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Is it more accurate to measure the absolute or the relative change of new high or ultrasensitive troponin assays to diagnose acute myocardial infarction? In emergency department patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, is the absolute or relative change of cardiac troponin assays (either high sensitivity or ultrasenstive) more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction at 1 to 2 hours postpresentation? Rechlin T, Ifran A, Twerenbold R, et al. Utility of absolute and relative changes in cardiac troponin concentrations in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2011;124:136-45. To evaluate the accuracy of new troponin assays in diagnosing acute myocardial events.

Computer systems are constantly improving in terms of speed, reliability, and processing capability. As is known in the art, computer systems which process and store large amounts of data typically include a one or more processors in communication with a shared data storage system in which the data is stored. The data storage system may include one or more storage devices, usually of a fairly robust nature and useful for storage spanning various temporal requirements, e.g. disk drives. The one or more processors perform their respective operations using the storage system. Mass storage systems particularly those of the disk array type have centralized data as a hub of operations all driving down costs. But performance demands placed on such mass storage have increased and continue to do so. Design objective for mass storage systems include cost, performance, and availability. Objectives typically include are a low cost per megabyte, a high I/O performance, and high data availability. Availability is measured by the ability to access data. Often such data availability is provided by use of redundancy such as well-known mirroring techniques. One problem encountered in the implementation of disk array data storage systems concerns optimizing the storage capacity while maintaining the desired availability and reliability of the data through redundancy. It is important to allocate as closely as possible the right amount of storage capacity without going over or under significantly because of cost and necessity but this is a complex task. It has required a great deal of skill and knowledge about computers, software applications such as databases, and the very specialized field of data storage. Such requisite abilities have long been expensive and difficult to access. There remains and probably will be an increasing demand for and corresponding scarcity of such skilled people. Determining the size and number of disk array or other data storage system needed by a customer requires information about both space, traffic and a desired quality of service. It is not sufficient to size a solution simply based on the perceived quantity of capacity desired, such as the number of terabytes believed to be adequate. There is a long-felt need for a computer-based tool that would allow a straight-forward non-complex way to allocate proper storage capacity while balancing cost, growth plans, workload, and performance requirements. This would be advancement in the computer arts with particular relevance in the field of data storage. Another problem that exists is the need for a automated tool that is capable of building a highly granulated sketch or profile of IO workload data collected from work on a storage system. Although workload data may be collected by prior art systems such as the ECC Workload Analyzer available from EMC Corporation of Hopkinton, the ability to particularly identify information related to variables of interest is not available on automated systems in the art. It would be an advantage if such highly resolved profile information could be either used separately or combined with the computer based tool for allocating capacity as described above. For example, given a data storage environment wherein several hundred storage devices, e.g. hard disk drives operate in conjunction with a storage array such as the EMC Symmetrix or EMC Clariion the IO workload generated is highly complex and difficult to analyze. It would be advantageous if it could be sorted into individual applications but since the workload is distributed across many disks no tool in the prior art is capable of making such a determination. Nevertheless, it would clearly be an advancement in the computer arts, and particularly the storage arts, if a tool was capable of identifying how many business applications are active and which devices are considered to be members of these applications. By identifying these sets of devices we are able to then save signatory profiles that can later be used for graphically and visually modeling various scenarios when considering alternative configurations, such as alternative Storage Area Network (SAN) configurations. Further if the tool could do these on a relatively automated basis, such that a high-degree of computer expertise was not needed to use such a tool this would also be a significant advancement in the computer arts.

