital date in our diary. We especially liked the balance between presentations and exhibitions, scientists and industry – stimulated some great discussions.”

Q: Is there a way to write code in D similar to this Python expression? There are articles and presentations about functional style programming in D (e.g. http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/component-programming-in-d/240008321). I never used D before, but I'm interested in trying it. Is there a way to write code in D similar to this Python expression: max(x*y for x in range(N) for y in range(x, N) if str(x*y) == str(x*y)[::-1]) Are there D constructs for generators or list (array) comprehensions? A: Here's one possible solution, not particularly pretty: iota(1,N) .map!(x => iota(x,N) .map!(y => tuple(x,y))) .joiner .map!(xy => xy[0]*xy[1]) .filter!(xy => equal(to!string(xy), to!string(xy).retro)) .reduce!max; So what this actually does is create a range from 1 to N, and map each element to a range of tuples with your x,y values. This gives you a nested range ([[(1,1),(1,2)],[(2,2)]] for N = 2). We then join this range to get a range of tuples ([(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)] for N = 2). Next we map to x*y (D's map does for some reason not allow for unpacked tuples, so we need to use indexing). Penultimately we filter out non-palindromes, before finally reducing the range to its largest element. A: Simple answer, no, D does not have generators or list comprehensions (AFAIK). However, you can create a generator using an InputRange. For that solution, see this related question: What is a "yield return" equivalent in the D programming language? However, your code isn't using generators, so your code could be translated as: import std.algorithm : max, reduce, retro, equal; import std.conv : to; immutable N = 13; void main() { int[] keep; foreach(x; 0 .. N) { foreach(y; x .. N) { auto val = x*y; auto s = to!string(val); if (equal(s, s.retro)) // reverse doesn't work on immutable Ranges keep ~= val; // don't use ~ if N gets large, use appender instead } } reduce!max(keep); // returns 121 (11*11) } For me, this is much more readable than your list comprehension because the list comprehension has gotten quite large. There may be a better solution out there, but this is how I'd implement it. An added bonus is you get to see std.algorithm in all its glory. However, for this particular piece of code, I wouldn't use the array to save on memory and instead store only the best value to save on memory. Something like this: import std.algorithm : retro, equal; import std.conv : to; immutable N = 13; void main() { int best = 0; foreach(x; 0 .. N) { foreach(y; x .. N) { auto val = x*y; auto s = to!string(val); if (equal(s, s.retro)) best = val; } } }

Q: VBA Error Handling Not working I am writing a vba program to refresh power queries for a number of reports based on a user saying which reports to refresh via a form with checkboxes. This part of the code refreshes the power query and I want it to capture the error if the refresh isn't successful. It will update a control table "Not Updated" if it wasn't updated and then I want it to resume next. For some reason the "On Error Goto Error" isn't triggering the error line. It is still throwing the error and stopping the code run. Any help would be greatly appreciated! For Each cell In wsConfig.ListObjects("tblReportstoRun").ListColumns(2).DataBodyRange If cell.Value = True Then cell.Offset(, 1).Value = Now() cell.Offset(, 2).Value = frmSetting.tbStartDate cell.Offset(, 3).Value = frmSetting.tbEnddate strCurrWS = cell.Offset(0, -1) ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).Activate Application.StatusBar = "Updating tab " & strCurrWS For Each qt In ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).QueryTables qt.Refresh BackgroundQuery:=False Next qt For Each lo In ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).ListObjects On Error GoTo Error lo.QueryTable.Refresh BackgroundQuery:=False Next lo Else Error: cell.Offset(, 4).Value = "Not Updated" If InStr(Err.Description, "Permission Error") Then cell.Offset(, 6).Value = "Permission Error. Check Credentials" Err.Clear End If End If Next cell Set qt = Nothing Set wks = Nothing A: I think you want to avoid having the error handling as part of the normal flow. I'm not sure of the logic you want but if you want to resume back in the For Each lo... loop replaced Resume Top with Resume Next Sub a() For Each cell In wsConfig.ListObjects("tblReportstoRun").ListColumns(2).DataBodyRange Top: If cell.Value = True Then cell.Offset(, 1).Value = Now() cell.Offset(, 2).Value = frmSetting.tbStartDate cell.Offset(, 3).Value = frmSetting.tbEnddate strCurrWS = cell.Offset(0, -1) ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).Activate Application.StatusBar = "Updating tab " & strCurrWS For Each qt In ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).QueryTables qt.Refresh BackgroundQuery:=False Next qt For Each lo In ThisWorkbook.Sheets(strCurrWS).ListObjects On Error GoTo ErrorCatch lo.QueryTable.Refresh BackgroundQuery:=False Next lo Else cell.Offset(, 4).Value = "Not Updated" End If Next cell Set qt = Nothing Set wks = Nothing Exit Sub ErrorCatch: cell.Offset(, 4).Value = "Not Updated" If InStr(Err.Description, "Permission Error") Then cell.Offset(, 6).Value = "Permission Error. Check Credentials" End If Resume Top End Sub

/** * @file mem_barriers.h * @brief Header file for memory barriers * * @author Michele Di Giorgio * @date 23.11.2015 */ #ifndef HAL_MEM_BARRIERS_H_ #define HAL_MEM_BARRIERS_H_ #include <module/embox/arch/mem_barriers.h> #ifndef __ASSEMBLER__ extern void data_mem_barrier(void); #endif /* __ASSEMBLER__ */ #endif /* HAL_MEM_BARRIERS_H_ */

Q: Subtract columns in R I have the following dataframe: Name,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 Brad,100,200,342,532,65 Tom,54,2,523,121,200 Uma,200,221,225,229,250 What I am trying to do is to subtract each year from previous column to this: Name,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018 Brad,0,100,142,190,-467 I want to do it automatically and not like this: (df$"2003" - df$"2002") How would it be possible? I'm new to R, I'm sorry. Thanks A: You might want something like # this is your data df <- data.frame("2014"=c(100,54,200), "2015"=c(200,2,221), "2016"=c(342,523,225), "2017"=c(532,121,229), "2018"=c(65,200,250), row.names=c("Brad","Tom","Uma")) df # X2014 X2015 X2016 X2017 X2018 # Brad 100 200 342 532 65 # Tom 54 2 523 121 200 # Uma 200 221 225 229 250 ...and then you do this df[,-1] - df[,-5] # X2015 X2016 X2017 X2018 # Brad 100 142 190 -467 # Tom -52 521 -402 79 # Uma 21 4 4 21 The df[,-1] gives every column of your data.frame except the first one, and the df[,-5] gives every column except the fifth... from there, it's simple subtraction.

The Troublesome Reign of King John The Troublesome Reign of John, King of England, commonly called The Troublesome Reign of King John (c. 1589) is an Elizabethan history play, probably by George Peele, that is generally accepted by scholars as the source and model that William Shakespeare employed for his own King John (c. 1596). The play was printed three times in quarto in Shakespeare's era: Q1, 1591, was published by the stationer Sampson Clarke, with no attribution of authorship. The title page of Q1 states that the play was performed by Queen Elizabeth's Men. Although The Troublesome Reign is not an exceptionally long play, about 300 lines longer than Shakespeare's, the initial publication split the play into two parts. (The scholarly literature often refers to Parts 1 and 2 of the play as a result.) Q2, 1611, was published by John Helme (printed by Valentine Simmes); the authorship was assigned to "W. Sh." In this edition the first quarto's artificial division into two parts was removed. Q3, 1622, was published by Thomas Dewes (printed by Augustine Matthews), as the work of "W. Shakespeare." Some 19th-century critics accepted the 1622 attribution to Shakespeare; among 20th-century commentators E. B. Everitt and Peter Ackroyd have defended the Shakespearean attribution. Candidates put forward for the author of The Troublesome Reign include Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, Thomas Lodge, and George Peele, among others, alone or in various collaborative combinations; no scholarly consensus has been achieved. The main historical sources for The Troublesome Reign are thought to be the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed and Foxe's Book of Martyrs, and perhaps Richard Grafton's Chronicle at Large, which recapitulates much of the material in John Foxe's book. References Troublesome Reign of King John, The Category:John, King of England Category:Plays about English royalty