--- abstract: 'As part of the European Supernova Collaboration we obtained extensive photometry and spectroscopy of the type Ia SN 2002dj covering epochs from 11 days before to nearly two years after maximum. Detailed optical and near-infrared observations show that this object belongs to the class of the high-velocity gradient events as indicated by Si, S and Ca lines. The light curve shape and velocity evolution of SN 2002dj appear to be nearly identical to SN 2002bo. The only significant difference is observed in the optical to near-IR colours and a reduced spectral emission beyond 6500 Å. For high-velocity gradient Type Ia supernovae, we tentatively identify a faster rise to maximum, a more pronounced inflection in the V and R light curves after maximum and a brighter, slower declining late-time B light curve as common photometric properties of this class of objects. They also seem to be characterized by a different colour and colour evolution with respect to “normal” SNe Ia. The usual light curve shape parameters do not distinguish these events. Stronger, more blueshifted absorption features of intermediate-mass elements and lower temperatures are the most prominent spectroscopic features of Type Ia supernovae displaying high velocity gradients. It appears that these events burn more intermediate-mass elements in the outer layers. Possible connections to the metallicity of the progenitor star are explored.' author: - | G. Pignata,$^{1,2}$[^1] S. Benetti,$^3$ P. A. Mazzali,$^{4,5}$ R. Kotak,$^{6}$ F. Patat,$^7$ P. Meikle,$^{8}$ M. Stehle,$^4$ B. Leibundgut,$^{7}$ N. B. Suntzeff,$^{9}$ L. M. Buson,$^3$ E. Cappellaro,$^3$ A. Clocchiatti,$^{2}$ M. Hamuy,$^{1}$ J. Maza,$^{1}$ J. Mendez,$^{10}$ P. Ruiz-Lapuente,$^{10}$ M. Salvo,$^{11}$ B. P. Schmidt,$^{11}$ M. Turatto$^{3}$ and W. Hillebrandt$^{4}$\ $^1$ Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile\ $^2$ Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile\ $^3$ INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy\ $^4$ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany\ $^5$ Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy\ $^6$ Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom\ $^7$ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany\ $^8$ Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom\ $^9$ Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4242\ $^{10}$ Department of Astronomy, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain\ $^{11}$ Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, ACT 2611, Australia\ date: 'Accepted ...... Received .......; in original form .......' title: 'Optical and IR observations of SN 2002dj: some possible common properties of fast expanding SNe Ia ' --- \[firstpage\] supernovae: general - supernovae: individual: SN 2002dj Introduction ============ In the last decade type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) have been extensively used for cosmology yielding evidence that we live in an accelerating Universe (Riess et al. 1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999). Ongoing surveys such as ESSENCE [@Miknaitis07; @Wood-Vasey07] and SNLS [@Astier06] use the relation between the shape of the light curve and its peak luminosity [@Phillips93; @Phillips99; @Hamuy96; @Riess96; @Goldhaber01; @Guy05; @Prieto06] to constrain the equation-of-state parameter for dark energy. An important caveat is that those relations assume that SNe Ia are a one parameter family. However, in recent years there has been growing evidence for the observational diversity among SN Ia and this is of prime interest in their application as distance indicators. Subtle but unequivocal differences between events with large wavelength coverage and dense temporal sampling are evident in light curve shapes, colour evolutions, luminosities, evolution of spectral lines and expansion velocities derived from the line shifts. The search for accurate correlations between photometric and spectroscopic properties could improve the luminosity calibration and help to shed light on the explosion mechanisms and progenitor system. Recently, @Benetti05 have identified three classes of SNe Ia based on their spectroscopic features. A similar classification is also reported in @Branch06. Interestingly, two of these classes are nearly indistinguishable in some of their photometric parameters (e.g. $\Delta m_{15}$, Phillips et al. 1993); yet they show clear spectroscopic differences. High velocity gradient (HVG) SNe are characterized by a fast decrease in their expansion velocity over time as measured from the minimum of the Si II (6355 Å) absorption line. On the other hand in the low velocity gradient (LVG) SNe group, which represents the majority of SN Ia, the evolution of the Si II (6355 Å) velocity is smooth, the ejecta expansion is slower than in HVG SNe. These spectroscopic differences may or may not affect the relations used to calibrate the luminosities of SNe Ia. Subtle differences in colour may exist among the different classes and lead to significant bias in reddening estimates. The existence of spectroscopic families suggests possible differences in the progenitor channels and/or explosion mechanisms. @Branch93 for example reported that SNe characterized by high expansion velocities, tend to explode in late type galaxies, pointing to progenitors arising from a young population. In this paper we present the observations of the HVG SN 2002dj carried out by the European Supernova Collaboration (ESC). SN 2002dj ($\alpha = 13^h 13^m 00^s.34$, $\delta = -19^\circ 31' 08''.7$, J2000) was discovered in NGC 5018 on June 12.2 UT [IAUC 7918, @Hutchings02] and classified by ESC members as a Type Ia event on June 14.15 UT [IAUC 7919, @Riello02]. The layout of the manuscript is as follows. Observations and data reduction are presented in Sect. 2. We describe the reddening estimate in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4 we analyze the SN 2002dj optical and IR photometry comparing its properties with those of its kinematical twin, SN 2002bo. We also investigate whether they are representative of the HVG SNe group. Sect. 5 contains the determination of the SN 2002dj absolute luminosity and a characterization of the properties of its host galaxy. The optical and IR spectroscopy is analyzed in Sect. 6 and Sect. 7, respectively. The expansion velocities are discussed in Sect. 8 and models of the early and late spectra in Sect 9. We conclude in Sect. 10 by examining possible physical conditions in the HGV SNe ejecta that could explain part of their spectroscopic and photometric behavior. Observations and Data Reduction =============================== Instrument settings ------------------- SN 2002dj was observed with seven different instruments in the optical and two facilities in the near infrared. Below we list the instruments and their main characteristics: - 0.9m telescope located at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) equipped with a CCD camera (2048$\times$2048, pixel size = 0.40 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and UBVRI Johnsons, Kron-Cousin standard filters. - 1.0m telescope located at CTIO equipped with A Novel Double-Imaging CAMera (ANDICAM; Hawaii HgCdTe 1024$\times$1024, pixel size = 0.137 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and JHKs standard filters. - European Southern Observatory (ESO) New Technology Telescope (NTT) located at La Silla Observatory and equipped with the ESO Multi Mode Instrument (EMMI) in RILD mode (2$\times$MIT/LL CCD 2048$\times$4096, pixel size = 0.167 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and BVRI standard filters with ESO identification numbers 605, 606, 608 and 610, respectively. - ESO-NTT equipped with the Son of ISAAC camera (SofI; Hawaii HgCdTe 1024$\times$1024, pixel size = 0.29 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and JHKs standard filters. - Danish 1.54m telescope located at La Silla Observatory equipped with the Danish Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (DFOSC; MAT/EEV CCD 44-82 2048$\times$2048, pixel size = 0.39 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and UBVRI standard filters with ESO identification numbers 632, 450, 451, 452 and 425, respectively. - ESO-Kueyen Very Large Telescope (VLT) located at Paranal Observatory equipped with the FOcal Reducer and low dispersion Spectrograph (FORS1; 2$\times$E2V 2048$\times$4096 pixel size = 0.2 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and BVRI standard filters with ESO identification numbers +34, +35, +36 and +37, respectively. - Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) located at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory equipped with the Andalucía Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC; E2V 2048$\times$2048, pixel size = 0.19 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and UBVR standard filters with NOT identification numbers 7, 74, 75 and 76, respectively, and an interference i filter with number 12. - Isaac Newton Group (ING) Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope (JKT) located at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory equipped with a CCD camera (SITe2 2048$\times$2048, pixel size = 0.33 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and UBVRI standard filters with ING identification numbers 3, 27, 30, 37 and 44, respectively. - ING-Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) located at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory equipped with the Wide Field Camera (WFC; 4 thinned EEV 2048$\times$4096, pixel size = 0.33 arcsec pixel$^{-1}$) and UBVRi(sloan) standard filters with ING identification numbers 204, 191, 192, 193 and 215, respectively. Optical and infrared photometry ------------------------------- id U B V R I ---- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 1 $-$ 17.91 $\pm$ 0.02 17.09 $\pm$ 0.03 16.61 $\pm$ 0.03 16.18 $\pm$ 0.04 2 15.79 $\pm$ 0.04 15.08 $\pm$ 0.01 14.09 $\pm$ 0.02 13.53 $\pm$ 0.02 13.02 $\pm$ 0.01 3 $-$ 18.11 $\pm$ 0.02 17.33 $\pm$ 0.04 16.88 $\pm$ 0.03 16.43 $\pm$ 0.02 4 $-$ 18.15 $\pm$ 0.04 17.51 $\pm$ 0.03 17.13 $\pm$ 0.01 16.76 $\pm$ 0.06 5 16.44 $\pm$ 0.05 16.45 $\pm$ 0.02 15.84 $\pm$ 0.01 15.48 $\pm$ 0.01 15.11 $\pm$ 0.01 6 $-$ 18.59 $\pm$ 0.02 17.52 $\pm$ 0.05 16.90 $\pm$ 0.01 16.31 $\pm$ 0.01 7 15.05 $\pm$ 0.03 15.08 $\pm$ 0.01 14.62 $\pm$ 0.02 14.33 $\pm$ 0.01 14.04 $\pm$ 0.03 8 18.01 $\pm$ 0.08 17.60 $\pm$ 0.01 16.57 $\pm$ 0.01 15.96 $\pm$ 0.02 15.38 $\pm$ 0.01 9 $-$ 19.25 $\pm$ 0.06 18.68 $\pm$ 0.04 18.32 $\pm$ 0.05 17.85 $\pm$ 0.08 10 17.31 $\pm$ 0.07 17.28 $\pm$ 0.03 16.62 $\pm$ 0.01 16.22 $\pm$ 0.04 15.85 $\pm$ 0.03 11 16.87 $\pm$ 0.06 16.76 $\pm$ 0.03 15.98 $\pm$ 0.03 15.50 $\pm$ 0.02 15.03 $\pm$ 0.01 \[tab2.1\] UT date M.J.D. Phase$^a$ U B V R I Instr. ---------------- --------- ----------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ----------- 13/06/2002$^p$ 52439.1 -10.9 16.07 $\pm$ 0.04 16.06 $\pm$ 0.02 15.85 $\pm$ 0.02 15.66 $\pm$ 0.02 15.90 $\pm$ 0.03 CTIO 0.9m 14/06/2002  52439.9 -10.1 $-$ 15.64 $\pm$ 0.02 15.49 $\pm$ 0.02 15.27 $\pm$ 0.02 15.46 $\pm$ 0.02 EMMI 27/06/2002$^p$ 52452.9 2.9 14.30 $\pm$ 0.03 14.36 $\pm$ 0.02 14.14 $\pm$ 0.02 14.10 $\pm$ 0.02 14.46 $\pm$ 0.02 WFC 28/06/2002  52453.9 3.9 $-$ 14.41 $\pm$ 0.02 14.16 $\pm$ 0.02 14.12 $\pm$ 0.02 14.48 $\pm$ 0.02 JKT 29/06/2002  52455.0 5.0 14.41 $\pm$ 0.04 14.46 $\pm$ 0.02 14.20 $\pm$ 0.02 14.15 $\pm$ 0.03 14.51 $\pm$ 0.03 JKT 30/06/2002  52456.0 6.0 $-$ $-$ $-$ 14.24 $\pm$ 0.02 $-$ JKT 02/07/2002  52458.0 8.0 $-$ 14.66 $\pm$ 0.09 14.31 $\pm$ 0.02 14.31 $\pm$ 0.02 14.61 $\pm$ 0.02 JKT 03/07/2002  52458.1 8.1 14.86 $\pm$ 0.04 14.67 $\pm$ 0.02 14.27 $\pm$ 0.02 14.30 $\pm$ 0.02 14.66 $\pm$ 0.05 DFOSC 04/07/2002  52460.0 10.0 15.02 $\pm$ 0.04 14.81 $\pm$ 0.02 14.36 $\pm$ 0.02 14.46 $\pm$ 0.02 14.85 $\pm$ 0.05 DFOSC 07/07/2002$^p$ 52463.0 13.0 15.42 $\pm$ 0.04 15.13 $\pm$ 0.02 14.56 $\pm$ 0.02 14.61 $\pm$ 0.03 14.94 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 09/07/2002  52465.0 15.0 15.75 $\pm$ 0.04 15.39 $\pm$ 0.02 14.73 $\pm$ 0.02 14.71 $\pm$ 0.02 14.97 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 11/07/2002  52467.0 17.0 16.06 $\pm$ 0.04 15.61 $\pm$ 0.02 14.85 $\pm$ 0.02 14.76 $\pm$ 0.02 14.95 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 17/07/2002$^p$ 52473.0 23.0 $-$ $-$ 15.12 $\pm$ 0.02 14.86 $\pm$ 0.02 14.81 $\pm$ 0.02 CTIO 0.9m 16/07/2002  52473.1 23.1 16.75 $\pm$ 0.04 16.29 $\pm$ 0.02 15.13 $\pm$ 0.02 14.83 $\pm$ 0.02 14.89 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 19/07/2002  52476.0 26.0 16.99 $\pm$ 0.04 16.54 $\pm$ 0.02 15.40 $\pm$ 0.02 15.05 $\pm$ 0.02 14.85 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 24/07/2002  52479.9 29.9 $-$ 16.89 $\pm$ 0.02 15.58 $\pm$ 0.02 15.14 $\pm$ 0.02 14.83 $\pm$ 0.02 ALFOSC 25/07/2002  52481.0 31.0 17.44 $\pm$ 0.05 16.91 $\pm$ 0.02 15.59 $\pm$ 0.02 15.18 $\pm$ 0.02 14.88 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 29/07/2002  52484.9 34.9 17.59 $\pm$ 0.15 $-$ $-$ $-$ $-$ ALFOSC 08/08/2002$^p$ 52495.0 45.0 $-$ 17.41 $\pm$ 0.04 16.25 $\pm$ 0.02 15.95 $\pm$ 0.03 15.77 $\pm$ 0.06 CTIO 0.9m 31/08/2002  52518.0 68.0 18.43 $\pm$ 0.09 $-$ 16.83 $\pm$ 0.02 $-$ $-$ DFOSC 02/09/2002  52520.0 70.0 $-$ $-$ 16.87 $\pm$ 0.02 $-$ $-$ DFOSC 06/09/2002  52524.0 74.0 $-$ 17.75 $\pm$ 0.19 $-$ 17.06 $\pm$ 0.06 17.01 $\pm$ 0.48 DFOSC 25/03/2003$^p$ 52724.3 274.3 $-$ 21.00 $\pm$ 0.04 20.71 $\pm$ 0.03 21.39 $\pm$ 0.06 20.78 $\pm$ 0.09 FORS1 22/05/2004$^p$ 53147.2 697.2 $-$ $>$24.7$^b$ $>$23.4$^b$ $-$ $-$ FORS1 \ $^a$ Counted since the time of the $B$ maximum brightness M.J.D.=52450 $\pm$ 0.7\ $^b$ Upper limit\ $^p$ Photometric night\ \[tab2.2\] id J H Ks ------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ 2 12.23 $\pm$ 0.03 11.75 $\pm$ 0.03 11.63 $\pm$ 0.03 2 IR 14.80 $\pm$ 0.03 14.18 $\pm$ 0.03 13.95 $\pm$ 0.04 7 13.63 $\pm$ 0.04 13.42 $\pm$ 0.04 13.38 $\pm$ 0.04 11 14.32 $\pm$ 0.04 13.89 $\pm$ 0.04 13.76 $\pm$ 0.04 : Magnitudes for the local IR photometric sequence in the field of SN 2002dj (Fig. \[fig2.1\] right panel). The data were obtained during three photometric nights with SofI. \[tab2.3\] For the optical photometric observations basic data reduction (bias and flat-field correction) was performed using standard routines in IRAF[^2]. In Table 1 are reported the magnitudes of the local photometric sequence identified in Fig. \[fig2.1\], that were calibrated against Landolt standard stars [@Landolt92] in the seven photometric nights marked in Table 2. SN photometry was performed using the PSF fitting technique. Only in the $B$ and $V$ FORS1 images obtained on March 25, 2003, was it possible to remove the galaxy. For the other instruments the lack of a suitable image without the SN has prevented us from using the template subtraction technique. We note that the FORS1 $B$ and $V$ band frames on which the SN is still relatively bright yield magnitudes in agreement to the ones derived from the template subtracted images. This gives us confidence that the PSF photometry performed around maximum, when the SN signal-to-noise ratio is high, was not significantly contaminated by the host galaxy background. The near-IR data reductions were also performed using standard IRAF routines. Dark and flat-field corrections were applied to the scientific frames. For each night a sky background image was created by taking the median of the dithered science frames. For the ANDICAM images this approach lead to an imperfect removal of the galaxy light. Nevertheless, the good agreement between the SofI and ANDICAM photometry gives us confidence that the small galaxy residuals did not significantly bias the ANDICAM magnitudes. The sky background image was then subtracted from each single frame. For SofI, an illumination correction was also applied to all images. Four stars close to the SN position were calibrated in the $JHKs$ bands using standard stars from @Persson98 during three photometric nights marked in Table \[tab2.4\]. The resulting magnitudes are listed in Table \[tab2.3\]. They agree well with those reported in the 2MASS catalog with $J_{seq}-J_{2MASS}$=0.01 $\pm$ 0.01, $H_{seq}-H_{2MASS}$=0.00 $\pm$ 0.01 and $Ks_{seq}-Ks_{2MASS}=0.01 \pm 0.01$. The final SN calibration in all bands was performed using the S-correction technique (see Appendix for details). Thanks to the very good spectroscopic coverage we could compute the S-terms using only the spectra of SN 2002dj for the $B$, $V$, $R$, $I$ bands, while for the $U$, $J$, $H$, $Ks$, the SN 2002dj spectra were complemented with those of SN 2005cf [@Garavini07] and SN 2002bo [@Benetti04]. UT date M.J.D. Phase$^a$ J H Ks Instr. ---------------- --------- ----------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ --------- 13/06/2002  52439.0 -11.0 15.63 $\pm$ 0.06 15.64 $\pm$ 0.09 15.65 $\pm$ 0.13 ANDICAM 14/06/2002  52440.0 -10.0 15.27 $\pm$ 0.04 15.31 $\pm$ 0.06 15.25 $\pm$ 0.09 ANDICAM 15/06/2002  52441.1 -8.9 14.97 $\pm$ 0.03 15.13 $\pm$ 0.03 15.11 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 19/06/2002$^p$ 52444.1 -5.9 14.63 $\pm$ 0.04 14.84 $\pm$ 0.03 14.71 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 20/06/2002  52446.0 -4.0 14.58 $\pm$ 0.11 14.80 $\pm$ 0.07 14.66 $\pm$ 0.08 ANDICAM 24/06/2002  52450.0 -0.0 14.60 $\pm$ 0.03 14.84 $\pm$ 0.06 14.52 $\pm$ 0.10 ANDICAM 24/06/2002$^p$ 52450.0 -0.0 14.62 $\pm$ 0.03 14.83 $\pm$ 0.03 14.54 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 27/06/2002  52453.1 3.1 14.86 $\pm$ 0.05 14.90 $\pm$ 0.04 14.68 $\pm$ 0.09 ANDICAM 30/06/2002  52456.0 6.0 15.30 $\pm$ 0.13 15.09 $\pm$ 0.10 14.88 $\pm$ 0.20 ANDICAM 08/07/2002  52464.0 14.0 16.30 $\pm$ 0.09 15.05 $\pm$ 0.05 15.04 $\pm$ 0.09 ANDICAM 11/07/2002  52467.0 17.0 16.26 $\pm$ 0.05 14.97 $\pm$ 0.03 14.90 $\pm$ 0.06 ANDICAM 11/07/2002$^p$ 52467.0 17.0 16.20 $\pm$ 0.03 14.95 $\pm$ 0.03 14.83 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 14/07/2002  52470.0 20.0 16.08 $\pm$ 0.13 14.81 $\pm$ 0.05 14.75 $\pm$ 0.08 ANDICAM 17/07/2002  52473.0 23.0 15.86 $\pm$ 0.04 14.75 $\pm$ 0.03 14.65 $\pm$ 0.05 ANDICAM 25/07/2002  52481.0 31.0 15.57 $\pm$ 0.07 14.79 $\pm$ 0.05 14.81 $\pm$ 0.09 ANDICAM 28/07/2002  52484.0 34.0 15.63 $\pm$ 0.05 15.06 $\pm$ 0.04 15.12 $\pm$ 0.07 ANDICAM 31/07/2002  52487.0 37.0 15.89 $\pm$ 0.03 15.23 $\pm$ 0.07 15.43 $\pm$ 0.29 ANDICAM 07/08/2002  52494.0 44.0 16.58 $\pm$ 0.14 15.61 $\pm$ 0.09 15.65 $\pm$ 0.35 ANDICAM 10/08/2002  52497.0 47.0 16.68 $\pm$ 0.10 15.73 $\pm$ 0.06 15.93 $\pm$ 0.16 ANDICAM 13/08/2002  52500.0 50.0 16.89 $\pm$ 0.12 15.85 $\pm$ 0.06 16.04 $\pm$ 0.15 ANDICAM 30/08/2002  52517.0 67.0 18.20 $\pm$ 0.38 16.66 $\pm$ 0.03 16.84 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi $^a$ Counted since the time of the $B$ maximum brightness M.J.D.=52450 $\pm$ 0.7\ $^p$ Photometric night\ Optical and infrared spectroscopy --------------------------------- Optical spectra were reduced using the [*ctioslit*]{} package in IRAF. Optimal extraction was usually obtained by weighting the signal according to the intensity profile along the slit. Sky subtraction was carried out by fitting a low order polynomial on either side of the SN spectrum and the wavelength solution was determined from arc spectra. The wavelength calibration was checked against bright night-sky emission lines. Flux calibration was performed by means of spectrophotometric standard stars [@Hamuy92; @Hamuy94] and checked against the photometry. When discrepancies occurred, the flux of the spectrum was scaled to match the photometry. In nights with good observing conditions the agreement with the photometry was found to be within 10%. The near-IR spectra were reduced using standard procedures in the FIGARO 4 environment [@Shortridge95]. Wavelength calibration was carried out using Xe arc spectra and the accuracy of the solution was checked using OH sky lines. The flux calibration was secured with respect to near-IR solar-analog standard stars observed close in time and airmass to the SN to minimize variations in the atmospheric absorptions [@Maiolino96]. The SN spectrum was divided by the standard stars spectrum to remove the strong telluric IR features. The resulting spectrum was then multiplied by the solar spectrum to eliminate the intrinsic features introduced by the solar-type star. Like in the optical, the flux calibration was checked against the photometry and, if necessary, scaled to match the latter. Interstellar extinction ======================= Presence of dust in NGC 5018 has been claimed in several studies. The map produced by @Fort86 shows a dust lane embedded in the galaxy. Subsequently, @Carollo94 and @Goudfrooij94a detected patchy dust in the galaxy core. None of those maps shows evidence of dust at the location of SN 2002dj. Our deep images taken with the VLT add details to the @Carollo94 colour maps, but again do not show the presence of dust at, or close to, the SN position. SN spectra can be used to measure the equivalent width ($EW$) of the Na I D lines as a proxy to quantify absorption. The Galactic colour excess we obtain using one of the two linear relations reported in @Turatto03 ($E(B-V)=0.16 \times EW$ yielding $E(B-V)_{Galactic}=0.11 \pm 0.03$ from $EW=0.72 \pm 0.19$ Å) is in very good agreement with that reported by @Schlegel98 ($E(B-V)_{Galactic}=0.096$) for the SN 2002dj line of sight. No absorption line of interstellar Na I D has been detected from the host galaxy. Since SN 2002dj was observed both in the optical and in the near IR, we can apply several methods to estimate its extinction from the observed colour. The results are reported in Table \[tab3.4\]. We note that all methods involving $B-V$ point to an $E(B-V)$ greater than that due to Milky Way absorption alone, indicating a small but not negligible dust extinction towards SN 2002dj in the host galaxy, while the methods based on $V-IR$ colours provide a negligible colour excess for the host galaxy. A similar apparent inconsistency occurred in the case of SN 2002bo, where the reddening derived from $B-V$ colour seems to be larger than that derived through detailed synthetic spectra modeling [@Stehle05] and, as in the case of SN 2002dj, it is significantly larger than that derived from the $V-IR$ colours. The peculiar colours of SN 2002bo were already noted by @Benetti04 and @Krisciunas04b. With the aim to check whether HVG SNe could in general have intrinsically different colours which could bias their reddening estimate, we examined the other HVG SNe reported in the literature for which multi-epoch spectra show a persistent high expansion velocity (see Table \[tab5.3\])[^3]. Unfortunately, all objects except SN 2002bf and SN 2004dt, show signs of absorption in their host galaxies (i.e. Na I D lines). The latter two SNe are also not useful for this purpose because the photometric follow-up for SN 2002bf started $\sim$ at +6 days and definitive photometry is not yet available for SN 2004dt. Hence, for all objects in Table \[tab5.3\] the intrinsic colour is rather uncertain. To investigate the possible peculiar colours for HVG SNe we compared the the scatter between the colour excess derived using the $B-V$ and $V-I$ colours among LVG SNe with the systematic difference we found for our sample of HVG SNe. To determine the difference in extinction measure for LVG SNe we used Table 2 of @Phillips99 and obtained $E(B-V)_{B-V}$-$E(B-V)_{V-I}=-0.01 \pm 0.08$. This value was derived by selecting SNe with $0.95 < \Delta m_{15} < 1.60$ in order to avoid colour peculiarity not accounted by the @Phillips99 relation [@Garnavich04]. For HVG SNe in addition to SN 2002bo and SN 2002dj, only in the case of SN 1997bp, [*BVRI*]{} photometry [@Altavilla04; @Jha06] was suitable to compute the colours at maximum. For these three objects we find $E(B-V)_{B-V}$-$E(B-V)_{V-I}=0.17 \pm 0.03$. The systematic difference in reddening depending on the reference color in HVG SNe is hence nearly $2\sigma$ the scatter observed in LVG SNe hinting at intrinsic colour differences. Anyway, the colour evolution among HVG SNe shows significant variations (see Fig. \[fig4.5\]) making it difficult to establish an overall difference with LVG SNe. \ Method $E(B-V)$ Reference ------------------- ----------------- ---------------- -- $B_{max}-V_{max}$ 0.22 $\pm$ 0.06 @Phillips99 $(B-V)_{max}$ 0.24 $\pm$ 0.06 @Altavilla04 $V_{max}-I_{max}$ 0.10 $\pm$ 0.06 @Phillips99 $(B-V)_{CMAGIC}$ 0.32 $\pm$ 0.06 @Wang03 $(B-V)_{Jha}$ 0.29 $\pm$ 0.06 @Jha06 $(B-V)_{tail}$ 0.27 $\pm$ 0.14 @Phillips99 $(B-V)_{Wang}$ 0.21 $\pm$ 0.04 @Wang05 $(B-V)_{V-H}$ 0.05 $\pm$ 0.04 @Krisciunas04a $(B-V)_{V-K}$ 0.10 $\pm$ 0.06 @Krisciunas04a : SN 2002dj total (Galactic + host galaxy) reddening from different methods. \[tab3.4\] Optical and Infrared photometry =============================== {width="175mm"} ![Early phase $UBVRI$ light curves of SN 2002dj. The symbols, SNe and vertical shifts are the same as reported in Fig. \[fig4.1\]. []{data-label="fig4.4"}](sn2002dj_lce_opt.ps){width="84mm"} SN 2002dj was observed in $UBVRI$ from $-$11 to +697 days and from $-$11 to +68 days in $JHKs$. The corresponding light curves are shown in Figs. \[fig4.1\], \[fig4.4\], \[fig4.2\], \[fig4.3\], while colour curves are displayed in Figs. \[fig4.5\] and \[fig4.6\]. Light curves ------------ In Fig. \[fig4.4\] the $BVI$ and, to a lesser degree $R$, HVG SNe (filled symbols; SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X) show a faster rise to maximum if compared to LVG SNe (empty symbols; represented by SN 2001el, SN 2003du and SN 2005cf). On the other hand we note that SN 2006X and SN 1997bp peak later in $VRI$ ($\sim$+2 days) than the LVG average population (see histograms in @Contardo02). Therefore the fast rise in $VRI$ of the HVG objects could be induced by a peculiar behaviour of the $B$ light curve that historically is used to set the phase of the SN Ia. Comparing the light curves of SN 2006X (SN 1997bp does not have observations close to maximum) with those of SN 2005cf and leaving the $B$ maximum time as a free parameter in the fit, we found a phase shift of $-$0.9 days for the $V$ and $R$ bands and $-$0.5 for the $I$. The latter results reduce the possibility that the early time behaviour of HVG SNe could simply be a phase mis-calibration. This is also confirmed by the IR observation of SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X which show that those SNe reach the peak at the same epoch as the @Krisciunas04a templates (Fig. \[fig4.2\]). For the $U$ band the situation is more complex. The data are more scattered and systematic errors due to standard filter mis-matching could play an important role. Therefore a photometrically more homogeneous data set is necessary to confirm the trends observed in the other filters. Another feature visible in Fig. \[fig4.1\] is that the HVG SN 1997bp, SN 2002bf[^4] and SN 2006X show more pronounced inflections around +25 days in $V$ and $R$. In the case of SN 2002bf the large photometric errors associated with the corresponding points demand caution, while for SN 2006X, at least part of this effect could be due to its high extinction shifting the effective wavelength of the passband to redder [@EliasRosa06; @Wang07a]. The absorption suffered by SN 1997bp is low and the photometric errors small, hence this feature must be intrinsic. Finally, we note that SN 1997bp, SN 2002bf and SN 2006X are the highest velocity SNe Ia in our sample, with velocities about 5000 km s$^{-1}$ higher than those of SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo (Fig. \[fig8.1\]). This suggest that photometric features could be correlated with the kinematics of the ejecta. Since, as previously mentioned, at early epochs the light curves of HVG SNe are different from those of LVG SNe, we decided to constrain the epoch of the SN 2002dj $B$ maximum brightness, hereafter T($B_{max}$), using only the $B$ light curve of SN 2002bo. In fact, it is not viable to determine the maximum brightness directly from the SN 2002dj light curve because it happens to fall in a gap of 12 days with no photometric observations. Having constrained T($B_{max}$), (M.J.D.=$52450.0 \pm 0.7$) we used the light curves of SNe with similar behavior around maximum to estimate the SN 2002dj peak magnitude in $UBVRI$ (Table \[tab5.1\]). The values of the light curve parameters $\Delta m_{15}$ and stretch factor $s$ [@Perlmutter97a] are reported in Table \[tab5.2\]. The stretch factor was obtained by fitting the SN 2002dj $B$ light curve to the @Leibundgut88 template complemented by @Goldhaber01. We note that the values of $\Delta m_{15}$ and $s$, satisfy the relations reported by @Perlmutter97b and @Altavilla04 reasonably well. As in the optical, in the near infrared bands both SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo show a faster rise to maximum brightness than SN 2001el and the @Krisciunas04a “mid-range” decliner IR templates. SN 2006X follows the templates closely, although very early time observations are missing. ![$JHK$ light curves of SN 2002dj, different colours refer to different instruments. For comparison the light curves of SN 2002bo [@Krisciunas04b], SN 2006X [@Wang07a], SN 1998bu [@Hernandez00], SN 2001el [@Krisciunas03], SN 2005cf [@Pastorello07] and the mid range decliner templates from @Krisciunas04a (solid line) are displayed. The light curves of different SNe were vertically shifted in order to match them at maximum.[]{data-label="fig4.2"}](sn2002dj_lc_ir.ps){width="84mm"} At epochs $>$+35 days in $I$, $R$ and $V$ HVG SNe are perhaps slightly brighter, but the points show large spread, covering possible subtle systematic differences. In $B$ HVG SNe are clearly brighter than LVG SNe. Interestingly, as in the case of the inflections occurring around +25 days, the brightest objects among HVG SNe are those displaying the highest expansion velocities. @Wang07a already pointed out that the decline rates $\gamma$ between +40 and +100 days (Pskovskii 1984) of the HVG SN 1984A, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X are smaller than for “normal” SNe Ia (i.e. $\gamma$ = 1.40 $\pm$ 0.10 mag 100 d$^{-1}$), being 1.14 $\pm$ 0.06, 1.17 $\pm$ 0.10 and 0.92 $\pm$ 0.05, respectively. Fitting the three $B$ observations of SN 2002bf at phase $>$ +40.0 days we obtained $\gamma$ = 0.90 $\pm$ 0.60. The large error is due to the noisy photometry. For SN 2002dj, considering the only two $B$ observations in the phase interval, we derived $\gamma$ =1.17 $\pm$ 0.13. Also for SN 1997bp we have only two points from which yield $\gamma$ =0.83 $\pm$ 0.18. Therefore, although with limited statistical strength, we confirm the finding of @Wang07a. In $U$ the fastest expanding SN 1997bp and SN 2006X seem to follow the $B$ band trend, while SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo are closer to the evolution of SN 2005cf and SN 1998bu. ![Same as Fig. \[fig4.1\] showing the late phase $BVRI$ light curves of SN 2002dj.[]{data-label="fig4.3"}](sn2002dj_lcl_opt.ps){width="84mm"} At late phases SN 2002dj, although an HVG SN resembles the behavior of LVG SNe. At the latest epoch for which we obtained measurable data (+274 days), SN 2002dj appears in fact in all bands close to the light curve of SN 2001el [@Stritzinger07 see Fig. \[fig4.3\]]. SN 1997bp is instead $\sim$0.5 mag and $\sim$0.3 brighter in $B$ and $V$, respectively. Its late time decline rate is similar to the other SNe, which argues against a possible contribution of a light echo. With the aim to further investigate (or exclude) the presence of a light echo, $B$ and $V$ imaging of SN 2002dj was performed with FORS1 on April 22, 2004, i.e. 697.2 days after $B$ maximum light. Nothing is visible at the position of the SN and through re-detection of artificial stars, we estimated 3$\sigma$ upper limits of $B$ $\sim$24.7 and $V$$\sim$23.4. Colour curves ------------- ![De-reddened $(B-V)_0$, $(V-R)_0$ and $(V-I)_0$ colour curves of SN 2002dj. []{data-label="fig4.5"}](sn2002dj_cc_bvri_opt.ps){width="84mm"} The de-reddened colour curves of SN 2002dj are compared in Fig. \[fig4.5\] with those of SN 1997bp, SN 2002bo, SN 2002bf, SN 2001el, SN 2003du and SN 2005cf. For HVG SNe the reddening was removed using the values of $E(B-V)$ reported in Table \[tab5.3\] and assuming $R_V$=3.1. Because of their large reddening, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X are not considered in the HVG [*vs.*]{} LVG comparison. In the $(B-V)_0$ colour, at least until +30 days, HVG SNe form a redder sequence than LVG SNe. Afterward the two groups mix due to the HVG slower decline rate in the $B$ band. Note that the latter poses problems if one wishes to apply the Lira relation [@Phillips99] to estimate the reddening of HVG [see also @Wang07a]. Therefore, both maximum light and tail $B-V$ colours could bias the reddening estimation of these objects. In $(V-R)_0$ there is not a clear separation between HVG and LVG SNe, while in $(V-I)_0$ HVG SNe seem to form a bluer sequence with respect to LVG SNe, but the significance of the differences is reduced by the large calibration uncertainties of the $I$ band [see @Pignata04]. The $(V-R)_0$ and $(V-I)_0$ colours of SN 2002bo are clearly bluer then those of SN 2002dj. This reflects the lack of flux in the red part of the SN 2002bo spectrum noticeable in the comparison with SN 2002dj (see section 6.3). The $(V-J)_0$, $(V-H)_0$ and $(V-K)_0$ colours curves of SN 2002dj (Fig. \[fig4.6\]) follow the @Krisciunas04a “mid range” templates reinforcing the idea of negligible host galaxy reddening. As in the case of the $(V-R)_0$ and $(V-I)_0$ colours, SN 2002bo is bluer at all epochs. The difference to SN 2002dj increases toward redder bands, suggesting that the lack of flux starting around 6500 Å continues monotonically towards longer wavelengths. ![De-reddened $(V-J)_0$, $(V-H)_0$ and $(V-K)_0$ colour curves of SN 2002dj. []{data-label="fig4.6"}](sn2002dj_cc_vmir.ps){width="84mm"} Absolute luminosity =================== The Virgo infall model of @Kraan-Korteweg86 yields a distance to relative Virgo of 2.52 for NGC 5018. Assuming a Virgo distance of 15.3 Mpc [@Freedman01] we obtain 38.55 Mpc ($\mu=32.93$) for the host galaxy of SN 2002dj. The Nearby Galaxies Catalog [@Tully88] reports a larger distance (40.9 Mpc, $\mu$=33.1), while @Hilker96 using the globular cluster luminosity function derived a distance modulus ranging between 32.8 and 34.0. For a consistent comparison to SN 2002bo we decided to assume 38.55 Mpc as the best distance estimate for SN 2002dj. With this distance and the reddening estimate we derived the corresponding absolute magnitudes in $UBVRIJHKs$. The values are reported in Table \[tab5.1\], along with those obtained from the $\Delta m_{15}$ absolute magnitude relations of @Prieto06 for $BVRI$ and those of @Krisciunas04 for the $JHKs$. The absolute magnitudes in all the bands are in agreement within 2$\sigma$ with the values predicted by the previously mentioned relations, although SN 2002dj appears slightly underluminous. \ Filter m(obs)$^a$ M(cor)$^b$ M(ave)$^c$ -------- ------------------ ------------------- ------------------- -- $B$ 14.30 $\pm$ 0.04 -19.03 $\pm$ 0.23 -19.34 $\pm$ 0.02 $V$ 14.15 $\pm$ 0.04 -19.08 $\pm$ 0.19 -19.26 $\pm$ 0.02 $R$ 14.10 $\pm$ 0.05 -19.06 $\pm$ 0.17 -19.26 $\pm$ 0.02 $I$ 14.35 $\pm$ 0.06 -18.72 $\pm$ 0.14 -19.00 $\pm$ 0.02 $J$ 14.56 $\pm$ 0.02 -18.46 $\pm$ 0.11 -18.57 $\pm$ 0.03 $H$ 14.80 $\pm$ 0.03 -18.18 $\pm$ 0.11 -18.24 $\pm$ 0.04 $Ks$ 14.51 $\pm$ 0.05 -18.45 $\pm$ 0.11 -18.42 $\pm$ 0.04 : Peak magnitudes of SN 2002dj \ $^a$ Apparent magnitude\ $^b$ Absolute magnitude corrected for reddening\ $^c$ Average absolute magnitude for SNe Ia\ \[tab5.1\] Using the $UBVRIJHKs$ observations of SN 2002dj and adding the UV contribution determined by @Suntzeff96, we constructed a $uvoir$ light curve that is compared in Fig. \[fig5.1\] with that of SN 2002bo and a model generated using a Monte Carlo light curve code [@Cappellaro97]. The curve of SN 2002bo published by @Benetti04 has been rescaled to the new distance estimate ($\mu$ = 31.76 $\pm$ 0.07) reported by @EliasRosa08. Within the errors the absolute luminosities of the two SNe are comparable. The model provides a good fit to the brightness and width near the peak, yielding a $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.45 $\pm$ 0.04 $M_{\odot}$ for SN 2002dj, but after +20 days it overestimates the observed flux. This is probably due to sudden changes in the opacity at advanced stages which our model does not properly take into account. ![Comparison between the $uvoir$ light curves of SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo. The error bars account only for the uncertainties in reddening and photometry. The best fit model of SN 2002dj ($^{56}$Ni=0.45$M_{\odot}$) is also shown. []{data-label="fig5.1"}](2002dj_bol.ps){width="84mm"} An intriguing host galaxy ------------------------- \ ------------------------------------ ----------------------------- Host galaxy NGC 5018 Galaxy type E3 RA (2000) 13$^h$13$^m$01$^s$.7 Dec (2000) $-$19$^{\circ}$31’12”.8 Heliocentric Recession velocity \[km s$^{-1}$\] 2816 $\pm$ 1 $\dag$ Distance modulus 32.93 $\pm$ 0.15 $E(B-V)$ $0.096 \pm 0.05$ Date of $B$ max (MJD) 52450.0 $\pm$ 0.7 Offset from the nucleus $8''.9$ West, $2''.8$ South $\Delta m_{15}(B)$ 1.08 $\pm$ 0.05 stretch factor in $B$ 0.97 $\pm$ 0.02 ------------------------------------ ----------------------------- : Main parameters of SN 2002dj and its host galaxy. \ $\dag$ [@Rothberg06] \[tab5.2\] \ Type $\Delta m_{15}(B)$ ----------- -------------- -------- -------------------- ---------------- SN 1981B NGC 4536 SAB 1.11       $-$ SN 1983G NGC 4753 I0 1.37       $-$ SN 1984A NGC 4419 SB 1.21       $-$ SN 1989A NGC 3687 SAB 1.06       $-$ SN 1997bp NGC 4680 Sp 1.00 0.18(0.04)$^a$ SN 2002bf CGCG 266-031 SB(r)b $-$ 0.08(0.04)$^b$ SN 2002bo NGC 3190 Sap 1.17 0.38(0.10)$^c$ SN 2002dj NGC 5018 E3 1.08 0.096(0.05) SN 2004dt NGC 799 SB(s) 1.21       $-$ SN 2006X NGC 4321 SABbc 1.31 1.41(0.04)$^d$ : Host galaxies of HVG SNe considered in the paper \ $^a$ average value between $E(B-V)_{B-V}$ and $E(B-V)_{V-I}$\ $^b$ From @Leonard05\ $^c$ From @Stehle05\ $^d$ From @Wang07a \[tab5.3\] NGC 5018 is the dominant giant elliptical of a small group. It is peculiar in several respects. First, @Schweizer90 classified it as one of their best candidates for a recent major merger. Second, although it is morphologically classified as gE, its nuclear optical spectrum distinguishes itself by having the weakest measurement of the absorption line index Mg$_2$ (0.218) for its velocity dispersion among over 400 gEs surveyed by @Davies87. Its UV (IUE) spectrum lacks the prominent UV-upturn shortward of 2000Å, which is typical of old, metal-rich spheroids [@Bertola93]. Nevertheless, through a spectral index study, @Leonardi00 found indications for the presence of a relatively young stellar population ($\sim$2.8 Gyr) in the central region of NGC 5018 with nearly solar metallicity. A similar age ($\sim$3Gyr) is proposed by @Buson04 through a UV spectroscopy study. @Kim88 detected a H I gas bridge connecting NGC 5018 with the nearby spiral NGC 5022, indicating an ongoing flow toward the giant elliptical. Furthermore, possible young ($\sim 10^8$ years) globular clusters have been claimed by @Hilker96. Finally the H$_{\alpha}$+\[N II\] maps reported in @Goudfrooij94b reveal the presence of an extended emission distributed as a strongly warped disk covering the SN 2002dj position that the authors suggest to be associated with star forming regions.\ @Branch93 reported that SNe Ia characterized by high expansion velocities, tend to explode in late type galaxies and suggested that those objects could have younger progenitors than “normal” SNe Ia. The HVG SNe analyzed in this paper confirm this (Table \[tab5.3\]). @Hamuy00 pointed out that slow declining events preferentially occur in late type galaxies, while fast decliners occur in all type of galaxies. A similar result was obtained by @Sullivan06 for a sample of high-z SNe Ia. These observations seem at odds with the fact that SN 2002dj was hosted by an elliptical galaxy. However, given the peculiarities of NGC5018 it is possible that SN 2002dj could be associate with a relatively young stellar population. Optical spectra =============== Spectra of SN 2002dj have been obtained at 20 epochs spanning phases between $-10.9$ and +274 days (Table \[tab6.1\]), following the rapid evolution during the early epochs in detail and sampling the late phases more sparsely. The early discovery of SN 2002dj allows us to compare its spectral evolution (Fig. \[fig6.1\]) with that of SN 2002bo and other SNe, especially at early epochs. ---------- --------- ------- ------------ ---- -------- UT date M.J.D. Instr. 02/06/13 52439.1 -10.9 3300-9300 9 DFOSC 02/06/14 52440.1 -9.9 3700-9800 10 EMMI 02/06/15 52441.0 -9.0 3300-9300 9 DFOSC 02/06/15 52441.1 -8.9 9400-16500 21 SofI 02/06/16 52442.0 -8.0 3300-9300 9 DFOSC 02/06/18 52444.0 -6.0 3300-9300 9 DFOSC 02/06/19 52444.1 -5.9 9400-25400 21 SofI 02/06/20 52446.0 -4.0 3200-9200 9 DFOSC 02/06/21 52447.0 -3.0 3300-9300 9 DFOSC 02/06/24 52450.0 0.0 9400-16500 21 SofI 02/07/03 52458.7 8.7 3400-9300 9 DFOSC 02/07/04 52460.0 10.0 3300-10300 9 DFOSC 02/07/07 52463.0 13.0 3200-9100 9 DFOSC 02/07/11 52467.0 17.0 3300-10300 9 DFOSC 02/07/11 52467.0 17.0 9400-25200 21 SofI 02/07/16 52473.1 23.1 3300-9100 9 DFOSC 02/07/25 52481.0 31.0 3700-10300 9 DFOSC 02/09/02 52520.0 70.0 3400-9100 9 DFOSC 03/02/01 52672.3 222.3 3400-7500 14 EFOSC 03/03/25 52724.3 274.3 3600-8600 12 FORS1 ---------- --------- ------- ------------ ---- -------- : Optical and IR spectroscopic observations of SN 2002dj. $^a$Counted since the time of the $B$ maximum brightness M.J.D.=$52450 \pm 0.7$\ \[tab6.1\] ![Optical spectral evolution of SN 2002dj. With the exception of the last three spectra, which for presentation purposes have been multiplied by a constant, the other spectra of the sequence have been only shifted vertically. The $\earth$ symbol shows the position of the main telluric features. The spectra are labeled with the epoch in days past $B$ maximum.[]{data-label="fig6.1"}](2002dj_evol.ps){width="84mm"} Premaximum phase ---------------- In Fig. \[fig6.4\] we show the first spectrum of SN 2002dj obtained about 11 days before $B$ maximum together with coeval spectra of SN 2002bo, SN 2003du, SN 2005cf and SN 1994D. Already at a first glance it is evident how the minima of the Ca II H&K, S II and Si II absorption features are more blueshifted in the spectra of SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo than in LVG SN 2003du, SN 2005cf and SN 1994D. The Si II lines are also deeper in HVG SNe. The blueshift is due to the higher expansion velocities of the HVG objects (cf. Fig. \[fig8.1\]). The blending of high velocity detached features [@Branch04] with the photospheric line component could also play an important role in blueshifting the absorption minimum of Ca II H&K and Si II $\lambda$6355 Å  in HVG SNe as it is for the Ca II IR triplet (Mazzali et al. 2005, Tanaka et al. 2008). For example, the minimum of Si II $\lambda$6355 Å  in SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo is at the same position of the high velocity component identified by @Garavini07 in the spectrum of SN 2005cf. The feature around 4400 Å marked in Fig. \[fig6.4\] is attributed to Si III $\lambda$$\lambda$4553,4568 Å. The strength of this line correlates with temperature and is clearly detected in LVG SNe. The spectrum of SN 2002dj only has a hint Si III, and it is completely absent in SN 2002bo. As shown in Fig. \[fig6.10\], the low temperature of HVG SNe at early epochs is confirmed by their high $R$(Si II). If well traced by $R$(Si II) the temperature should rapidly rise in HVG SNe and quickly reach that of LVG SNe. Indeed at $-$4 days (Fig. \[fig6.5\]) the Si III is visible with similar strength in all SNe but SN 2002bo. The latter SN also lacks the weak absorption at $\sim$5550 Å  also attributed to Si III ($\lambda$5740 Å) that is present in all other SNe. It is interesting to note how the minimum of the Si III line is at nearly the same wavelength for all SNe, indicating that the line is formed at roughly the same position in velocity space. The Ca II H&K doublet (blended with Si II $\lambda$3858 Å) appears to be double-dipped in LVG SN 1994D and SN 2003du, while it is a single feature in SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo. @Hatano00 suggested that this difference is related to higher expansion velocities that lead to a greater degree of line blending. The Ca II line blending could also be enhanced by the presence of high velocity features. On the other hand @Lentz00 argued that the double-dip disappears when Si II is weaker than Ca II. Given that in all fast expanding SNe the Si II lines are stronger than in the slow expanding SNe, line blending seems a most consistent explanation. ![Spectrum of SN 2002dj taken at $-$10.9 days. The coeval spectra of SN 2002bo [@Benetti04], SN1994D [@Patat96], SN 2003du [@Stanishev07] and SN 2005cf [@Garavini07] are shown for comparison. The spectra have been corrected for reddening and redshift.[]{data-label="fig6.4"}](2002dj_first.ps){width="84mm"} ![Same as Fig. \[fig6.4\], but for a phase of $-$4 days. The bibliographic sources for the spectra of SN 2002bo, SN 1994D, SN 2003du and SN 2005cf are the same as those in Fig. \[fig6.4\].[]{data-label="fig6.5"}](2002dj_second.ps){width="84mm"} Postmaximum phase ----------------- A week after maximum the Si II $\lambda$6355 Å  line in the HVG SN 2002dj and SN 1997bp remains blueshifted with respect to the LVG SN 1994D, SN 2003du and SN 2005cf (Fig. \[fig6.6\]). The Si II $\lambda$6355 Å  feature is still deeper in SN 2002dj and SN 1997bp than in LVG SNe, while, contrary to the pre-maximum spectra, the S II line $\lambda$5640 Å  is weaker. SN 2002dj and SN 1997bp also show less substructure in the region between 4700 and 5100 Å  with respect to SN 1994D, SN 2003du and SN 2005cf. Finally we note that the absorption minimum of the feature around 5700 Å  at this epoch attributed to a blend of Na I D and Si II $\lambda$5972 Å  [@Garavini07] has about the same position, but in SN 2002dj and especially in SN 1997bp it is weaker than in the other SNe. By one month after maximum the spectra are dominated by iron peak elements (Fig. \[fig6.7\]). The absorption minimum of the lines are nearly at the same position in all selected SNe. The early fast expansion of SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo and SN 1997bp is now only reflected in the broadness of the Ca II IR triplet. The Na I D line is still weaker than in SN 2003du and SN 2005cf and is now slightly redshifted. The line at $\sim$5300 Å  identified by @Branch05 as due to Cr II is barely visible in the faster expanding SNe while it remains visible in the slower ones. Finally, around two months after maximum brightness the features due to Fe II are slightly redshifted or at the same position in SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo with respect to SN 2003du and SN 2005cf (Fig. \[fig6.8\]). Also the Na I D line is slightly redshifted and its intensity is comparable in all SNe. Interestingly, in the region between 4700 and 5100 Å  SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo still show less substructures. At these epochs line blending due to the high velocity should not be severe in HVG SNe, so the lack of lines points to a temperature or abundance effect. ![Same as Fig. \[fig6.4\] for a phase of +9 days. The bibliographic sources for the spectra are the same as those in Fig. \[fig6.4\] and Fig. \[fig6.5\], while the spectrum of SN 1997bp comes from the Asiago archive (unpublished).[]{data-label="fig6.6"}](2002dj_third.ps){width="84mm"} ![Same as Fig. \[fig6.4\] for phase +31 days. The bibliographic sources for the spectra are the same as those in Fig. \[fig6.5\].[]{data-label="fig6.7"}](2002dj_fourth.ps){width="84mm"} ![Same as Fig. \[fig6.4\], but for phase +70 days. The bibliographic sources for the spectra are the same as those in Fig. \[fig6.4\].[]{data-label="fig6.8"}](2002dj_fiveth.ps){width="84mm"} ![Evolution of $R$(SiII) for a sample of HVG SNe (blue filled symbols) and LVG SNe (empty green symbols). []{data-label="fig6.10"}](RSiII_evol.ps){width="84mm"} SN 2002dj versus SN 2002bo, a close comparison ---------------------------------------------- We compare the spectra of SN 2002dj with those of SN 2002bo at four different epochs (Fig. \[fig6.11\]). In the wavelength interval covered by the $B$ and $V$ filters the similarity between the two objects is evident, but around 6500 Å SN 2002bo shows less flux than SN 2002dj. Since the spectra of both SNe were calibrated in different epochs with different instruments, we can rule out an instrumental mis-calibration. Alternatively the difference could be attributed to an incorrect estimate of the reddening of the two objects. However, in this case we would expect a gradual deviation of the two spectra, but the discrepancy looks more like a break possibly due to a lack of opacity in the photosphere of SN 2002bo. For the comparison we chose to obtain the best fit between 4000 and 6000 Å. If instead we scale the spectra of SN 2002bo in order to get the best match with the redder part of those of SN 2002dj, we end up with a flux excess in SN 2002bo at blue wavelength. While this is possible, the comparison of the SN 2002bo colours with those of other LVG and HVG SNe and the results of the spectral modeling reported by @Stehle05 point to a flux deficit in the red part instead of an excess in the blue. ![Comparison of the reddening and redshift corrected spectra of SN 2002dj (solid lines) and SN 2002bo (dotted lines). The epochs labeled in the plot are for SN 2002dj; the SN 2002bo spectra are coeval within 1.0 day. The SN 2002bo spectra were scaled in order to match those of SN 2002dj between 4000 and 6000 Å. []{data-label="fig6.11"}](sn2002dj_comp.ps){width="84mm"} IR spectra ========== ![Infrared spectral evolution of SN 2002dj. The spectra are corrected for reddening and redshift. For graphic exigence the spectra have been multiplied by a suitable factor and vertically shifted.[]{data-label="fig7.1"}](2002dj_ir_spec_evol.ps){width="84mm"} Although the sample of published IR spectra of SNe Ia is growing rapidly, their number is still small compared with those obtained at optical wavelengths. In this context the spectral evolution of SN 2002dj in the IR from day -8.9 to +17 presented in Fig. \[fig7.1\] constitutes an important contribution to the global database. ![IR spectrum of SN 2002dj taken at -8.9 days. The coeval spectra of SN 2002bo [@Benetti04], SN1994D [@Meikle96], SN 1999ee [@Hamuy02] and SN 2003du [@Stanishev07] are shown for comparison. The spectra have been corrected for reddening and redshift.[]{data-label="fig7.2"}](2002dj_ir_first.ps){width="84mm"} Fig. \[fig7.2\] compares the first SN 2002dj IR spectrum with those of SN 2002bo, SN 1994D and SN 1999ee at similar epochs. The IR spectrum at this phase is nearly featureless with the remarkable exception of an absorption at $\sim$10500 Å. The identification of this line remains open. It was attributed by @Meikle96 to He I $\lambda$10830 Å or Mg II $\lambda$10926 Å  based on an Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) treatment. Using a NLTE approach, @Mazzali98a discussed the conditions under which the He line could form, and found that its time evolution was at odds with the observed one. They therefore favoured either Mg or Si. A Mg II identification was also claimed by @Wheeler98.\ SN 1999ee shows an emission line at $\sim$12300 Å which @Rudy02 identified as due to Fe III in the spectra of SN 2000cx. The presence of this feature in those SNe is due to their higher photospheric temperature. As expected, it is absent in the spectra of both SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo. ![Same as Fig. \[fig7.2\] for phase -6 days for SN 2002dj, SN1994D and SN 2003du. The bibliographic sources for the spectra are the same as those in Fig. \[fig7.2\], while the spectrum of SN 2003cg was published in @EliasRosa06.[]{data-label="fig7.3"}](2002dj_ir_second.ps){width="84mm"} The -5.9 day spectrum of SN 2002dj shows a feature around 12100 Å  (Fig. \[fig7.3\]) which was not visible in the earliest spectrum (cf. Fig. \[fig7.1\]). @Marion03 identified this feature as a blend of several Ca II lines between 12430 Å and 12830 Å. Like for the Mg II line, the blueshift of the Ca II minimum is larger in SN 2002dj than in all other SNe. Finally at $\sim$20800 Å a weak emission is visible in the spectra of SN 2002dj, SN 2003du and SN 2003cg attributed to Si III by @Wheeler98. Following @Rudy02 we fitted the two earliest IR spectra of SN 2002dj to estimate the black body temperature. We used only sections of the spectrum free of telluric features or absorption lines. Assuming $E(B-V)$=0.096 for SN 2002dj we obtain T=11900 K at -8.5 days compared with T=12900 K and T=23500 K for SN 1994D and SN 1999ee reported in Fig. \[fig7.2\]. For the latter two SNe we assumed $E(B-V)$=0.06 $\pm$ 0.02 [@Patat96] and $E(B-V)$=0.30 $\pm$ 0.04 [@Stritzinger02], respectively. The high temperature of SN 1999ee ($\Delta m_{15}(B)=0.96 \pm 0.02$) is consistent with the presence of the Fe III emission feature in its spectrum. It is also similar to the 25000 K temperature of SN 2000cx [@Rudy02] taken at -8.0 days, which shows a stronger Fe III emission than SN 1999ee. This gives us confidence that the technique provides reliable results, when applied to early time spectra. The sequence of increasing temperature from SN 2002dj to SN 1999ee confirms the results obtained from $R$(Si II) (Fig. \[fig6.10\]). Indeed, for the SN 2002dj at -5.9 days we found a much higher temperature (T=20500 K). This confirms its fast rise as traced by the $R$(Si II) and the appearance of a Si III line in the $K$ band in the spectrum of SN 2002dj. @Rudy02 proposed that the black body IR spectrum fit can be used to derive also an estimate of absorption. We note, however, that the resulting $\chi^2$ surface for temperature and colour excess is nearly flat providing only weak constraints. At +17 days we see that several lines populate the IR spectrum of SN 2002dj and those of other SNe (Fig. \[fig7.4\]). In particular, a broad P-Cygni feature attributed to Fe II [@Marion03] is observed at $\sim$12350 Å. In SN 2002dj the blueshift of its minimum is roughly the same as in SN 2003cg and SN 2002er, while SN 1999ee displays higher velocities. Finally, @Marion03 suggested that the minimum around $\sim$15000 Å defines the transition from partial to complete silicon burning. The fact that the velocities inferred by the position of this minimum is the same in SN 2002dj, SN 2003cg and SN 2002er indicate that these SNe have an iron core of similar size. ![Same as Fig. \[fig7.2\] for phase +17.0 days. The bibliographic sources for the spectra are the same as those in Fig. \[fig7.2\] and Fig. \[fig7.3\]. The spectrum of SN 2002er that was published by @Kotak05.[]{data-label="fig7.4"}](2002dj_ir_fourth.ps){width="84mm"} Expansion velocities ==================== In Fig. \[fig8.1\] we show the expansion velocities measured from the blueshift of the minima of the Si II ($\lambda$6355 Å), S II ($\lambda$5460 Å) and Ca II (H&K). It is evident that at early epochs the HVG SN 1984A, SN 1997bp, SN 2002bo and SN 2002dj are faster than LVG SNe in all those lines. The two groups are separated most strongly in Si II velocity. Nevertheless, as noted by @Jeffery90 strong features like Si II ($\lambda$6355 Å) reliably trace the photospheric velocity only at early epochs, when the mass above the photosphere is small. For HVG SNe like SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo, where Si II is particularly strong and where high velocity features could play an important role [@Mazzali05], this is unlikely even at very early times. In SN 2002bo for example the photospheric evolution computed by @Stehle05 even at -13 days has a velocity $\sim$2000 km s$^{-1}$ lower than that measured from the minimum of the Si II line (cf. Fig. \[fig8.1\] upper panel). The relatively weak S II (5460 Å) seems to be a better tracer of the photospheric velocity. In HVG SNe this feature is at higher velocities than in LVG SNe, but due to its steep velocity decline it approaches the LVG group already before maximum. If we take S II as a proxy for the photospheric velocity, its evolution may indicate that at very early epochs the photosphere in HVG SNe is located at larger radii than in LVG SNe, but moving inward more quickly, it reaches a comparable position already before maximum. For Ca II (H&K), some LVG SNe closely resemble the velocity evolution of HVG SNe, making this feature unsuitable to separate the two groups. In the case of Mg II (10926 Å), the expansion velocity measured from the absorption minimum at -8.5 days is $\sim$15000 km s$^{-1}$ for SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo and significantly slower ($\sim$11000 km s$^{-1}$) for SN 1994D. The feature appears deeper in SN 1994D than in SN 2002dj (Fig. \[fig8.2\]). We do not observe a change in the line velocity from the first to the second epoch in both SNe and infer that even earlier than one week before maximum the photosphere is below the magnesium layer. Since Mg II is produced in the outer layers by oxygen burning [@Wheeler98], this means that only IR spectra observed earlier than this may tell us about the boundary between explosive carbon and oxygen burning. Nevertheless, we note in Fig. \[fig8.2\] that the blue wing of the Mg II line extends up to $\sim$19000 km s$^{-1}$ in SN 2002dj and only up to $\sim$15000 km s$^{-1}$ in SN 1994D. Hence, the burning front must have propagated further out in SN 2002dj than in SN 1994D. ![Velocity evolution of Si II (top panel), S II (middle panel) and Ca II (bottom panel) in SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo, SN 1997bp, SN 1984A, SN 2002bf, SN 1998bu, SN 2003du, SN 2005cf, SN 1994D and SN 2003cg. The solid lines represent the evolution of the photospheric velocity of SN 2002bo computed by @Stehle05, while the dashed lines show the velocities predicted by @Lentz00 model for the case of $\times$10 (top line at epoch 0), $\times$3 (middle line) and $\times$1/3 (bottom line) C+O solar metallicity.[]{data-label="fig8.1"}](CaII_SII_SiII_ev.ps){width="84mm"} ![Comparison between the Mg II $\lambda$10926 feature of SN 2002dj (solid line) and SN 1994D (dashed line) at $\sim -$8.5 days (left panel) and -$6.0$ days (right).[]{data-label="fig8.2"}](MgII_vel.ps){width="84mm"} Spectral Modelling ================== Early phase ----------- We modeled the earliest spectrum of SN 2002dj obtained 10.9 days before B maximum using the Montecarlo code described in Mazzali & Lucy (1993), Lucy (1999) and Mazzali (2000), modified to include abundance stratification as described in @Stehle05. While a good fit to the overall spectrum can be obtained for the input parameters reported in the caption of Fig. \[fig9.1\], it is not possible with the density structure of W7 [@Nomoto84] to reproduce the high velocity features. One modification that we adopted here to overcome this is to increase the mass at high velocity. In particular, we assume the presence of 0.04$M_{\sun}$ of material at velocities above 18000 km s$^{-1}$. This may be caused by interaction of the outer ejecta with circumstellar material. @Tanaka08 discuss this and other possibilities in detail. Let us note that the model suffers only to a minor degree from the problem of overfitting the flux to the red of the Si II ($\lambda$6355 Å) line suggesting high line opacity in all regions. This can not be the case for SN 2002bo where the observed spectrum is noticeably below the model [@Stehle05]. Finally, we note that the spectral modelling seems to exclude the presence of C II in the earliest spectrum of SN 2002dj. The presence of this high velocity feature was found in the -9 days spectrum of SN 1998aq [@Branch03] and in the spectra of SN 2006gz from -14 to -10 days [@Hicken07]. High velocity C II ($\lambda$6578 Å) in the -14 days spectrum of SN 1990N was also claimed by @Fisher97, although @Mazzali01 showed that a high-velocity component of Si II ($\lambda$6355 Å) was another viable identification. Moreover, the presence of small quantities of carbon has been shown to improve the fit of the very early spectra of SN 1994D [@Branch05], SN 2001el and SN 2003du [@Tanaka08]. The latter SN Ia all are LVG SNe, therefore the absence of C II in the -10.9 days spectrum of SN 2002dj and in the -12.9 days spectrum of SN 2002bo [@Stehle05] could indicate that the carbon burning has penetrated further out in these explosions [@Stehle05]. ![Comparison between the first spectrum of SN 2002dj taken at -10.9 days and a synthetic spectrum. The the input parameters for the latter are $E(B-V)$=0.096, v$_{ph}$=11600 km s$^{-1}$, log(L)=42.33.[]{data-label="fig9.1"}](model_2002dj.ps){width="60mm"} Nebular phase ------------- In order to estimate the errors on the $^{56}$Ni mass estimate obtained by modelling nebular spectra, we generated a set of synthetic spectra computed using two different codes and two different assumptions of the $^{56}$Ni mass distribution. The six synthetic spectra together with the two observed spectra of SN 2002dj are presented in Fig. \[fig9.2\]. Both codes assume line-formation in non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) conditions. The code described in @Bowers97 assumes a uniform density, homologously expanding sphere containing iron, cobalt and sulphur, with relative abundances modulated by the radioactive decay. In computing the SED only singly and doubly-ionized species are considered because they are predicted to dominate the spectrum. The code described in @Mazzali01 can use either a homologously expanding nebula of finite extent, uniform density and composition, as in @Bowers97, or stratification in density and abundance [@Mazzali07]. In this case, the density profile is taken from the explosion model W7 [@Nomoto84]. $\gamma$-rays and positrons are emitted at various depths according to the distribution of $^{56}$Ni and their propagation and deposition is followed using a Monte Carlo scheme similar to that discussed by @Cappellaro97 for their light-curve models. Gas heating and cooling as well as line emissivity are computed in non-LTE in each radial shell, and the line profiles are computed assuming each shell to contribute to a truncated parabola, with an inner truncation point corresponding in velocity to the inner boundary of the shell considered. The sum of these truncated parabolas is the emerging spectrum. Constant $\gamma$-ray ($\kappa_{\gamma} = 0.027$cm$^2$g$^{-1}$) and positron opacities ($\kappa_{e^+} = 7$cm$^2$g$^{-1}$) are assumed in both cases. The synthetic spectra yield slightly different results for the $^{56}$Ni mass, reflecting the different spectral calibrations and code assumptions. The @Bowers97 model gives a $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.59 M$_{\sun}$ and 0.55 M$_{\sun}$ for the +222d and +274d spectra, respectively, while the one-zone model from @Mazzali01 yields 0.55 M$_{\sun}$ for both epochs. With the @Mazzali07 stratified model we obtain 0.45 M$_{\sun}$ for both spectra. Results obtained with the same code on the two different epochs are consistent, indicating the robustness of the fit. On the other hand, both one-zone models yield a $^{56}$Ni mass slightly larger than the stratified model. @Ruiz-Lapuente95 found similar results with their stratified nebular model as opposed to the one-zone model [@Ruiz-Lapuente92]. The main difference between the models is that in the one-zone codes the $^{56}$Ni density is uniform, while in the stratified code it is higher near the centre, which leads to a higher $\gamma$-ray deposition at late times and reduces the $^{56}$Ni mass necessary to produce a given luminosity. The $^{56}$Ni mass obtained with the stratified model is in excellent agreement with the one obtained from the $uvoir$ light curve, suggesting that this assumption provides a good description of the physical conditions in the nebula. ![Nebular spectra of SN 2002dj taken at +222 days (top panel) and +274 (bottom panel) compared with various synthetic spectra. []{data-label="fig9.2"}](2002dj_late_model.ps){width="84mm"} Discussion and conclusion ========================= We have presented optical and IR photometric and spectroscopic observations of the HVG Type Ia SN 2002dj. The ejecta kinematics of this object are very similar to that of SN 2002bo. The direct comparison of the line shapes and strengths of the two objects reveals an even more impressive similarity. The one obvious distinction is a peculiar flux deficit redward of 6500 Å  in SN 2002bo. The light curves are nearly identical with the notable exception of the $B$ band at epochs later than +40 days. However, the $V-IR$ colours are remarkably different. SN 2002bo is much bluer confirming the lack of flux redward of $\sim$6500 Å. Finally, also the bolometric absolute luminosity around maximum of the two objects turns out to be very similar. The IR contribution is in in fact very small at those epochs [@Suntzeff96]. Starting from the photometric similarities of SN 2002dj and SN 2002bo, we studied the characteristics of other HVG SNe. Although the number of objects for which reliable multi-band photometry covering both very early and late light curves phases is limited, the HVG SNe analyzed in this paper seem to share the following photometric characteristics if compared with LVG SNe: 1. A general fast rise to maximum brightness in all filters 2. More pronounced inflections in the $V$ and $R$ bands around +25 days 3. A brighter, more slowly declining $B$ light curve after +40 days 4. Possibly different colours To complete the picture these properties should be combined with parameters one can derive from the spectral evolution: 1. Fast expanding ejecta 2. Strong absorption due to intermediate mass elements (IME) at early phases 3. Absence of carbon in the very early spectra 4. Early time low photospheric temperature rapidly increasing toward maximum brightness 5. Nebular spectra with kinematics not so different or even slower than that of LVG SNe. @Benetti04 suggested that the high expansion velocities of IME are due to the fact that in HVG SNe the burning front extends further out into the outermost layers than in LVG SNe. This hypothesis is supported by the extension of the blue wing of the Mg II line at velocities close to 19000 km sec$^{-1}$ observable in the early IR spectra of SN 2002dj and by the absence of carbon in the -10.9 spectrum of SN 2002dj and -12.9 spectrum of SN 2002bo. In this scenario the density of IME is enhanced in the layers where usually unburned carbon and oxygen are present. The IME density enhancement in the outermost layers would induce stronger absorptions at early epochs and increase the opacity in these regions, moving the photosphere to larger radii. The blending between high velocity features and the photospheric component could also contribute to the absorption enhancement [@Tanaka08]. Since the photosphere is located at high velocity shells, this could justify both the fast rise to maximum observed in the light curve and, because the heating produced by the $\gamma-$rays is less effective, the lower temperature in the line forming region. Due to their high velocity the density in those shells decreases rapidly and hence the photosphere quickly recedes into the ejecta. Indeed, around maximum, the light curves of SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X approached those of LVG SNe. Also the temperature is nearly identical as traced by the $R$(Si II) evolution and by the appearance of the Si III lines, the absorption minimum of which is at the same position in all SNe. The initially low and then rapidly increasing temperature of SN 2002dj was confirmed by fitting a black body to its two earliest IR spectra. We note that in HVG SNe more pronounced inflections in the $V$ and $R$ light curves around +25 days seem to correlate with expansion velocities. The fastest expanding SN 1997bp, SN 2002bf and SN 2006X display a stronger inflection than in SN 2002bo and SN 2002dj, where the effect is barely visible. We must stress that in the case of SN 2006X, due to the large reddening, the intensity of this feature has to be taken with caution. Also the brighter $B$ light curve after +40 days seems to correlate with the expansion velocity. @Wang07b suggested that SN 2006X declined more slowly after +40 days and could be due to a light echo produced by the circumstellar dust. In the case of SN 2002dj there is no clear evidence of dust obscuring its light. but it is also the HVG SNe with the $B$ light curve closer to “normal” SNe Ia. Nevertheless, SN 1997bp and especially SN 2002bf with low absorption closely resemble the behavior of SN 2006X having also comparable expansion velocities. Moreover, part of the reddening estimated for those SNe could be biased due to their peculiar colour and colours evolution. Regarding the colours of HVG SNe we note that @Dominguez01 using a set of Delayed Detonation models (DD) have found that increasing the metallicity of the progenitor white dwarf, the $B-V$ colour of the resulting SN Ia becomes redder. Unfortunately, this study does not extend the results to other bands and is limited to a metallicity Z=0.02. However, @Timmes03 have proposed that the effect of the progenitor metallicity is significantly enhanced at solar metallicity and above. In particular Fig. 9 of Dominguez et al. (2001) shows that passing from Z=0.001 to Z=0.02 the flux in $B$ is depressed, while that in $V$ is enhanced. If this is maintained at higher metallicity it could be the source of the red $B-V$ and blue $V-I$ colours we found in SN 2002bo, SN 1997bp and especially SN 2002dj where the effect of reddening should be negligible. Furthermore, Timmes et al. (2003) have pointed out that in metal rich progenitors due to the more efficient electron capture, more $^{54}$Fe and $^{58}$Ni are produced at the expense of $^{56}$Ni. @Mazzali06 used this finding to explore the effect on spectra and light curves by varying the fraction of $^{54}$Fe and $^{58}$Ni produced in burning to nuclear statistical equilibrium and concluded that the colours of SN Ia with a larger fraction of these elements (i.e. the more metal rich ones) have redder $B-V$ colour. Moreover, indications of larger $^{54}$Fe and $^{58}$Ni and lower $^{56}$Ni production for the HVG SN 1981B, SN 2002bo and SN 2002dj with respect the similar $\Delta m_{15}(B)$ LVG SN 1990N, SN 2003du and SN 2003cg have been found by @Mazzali07. @Lentz00 pointed out that increasing the abundance of all elements heavier than oxygen in the unburned C+O layer of the pure deflagration model W7 [@Nomoto84] leads to a larger blueshift of SN Ia absorption lines. This is due to the fact that the higher opacity provided by the large amount of metals confines the line forming region to the outer (faster) part of the ejecta. Although, this supports the hypothesis of metal rich progenitors for HVG SNe, we favour the configuration with an extended burning front to explain the HVG SNe observables. To further complicate the picture we must mention that @Hoeflich98 found that SN Ia with metal rich progenitors should have a slower rise time to maximum than metal poor ones clearly contrary to what we found of SN 2002dj, SN 2002bo and SN 2006X. Given the very small sample of HVG SNe, the uncertainties afflicting their colours and the model shortcomings we briefly recapped here, our suggestion of metal rich progenitor for HVG SNe are tentative and provide possible avenues to explore when more data on HVG SNe and more sophisticated models will be available. Fast expanding SNe are rare both at low and high redshift [@Blondin06; @Balland07; @Hook05]. The systematic error they could introduce into cosmological studies due to their peculiar colours appears to be negligible. Detailed analysis will become possible when a larger sample of well-observed rapidly evolving SNe Ia will be available. Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} =============== G.P acknowledges support by the Proyecto FONDECYT 3070034. This work was also supported by the European Community’s Human Potential Programme under contract HPRN-CT-2002-00303, “The Physics of Type Ia Supernovae”. It is partially based on observations made with ESO Telescopes under programme ID 169.D-0670. This work is also based on observations performed at the Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope (JKT) and the Isaac Newton Telescope of the Isaac Newton Group at La Palma, Spain, the Nordic Optical Telescope at La Palma, Spain, and the 0.9m, 1.0m telescopes at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory. 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M. et al., 2007, ApJ, 666, 694 Woosley S. E., Kasen D., Blinnikov S., Sorokina E., 2007, ApJ, 662, 487 S-correction ============ To avoid the well known limitations of the colour equation to calibrate SN, we used the following calibration path to transform the SN instrumental magnitude into a standard photometric system. To simplify the explanation of the various steps, we will discuss as an example the calibration of the $B$ band and we will use only one of the local standard stars. First one needs to transform the standard magnitude of the sequence star in the natural photometric system of the instrument using the following formula: $$B_{nat}^*=B^*-\gamma^B_{B-V}(B^*-V^*) \label{equa1}$$ where $B^*$ and $V^*$ are the standard magnitude of the local standard star, while $\gamma^B_{B-V}$ is the colour term. Then one computes the instrument zero point in the natural photometric system $ZP(B)_{nat}$=$B_{nat}^*-b^*$, where $b^*$ is the local standard star instrumental magnitude. Finally we calibrated the magnitude of the SN using the equation: $$B^{SN}=ZP(B)_{nat}+b^{SN}+\delta_B \label{equa2}$$ where $b^{SN}$ is the instrumental magnitude of the SN. We did not correct for atmospheric absorption because we assume that the SN and local standard stars are at the same airmass and hence the absorption is already included in $ZP(B)_{nat}$. We define $\delta_B$ as the difference between the synthetic magnitude of the SN computed using the standard and the natural system passbands. $$\delta_B=B_{sy}^{SN}-b_{sy}^{SN} \label{equa3}$$ with: $$B_{sy}^{SN}=-2.5log\frac{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} N(\lambda)S_{st}^B(\lambda)d \lambda}{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}S_{st}^B(\lambda)d \lambda} + ZP(B)_{sy} \label{equa4}$$ $$b_{sy}^{SN}=-2.5log\frac{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} N(\lambda)S_{nat}^B(\lambda)d \lambda}{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}S_{nat}^B(\lambda)d \lambda} + ZP(b)_{sy} \label{equa5}$$ where $N(\lambda)$ is the photon number distribution of the SN, $S_{nat}^B(\lambda)$ and $S_{st}^B(\lambda)$ are the instrumental and standard $B$ passbands. In the equations \[equa4\] and \[equa5\], $N(\lambda)$ is used instead of $F(\lambda)$ because CCD and IR detector are photon counting devices. The @Bessell90 passbands were also reported in photon unit dividing the original ones for the wavelength, while the @Persson98 bands are already in photon units. Since in the spectra which are used to compute the synthetic magnitudes the flux is expressed in energy units, $N(\lambda)$ becomes: $$N(\lambda)=\frac{F(\lambda)\lambda}{hc} \label{equa9}$$ The zero points $ZP(B)_{sy}$ and $ZP(b)_{sy}$ were computed using a subset of spectrophotometric standard stars for which accurate photometry is available. In particular, for $ZP(B)_{sy}$ the standard magnitude was used directly, while for $ZP(b)_{sy}$ the magnitudes were previously reported in the instrument natural photometric system using equation (\[equa1\]). Putting together equations \[equa1\], \[equa2\] and \[equa3\] we obtain: $$B^{SN}=B^*+b^{SN}-b^*-\gamma^B_{B-V}(B^*-V^*)+B_{sy}^{SN}-b_{sy}^{SN} \label{equa8}$$ ![Comparison of the different instrumental $UBVRI$ transmission curves normalized to the peak transmission with the standard Johnson Cousins functions [@Bessell90].[]{data-label="figA.1"}](bande_opt_2002dj.ps){width="84mm"} ![Comparison of the different instrumental $JHKs$ transmission curves normalized to the peak transmission with the standard Persson functions [@Persson98].[]{data-label="figA.2"}](bande_ir_2002dj.ps){width="84mm"} ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- CTIO 0.9m 0.062(0.035)$^a$ 0.098(0.013) $-$0.092(0.007) $-$0.094(0.007) 0.018(0.001) 0.016(0.003) 0.010(0.001) $-$0.013(0.009) 0.004(0.001) 0.004(0.004) ALFOSC 0.093(0.006)$^a$ 0.076(0.045) 0.032(0.003) 0.057(0.016) $-$0.046(0.002) $-$0.052(0.007) $-$0.065(0.002) $-$0.072(0.020) $-$0.041(0.002) $-$0.065(0.029) DFOSC 0.058(0.006)$^a$ 0.029(0.016) 0.068(0.003) 0.089(0.004) 0.013(0.002) 0.013(0.007) 0.026(0.001) 0.009(0.015) $-$0.048(0.001) $-$0.060(0.036) JKT 0.072(0.050) 0.026(0.019) 0.066(0.006) 0.085(0.032) 0.030(0.001) 0.028(0.035) 0.003(0.001) $-$0.039(0.023) 0.056(0.004) 0.018(0.030) WFC 0.077(0.021) 0.059(0.032) 0.031(0.006) $-$0.010(0.001) 0.007(0.029) 0.013(0.001) 0.000(0.014) $-$0.197(0.004) $-$0.210(0.004) FORS1 $-$0.083(0.007) $-$0.083(0.009) 0.040(0.002) 0.033(0.010) 0.080(0.002) 0.066(0.010) $-$0.034(0.004) $-$0.031(0.005) EMMI 0.067(0.006) $-$0.045(0.005) 0.017(0.001) 0.056(0.023) 0.067(0.001) 0.044(0.009) $-$0.047(0.001) ----------- ------------------ -------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- $^a$ Modified band.\ $^b$ Colour term computed using synthetic photometry.\ $^c$ Colour term computed using photometric standard.\ --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ----------------- ------- ----------------- SoFi $-$0.020 $-$0.007 $-$0.022 0.006 0.006 0.023 ANDICAM 0.035 0.028(0.005) $-$0.009 $-$0.010(0.005) 0.000 $-$0.003(0.005) --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ----------------- ------- ----------------- date M.J.D. Phase$^a$ U B V R I Instr. ------------ --------- ----------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ----------- 13/06/2002 52439.0 -11.0 16.01 $\pm$ 0.03 16.02 $\pm$ 0.04 15.85 $\pm$ 0.03 15.64 $\pm$ 0.06 15.96 $\pm$ 0.03 CTIO 0.9m 14/06/2002 52439.9 -10.1 $-$ 15.68 $\pm$ 0.05 15.51 $\pm$ 0.02 15.25 $\pm$ 0.03 15.43 $\pm$ 0.03 EMMI 27/06/2002 52452.9 2.9 14.30 $\pm$ 0.04 14.35 $\pm$ 0.03 14.17 $\pm$ 0.02 14.09 $\pm$ 0.03 14.43 $\pm$ 0.05 WFC 28/06/2002 52453.9 3.9 $-$ 14.43 $\pm$ 0.03 14.17 $\pm$ 0.01 14.11 $\pm$ 0.03 14.47 $\pm$ 0.03 JKT 29/06/2002 52455.0 5.0 14.40 $\pm$ 0.04 14.47 $\pm$ 0.02 14.19 $\pm$ 0.02 14.14 $\pm$ 0.01 14.50 $\pm$ 0.04 JKT 30/06/2002 52456.0 6.0 $-$ $-$ $-$ 14.26 $\pm$ 0.03 $-$ JKT 02/07/2002 52458.0 8.0 $-$ 14.68 $\pm$ 0.02 14.31 $\pm$ 0.02 14.31 $\pm$ 0.03 14.64 $\pm$ 0.03 JKT 03/07/2002 52458.1 8.1 14.85 $\pm$ 0.05 14.68 $\pm$ 0.05 14.32 $\pm$ 0.03 14.29 $\pm$ 0.03 14.73 $\pm$ 0.05 DFOSC 04/07/2002 52460.0 10.0 15.01 $\pm$ 0.02 14.83 $\pm$ 0.04 14.42 $\pm$ 0.01 14.46 $\pm$ 0.04 14.96 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 07/07/2002 52463.0 13.0 15.42 $\pm$ 0.03 15.16 $\pm$ 0.02 14.62 $\pm$ 0.03 14.61 $\pm$ 0.04 15.05 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 09/07/2002 52465.0 15.0 15.75 $\pm$ 0.03 15.44 $\pm$ 0.04 14.79 $\pm$ 0.02 14.70 $\pm$ 0.03 15.07 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 11/07/2002 52467.0 17.0 16.05 $\pm$ 0.01 15.61 $\pm$ 0.04 14.88 $\pm$ 0.04 14.74 $\pm$ 0.05 15.04 $\pm$ 0.05 DFOSC 16/07/2002 52473.0 23.0 $-$ $-$ 15.14 $\pm$ 0.03 14.84 $\pm$ 0.03 14.83 $\pm$ 0.02 CTIO 0.9m 16/07/2002 52473.1 23.1 16.75 $\pm$ 0.04 16.33 $\pm$ 0.04 15.17 $\pm$ 0.03 14.79 $\pm$ 0.05 14.99 $\pm$ 0.02 DFOSC 19/07/2002 52476.0 26.0 16.97 $\pm$ 0.05 16.57 $\pm$ 0.04 15.42 $\pm$ 0.03 15.03 $\pm$ 0.03 14.84 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 24/07/2002 52479.9 29.9 $-$ 16.92 $\pm$ 0.05 15.54 $\pm$ 0.05 15.12 $\pm$ 0.03 14.85 $\pm$ 0.01 ALFOSC 25/07/2002 52481.0 31.0 17.41 $\pm$ 0.03 16.97 $\pm$ 0.02 15.63 $\pm$ 0.03 15.20 $\pm$ 0.03 14.90 $\pm$ 0.04 DFOSC 29/07/2002 52484.9 34.9 17.55 $\pm$ 0.17 $-$ $-$ $-$ $-$ ALFOSC 08/08/2002 52495.0 45.0 $-$ 17.33 $\pm$ 0.04 16.22 $\pm$ 0.04 15.91 $\pm$ 0.03 15.74 $\pm$ 0.04 CTIO 0.9m 31/08/2002 52518.0 68.0 18.38 $\pm$ 0.12 $-$ 16.89 $\pm$ 0.04 $-$ $-$ DFOSC 02/09/2002 52520.0 70.0 $-$ $-$ 16.91 $\pm$ 0.05 $-$ $-$ DFOSC 06/09/2002 52524.0 74.0 $-$ 17.76 $\pm$ 0.19 $-$ 17.05 $\pm$ 0.16 16.88 $\pm$ 0.48 DFOSC 25/03/2003 52724.3 274.3 $-$ 21.00 $\pm$ 0.04 20.78 $\pm$ 0.03 21.30 $\pm$ 0.08 20.74 $\pm$ 0.10 FORS1  $^a$ Relative to the time of the $B$ maximum brightness M.J.D.=52450 $\pm$ 0.7\ date M.J.D. Phase$^a$ J H K Instr. ------------ --------- ----------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ --------- 13/06/2002 52439.0 -11.0 15.64 $\pm$ 0.05 15.64 $\pm$ 0.08 15.66 $\pm$ 0.10 ANDICAM 14/06/2002 52440.0 -10.0 15.27 $\pm$ 0.03 15.31 $\pm$ 0.05 15.25 $\pm$ 0.08 ANDICAM 15/06/2002 52441.1 -8.9 14.98 $\pm$ 0.03 15.13 $\pm$ 0.03 15.09 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 19/06/2002 52444.1 -5.9 14.63 $\pm$ 0.03 14.85 $\pm$ 0.03 14.70 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 20/06/2002 52446.0 -4.0 14.56 $\pm$ 0.09 14.82 $\pm$ 0.06 14.64 $\pm$ 0.06 ANDICAM 24/06/2002 52450.0 -0.0 14.60 $\pm$ 0.03 14.85 $\pm$ 0.05 14.50 $\pm$ 0.09 ANDICAM 24/06/2002 52450.0 -0.0 14.62 $\pm$ 0.03 14.83 $\pm$ 0.03 14.54 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 27/06/2002 52453.1 3.1 14.88 $\pm$ 0.04 14.93 $\pm$ 0.04 14.65 $\pm$ 0.07 ANDICAM 30/06/2002 52456.0 6.0 15.33 $\pm$ 0.12 15.12 $\pm$ 0.08 14.85 $\pm$ 0.16 ANDICAM 08/07/2002 52464.0 14.0 16.38 $\pm$ 0.07 15.09 $\pm$ 0.04 15.03 $\pm$ 0.08 ANDICAM 11/07/2002 52467.0 17.0 16.36 $\pm$ 0.05 15.01 $\pm$ 0.03 14.90 $\pm$ 0.05 ANDICAM 11/07/2002 52467.0 17.0 16.15 $\pm$ 0.03 14.90 $\pm$ 0.03 14.87 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi 14/07/2002 52470.0 20.0 16.19 $\pm$ 0.10 14.85 $\pm$ 0.04 14.76 $\pm$ 0.06 ANDICAM 17/07/2002 52473.0 23.0 15.97 $\pm$ 0.04 14.79 $\pm$ 0.03 14.66 $\pm$ 0.04 ANDICAM 25/07/2002 52481.0 31.0 15.70 $\pm$ 0.05 14.81 $\pm$ 0.04 14.83 $\pm$ 0.08 ANDICAM 28/07/2002 52484.0 34.0 15.75 $\pm$ 0.04 15.07 $\pm$ 0.04 15.13 $\pm$ 0.05 ANDICAM 31/07/2002 52487.0 37.0 16.01 $\pm$ 0.03 15.25 $\pm$ 0.06 15.45 $\pm$ 0.28 ANDICAM 07/08/2002 52494.0 44.0 16.70 $\pm$ 0.09 15.62 $\pm$ 0.07 15.67 $\pm$ 0.35 ANDICAM 10/08/2002 52497.0 47.0 16.79 $\pm$ 0.09 15.74 $\pm$ 0.05 15.94 $\pm$ 0.12 ANDICAM 13/08/2002 52500.0 50.0 16.99 $\pm$ 0.11 15.86 $\pm$ 0.05 16.05 $\pm$ 0.12 ANDICAM 30/08/2002 52517.0 67.0 18.07 $\pm$ 0.38 16.61 $\pm$ 0.03 16.87 $\pm$ 0.03 SoFi $^a$ Relative to the time of the $B$ maximum brightness M.J.D.=52450 $\pm$ 0.7\ Band construction ----------------- We define the transmission function of a give passband $S(\lambda)$ as: $S(\lambda)=F(\lambda)\cdot QE(\lambda) \cdot Ac(\lambda) \cdot Al(\lambda) \cdot M(\lambda) \cdot N_{ref} \cdot L(\lambda)$\ where $F(\lambda)$ is the filter transmission function, $QE(\lambda)$ is the detector quantum efficiency, $Ac(\lambda)$ is the continuum atmospheric transmission profile, $Al(\lambda)$ is the line atmospheric transmission profile, $M(\lambda)$ is the mirror reflectivity function, $N_{ref}$ the number of reflections and $L(\lambda)$ is the lens throughput. We downloaded $F(\lambda)$ and $QE(\lambda)$ from the instrument web sites. For $M(\lambda)$ we used a standard aluminium reflectivity curve, while we did not find information about the lens transmission for any of the instruments. In the construction of the atmosphere model the weight of the terms $Ac(\lambda)$ and $ Al(\lambda)$ change considerably going from $U$ to $Ks$ bands. In the optical the atmosphere transmission is mainly defined by a continuum function, while in the IR in most of the instruments the passband cut-offs are defined by deep atmospheric absorption bands. The latter make the use of a fixed instrumental passband not a good approximation of the real transmission function, because it depends on the atmospheric conditions. To a much lesser degree this is also a problem for the optical $R$ and $I$ filters, where some telluric features fall in the middle of the passbands. These telluric lines do not change linearly with airmass, therefore their variation is not properly accounted by the absorption coefficients. For La Palma we obtained $Ac(\lambda)$ from @atm_lapalma, while for La Silla, Paranal and CTIO we have used the CTIO transmission curve in the IRAF reduction package (Stone & Baldwin 1983, Baldwin & Stone 1984). For the IR sky spectrum of La Silla and CTIO we downloaded $Ac(\lambda) \cdot Al(\lambda)$ from the 2MASS web side[^5]. The instrumental filter bands are compared with the standard ones in Fig. \[figA.1\] and Fig. \[figA.2\].\ As usual (see e.g. Pignata et al. 2004), we checked how well the constructed instrumental passbands match the real ones and compared the colour terms derived from standard stars (@Landolt92 for the optical and @Persson98 for the IR) with those we computed by integrating the flux of spectrophotometric standards of @Stritzinger05 for the optical and Sirius, Vega and the Sun for the IR. We decided to modify the instrumental passband only in cases where the difference between the two colour terms reported in Table \[tabA.1\] and Table \[tabA.2\] were larger than three times the error associated to both “synthetic” and “photometric” colour terms. The lack of a suitable number of spectrophotometric IR standards with an establish magnitude make the colour term comparison less effective than at optical wavelengths. [^1]: E-mail: gpignata@das.uchile.cl [^2]: IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc, under contract to the National Science Foundation. [^3]: Although SN 2002er was classified as HVG SNe [@Benetti05] it was not included in the table because of its lower expansion velocities. This SN could indeed represents a transition object between HVG SNe and LVG SNe [@Tanaka08]. [^4]: The light curves of SN 2002bf have been K-corrected to the host galaxy rest frame velocity of SN 2002dj [^5]:

Bridei VI Bridei () son of Uurad was king of the Picts, in modern Scotland, from 842 to 843. Two of his brothers, Ciniod and Drest, are also said, in the king lists of the Pictish Chronicle, to have reigned for a short time. Category:843 deaths Category:Pictish monarchs Category:9th-century Scottish monarchs Category:Year of birth unknown

Pamlény Pamlény is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary. References Category:Populated places in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County

Arms and legs flaying. Bones snapping. Muscles tearing. Bodies flying. WCWis World War Three sixty-man, three ring, battle royal resembled your regular soccer game riot. Broadcast from The Palace in Auburn Hills, Michigan, this year's special brand of canvass chaos had a extraordinary prize awaiting the battered and bruised winner: a shot at the WCW World Title strap on February 19th, 1998, at SuperBrawl 8. For WCW it was reoccurring nightmare as Hollywood Hoganis New World Order (nWo) once again tore up the World War Three rule book scoring themselves a tainted win. The last four men left in the turbulent competition symbolized the grievous turf war thatis erupted between the loyal WCW forces and the nWo thugs. The Giant and Diamond Dallas Page faced off against Scott Hall and Randy Savage. As if it were planned that way, DDP and Savage continued their lengthy feud while The Giant smothered Hall. As Savage prepared to land his Flying Elbow Smash, The Giant stepped in harm's way shielding a weakened Page. Throwing caution to the wind, Savage flew. The Giant caught him in his big mitts setting him up for DDP's Diamond Cutter. Page began pushing Savage out of the ring to eliminate him from the bout. Signaling for the Choke Slam, The Giant blocked Page's efforts and brought the curtain down on Savage's bid himself. The two superstars glared at Scott Hall. The member of the nWo's Outsider tag team with partner Kevin Nash (forfeiting his place in the battle royal by not showing up) retreated into the second ring. The crowd and the wrestlers stood in shock as nWo music blasted through the house speakers. To everyone's surprise it was not Kevin Nash finally coming to assist his partner but the leader of the nWo himself, Hollywood Hogan. Even though he was not officially entered into World War Three, Hogan pummeled Page and Hall went to work unsuccessfully on The Giant. The refs sold the interference by twiddling their thumbs. Next, it was the commentators turn to sell, sell, sell, as a figure way too tall and way too big to be Sting dropped from the ceiling toting a baseball bat and wearing Sting's Crow-like outfit. The impostor nailed The Giant with the baseball bat knocking him out of the ring. Hogan hurled out a shattered Diamond Dallas Page cinching Scott Hall's victory. Hogan fled the ring at the sight of his supposed arch enemy. The phony Sting pulled off his mask revealing the grinning face of Outsider Kevin Nash underneath. In the post-match celebration, Hogan gave Page his own Diamond Cutter. (Full elimination order at the bottom of this report.) The next WCW pay-per-view is Starrcade on December 28th. The main event will be the much-anticipated Sting versus Hollywood Hogan match. WCW World War Three '97 Results Glacier / Ernest Miller Vs The Faces Of Fear : At 9:05, Ernest Miller chops Jimmy Hart on the apron. Meng locks on the Death Grip from behind for the win. : Before the match Raven says...Let the stretchings begin! : Disco tries a flying body press from the top rope. Saturn catches and rolls him into his Rings Of Saturn submission move. Winner: ...and still WCW Television Champion...Saturn at 8 minutes and 7 seconds.. Yuji Nagata Vs The Ultimo Dragon : If Dragon wins he gets five minutes alone with Sonny Ono in the ring. : At 11:45, The Dragon clamps on his sleeper hold. Nagata taps out but Ono distracts the ref. : Attempting a reverse-suplex, Dragon hits Ono with Nagatais leg. Nagata rolls on Dragon for the pin. : WCW Executive Committee Chairman, Doug Dillinger, announces that if Raven doesnit sign a contract in 24 hours with WCW he will be asked to leave the promotion. (Yeah. Sure.) : Someone waves a Respect Bret (Hart) sign on camera. : Because of Raven's insistence on No DQ rules, both men use steel chairs and mic cables in the encounter. : Raven crumples Riggs with three DDTs in succession screaming in Riggs' face.."I didnit want to do this. Why didnit you join us? I feel your pain". : At 8:16, Riggs fails to get up after the ref lays down a ten count. : Hammer and Raven's Flock carry Riggs out of the building unconscious. Winner: At 8:16, Raven. Steve McMichael Vs Alex Wright : McMichael comes down the ring with a steel pipe saying he punked Bill Goldberg. Nice try, Steve. Everyone knows that Goldberg is nursing a REAL injury. : Mongo is once again wearing his Super Bowl ring. : Debra hauls out Alex Wright to battle Mongo. : At 16:38, Flair brings a chair and the U.S. title into the ring. He atomic drops Hennig on the chair. With Hennig's leg trapped in the chair, Flair stomps on it. : Flair wraps up Hennig in the Figure Four at 18:08 but Hennig bashes Flair with the U.S. title belt knocking him out. Winner: ...and still WCW U.S. champion...Curt Hennig at 18 minutes and 27 seconds.

Q: List tables involved in a sql statement before it is run? Is it possible, in .NET, to pass a sql statement to SQL server for parsing and return the tables involved in the statement and the type of operation. So for a statement like this : select * from Table1 left outer join Table2 on Table1.id=Table2.foreignid; delete from Table2 where date < 2009/12/12 SQL Server might return the tables involved like this : Table1 Read Table2 Read Table2 Delete So the statement isn't executed, it just returns the tables involved. The reason I ask is that the application I am working on has application level table permissions that I want to apply on a table by table basis. The current method of parsing out the tables involved in a statement uses a regular expression and fails in anything other than simple statements. Obviously you can't really be using a regular expression for this kind of job A: Would SET SHOWPLAN_ALL do it for you? It simulates the call query on the server and you may be able to parse the results. Edit: It looks like SET SHOWPLAN_TEXT would be easier to parse.

Stuff You'll Like related related related When you're totally dedicated to something, you can't help but share it with others, which is why Jay Leno often shows his car collection to interviewers, and Stephon Marbury often shows his car collection to interns. Bringing their love of two-wheeled rides to the masses, Revival Cycles and Lounge The passion project of three moto-obsessives who've each traversed multiple countries via motorcycle and spent years serving as independent repairmen, RC&L is a warehouse they converted into a bi-level cycle-center unpretentiously dedicated to the repair, restoration, sale, and display of vintage European masterpieces (so there'll be no answer to "Buell? Buell?"). For-sale models run from a rare Italian-made MotoBi '50s two-stroke (more powerful, less efficient!) production racer, to a '65 Honda Dream, the exact model from Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance -- a 1974 bestseller connecting Greek philosophers to riding your hog, at least 'til you Aris-total it. To encourage you to hang out, they've also set up educational mock engines, wall-hanging display cycles, and long-term personal restoration projects like a '71 BMW heavily modded with '30s parts into a Mad-Maxian monster, a bike the owners got for free because plants were growing in the engine (rhodo-dengines are only good for Biker Girlz) RC&L opens its doors to the public tomorrow, with a throw-back barn-burner featuring gratis adult beverages and a DJ spinning 78s -- but sadly no SUV containing #3, and a spinner. The passion project of three moto-obsessives who've each traversed multiple countries via motorcycle and spent years serving as independent repairmen, RC&L is a warehouse they converted into a bi-level cycle-center unpretentiously dedicated to the repair, restoration, sale, and display of vintage European masterpieces (so there'll be no answer to "Buell? Buell?")

3*b - 5*b**2. Calculate -6*g(l) - 5*t(l). -5*l**2 Let i(o) = 14*o**3 + o - 3. Let v(j) = 14*j**3 + j - 2. Give -2*i(c) + 3*v(c). 14*c**3 + c Let s(k) = -21*k + 7 + 14*k - 1 + 8*k. Let r(i) = 5. Give -5*r(u) + 4*s(u). 4*u - 1 Let z(x) = -x**2 + x. Let i = 3 - -2. Let h(b) = -3*b**2 + 0*b**2 + i*b - b**2. Let l(q) = -q**3 + 8*q**2 + 9*q + 6. Let w be l(9). What is w*z(f) - h(f)? -2*f**2 + f Let d(k) = -k**2 - k + 1. Let j = 399/4 - 595/6. Let a(f) be the second derivative of -f + 5/2*f**2 + 0 - j*f**4 - 7/6*f**3. Calculate -a(r) + 5*d(r). 2*r**2 + 2*r Let u(y) = y**3 + 8*y + 62 - 54 - 3*y**3 - 8*y**2. Let l(w) = -w**2 + w + 1. Give 8*l(x) - u(x). 2*x**3 Let f(m) = -2*m**3 - 2*m**2 + 3*m + 4. Let i be f(-2). Let t(y) = -4*y + y**2 + 0 + 0*y**2 + 4. Let b(n) = -4*n**2 + 15*n - 15. Calculate i*b(r) + 22*t(r). -2*r**2 + 2*r - 2 Let b(z) = z**2 + 3*z - 3. Suppose -7 + 15 = 3*r - o, -4 = 3*r + 5*o. Let n(l) = -l**2 - l + 1. Give r*b(i) + 6*n(i). -4*i**2 Let o(a) = a**2 - a. Let s(n) = -5*n**3 - 5*n**2 + 5*n. Determine -5*o(d) - s(d). 5*d**3 Let k(s) = -s**2 + s. Let h be -2 - (3/(-3) - -1). Let a(u) = 4 - u - 3 - 7. Let m be a(-5). Let n(g) = g**2 - 2*g. Give h*k(o) + m*n(o). o**2 Let l(m) = 4*m**3. Let c be (-12)/(-18) + 13/3. Let j(y) = -2*y**2 - 2*y - 2. Let t(i) = i**3 + i**2 + i + 1. Let v(k) = j(k) + 2*t(k). What is c*v(q) - 2*l(q)? 2*q**3 Let x(j) = -j**3 + 3*j**2 + 3*j. Let m(p) = -2*p**3 + 2*p**2 + 2*p. Determine 3*m(b) - 2*x(b). -4*b**3 Let f(k) = k**2 - k. Let c(j) = 2*j**2 - 4*j - 3. What is 2*c(x) - 6*f(x)? -2*x**2 - 2*x - 6 Let b(n) = 11*n. Let l(a) = -7*a. Let k be (-8)/28 + (-38)/14. Let m(v) = -v + 2. Let z be m(k). Suppose 0*y - y = -z. What is y*b(x) + 8*l(x)? -x Let n = -3 + 2. Suppose 4*f - 49 = 11. Let d(y) = -12*y**2 + 15*y - 15. Let g(k) = -k**2 + k - 1. Calculate f*g(b) + n*d(b). -3*b**2 Let c be (3 + -1 - 4)*-2. Let u(l) = 48*l**2 - 27*l - 27. Let j(d) = 7*d**2 - 4*d - 4. Calculate c*u(y) - 27*j(y). 3*y**2 Let u(h) be the second derivative of 2*h**5/5 + 5*h**2/2 + 37*h - 2. Let v(j) = 9*j**3 + 6. What is -6*u(x) + 5*v(x)? -3*x**3 Let z(y) = -3*y + 8. Let u(g) = 7*g - 16. Let i(m) = 4*u(m) + 7*z(m). Let k(x) = -x - 12. Let l be k(12). Let n(o) = o - 1. Determine l*n(q) + 3*i(q). -3*q Let a(d) = 2 - 4 - 3 - 2*d. Let w(y) = -2*y - 6. Let p(l) = -3*l - 9. Let v(g) = 5*p(g) - 8*w(g). Give -3*a(i) - 5*v(i). i Let o(f) = 19 + 2*f**2 - 19 + f. Let c(t) be the second derivative of t**3 - t**2/2 + 2*t. Let q be c(-1). Let h(z) = -4*z**2 - 2*z. What is q*o(g) - 4*h(g)? 2*g**2 + g Let c(j) = -j + 2. Let u(x) = -x**2 - x + 9. Let s(q) = q**2 + q - 8. Let o(l) = 7*s(l) + 6*u(l). Calculate 3*c(z) + 2*o(z). 2*z**2 - z + 2 Let l(b) = -b + 1. Let i(f) = 2. Let m(n) = -1. Let d(c) = -3*i(c) - 4*m(c). Calculate d(s) + 2*l(s). -2*s Let z(o) = -o**2 + o - 1. Suppose 0 = -q - 4 - 0. Let h(i) = 8*i**2 - 2*i**2 - 4*i - 3*i**2 + 2. What is q*z(y) - h(y)? y**2 + 2 Let r be ((-40)/(-12))/(4/(-6)). Let v(q) = -3*q**2 - 7*q - 3. Let a(j) = -j**2 + j - 1. Let g(k) = 7*k. Let c(n) = -2*a(n) + g(n). What is r*v(t) - 7*c(t)? t**2 + 1 Let u(s) = s**2 + 11*s + 4. Let n(c) = c**2 + 6*c + 2. What is 5*n(w) - 3*u(w)? 2*w**2 - 3*w - 2 Let k(u) = -9*u. Let q(g) = -10*g - 1. Calculate 3*k(i) - 2*q(i). -7*i + 2 Let x = 37 - 27. Let m(f) = -10*f - x - 2*f**2 - 4*f**2 + 8*f**2. Let t(r) = -r - 1. Calculate -m(h) + 10*t(h). -2*h**2 Let w(a) = 4*a**3 - 6*a**2 + 9*a. Let d(u) = -u**3 + u**2. Determine 6*d(c) + w(c). -2*c**3 + 9*c Let j(m) = 2*m**2 + 8*m - 3. Let f(i) = 3*i**2 + 9*i - 3. Give -4*f(k) + 5*j(k). -2*k**2 + 4*k - 3 Let o be (-21)/9 + 2/6. Let v(d) = 3. Let g(x) = 16. Let b(l) = o*g(l) + 11*v(l). Let n(r) = 2*r + 6. What is -4*b(y) + n(y)? 2*y + 2 Let i(r) = 2. Let u(n) = n - 12. Give 11*i(x) + 2*u(x). 2*x - 2 Let g(w) = -16*w. Let f(d) = 399*d. Determine 3*f(k) + 76*g(k). -19*k Let y(j) = 411 - j - 411. Let m(b) = b**2 + 3*b. What is -m(v) - 3*y(v)? -v**2 Let a(c) = -3*c**2 + 8*c. Let x(w) = -2*w**2 + 5*w. Suppose -3 = 5*u + 22. Give u*a(h) + 8*x(h). -h**2 Let g(z) = 4*z**2 + 5*z - 3. Let l(b) be the third derivative of -b**5/60 - b**4/24 + b**3/6 - 7*b**2. Determine g(a) + 3*l(a). a**2 + 2*a Let m(p) = 11*p**2 - 19*p - 13. Let g(a) = -5*a**2 + 9*a + 6. Let j(l) = 13*g(l) + 6*m(l). Let f(u) = u**2 + 2*u. What is 3*f(b) - 2*j(b)? b**2 Let p(l) = -18*l**3 - 3*l**2 + 3. Let g(y) = -91*y**3 - 14*y**2 + 14. Give 3*g(f) - 14*p(f). -21*f**3 Let b = -3 + 3. Let q be -5 - -4 - (b - 3). Let v(n) = -15*n**3 + 13 - 3*n**q + 2*n**2 + 5*n**2. Let r(y) = 7*y**3 - 2*y**2 - 6. Give -13*r(p) - 6*v(p). -p**3 + 2*p**2 Let z(m) = 3*m**2 - 2*m. Let w(o) = o**3 + o**2 + o - 1. Determine -2*w(l) - z(l). -2*l**3 - 5*l**2 + 2 Let v(i) = 103*i**2 + 13*i - 9. Let w(q) = -26*q**2 - 3*q + 2. Calculate 2*v(d) + 9*w(d). -28*d**2 - d Let u(a) = 43*a**2 + 7*a - 7. Let x(d) = -14*d**2 - 2*d + 2. What is -2*u(r) - 7*x(r)? 12*r**2 Let p(b) = -2*b - 5. Let n(o) = 3 - 2 + 1 - 1. What is 4*n(g) + p(g)? -2*g - 1 Let z(u) = -u - 5. Let l be 6/(-4)*(-26)/13. Let d(x) = -2*x - 9. Determine l*d(g) - 5*z(g). -g - 2 Let b(w) = -15*w**2 - 3*w + 2. Let q(n) = -44*n**2 - 8*n + 5. Give 8*b(y) - 3*q(y). 12*y**2 + 1 Let u(g) = -3*g - 6. Let a = 5 + -10. Suppose 0 = -3*v + v + 6. Let f(w) = -v*w + w - 1 + w. Calculate a*f(b) + u(b). 2*b - 1 Let u(k) = 11*k**2 - 15. Let s(i) = 7*i**2 - 10. Give 8*s(n) - 5*u(n). n**2 - 5 Let w(z) = -7*z**3 + 11*z**2 - 11. Let a(k) = 3*k**3 - 5*k**2 + 5. Let g(u) = 9*a(u) + 4*w(u). Let b(l) = 2*l**3 + l**2 - 2. What is -3*b(x) - 5*g(x)? -x**3 + 2*x**2 + 1 Let l(r) = 12*r**3 + 21*r**2 + 21*r + 21. Let g be 42 - -3 - (1 - 0). Suppose 3*f = g + 19. Let p(o) = -3*o**3 - 5*o**2 - 5*o - 5. What is f*p(j) + 5*l(j)? -3*j**3 Let b(h) = -h**3 + h**2 + h. Let j(i) = -5*i**2 - i**3 - 10*i + 5*i - i**3 + 7*i**3. Determine -6*b(p) - j(p). p**3 - p**2 - p Let a(d) = -d. Let b(k) = 3*k + 2. Let s = -2 + 4. Let n be (1/s)/(5/10). What is n*b(m) + 4*a(m)? -m + 2 Let p(d) be the first derivative of -d**2 + 6*d - 2. Let t(c) = 2 + 2 - 5. Give -p(q) - 6*t(q). 2*q Let o(a) = -14*a + 3. Let s(h) = 29*h - 7. Calculate 9*o(w) + 4*s(w). -10*w - 1 Let w(c) = c**3 + 4*c**2 + 4*c - 2. Let n(v) = 7*v - 1 + 9*v**2 + 2*v - 4 + 3*v**3. Give 2*n(x) - 5*w(x). x**3 - 2*x**2 - 2*x Let g(o) = 9*o**2 - 3*o + 3. Let a(h) = -13*h**2 + 4*h - 4. Give -5*a(z) - 7*g(z). 2*z**2 + z - 1 Let h(r) = 5*r**2 + 6*r - 2. Let t(g) = -4*g + 1 - 4*g**2 - g**2 + 3*g**2 - g**2. What is 5*h(l) + 8*t(l)? l**2 - 2*l - 2 Let y(q) = 5. Let g(w) = w - 11. Let z(h) = 2*g(h) + 5*y(h). Let d(n) = 3*n + 2. Calculate 3*d(f) - 2*z(f). 5*f Let h(t) = t**2 - t + 1. Let r = -9 + 7. Let o(s) = -4*s + 2. Determine r*h(y) + o(y). -2*y**2 - 2*y Let d(o) = o**3 + 6*o**2 + 6*o + 6. Let t be d(-5). Let j(p) = p - p - 5*p + p - t. Let l(q) = q. Let m = -1 - -11. Calculate m*l(k) + 2*j(k). 2*k - 2 Let g(u) = 2*u - 2. Let s(b) be the first derivative of -b**3/3 + 5*b**2/2 - 5*b + 36. Calculate 5*g(q) - 2*s(q). 2*q**2 Let q(w) = 2*w + 5. Let u = 7 - 12. Let y(p) be the second derivative of p**3/6 + p**2 - p. Calculate u*y(n) + 2*q(n). -n Let r = -15 + 29. Let w = r - 11. Let n(s) = -2*s - 3. Let j(f) = 2*f + 2. What is w*j(v) + 2*n(v)? 2*v Let w(d) be the third derivative of -d**5/15 + d**4/6 - d**3/6 + 31*d**2. Let l(n) = -11*n**2 + 11*n - 3. Determine 3*l(r) - 8*w(r). -r**2 + r - 1 Let k(i) = -4*i - 2. Let u(t) = 4*t + 2. Let o = -82 + 76. Determine o*u(l) - 7*k(l). 4*l + 2 Let x(b) = -4*b**2 - 39*b + 2. Let h(u) = 9*u**2 + 77*u - 5. Give 2*h(s) + 5*x(s). -2*s**2 - 41*s Suppose -2*l + 44 = 5*o, 3*l - 47 - 19 = 2*o. Let c(n) = 3*n**3 - n**2 - 1. Let k(r) = -3*r**2 - 2*r**2 - r**2 - 6 + 16*r**3. Calculate l*c(t) - 4*k(t). 2*t**3 + 2*t**2 + 2 Let v(b) = -b**2 - 3*b. Let c be (0 - (-1 + 12)) + 0. Let s(n) = -6*n**2 - 16*n. What is c*v(a) + 2*s(a)? -a**2 + a Let p(f) = 3*f**3 - 3*f**2 + 6. Let h(x) = 3*x**3 - 4*x**2 + 7. Calculate 3*h(w) - 4*p(w). -3*w**3 - 3 Let d(u) = -2*u + 5. Let l(o) be the first derivative of 5*o**2 - 24*o - 15. What is -14*d(f) - 3*l(f)? -2*f + 2 Suppose -3 + 0 = -v. Let r(d) = 3*d**2 + 2*d**3 + 2*d**v - 3*d**3 + 3*d + 3*d**3. Let w(a) = -7*a**3 - 5*a**2 - 5*a. Calculate 5*r(z) + 3*w(z). -z**3 Let b(z) = z + 2. Let d(o) = -o + 8. Let f be d