The Doctor and Romana discover a stricken space vessel transporting seven young people from the planet Aneth to Skonnos. The Time Lords are forced to help repair the ship, even though the Anethans are fated to be sacrificed to the bull-like Nimon, who has promised the Skonnans great prosperity. On Skonnos, however, the Doctor learns that the Nimon is actually a member of a race of intergalactic locusts, who ravage each world foolish enough to believe their lies. Production For Season Seventeen, Doctor Who producer Graham Williams and script editor Douglas Adams had embarked on a strategy to recruit new writers to the programme, in order to keep the show fresh. Unfortunately, these plans gradually went awry as each storyline commissioned from a writer new to Doctor Who eventually proved unusable; these included “Valley Of The Lost” by former producer Philip Hinchcliffe, “Erinella” by former director Pennant Roberts, “Child Prodigy” by Alistair Beaton and Sarah Dunant, “The Doomsday Contract” by John Lloyd and Allan Prior, and “The Tearing Of The Veil” by Alan Drury. As a result, the only set of scripts available for Season Seventeen's fifth slot was The Horns Of Nimon (also referred to as simply “Horns Of Nimon”) by Anthony Read, which had been commissioned on March 23rd, 1979. Read was Adams' predecessor as script editor on Doctor Who, and had long been interested in the integration of Greek myths into science-fiction. This approach had already inspired Bob Baker and Dave Martin's Underworld, based upon the legend of Jason and Argonauts, at the end of Season Fifteen. For The Horns Of Nimon, Read turned his attention to the story of the Minotaur, a popular myth related in Ovid's Heroides amongst other sources. The Minotaur was a half-man, half-bull monster who was imprisoned in the Labyrinth at Knossos in Crete, designed by the architect Daedalus. King Aegeus of Athens was compelled to offer seven Athenian boys and seven Athenian girls as tribute to King Minos of Crete, and these were sent into the Labyrinth to be slain by the Minotaur. Eventually, however, Aegeus' son Theseus volunteered to be part of the tribute, and he was able to slay the Minotaur with the help of Minos' daughter, Ariadne. Anthony Read had long been interested in the integration of Greek myths into science-fiction Read used many elements of the traditional Greek myth in crafting The Horns Of Nimon, and also adapted several names from it: the Minotaur became the Nimon, Theseus became Seth, Daedalus became Soldeed, Athens became Aneth, Knossos became Skonnos, and the Greek city-state of Corinth became Crinoth. The Labyrinth itself inspired the Power Complex; this was originally called the Complexity, while the Skonnans were initially referred to as Skonnians. Unfortunately, Williams quickly grew unhappy with The Horns Of Nimon, as he felt that the underlying ideas were not particularly strong. With no other scripts available, Williams was forced to proceed with Read's serial, but he decided to position it in the season's fifth slot (on both the broadcast and production schedules) in the hope that it would quickly be forgotten once the finale, Shada, began transmission. Williams also instructed that the scripts for The Horns Of Nimon be rewritten to remove any pre-filming, in order to save costs -- a restriction which had also been placed on the preceding serial, Nightmare Of Eden. Both Destiny Of The Daleks and City Of Death had been expensive productions to mount that year, and Williams was eager to save money for Shada. Fortunately, Read had already planned his storyline with Doctor Who's meagre budget and the spiralling inflation of 1979 in mind. As a result, no major changes had to be made to the scripts. In the event, only the model shot of the Power Complex's explosion was captured on film, at the Ealing Television Film Studios. The director assigned to Serial 5L was Kenny McBain, whose work to date included The Omega Factor. The Horns Of Nimon would be McBain's only Doctor Who credit. He subsequently became a producer on programmes such as Grange Hill and Inspector Morse, and was Head of Drama at Tynes Tees Television. McBain died of Hodgkin's lymphoma on April 22nd, 1989. In the central role of Soldeed, McBain cast Graham Crowden. In 1974, Crowden had been strongly considered for the role of the Fourth Doctor before Tom Baker was selected for the part. Graham Williams suggested production unit manager John Nathan-Turner as the new producer of Doctor Who As The Horns Of Nimon neared production, decisions were being made about the future of Doctor Who. Having confirmed his intent to leave the show after Season Seventeen, Williams suggested production unit manager John Nathan-Turner as a suitable replacement. Over the past year and a half, Williams had become very appreciative of Nathan-Turner's efforts on Doctor Who, and had unsuccessfully attempted to promote him to the post of associate producer at the start of the year. Head of Drama Graeme McDonald, on the other hand, was wary of putting a novice producer in charge of Doctor Who. Instead, he favoured former production unit manager George Gallaccio, who had recently served as producer on the supernatural thriller The Omega Factor. Gallaccio, however, was keen to move away from science-fiction, and instead accepted the producer's post on a period drama called Mackenzie. As a result, McDonald consented to Nathan-Turner's appointment as producer of Doctor Who. This marked the end of a long rise up through the BBC hierarchy for Nathan-Turner. He had originally worked as an actor before breaking into the BBC as a floor assistant. In that capacity, Nathan-Turner had worked on Doctor Who as far back as The Space Pirates in 1969. He had gradually moved up the ranks, and had served as Doctor Who's production unit manager since Season Fifteen. It was agreed that Nathan-Turner would take over the helm of Doctor Who from December. However, McDonald was still wary of Nathan-Turner's preparedness for such a demanding position -- especially since he himself was about to gain additional responsibilities as Head of a combined Drama Series and Serials department. This meant that he would not be able to spend as much time supervising individual programmes like Doctor Who as he had in the past. Consequently, McDonald turned to former Doctor Who producer Barry Letts. Since leaving Doctor Who in 1974, Letts had principally been working on classic serials such as Lorna Doone and Treasure Island, but had been keeping an informal eye on his old programme at McDonald's behest since the spring. Letts now agreed to formalise this arrangement, and accepted an appointment as Doctor Who's first-ever executive producer for Season Eighteen. This would be retroactively approved in mid-June 1980. Douglas Adams was frustrated by the difficulty of recruiting suitable new writers to Doctor Who At about the same time, Adams decided that he would not return for a sophomore year as Doctor Who's script editor. The production team's inability to recruit suitable new writers had been a source of frustration, and Adams had decided that he was happier doing his own writing rather than cultivating other people's scripts. Furthermore, five additional episodes of his radio series The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy had now been commissioned, and this new assignment would leave no time for his duties on Doctor Who. Like Williams, Adams would officially step down around the end of November. Meanwhile, recording for The Horns Of Nimon began with three days in BBC Television Centre Studio 3, from September 24th to 26th. The 24th involved taping on the sets for Soldeed's laboratory, the Skonnan council chamber and the entrance to the Power Complex. The other two days were devoted to material within the Power Complex itself: in the corridors and the Nimon's “larder” on the 25th and in the central chamber on the 26th. Model shooting was also undertaken on the last day of the block. Unfortunately, this studio session was fraught with overlooked gaffes. Because events were being taped out of order, Soldeed's body was missing from the nuclear furnace area in several sequences. During his death scene, Malcolm Terris (playing the Co-pilot) split his trousers very visibly. Most infamously, Crowden mistook the recording of Soldeed's demise for a camera rehearsal, and began laughing hysterically. With time pressing -- and with McBain already concerned that Crowden was overacting in the part -- the director was forced to retain the shot. The second studio session took place from October 7th to 9th in TC6. Time had run out on September 26th before all the model sequences could be recorded, and so these were the first order of business. The remainder of the 7th and much of the 8th then saw the completion of material on the Skonnan spaceship. Some of the Crinoth scenes -- namely those in the central chamber and at the transmat terminus -- were also taped on the 8th. Left for October 9th were the sequences in the “larder” and corridors on Crinoth, and in the TARDIS. Sadly, the TARDIS set was erected incorrectly, with the roundels protruding outward on one wall. On October 9th the TARDIS set was erected incorrectly, with the roundels protruding outward on one wall In post-production it was found that the final installment of The Horns Of Nimon badly overran its twenty-five minute timeslot. In the past, such a situation had been resolved by reediting the footage to either alter the cliffhanger of part three or else shift some scenes backwards into that episode. Indeed, the third installment of The Horns Of Nimon had proven to be quite short, resulting in an unusually lengthy reprise from part two. Nonetheless, it was found that all attempts to reedit The Horns Of Nimon to meet its time constraints badly affected the pacing of the last episode. Consequently, on November 16th, authorisation was requested to air this installment in a half-hour timeslot. Unexpectedly, Williams' intent that The Horns Of Nimon be driven from viewers' memories by the spectacle of Shada did not work out as planned. Although production began on the season finale as scheduled, it was subsequently disrupted by the latest round of industrial action at the BBC -- a situation which had already affected the final serials of both Seasons Fifteen and Sixteen. As a result, Shada was abandoned, and the broadcast of The Horns Of Nimon part four on January 12th, 1980 brought Doctor Who's seventeenth season to a very abrupt close.

Q: After resetting transition, div stays visible; no new transition I'm trying to make a <div> display and then fade out, on button click. This works so long as the user waits for the fade to complete between <button> presses. My problem is, if the <button> is clicked while the fade is ongoing, the <div> needs to immediately reappear, and then fade out. I've managed to get it to immediately reappear, but now it doesn't fade out again. To get an easier idea of what I'm doing, take a look at the JSFiddle I've setup. Can anyone help me get this to fade out if clicked whilst already fading out? I'm only targeting webkit. <div id="saved">Saved!</div> <button id="save">Save</button> function save() { // Little "Saved!" div var div = document.getElementById('saved'); // If still showing from previous save if(div.style.visibility === 'visible') { resetTransition(); div.style.visibility = 'visible'; //div.style.opacity = 0; console.log('reset'); } // On transition end div.addEventListener('webkitTransitionEnd', resetTransition); function resetTransition() { // Disable transitions div.className = 'notransition'; // Hide the div and reset the opacity div.style.visibility = 'hidden'; div.style.opacity = 1; // Need time to let CSS changes (^) refresh setTimeout(function() { // Re-enable transitions div.className = ''; // Remove the event listener by way of cloning var dolly = div.cloneNode(true); div.parentNode.replaceChild(dolly, div); }, 1); } // Show the div and fade out - on timer due to "if still showing" needing // to process first setTimeout(function() { div.style.visibility = 'visible'; div.style.opacity = 0; }, 1); } document.getElementById('save').addEventListener('click', save); div#saved { -webkit-transition: opacity 1.25s ease-out; -webkit-transition-delay: 0.75s; background-color: #FFC; /* Courtesy of http://fatcow.com/free-icons */ background-image: url('http://i.imgur.com/JMlclKE.png'); background-position: 3px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid #333; border-radius: 6px; left: 5px; opacity: 1; padding: 10px 4px 10px 52px; position: absolute; top: 5px; visibility: hidden; width: 68px; } .notransition { -webkit-transition: none !important; -webkit-transition-delay: none !important; } button { position: absolute; top: 100px; } A: I updated your fiddle, moving the cloning to the top and clearing the timeout. // Little "Saved!" div clearTimeout(save.t); var dolly = document.getElementById('saved'); // Remove the event listener by way of cloning var div = dolly.cloneNode(true); dolly.parentNode.replaceChild(div, dolly); /* etc til */ save.t = setTimeout(/* */);

Darjeeling Himalayan hill region Darjeeling Himalayan hill region or Darjeeling Himalaya is the mountainous area on the north-western side of the state of West Bengal in India. This region belongs to the Eastern Himalaya range. The Darjeeling district except the Siliguri subdivision and the entire Kalimpong district constitute this region. It arises abruptly from the Terai region. The region slopes from a south to north direction. The river Teesta divides the region in two parts — the region to the east of Teesta and the region to the west of Teesta. Hills to the west of Teesta This is the highest region of the Darjeeling Himalaya. Two distinct ranges are visible here — the Singalila range and the Darjeeling-Karsiang range. Singalila range The Singalila range is on the western limit of the region and separates Nepal from West Bengal. Singalila National Park is situated here. The four highest peaks of this range are: Falut (3,595 m) Sandakfu (3,630 m) — the highest point of West Bengal Tonglu (3,036 m) Sabargram (3,543 m) See: Singalila Ridge Darjeeling-Karsiang range Two notable peaks of this range are Tiger Hill and Senchal. Hills to the east of Teesta The Chola range is situated on the Sikkim-Bhutan border. The highest peak is Rishila. Kalimpong district is situated in this region. Neora Valley National Park is located here. Rivers Some notable rivers of this region are Mechi, Balason, Rammam, Rangeet, Teesta, and Jaldhaka. Teesta river is a 309 km (192 mi) long river flowing through the Indian states of West Bengal and Sikkim through Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. References Basu, S.R.; Moulik, D. 2002. Madhyamik Bhugol. Prantik, Kolkata. Barun Roy, "Rediscovering Shangri La - The Story of the Himalayas", Mandalay Book (2006) Khawas, V. "Environment and rural development in Darjeeling Himalaya: Issues and concerns", http://www.mtnforum.org/oldocs/189.pdf Category:Gorkhaland Category:Landforms of West Bengal Category:Darjeeling district Category:Darjeeling

Q: expected unqualified-id before numeric constant template <int K> class Wrap { // stuffs }; What is wrong if I instantiate the template like Wrap < 5>4 > p;? I get expected unqualified-id before numeric constant error. How to fix this? A: Change Wrap < 5>4 > p; to Wrap < (5>4) > p; The first > encountered is taken as the end of the template argument list rather than greater than operator > ISO C++ [14.2/3] When parsing a template-id, the first non-nested > is taken as the end of the template argument-list rather than a greater-than operator. A: What is wrong if I instanciate the template like Wrap < 5>4 > p;? That should be intuitively obvious just by looking at the statement: it’s confusing even for humans! The compiler has no way of coping with the double meaning of > here: does it mean “greater than”? Does it mean “close the template argument list”? Turns out, it means both, and the compiler has no hint as to which meaning to apply where. Both are technically valid parses.

{ "modal": { "name": "modal", "methods": ["show", "hide", "toggle"], "dafault-animation": "left", "background": ["#COLOR", "greyscale", "grey-1"], "color": ["#CORE", "text-color"], "width": "650px", "border-radius": 0, "transition": ["#CORE", "transition"], "z-index": 14, "top-position": "50%", "content": { "padding": "2em" }, "close": { "-icon": { "font-size": ["#FONT-SIZE", "size-6"], "top": "1rem", "right": "1rem", "color": ["#COLOR", "greyscale", "grey-3"], "transition": ["#CORE", "transition"], "hover": { "color": ["#COLOR", "brand", "brand-1"] } } }, "overlay": { "module": "overlay", "enabled": true, "clickToClose": true, "background": "rgba(black, 0.4)", "z-index": 12 } } }

""" Fixtures to make testing cognitive complexity easy. Policy for testing cognitive complexity: 1. Use a single function def in code samples 2. Write ``# +x`` comments on each line where addition happens Adapted from https://github.com/Melevir/cognitive_complexity """ import ast import pytest from wemake_python_styleguide.compat.aliases import FunctionNodes from wemake_python_styleguide.logic.complexity import cognitive def _find_function(tree: ast.AST): for node in ast.walk(tree): if isinstance(node, FunctionNodes): return node return None @pytest.fixture(scope='session') def get_code_snippet_compexity(parse_ast_tree): """Fixture to parse and count cognitive complexity the easy way.""" def factory(src: str) -> int: funcdef = _find_function(parse_ast_tree(src)) assert funcdef, 'No function definition found' return cognitive.cognitive_score(funcdef) return factory

UPDATE 1-Ford leads record Canadian auto sales; GM sales slide TORONTO Oct 1 (Reuters) - Automakers sold a record number of cars in Canada last month and pushed total vehicle sales year-to-date to a new record, according to industry data released on Tuesday, with Ford Motor Co's Canadian unit outselling all its competitors. September auto sales beat the previous record by a sizable margin, climbing 4.2 percent to 149,092, even as several major automakers underperformed the industry. Total sales so far this year climbed 3.5 percent to 1,350,756, also a record. "With any sort of decent market performance during the last three months total sales in Canada should beat the all-time record recorded in 2002 of 1.703 million units," wrote independent auto industry expert Dennis DesRosiers, of DesRosiers Automotive Consultants. "We are currently tracking at 30K units above this level." Ford Canada, which leads in industry sales so far this year with a 2.7 percent rise to 225,112, said sales surged 10 percent last month to 25,956. This was the second best September on record for the maker of the Ford Focus.