<?php declare(strict_types=1); /** * This file is part of the Propel package. * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE * file that was distributed with this source code. * * @license MIT License */ namespace Propel\Generator\Behavior\ConcreteInheritance; use Propel\Generator\Builder\Om\Component\ComponentTrait; use Propel\Generator\Builder\Om\ObjectBuilder; use Propel\Generator\Builder\Om\QueryBuilder; use Propel\Generator\Builder\Om\RepositoryBuilder; use Propel\Generator\Exception\InvalidArgumentException; use Propel\Generator\Model\Behavior; use Propel\Generator\Model\Entity; use Propel\Generator\Model\Relation; /** * Makes a model inherit another one. The model with this behavior gets a copy * of the structure of the parent model. In addition, both the ActiveRecord and * ActiveQuery classes will extend the related classes of the parent model. * Lastly (an optionally), the data from a model with this behavior is copied * to the parent model. * * @author François Zaninotto */ class ConcreteInheritanceBehavior extends Behavior { use ComponentTrait; // default parameters value protected $defaultParameters = [ 'extends' => '', 'copy_data_to_parent' => true, 'descendant_field' => 'descendantClass', ]; public function modifyEntity() { $entity = $this->getEntity(); $parentEntity = $this->getParentEntity(); if ($this->isCopyData()) { // tell the parent table that it has a descendant if (!$parentEntity->hasBehavior('concrete_inheritance_parent')) { $parentBehavior = new ConcreteInheritanceParentBehavior(); $parentBehavior->setName('concrete_inheritance_parent'); $parentBehavior->addParameter(['name' => 'descendant_field', 'value' => $this->getParameter('descendant_field')]); $parentEntity->addBehavior($parentBehavior); // The parent table's behavior modifyTable() must be executed before this one $parentBehavior->getEntityModifier()->modifyEntity(); $parentBehavior->setEntityModified(true); } } // Add the fields of the parent entity foreach ($parentEntity->getFields() as $field) { if ($field->getName() == $this->getParameter('descendant_field')) { continue; } if ($entity->hasField($field->getName())) { continue; } $copiedField = clone $field; $copiedField->setSkipCodeGeneration(true); if ($field->isAutoIncrement() && $this->isCopyData()) { $copiedField->setAutoIncrement(false); } $entity->addField($copiedField); //add a 1-to-1 relation to parent if ($field->isPrimaryKey() && $this->isCopyData()) { $relation = new Relation(); $relation->setForeignEntityName($field->getEntity()->getName()); $relation->setOnDelete('CASCADE'); $relation->setOnUpdate('CASCADE'); $relation->addReference($copiedField, $field); $entity->concreteParentRelation = $relation; $entity->addRelation($relation); } } // add the relations of the parent entity foreach ($parentEntity->getRelations() as $relation) { $copiedFk = clone $relation; $copiedFk->setName(''); $copiedFk->setRefField(''); $copiedFk->setSkipCodeGeneration(true); $this->getEntity()->addRelation($copiedFk); } // add the indices of the parent entity foreach ($parentEntity->getIndices() as $index) { $copiedIndex = clone $index; $copiedIndex->setName(''); $this->getEntity()->addIndex($copiedIndex); } // add the unique indices of the parent entity foreach ($parentEntity->getUnices() as $unique) { $copiedUnique = clone $unique; $copiedUnique->setName(''); $this->getEntity()->addUnique($copiedUnique); } } public function getParentEntity(): Entity { $database = $this->getEntity()->getDatabase(); $entityName = $this->getParameter('extends'); if (!$entity = $database->getEntityByName($entityName)) { throw new InvalidArgumentException( sprintf( 'Entity "%s" used in the concrete_inheritance behavior at entity "%s" not exist.', $entityName, $this->getEntity()->getName() ) ); } return $entity; } protected function isCopyData(): bool { return $this->getParameter('copy_data_to_parent'); } public function preSave(RepositoryBuilder $repositoryBuilder) { if ($this->isCopyData()) { return $this->applyComponent('PreSave', $repositoryBuilder, $this); } } public function postSave(RepositoryBuilder $repositoryBuilder) { $entityClass = $this->getParentEntity()->getFullName(); if ($this->isCopyData()) { $getter = 'get' . $this->getParentEntity()->getName(); $code = <<<EOF \$session = \$this->getConfiguration()->getSession(); \$parentRepository = \$this->getConfiguration()->getRepository('$entityClass'); foreach (\$event->getEntities() as \$entity) { \$parent = \$entity->$getter(); \$parentRepository->getEntityMap()->copyInto(\$parent, \$entity); } EOF; return $code; } } public function preDelete(RepositoryBuilder $repositoryBuilder) { if ($this->isCopyData()) { $getter = 'get' . $this->getParentEntity()->getName(); $code = <<<EOF \$parentRepository = \$this->getConfiguration()->getRepository('%s'); \$session = \$this->getConfiguration()->getSession(); foreach (\$event->getEntities() as \$entity) { if (!\$session->isNew(\$entity)) { \$parent = \$entity->$getter(); \$session->remove(\$parent); } } EOF; return sprintf($code, $this->getParentEntity()->getFullName()); } } public function objectBuilderModification(ObjectBuilder $builder) { $builder->getDefinition()->setParentClassName('\\' . $this->getParentEntity()->getFullName()); if (!isset($this->getEntity()->concreteParentRelation)) { return; } $this->applyComponent('OverwritePrimaryKeyGetter', $builder, $this, $this->getEntity()->concreteParentRelation); } public function queryBuilderModification(QueryBuilder $builder) { $builder->getDefinition()->setParentClassName( '\\' . $builder->getNewStubQueryBuilder($this->getParentEntity())->getFullClassName() ); } }

Most Electronics Being Banned on Certain US-Bound Flights - BWStearns https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-20/some-electronics-to-be-banned-on-some-us-bound-flights ====== KirinDave I see many people here trying to puzzle out why electronics are under a partial ban _from cabins but not from checked baggage_. It's a good question, since if there is a fire or explosion hazard on a plane the last place you want it is wrapped in a wad of flammable cloth and synthetics, even if it is oxygen starved. The only motivation I can imagine is: They want these devices in checked luggage because checked luggage can be inspected without recourse by customs, and without an on-site confrontation. With care, it can be done without even notifying the people who are being checked. And given the pushback on social media credential disclosure and the reveal that the CIA (and presumably FBI and other agencies) have physical access exploits (probably via USB or DisplayPort) for most of these devices, this seems like a move who's only logical motivation could be easier digital inspection. Remember, it's the position of the TSA and CBP that non-citizens don't have rights of any kind until they're allowed through customs, and by simply inspecting devices they're interested in quickly and without publicity or confrontation they will certainly be more effective at it. I'm going to start putting a USB nuke stick in my luggage in an envelope. Just for fun. Maybe I'll label the envelope something nonsensical like "12-16" just to make sure people know it's useless. And in case I (or someone investigating my luggage) needs to plug something into a USB slot. ~~~ GuiA This. And also people not having devices on their person means they can't quickly text friends/family if they get detained/mistreated/etc. It seems like we're getting closer and closer to being in a situation where people who can should avoid going to the US at all, and make their reasoning known. Ie, refuse to give talks, attend conferences, etc. in the US. ~~~ akie This is already happening. I'm in Europe and I've heard quite a few friends (mostly academics) state that they're actively avoiding traveling to the US. ~~~ emanreus I have to admit some border crossing incidents[1] are what I would imagine entering North Korea would be like, not the US. [1][10min audio] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDYMw1p8s9M](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDYMw1p8s9M) ~~~ mgbmtl As someone from Canada, that guy was being a total dick, very aggressive, mansplaining the agent, which isn't surprising that it would trigger the customs agent. He would have had the same response from an agent at the border in Canada. Ex: "what shops are you planning to go to". It's fine to answer "I don't know yet". They're just testing behaviour. If you start being defensive or aggressive, pretend to know their jobs better than they, etc, it's suspicious. Although yes, in general, the US agents are really bad at doing behaviour testing. Anecdotal: Last year, I crossed the border a few times by car, visiting a friend I met on Tinder. I completely got away with it, giving honest answers at the border. Recently met someone else (a girl) who was stopped and accused of prostitution for doing the exact same thing. :/ ~~~ cat199 > "I completely got away with it" No, because you didn't do anything wrong. Border crossing is not a crime, last I checked, despite the best efforts of some to make it feel that way. ~~~ mgbmtl Agreed, I was being bitter/sarcastic. I meant to say that they incorrectly profiled the other person who was stopped. ------ jpatokal The Big 4 Middle East/Gulf airlines (Emirates, Etihad, Qatar, Turkish) have been giving legacy US carriers a lot of grief lately, since they're both cheaper and better on essentially all counts, so I can't help but wonder if they have their finger in the pie here. Few businessmen will opt to fly long- haul if they can't use their laptops, and they're specifically targeting 9 _airlines_ here, not just airports or countries. It's also beyond bizarre that the US trusts Abu Dhabi's security enough to locate its only Middle Eastern Customs/Immigration preclearance facility, but not enough to let passengers who have gone through security bring tablets... ~~~ et-al As an anecdote, I've flown United and Turkish across the Atlantic and it's a world of difference. In _2016_ , the United airplane I was in still did not have a seatback screen and they expected all 200+ passengers to connect to the wifi to try to get in- flight entertainment. Of course no one got on. So all of us were left craning our necks trying to catch a glimpse of whatever was on the CRT in the aisle. Meanwhile, Turkish Airlines has a touchscreen interface with beautifully done transitions and an amazing selection of movies and music. I remember seeing Radiohead's _Kid A_ on there, along with the Blade Runner soundtrack. Next month, I'm flying to Berlin via Turkish even though it will take 4 more hours because the price and comfort are worth it. Only problem is, this electronics ban may compromise my electronics. (And yes, I'm aware of early adopter pitfalls and government subsidies for airlines, but United has no qualms treating non-status passengers like trash.) ~~~ joshontheweb I'll never fly United again. I had a similar experience for 14 hours. It isn't just the in flight entertainment. In my experience their staff are rude and borderline incompetent. There must be a poor culture in the company as a whole. My wife just flew with them and went nearly 10 hours without a meal while she was flying with our two year old. Edit: spelling ~~~ kw71 Yeah! I have been flying for decades. Delta seems to have a cycle of climbing to excellence and falling. United Air Lines has always made me miserable reliably. ------ hoodoof I've seen it quite a few times. Someone answers their cell phone mid-flight - BOOM! Down goes the plane, steep descent, passengers screaming, masks drop from the ceiling, until that phone call ends and the plane straightens up. Blanket ban on electronics is the only way to stop this happening. One time I was flying and someone had forgotten to turn off their phone until the plane was in the air and it interfered with the navigation systems and we landed in London instead of Paris. Very ocnfuisng. ~~~ hrrsn I'm guessing you forgot the /s tag. ~~~ GrinningFool I'm thinking when he says he's seen it multiple times, the /s tag is implicit. ------ maxxxxx When I came to the US in 2000 it was a fairly optimistic and happy place. Now when I read stuff like this I always get reminded how this country went from pretty open to being scared, irrational and mean in the last 15 or so years. ~~~ pfarnsworth Let's be honest here. Osama Bin Laden won. The US as we knew it pre-911 doesn't exist anymore. He caused it, but the worst thing about it is that we did it to ourselves. First Bush, then Obama and now Trump is putting the nail in the coffin. ~~~ jsmthrowaway If bin Laden's victory condition was "many overly-reductive Americans bemoaning negative events in their nation's existence by parroting that the sky is irreversibly falling, throwing in the entire towel, forgetting or never bothering to study several existential threats to the United States in its brief history, and shrugging that our doom is all due to a Big Bad who managed to take down the world's occasionally most powerful nation with four airliners," then sure, he won. Since it wasn't, your comment is pretty much meaningless despite its appearance of wisdom. It's weird, for all this terminal rhetoric I read about the end of America I still drove to work this morning and still had faith in American values, not to mention a crazy belief that what's right will ultimately prevail in the face of great adversity. What's more, I feel uniquely empowered as an American to roll up my sleeves and create the America I want to see and believe is good for the rest of us, and I didn't even need Gandhi to teach me that one. I guess I need a sandwich board instead, because what's the point? Are we merely South Canada now, waiting for an eventual invasion that will take our economic, military, scientific and cultural leadership away, leaving a skeleton of a sovereign state that barely made it out of puberty? What coffin do you think Trump is building? I'm about as disapproving of the current administration as you can get, but I've also studied just enough of the world to understand that things tend to endure, even when the situation looks most hopeless to all involved. Look at the Big Bads that the British survived throughout their centuries of history. Sure, Pax Britannica and their colonial adventures around the world have come to a close, but I don't see any comments saying "the world won, Britain lost, might as well yield the Crown and just absorb into the EU." Nope: they _still_ fight for what they believe to be good and properly British, including giving the finger to the rest of Europe when they feel it necessary. We should learn from that example, of those with the learned memory of an empire from which they descend, deflated by the world changing around it, yet avoiding the adoption of a fatalist nostalgia that impedes all progress and hope for the future. If the British aren't a good example, look at the Germans who _still_ live in the punchline of uncomfortable jokes. They're still here, still making some mean beer, and still a valuable member of the world. Not even a particularly misguided government pissing off the entire planet could get rid of a German ideal that lived in its citizens' hearts, and they had a God damned wall down the middle in the wake of that mess to constantly remind them of how hopeless it got. We are due to be knocked down a couple more pegs than we already are. If you're of the mind to give up when that happens, then you can identify yourself as a member of the "winning" army. Saying UbL won and giving up _makes him win._ How do you not see that? ~~~ TeMPOraL Let's put it this way: 9/11 achieved exactly what was intended - it sent the US into a tailspin, and it's dragging the rest of the first world down with it. The current condition of US politics wrt. terrorism is best described as acute case of autoimmune disease. The damage of overreaction being much, _much_ worse than the original attack. That doesn't mean Bin Laden won - history is not a game, the round didn't end yet. US can still recover - if it choses to. ~~~ gambiting I'd actually argue that Bin Laden failed terribly at his stated goal - he wanted to make Americans stop for a second and consider why they are being targeted, and then hopefully discover all the atrocities their own government has inflicted on Bin Laden's people, and well, hopefully revolt. But America in general didn't spend even a second considering this. [https://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/wcpls/z/c5cabqo](https://www.reddit.com/r/WTF/comments/wcpls/z/c5cabqo) ~~~ SerLava Well I suppose, in a sense, it would be wrong to significantly change our behavior towards alignment with OBL's goals. That would probably trigger a lot more terrorism. ~~~ gambiting Well, yes, of course. I'm not saying that we _should_ have aligned with his goals - but the world certainly failed to get _why_ the attack was done in the first place - for most, it only had a religious motivation, or they think that terrorists hate American freedom so they had to attack. Like the comment I linked says - terrorist goal wasn't that you get patted down when traveling, or surrendering your privacy to the encroaching surveillance state. Those are goals of the US government, and here, the government is winning. The terrorists however, are definitely not. ------ mnm1 Note that some airlines, like Delta, do not allow computers or lithium batteries in checked luggage (for example: [https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/ba...](https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/baggage/before-your-trip/special-items.html) && [https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/ba...](https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/baggage/before-your-trip/restricted-items.html)) so this essentially means that other than phones, these things are completely banned and will have to be shipped separately or not shipped at all. EDIT: Also, no airline that I know of will insure these items when checked in for more than $100 on international flights (please correct if I'm wrong). So if you can get them in at all, like the article says, they will be stolen. ~~~ vmarsy > Note that some airlines, like Delta, do not allow computers or lithium > batteries in checked luggage [...] so this essentially means that other than > phones, these things are completely banned and will have to be shipped > separately or not shipped at all. This is incorrect, only spare batteries aren't allowed in checked baggage, computers are fine. From your second link [1]: > Lithium ion batteries installed in a personal electronic device _can be_ > transported as checked or carry on baggage. Lithium ion batteries not > installed in a device (spares) must be in carry-on baggage and no more than > two (2) spares between 100 and 160 watt hours are allowed. [1] [https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/ba...](https://www.delta.com/content/www/en_US/traveling-with- us/baggage/before-your-trip/restricted-items.html) ~~~ mnm1 The first link says: "Computers or computer-related equipment are not allowed as checked baggage. You can, of course, bring your laptop computers as carry- on." It's unclear between the two links which one applies. Anyway, I'd check with the airline before trying to check in such equipment. ------ jpatokal The Big 4 Middle East/Gulf airlines (Emirates, Etihad, Qatar, Turkish) have been giving legacy US carriers a lot of grief lately, since they're both cheaper and better on essentially all counts, so I can't help but wonder if they have their finger in the pie here. Few businessmen will opt to fly long- haul if they can't use their laptops, and they're specifically targeting 9 airlines here, not just airports or countries. It's also beyond bizarre that the US trusts Abu Dhabi's security enough to locate its only Middle Eastern Customs/Immigration preclearance facility, but not enough to let passengers who have gone through security bring tablets... ~~~ waqf _[duplicate comment, admins merged two stories]_ ~~~ hueving >Plus, can confirm that the ME airlines are highly competitive Very, they are subsidized by their governments. [http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/03/airline- subs...](http://www.economist.com/blogs/gulliver/2015/03/airline-subsidies- gulf) ~~~ goodplay Guess the US government should do the same. You either play by the rules of the game, or don't play altogether. ~~~ ZeroGravitas They could work together to rewrite the rules of the game to be better for everyone. But since the G20 just had to take out wording about the dangers of protectionism to keep the US happy, I'd guess we're going for the tragedy of the commons version. ------ JamilD I'm convinced this ban is motivated by a protectionist desire from the US- based airlines, to dissuade business travelers from flying on Middle Eastern airlines like Emirates and Qatar, which necessarily transit through countries like the UAE. If you're someone who flies for work, there's no way you're going to take a flight where you can't use your laptop. ~~~ pavel_lishin Are the listed airlines the only ones that have direct flights to the US? ~~~ metanoia United and Delta cut their nonstops to Dubai a while back, so yes, most likely. ------ untog This is how they implement the Muslim ban. Piece by piece, bit by bit, they make it utterly infuriating for any Muslim person to travel to the US. Next they'll ban absolutely all liquids, or something. ~~~ marcoperaza Given that someone already tried to bring down a plane with a laptop bomb, and was nearly successful, maybe a little less cynicism is justified. Here's the relevant excerpt from the CNN article on this: > _The official said the move is partly based on intelligence that they > believe indicates Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is close to being able > to hide explosives with little or no metal content in electronic devices in > order to target commercial aircraft. It 's a particular concern at these > airports because of screening issues and the possibility of terrorists > infiltrating authorized airport personnel, the official said. Flight and > cabin crews are not covered by these new restrictions. In February 2016, a > bomb hidden inside a laptop detonated aboard a Daallo Airlines flight out of > Mogadishu, Somalia. The bomber was killed and a hole was blown in the side > of the fuselage. The aircraft landed safely._ ~~~ untog Then why limit it to non-US carriers? Are United planes bomb-proof? ~~~ marcoperaza It's not based on carrier, but on the country that the flight originates in. Flights from the affected carriers, originating in other countries, are not subject to the new requirements either. ------ tempestn I have no evidence to support this, but one possibility is that they'd like the opportunity to study those devices without the owners' awareness. It sounds a little tinfoil hat, but in the absence of a better explanation (aside from really poor security theater) it starts to look plausible. ------ rebootthesystem Reminds me of something from about fifteen years ago. I was training getting into R/C helicopters. No, not the toys they sell at the mall but the more sophisticated models flown by R/C pilots. Needless to say, they are not easy to fly. Even with twenty years experience flying R/C airplanes of all kinds I had to start from scratch. R/C heli's can be very expensive to crash. A set of carbon fiber rotors and related mechanics will easily set you back well of $200. I was intent on learning without crashing. How? Use an R/C flight simulator and log hundreds of hours before flying the real thing. I was flying back and forth to Europe a bunch during that time. It was only logical to take my flight simulator with me and practice during the long flight. That meant my laptop along with a special full size R/C controller with a USB cord instead of the antenna. This rig always called attention to itself and was a pretty good conversation starter. I always had to explain what it was while going through security. On two flight the pilot came over to my seat to check out what I was doing. In both cases they asked to see if they could fly the simulated heli. And, sorry to say, in both cases they failed miserably. It was a great way to get 16+ hours of practice. Not sure I could do that today. ~~~ ohazi RealFlight? I had a similar control box that used a game port (D-sub) before USB was common. ~~~ rebootthesystem I have both RealFlight and PhoenixRC. For heli training Phoenix feels better to me. Also, you can use your real RC transmitter to run the simulator, in my case I run JR transmitters. The down side is that you can't (shouldn't) run a real transmitter while flying in an airliner. Yes, when plugged into Phoenix the TX circuitry turns off, but I wouldn't want to answer those questions so I use RealFlight and their dummy transmitter for that purpose. There's something uniquely geeky about flying in a flight simulator while flying on a real plane. Like I said, good conversation starter. ------ kartickv This affects people from many countries, not just the seven or eight targeted initially. For example, I stay in India, and if I visit the US, I may fly via Dubai. Which means, in turn, that I'm less likely to visit. Why take a 20-hour flight and subject myself to "extreme vetting"? ------ notliketherest likely Homeland Security wants to be able to search the contents of the laptops - easier to do this when they're checked. ~~~ ryukafalz On the plus side, it's harder to compel you to decrypt your disk if you're nowhere near it at the time. ~~~ jamoes On the minus side, they can install malware on your machine without your knowledge (even if your disk is encrypted). ~~~ ploggingdev Source? How is it possible to install malware when the disk is encrypted? ~~~ throwaway7767 You modify the bootloader to grab the password on next decryption. The bootloader is in cleartext on the disk, otherwise the machine couldn't boot. More advanced versions would involve modifying the BIOS to add a SMM-mode hook. That way the malware runs completely outside the view of the OS. Alternatively, any device with DMA access could have its firmware altered to read sensitive information from memory. Physical security is an unsolved problem. ~~~ ryukafalz >You modify the bootloader to grab the password on next decryption. The bootloader is in cleartext on the disk, otherwise the machine couldn't boot. Mine isn't - I have GRUB installed to my BIOS chip, and I decrypt the single encrypted partition from there. >More advanced versions would involve modifying the BIOS to add a SMM-mode hook. That one could still get me though, yeah. ------ dawnerd This is just asking for trouble... Between theft and potential battery fires, it almost feels like they want something bad to happen so they can say people coming from these countries are dangerous (using a hull fire as proof). ~~~ brajesh This is probably a "travel ban" by inconvenience, since the earlier bans were stayed in courts ------ jacquesm So, assuming this is because of some credible threat: does that mean DHS thinks that terrorists can't afford a couple of weeks lay-over in Amsterdam or Paris before traveling to the United States? ~~~ Const-me They might think airport security personnel at Amsterdam or Paris do their job better than their colleagues from those 8 Middle Eastern and North African countries. And/or they might think Netherlands and France is just as attractive for the terrorists as the US, i.e. the terrorists won’t bother taking that second flight. BTW, I think Russia should be the 9-th country on that list, as they have long history of sponsoring terrorism. ~~~ linkregister I'm ignorant of Russia's historical role in sponsoring terrorism; I'm only getting recent Ukraine / Syria links. Can you share some resources to learn more about it? ~~~ Const-me They are doing that at least since foundation of USSR. Russians ordered bombings in Warsaw, Poland in 1920-s. Shipped weaponry to Irish Republican Army and Palestine in 70-s. Speaking about Palestine, some say Russians have invented plane hijacking as a terrorist tactic: [http://web.archive.org/web/20130102051626/http://www.nationa...](http://web.archive.org/web/20130102051626/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/218533/russian- footprints/ion-mihai-pacepa) Killed many political opponents abroad, Alexander Litvinenko in UK, Sulim Yamadaev in UAE, Stepan Bandera in Germany. If you want more, read books and articles by Stanislav Lunev, Ion Mihai Pacepa, Viktor Suvorov. Those are high-ranking KGB officers who surrendered and were cooperative. Alexander Litvinenko also published stuff about state- sponsored terrorism in modern Russia, but he concentrated on domestic not international. ~~~ linkregister Thanks! I'm not sure why you were down voted; maybe the down voter could publicly dispute your statement instead. ------ whyenot If it is going to place burdensome carry on restrictions on people the US government could at least explain why the measures are necessary. At the rate we are going, it's not going to be long before you will not be allowed to bring any carry on luggage at all when flying from certain airports. Maybe everyone should fly naked. Who knows, someone might have plastic explosives sewn into their clothes. Wait, what if someone swallows the explosives? Maybe everyone should be forced to take an emetic and get a colonoscopy before flying. ~~~ marcoperaza They did explain why they're necessary. You wouldn't know that from the cynical comments on HackerNews though. From the CNN article about this: > _The official said the move is partly based on intelligence that they > believe indicates Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is close to being able > to hide explosives with little or no metal content in electronic devices in > order to target commercial aircraft. It 's a particular concern at these > airports because of screening issues and the possibility of terrorists > infiltrating authorized airport personnel, the official said. Flight and > cabin crews are not covered by these new restrictions. In February 2016, a > bomb hidden inside a laptop detonated aboard a Daallo Airlines flight out of > Mogadishu, Somalia. The bomber was killed and a hole was blown in the side > of the fuselage. The aircraft landed safely._ ------ astrodust This makes almost zero sense, and it's likely that there will be zero explanation as to why any of this is necessary. If there's a threat this only introduces a minor inconvenience to those looking to carry out an attack. Is getting a connecting flight in some country like Germany going to be hard? ~~~ zeroer This is probably a first step towards a ban on all flights for that exact reason. ~~~ greglindahl ... which would increase risk, because battery fires are worse in checked bags than in the main cabin/overheads. ~~~ astrodust Considering zero fires in carry-on have caused plane crashes, but a non-zero number in cargo have, yeah, basically this makes it _way worse_. ------ ocschwar What utter bullshit. If they allow phones at all, then the threat cannot be an issue of a passenger sending a command out of one of these. The threat has to be the device itself. Now, a standard issue iPad is no threat, so we're talking about a customized device made to look like on. Except, if terrorists are going to the trouble to do this, they can just as easily put whatever bad thing they want to put into the case of an insulin pump, and bypass the ban. This. Is. Bullshit. ~~~ marcoperaza That's some strong criticism, especially since you're not even considering that someone already successfully detonated a laptop bomb on a plane. From the CNN article on this new policy: > _The official said the move is partly based on intelligence that they believe indicates Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is close to being able to hide explosives with little or no metal content in electronic devices in order to target commercial aircraft. It 's a particular concern at these airports because of screening issues and the possibility of terrorists infiltrating authorized airport personnel, the official said. Flight and cabin crews are not covered by these new restrictions. In February 2016, a bomb hidden inside a laptop detonated aboard a Daallo Airlines flight out of Mogadishu, Somalia. The bomber was killed and a hole was blown in the side of the fuselage. The aircraft landed safely._ ~~~ dang Would you please not repeat the same thing over and over? This is excessive. ------ dogecoinbase This is... crazy. I can't even recall the last time I travelled with checked luggage of any kind, and make a point of not letting my laptop/etc out of arm's reach while traveling. I guess this does make it easier to search/bug devices, though. ~~~ peterwwillis This is actually one of the few credible attacks a hijacker could perform, and reducing the size of the batteries (assuming most cellphones don't have 72Whr 6-cell batteries) is a practical method to prevent such an attack in the cabin. However, it doesn't seem to rule out the exact same thing happening in the cargo hold with a timer. It's less stupid than water restrictions. ~~~ stevenwoo The rationale for water restrictions seems OK to me on the face of it. It's a PIA for traveling. [http://blog.tsa.gov/2008/02/more-on-liquid-rules-why-we- do-t...](http://blog.tsa.gov/2008/02/more-on-liquid-rules-why-we-do- things.html) ~~~ peterwwillis _> Was this a real threat? Yes, there was a very serious plot to blow up planes using liquid explosives in bombs that would have worked to bring down aircraft._ Yeah. With Nitroglycerin, the stuff that explodes when you move it too fast. You could still bring this on a plane undetected in 3.4oz containers. And you can check a bag with much larger amounts. But there was not just "a plot" to blow up a plane with liquid explosives. There was a successful attack on a South Korean plane that killed everyone on board with liquid explosives, _used in 1989_. Yet they don't even mention this, probably because the policy was put in place after 9/11, partly as a fear tactic to get US citizens to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, partly to prevent fear from ruining the airline industry, and partly to support the new jobs program called the TSA (which was also created after 9/11). Without fear and extensive unnecessary security measures, the TSA would not be the size it is, nor would it get the investment it gets. If you don't believe TSA is primarily a jobs program, consider that according to NPR in 2006, a government report showed that Research & Development programs were delayed when TSA funds were redirected in order to pay for personnel costs for screeners. And the TSA receives 8 billion dollars a year. There are many ways to detect liquid explosives. By removing them from their container (or requiring specific kinds of transparent containers) and using laser scatter plotting or microwaves, or by detecting vapor emissions from an opened bottle, for example. But nobody cared about them when planes _were_ bombed using them, and they're still not using any of these methods, 17 years after the policies were put in place. These policies are just tools used to control people. ------ coldcode I have no idea what the point of this is. ~~~ harlanlewis > the ban will apply to nonstop flights to the U.S. from 10 airports in eight > countries in the Middle East and North Africa Personal electronics are near-indispensable. By restricting their carry from Muslim countries, freedom of movement to and from those countries is significantly curtailed. This is about getting around the illegality of the Muslim ban without banning any persons or groups. This is about "cultural protectionism" through isolationism, not terrorism, and it's not even trying particularly hard to pretend otherwise. ~~~ diminoten ...this is absurd. It's a 96 hour ban, this has _absolutely_ nothing to do with the travel ban. ~~~ maxerickson Could you link or explain where you are getting further info? Neither Bloomberg nor this Reuters article mention the period it will be in effect. [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-airlines- electronics-i...](http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-airlines-electronics- idUSKBN16R2JN) ~~~ diminoten [http://thehill.com/policy/transportation/324846-feds- tempora...](http://thehill.com/policy/transportation/324846-feds-temporarily- ban-electronics-on-certain-flights-to-us) ~~~ maxerickson Fox has since updated their coverage. [http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2017/03/21/electronics-ban- on-...](http://www.foxnews.com/travel/2017/03/21/electronics-ban-on-flights- to-us-is-indefinite-applies-to-8-muslim-majority-nations.html) ------ gibbitz I'm curious what threat an iPad poses that a cellphone doesn't and what a terrorist can't do with a chron job that they would otherwise do with a laptop. It's not like they use a teleporter when they check your bags. It's clear that if our regulations and bureaucrats are all we have to protect us from "evildoers" we're all doomed by their ignorance of the simplicity of working around this... ~~~ ars A cellphone is small, and doesn't have much room, that's all. It's not the electronics per say, it's the difficulty of checking inside them. That's why only certain airports are included, those that check things properly are not. ------ marcoperaza There's lots of snarky and unjustified cynicism here, given that concealing explosives in laptops is not a theoretical risk; it was recently done. Here's an excerpt from the CNN article: > _The official said the move is partly based on intelligence that they > believe indicates Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is close to being able > to hide explosives with little or no metal content in electronic devices in > order to target commercial aircraft. It 's a particular concern at these > airports because of screening issues and the possibility of terrorists > infiltrating authorized airport personnel, the official said. Flight and > cabin crews are not covered by these new restrictions. In February 2016, a > bomb hidden inside a laptop detonated aboard a Daallo Airlines flight out of > Mogadishu, Somalia. The bomber was killed and a hole was blown in the side > of the fuselage. The aircraft landed safely._ ~~~ TillE 1) We already have screening processes for that. 2) So the bomb is now in the hold. That's not really much of an improvement. ~~~ marcoperaza Remote or timed detonation is trickier than manual detonation. I'm not familiar with how checked luggage is screened, but it's possible that it is potentially controlled by the US for flights heading to the US, or otherwise more reliable. Again: > _It 's a particular concern at these airports because of screening issues > and the possibility of terrorists infiltrating authorized airport personnel, > the official said._ ~~~ stuaxo Those guys were doing it non-manually when nokias were the phone of choice, and back in the day the IRA probably used plain clocks, it's not going to be much extra hassle for them. ------ kylehotchkiss The reason people are most upset is because of how widespread theft from baggage is. In many of the destinations you need a gulf carrier to connect you do, you don't want to put a $1000+ device in a checked bag. I guess you could do the crazy plastic bag warp thing. But that doesn't answer the question of your things being stolen in the USA, which seems even more likely due to the people on the line knowing the value of the things in your pack. Maybe it's time for a kickstarter for an accelerometer/wifi network logger/audio recorder/camera that all activate when the bag is open so you can receive audio and video of the person stealing your things. ------ itchyjunk When I was passing through Singapore once, two Americans in front of me started taking their shoes off right before the security check. The security officer gave them a weird look and said they can put it back on because he uses a scanner and doesn't need to look inside everyones shoe. Fast forward 3 years and i'm reading comments on HN about double security check not being bad heh. Checked in bag is not free. Checked in bags also get manhandled unless you pay hefty to get the fragile tag and insurance. For someone cheap like me who carries a backpack which is free so far, the extra cost is my biggest concern. Hope something like this doesn't happen in domestic flights. Edit: typos ~~~ jacquesm > Checked in bag is not free. Checked in bags also get manhandled unless you > pay hefty to get the fragile tag and insurance. Assuming it arrives at all... it could be a very expensive bag. And laptops in checked luggage is just asking for them to walk off. There is absolutely no way I'd check my laptop, then again, I'm not planning on going to the United States before the madness stops and if I would I probably would not fly through any country that this is all about. Even so, it does not strike me as a policy that has been thought about for a very long time. Having laptops in the passenger area means that if something bad does happen something could be done about it. Having them in the cargo compartment means that if a fire should start it could get quite bad before it gets noticed and the extinguisher gets used. If they're scared of bombs then they should not be on board at all, cargo hold or passenger compartment doesn't matter. So I really don't understand the point of this, maybe time will bring me to see the reasoning but right now I can't. ------ denom This wouldn't have anything to do with a certain congressional hearing going on today? ------ komali2 I believe the UK tried this once and I remember reading that thefts were skyrocketing as a result. I'm struggling to find a source though, so this is just my poor memory and hearsay right now. ~~~ kens The article itself mentions thefts after the UK did this in 2006. ~~~ komali2 Oh neat, true. I still wish I could find a source on it :/ ------ JBerlinsky I have a feeling that sales of glitter nail polish are going to go up a bit[1]. This is a good time to make sure that you have full-disk encryption enabled, and to brush up on what few rights remain yours at a US border. 1: [http://lifehacker.com/use-glitter-nail-polish-to-make- your-l...](http://lifehacker.com/use-glitter-nail-polish-to-make-your-laptop- tamper-proo-1493599646) ~~~ giarc I've used destructible labels before, not for my computer, but for barcoding equipment. They work quite well, only issue might be wear and tear over time will start to naturally destroy the label. [http://images.tamperevidentlabels.com/companies/tampereviden...](http://images.tamperevidentlabels.com/companies/tamperevidentlabels/slide-01.jpg) ------ salesguy222 You look at this and say to yourself, "this doesn't make any sense! i don't get how allowing cell phones and 'medical devices' (nebulous term) into carry ons, but demanding that laptops go into checked baggage is keeping us safe!" And you're right! It isn't. But then you realize that the special interests that came up with this policy were paid LARGE SUMS OF MONEY to impress Trump and all of his supporters and career politician allies. And then you once more realize how incredibly stupid this policy is in reality. But then it dawns on you that Trump and his allies are either criminally idiotic, or criminally wasteful in their policy pursuits. Or both! ~~~ modeless Look, I hate Trump. But air security policy hasn't been rational for a long time. Don't tie every government dysfunction to Trump. ~~~ zzalpha They may not be responsible for past policy, but I don't think it unreasonable to blame successive executive branches if they make the policy even _more_ irrational. ------ pmontra > Royal Jordanian said the electronics ban affects its flights to New York, > Chicago, Detroit and Montreal. Montreal, USA? ~~~ cperciva Apparently some flights to Canada are affected due to passing through US airspace. ~~~ madcaptenor Nothing so complicated. Royal Jordanian flights from Amman to Detroit stop in Montreal. [http://flightaware.com/live/flight/RJA267](http://flightaware.com/live/flight/RJA267) [http://flightaware.com/live/flight/RJA268](http://flightaware.com/live/flight/RJA268) ------ exabrial I'm waiting for media to spin this as "anti Muslim" yet again. I wonder if the true reason is because USA does not trust overseas security (which doesn't make a lot of sense, you have to recheck your carry-ons/luggage after customs), or if it's a means to get a closer look at your electronics when you're not there, or just because there's been an incident (the TSA actually managed to catch a threat) that we're not privvy to. From what I understand, laptops are a bit harder to xray which is why they're screen separate from other items. ------ sbuttgereit The article makes passing reference at the end, but isn't forcing these devices to be in checked bags actually more dangerous than some vague terrorist threat? While still relatively rare, it seems that Li-ion batteries catching fire in the cargo hold is still a bit more risky than the likelihood of what they're trying to address happening. (I suspect they are acting on some more credible intelligence in this matter, but clearly not so specific that they can target their actions and have to come up with something that itself poses a risk.) ------ BrailleHunting Hassling visitors arbitrarily, haphazardly and somewhat discriminatorily makes a country less cool and more autocratic. And talent, capital and tax revenue finds other places to which to flock. ------ diminoten ...I feel like no one here read the article. Based on these comments, one might think that A) this had never happened before (it has), or B) it was permanent (it's a 96 hour ban). ~~~ andrioni The linked article (at least right now, AP via Bloomberg) actually says the ban is indefinite. >The ban was indefinite, said the official. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-20/some- elec...](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-20/some-electronics- to-be-banned-on-some-us-bound-flights) ------ nikdaheratik This is so frustrating because, even if there _is_ a credible case for putting these limits on these specific airports, the Administration has done so much to trash the reputation of both its own appointees and CBP. You can't help but wonder if there's an ulterior motive to this and they're still understaffed and so poor at getting the message out that we may never be sure. ------ bzbarsky What I find interesting is that neither the article nor any of the comments mentions that the UK is doing the same thing. See [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-airlines- electronics-i...](http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-airlines-electronics- idUSKBN16S11Q) ------ TuringNYC Personally speaking, laptops I can do without, but Kindles are like oxygen on long-haul flights. This is incredibly disappointing. ------ fpoling What is remarkable is that the order bans electronics on flights from Saudi Arabia. I thought Saudi Arabia was still untouchable especially after the travel buns that excluded the country where terrorists harmed US most originated or got financial support. So however weak, it does add a credibility that the ban is based on some intelligence. ------ jaimex2 Wonder how long before you have to check in everything, including clothing where you have to fly in jumpsuites given to you. ------ Gargoyle Can anyone think of an attack this would prevent? Anything a pad (or even a laptop) could do could be done by a phone, at least hackingwise or whatever. So something with the physical aspect. A jammer of some sort? A way to intentionally explode batteries in a harmful way? ~~~ KirinDave It's not about preventing attacks. But our new fun game should be putting usb nuke sticks in a small, conspicuous envelope in our luggage, maybe with a few crips hundred dollar bills. ------ somethingsimple Sometimes I think this is going to get to a point where they'll have people remove their clothes prior to boarding and dress a special suit so they're allowed to fly without being considered a threat. ~~~ s5fs That's why in old scifi movies everyone wears jumpsuits on spaceships, makes getting through security much faster. ------ youjelly Permanently infect the EFI on the laptop, while its enroute without your permission. Removing the hard drive is not a remedy, maybe remove the battery as well? ------ praneshp Which countries? From the article, I can glean Saudi and Jordan. Pretty poor journalism (or reading ability on my part) ~~~ BWStearns Seems the source couldn't/wouldn't disclose the list. Given it's 8 countries in Middle East/North Africa,my bet is old travel ban countries plus one. ~~~ ars > Given it's 8 countries in Middle East/North Africa,my bet is old travel ban > countries plus one. That's impossible since neither Saudi nor Jordan were on the old list. ~~~ BWStearns Fair point. I didn't take away that both were part of the electronics ban from my original reading but that is a reasonable conclusion. ------ nthcolumn I'm surprised there still are US-Bound flights. ------ ge96 Possible business, rentable laptops. ------ qordoba If the new law does not apply to flights operated by American companies it only shows that this is the beginning of trade war and sanctions against Muslim nations. It is nothing to do with safety of people. Period. ------ beedogs What brave people Americans are lately. Afraid of an iPad being used on a plane. ~~~ castis Only naivety would lead someone to lump all Americans together and claim they are collectively responsible for this. Also, America is a big place [1]. [1] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas) ~~~ anigbrowl Oddly, that's exactly how I feel about profiling of people from the Middle East. ------ snowwrestler Maybe TSA was up late one night surfing back through the XKCD archive: [https://xkcd.com/651/](https://xkcd.com/651/) ~~~ jaimex2 First thing that came to my mind :) ------ ccrush Is it really that hard to see that laptops and tablets could be disassembled, sharpened, and re-assembled pre-flight, and then come apart to make a set of very dangerous knives? How is this not expected to be a problem? Maybe, if ass holes didnt hijack airplanes, we wouldn't have these ridiculous restrictions. In the meantime, "I'm gonna need to look inside yo' ass hole, sir."