Thomas Kennerly "Tom" Wolfe, Jr. (born March 2, 1931) is an American author and journalist, best known for his association and influence over the New Journalism literary movement in which literary techniques are used in objective, even-handed journalism. Beginning his career as a reporter, he soon became one of the most culturally significant figures of the sixties after the publication of books such as The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (a highly experimental account of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters) and two collections of articles and essays, Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. source: wikipedia

Xiling Gorge Xiling Gorge () is a canyon (gorge) on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in Hubei province, China. It is the largest and most downstream—eastern of the famous Three Gorges. Geography Xiling Gorge is located in Zigui County and Yiling District, in the west of Hubei province, from Xiangxi down to the western suburbs of Yichang. The area is named after Mt. Xiling, a peak at the eastern end of the gorge, and has been so named since at least the Three Kingdoms Period when it was recorded in the geographical treatise Shui Jing Zhu. Xiling, which forms nearly half the length of the entire Three Gorges region, is actually a series of four different gorges: Precious Sword; Horse Lung & Ox Liver; Soundless Bell; and Shadow Play Gorges. Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam was constructed at Sāndòupíng in the middle of the Xiling Gorge. Before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam, Xiling was known for being the most dangerous of the three gorges to travel through, with frightening whirlpools and strong rapids. Since the construction of the dams, the river's depth has increased from in some areas below the dam, to well over throughout the reservoir's length. References External links Xiling Gorge — photo gallery Category:Canyons and gorges of China Category:Landforms of Hubei Category:Yangtze River Category:Yichang

97 F.Supp. 1016 (1951) In re MAINE STATE RACEWAYS Bankr. No. 23467. United States District Court, D. Maine, S. D. June 11, 1951. *1017 Adrian A. Cote, Lewiston, Me., for petitioner. Mayo S. Levenson, Wilfred A. Hay, and Forrest E. Richardson, all of Portland, Me., for respondent. CLIFFORD, District Judge. This matter comes before this Court on the petition of Robert Bosse, Ernest C. Wilkins, and Hall & Knight Hardware Company, petitioning creditors in involuntary bankruptcy, for review of two orders of the Referee in Bankruptcy, both dated March 17, 1951. The first order complained of relates to the denial by the Referee of the motion made by petitioners for a summary judgment declaring Maine State Raceways a bankrupt. The second order complained of relates to the granting by the Referee of the motion made by Maine State Raceways for a summary judgment declaring that the so-called Trust Mortgage, executed by Maine State Raceways on September 7, 1950, was not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. Maine State Raceways, a Maine corporation, will be hereinafter referred to as Raceways. Petitioners assert that they are aggrieved by certain allegedly erroneous rulings of the Referee, contained in those orders and in the opinion which accompanied those orders. Specifically, petitioners allege that the Referee erred, (1) in his ruling that there was a substantial question of material fact involved in the issue relating to petitioners' contention that they were creditors of Raceways; and, (2) in his ruling that there was a substantial question of material fact involved in the issue relating to petitioners' contention that the Trust mortgage herein referred to was made by Raceways with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors; and, (3) in his ruling that the Trust Mortgage, as a matter of law, was not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; and, (4) in his ruling setting the matter down for trial and limiting the evidence to be received in the trial to the issues set out by him. All of these questions are raised with respect to the first order complained of by petitioners, that is, the order denying petitioners' motion for summary judgment. The only point raised with respect to the second order relates to the alleged error numbered (3) above, holding that the Trust Mortgage was not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. It has been contended by Raceways, in its briefs, that Petitioners' motion for summary judgment, as presented to the Referee, was defective in that it did not precisely state the grounds on which summary judgment was sought. On review of the Referee's orders, this Court assumes that the issues on which the Referee ruled were properly before him for decision, unless the contrary plainly appears. From a reading of the Referee's opinion, it is clear that he considered the issues raised by petitioners' motion to be whether or not Raceways, as a matter of law, had committed the first and the fourth Acts of Bankruptcy.[1] That was a reasonable *1018 construction of petitioners' motion and the supporting affidavits and exhibits. In overlooking possible technical objections to the motion and addressing himself to the heart of the controversy apparently raised by the motion, the Referee acted in the liberal spirit of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 28 U.S.C.A. This Court will likewise overlook any technical defects of pleading, since it can do so without prejudice to any party to the proceeding. The order of the Referee is interlocutory, insofar as it refuses to grant summary judgment on the ground that the pleadings and affidavits present substantial questions of material fact requiring hearing on the merits. No right of petitioners has been foreclosed. After hearing, on the merits, petitioners may still prevail on those questions. If they do not prevail, they still have the right to seek review from this Court. In re Schimmel, D.C.E.D.Pa.1913, 203 F. 181; See In re Prindible, 3 Cir., 1940, 115 F.2d 21, 22. The third allegation of error relates to the ruling of the Referee that, as a matter of law, the Trust Mortgage was not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. That ruling was a final determination of that issue. As a result of that ruling, petitioners and all other creditors are foreclosed from hereafter asserting, before the Referee, that Raceways committed the fourth Act of Bankruptcy. This issue is properly before the Court for review at this time. The interpretation of the so-called Trust Mortgage has given this Court much concern. As the Referee correctly stated in his opinion, the Trust mortgage, was a transfer, of all the real property and the tangible personal property of Raceways, to Trustees for the benefit of the creditors of Raceways. It is also apparent that the Trustees were given power to liquidate the assets of Raceways, if, in their judgment, that course of action should be for the best interests of the creditors. But liquidation was not the real purpose of the conveyance. The conveyance contemplated that the Trustees might effectuate a composition of the debts, or a reorganization of the corporation. In either of those events there would be no liquidation, the property would revert to Raceways, and the Trust Mortgage would lapse. The real and primary purpose of the Trust Mortgage is clearly disclosed in the provision made therein for the continued use of its assets in the enterprise, by Raceways itself or by the Trustees. Persons extending credit to Raceways, in connection with the operation of the enterprise, were given priority over assenting unsecured creditors. Raceways was given authority to sell merchandise in the usual course of the operation of this enterprise. Clearly, therefore, the Trust Mortgage did not necessarily contemplate the liquidation of the assets conveyed, even though provision was made for the equitable distribution of the proceeds of sale among the assenting creditors, in the event that liquidation should occur. Moreover, by assenting to the Trust Mortgage, a creditor did not assure to himself any immediate dividend, or even an ultimate dividend, from the sale of assets. The assenting creditor merely agreed not to interfere with the control of the assets by the Trustees, during the continuation of efforts by Raceways to work its way out of its financial difficulties. During negotiations for this purpose, the Trust Mortgage contemplated that the operations of Raceways would continue. Liquidation would come only as a last resort, if all other efforts failed. This conclusion is supported by the letter of September 11, 1950, from the Trustees addressed to the creditors and stockholders of Raceways, which petitioners have put in the record. That letter indicates clearly that the Trust Mortgage was executed as a means of protecting the creditors while at the same time permitting Raceways to continue its operations. Petitioners correctly point out that the approval of stockholders is not a necessary element of an act of bankruptcy by a corporation. Royal Indemnity Co. v. American Bond Co., 1933, 289 U.S. 165, 53 S.Ct. 551, 77 L.Ed. 1100 (Considering application of Maine statute). Nevertheless, for what it may be worth, and as evidence of the intention of Raceways in executing *1019 the Trust Mortgage, it is to be noted that the Trust Mortgage was authorized by the stockholders of Raceways for the purpose of securing the creditors, as the record of the stockholders' meeting of July 17, 1950, demonstrates, and not for the purpose of liquidating the assets of the corporation. With these facts in mind, a sufficient reason becomes apparent for the detailed provisions in the Trust Mortgage, relating to procedure for liquidation, should that be found necessary, and for the apportionment of the proceeds of liquidation among the creditors. Those provisions were made necessary by the fact that the mortgage was given, not to secure one debt, owed to a single mortgagee, but to secure many debts, owed to a large number of creditors. In such a situation it was obviously necessary to make careful provision for an equitable settlement of the estate, in the event that the basic purposes of the Trust Mortgage could not for any reason be successfully carried out. After earnest consideration of the whole document, in the light of the very able and illuminating discussion of facts and law by counsel in their briefs, this Court is of the opinion that the Referee was correct in ruling that the Trust Mortgage was not a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. This Court adopts the discussion and conclusions of law with respect to this issue, contained in the Opinion of the Referee. Brief notice may be made of the fourth allegation of error made by petitioners, with respect to the Referee's ruling limiting the evidence to be received at the hearing on the merits. From an examination of the pleadings, it is apparent that the issues defined by the Referee are the only issues raised by the pleadings, with the sole exception of the issue relating to the legal effect of the Trust Mortgage, discussed herein. It is the function of the Referee on motion for summary judgment to limit the issues of fact to be tried on the merits. Rule 56(d), Fed.Rules Civ.Proc. There was no abuse of his authority here. Conclusion. This Court is of the opinion that the allegations of error numbered (1) and (2), above, refer to rulings of the Referee which are interlocutory; and that these alleged errors are, therefore, not properly before this Court at this time; that the Trust Mortgage did not constitute a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; and that the Referee was not in error in setting the matter for trial and limiting the evidence to be received at the hearing to the issues as set out by him. It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED, that the Petition for Review be and hereby is denied. NOTES [1] The first Act of Bankruptcy consists of having conveyed, transferred, concealed, removed or permitted to be concealed or removed any part of one's property, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud one's creditors or any of them. The fourth Act of Bankruptcy consists of having made a general assigment for the benefit of creditors. Bankruptcy Act of 1898, section 3, as amended, 11 U.S.C. A. § 21.

138 BC __NOTOC__ Year 138 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Serapio and Callaicus (or, less frequently, year 616 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Jianyuan. The denomination 138 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Asia Minor Attalus III succeeds Attalus II as Attalid king of Pergamon Egypt Galaestes revolts. Syria Antiochus VII expels Diodotus Tryphon. Tryphon sacks Beirut Parthia Phraates II becomes emperor of Parthia. China Zhang Qian begins his explorations in central Asia for Chinese emperor Han Wu Di. The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Fergana valley, led by Chang Chien, is sent. Han dynasty China intervenes in a war between the Minyue and Eastern Ou during its expansion southward. Europe Tautalus surrenders to the Romans. Valencia in Spain is founded as a Roman colony. By topic Arts and sciences Hymn to Apollo is written and inscribed on stone in Delphi; it is the earliest surviving notated music, in a substantial and legible fragment, in the western world. Births Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and statesman (d. 78 BC) Phaedrus the Epicurean, Greek scholar and philosopher Deaths Attalus II Philadelphus, king of Pergamon (b. 220 BC) Diodotus Tryphon, king of the Seleucid Empire Mithridates I, king of Parthia (b. c. 195 BC) References

When we talk about customers and their adoption of QuickBase we tend to use the analogy of "light bulbs going off". We’ve broken these light bulbs into three different "ah-ha" moments: First: When someone realizes that QuickBase can solve their current problem (e.g. "I can track my project’s status the way I want"). These folks tend to have one application that they regularly use. Second: When someone realizes that QuickBase can solve a few of their problems (e.g. "I can track my project’s status and the pipeline of potential projects coming down the pike"). These folks tend to have one person creating and managing many applications. Third: When someone has that "oh my gosh…QuickBase could help our entire organization solve its problems" thought. These folks tend to have many people creating and managing many applications. Recently we’ve done some work to try to understand how broadly QuickBase has been adopted by our customers and I’m happy to report that our rough estimate suggests that a vast majority of our customers have had the second and third light bulbs going off. While this was considered good news internally, it did make me wonder…why hasn’t everyone had the second and third light bulbs going off?… Are we not doing enough to promote different uses and to make people aware of what’s possible? Are there forces at work inside our customer organizations that are limiting the growth that we can help people with? What do you think? If you’re still at the first light bulb and are just using QuickBase to solve for one internal pain, how come? Do you consider QuickBase for other problems, but dismiss it? Do you not even consider QuickBase for other problems? If you’re at the second or third light bulb, what was it that made the second or third light bulbs go off? Was it something we did or was it something that happened internally on your team? Bottom line is that we’d love to learn from your experience what has helped / hurt your adoption of QuickBase and what we could be doing to facilitate it. So…if you’re at all inclined, please let us know which light bulb you’re at with any context about how you got there (or why you’re still there :->). Thanks for the response and we definitely realize that more case studies could help. You should see some improved content in this area in coming months. I have a follow-up question for you…what exactly do you think makes it such a hard sell in a large company…is it just that people don’t like change? Or, are there are cultural barriers or product limitations that you think get in the way. For example, you suggest that regional consultants would help, which suggests to me that one of the problems could also be that you don’t have enough time to help in building out the new applications that would help the other teams. Is that part of the problem? Thanks again for taking the time to help us understand… Peter Thanks for the response and we definitely realize that more case studies could help. You should see some improved content in this area in coming months. I have a follow-up question for you…what exactly do you think makes it such a hard sell in a large company…is it just that people don’t like change? Or, are there are cultural barriers or product limitations that you think get in the way. For example, you suggest that regional consultants would help, which suggests to me that one of the problems could also be that you don’t have enough time to help in building out the new applications that would help the other teams. Is that part of the problem? Thanks again for taking the time to help us understand… Peter As an organization, we are #2. However, the three issues that seem to limit broader acceptance are off-site hosting, lack of strong workflow capabilities, and the inability to integrate with other systems via SQL. I understand there are work-arounds to all of these issues, and, trust me, we have worked around and around. As a DBA, I spend a lot of time creating custom pages using the Java and Javascript API to do things that I wish QuickBase would let me do within its interface. An example would be the ability to create records in a task table based on criteria you set in the lead table. (e.g. If lead is marked as a hot lead, create a ‘Follow-up’ task due in 3 days). When I do write custom pages, they don’t appear within the standard interface components. It would be nice to at least have a custom page appear with the standard menu bars and other features. Or to be able to direct the regular UI to a page whenever a record is created or saved. As an organization, we are #2. However, the three issues that seem to limit broader acceptance are off-site hosting, lack of strong workflow capabilities, and the inability to integrate with other systems via SQL. I understand there are work-arounds to all of these issues, and, trust me, we have worked around and around. As a DBA, I spend a lot of time creating custom pages using the Java and Javascript API to do things that I wish QuickBase would let me do within its interface. An example would be the ability to create records in a task table based on criteria you set in the lead table. (e.g. If lead is marked as a hot lead, create a ‘Follow-up’ task due in 3 days). When I do write custom pages, they don’t appear within the standard interface components. It would be nice to at least have a custom page appear with the standard menu bars and other features. Or to be able to direct the regular UI to a page whenever a record is created or saved. We got to stage 3 pretty early as a concept, just took quite a while to build all the applications. Our company is now “Quickbased” as we use it for Quotes, PO’s, Invoices, Receivable Approvals etc. etc. etc. However, what I found is when I had my 30 day free trial, I had all kinds of support and without that support I would have dropped Quickbase as an option as it was not intuitive for me. My big mistake was signing up 15 days in because that mentor (your salesperson!) disappeared and there was then a lot of head scratching and swearing on my part as I knew what I wanted to do, I knew Quickbase could do it, but I just couldn’t get to how. I really think if you gave 60 days of phone support on new accounts, you would keep a lot more accounts and people would get to stage #2 and #3 quicker. I absolutely understand that there would be a signifcant cost to you for this, so it might not be do-able, however my instinct is that you would cover the additional up front costs by keeping more accounts and upgrading other beyond what the might initially go. All said, this is an absolutely excellent application and the value is definitely there! We got to stage 3 pretty early as a concept, just took quite a while to build all the applications. Our company is now “Quickbased” as we use it for Quotes, PO’s, Invoices, Receivable Approvals etc. etc. etc. However, what I found is when I had my 30 day free trial, I had all kinds of support and without that support I would have dropped Quickbase as an option as it was not intuitive for me. My big mistake was signing up 15 days in because that mentor (your salesperson!) disappeared and there was then a lot of head scratching and swearing on my part as I knew what I wanted to do, I knew Quickbase could do it, but I just couldn’t get to how. I really think if you gave 60 days of phone support on new accounts, you would keep a lot more accounts and people would get to stage #2 and #3 quicker. I absolutely understand that there would be a signifcant cost to you for this, so it might not be do-able, however my instinct is that you would cover the additional up front costs by keeping more accounts and upgrading other beyond what the might initially go. All said, this is an absolutely excellent application and the value is definitely there! I have long been in the lightbulb 2 camp and would love to go to lightbulb 3, but what’s holding me up is that Quickbase doesn’t include an accounting function. This is amazingly ironic given Intuit’s core strength in this area and the huge deployed based of small business customers who use Quickbooks. A combined Quickbase / Quickbooks functionality would be fantastic and is so obvious that I assume there are major obtacles (technological and/or political). But if you are ever looking for a beta tester, please call… I have long been in the lightbulb 2 camp and would love to go to lightbulb 3, but what’s holding me up is that Quickbase doesn’t include an accounting function. This is amazingly ironic given Intuit’s core strength in this area and the huge deployed based of small business customers who use Quickbooks. A combined Quickbase / Quickbooks functionality would be fantastic and is so obvious that I assume there are major obtacles (technological and/or political). But if you are ever looking for a beta tester, please call… Trains must follow the tracks. 4-wheel drives can go where they want, independent of the tracks. Sorry for the primitive analogy, but while QuickBase is superb on the tracks (Views), it runs into difficulty when a steering wheel is attached to the train. The “steering wheel” is the establishment of interactive search criteria by the user. Sometimes there are so many ways to look at data that “Views” are impractical. I see that you have implemented “ask-the-user” for drop-downs in selecting search criteria (AND search only), but other useful field types, such as checkboxes, do not exist. Checkboxes are extremely desireable in promoting ease of use, both in data entry, and in search criteria selection, especially where there exists a large number of fields. In fact, in my case, the absence of checkboxes in establishing interactive search criteria is an absolute show stopper. For me, robust interactive search capability is integral part of database use. It would help my planning to know if you are planning to persue this line of development (getting the train off the tracks), and ideally what the timeline could possibly be. Thanks for all your efforts. What you have done, you have done extremely well! Trains must follow the tracks. 4-wheel drives can go where they want, independent of the tracks. Sorry for the primitive analogy, but while QuickBase is superb on the tracks (Views), it runs into difficulty when a steering wheel is attached to the train. The “steering wheel” is the establishment of interactive search criteria by the user. Sometimes there are so many ways to look at data that “Views” are impractical. I see that you have implemented “ask-the-user” for drop-downs in selecting search criteria (AND search only), but other useful field types, such as checkboxes, do not exist. Checkboxes are extremely desireable in promoting ease of use, both in data entry, and in search criteria selection, especially where there exists a large number of fields. In fact, in my case, the absence of checkboxes in establishing interactive search criteria is an absolute show stopper. For me, robust interactive search capability is integral part of database use. It would help my planning to know if you are planning to persue this line of development (getting the train off the tracks), and ideally what the timeline could possibly be. Thanks for all your efforts. What you have done, you have done extremely well! Often at the business unit level a manager can approve an app, however it cannot be adopted for the whole organization. In the 2 and 3 bulb space, case studies of uses across your enterprise customers certainly helps. I’ve been able to introduce bulb 1 to many companies, but 2 & 3 is a tougher sell needing either the backing of a QB sales presence, or good collateral. Dennis Levy is a good example of a strong account management / sales backup resource. Often at the business unit level a manager can approve an app, however it cannot be adopted for the whole organization. In the 2 and 3 bulb space, case studies of uses across your enterprise customers certainly helps. I’ve been able to introduce bulb 1 to many companies, but 2 & 3 is a tougher sell needing either the backing of a QB sales presence, or good collateral. Dennis Levy is a good example of a strong account management / sales backup resource.