WildDawg1 said: "What a great experience it was using Lucky Gunner. Excellent prices, fast delivery and the quailty was exceptional. I have used them on at least four occasions and always the same great service. If only there were more online dealers who took as great care with their customers would make things so much simpler thanks gunner" Charles said: "excellent experience, fast and very reasonable shipping! got a case of both aguila 380 and american eagle 9mm ammo and am very pleased with it! live site stock, if they show it on there page they have it! i will definitely be going back for my future ammo purchases! thanks guys and keep up the great work!" Tazeeyore said: "Order was received ahead of schedule and everything was in perfect condition. Great service and accurate processing. I would recommend this company for all your ammo needs."

Health markers in obese adolescents improved by a 12-week recreational soccer program: a randomised controlled trial. The effects of a recreational soccer program (RSP) upon body composition, heart rate variability (HRV), biochemical markers, cardio-respiratory fitness, and endothelial function in obese adolescents were investigated. A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted with 30 adolescents aged 12-17 years and body mass index (BMI) >2 standard deviations of WHO reference values, which were assigned to RSP (n = 10, 2 girls) and obese control (n = 10, 4 girls) groups. The 12-week RSP included 60-min sessions performed 3 times/week. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profile, insulin, C-reactive protein, HRV, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were evaluated following standardised procedures. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and endothelial function by venous occlusion plethysmography. After intervention, RSP exhibited significant reductions in BMI (-0.7 ± 0.2 kg · m(-2)), waist circumference (-8.2 ± 1.4 cm), %body fat (-2.2 ± 0.4%), systolic blood pressure (-5.0 ± 2.3 mmHg), total cholesterol (-16.2 ± 5.8 mg · dL(-1)), triglycerides (-20.5 ± 12.9 mg · dL(-1)), C-reactive protein (-0.06 ± 0.01 mg · dL(-1)), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, -1.4 ± 0.6), and sympathetic activity (LF, -13.9 ± 6.6 un) vs. controls (P < 0.05). Significant increase was observed in parasympathetic activity (HF, 13.9 ± 6.6 un), VO2peak (7.9 ± 2.8 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11.0 ± 6.3 mg · dL(-1)) (P < 0.05). Vascular conductance (19.5 ± 8.1 ml · min(-1) · 100 ml, P = 0.005) increased and vascular resistance (-5.9 ± 2.4 ml · min(-1) · 100 ml, P = 0.041) decreased in RSP, but not in controls. A 12-week recreational soccer intervention was effective to improve biochemical, cardiovascular, and fitness health markers in obese adolescents.

We have an app in with them and they have came back with approval terms. We applied with them because we new a rep that moved to them from another warehouse lender. I will update the post when we get a response. Does anybody have a confirmed address for these guys? Their website lists a Newport Beach CA phone number, but I can't find any California Secretary of State filings, or any Orange County trade name filings. No better luck in and around Cherry Hill NJ, another address you can get on the Web. The similarity between the name of this outfit and an older New Jersey warehouse operation has my clients looking for more than normal due diligence. Can't say I blame them. View next topicView previous topic You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum

Tag Archives: Shelly Mosman The strength of the portraiture tradition, and what separates it from documentary photography, lies in the skill of the photographer to attach meaning and the essence of the person in a simple image. Using metaphor, subtlety, and open-ended but vaguely familiar narrative, photographer Shelly Mosman is able to imbue an intensely personal and soft-spoken beauty to her photographs. Drawn to subjects for reasons she says she often cannot immediately describe, Mosman spends a great deal of time with her subjects, waiting for key moments when their personality is revealed through action, or the subtlest of looks or gestures. “Portraiture relies on the smallest mannerisms and expressions to offer narrative,” saysMosman, “I rely on the spontaneity of circumstance.” The Minneapolis-based portraitist continues: “In my photographs I negotiate and characterize the balance between my own vision and the unknown and often powerful potential given by each portrait’s subject. I am drawn to certain people for the simple reason that I know shooting them will give me an image I could never have created on my own, and because my camera can reveal something they may not have known was in themselves.  It becomes a synthesis of us both, captured in a single photograph. These connections with each subject are often too straightforward and immediate to be conscious, but rather they are something that is felt immediately, coming straight from the gut, which is the home of our instincts.”

Q: Adding a filter to log output in cmd I'm using adb -s [deviceId] logcat to print the device's log output into cmd. But now I want to add a TAG filter to the shown output. How can I do that? A: Use the -s option. adb logcat -s MyActivity Drawing from the link @ How to filter Android logcat by application? For list of options check the link below http://developer.android.com/tools/help/logcat.html For tagging check the below link http://developer.android.com/reference/android/util/Log.html

Is there a simple way to get rid of pesky tiny ants? There are a number of small ant species in the Western New York area which commonly find their way into homes and businesses. Proper identification is usually necessary to determine where the particular ants are likely coming from so proper control measures can be applied. Some ants live in soil along foundations, others prefer wall voids, while others may travel some distance to a structure in search of food. Certain species of ants prefer protein based foods while others like sweets which is important if ant baits are being used for control. While a spray application of a pesticide works well to control certain types of ants it will scatter other species resulting in multiple sources of ant activity rather than just one. Buffalo Exterminating offers free identification service of specemines that are dropped off at our office. If mailing a sample it is best to place it in a pill bottle or similar container to protect the delicate body parts from damage which may make it impossible to accurately identify.

Q: GoLang and opening MS SQL Compact files (.sdf) As the title suggests, I'm attempting to open an SDF/MSSQL CE database in GoLang. Is this possible? The GoLang Libraries I've found do not appear to suppot MSSQL CE database connections. I hope this is not a duplicate, but I can not find info online A: I'm afraid it would hardly be possible to work with these files directly as they merely are on-disk storage format, and note that MSSQL DBs of all flavors use .sdf as the extension of the file names of their DBs, so by itself they mean nothing. OTOH, one direct way to approach this problem would be using OLE DB layer.

Set-Cookie: foo=bar; Expires=Fri, 01 Jan 2038 00:00:00 GMT

How imprecise may the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency be without worsening first-trimester screening? First-trimester screening (FTS) has a trisomy 21 detection rate of about 90%. Despite profound training, the practically reached measurement quality of nuchal translucency (NT) is probably not optimal. This study investigated the impact of measurement errors on FTS. The data on 10,116 combined FTSs were obtained in a multicenter study. Risk assessment was performed by the JOY software following the Nicolaides risk calculation principles. To investigate the impact of measurement errors, the NT values were artificially altered and the adjusted risks were recalculated. Test performance parameters were obtained and compared with the correct measurements. In this study 85 fetuses were genetically affected. The screening was wrongly inconspicuous in 12 cases and in 479 cases the FTS offered false-positive results. An assumed NT error of +/-0.1 mm already causes a highly significant change in the false-positive rate. A difference of -0.2 mm leads to a visible change in false negatives. This study demonstrates that even the smallest deviations will significantly affect the false-negative rate. The detection of really diseased fetuses is influenced at a -0.2-mm measurement error. Therefore the NT measurement has to be as precise as possible.

Zoran Tomčić Zoran Tomčić (born 26 February 1970) is a former Croatian footballer. External links Category:1970 births Category:Croatian footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:HNK Segesta players Category:VfL Wolfsburg players Category:NK TŠK Topolovac players Category:NK Kamen Ingrad players Category:NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac players Category:Living people Category:Association football forwards

//! moment.js locale configuration //! locale : Bengali [bn] //! author : Kaushik Gandhi : https://github.com/kaushikgandhi import moment from '../moment'; var symbolMap = { '1': '১', '2': '২', '3': '৩', '4': '৪', '5': '৫', '6': '৬', '7': '৭', '8': '৮', '9': '৯', '0': '০' }, numberMap = { '১': '1', '২': '2', '৩': '3', '৪': '4', '৫': '5', '৬': '6', '৭': '7', '৮': '8', '৯': '9', '০': '0' }; export default moment.defineLocale('bn', { months : 'জানুয়ারী_ফেব্রুয়ারি_মার্চ_এপ্রিল_মে_জুন_জুলাই_আগস্ট_সেপ্টেম্বর_অক্টোবর_নভেম্বর_ডিসেম্বর'.split('_'), monthsShort : 'জানু_ফেব_মার্চ_এপ্র_মে_জুন_জুল_আগ_সেপ্ট_অক্টো_নভে_ডিসে'.split('_'), weekdays : 'রবিবার_সোমবার_মঙ্গলবার_বুধবার_বৃহস্পতিবার_শুক্রবার_শনিবার'.split('_'), weekdaysShort : 'রবি_সোম_মঙ্গল_বুধ_বৃহস্পতি_শুক্র_শনি'.split('_'), weekdaysMin : 'রবি_সোম_মঙ্গ_বুধ_বৃহঃ_শুক্র_শনি'.split('_'), longDateFormat : { LT : 'A h:mm সময়', LTS : 'A h:mm:ss সময়', L : 'DD/MM/YYYY', LL : 'D MMMM YYYY', LLL : 'D MMMM YYYY, A h:mm সময়', LLLL : 'dddd, D MMMM YYYY, A h:mm সময়' }, calendar : { sameDay : '[আজ] LT', nextDay : '[আগামীকাল] LT', nextWeek : 'dddd, LT', lastDay : '[গতকাল] LT', lastWeek : '[গত] dddd, LT', sameElse : 'L' }, relativeTime : { future : '%s পরে', past : '%s আগে', s : 'কয়েক সেকেন্ড', m : 'এক মিনিট', mm : '%d মিনিট', h : 'এক ঘন্টা', hh : '%d ঘন্টা', d : 'এক দিন', dd : '%d দিন', M : 'এক মাস', MM : '%d মাস', y : 'এক বছর', yy : '%d বছর' }, preparse: function (string) { return string.replace(/[১২৩৪৫৬৭৮৯০]/g, function (match) { return numberMap[match]; }); }, postformat: function (string) { return string.replace(/\d/g, function (match) { return symbolMap[match]; }); }, meridiemParse: /রাত|সকাল|দুপুর|বিকাল|রাত/, meridiemHour : function (hour, meridiem) { if (hour === 12) { hour = 0; } if ((meridiem === 'রাত' && hour >= 4) || (meridiem === 'দুপুর' && hour < 5) || meridiem === 'বিকাল') { return hour + 12; } else { return hour; } }, meridiem : function (hour, minute, isLower) { if (hour < 4) { return 'রাত'; } else if (hour < 10) { return 'সকাল'; } else if (hour < 17) { return 'দুপুর'; } else if (hour < 20) { return 'বিকাল'; } else { return 'রাত'; } }, week : { dow : 0, // Sunday is the first day of the week. doy : 6 // The week that contains Jan 1st is the first week of the year. } });

// Copyright 2014 Google Inc. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // +build !appengine package user import ( "golang.org/x/net/context" "google.golang.org/appengine/internal" ) // Current returns the currently logged-in user, // or nil if the user is not signed in. func Current(c context.Context) *User { h := internal.IncomingHeaders(c) u := &User{ Email: h.Get("X-AppEngine-User-Email"), AuthDomain: h.Get("X-AppEngine-Auth-Domain"), ID: h.Get("X-AppEngine-User-Id"), Admin: h.Get("X-AppEngine-User-Is-Admin") == "1", FederatedIdentity: h.Get("X-AppEngine-Federated-Identity"), FederatedProvider: h.Get("X-AppEngine-Federated-Provider"), } if u.Email == "" && u.FederatedIdentity == "" { return nil } return u } // IsAdmin returns true if the current user is signed in and // is currently registered as an administrator of the application. func IsAdmin(c context.Context) bool { h := internal.IncomingHeaders(c) return h.Get("X-AppEngine-User-Is-Admin") == "1" }

Q: making a dictionary from two lists using indices I have two lists: alist = [11,12,13,11,15] blist = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'A', 'B'] I want to make a dictionary where items in blist are keys and items in alist are values with lists corresponding to indices in the two lists: the outcome should be: {'A': [11, 12, 11], 'B': [13, 15]} I have tried this: dictNames = {} for i in xrange(len(alist)): for letter in blist: if letter not in dictNames: dictNames[letter] = [] else: dictNames[letter].append(alist[i]) which gives the outcome: {'A': [11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 11, 11, 11, 15, 15, 15], 'B': [11, 12, 12, 13, 13, 11, 11, 15, 15]} Why does it not append to the pre-existing letter in the dictionary instead of adding to it when it is already in the dictionary? A: Use a defaultdict for ease: from collections import defaultdict dictNames = defaultdict(list) for key, value in zip(blist, alist): dictNames[key].append(value) This creates: >>> dictNames defaultdict(<type 'list'>, {'A': [11, 12, 11], 'B': [13, 15]}) defaultdict is a subclass of dict so it'll still work just like any other dict. Without defaultdict you'll have to test if the key is already present with setdefault(): dictNames = {} for key, value in zip(blist, alist): dictNames.setdefault(key, []).append(value) resulting in: >>> dictNames {'A': [11, 12, 11], 'B': [13, 15]} The real trick here is using zip() to combine your key and value lists instead of your double loops. A: First, you loop over both lists. For every item in alist, it loops through blist. So the inner loop runs 25 times. Instead, you want it to run 5 times, so you want only one loop. Second, you correctly initialize the list if it does not yet exist, but in that case the number is not added to the list. The number should always be added to the list, even if it is a new list. I changed your code to take these two things into account, and it works a little better: for i in xrange(len(alist)): letter = blist[i] if letter not in dictNames: dictNames[letter] = [] dictNames[letter].append(alist[i]) Output: {'A': [11, 12, 11], 'B': [13, 15]}

The Convention on Road Signs and Signals, commonly known as the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, is a multilateral treaty designed to increase road safety and aid international road traffic by standardising the signing system for road traffic (road signs, traffic lights and road markings) in use internationally. Amendments, including new provisions regarding the legibility of signs, priority at roundabouts, and new signs to improve safety in tunnels were adopted in 2003. Both the Vienna Convention and the Geneva Protocol reflected a common consensus on road traffic signs that evolved primarily in Europe in the mid-20th century. Most jurisdictions outside Europe have not adopted either treaty, and maintain their own systems of road traffic signals. For example, the U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) does not follow the symbol policy espoused by the Vienna Convention; for example signs for speed limits and forbidden parking are among the most visible differences. In order to make it accepted in as many countries as possible, the convention allows some variations, for example danger warning signs can be triangular or square diamond in shape and road markings can be white or yellow. An alternative convention called the SADC-RTSM, provided by the Southern African Development Community, is used by 10 countries in southern Africa. Many of the rules and principles of the SADC-RTSM are similar to those of the Vienna Convention. It also specifies the symbols and pictograms which may be used, and the orientations in which they may be used. When more than one is available, the same one must be used nationally. All signs, except for those that do not apply at night, must be reflective enough to be seen in darkness with headlights from a distance. The convention also specifies road markings. All such markings must be less than 6 mm high, with cat's eye reflectors no more than 15 mm above the road surface. The road markings shall be white or yellow.[3] The length and width of markings varies according to purpose, although no exact figures for size are stated; roads in built up areas should use a broken line for lane division, while continuous lines must only be used in special cases, such as reduced visibility or narrowed carriage ways. All words painted on the road surface should be either of place names, or of words recognisable in most languages, such as "Stop" or "Taxi". The priority is determined by Priority Route or Yield signs or if none of the above regular right of way rule. Red flashing lights may only be used at the locations specified above; any other use of the lights is in breach of the convention. Red lights must be placed on top when lights are stacked vertically, or on the side closest to oncoming traffic if stacked horizontally. The only countries in Europe that are not signatories to the Convention are Ireland, Andorra, Malta, the United Kingdom, and Liechtenstein. Iceland, Spain, and the Holy See are all signatories but have yet to ratify the Convention. The only countries in Asia that are not signatories to the Convention are Bangladesh, Malaysia, Republic of China (Taiwan), People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Japan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Armenia, Yemen, Oman, North Korea, and Afghanistan. Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, South Korea, and Thailand are all signatories, but have yet to ratify the Convention.

Yvonne Caples Yvonne Caples (born 14 June 1972) is an Indian-born American former professional boxer who competed between 1999 and 2014. She held the IFBA light flyweight title in 2003 and challenged for multiple world championships during her career; the WIBF light flyweight title in 2002; the WIBA minimumweight title twice in 2004 and 2005; and the WBC female light flyweight title in 2005. Professional career Caples became a professional boxer in 1999. Before fighting for the world championship, she had to meet the likes of Kim Messer, Elena Reid and former world champion Para Draine before meeting Regina Halmich in Germany for the WIBF world Jr. Flyweight title, on 17 August 2002. She lost the fight by a majority decision. Three months later, on 22 November, she found herself inside a boxing ring in Guam, where she fought Anissa Zamarron for the vacant WIBA Light Flyweight Intercontinental championship, and Caples was defeated by 5th round technical knockout, stopped on a cut in a fight in Caples was winning on all scorecards. Caples finally reached her dream of becoming a world champion when she defeated Mary Duron on 26 July 2003 in Costa Mesa, California by a ten round unanimous decision for the vacant IFBA world Jr. Flyweight title. Caples then travelled to Trinidad to challenge Ria Ramnarine for the vacant WIBA Mini Flyweight World Title. Caples lost a controversial 10-round split decision. Professional boxing record Personal life Caples attends the University of California, Berkeley when she is not preparing for a fight. She hopes to become a medical doctor in sports medicine, and she has a B.A. in English, also obtained at that institution. She was also a high school computer teacher at West Career and Technical Academy in Las Vegas. References External links Official Web Site Women Boxing Archive Network Category:1972 births Category:Sportspeople from Pune Category:Living people Category:American women boxers Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra Category:American sportswomen of Indian descent

## The contents of this file are subject to the Common Public Attribution ## License Version 1.0. (the "License"); you may not use this file except in ## compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at ## http://code.reddit.com/LICENSE. The License is based on the Mozilla Public ## License Version 1.1, but Sections 14 and 15 have been added to cover use of ## software over a computer network and provide for limited attribution for the ## Original Developer. In addition, Exhibit A has been modified to be ## consistent with Exhibit B. ## ## Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, ## WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for ## the specific language governing rights and limitations under the License. ## ## The Original Code is reddit. ## ## The Original Developer is the Initial Developer. The Initial Developer of ## the Original Code is reddit Inc. ## ## All portions of the code written by reddit are Copyright (c) 2006-2015 ## reddit Inc. All Rights Reserved. ############################################################################### <%namespace file="utils.html" import="error_field"/> <%def name="status_radio(val, datehex, current)"> <input id="status-${datehex}-${val}" class="nomargin" type="radio" value="${val}" name="status" ${"checked='checked'" if current == val else ''} /> <label class="${val}" for="status-${datehex}-${val}">${val}</label> </%def> <div class="error-logs"> %for date, groupings in thing.date_summaries: <div class="error-log"> <a class="date" href="#" onclick="$(this).parent().find('.rest').toggle();return false"> ${date} </a> <div class="rest"> %for gr in groupings: %if gr[0] > 0: ${exception(date, *gr)} %else: ${text(date, *gr)} %endif %endfor </div> </div> %endfor </div> <%def name="exception(date, frequency, hexkey, d)"> <% datehex = "-".join([date.replace("/",""), hexkey]) %> <div class="exception ${thing.statuses[hexkey]} rounded"> <a class="frequency hover" href="#" onclick="$(this).parent().find('.occurrences').toggle();return false"> ${frequency} occurrences </a> <span class="${thing.statuses[hexkey]}"> ${thing.statuses[hexkey]}: </span> <a class="nickname" name="${datehex}" href="#${datehex}" onclick="$(this).parent().find('.edit-area').toggle();return false"> ${thing.nicknames[hexkey]} </a> <br/> <div class="edit-area" style="display: none"> <form action="/post/edit_error" method="post" onsubmit="return post_form(this, 'edit_error');" id="nickname-${hexkey}"> <input type="hidden" name="hexkey" value="${hexkey}" /> <table> <tr> <th> nickname: </th> <td> <input type="text" value="${thing.nicknames[hexkey]}" name="nickname"/> </td> </tr> <tr> <th> status: </th> <td> ${status_radio("new" , datehex, thing.statuses[hexkey])} ${status_radio("severe", datehex, thing.statuses[hexkey])} ${status_radio("interesting", datehex, thing.statuses[hexkey])} ${status_radio("normal", datehex, thing.statuses[hexkey])} ${status_radio("fixed" , datehex, thing.statuses[hexkey])} </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <button class="save-button" type="submit"> save </button> </td> <td> ${error_field("NO_TEXT", "codename", "span")} <span class="status"></span> </td> </tr> </table> </form> </div> <a class="hover" href="#" onclick="$(this).parent().find('.stacktrace').toggle();return false"> <span class="exception-name"> ${d['exception']} </span> <span class="hexkey">(${hexkey})</span> </a> <div class="occurrences" style="display: none"> %for o in d['occurrences']: <span class="occurrence"> ${o} </span> &#32; %endfor </div> <table class="stacktrace lined-table wide" style="display: none"> <thead> <tr> <th>file</th> <th>line#</th> <th>func</th> <th>code</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> %for row in d['traceback']: <tr> %for i, col in enumerate(row): <td class="col-${i}"> %if i == 2: ${col}() %else: ${col} %endif </td> %endfor </tr> %endfor </tbody> </table> </div> </%def> <%def name="textocc(text, occ, hide)"> %if hide: <tr class="extra-occs" style="display: none"> %else: <tr> %endif <td class="actual-text"> ${text} </td> <td class="occ"> ${occ} </td> </tr> </%def> <%def name="text(date, sort_order, level, classification, textoccs)"> <div class="logtext ${level}"> <span class="loglevel rounded"> ${level}: </span> <span class="classification"> ${classification} </span> <table class="lined-table wide"> %for i, (text, occ) in enumerate (textoccs): %if i < 3 or i >= len(textoccs) - 3: ${textocc(text, occ, False)} %elif i == 3: <tr class="extra-occs"> <td colspan="2" class="dotdotdot"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).closest('table').find('.extra-occs').toggle();return false"> <b>...</b> &#32; (${len(textoccs) - 6} more lines) </a> </td> </tr> ${textocc(text, occ, True)} %else: ${textocc(text, occ, True)} %endif %endfor </table> </div> </%def>