Surgical excision for challenging upper limb nerve sheath tumours: a single centre retrospective review of treatment results. To review the accuracy of different investigation modalities for upper limb nerve sheath tumours and the resulting surgical outcomes, and propose a standard algorithm to deal with such tumours to minimise complications. Retrospective review. Regional hospital, Hong Kong. All patients with upper limb nerve sheath tumours being excised in our hospital from 1999 to 2008. The accuracy rate of different investigations, as well as corresponding neurological deficits after excision and recurrence rates. A total of 23 (10 male and 13 female) patients, aged between 28 and 72 (mean, 46) years, underwent excision of 25 lesions during the study period. The mean duration of symptom was 2.5 years and tumour size ranged from 1 to 10.5 cm (mean, 2.6 cm). A majority (80%) presented with a typical triad; only one had a true neurological deficit. Twenty-two ultrasonography and 20 magnetic resonance images were obtained, with a diagnostic accuracy of 77% and 100%, respectively. Eight fine-needle aspiration cytology examinations and two core biopsies were performed, which had respective accuracy rates of 13% and 100%. Fifteen patients experienced neurological deficits after the operation; three showed spontaneous recovery. Among 12 patients with long-term residual neurological sequelae, five had both motor and sensory deficits and four had moderate-to-severe disability. No recurrence was reported. Nerve sheath tumours in the hand need to be managed with care. Among the different investigation modalities, magnetic resonance imaging was considered to be the gold standard. Yet ultrasonography is still the most easily accessible and least invasive investigation in public hospital setting. Complications are liable to ensue even if patients are managed by hand specialists. Thus, well-planned operations and detailed discussions with the patient are important prerequisites before operation.

Q: Is $\mathbb{Z_2 \times Z_2 \times Z_2\times ....}$ isomorphic to (P($\mathbb{N}$) , $\Delta$)? Is $\mathbb{Z_2 \times Z_2 \times Z_2\times ....}$ isomorphic to (P($\mathbb{N}$) , $\Delta$)? Where P($\mathbb{N}$) is power set of natural numbers and $\Delta$ is symmetric difference between two sets. A: Hint: Try to find the most natural bijection between the two sets. Think about characteristic functions, i.e. functions that are equal to $1$ if al element is in a set and $0$ otherwise. Then, check if what you found is already a homomorphism.

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Mary Williams Mary Williams may refer to: Mary Williams (professor) (1883–1977), Welsh academic of modern languages Mary Williams (caricaturist) (1869–1960), American caricaturist who used the pseudonym Kate Carew Mary Williams (The Young and the Restless), fictional television character Mary Williams, former Chief Secretary of the Isle of Man Mary Williams (Wisconsin politician) (born 1949), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Mary Alice Williams (born 1949), former television anchor Mary Burrus Williams (born 1941), co-author of historical novels under the pen name Bronwyn Williams Mary Elizabeth Williams, American writer and commentator Mary Ellen Coster Williams (born 1953), United States Court of Federal Claims judge Mary Lou Williams (1910–1981), American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger Mary Williams (activist) (born 1967), American social activist and adopted daughter of Jane Fonda Mary Wilhelmine Williams (1878–1944), historian Mary Ann Williams (1821–1874), American proponent for Memorial Day Mary Rogers Williams (1857–1907), American artist Mary Frances Williams, American politician Mary Williams, character in Another Man, Another Chance

538 U.S. 937 PAJES-LASTRAv.UNITED STATES. No. 02-8985. Supreme Court of United States. March 24, 2003. 1 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT. 2 C. A. 11th Cir. Certiorari denied.

(a) Field of the Invention The present disclosure relates to a mobile communication system for providing carrier aggregation between digital units, and a method for processing a signal in the system. (b) Description of the Related Art In general, in a communication base station, a digital signal processing unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “digital unit (DU)”) and a radio signal processing unit (hereinafter, referred to as a “radio unit (RU)”) are included in a single physical system. However, in such a system, a base station including all of processing units should be installed in a cell, thereby having a limitation in optimization of designing a cell. Thus it is difficult to improve radio capacity. In order to solve the problem, only an antenna component and an RF component processing a radio signal are remotely separated to form a radio unit (RU), and a plurality of RUs are connected to a single digital unit (DU). Recently, radio communication technologies have rapidly advanced, and communication system technologies have also rapidly evolved. Among them, a long term evolution (LTE) system has come to prominence as a 4th-generation mobile communication technology. In the LTE system, various technologies, including carrier aggregation (CA), have been introduced to meet exploding traffic demand. CA is a technique of using a primary carrier and one or a plurality of secondary carriers, rather than using only a single carrier between a terminal and a base station in a typical communication system, whereby a transmission amount may significantly increase to correspond to the number of secondary carriers. For example, CA is available between different frequencies by connecting a plurality of RUs having different center frequencies to a single DU. However, CA is possible only for RUs connected to the same DU and supporting different frequencies. That is, CA is not possible between RUs connected to different DUs and supporting different frequencies. The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Q: Pandas DataFrame Display Without Dimensions When I print a DataFrame it displays the dimensions of the object (n rows by k columns) at the bottom of the printout. So, for example: import pandas as pd df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [10,20,30,40,50], "B": [20, 30, 10, 40, 50], "C": [32, 234, 23, 23, 42523]}) print(df) will display: A B C 0 10 20 32 1 20 30 234 2 30 10 23 3 40 40 23 4 50 50 42523 [5 rows x 3 columns] Is there a way to turn off the display of that final line [5 rows x 3 columns]? A: Yes! Use pd.options.display.show_dimensions = False: Here is the original repr: In [118]: df Out[118]: A B C 0 10 20 32 1 20 30 234 2 30 10 23 3 40 40 23 4 50 50 42523 [5 rows x 3 columns] After setting show_dimensions = False: In [119]: pd.options.display.show_dimensions = False In [120]: df Out[120]: A B C 0 10 20 32 1 20 30 234 2 30 10 23 3 40 40 23 4 50 50 42523 See the pd.get_option docstring (print(pd.get_option.__doc__) for more on all the options.

Q: Retrieving the first element of a list nested in another list I have the following code: addresses = [['Jim', 543, 65], ['Jack', 4376, 23], ['Hank', 764, 43]] print addresses[0:][0] # I want this to return: ['Jim', 'Jack', 'Hank']` How would I make this print out only the names in addresses? I used this: for item in addresses: print item[0] A: One more solution with map: print(list(map(lambda x: x[0], addresses))) ['Jim', 'Jack', 'Hank'] Or you could use operator.itemgetter(0) as @Kupiakos suggested in the comment: from operator import itemgetter(0) print(list(map(itemgetter(0), addresses))) ['Jim', 'Jack', 'Hank'] Timing: In [648]: %timeit list(map(operator.itemgetter(0), addresses)) 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.16 µs per loop In [649]: %timeit list(map(lambda x: x[0], addresses)) 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.25 µs per loop

Tapirus greslebini Tapirus greslebini is an extinct species of tapir that lived in North America during the Pliocene epoch. Category:Tapirs Category:Extinct mammals of North America

Customer Service Jus Belli Law and Legal Definition Jus belli is a Latin term meaning "the law of war". The term is used to refer to the justification of war or war being morally acceptable in its undertaking. Jus belli are those actions that may be done without injustice, in regard to an enemy. It is the law of nations, as applied to a state of war, particular defining rights and duties of the belligerent powers themselves, and of neutral nations.

Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+ */ /* * (C) Copyright 2007-2008 * Stelian Pop <stelian@popies.net> * Lead Tech Design <www.leadtechdesign.com> * * Configuation settings for the AT91SAM9260EK & AT91SAM9G20EK boards. */ #ifndef __CONFIG_H #define __CONFIG_H /* * SoC must be defined first, before hardware.h is included. * In this case SoC is defined in boards.cfg. */ #include <asm/hardware.h> /* * Warning: changing CONFIG_SYS_TEXT_BASE requires * adapting the initial boot program. * Since the linker has to swallow that define, we must use a pure * hex number here! */ /* ARM asynchronous clock */ #define CONFIG_SYS_AT91_SLOW_CLOCK 32768 /* slow clock xtal */ #define CONFIG_SYS_AT91_MAIN_CLOCK 18432000 /* main clock xtal */ /* Define actual evaluation board type from used processor type */ #ifdef CONFIG_AT91SAM9G20 # define CONFIG_AT91SAM9G20EK /* It's an Atmel AT91SAM9G20 EK */ #else # define CONFIG_AT91SAM9260EK /* It's an Atmel AT91SAM9260 EK */ #endif /* Misc CPU related */ #define CONFIG_ARCH_CPU_INIT #define CONFIG_CMDLINE_TAG /* enable passing of ATAGs */ #define CONFIG_SETUP_MEMORY_TAGS #define CONFIG_INITRD_TAG #define CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT /* general purpose I/O */ #define CONFIG_ATMEL_LEGACY /* required until (g)pio is fixed */ /* * BOOTP options */ #define CONFIG_BOOTP_BOOTFILESIZE 1 /* * SDRAM: 1 bank, min 32, max 128 MB * Initialized before u-boot gets started. */ #define CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_BASE ATMEL_BASE_CS1 #define CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_SIZE 0x04000000 /* * Initial stack pointer: 4k - GENERATED_GBL_DATA_SIZE in internal SRAM, * leaving the correct space for initial global data structure above * that address while providing maximum stack area below. */ #ifdef CONFIG_AT91SAM9XE # define CONFIG_SYS_INIT_SP_ADDR \ (ATMEL_BASE_SRAM + 16 * 1024 - GENERATED_GBL_DATA_SIZE) #else # define CONFIG_SYS_INIT_SP_ADDR \ (ATMEL_BASE_SRAM1 + 16 * 1024 - GENERATED_GBL_DATA_SIZE) #endif /* * The (arm)linux board id set by generic code depending on configured board * (see boards.cfg for different boards) */ #ifdef CONFIG_AT91SAM9G20 /* the sam9g20 variants have two different board ids */ # ifdef CONFIG_AT91SAM9G20EK_2MMC /* we may be setup for the 2MMC variant of at91sam9g20ek */ # define CONFIG_MACH_TYPE MACH_TYPE_AT91SAM9G20EK_2MMC # else /* or the normal at91sam9g20ek */ # define CONFIG_MACH_TYPE MACH_TYPE_AT91SAM9G20EK # endif #else /* otherwise default to good old at91sam9260ek */ # define CONFIG_MACH_TYPE MACH_TYPE_AT91SAM9260EK #endif /* NAND flash */ #ifdef CONFIG_CMD_NAND #define CONFIG_SYS_MAX_NAND_DEVICE 1 #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_BASE ATMEL_BASE_CS3 #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_DBW_8 #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MASK_ALE (1 << 21) #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MASK_CLE (1 << 22) #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_ENABLE_PIN AT91_PIN_PC14 #define CONFIG_SYS_NAND_READY_PIN AT91_PIN_PC13 #endif /* USB */ #define CONFIG_USB_ATMEL #define CONFIG_USB_ATMEL_CLK_SEL_PLLB #define CONFIG_USB_OHCI_NEW 1 #define CONFIG_SYS_USB_OHCI_CPU_INIT 1 #define CONFIG_SYS_USB_OHCI_REGS_BASE 0x00500000 /* AT91SAM9260_UHP_BASE */ #define CONFIG_SYS_USB_OHCI_SLOT_NAME "at91sam9260" #define CONFIG_SYS_USB_OHCI_MAX_ROOT_PORTS 2 #define CONFIG_SYS_LOAD_ADDR 0x22000000 /* load address */ #define CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_START CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_BASE #define CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_END 0x23e00000 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_USE_DATAFLASH_CS0 /* bootstrap + u-boot + env + linux in dataflash on CS0 */ #define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET 0x4200 #define CONFIG_ENV_SIZE 0x4200 #define CONFIG_ENV_SECT_SIZE 0x210 #define CONFIG_ENV_SPI_MAX_HZ 15000000 #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "sf probe 0:0; " \ "sf read 0x22000000 0x84000 0x294000; " \ "bootm 0x22000000" #elif CONFIG_SYS_USE_DATAFLASH_CS1 #define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET 0x4200 #define CONFIG_ENV_SIZE 0x4200 #define CONFIG_ENV_SECT_SIZE 0x210 #define CONFIG_ENV_SPI_MAX_HZ 15000000 #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "sf probe 0:1; " \ "sf read 0x22000000 0x84000 0x294000; " \ "bootm 0x22000000" #elif defined(CONFIG_SYS_USE_NANDFLASH) /* bootstrap + u-boot + env + linux in nandflash */ #define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET 0x140000 #define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_REDUND 0x100000 #define CONFIG_ENV_SIZE 0x20000 /* 1 sector = 128 kB */ #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "nand read 0x22000000 0x200000 0x300000; bootm" #else /* CONFIG_SYS_USE_MMC */ /* bootstrap + u-boot + env + linux in mmc */ /* For FAT system, most cases it should be in the reserved sector */ #define CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET 0x2000 #define CONFIG_ENV_SIZE 0x1000 #define CONFIG_SYS_MMC_ENV_DEV 0 #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND \ "fatload mmc 0:1 0x22000000 uImage; bootm" #endif /* * Size of malloc() pool */ #define CONFIG_SYS_MALLOC_LEN ROUND(3 * CONFIG_ENV_SIZE + 128*1024, 0x1000) #endif

Menu This Guy Makes a Great Analogy Read this post Company Hiring Practices. This guy is right on the money. Fascism here we are (I’d say “here we come” but we’re here already). How long before they herd all us undesirables into “work camps?” That’s not sarcasm or a joke. It could very well be a reality where all of us who are unemployed are forced to take jobs which we are physically unable to do (manual labor for elders, etc), particularly if some of these “job creation” programs get off the ground. How long before we’re told we must give up our lives as we know them, move to some location dictated by the government and work 12-14 hour days for minimum wage (or less?) simply so our government can smile, buff its buttons and say “see? we’ve created jobs for so many!” Meanwhile corporations will continue running amok, and know what? It may not be in my life time, but what is going to happen is that corporations will continue with their “streamlining” to the point where they no longer have a population who can afford to purchase their products. They will go down. The day is coming when Mr. CEO with his conspicuous consumption will be in a labor pool right along with the rest of us. Revolution is in the air. I suggest our government regulate corporate America NOW. It’s the only way to avoid having “we the rabble” rising with our pitchforks and and marching on Washington. Most of us would do it peacefully but in every crowd there is a “rabble rouser” and the idiocracy that is our government still refuses to take the blinders off. Well, blindsiding is one way to get someone’s attention, huh?