566 N.W.2d 840 (1997) 1997 SD 93 Arletta ZOSS, Claimant and Appellant, v. UNITED BUILDING CENTERS, INC., Employer and Appellee, and St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company, Insurer and Appellee. Nos. 19764, 19784. Supreme Court of South Dakota. Argued March 25, 1997. Decided July 16, 1997. *842 Michael F. Marlow, Shane D. Buntrock of Johnson, Heidepriem, Miner & Marlow, Yankton, for Claimant and Appellant. Gregory G. Strommen of Costello, Porter, Hill, Heisterkamp & Bushnell, Rapid City, for Appellees. KONENKAMP, Justice. [¶ 1.] Arletta Zoss, a bookkeeper and salesperson, suffered severe allergic reactions to lawn and garden chemicals while employed at United Building Centers (UBC). Medical advice led her to eventually quit her job. Because her last occupation was at UBC and she cannot work there, she contends her "occupational disease" renders her totally disabled. Under our workers' compensation statutes, is an occupational disease defined by an inability to work in a particular place, rather than by an incapacity to perform a general occupation? We answer no and affirm the denial of total disability benefits. Facts [¶ 2.] Zoss began work for UBC in March, 1989, as a bookkeeper and salesperson. In the spring of 1992, when UBC began to carry an extended line of lawn and garden chemicals, Zoss experienced cold symptoms and a sore throat. On April 17, 1992, she handled bags of fertilizer while helping a customer. She immediately suffered from hives, blotchy skin, elevated temperatures, and gastro-intestinal problems. She had no previous sensitivity to chemicals or fertilizers. Her doctor diagnosed anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. [¶ 3.] On April 28th, when directly exposed to more substances at work, she suffered the same response. After two similar experiences in May, she began treatment with Dr. Neumayr, the Yankton Clinic's allergy specialist. He recommended she avoid the irritating substances at work. In August 1992, she had another reaction at home to "bug spray." By this time, UBC had removed the lawn chemicals to an outside storage area, decreasing the symptoms Zoss encountered. [¶ 4.] She had no other allergy attacks until early 1993, at which time Dr. Neumayr suggested she leave her employment at UBC. In July 1993, she quit and has suffered less acute allergy attacks since. She has, on the other hand, experienced sleeping difficulties, body aches, burning eyes, headaches, nasal burning, fatigue, and general skin puffiness. Cigarette smoke, exhaust fumes, laundry bleach, perfume, and other substances now cause her physical irritation. In May 1995, she was diagnosed with asthmatic bronchitis, *843 in addition to the allergies, with symptoms expected to continue indefinitely. [¶ 5.] Zoss filed for workers' compensation benefits. After a hearing, the Department of Labor determined: (1) she was not totally disabled by an occupational disease, as defined in SDCL 62-8-4; (2) she was not, in the alternative, totally disabled under the odd-lot doctrine; but (3) she established a causal connection between her employment and her disability. It assigned her a 17.5% vocational loss and awarded benefits. Zoss appealed and the circuit court affirmed in all respects. It also found UBC had waived its additional appeal issue by delinquent filing. On appeal to this Court, the parties present the following: (1) whether Zoss is totally disabled due to an occupational disease; (2) whether she is totally disabled under the odd-lot doctrine; (3) whether UBC waived its additional issue on appeal; and (4) whether Zoss established a causal connection between her employment and her disability. Standard of Review [¶ 6.] In this appeal: The standard of review ... is controlled by SDCL 1-26-36. The Supreme Court makes the same review of the administrative agency's decision as did the circuit court, unaided by any presumption that the circuit court's decision was correct. Appeal of Templeton, 403 N.W.2d 398 (S.D.1987). When the issue is a question of fact, the actions of the agency are judged by the clearly erroneous standard. Application of Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 382 N.W.2d 413 (S.D.1986). When the issue is a question of law, the actions of the agency are fully reviewable. Matter of State & City Sales Tax Liability, 437 N.W.2d 209 (S.D.1989). Mixed questions of law and fact are also fully reviewable. Permann v. Dept. of Labor, Unemp. Ins. D., 411 N.W.2d 113 (S.D. 1987). Tieszen v. John Morrell & Co., 528 N.W.2d 401, 403-04 (S.D.1995); Rohlck v. J & L Rainbow, Inc., 1996 SD 115, ¶ 8, 553 N.W.2d 521, 524-25. On factual determinations under the clearly erroneous standard, the question is not whether there is substantial evidence contrary to agency findings, but whether substantial evidence supports those findings. Hendrix v. Graham Tire Co., 520 N.W.2d 876, 879 (S.D.1994). See also Helms v. Lynn's, Inc., 1996 SD 8, ¶ 10, 542 N.W.2d 764, 766; Shepherd v. Moorman Mfg., 467 N.W.2d 916, 919 (S.D.1991). Even if evidence exists to contradict the Department's findings, "so long as there is some `substantial evidence' in the record which supports the Department's determination," we will affirm. Id. (citations omitted). Analysis and Decision [¶ 7.] 1. Occupational Disease [¶ 8.] Zoss claims total disability from her occupational disease and relies upon our particular statutory definition for authority: Where an employee of an employer subject to this chapter suffers from an occupational disease as defined in § 62-8-1, and is thereby disabled from performing his work in the last occupation in which he was injuriously exposed to the hazards of such disease, ... and the disease was due to the nature of an occupation or process in which he was employed within the period previous to his disablement limited in this chapter, the employee, ... shall be entitled to compensation ... except as otherwise provided in this chapter.... SDCL 62-8-4. SDCL 62-8-1(6) defines "occupational disease" as a "disease peculiar to the occupation in which the employee was engaged and due to causes in excess of the ordinary hazards of employment and includes any disease due or attributable to exposure to or contact with any radioactive material by an employee in the course of his employment." [¶ 9.] Zoss focuses on "last occupation in which [she] was injuriously exposed" in SDCL 62-8-4 to emphasize her disease was specific to her "last occupation"—even if she were able to perform other jobs, as she cannot work at her last job at UBC, she is, by her interpretation, totally disabled. The Department and the circuit court both ruled her affliction was not an occupational disease under the statutes. Stressing "peculiar to the occupation in which the employee was engaged" from SDCL 62-8-1(6), the Department *844 found she was a bookkeeper and salesperson, not, as Zoss argued, a bookkeeper and salesperson at UBC or a lawn and garden center. We review statutes without deference to the Department. Nilson v. Clay County, 534 N.W.2d 598, 600 (S.D.1995). [¶ 10.] Zoss offers several New Mexico cases to support her position. In Vincent v. United Nuclear-Homestake Partners, 89 N.M. 704, 556 P.2d 1180 (1976), a miner contracted silicosis and was unable to work in mining. The court found he had an occupational disease, even though he could perform other occupations. 556 P.2d at 1182. He was unable to ever work in any underground mine again. Zoss, conversely, may work as a bookkeeper or salesperson in places other than those having lawn, garden, or other irritating chemicals present.[1] Earlier New Mexico cases Zoss cites are equally unavailing. See Herrera v. Fluor Utah, Inc., 89 N.M. 245, 550 P.2d 144 (App.1976); Holman v. Oriental Refinery, 75 N.M. 52, 400 P.2d 471 (1965). [¶ 11.] More recent decisions from New Mexico and other states contradict the narrow definition Zoss advocates. In Rader v. Don J. Cummings Co., Inc., the court held an occupational disease must be peculiar to a worker's occupation, not just to a particular workplace. 109 N.M. 219, 784 P.2d 38, 45 (App.1989), cert. denied, 109 N.M. 131, 782 P.2d 384 (1989). For similar holdings, see Jackson v. Risby Pallet & Lumber Co., 736 S.W.2d 575, 578 (Mo.Ct.App.1987) (a link for an occupational disease is shown if there is "some distinctive feature of the claimant's job which is common to all jobs of that sort"); Cisneros v. Molycorp, Inc., 107 N.M. 788, 765 P.2d 761, 764 (App.1988), cert. denied, 107 N.M. 785, 765 P.2d 758 (1988) ("The disease must have its origin in the inherent nature or mode of work of the profession or industry."); Chadwick v. Public Service Co. of NM, 105 N.M. 272, 731 P.2d 968 (App.1986); Dennis v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 109 Wash.2d 467, 745 P.2d 1295, 1303 (1987) (occupational disease must arise from conditions of a worker's particular occupation as opposed to conditions coincidentally occurring in the workplace). [¶ 12.] In Mack v. County of Rockland, 71 N.Y.2d 1008, 530 N.Y.S.2d 98, 525 N.E.2d 744 (1988), a social worker allergic to workplace cigarette smoke sought disability benefits. Finding no occupational disease, the court wrote, "[a]n `occupational disease' derives from the very nature of the employment, not a specific condition peculiar to the employee's place of work." Id. 525 N.E.2d at 744 (citations omitted). "Because claimant's injury was caused solely by the environmental conditions of her workplace, not by a distinctive feature of the occupation of psychiatric social worker, the Board had a proper legal basis to deny her claim." Id. Much like the situation in Mack, the maladies here were caused by particular conditions in the workplace, but they were not a "distinctive feature of the occupation" of bookkeeper or salesperson. [¶ 13.] Similarly, the New York Court of Appeals in Paider v. Park East Movers, 19 N.Y.2d 373, 280 N.Y.S.2d 140, 227 N.E.2d 40 (1967), reversed a labor board decision granting benefits to a department store cashier who developed "chronic strain or myositis" because her cash register was bathed in cold drafts from air conditioning. 280 N.Y.S.2d at 142-43, 227 N.E.2d at 42. The claimant: was not subjected to an ailment necessarily a concomitant of the job of cashier. Cashiers as a class are not hired with the expectation that the work will be performed in front of a cold air ventilator. But in the particular situation in this case, the work was performed in such a hostile location. In Roettinger [v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 17 A.D.2d 76, 230 N.Y.S.2d 903, aff'd 13 N.Y.2d 1102, 246 N.Y.S.2d 633, 196 N.E.2d 268] the claimant was a butcher who contracted emphysema because he was required to spend portions of his time in refrigerated air, as one might expect because of the nature of the work. In the present case, it cannot be said that the cold blasts from the air conditioning were "common" to all cashiers' jobs; rather *845 it was the place to work, not the work itself, that was responsible for claimant's illness. Id. Like the cashier, working as a bookkeeper and sales clerk were not the causes of an allergic reaction. Previous bookkeeping jobs Zoss held are indicative. See supra n 1. Her condition is not "an ailment which is the result of a distinctive feature of the kind of work performed by claimant and others similarly employed...." Paider, 280 N.Y.S.2d at 143-45, 227 N.E.2d at 43. See Dando v. Binghamton Bd. of Educ., 111 A.D.2d 1060, 490 N.Y.S.2d 360, 361 (1985). [¶ 14.] Although the out-of-state cases we cite here construe their own workers' compensation laws, they lend interpretative weight to the Department's ruling denying Zoss an occupational disability. We decline to read our statutes in the constricted fashion Zoss urges. As her condition is not intrinsic to bookkeeping or sales jobs, she has not established an occupational disease.[2] We affirm the Department's ruling on this issue. [¶ 15.] 2. Odd-lot Total Disability [¶ 16.] Zoss argues in the alternative she is totally disabled under the odd-lot doctrine. Odd-lot disability is defined as follows: [A] person is totally disabled if his physical condition, in combination with his age, training, and experience, and the type of work available in his community, causes him to be unable to secure anything more than sporadic employment resulting in insubstantial income. Spitzack v. Berg Corp., 532 N.W.2d 72, 75 (S.D.1995) (quoting Shepherd, 467 N.W.2d at 918). Under this doctrine, an employee first bears the burden to show total disability. Baker v. Dakota Min. & Constr., 529 N.W.2d 583, 585 (S.D.1995). If it is "obvious" an employee falls within the "odd-lot" category, the employer must then prove positions in the community are available for persons with the employee's limitations. Welch v. Automotive Co., 528 N.W.2d 406, 410 (S.D.1995). "A claimant may show `obvious unemployability' by: (1) showing that his `physical condition, coupled with his education, training and age make it obvious that he is in the odd-lot total disability category,' or (2) persuading the trier of fact that he is in fact in the kind of continuous, severe and debilitating pain which he claims." Petersen v. Hinky Dinky, 515 N.W.2d 226, 231 (S.D.1994) (internal citations omitted). Inversely, if the employee is not obviously unemployable, the burden remains with the employee to demonstrate the unavailability of suitable employment, after reasonable, albeit unsuccessful, efforts to find work. Id. at 232; Bonnett v. Custer Lumber Corp., 528 N.W.2d 393, 395 (S.D.1995) (citations omitted). [¶ 17.] The Department found Zoss failed to prove total disability by a preponderance of the evidence. On appeal, she asserts she falls within the "obviously unemployable" category, underscoring her continued allergic symptoms, shortness of breath, nausea, and diarrhea, as well as her asthmatic bronchitis. Further, according to Zoss, she becomes ill at least once or twice a month, with episodes lasting from two to three days each. Her vocational expert, Rick Ostrander, believes these difficulties make her 95% unemployable. Yet the Department, as trier of fact, need not have accepted this testimony, as it was free to weigh it against UBC's countervailing vocational expert opinion and other evidence. See Tischler v. United Parcel Service, 1996 SD 98, ¶ 46, 552 N.W.2d 597, 605 ("The Department evaluated the two medical opinions. It is within the Department's discretion to disregard one expert's impairment rating and accept another."); see generally Lewton v. McCauley, 460 N.W.2d 728, 732 (S.D.1990). In fact, the Department specifically found Ostrander's opinion, because it had no medical basis, was speculative and therefore rejected it. The Department also noted Zoss had not worked anywhere since leaving UBC, therefore making it difficult to validate her projections she would frequently be absent at another job. Our review of the evidence *846 supports the finding Zoss is not totally disabled. We affirm on this issue. [¶ 18.] 3. Waiver of Notice of Review Issues [¶ 19.] When Zoss appealed to the circuit court, UBC submitted a statement of additional issues on appeal, disputing the Department's causation ruling. SDCL 1-26-31.4 governs this procedure and provides, in part: Within ten days after the filing of the notice of appeal as required by § 1-26-31, the appellant ... shall file with the clerk of the circuit court a statement of the issues he intends to present on appeal and shall serve on the other parties a copy of such statement. If any other party wishes to raise additional issues on appeal, he shall file an additional statement of issues on appeal within ten days after service of the appellant's statement. Zoss mailed a notice of appeal and statement of issues to the Department and UBC on November 28, 1995. The documents were filed with the clerk of courts on December 6, 1995. On the same day, UBC mailed its statement of additional issues to the Department and Zoss, but failed to file it with the clerk of courts until April 26, 1996. [¶ 20.] Clearly, the statute provides the proper place for filing is with the circuit court clerk; merely serving an opposing party is insufficient. The court found it did not have jurisdiction to consider UBC's additional appeal issue. It concluded, as do we, that UBC's reliance on our decision in Oberle v. City of Aberdeen is misplaced. 470 N.W.2d 238 (S.D.1991). In Oberle, we held an appealing party did not forfeit jurisdiction because it failed to file a statement of additional issues along with its notice of appeal: Failure to timely file a notice of appeal of an agency's decision deprives both the circuit court and this court of jurisdiction to review the agency's decision. SDCL 1-26-31 provides the basis for the circuit court to exercise jurisdiction. Because jurisdiction is conferred by the filing of the notice of appeal, it would be inconsistent to require that, even if the notice of appeal is filed, the statement of the issues must also be filed to properly invoke jurisdiction. Id. at 242 (citations omitted). UBC believes this holding absolves its late filing. Yet in Oberle the appellant had already obtained jurisdiction by filing a notice of appeal, so it was not necessary to do so again with the filing of a statement of issues. It will not follow, however, that an appellee can invoke jurisdiction on its own additional issues without filing the required statement in the proper place within the allowable timeframe. We have consistently held in a similar context that failure to timely file a notice of review constitutes a waiver. Day v. John Morrell & Co., 490 N.W.2d 720, 724 (S.D.1992). Whether Zoss objected to this late filing is irrelevant. We therefore deem UBC's additional issue waived. [¶ 21.] Affirmed. [¶ 22.] MILLER, C.J., and SABERS, AMUNDSON and GILBERTSON, JJ., concur. NOTES [1] Before her job at UBC, Zoss was a bookkeeper and secretary for four years at an insurance agency, and then held the same position for two years at a company selling fire alarms and extinguishers. In fact, during her job at UBC, she worked for an accounting firm in the evenings. [2] Zoss also asserts she is allergic to cigarette smoke, perfume, and cologne, further decreasing the number of positions available to her. However, the Department found insufficient medical support for this, and the finding is supported by substantial evidence.

I have seen some posts from Moms who say they have made lasagna with soy cheese. I have never tried it and I am curious what people use in place of cottage cheese and parmesan. We have a good mozarella alternative, but I have no idea what to do about the other two cheeses. I love lasagna and think my kids would too and would appreciate any suggestions. there is lactose free parmasan cheese in the vegatarian sections of the super markets i shop in (never thought to pick it up tho i'm not a big fan of of parm) hmmm as for the cottage cheese if you cut up tofu into small enough pieces it has a similar look to cottage cheese, but the texture and taste would be off (and i'm not sure how well kids would accept tofu) i've made lasgnas with no cheese, it's kind of messy but when you LOVE lasgna and cheese isn't an option (lactose intollerant but pills don't help not alergic for me) and you're not a big fan of the soy cheese options (that refuse to melt) it tastes pretty darn good without the subsituations just the removal of it... or at least to these taste buds true, i haven't looked that closely at it if it's completly soy or if it's got any milk ingrediants but there is some vegatiran (or maybe vegan) alternatives out there for parmasan but you'd have to look to see if it meets your specific needs, i didn't want to say it's dairy free cause i honestly don't know Your best bet is to do an internet search for milk-free or dairy-free lasagna. I search for vegan recipes as our daughter has allergies to both egg and milk. If you have a suitable mozzarella, you could probably substitute firm or medium tofu in place of cottage cheese or ricotta. You may want to use an egg to set it. I like to use a pinch of nutmeg to get a creamy sort of flavour but don't over do it. SAlt it as well as cheese is quite salty. Let us know if you find a great recipe. I made the lasagna last weekend. I used the Earth Island cheese (we also use it on pizza and nachos). I used well drained firm tofu for the cottage cheese substitute and I could not tell a difference (I think the trick is using your fingers to break up the tofu and mix it with the spinach and herbs). Otherwise, I made the recipe I used pre-allergy times (with spinach, italian sausage and pasta sauce and of course the noodles). Thanks you guys - we've been talking about trying to make something with our Earth Island faux cheese... I will let you know how it turns out. (It would help if my dairy allergic guy liked our pasta sauce more...) I tossed the eggplant and zucchinni with olive oil and roasted at 350 for approx 15-20 minutes. Set aside I sauted the veggies for the sauce and threw the rest of the sauce ingredients in and let that simmer while I prepared the noodles. Set aside Processed the medium tofu in a food processor until lumpy/creamy stirred in the seasonings, oil and firm tofu. Set aside To assemble:Add a little olive oil to a huge lasagna pan. Smear a couple of ladlefuls of sauce on the bottom of the pan. Cover with a layer of noodles, 1/3 sauce, roasted vegetables, spinach, "riccota cheese" and repeat 2x. Finish with the soy mozzarella. Cover with foil and bake 350 for 45 minutes, remove the foil and place under the broiler to brown. My DH made a DF lasagna for my littlest guy tonight and he actually ate it! Our biggest hurdle wasn't actually the "cheese", as I mentioned before, it was the sauce, as my youngest doesn't like spaghetti sauce - not even my DH's delicious homemade sauce. But he's on a big Garfield kick these days, having watched "A Tale of Two Kitties" multiple times -- -- and insisted that we make him some lasagna, so we did. I really didn't think he'd like it, but he ate two pieces. My DH pretty much made basic lasagna, but used Earth Island mozzarella and Tofutti faux parmesan cheese as subs. I got a tiny taste (we also had regular lasagna as the fake cheese is quite expensive) and it was good! Susan - your recipe looks yummy. I will print it out and see if we can get my youngest to eat some veggies... susan that recepie looks AMAZING the next time i need to make myself lasgna (i have about six portions in the frige) i'm trying it i have a question tho, does this earth island "chese" melt cause that's my biggest hurtle with my vegan lasgna attempts, and if it does where would i find it? (i see you're in ottawa and i work in ottawa so just tell me where to go) Dustytiger-The cheese does melt! I placed the lasagna undr the broiler for this reason. I used to be able to find the cheese at the Great Canadian Super Store in Westboro but haven't lately. I now am getting it at the Loblaws in Barrhaven and sometimes at the Independant Grocer in Barrhaven. I would suggest you try any of the Loblaws or Loblaws affiliates in your neighbourhood. I don't tend to shop at Loeb, so I don't know if they sell it. I would imagine most customer service representatives could advise you on their store inventory before you head out. Here is the website and this company also makes a great eggless mayonaise: http://www.followyourheart.com/cheese_products.php sweet!! melty soy cheese thank you, i usually shop and the indpedant grocer in my town, but the one in stitsville has a better slection, and if i don't find it there my best friend lives in barrhaven and i can ask her to look for it for me before i go out there... so happy melty soy cheese!! theheeh Susan - we tried a variation of your lasagna the other night, with our own pasta sauce and your ricotta cheese recipe (subbing soy cheese for the firmer tofu plus adding a bit of white wine and lemon juice and cayenne pepper) and it was awesome! You could never tell that it was dairy-free. If the ding-dong soy cheese weren't so expensive I would serve it to visitors all the time. By the way - I've been finding the Earth Island mozzarella at the Herb & Spice store on Bank St. near Gladstone, in case you're interested. Thanks again for the recipe and the idea to try a faux-ricotta cheese!! Who is online Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 3 guests You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot post attachments in this forum

This page aims to help you remove Panda Viewer “Virus”. Our removal instructions work for Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer, as well as every version of Windows. Is your browser behaving strangely? Are there tons of annoying ads, pop-ups and banners on your screen, which aggressively interrupt your browsing activity and redirect you to different web locations? This could be a result of the activity of a software application called Panda Viewer. Now, Panda Viewer is a potentially unwanted piece of software from the browser hijacking type, which can affect your Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer or any other browser that’s been installed on your PC. Its creators have basically programmed Panda Viewer to generate ads, cause redirects, and track user information with one purpose – online advertising and generation of profits from Pay-Per-Click ads. Many people report that they feel irritated by the activity of this page-redirecting browser hijacker, moreover, they have no idea how it has been installed on their computer. Panda Viewer seems to have no uninstallation option and therefore, the users cannot remove it from their browser and stop the aggressive streaming of ads, pop-ups and banners on their screen. That’s why, most users consider this hijacker to be a virus, but we want to emphasize that the original Panda Viewer service is legitimate and has nothing to do with malicious infections such as Ransomware, Trojans and other nasty computer viruses. Still, this program may cause browsing irritation and disturbance and for this reason, in the next lines, we will show you how to remove it and save yourself from the ads. Just read the information that follows and use the instructions, shown below. How may you end up with Panda Viewer on your computer? Typically, Panda Viewer ads may appear on your screen after an “incorrect” installation of software packages and their bundled components. This usually happens when the users download free programs and install them without carefully customizing the setup configuration. Instead of making sure that all installation settings have been manually customized, most users go for the “Fast” or “Recommended” setup, which often does not reveal information about third-party applications that may be attached to the main program. Unfortunately, the “fast/recommended” installation method is very popular among the computer users and they simply click on it, believing that this is the right way to install the software. However, this method usually makes them agree to the installation of additional software, such as Panda Viewer, without directly disclosing its presence inside the installer. Fortunately, there is an easy and effective way to avoid the installation of unwanted applications – you should simply use “Advanced” or “User” settings every time you run a new setup (especially a free setup pack) and observe have a careful look at the optional clauses displayed there. Once you see checkboxes with pre-marked download components, which you do not want to be installed on your computer, uncheck them and they will not become part of your system. Inside, press CTRL and F together and type the threat’s Name. Right click and delete any entries you find with a similar name. If they don’t show up this way, go manually to these directories and delete/uninstall them: HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—–Random Directory. It could be any one of them – ask us if you can’t discern which ones are malicious. HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—Microsoft—-Windows—CurrentVersion—Run– Random HKEY_CURRENT_USER—-Software—Microsoft—Internet Explorer—-Main—- Random What may Panda Viewer do? Panda Viewer is not a dangerous program. It cannot corrupt your system like a Trojan horse or encrypt your data like a Ransomware. However, this browser hijacker can modify Windows Registry and change the settings of all browsers that are installed on the affected computer, including Chrome, Firefox, IE, Opera, Edge, etc. Some of the most obvious changes may include the installation of a new search engine and/or toolbar and replacement of your old homepage. In addition, Panda Viewer may display third-party advertising content on the web pages that you are visiting. These ads may offer you to download security programs, get discount vouchers, and more. However, oftentimes such content could misleading and unreliable. In fact, clicking on the ads generated by Panda Viewer and interacting with the pages it might redirect you to is generally not recommended because some of them may be redirecting you to unfamiliar or insecure web locations. Some of the ads may also be malicious and infect your computer with malware, such as Ransomware, Trojans and other cyber threats. For this reason, we advise you to remove the hijacker as soon as possible. How to uninstall Panda Viewer? One way you can remove Panda Viewer is to scan the entire system with the help of a reliable malware-removal tool. Such software is suggested on this page, within the guide below. Once the tool has automatically detected and deleted all suspicious entries, just reset your web browser settings and you will get your browser back to normal. You can also use the instructions in the Removal Guide below and manually find and remove the hijacker-related files. Pick up the method that you feel most comfortable with or use them both (that’s what we’d advise you to do). SUMMARY: Name Panda Viewer Type Browser Hijacker Danger Level Medium (nowhere near threats like Ransomware, but still a security risk) Symptoms Tons of annoying ads, pop-ups and banners may appear on your screen and may aggressively interrupt your browsing activity and redirect you to different web locations. HowToRemove.Guide uses cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience and analyze how users navigate and utilize the Site. By using this Site or clicking on "OK", you consent to the use of cookies.OkRead more

The Florey lecture, 1986. The regulatory biology of antibody formation. The regulatory biology of antibody formation entered a new phase of study with the development of selective theories of immunity. The discovery of the 'one cell - one antibody' dogma and the demonstration that only a small minority of B cells possessed receptors specific for a given antigen were consistent with Burnet's clonal selection hypothesis, which was later formally proven by preparing antigen-specific lymphocytes and inducing clonal activation in vitro. Clonal analysis has aided precise study of immunoregulation for both B and T lymphocytes. Clonal activation of B cells in the absence of T cells is now possible with high cloning efficiency. It requires the combined action of certain antigens and growth factors, collectively termed B-cell stimulatory factors (BSFS). Single cell analysis has shown that most BSFS so far tested, in contrast to most claims in the literature, possess the capacity (in synergy with antigen) to: stimulate B cells out of the G0 phase into active cell cycle; promote sequential mitotic divisions; and induce differentiation to active secretory status. This is clearly true for IL-1, IL-2, and BSF-p2. These multiple actions resemble those of the colony-stimulating factors in haemopoiesis. Regulation of antibody production by T lymphocytes can also be profitably analysed in clonal systems. The immunoregulatory problem of tolerance can also be analysed by means of clonal techniques. Studies are summarized which indicate that T-cell-mediated suppression and functional silencing of toleragen-specific lymphocytes are both cooperatively involved in many tolerance models. For the B lymphocyte, tolerance can be induced without an actual deletion of the cell involved; rather, the tolerant cell appears to have received and stored a negative signal, rendering it unresponsive to normally immunogenic stimuli. Thus, a state termed 'clonal anergy' has been induced within the cell. Functional clonal deletion has also been noted in several models to T-lymphocyte tolerance, but here it is not known whether clonal anergy or actual death of the relevant cell is at work. Self-tolerance sufficient to be consistent with good health need not mean a total absence of cells with any degree of self-reactivity. Indeed, it is clear that some B cells capable of forming antibody with some degree of affinity for self-constituents exist in the body, and can be activated, for example by lipopolysaccharide. The requirement is to limit the amount, affinity and duration of autoantibody production. A model suggesting how this may be achieved is presented.

Relationship between independent sitting balance and side of hemiparesis. We conducted a retrospective chart audit of initial physical therapy evaluations to determine the incidence of sitting imbalance and its relationship to the side of weakness in hemiparetic patients. A review of the records of 105 patients revealed that the left side was predominantly affected in 52 patients and the right side in 53 patients. Age, time since onset, and proportion of men and women did not differ between the left and right hemiparetic patients. Most patients (81.0%) could sit independently, but 32.7% of those with left-sided weakness and 5.7% of those with right-sided weakness could not. A chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between the side of weakness and independent sitting balance (p less than .001). The phi-square test revealed the strength of this relationship to be .12. Patients with left hemiparesis are more likely to have difficulty with independent sitting than patients with right hemiparesis, which may affect their progress in rehabilitation.

Interprofessional cooperation. This paper presents various views on interprofessional cooperation and discusses the significant components and desired outcomes of such a relationship. Historically, the nurse-doctor relationship has been fraught with conflict; however, the challenge is to dismantle this imbalanced relationship and fashion new interdisciplinary collaboration. Collaborative practice is an ongoing, dynamic process, requiring time to develop. The creation of true partnership demands energy and commitment. Collaboration, a relationship of interdependence, is built on respect and understanding of the unique and complementary perspectives each profession makes to achieve desired outcomes. The health literature abounds with issues associated with interdisciplinary collaboration. Essential elements of collaboration, advantages and barriers to collaborative affiliation, impact of collaborative practice, and changes in practice patterns among professionals of various disciplines are some of the issues highlighted. Several universities and medical centres support faculty-practice joint appointment and believe this collaborative affiliation will bridge the accountability gap and will enhance the educational and organizational goals. The problem-based learning curriculum is permeating nursing schools. This educational strategy is valuable in that students learn team collaboration. Many studies believe that practice questions can be addressed better by merging the talents of clinicians and those in the academic setting. The authors point out that research-based knowledge is essential for clinicians to solve patient care problems. Favourable outcomes to collaborative practice outweigh the barriers. No doubt there is synergism when a new partnership is created which is the hallmark of a true interprofessional relationship. This affiliation must be nurtured and reinforced, for it holds great promise for enhancement of patient care and for providing job satisfaction in an increasingly complex and constraining world of health care.

The major purpose of the project is to analyze hematopoiesis and MuLV metabolism in cultured Friend virus induced erythroleukemia cells, in order to elucidate the mechanism of virus-induced leukemia. Since the viral envelope glycoproteins have been implicated as possible causal agents in leukemogenesis, a major focus of the project is to understand the metabolism, structure and function of these glycoproteins. Toward this end we are isolating and studying various mutants which are altered or blocked in their synthesis of these virion glycoproteins. In addition, we are trying to identify the gene products encoded by the Friend spleen focus forming virus. One of these gene products, a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 55000, has been identified and is being preliminarily characterized.

A parallel signal processing (PSP) method has been proposed for ultrasonic diagnostic apparatuses to increase a frame rate. In the PSP method, an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus transmits an ultrasonic transmission beam in a transmission direction. The transmission beam is reflected by a subject. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus then receives the reflected ultrasonic waves and generates echo signals corresponding to the received ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus generates a plurality of reception beam data sets respectively corresponding to a plurality of reception beams based on the generated echo signals. In this manner, in PSP, the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus simultaneously receives a plurality of reception beams with respect to one transmission of a transmission beam. This increases the amount of data per unit time. FIG. 11 is a view showing the positions of reception beams in a standard scanning scheme for PSP. The following description will exemplify the simultaneous reception of eight beams. Note that the simultaneous reception of eight beams is a scanning scheme for simultaneously receiving eight reception beams with respect to the transmission of one transmission beam. The abscissa represents the transmission direction of transmission/reception beams; and the ordinate, the depth direction of transmission/reception beams. In this case, eight reception beams to be parallelly and simultaneously received at once will be collectively referred to as a PSP beam group. A plurality of reception beam data sets associated with a PSP beam group will be collectively referred to as a PSP beam data set group. In addition, a series of processing operations from the transmission of one transmission beam to the reception of reception beams will be referred to as one transmission/reception. Referring to FIG. 11, eight reception beams RB to be parallelly and simultaneously received in the first transmission/reception are represented by the number “1”, and the reception beams in a PSP beam group PR are represented by “a”, “b”, “c”, “d”, “e”, “f”, “g”, and “h” from the left in the scanning order. As indicated by (1) in FIG. 11, in the first transmission/reception, a transmission beam TB is transmitted. The central axis of the transmission beam TB in the first transmission/reception is located in the middle between “1d” and “1e”. The eight reception beams RB indicated by “1a”, “1b”, “1c”, “1d”, “1e”, “1f”, “1g”, and “1h” are parallelly and simultaneously received. The eight reception beams RB are arranged at equal intervals in the scanning direction. More specifically, the interval between the center positions of the adjacent reception beams RB (the interval between the central axes) is set to one reception beam. In this case, the position of the central axis of the reception beam RB on a probe will be referred to as a reception position. In other words, a reception position is defined as the center of the reception opening used for the reception of the reception beams RB. As indicated by (2) in FIG. 11, the central axis of a second transmission beam TB2 is located in the middle between “2d” and “2e”, which is shifted from the central axis of a first transmission TB1 by eight reception beams in the scanning direction. In the second transmission/reception, eight reception beams represented by “2a”, “2b”, “2c”, “2d”, “2e”, “2f”, “2g”, and “2h” are parallelly and simultaneously received. Note that the scanning scheme in which the interval between the central axes of two adjacent PSP beam groups corresponds to eight reception beams is called “8-beam shifting”. In this case, two adjacent PSP beam groups PR1 and PR2 do not spatially overlap, and hence beam synthesis (to be described later) is not performed. In PSP, however, since the position of the central axis of a transmission beam differs from that of each reception beam, the transmission/reception sensitivity deteriorates, and it is impossible to obtain uniform transmission/reception sensitivity. FIGS. 12 and 13 are views for explaining reception sensitivity nonuniformity in the scanning scheme in FIG. 11. As indicated by (2) in FIG. 12 or (2) in FIG. 13, the sound pressure in the transmission sound field at an end portion of the transmission beam TB in the scanning direction is lower than that at the middle portion. For this reason, if the number of reception beams to be parallelly and simultaneously received is set to three or more, transmission/reception sound fields become nonuniform in magnitude (i.e., reception sensitivity) in the scanning direction. As indicated by (2) in FIG. 12 or (2) in FIG. 13, therefore, the reception beams at the middle portion and end portions of the PSP beam group PR become uneven in reception sensitivity. Unevenness in reception sensitivity will lead to a deterioration in the image quality of an ultrasonic image. In PSP, the PSP beam group obtained by preceding transmission/reception differs in phase from that obtained by succeeding transmission/reception. FIG. 14 is a view for explaining phase differences between PSP beam groups in the scanning scheme in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 14, the phases of reception beams switch every time PSP beam groups switch, that is, for every eight reception beams. In this case, the phases of beams are synonymous with the order (numbers) of beams generated in transmission/reception. For example, a plurality of reception beams in the first transmission/reception all belong to the same phase. The PSP beam group in the first transmission/reception differs in phase from that in the second transmission/reception. FIG. 15 is a view for explaining the scanning scheme in FIG. 11 (simultaneous reception of eight beams & no beam synthesis & eight-beam shifting). As shown in FIG. 15, in the first transmission/reception, eight reception beams (“1a”, “1b”, “1c”, “1d”, “1e”, “1f”, “1g”, and “1h”) are received. These eight reception beams constitute a PSP beam group PB1. Subsequently, likewise, PSP beam groups PB2, PB3, and PB4 are respectively received in the second, third, and fourth transmissions/receptions. The respective reception beams are sequentially output (in the reception order) without beam synthesis. Assume that the sensitivity of reception beams at positions “a” and “h” is 7, the sensitivity of reception beams at positions “b” and “g” is 8, the sensitivity of reception beams at positions “c” and “f” is 9, and the sensitivity of reception beams at positions “d” and “e” is 10. As shown in FIG. 15, transmission/reception sensitivity nonuniformity (reception sensitivity unevenness) occurs between the reception beams of each PSP beam group PB in accordance with the distances from the central axis of each PSP beam group. In addition, since adjacent PSP beam groups do not spatially overlap, the phases of output beams (reception beams) switch for each PSP beam group. Such transmission/reception sensitivity nonuniformity and phase differences will produce artifacts in ultrasonic images in a density stripe pattern, resulting in a deterioration in image quality. This deterioration in image quality worsens with an increase in the number of PSP beams. In order to solve this problem, there have been proposed a transmission delay addition technique and a transmission wavefront synthesizing technique. FIG. 16 is a view showing the positions of reception beams in another scanning scheme for PSP (parallel signal processing of eight beams & eight-beam synthesis & one-beam shifting). FIG. 17 is a view for explaining the scanning scheme in FIG. 16. As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, the central axis of a first transmission beam TB1 is located in the middle between “1d” and “1e”. The central axis of a second transmission beam TB2 is located in the middle between “2d” and “2e” shifted from the central axis of the first transmission beam TB1 by one reception beam in the scanning direction. At this time, for example, reception beams RB respectively indicated by “1h” and “2g” are located at spatially the same reception position. At the end of the eighth transmission/reception, eight reception beams RB belonging to a different PSP beam group (in other words, at different reception times) are obtained. For example, at a reception position PZ, eight reception beams indicated by “1h”, “2g”, “3f”, “4e”, “5d”, “6c”, “7b”, and “8a” are obtained. Synthesizing the eight reception beams at spatially the same position will generate a synthetic beam. For example, synthesizing the reception beams indicated by “1h”, “2g”, “3f”, “4e”, “5d”, “6c”, “7b”, and “8a” will generate a synthetic beam O1. Repeating transmission/reception while shifting the central axis of the transmission beam TB by one reception beam at a time in this manner will receive eight reception beams at spatially the same position and generate a synthetic beam based on the eight reception beams. This makes the reception sensitivity of an output beam (synthetic beam) after synthesis uniform in the scanning direction. In addition, since reception beams are synthesized as PSP beam groups spatially overlap, the phases of synthetic beams switch for each synthetic beam. It is therefore possible to reduce artifacts in a stripe pattern due to phase differences on a PSP beam group basis. However, since one synthetic beam is generated by synthesizing a plurality of reception beams, the larger the number of reception beams to be synthesized, the lower the frame rate. In addition, as the number of reception beams to be synthesized increases, the phase differences between the reception beams to be synthesized increase. This makes it difficult to apply this technique to fast moving regions such as the heart. FIG. 18 is a view for explaining a still another scanning scheme for PSP (parallel signal processing of eight beams & four-beam synthesis & two-beam shifting). The number of reception beams to be synthesized in the scanning scheme in FIG. 18 is decreased from eight to four to increase the frame rate. In this case, it is possible to simultaneously increase the frame rate and reduce artifacts in a stripe pattern due to phase differences on a PSP beam group basis. However, since two reception beams are shifted at a time in the scanning direction, the phases of synthetic beams switch for every two synthetic beams instead of one synthetic beam. This causes image shifts in an ultrasonic image, resulting in an unnatural image. It is an object of the embodiment to provide an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus and ultrasonic transmission/reception method which can improve image quality in PSP.

Several lines of evidence implicate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in protective immune responses against HIV. CTLs recognize short viral peptide epitopes in association with HLA class I molecules on virus-infected cells. Unfortunately, due to the presence of many alleles in the human population, each individual tends to "present" different viral peptides to CD8 lymphocytes. This proposal focuses on a group of HLA-B class alleles termed the HLA-B7, B55, B53, B35, B54, B56, B67, and B78. The HLA B-7 supertype covers approximately 49% of the population, and those alleles tend to bind identical viral peptide epitopes. A group of HIV CCTL epitopes that were defined in HIV-infected individuals in association with one or more of the B7 supertype alleles has been selected for study here. (1) The binding of this group of epitopes to different B7 supertypes will be examined. A maximum of four distinct epitopes will be selected on the basis of their ability to bind a to multiple B7 supertype alleles for further study. (2) The selected HLA-B7 supertype-binding HIV epitopes will be examined for their ability to elicit CTL responses in vitro in human CD8 T lymphocytes from uninfected donors expressing different B7 supertype alleles. The CTLs generated against the optimal B7 supertype-restricted HIV CTL epitopes in (2) will be examined for (3) their ability to recognize endogenously generated epitopes in virus-infected cells and inhibit HIV infection in vitro, and for (4) their ability to recognize viral variant epitopes. Collectively, these studies will strive to define one or more HIV CTL epitopes that are immunogenic with multiple B7 supertype alleles and that induce cross-recognition of other HIV strains. Thus, these studies will provide the foundation for the inclusion of cross reactive, B7 supertype-restricted HIV CTL epitopes in new vaccine approaches.