[Advantages of the bag-in-the-lens intraocular lens in pediatric cataract surgery]. Evaluate the advantages of the bag-in-the-lens intraocular lens in children undergoing cataract surgery. This prospective study included 54 eyes of 37 children and babies (age, 2 months to 14 years), consecutively operated on between December 1999 and January 2008 for unilateral or bilateral cataract using the "bag-in-the-lens" intraocular lens. Slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and refraction were followed to the best possible degree over time. The mean age of the 37 children at the last consultation visit was 8.3+/-4.9 years. The mean visual acuity improved from 0.2+/-0.1 to 0.8+/-0.3. On the other hand, visual acuity improvement in children presenting hyperplastic persistence of the vitreous was less favorable with a postoperative average visual acuity of 0.14+/-0.18. The mean postoperative refraction in 13 children (26 eyes) operated on for bilateral cataract was 0.5+/-1.5 D for eyes showing axial lengths with substantial variation. The refraction was stable over time in children over 2 years of age. Once the implant was positioned correctly, the remaining epithelial cells of the lens did not migrate toward the visual axis, which was the case in 93.8% of all eyes and in 100% of children over 1 year of age. The "bag-in-the-lens" implant is particularly indicated in children in whom posterior rhexis and optic capture have been recommended since 1994. The implantation minimizes the use of anterior vitrectomy in pediatric cataract surgery, limiting it to those eyes presenting a proliferative hyperplastic vitreous.

A double-blind, vehicle-controlled paired comparison of halobetasol propionate cream on patients with plaque psoriasis. The efficacy and safety of halobetasol propionate 0.05% cream, an ultra high-potency corticosteroid preparation, was evaluated in a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, paired comparison study. Patients' psoriatic lesions were evaluated before treatment and after 1 and 2 weeks of twice-daily treatment with halobetasol propionate and vehicle. Response measures (plaque elevation, erythema, scaling, and pruritus) were evaluated with a 4-point severity scale whereby the sum provided a total score. Patient self-assessment measures were obtained at the 2-week visit by categorizing his or her global responses to queries about each treatment's "effectiveness" and "overall rating." All efficacy parameters, as judged by the physician, showed statistically significant (p = 0.0001) treatment differences favoring halobetasol propionate at both week 1 and week 2 evaluations. Patient global responses for "effectiveness" and "overall rating" favored halobetasol propionate 0.05% cream over vehicle after 2 weeks of use. No systemic adverse drug effects were reported during the study. No patient was discontinued from the study because of an adverse event, and there was no evidence of skin atrophy after 2 weeks of treatment with either agent. Patient reports of "stings" or "burns" were equally distributed between the active and vehicle treatment groups. This trial demonstrates that halobetasol propionate 0.05% cream is clinically beneficial and without evidence of significant risk in the treatment of plaque psoriasis.

Before Header July 22 – Drafting an 1860s Waistcoat Now that the linen frock coat is pretty much done, it’s time to begin a new project – drafting and constructing a shawl collar waistcoat, one of the most common styles of the 1860s. This will be open to all members to help get you started with tailoring, and is a relatively easy project compared…

List of Football Superleague of Kosovo broadcasters This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the IPKO SuperLiga, Kosovon football's top level competition. International broadcasters Europe (UEFA) Kosovo

Submit An Event Departments & Services Landmark Garbage Collection GARBAGE COLLECTION 2018 Local Urban District of Landmark The Rural Municipality of Taché wishes to advise you that the LUD of Landmark’s Solid Waste Removal Contractor for 2018 continues to be Pak-Man Disposals. Garbage pick-up day is every Friday for Commercial and Residential. Pak-Man Disposals provides for the collection of household garbage ONLY. All refuse or garbage should be in solid-colored bags, such as green or black. Any loose garbage in garbage cans will not be picked up. Please do NOT use clear plastic or clear blue bags for garbage. Clear bags and clear blue bags should only be used for the recycling program. Any garbage in clear plastic bags or clear blue bags will not be picked up. Garbage pickup will commence at 7:00 a.m. and terminate on the same day barring any difficulties, breakdowns or inclement weather conditions. All garbage or refuse must be placed by the roadside or curb by 7:00 a.m. on the pickup day. Garbage pickup is for the LUD of Landmark ONLY. If anyone notices that garbage is being brought in from outside of the LUD, please report it to the R.M. of taché Office at 204-878-3321 immediately. Items such as Christmas Trees, Ashes, Oils, Used Furniture, Building Materials and Heavy Metal Articles such as Car Parts, Bicycle Frames, Barbeques WILL NOT BE PICKED UP by the garbage truck. Any Renovation Materials or Landscaping material must be disposed of by the contractor or owner. You may dispose of the above-mentioned articles (ones not accepted by the garbage truck) at the Lorette Solid Waste Management Facility. Anyone having used oil in their garbage bags that leaks onto the road will be responsible to pay for any fines or cleanup costs charged by Environment Canada or a cleanup crew. Used oil can be disposed of at the Lorette Solid Waste Management Facility Site. PLEASE NOTE: Paint is no longer picked up by the garbage truck or accepted at the Solid Waste Management Facility. Disposal of used paint may be taken to: Miller Environment Corp. at 1803 Hecla Avenue in Winnipeg, MB Phone# 204-925-9600.

Q: Zen theme: understanding the zen grids design in _responsive.scss? Below is some of the code from _responsive.scss from the latest release of the Zen theme. It controls the layout of the page. Does anyone know what I have marked 'FROM HERE' to 'TO HERE' is for? I was following the Zen grids method fine until I came across this section of Sass. It doesn't appear in the five column layout, just the three column layout. Thanks /** * The layout when there are two sidebars. */ .two-sidebars { /* Span 2 columns, starting in 2nd column from left. */ #content { @include zen-grid-item(2, 2); } /* Span 1 column, starting in 1st column from left. */ .region-sidebar-first { @include zen-grid-item(1, 1); } /* Start a new row and span all 3 columns. */ .region-sidebar-second { @include zen-grid-item(3, 1); --- FROM HERE --- @include zen-nested-container(); // Since we're making every block in this region be a grid item. @include zen-clear(); /* Apply the shared properties of grid items in a single, efficient ruleset. */ .block { @include zen-grid-item-base(); } /* Span 1 column, starting in the 1st column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n+1) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 1); @include zen-clear(); } /* Span 1 column, starting in the 2nd column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n+2) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 2); } /* Span 1 column, starting in the 3rd column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 3); } --- TO HERE --- } } A: *Note that this is also inside the .region-sidebar-second container Also of note, is that zen-grids actually has nothing to do with Drupal apart from being created by John Albin. The documentation can be found here. Quick and dirty explanation: --FROM HERE-- @include zen-nested-container(); // Since we're making every block in this region be a grid item. Ensures that the element (in this case, .region-sidebar-second) does not have any guttering (margins outside of the declared columns). @include zen-clear(); This means that the sidebar region will have a clearfix applied /* Apply the shared properties of grid items in a single, efficient ruleset. */ .block { @include zen-grid-item-base(); } This applies a set of base styles to all blocks that will be in the sidebar. Things such as gutter width and box sizing. It takes something of an OOCSS approach in that it encourages DRY CSS (i.e. you don't need to apply the same CS to each block individually). /* Span 1 column, starting in the 1st column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n+1) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 1); @include zen-clear(); } For 1st block in a group of three (3n+1), make the block 1 column wide, and place it in the first "column". Then assign a clearfix. I tend to read @include zen-clear() as new line. /* Span 1 column, starting in the 2nd column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n+2) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 2); } For 2nd block in a group of three (3n+1), make the block 1 column wide, and put it in the second "column" /* Span 1 column, starting in the 3rd column from left. */ .block:nth-child(3n) { @include zen-grid-item(1, 3); } For every third block, make it 1 grid item wide, and put it in the 3rd "column" --- TO HERE --- Useful links: Note: As of August 13th 2013 these all work fine, but they might go over the next few years. If they do go and you notice, please be a darling and remove/update them from this answer ;-) CSS Tricks nth-child tester Zen grids documentation Nicole Sullivan's OOCSS code standards (trust me, if you're using SASS then you're going to want to read this). Harry Robert's fantastic CSS guidelines. The obligatory link to CSSWizardy that I attach to almost every SASS/CSS question I answer.