Q: illegitimate traffic from user agent Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.0.10) Gecko/2009042316 Firefox/3.0.10 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729) This is a rapidly changing event that has no answer yet. Please do not post your findings or assumptions as answers; reserve the answer field for when you actually have an answer. If you have something new to add, please edit it directly in to the question. Since the beginning of the year, I'm getting a lot of traffic with the user agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.0.10) Gecko/2009042316 Firefox/3.0.10 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729). My access logs show 40% - 60% from that user agent. That's strange because the user agent states a Firefox 3.0.10 browser (is anybody using that browser in 2012? Definitely not 40%-60% of visitors on a normal website). Also, the logs show that this user agent only requested the HTML document and no referenced assets like images, css, js files. I checked the IPs of those requests (with that UA). It's coming from all over the world. I recognized that those IPs sometimes have a mobile user agent. So my suspicion is a mobile app that is doing a lot of "spider requests". It would be good to know the root cause of the traffic from that user agent. Can anybody identify the root cause? In the last couple weeks, we recognized that the traffic from that UA dropped and other traffic increased. It looks like that bot/crawler is now using a more common UA and therefore is more difficult to block. I saw somebody else saying that in an answer to this question but it got removed when serverfault decided to re-arrange this question. OLD answers as reference Update from Dee I run my own pretty highly trafficked website and I'm seeing the exact same thing in our apache logs for the last month or so (I haven't had a chance to check further back yet). 40% of all requests is the percentage I'm seeing, which is nuts, obviously. And I also noticed the requests always seem to say the requesting browser doesn't support gzip compression -- resulting in all webpage requests being sent uncompressed and our bandwidth usage spiking through the roof! But so far I've been unable to determine what's really going on -- all I suspect so far is that it may be some kind of proxy server or such for a mobile device that is sending a fake useragent string. EDITED TO ADD: Just did some more research and it looks like it might be antivirus software: http://www.webmasterworld.com/search_engine_spiders/4428772.htm Update from jamur21 Yes, we've noticed similar traffic across multiple sites. We're still looking for the root cause, but some of our findings include: If it's a spider, it's doing a pretty poor job. It seems to hammer only one or two URLs per domain for a while (maybe a couple hours), until it moves on to another URL. The content is always relatively "current", though, which lends credence to Google News being a factor, as posited in the link Dee posted in his/her answer (all of our sites are news sites). While the IPs are spread out geographically, for us most of them seem located near the origin site (most of our sites are local news outlets, so they don't get a lot of national traffic). Almost none of the requests come from outside the USA. Again, this lends credence to the URLs getting slurped from Google News (I'm guessing people who have localized Google News by zip code will see our content). Most of the time, the requests can be written off as background noise (albeit an especially noisy one), but a couple times a day we'll spike and this UA alone will account for ~100mbps of traffic for about 15-30 minutes. Unfortunately, while Google News seems like a possible vector for these URLs to be discovered, everything we've seen is circumstantial and we still don't have any smoking gun for exactly how or why these URLs are getting hammered. Update from Bannow Bay We have big news site - our stories get picked up by Google News several times a week. We have been getting traffic from this source since late November - and it is growing week by week - maybe 30 million imps in February. Appearance on the front page of Google News US is a trigger for this traffic - about 75 per cent purports to be from US IPs. But whatever it is is making great efforts to obscure itself. And that is not friendly. We have not found smoking gun either -but a major security vendor has kindly agreed to investigate further on our behalf. Update from Artem Russakovskii Just had the same thing happen to a news site (AndroidPolice.com) for the first time. About 10 minutes of these random requests that spiked QPS over 5000% our average (5000qps, which is Linode's NodeBalancer's limit). The CPU started idling as the requests were eating up I/O and network - it was a real DDOS. I'd really like to get to the bottom of this, but at the moment it seems completely puzzling. Update from Mark Just adding a +1. We are seeing the same behavior on our site. Not a ton of new information to add here, but here's the general shape of our traffic: Traffic is highly distributed. The traffic is coming from over ~60k unique IPs. Vast majority of the traffic is hitting a single URL, typically a recent URL listed on Google News (though Google News does not always appear to be the vector) All of this traffic is coming from the same Firefox/3.0.10 user agent as noted in this thread, though we have seen some oddball mobile agents here and there. All of the traffic coming in from this agent contains no referrer data. Burst occurs once or twice a week for 30-60 minutes and then goes away. Update from Don Ireland The last post was April 13 but the traffic certainly has not ended. The strangest part of this may be the fact that any malware author worth his salt could surely (would surely) use a user-agent string from a modern browser, making the block-user-agent defense worthless. This fact makes it seem as if a 'harmless' news aggregator or some other application is the source. So far, though, I also have been unable to reach any real conclusion and hope anyone with information will post it here. We are seeing the same pattern, with a story picked up by google news followed by very high spikes of traffic requesting the story (but not accessory files such as images). The outbound response traffic causes spikes which can saturate the network (or did, till we began responding with only a 503 error). These attacks (what else can we call them?) last about 30 minutes on average, but very popular stories can have high traffic for an hour or more (I am speaking of the firefox 3.0.10 traffic, of course normal traffic also remains high for a while). In a one hour period (for a single server in a load balanced group) we saw 200,000 requests of which 97,000 were the firefox 3.0.10 requests, nearly 50% of all requests. And when you consider that normally a page generates 10 or more requests for the main file and accessory files the 97,000 looms much larger. I note that of the 97,000 there were 51,000 unique IP addresses. And I am talking about a single hour (actually it was closer to 45 minutes). Whatever is causing this is quite widespread. Update from user119708 We have the same issue on a huge french high-tech news website. Whenever a news is published and viewable on google news, traffic increases greatly on the news with about 50 to 100 visits by IP and user agent "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.0.10) Gecko/2009042316 Firefox/3.0.10 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729)". All IP adresses seem to be located in France or in french countries and have no referer. It seems to be a bot but why a single remote adress has to come back 50 or 100 times on the same news during a few minutes? Could it be infected computers? Why the phenomenon appears when the news is visible on google news? Is Google responsible of this strange traffic? If someone in this topic has found the explication, I think it would help many medium or big websites to control their traffic! EDIT: http://2bits.com/botnet/botnet-hammering-web-site-causing-outages.html If it is indeed infected computers, it is very worrying given the number of addresses involved. We will implement this script for Apache to block all traffic : # Referer is empty RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} ^$ # User agent is bogus old browser RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} "Gecko/2009042316 Firefox/3.0.10" # Forbid the request RewriteRule ^(.*)$ - [F,L] Update from Ernesto Medium spanish general news site, noticed high traffic in some irrelevant news since a few days. Whoever it is, it loads the complete HTML, as we notice it due to the "page view" count we increment via database updates once page is loaded. We only notice one or two URLs targeted each day. Lots of requests (7000-12000) over the same URL in a few seconds, distributed over the day from different IPs. Next days other URLs targeted. No referer. The articles targeted appeared on Google News, but we can't assure it is related. Google Analytics doesn't recognize it as legitimated traffic. We have articles with more than 8000 hits and GA only reports 25 or so (I assume that javascript it's not been interpreted). Update from Old Pro Adding a few data points for you. Bots vs. Browsers does not consider this UA to be a bot (yet). On the most highly trafficked site for which I have logs, May 2012 usage to date shows this UA as less than 1% of traffic. A significant portion of the UA requests appear legitimate (loading all the expected resources, for example). This is basically the same as for Feb 2012. This site's front page is rarely updated and all the dynamic content is blocked by robots.txt. This is likely from Genieo. They have updated their application to use a new user agent: Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+Genieo/1.0+http://www.genieo.com/webfilter.html). It hits with the same pattern as the original user agent but now they seem to identify themselves. If you look at the URL in their user agent they even acknowledge that they may have been or may still be generating too much traffic to certain web sites. -dflaw Update from Mike Fagan We've been fighting what we assumed were DDOS attacks for weeks now. We just started seeing Genieo as the useragent for these attacks. Previously we saw "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.9.0.10) Gecko/2009042316 Firefox/3.0.10 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729)" and a ton of requests from "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:11.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/11.0". 10k+ different IPs, Upwards of 1 million requests per day to just 3 or 4 pages where the same IP was requesting pages 100+ times and not pulling any additional assets or ads. My finding is that none of these IPs actually went to any other pages on our site. I contacted Genieo and this is their response: "Thank you for contacting us. Old version of Genieo might have caused the traffic loads you describe. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. We released and updated yesterday that address this, data load from our application should fade away in the next 24 hours. We believed we were doing a good service to your site by introducing it to new users. We didn't assess properly that as our install base is growing it may have induce overload on some sits. Genieo is a personal newspaper or a smart RSS reader. It’s a client side RSS reader with smart semantic personalization filtering. Genieo application follow RSS data from the user’s favorite sites “read” the articles by performing semantic analysis and filter them with respect to the users areas of interest. If the article matches the user interests the application displays the title and snippet of the article in the user homepage. Clicking on the title will lead to the article’s site - your site. Genieo agent is autonomous (for privacy reasons); it runs on the end users machine, this is why you see the agent access your site from many different IP’s. Most of Genieo data comes from user’s normal RSS feeds, but Genieo also adds some content from new news sites that were not previously registered by the users (for serendipity and diversity). Genieo algorithms looks for “hot” articles, Twitter top hits, YouTube most viewed, and Google news highlights and checks if they match the user’s interest We were not aware that this was causing load issue for some site. Once this was brought to our attention we update the current users with a new version that prevents load spikes. Best regards, -Dotan PS: We did use "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:11.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/11.0" in the past (due to technical bug) but all of current Genieo users should be using the Genieo user agents (for the last few weeks)" A: I think the user dflaw found it. It's the software from Genieo. We did some tests and contacted them. All results are published here.

/* sdl: audio output via SDL cross-platform API copyright 2006-9 by the mpg123 project - free software under the terms of the LGPL 2.1 see COPYING and AUTHORS files in distribution or http://mpg123.org initially written by Nicholas J. Humfrey */ #include <math.h> #include <SDL.h> #include "audio.h" #include "mpg123app.h" #ifdef WIN32 #include <windows.h> #endif /* Including the sfifo code locally, to avoid module linkage issues. */ #define SFIFO_STATIC #include "sfifo.c" #include "debug.h" #define SAMPLE_SIZE (2) #define FRAMES_PER_BUFFER (256) #define FIFO_DURATION (0.5f) /* The audio function callback takes the following parameters: stream: A pointer to the audio buffer to be filled len: The length (in bytes) of the audio buffer */ static void audio_callback_sdl(void *udata, Uint8 *stream, int len) { audio_output_t *ao = (audio_output_t*)udata; sfifo_t *fifo = (sfifo_t*)ao->userptr; int bytes_read; /* Only play if we have data left */ if ( sfifo_used( fifo ) < len ) { warning("Didn't have any audio data for SDL (buffer underflow)"); SDL_PauseAudio(1); return; } /* Read audio from FIFO to SDL's buffer */ bytes_read = sfifo_read( fifo, stream, len ); if (len!=bytes_read) warning2("Error reading from the FIFO (wanted=%u, bytes_read=%u).\n", len, bytes_read); } static int open_sdl(audio_output_t *ao) { sfifo_t *fifo = (sfifo_t*)ao->userptr; /* Open an audio I/O stream. */ if (ao->rate > 0 && ao->channels >0 ) { size_t ringbuffer_len; SDL_AudioSpec wanted; /* L16 uncompressed audio data, using 16-bit signed representation in twos complement notation - system endian-ness. */ wanted.format = AUDIO_S16SYS; wanted.samples = 1024; /* Good low-latency value for callback */ wanted.callback = audio_callback_sdl; wanted.userdata = ao; wanted.channels = ao->channels; wanted.freq = ao->rate; /* Open the audio device, forcing the desired format */ if ( SDL_OpenAudio(&wanted, NULL) ) { error1("Couldn't open SDL audio: %s\n", SDL_GetError()); return -1; } /* Initialise FIFO */ ringbuffer_len = ao->rate * FIFO_DURATION * SAMPLE_SIZE *ao->channels; debug2( "Allocating %d byte ring-buffer (%f seconds)", (int)ringbuffer_len, (float)FIFO_DURATION); if (sfifo_init( fifo, ringbuffer_len )) error1( "Failed to initialise FIFO of size %d bytes", (int)ringbuffer_len ); } return(0); } static int get_formats_sdl(audio_output_t *ao) { /* Only implemented Signed 16-bit audio for now */ return MPG123_ENC_SIGNED_16; } static int write_sdl(audio_output_t *ao, unsigned char *buf, int len) { sfifo_t *fifo = (sfifo_t*)ao->userptr; /* Sleep for half the length of the FIFO */ while (sfifo_space( fifo ) < len ) #ifdef WIN32 Sleep( (FIFO_DURATION/2) * 1000); #else usleep( (FIFO_DURATION/2) * 1000000 ); #endif /* Bung decoded audio into the FIFO SDL Audio locking probably isn't actually needed as SFIFO claims to be thread safe... */ SDL_LockAudio(); sfifo_write( fifo, buf, len); SDL_UnlockAudio(); /* Unpause once the buffer is 50% full */ if (sfifo_used(fifo) > (sfifo_size(fifo)*0.5) ) SDL_PauseAudio(0); return len; } static int close_sdl(audio_output_t *ao) { sfifo_t *fifo = (sfifo_t*)ao->userptr; SDL_CloseAudio(); /* Free up the memory used by the FIFO */ sfifo_close( fifo ); return 0; } static void flush_sdl(audio_output_t *ao) { sfifo_t *fifo = (sfifo_t*)ao->userptr; SDL_PauseAudio(1); sfifo_flush( fifo ); } static int deinit_sdl(audio_output_t* ao) { /* Free up memory */ if (ao->userptr) { free( ao->userptr ); ao->userptr = NULL; } /* Shut down SDL */ SDL_Quit(); /* Success */ return 0; } static int init_sdl(audio_output_t* ao) { if (ao==NULL) return -1; /* Set callbacks */ ao->open = open_sdl; ao->flush = flush_sdl; ao->write = write_sdl; ao->get_formats = get_formats_sdl; ao->close = close_sdl; ao->deinit = deinit_sdl; /* Allocate memory */ ao->userptr = malloc( sizeof(sfifo_t) ); if (ao->userptr==NULL) { error( "Failed to allocated memory for FIFO structure" ); return -1; } memset( ao->userptr, 0, sizeof(sfifo_t) ); /* Initialise SDL */ if (SDL_Init( SDL_INIT_AUDIO ) ) { error1("Failed to initialise SDL: %s\n", SDL_GetError()); return -1; } /* Success */ return 0; } /* Module information data structure */ mpg123_module_t mpg123_output_module_info = { /* api_version */ MPG123_MODULE_API_VERSION, /* name */ "sdl", /* description */ "Output audio using SDL (Simple DirectMedia Layer).", /* revision */ "$Rev:$", /* handle */ NULL, /* init_output */ init_sdl, };

James Nederlander Stars Theater magnate James M. Nederlander presided over the Nederlander Organization for nearly half a century. The business, which was founded in 1912 by his father, grew as the family did. The Nederlanders moved to Chicago first, later to New York and other cities. In 1965, the Nederlander Organization paid $1.4 million to buy New York’s Palace Theatre, then spent an additional $500,000 to refurbish it. By the time patriarch David Nederlander died in 1967 at the age of 81, the family had nine theaters and four movie houses, which were later sold as they focused on live theater. By 1968, James — or Jimmy, as he's commonly known — and his brother Joseph were booking New Jersey’s Garden State Arts Center. A few years later, they developed and built Detroit’s Pine Knob Pavilion, also an outdoor theater. Along the way they’ve promoted acts for other theaters as well as their own and presented classical and pop concerts that have included many national and international performers – from Blood, Sweat and Tears to the Bolshoi Ballet. In 1975, the management of the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles passed over to the James M. Nederlander Cos. At the time, Nederlander said the Greek, which “doesn’t take a back seat to anyone,” would regain its position as one of the finest installations in the world. Audiences know quality, Nederlander said, and they know professionalism. “This is not a game for amateurs,” he stated matter-of-factly. “If you import the Royal Shakespeare Co., for example, you know that even if the play is not a critical success, it will be well done, and you’ll be proud to have your name on it. They’re professionals.” Nederlander Concerts, headquartered in Los Angeles, operates and programs the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, the Grove of Anaheim and the San Jose Civic. Nederlander's son, James L. Nederlander, is the president of the Nederlander Organization, one of the few remaining family-run entertainment enterprises in the U.S. Born in 1922, Nederlander has produced and presented concerts, Broadway shows, comedies and events for more than 50 years and has worked in nearly all aspects of the theater business: advertising, box office, production and management. A legendary figure on Broadway, he won a Tony Award for lifetime achievement in 2004.

The only reason Connor is this high is because of season 5 Connor. Based just on season 3 and 4 Connor, he'd be last. Well...he wouldn't be lower than Kennedy or Warren. 35. Ben Wilkinson Can you believe this is the same guy who plays Frank Delfino? I swear he's found the Bianca Lawson fountain of youth or something. He looks better the older he gets. 34. Lindsey McDonald Fun fact: I didn't know that was his last name until I looked it up. It doesn't seem to fit. Anyway, I like his portrayer more than the character himself to be honest. 33. Wesley Wyndam-Pryce I liked Wesley less and less as the show went on. His arc was never the most interesting to me to be honest. 32. Amanda, Rona, Vi, Clara, etc I just clumped most of the potentials together, and this is just their average rank. Some might have been ranked higher individually (like Vi) and some lower (like Clara), but this is the average. 31. Robin Wood I wonder if his name was purposely meant to be so similar to Robin Hood. 30. Spike I go back and forth on Spike. I liked him for awhile until he fucking tried to force himself on Buffy, and then I hated him. Then he got his soul back, and I liked him again, then I didn't like him on Angel at first and then liked him again by the end of the season. (PS I chose this picture for a certain follower of mine. He knows who he is) 29. Eve 28. Kendra Young How she looks younger now - 18 years later - is insane. 27. Jonathan Levinson 26. Amy Madison 25. Gwen Raiden I wish she'd been on the show more. 24. Rupert Giles 23. Oz 22. Andrew Wells 21. Xander Harris 20. Dawn Summers Dawn could be kind of annoying, but not only was she a hormonal teenager whose sister fought horrors beyond imagination and whose mom died suddenly, she was also dealing with the realization that she was millennia-old Key whose entire life was a carefully constructed lie. I'd be annoying too if I were her. 19. Jenny Calendar She's the reason Angel got his soul back. 18. Lilah Morgan 17. Francis Doyle He'd be a lot higher on this list if he'd lasted longer. Doyle was brave and caring and kind, and he was funny too! He made me laugh so much. And there was just something about that accent... 16. Lorne Two characters in a row where the portrayer is now dead. Rest in peace, Glenn and Andy. Miss you. 15. Charles Gunn Sunshine and rainbows in human form (most of the time). 14. Angel He's actually the highest guy on this list. 13. Drusilla Even though she killed Kendra. 12. Darla 11. Glory Hands down the best villain in the series ever. 10. Faith Lehane 9. Willow Rosenberg She loses points for the whole magic addiction thing in season 6 (though Dark Willow was a badass). Also I love the scene this gif is from. 8. Joyce Summers 7. Harmony Kendall Especially after she became a vampire. 6. Illyria Amy Acker was SO GOOD. It wasn't the makeup that made her Illyria, as proven by the episode where Fred's parents come visit. It was like Amy flipped a switch inside herself. It was amazing her she could so effortlessly shift from Fred to Illyria and back again in everything from her body language to her voice to her expression. Incredible. 5. Anya Jenkins 4. Buffy Summers This scene is iconic. I love when she says to the First, "I want you...to get out of my face!" And then proceeds to kick ass. 3. Winifred Burkle 2. Tara Maclay I have a special place in my heart for Tara. She helped me discover some things about myself, and I'm grateful to her for that. 1. Cordelia Chase Number one fave. I always like the mean girl characters, but she was so much more than that. Cordelia was a hero. She lived as a hero, she fought as a hero, and she died a hero. She is living proof that anyone can make a difference, and I find her very inspiring and encouraging. She went from a vapid popular girl to a selfless champion who literally gave her life in her effort to fight the good fight. We should all aspire to be like her.

Edward T. O'Connor Jr. Edward T. O'Connor Jr. (born October 6, 1942) is an American Democratic Party politician, who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1982 to 2002, where he represented the 31st Legislative District. Education Born on Jersey City, New Jersey, O'Connor attended St. Peter's Preparatory School. He earned a A.B. in Modern Languages from Saint Peter's University, followed by a J.D. from Fordham University School of Law. He then earned an L.L.M. from New York University School of Law with a specialization in Labor Law. He served in the United States Army from 1968 to 1970, attaining the rank of Captain. Career O'Connor was elected in 1981 to fill the seat vacated by fellow Democrat Wally Sheil, defeating Republican Jean C. Lane by a 75.4%-24.7% margin. He was re-elected five times, with his closest scare coming in 1991, when he defeated Republican Bret Schundler by 55.1% to 44.9%. He served in the Senate on the Judiciary Committee and the Economic Growth, Agriculture and Tourism Committee. He served as Minority Whip starting in 1992. In December 2001, the Senate passed legislation introduced by O'Connor that would establish standards for DNA testing of prison inmates. References External links , New Jersey Legislature. Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Fordham University School of Law alumni Category:New Jersey Democrats Category:New Jersey lawyers Category:New Jersey state senators Category:New York University School of Law alumni Category:Politicians from Jersey City, New Jersey Category:Saint Peter's University alumni Category:St. Peter's Preparatory School alumni Category:United States Army officers

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus. Introduction ============ Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the cavernous carotid artery can be a challenging clinical problem, both in diagnosis and management. This case report describes a young adolescent boy with delayed epistaxis following traumatic brain injury sustained four months prior to presentation. Investigations revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the left cavernous carotid artery, which was surgically managed. The pitfalls in diagnosis and the management dilemmas are discussed. Case presentation ================= A 19-year-old boy was admitted with a history of recurrent bouts of epistaxis from his right nostril, for a duration of one month. The last episode was severe and uncontrolled, which prompted him to seek medical attention. His past medical history involved a motor vehicle accident four months prior to admission. This event was associated with a brief period of loss of consciousness, vomiting, and associated nasal bleed. He had no history of seizures or any cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, but suffered a complete loss of vision in his left eye. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed a displaced fracture of the left frontal bone with small underlying extradural hematoma with fracture of the orbital roof and spheno ethmoid sinus. He was managed conservatively with antiepileptics, antibiotics and closely observed for CSF leak. Steroids were administered for his left traumatic optic neuropathy and he was discharged after two weeks of observation. On discharge, his Glasgow coma scale was 15 and he had no perceivable vision in his left eye.   On readmission with epistaxis he was severely pale and his hemoglobin levels had dropped to 5.6 g/dL. Medical and endonasal causes for epistaxis were initially ruled out. In view of his previous history of trauma, and the triad of blindness, epistaxis, and trauma a CT angiogram of the brain was performed, which revealed a saccular aneurysm of the left cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It was followed up with a digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) to confirm the flow and cross-circulation across the hemispheres and plan for surgical management. The DSA showed a large left cavernous segment pseudoaneurysm with moderate cross-circulation from the right ICA (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}). There was no evidence of any fistulous connection. {#FIG1} The patient was explained about the need for intervention in the form of bypass surgery or endovascular flow diversion. They declined endovascular surgery due to financial constraints. In view of the suboptimal cross-circulation, it was decided to perform a replacement high-flow extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass and then trap the aneurysmal segment. A left pterional craniotomy and a high-flow EC-IC bypass (common carotid to M2 segment) with saphenous vein graft were performed followed by ligation of the left ICA in the neck (Figure [2](#FIG2){ref-type="fig"}). ![Interoperative image of the saphenous vein graft \[extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass\] -- white arrow, cranial end; yellow arrow, carotid end.](cureus-0010-00000003002-i02){#FIG2} Postoperatively the patient was started on antiplatelets and had no complications. He made good postoperative recovery with daily monitoring of arterial pulsation and Doppler confirmation of the same. An angiogram taken on postoperative day nine revealed good flow across the bypass (Figure [3](#FIG3){ref-type="fig"}). The patient neither had any worsening of deficits, nor had any improvement in the vision of his left eye. He had no further episodes of epistaxis or any complaints at one year of follow up. {#FIG3} Discussion ========== Cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) are rare and account for only 2%--9% of all intracranial aneurysms and 15% of internal CCA \[[@REF1]\]. The etiology of CCAs can be traumatic, infectious, or idiopathic. Parkinson classified aneurysms in this region as saccular and fistulous, and the fistulous variety can further be classified as spontaneous and traumatic \[[@REF2]\]. Traumatic aneurysms are pseudoaneurysms consisting of a hematoma surrounded by a fibrous layer, rather than a true arterial wall, which rupture and cause massive epistaxis resulting from disruption through the sphenoid sinus wall \[[@REF3]-[@REF4]\]. Less commonly, pseudoaneurysms of the cervical ICA may rupture into the Eustachian tube or the posterior nasopharynx \[[@REF5]\].  The natural history of idiopathic cavernous aneurysms is not well known. They often remain asymptomatic and they are detected incidentally. They tend to become large to giant in size when they manifest with features of mass effect in the form of cranial nerve palsies of adjacent nerves. This could be in the form of diplopia, ptosis, ophthalamoplegia, or pain or paresthesia along the fifth nerve distribution. Large transitional variant of these aneurysms, which has an intradural component can press against the optic nerve and result in visual symptoms. These intradural variants also carry a risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.2%--0.4%) \[[@REF6]\]. Rupture of a CCA more typically results in an arteriovenous (AV) fistula between the ICA and the cavernous sinus. Carotid cavernous fistulas can present with severe proptosis, chemosis, injection of the eye, pulsatile tinnitus, orbital bruit, and/or cranial nerve deficit. Rarely these aneurysms can erode into the sphenoid sinus and rupture resulting in fatal epistaxis. Spontaneous thrombosis of these aneurysms has also been reported as have been thromboembolic strokes originating from intra-aneurysmal thrombus \[[@REF7]\]. The first cavernous segment aneurysm presenting with a triad of blindness, epistaxis, and trauma was described by Barth in 1924 \[[@REF8]\]. Epistaxis is a relatively uncommon presentation of CCA, and is most often post-traumatic \[[@REF9]\]. Nearly half of the patients present with epistaxis within the first month of head injury \[[@REF10]\]. Presentation can, however, be delayed ranging from five days to nine weeks as in our patient who presented nearly four months after the head injury \[[@REF3]\]. While cavernous segment ICA aneurysm is the most common cause of aneurysmal epistaxis, rupture of a superior hypophysis artery can also cause epistaxis \[[@REF11]\]. Mortality from hemorrhage of such lesions has ranged as high as 50% \[[@REF12]\]. Our patient lost valuable time and had a critically low hemoglobin value at presentation suggesting imminent complication. A high index of suspicion is required to identify and treat this condition. Clinically, the finding of the symptomatic triad of unilateral blindness, orbital fractures, and massive epistaxis is pathognomonic for ICA pseudoaneurysm \[[@REF5]\]. Treatment modalities Unlike idiopathic asymptomatic CCAs, traumatic, iatrogenic and infectious aneurysms have an aggressive course and need urgent intervention. Exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation can be done either by surgery or endovascular techniques. Treatment can be either occlusive or reconstructive. Occlusive strategies include parent artery ligation surgically or by endovascular techniques. Reconstructive strategies include direct microsurgical clip application, coil embolization with or without the use of a vascular reconstruction device, flow-diverting devices, or the use of liquid embolic agents. Flow diverters have emerged as an excellent alternative to treat complex giant aneurysm where conventional methods have failed \[[@REF13]\]. With the advent of flow diverters the results have improved with an obliteration rate of 60%--80% with morbidity of 10.44% (9.9%--15.2%) and mortality of 6.86% ( 2.3%--9.2%) \[[@REF14]\]. However, in developing countries like India, the average cost of endovascular treatment is five to six times that of microsurgical bypass. This remains a major limitation for endovascular techniques and surgical option remains the main stay of treatment \[[@REF15]\] as in the index case. Surgery Direct clipping probably provides the chance of near 100% obliteration maintaining parent vessel patency at the same time. However, literature provides reports of less than 150 cases of CCA, which have undergone direct clipping so far and even in experienced hands the morbidity and mortality rates are as high as 14%--25% \[[@REF16]\]. Direct clipping is thus seldom preferred.  Occlusive surgical options include proximal carotid ligation with or without trapping the aneurysmal carotid segment by placing a clip proximal to the ophthalmic artery. Proximal carotid ligation carries a risk of ischemia to the ipsilateral hemisphere. It also carries a risk of new aneurysm formation on the contralateral side or increase in the size of any contralateral aneurysm if any. Risk of ischemia can be predicted by various techniques like rate of venous filling, balloon test occlusion (BTO), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). The risk of infarct is 32%--60% if carotid ligation is carried out without any preoperative assessment of cerebrovascular reserve \[[@REF17]-[@REF18]\]. The risk of infarction comes down to 22% in patients who successfully complete all preoperative assessment tests \[[@REF19]\]. The risk, however, does not completely disappear. With an additional bypass this risk comes down to 14.6% (1.8%--29.4%) \[[@REF19]\]. A bypass procedure prior to parent artery occlusion is, therefore, preferable to reduce the risks of postocclusion stroke even in patients who tolerate BTO successfully (universal bypass).  Bypass could be an augmentative (low flow superficial temporal-middle cerebral) bypass for patients with moderate cerebrovascular reserve or a replacement bypass (high-flow extracranial--intracranial) for those with poor cerebrovascular reserve. Similarly the choice between parent artery occlusion alone or trapping is difficult as it has been shown that there is no difference in complications and outcome between trapping and carotid occlusion \[[@REF18]\]. Trapping is preferred to mere carotid occlusion for aneurysms with significant intradural extension and patients who demonstrate significant retrograde flow during the BTO \[[@REF20]\]. Our patient presented with unilateral blindness and epistaxis justifying treatment. We did not perform a BTO, SPECT, or PET study for our patient as the cross-compression study revealed less than adequate cross-circulation. Saphenous vein graft and common carotid artery for proximal anastomosis were chosen due to surgeon's preference and past experience. Our patient successfully underwent a high-flow bypass procedure and ligation of the internal carotid.  Conclusions =========== Traumatic CCAs are rare and pose considerable challenges in diagnosis and management. A high index of suspicion should be kept in all patients with skull base fractures near the optic canal, cavernous sinus. Endovascular treatment strategies offer reasonable results, but are expensive. Parent artery occlusion combined with a universal bypass is a cost-effective alternate option with comparable results. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Consent was obtained by all participants in this study

It’s been about a decade since the last episode of Angel, the Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin-off series about the vampire with a soul, aired. The final episode of season five, Not Fade Away, first appeared on Us television screens on 19 May 2004. That seems simultaneously like a very long time ago, and not very long ago at all, because time is vast and human brains are small and fallible, but it’s safe to say that in TV years, it’s a pretty long goddamned time. The men and women behind the characters we used to spend one night a week with have gone on to other things – some bigger and better, others kind of rubbish – and unless you’re a particularly obsessive superfan, you All you gorehounds north of the Border, do yourselves a favor and clear your calendars for this weekend, starting tomorrow, August 25 through August 28. If you haven't yet made plans to be at The Toronto Convention Center to attend the 2011 Fan Expo Canada/Rue Morgue Festival of Fear, don't worry; there's still time. And Anchor Bay Entertainment Canada is about to give you some additional motivation. Toronto’s Festival of Fear is is the largest of its kind in Canada and among the largest in world, filling the entire North building of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre with over 60,000 attendees in 2010. The annual multigenre fan convention that runs as part of Fan Expo Canada was founded as the Canadian National Horror Expo in 2004 by Rue Morgue Magazine and Hobby Star Marketing Inc. Originally showcasing novels, fantasy and film/television and related popular arts, the convention has expanded over the years to include a larger range of pop culture elements, such as horror, anime, manga, animation, toys, collectible card games, video games and web entertainment. Do you remember the first story that scared you? That story that still sends prickles down your back and creeps into your dreams at night. The one that makes you feel silly for being scared because you’re all grown up. Maybe it was about a witch that ate the children she lured with candy. Or maybe it was it was the one about a wolf that ate the grandmothers of children that walked alone in the woods. Do you ever wonder how those stories came about, if they were based on a true story? What if big bad wolves were really inspired by people like your creepy neighbor? Medium Raw aka Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf is a Canadian shot horror film. This feature was shown on television in 2010, with Anchor Bay Entertainment set to release this title on DVD August 16th. The film retells the ancient German legend of Little Red Riding Hood with a twist. Horror is always great for twist endings. Actor John Rhys-Davies is under utilized in his role and the updating of this children's tale is enhanced by the costume department. As well, Medium Raw introduces not one villain, but four. This is a slow building horror title, with some interesting action sequences in the final scenes. This is the second film which has offed actor John Rhys-Davies in the first quarter of the film. The other film was Ferocious Planet (2011) and here Rhys-Davies plays Elliot Carbon. Filmmaker Andrew Cymek is the triple-threat writer/director/star of the movie, which tells the story of a rookie cop (Cymek) who’s plagued by nightmares of his sister’s death at the hands of a serial killer years earlier. That the killer was never captured doesn’t help! But while investigating a recent murder with similarities to that of his sister’s, Johnny and his partner snap into action and capture the culprit, known as “The Wolf.” Sadly, a happy ending is put on hold due to a subsequent power outage at the local asylum housing “The Wolf” and a bunch of other psychos, resulting in their escape. Night of the Wolf Once upon a time, there was a homicidal maniac who slaughtered 15 little girls and left a question scrawled in the victim’s blood at each crime scene: “Are you The Woodcutter?” Five-year-old Johnny Morgan witnessed his sister’s murder at the hands of this monster. Years later, Johnny became a detective and finally caught the murderer, bringing him to justice. And they all lived happily ever after, right? Guess again… Movies about serial killers are a dime a dozen ... but movies about serial killers who are extra nasty and like to taunt authorities? Well, they can be really fun! Case in point - Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf, which after many delays is finally hitting DVD. From the Press Release Once upon a time, there was a homicidal maniac who slaughtered 15 little girls and left a question scrawled in the victim’s blood at each crime scene: “Are you The Woodcutter?” Five-year-old Johnny Morgan witnessed his sister’s murder at the hands of this monster. Years later Johnny became a detective and finally caught the murderer, bringing him to justice. And they all lived happily ever after, right? Guess again… "...Not just another action thriller, 'Medium Raw' is also the diary of a marriage, having sprung from the mind of writer/director Andrew Cymek in 2001 at the request of producer/star Brigitte Kingsley. Brigitte promised Andrew that if he wrote something, she would produce it. Flash forward a few years and the newlyweds have just spent their honeymoon money on the opening scenes of what will become 'Medium Raw'..." "Where there is a will, there is a way and I am nothing if not persistent," said Kingsley, who not only starred in and produced "Medium Raw", but is now head of production at Black Walk. IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy.

/* ScummVM - Graphic Adventure Engine * * ScummVM is the legal property of its developers, whose names * are too numerous to list here. Please refer to the COPYRIGHT * file distributed with this source distribution. * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. * */ #ifndef BACKENDS_MODULAR_BACKEND_H #define BACKENDS_MODULAR_BACKEND_H #include "backends/base-backend.h" class GraphicsManager; class MixerManager; class MutexManager; /** * Base classes for modular backends. * * They wrap most functions to their manager equivalent, but not * all OSystem functions are implemented here. * * A backend derivated from these classes, will need to implement * these functions on its own: * OSystem::pollEvent() * OSystem::getMillis() * OSystem::delayMillis() * OSystem::getTimeAndDate() * OSystem::quit() * * And, it should also initialize all the managers variables * declared in this class, or override their related functions. */ class ModularGraphicsBackend : virtual public BaseBackend { public: ModularGraphicsBackend(); virtual ~ModularGraphicsBackend(); /** @name Features */ //@{ virtual bool hasFeature(Feature f) override; virtual void setFeatureState(Feature f, bool enable) override; virtual bool getFeatureState(Feature f) override; //@} /** @name Graphics */ //@{ GraphicsManager *getGraphicsManager(); virtual const GraphicsMode *getSupportedGraphicsModes() const override; virtual int getDefaultGraphicsMode() const override; virtual bool setGraphicsMode(int mode) override; virtual int getGraphicsMode() const override; virtual const GraphicsMode *getSupportedShaders() const override final; virtual int getDefaultShader() const override final; virtual int getShader() const override final; virtual bool setShader(int id) override final; virtual const GraphicsMode *getSupportedStretchModes() const override final; virtual int getDefaultStretchMode() const override final; virtual bool setStretchMode(int mode) override final; virtual int getStretchMode() const override final; virtual void resetGraphicsScale() override final; #ifdef USE_RGB_COLOR virtual Graphics::PixelFormat getScreenFormat() const override final; virtual Common::List<Graphics::PixelFormat> getSupportedFormats() const override final; #endif virtual void initSize(uint width, uint height, const Graphics::PixelFormat *format = NULL) override final; virtual void initSizeHint(const Graphics::ModeList &modes) override final; virtual int getScreenChangeID() const override final; virtual void beginGFXTransaction() override final; virtual OSystem::TransactionError endGFXTransaction() override final; virtual int16 getHeight() override final; virtual int16 getWidth() override final; virtual PaletteManager *getPaletteManager() override final; virtual void copyRectToScreen(const void *buf, int pitch, int x, int y, int w, int h) override final; virtual Graphics::Surface *lockScreen() override final; virtual void unlockScreen() override final; virtual void fillScreen(uint32 col) override final; virtual void updateScreen() override final; virtual void setShakePos(int shakeXOffset, int shakeYOffset) override final; virtual void setFocusRectangle(const Common::Rect& rect) override final; virtual void clearFocusRectangle() override final; virtual void showOverlay() override final; virtual void hideOverlay() override final; virtual bool isOverlayVisible() const override final; virtual Graphics::PixelFormat getOverlayFormat() const override final; virtual void clearOverlay() override final; virtual void grabOverlay(void *buf, int pitch) override final; virtual void copyRectToOverlay(const void *buf, int pitch, int x, int y, int w, int h) override final; virtual int16 getOverlayHeight() override final; virtual int16 getOverlayWidth() override final; virtual bool showMouse(bool visible) override final; virtual void warpMouse(int x, int y) override final; virtual void setMouseCursor(const void *buf, uint w, uint h, int hotspotX, int hotspotY, uint32 keycolor, bool dontScale = false, const Graphics::PixelFormat *format = NULL) override final; virtual void setCursorPalette(const byte *colors, uint start, uint num) override final; //@} /** @name Miscellaneous */ //@{ virtual void displayMessageOnOSD(const Common::U32String &msg) override final; virtual void displayActivityIconOnOSD(const Graphics::Surface *icon) override final; //@} protected: /** @name Managers variables */ //@{ GraphicsManager *_graphicsManager; //@} }; class ModularMixerBackend : virtual public BaseBackend { public: ModularMixerBackend(); virtual ~ModularMixerBackend(); /** @name Sound */ //@{ virtual MixerManager *getMixerManager(); virtual Audio::Mixer *getMixer() override final; //@} protected: /** @name Managers variables */ //@{ MixerManager *_mixerManager; //@} }; class ModularMutexBackend : virtual public BaseBackend { public: ModularMutexBackend(); virtual ~ModularMutexBackend(); /** @name Mutex handling */ //@{ virtual MutexRef createMutex() override final; virtual void lockMutex(MutexRef mutex) override final; virtual void unlockMutex(MutexRef mutex) override final; virtual void deleteMutex(MutexRef mutex) override final; //@} protected: /** @name Managers variables */ //@{ MutexManager *_mutexManager; //@} }; #endif

Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift is the twelfth studio album by American rapper E-40. It was released on March 30, 2010, which was the same day that E-40's Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift was released. Night Shift features 19 tracks including guest appearances from Snoop Dogg, Too Short, Ya Boy, Bobby V, Keak da Sneak, San Quinn and many others. With this album, E-40 was the first hip hop artist to release two major studio albums on the same day since Nelly released Sweat and Suit in 2004. Music videos have been filmed for the songs "Over the Stove", "Nice Guys", "Can't Stop the Boss" featuring Snoop Dogg, Too Short, and Jazze Pha, "Show Me What You Workin' Wit'" featuring Too Short, "He's a Gangsta" featuring Messy Marv, The Jacka of Mob Figaz, and Kaveo, "Spend the Night" featuring Laroo, the DB'z, Droop-E, and B-Slimm, and "The Server". The latter would be released as a promo single on February 23, 2010 to iTunes. Commercial performance In its first two weeks Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift sold 57,000 copies. It has sold 106,000 copies as of May 3, 2010. Track listing Notes Stressmatic is not credited "Over the Stove" and "Prepared" Laroo is uncredited in "Over the Stove" YV is uncredited in "More Bass, More Treble" Sample credits "Show Me What You Workin' Wit'" - contains a sample of "Love Is the Answer" by The Stylistics "Stilettos & Jeans" - contains a sample of "Gucci Time" by Schoolly D "Spend the Night" - contains a sample of "Oceania" by Björk Charts References Category:2010 albums Category:E-40 albums Category:Albums produced by Rick Rock Category:Albums produced by Jazze Pha Category:Albums produced by Tha Bizness Category:Albums produced by Droop-E

5 Great Farming Apps According to a recent Farm Journal Media survey, farmers are ahead of the curve when it comes to adopting new technology. In fact, 59% of farmers use a smartphone in their daily operations, and 44% use a tablet. Smart technologies have enabled farmers to reduce costs, maximize yields and profits, and still be incredibly efficient in the process. Mobile apps have been game changers to today’s on-the-go growers and ag retailers alike. Below is our list of apps (in no particular order) that can help you farm smarter: Field Navigator – For equipment that doesn’t already have GPS guidance, there’s Field Navigator. You can map out fields, measure the size of your farm, or make sure you’re driving in straight, parallel lines. AccuWeather – There are a lot of good weather apps, but AccuWeather is well known for its accuracy and easy-to-use interface. For a couple bucks, upgrading to the ad-free paid version is totally worth it. eBay – Almost every farmer I know has either bought or sold something on eBay at some point. Don’t let those great deals and hard to find parts slip away – get the app and receive notifications when your watched items are about to end. JStock – There are several farm-specific stock market apps out there, and they’re all horrible. JStock sets itself apart with its ultra clean interface and desktop version for your PC. Agrobase – Easily identify diseases, insects or pests in your field and find a hassle-free solution for crop protection. Agrobase lets you save money on pesticides, fungicides or herbicides, and aim for higher yield.

Chevrolet Biscayne The Chevrolet Biscayne was a series of full-size cars produced by the American manufacturer Chevrolet between 1958 and 1972. Named after a show car displayed at the 1955 General Motors Motorama, the Biscayne was the least expensive model in the Chevrolet full-size car range (except the 1958-only Chevrolet Delray). The absence of most exterior and fancy interior trimmings remained through the life of the series, as the slightly costlier Chevrolet Bel Air offered more interior and exterior features at a price significantly lower than the top of the line Chevrolet Impala. The Biscayne was named after Biscayne Bay, near Miami, Florida, following a trend by Chevrolet at the time to name cars after coastal cities or beaches such as the Bel Air and the later Chevrolet Malibu. __TOC__ Overview Biscaynes were produced primarily for the fleet market, though they were also available to the general public — particularly to those who wanted low-cost, no-frills transportation with the convenience, room and power of a full-size automobile. While most Biscaynes were sold with a six-cylinder engine through the late 1960s, the V8 engine became the more popular powerplant by the early 1970s.1. The Biscayne was usually built as a two- or four-door sedan, although a four-door station wagon was available between 1962 and 1968 (and again after 1973 in Canada only). A low-priced, full-size Biscayne station wagon equivalent was available as the Chevrolet Brookwood both before and after this period. The two-door sedan was dropped after 1969, and consequently, from 1970 to 1972 the only Biscayne model available was a four-door sedan. In 1958, the Delray was priced below the Biscayne but was discontinued the following year. Many of the luxury convenience options available on the more expensive full-sized Chevrolet models, such as power windows, were not available on the Biscayne. However, customers could purchase a Biscayne with any of Chevrolet's high-output big-block V8 engines and performance-oriented transmissions, including the floor-mounted four-speed manual transmission with Hurst shifter and low-ratio final drive. Original production numbers of cars built this way were very low, and examples of these high-performance cars are highly sought after by collectors today. Notably, Baldwin Chevrolet of Long Island, New York, became famous for offering the "Street Racer Special," a 1968 Biscayne coupe with dealer-fitted high-performance 427 cubic-inch V8, and heavy-duty suspension components, turning the Biscayne into a serious drag car. Biscayne with high-performance equipment was often nicknamed "Bisquick" by enthusiasts. Like the slightly upscale Bel Airs, Biscaynes are easily identified by the use of two taillights per side; the only exceptions to this were in 1959 and 1972. The more expensive Impalas (and later Caprices) have three taillights per side. The Biscayne was largely devoid of exterior chrome trim and was normally fitted with small hubcaps, though several exterior trim pieces and upgraded wheel covers were available at extra cost. Interior trim was spartan, with lower-grade cloth and vinyl or all-vinyl upholstery trim, a standard steering wheel with centre horn button, and rubber floor mats. Slight upgrades were made throughout the life of the series — for instance, the 1964 models came standard with deluxe steering wheels with horn rings, deep-twist carpeting and foam-cushioned front seats. First generation (1958–1960) At its introduction for the 1958 model year, the Biscayne was available as a two- or four-door pillared sedan. In 1958, there was also the even lower-priced Chevrolet Delray, but this was discontinued for 1959. In 1959, the car was redesigned, and now sat on an inch-and-a-half () longer wheelbase. In 1959 the two-door Utility Sedan appeared, a version lacking a rear seat and being intended as a delivery vehicle. Biscayne Fleetmaster In 1960, a lower-priced, sparsely trimmed version of the Biscayne called the Fleetmaster was produced. Aimed primarily at the fleet market, the Fleetmaster included a lower grade of upholstery than the standard Biscayne and deleted routine convenience items such as a cigarette lighter, door armrests, and passenger-side sun visor. In addition, many parts were painted rather than chrome plated. Both two- and four-door sedans were available. A number of economy-minded options were available exclusive to the Fleetmaster model, although the performance-oriented engines and transmissions were also available (for police applications or performance-oriented customers who wanted the lightest car possible). The Fleetmaster was dropped after 1961. thumb Second generation (1961–1964) The Biscayne underwent a full model change for the 1961 model year. The stripped down Fleetmaster and the three-passenger Utility Sedan were still available for 1961 but sold in very small numbers. Series numbers were 1100 and 1200 (six- and eight-cylinder Biscayne), with the 1300 and 1400 used for the six- and eight-cylinder Fleetmaster. For 1963, the short-stroke third generation inline-six replaced the earlier "Stovebolt" 235, meaning lower weight and a slight gain in power. In 1962, a four-door station wagon version appeared, replacing the earlier Brookwood model. As usual, the full range of GM's full-size engine and transmission options were available to the low priced Biscayne. A very few of the brand-new, high-powered 409 V8s (of which only 142 were built in 1961) even found their way into the bargain-basement Biscayne Fleetmaster, with the direct intention of being used for drag racing. Third generation (1965–1970) The all-new 1965 Biscayne was larger yet, and offered an even wider range of engines, including a new, larger 250-ci inline-six. For the 1967 model year the smaller 230 was dropped. For 1966 the top engine became the new Big-Block 427 ci V8, available in a high-powered, high-revving version with solid lifters. Although not available for the big Chevrolets in 1967, it returned in 1968 for two more model years. After 1968 the Biscayne station wagon was discontinued, henceforth being sold as the Brookwood. Power steering and power brakes were made standard for the 1970 model year. Fourth generation (1971–1975) The TurboHydramatic transmission was made standard on all cars ordered with a V8 engine starting midway through the 1971 model year. Production of the Biscayne for the United States market ended for 1971. However, the Biscayne name survived in Canada through the 1975 model year, with a 350 cubic-inch V8 engine and TurboHydramatic automatic transmission made standard for 1974. The station wagon model had been sold as the Brookwood, but for 1973 the Biscayne station wagon made a return for the Canadian market only. Like its stablemates, the 1975 Biscayne received new dashboard, radio and climate control graphics (including a 100-mph speedometer with kilometer equivalents) and the availability of two new options: an Econominder gauge package (with temperature gauge and a gauge that monitored fuel economy, based on the driver's current driving habits) and intermittent windshield wipers. The fourth generation wagons featured a 'clamshell' design marketed as the Glide-away tailgate, also called a "disappearing" tailgate because when open, the tailgate was completely out of view. On the clamshell design, the rear power-operated glass slid up into the roof and the lower tailgate (with either manual or optional power operation), lowered completely below the load floor. The manual lower tailgate was counterbalanced by a torque rod similar to the torque rods used in holding a trunk lid open, requiring a 35 lb push to fully lower the gate. Raising the manual gate required a 5 lb pull via a handhold integral to the top edge of the retractable gate. The power operation of both upper glass and lower tailgate became standard equipment in later model years. Wagons with the design featured an optional third row of forward-facing seats accessed by the rear side doors and a folding second-row seat — and could accommodate a 4 x 8' sheet of plywood with rear seats folded. The clamshell design required no increased footprint or operational area to open, allowing a user to stand at the cargo opening without impediment of a door — for example, in a closed garage. Footnotes 1 A total of 76,800 Biscaynes were equipped with V8 engines compared to 16,700 six-cylinder engine models years 1970, 1971 and 1972. Biscayne engine distribution (V8/I6) 23,100/12,300 (1970); 34,700/2,900 (1971); and 19,000/1,500 (1972), or one six-cylinder power Biscayne for every 4.5 V8 cars produced. (Gunnell) References . Biscayne Category:Full-size vehicles Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Category:Sedans Category:Station wagons Category:Police vehicles Category:1950s cars Category:1960s cars Category:1970s cars Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Category:Cars of Canada

Using positron emission scanning and brain MRI, neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiety have been investigated. Importantly, recent analyses of this collected data has indicated that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain important in reward processing, may be a satiety center. Neuronal activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following a meal is consistently lower in this area in obese versus lean individuals, in both men and women. To investigate the effect of stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on food intake, a randomized study using trans-cranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is ongoing. Obese volunteers are randomized to TDCS versus sham therapy. Volunteers will receive treatment 3 days in a row as inpatients on the clinical research unit, while eating ad-libitum from computerized vending machines. Volunteers will continue to receive TDCS or sham for an additional 4 weeks to investigate the effects of this treatment on weight loss. Recruitment is currently ongoing for this protocol. Previous studies investigating the association of gray matter density with adiposity have not differentiated between fat mass (FM, adipose tissue only) and fat free mass (FFM), and both increase with increasing adiposity. We found that fat free mass indexed to height (FFMI) was associated with reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in the bilateral temporal medial and inferior gyri, the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex extending to the anterior cingulate, and the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex with extension to the insula on the left. Similar overlapping associations were seen with fat mass indexed to height (FMI). Percent body fat was associated only with reduced GMV in left temporal lobe and left cerebellum. Most importantly, in models adjusting for both FFM and percent body fat or FFM and FM, only FFM remained associated with the above brain regions. These regions are part of important brain networks which monitor reward related behavior and are involved in homeostatic regulation. We have followed up this analysis by investigating FFM as a determinant of cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in individuals who had whole brain PET scans. WE have found that FFM is associated with rCBF in specific mid-brain regions which connect the hypothalamus and higher brain regions. Moreover there is substantial overlap between these associations between FFM and hunger scores in this study. Further analyses indicated that the rCBF in these midbrain regions mediated the affect of FFM on hunger scores. Our results indicate that differences in brain regions with increased adiposity are due to the associated increases in fat free rather than fat mass, and that there are regions that mediate the associated between FFM and hunger.

Purification and characterization of cytosolic and mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferases from rat liver. The cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of serine hydroxymethyltransferase [EC 2.1.2.1] were purified to homogeneity from a whole homogenate of rat liver without the prior separation of mitochondria. The molecular weight of the cytosolic enzyme was 230,000, and that of the mitochondrial enzyme was 200,000. Each of the isozymes contained 4 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol. Tryptic peptide analyses of the NaBH4-reduced and carboxymethylated isozymes showed that each contained a single peptide containing phosphopyridoxyllysine. The numbers of peptides obtained were about one-fourth of those expected from their contents of lysine plus arginine residues. These findings together with the identity of subunit molecular weight indicate that each of the isozymes is composed of 4 identical polypeptide chains. The isoelectric pH values of the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes were 4.95 and 5.30, respectively. Other differences between the isozymes include the amino acid composition, stability of the apoenzyme, reactivity toward L-allothreonine, and immunochemical properties.

using System; using UIKit; using Foundation; namespace HandlingRotation.Screens.iPad.Method3SwapViews { public class Controller : UIViewController { public override void ViewDidLoad () { base.ViewDidLoad (); switch (InterfaceOrientation) { case UIInterfaceOrientation.LandscapeLeft: case UIInterfaceOrientation.LandscapeRight: NSBundle.MainBundle.LoadNib ("LandscapeView", this, null); break; case UIInterfaceOrientation.Portrait: case UIInterfaceOrientation.PortraitUpsideDown: NSBundle.MainBundle.LoadNib ("PortraitView", this, null); break; } } public override void WillAnimateRotation (UIInterfaceOrientation toInterfaceOrientation, double duration) { base.WillAnimateRotation (toInterfaceOrientation, duration); switch (toInterfaceOrientation) { case UIInterfaceOrientation.LandscapeLeft: case UIInterfaceOrientation.LandscapeRight: NSBundle.MainBundle.LoadNib ("LandscapeView", this, null); break; case UIInterfaceOrientation.Portrait: case UIInterfaceOrientation.PortraitUpsideDown: NSBundle.MainBundle.LoadNib ("PortraitView", this, null); break; } } } }

/* Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Arvid Norberg All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ #include "libtorrent/pch.hpp" #include "libtorrent/socket.hpp" #include "libtorrent/session_settings.hpp" #include "libtorrent/socket_type.hpp" #include "libtorrent/utp_socket_manager.hpp" #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp> #include <stdexcept> namespace libtorrent { TORRENT_EXPORT bool instantiate_connection(io_service& ios , proxy_settings const& ps, socket_type& s , void* ssl_context , utp_socket_manager* sm , bool peer_connection) { if (sm) { utp_stream* str; #ifdef TORRENT_USE_OPENSSL if (ssl_context) { s.instantiate<ssl_stream<utp_stream> >(ios, ssl_context); str = &s.get<ssl_stream<utp_stream> >()->next_layer(); } else #endif { s.instantiate<utp_stream>(ios); str = s.get<utp_stream>(); } str->set_impl(sm->new_utp_socket(str)); } #if TORRENT_USE_I2P else if (ps.type == proxy_settings::i2p_proxy) { // it doesn't make any sense to try ssl over i2p TORRENT_ASSERT(ssl_context == 0); s.instantiate<i2p_stream>(ios); s.get<i2p_stream>()->set_proxy(ps.hostname, ps.port); } #endif else if (ps.type == proxy_settings::none || (peer_connection && !ps.proxy_peer_connections)) { #ifdef TORRENT_USE_OPENSSL if (ssl_context) { s.instantiate<ssl_stream<stream_socket> >(ios, ssl_context); } else #endif { s.instantiate<stream_socket>(ios); } } else if (ps.type == proxy_settings::http || ps.type == proxy_settings::http_pw) { http_stream* str; #ifdef TORRENT_USE_OPENSSL if (ssl_context) { s.instantiate<ssl_stream<http_stream> >(ios, ssl_context); str = &s.get<ssl_stream<http_stream> >()->next_layer(); } else #endif { s.instantiate<http_stream>(ios); str = s.get<http_stream>(); } str->set_proxy(ps.hostname, ps.port); if (ps.type == proxy_settings::http_pw) str->set_username(ps.username, ps.password); } else if (ps.type == proxy_settings::socks5 || ps.type == proxy_settings::socks5_pw || ps.type == proxy_settings::socks4) { socks5_stream* str; #ifdef TORRENT_USE_OPENSSL if (ssl_context) { s.instantiate<ssl_stream<socks5_stream> >(ios, ssl_context); str = &s.get<ssl_stream<socks5_stream> >()->next_layer(); } else #endif { s.instantiate<socks5_stream>(ios); str = s.get<socks5_stream>(); } str->set_proxy(ps.hostname, ps.port); if (ps.type == proxy_settings::socks5_pw) str->set_username(ps.username, ps.password); if (ps.type == proxy_settings::socks4) str->set_version(4); } else { TORRENT_ASSERT_VAL(false, ps.type); return false; } return true; } }

Q: What's the justification of multiplying colors together? In Phong shading model (and other shading models as well), the light color is multiplied together with the surface color component-wise. I want to know the justification for this. Is this some what related to the physics of light? A: When you multiply colors together the surface color acts as a filter. Remember that colors are scaled from 0 to 1. That way with white incoming light a green object will remain looking green. This does bring a few issues because physical light isn't as orthogonal (where the 3 primary colors are actually overlapping frequency response functions) but for the vast majority of cases you can tweak the values enough for it to stay looking realistic.

Corporate Sponsorship is available to companies, whilenot directly engaged in the design drafting/graphics profession; provide products that support thedesign drafting/graphic professions. These are typically suppliers of products, tools, software, publications or other related items. Corporate Sponsorship is available on several levels. The higher the level the greater the benefits provided with the sponsorship. Contact Donna Brenton by email or call 731-627-0802 x 402 for more information.

Infra 667-612 and sister 623 plus unknown third passing east bound near Chalmaison on 22-10-2013 Europorte 67-0004 going westwards near Chalmaison on 22-10-2013 At full speed CC 572-190 heading east bound near Chalmaison on 22-10-2013 SNCF CC272145 in attractive “en voyage”colours” heading towards Gare du l’Est in Paris here passing Flamboin-Gouaix at the deviation point for the branche towards Montereau (this 27,7 km freight line re-opened in 2012) on 22-10-2013 It was raining cats and dogs at that moment. Rail operator VFLI operates with Vossloh Valencia E4000 lokomotives, here E4017 getting on the main line east wards at Flamboin-Gouaix 22-10-2013 These poweful 123 tonnes 6 axelled freight engines are 3178 Kw or 4325 Hp strong and good for a 120 Km/h top speed in the freight outfit. The line of Flamboin-Gouaix at Montereau, also called line of the East, is located in France, South of the Seine-et-Marne. About 27.7 km long. Closed for passengers before 1939 and freight traffic around 1980 it is recently re-opened completely. VFLI just comes from that Est & Midi connecting line. Delayed by thirty minutes arriving early morning in Troyes, the second IC of the day to Paris Est. Resque (2)72186 is pulling 272148 with its 6 car Corail load. Troyes gare Wednesday 23-10-2013 On a rainy day a CC 72000 running towards Paris near Haute Amance on 25-10-2013 With bright autum leaves near Grattery CC 272151 on 26-10-2013 CC 172-186 on 26-10-2013 seen from the road to Raincourt near Cemboing, classic rail line and classic train. This plus 400 kilometer line was the main Paris – Basel rail link before the TGV’s were introduced. Today its traffic is marginal. Operated mainly with the magnificent 4000 Hp CC72100 locomotives and BiBi diesel multiple units. The CC 72100 are expected to leave service in April 2014 and the Chalindrey depot and workshops are perhaps closed. Trains reach 160 km/h on parts of the line. In 2015 the whole line is expected to be electrified. The line was built between 1882 and 1886, to link Saint-Georges-de-Commiers and La Mure through a mountainous region of the department of Isère. The 30 km. long, metre gauge line running from La Motte-d’Aveillans and La Mure and to a connection with the main line of the PLM railway at Saint-Georges-de-Commiers. The line was almost closed in the mid-1970s and if the country hadn’t been suffering an oil crisis the line would have met its end. Its life was extended by fifteen years, which proved to be its saviour. Unlike many other lines this became a tourist attraction which combines an area of industrial heritage with some of the finest scenery on any similar line on the continent. The railway was electrified in 1903, using a symmetrical current power supply with two overhead lines at plus and minus 1200 volts direct current respectively. In 1950, this non-standard system was replaced with a conventional power supply with a single overhead line at 2400 volts direct current. Coal traffic ceased in 1988, and most of the coal installations were demolished, the coal being transported by road. The SGLM found a new vocation in providing a tourist attraction and as a result, there remain all of the line’s historical installations, the workshops, forge, joinery shop, etc. The network’s departure and arrival stations were dependent on connections with the PLM railway’s Grenoble – Veynes line. The necessary facilities together with the transhipment platform for the automatic transfer of the coal from the SGLM coal cars to the trains operated by PLM (which became SNCF in 1938) were built adjacent to the PLM station, today the station for the Chemin de fer de La Mure. The trains of the railway now run at the leisurely pace of up to 30km/h. Chemins des Fer de la Mure locomotive T9 places in front of its train St georges de Commiers on a Sunday afternoon in July 1982

606 S.E.2d 329 (2004) 270 Ga. App. 262 WELDON v. The STATE. No. A04A0993. Court of Appeals of Georgia. November 1, 2004. Certiorari Denied March 7, 2005. Charles G. Wright, Jr., Chattanooga, TN, for appellant. Herbert E. Franklin, Jr., Dist. Atty., Grover W. Hudgins, Asst. Dist. Atty., for appellee. MIKELL, Judge. A jury convicted James Weldon of three counts of child molestation and one count of statutory rape following an incident involving his former girlfriend's eleven-year-old daughter, S.S. The court sentenced him to 60 years in confinement. Weldon appeals the denial of his motion for new trial, arguing that he was deprived of an impartial jury, that the victim's uncorroborated testimony is insufficient *330 to support his conviction for statutory rape, and that the trial court erred by allowing the state, over objection, to ask leading questions on direct examination. We disagree and affirm. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the record shows that on the evening of June 15, 2000, while S.S.'s mother was out, S.S. called Weldon and asked him to come pick her up. He agreed. S.S. testified that she called Weldon because she was lonely, "looked at him as a father figure," and had not seen him in a long time. S.S. left a note for her mother saying that she was going to a friend's house. Weldon picked up S.S. and took her to his apartment. When S.S.'s mother called looking for her, Weldon told her that S.S. was not there. S.S. then went to sleep. The following morning, S.S. and Weldon started wrestling and, according to S.S., "one thing led to another." S.S. testified that Weldon first "pop kissed" her and then "french kiss[ed]" her, putting his tongue in her mouth. S.S. and Weldon then hugged, removed their clothes, and had sexual intercourse. S.S. testified that she was scared, but that she wanted to take off her clothes. S.S. then testified that Weldon first lay on top of her and "stuck his penis in [her] vagina." Weldon then told S.S. to turn over on her stomach. After S.S. complied, Weldon "put his penis back in [her] vagina" and then "came on [her] back." S.S. agreed not to tell anyone about the incident, and Weldon took her home. S.S.'s mother testified that after S.S. came home later that day, S.S. told her mother that she had had intercourse with Weldon. S.S.'s mother then took S.S. to the hospital. Sharon Anderson, a sexual assault nurse examiner who examined S.S. on the evening of June 16, 2000, testified that she visually observed three fresh tears around S.S.'s vaginal area and that S.S.'s injuries were "consistent with what [Anderson had been] told and [S.S.] having had sexual intercourse in the very recent past." According to Anderson, S.S. told her that "there had been vaginal penetration" and that she thought Weldon had ejaculated on her back. Anderson also testified that S.S. was very tender and irritated in the vaginal area and that a "blue light" she used to detect bodily fluid "was reactive on [S.S.'s] back." A pubic hair recovered from inside S.S.'s vagina was consistent with Weldon's hair. DNA recovered from the outside of the hair was that of S.S. Roxie Thompson, an investigator with the Dade County Sheriff's Department, testified that S.S. told her that she and Weldon "started wrestling and ... that she had sexual relations ... with [him]." An audiotape of that interview as well as a videotape of a subsequent interview with S.S. were shown to the jury. At trial, Weldon acknowledged that S.S. came to his apartment on the morning of June 16, 2000, but he denied having sex with her. 1. In his first enumeration of error, Weldon argues that he was deprived of an impartial jury. Specifically, Weldon contends that the trial court erred in qualifying eight jurors who had been peremptorily challenged by Weldon in a previous mistrial of the case. We disagree. The record reflects that a mistrial was declared in the first trial when Weldon's counsel made an improper statement during his opening argument. Prior to voir dire in the second trial, held the following day, Weldon's counsel objected to the panel of jurors, contending that "eight names on the panel [had been] struck yesterday." Defense counsel argued that the individuals were not impartial and that his client would be forced "to strike them again or [leave] them on [the panel]" in violation of his rights under the Constitution.[1] The trial court overruled *331 counsel's objection finding that, "as long as [the eight individuals are] legally qualified to serve then they can serve again." Regardless of whether Weldon challenged the array or the poll, his contention is controlled adversely to him by Hyde v. State.[2] Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Weldon's objection. 2. In his second enumeration, Weldon contends that S.S.'s uncorroborated testimony is insufficient to support his conviction for statutory rape. We disagree. Pursuant to OCGA § 16-6-3(a), a conviction for statutory rape requires corroboration.[3] However, "[a] child-victim's prior consistent statements, as recounted by third parties to whom such statements were made, can constitute sufficient substantive evidence of corroboration in a statutory rape case."[4] Moreover, the quantum of corroboration needed is not that which is in itself sufficient to convict the accused, but only that amount of independent evidence which tends to prove that the incident occurred as alleged. Slight circumstances may be sufficient corroboration and ultimately the question of corroboration is one for the jury.[5] S.S.'s testimony was corroborated by her mother and police, and by the medical and scientific findings.[6] The evidence was sufficient for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Weldon committed statutory rape.[7] 3. Lastly, Weldon asserts that the trial court erred by allowing the state, over objection, to ask leading questions on direct examination. In his brief, Weldon lists seven leading questions to which he objected and argues that counsel could not object to more such questions because he would have lost credibility with the jury. Weldon contends that "[a] new trial is the only way to send a message to trial courts that [the] practice [of allowing leading questions] is not immune to appellate scrutiny." Generally, leading questions are allowed only on cross-examination, however, a trial court has discretion to allow leading questions on direct examination.[8] Here, Weldon has failed to demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the state on specific occasions to ask leading questions.[9]*332 Therefore, this enumeration fails. Judgment affirmed. BLACKBURN, P.J., and BARNES, J., concur. NOTES [1] The record is silent as to which method the trial court used to strike the eight jurors. See, e.g., Uniform Superior Court Rule 11; Nealy v. State, 246 Ga.App. 752, 753(2), 542 S.E.2d 521 (2000) (trial court did not err in failing to use silent strike method as there is no authority mandating its use). [2] 196 Ga. 475, 480(3), 26 S.E.2d 744 (1943) ("[a] challenge confined to four jurors is not broad enough to vitiate the array, even though otherwise good. But that jurors, at some previous trial of the prisoner under the same indictment, have been put upon him and one or more of them rejected by him, does not disqualify them, and is not good even as challenge to the poll.") (punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied), citing Blackman v. State, 80 Ga. 785, 788(2), 7 S.E. 626 (1888), overruled on other grounds, Corbin v. State, 211 Ga. 400, 401(3), 86 S.E.2d 221 (1955); Robinson v. State, 82 Ga. 535, 539(4)(a), 9 S.E. 528 (1889); Johnson v. State, 130 Ga. 22, 22-23(1), 60 S.E. 158 (1908); Reid v. State, 50 Ga. 556, 559-560(1) (1874); Esa v. State, 146 Ga. 17, 17-18, 90 S.E. 278 (1916). See also Smith v. State, 245 Ga. 205, 208(5), 264 S.E.2d 15 (1980). [3] Eley v. State, 266 Ga.App. 45, 48(3), 596 S.E.2d 660 (2004); Long v. State, 189 Ga.App. 131, 132(1), 375 S.E.2d 274 (1988). [4] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Lee v. State, 232 Ga.App. 300, 302(2), 501 S.E.2d 844 (1998). See also Runion v. State, 180 Ga.App. 440(1), 349 S.E.2d 288 (1986). [5] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Collins v. State, 229 Ga.App. 658, 660(1)(b), 495 S.E.2d 59 (1997). [6] See, e.g., Reece v. State, 241 Ga.App. 809, 810, 527 S.E.2d 642 (2000) (child-victim's testimony about act of intercourse corroborated by her outcry to her mother three weeks after the attack); Lee, supra (child-victim's testimony sufficiently corroborated by victim's prior consistent statement to her mother, who testified at trial); Collins, supra (child-victim's testimony was sufficiently corroborated by medical testimony and physical evidence on the scene, and by the victim's prior consistent statement to her mother); Long, supra (child-victim's testimony sufficiently corroborated by mother and a Department of Family and Children Services worker). [7] Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). [8] OCGA § 24-9-63; Perkins v. State, 226 Ga.App. 613, 615-616(2), 487 S.E.2d 365 (1997) ("[i]t would be a rare case in which the trial court's exercise of discretion on this issue would warrant reversal") (Citation and punctuation omitted). [9] See, e.g., Hammond v. State, 157 Ga.App. 647, 649(4)(A), 278 S.E.2d 188 (1981).

Injuries/Wildcards – Bali Pro 'Ocean surfing' is so hot right now, and Keramas is a marine playground. Let's see who's in and out... ************************UPDATED**************************** Surfers Out: Caio Ibelli- looking at the WSL rankings page, Caio had already logged an injured for this event before the draw was up. While it's bad news for Caio, it virtually guarantees him an injury wildcard for 2019. Kelly Slater - Kelly has surfed at three events since fracturing his foot at J-Bay last year: the Future Classic (briefly), Pipe and the Founders Cup. He looked pretty solid at the latter two, causing many to wonder just what he's playing at with these withdrawals. The truth is: Kelly works on a different level to us mere mortals and we have no chance at understanding the intricate dance of his actions. Let's just be glad he's back and hope for some solid waves. Update: Kelly has withdrawn from yet another event, seemingly opting to surf a massive swell at Cloudbreak instead. This tells us 2 things: 1. There truly is now way to predict the enigma that is Robert Slater, and 2. His foot is just fine; he just doesn't need the tour as much as it needs him. Surfers IN: Joel Parkinson - the defending Bali Pro champion has battled his demons and overcome his 'personal reasons' for missing the surprisingly entertaining OiRioPro. I wonder if he wished he was amongst the pumping rights? Mikey Wright - the wildcard gravy train just keeps chugging along. I sincerely hope Caio takes the required time to fully heal his injuries and doesn't rush back prematurely. In the meantime, we can continue to watch this Mikey experiment as it unfolds. Miguel Pupo - Miggy has been a little unlucky in his two wildcard events, with a highly respectable and narrow loss to Italo at Margarets, and a R1 win over Jordy followed by a humbling loss to a rampaging JJF in R3 at Rio. He's surfing well; he just needs to catch a break. Local Wildcard - Oney Anwar -Oney Anwar competed in this event in 2013, and his regional ranking should see him selected as the local wildcard. Otherwise the WSL could look for a sponsor wildcard to represent Corona. Maybe Joel Tudor? Update: Oney has been added as predicted; his data is already on the metrics page. Replacement Wildcard - Barron Mamiya - The young, Hawaiian upstart is currently ranked 10th on the QS (at time of writing) and has been turning some heads with his clips. He will take Slater's spot in the draw, which has been reseeded. Heat Draw Update: We're still waiting for wildcards, but the basic seedings and R1 match-ups are up. There are some interesting match-ups too, with the beefy power heat (Wade/Freddy/Willian in H11) a particular highlight. Things have been reseeded after Kelly's withdrawal, so check for friendly fire amongst your team mates. Women's Event Courtney Conlogue is finally back, after missing the first 4 events of the season. How's her form, her confidence? I have no idea. She sounded hungry in her interview before the Founders Cup, so I wouldn't underestimate her. There has been no news on a wildcard as yet, but Phillipa Anderson is the top-ranked, non-tour surfer on the QS. Balyn grew up on the east coast of Australia, nourishing his passion for surfing through a diet of empty beach breaks, Taylor Steele VHS cassettes and poor amateur competition results. As one of the head writers/analysts for Surf-Stats, he is as comfortable tearing through spreadsheets as he is 6' left-handers.

Interstate 244 Interstate 244 (I-244), also known as the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Expressway (in honor of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.), the Crosstown Expressway, and the Red Fork Expressway, is a -long east-west Interstate Highway bypass route of Interstate 44 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA. At both I-244's western and eastern terminus, the highway connects with Interstate 44. I-244 runs from the western bank of the Arkansas River, across the river and past downtown Tulsa, before running through the northern half of the city and connecting again with Interstate 44. In downtown Tulsa, I-244 forms the northern and western legs of the "Inner Dispersal Loop". The southern and eastern legs are formed by the unsigned I-444 (signed as US-75). Route description I-244 begins at a stack interchange with I-44 (which is concurrent with SH-66 at this point) and a short segment of the Gilcrease Expressway that is disconnected from the rest of that highway. I-244 continues northeast from here, running parallel to Southwest Boulevard. Two interchanges provide access to 33rd West Avenue, 40th Place, and Southwest Boulevard. US-75 northbound then merges into I-244 eastbound at exit 2, forming a concurrency with the interstate; US-75 south of here is a freeway headed south toward Glenpool and Okmulgee. The next three interchanges only provide partial access to the roads they link to. Exit 3A, which lacks a westbound exit ramp, provides access to Southwest Boulevard; exit 3B to 21st Street and Union Avenue and exit 4A to 17th Street and Southwest Boulevard, provide only a westbound exit and eastbound entrance. North of exit 4A, I-244 and US-75 cross the Arkansas River. Exit 4B marks I-244's entry into the Inner Dispersal Loop (IDL), a ring of freeways encircling downtown Tulsa. At exit 4B, the southwest corner of the loop, US-75 splits away from I-244, joining I-444, which begins at this interchange and proceeds along the south and east edges of the loop. US-64 and SH-51 westbound join I-244 at this interchange, continuing along the west side of the loop with the interstate. Two partial interchanges, exits 4C and 5A, provide access to downtown Tulsa streets. I-244 then reaches the northwest corner of the IDL. At this point lies an interchange with two other freeways. US-64 and SH-51 split away from I-444 here to join westbound US-412, forming the Keystone Expressway. The L.L. Tisdale Parkway continues north from here. I-244 turns east from here, following the north leg of the IDL, joined by US-412 eastbound, which will overlap I-244 for the remainder of the highway. Three more exits to downtown streets are along this leg of the loop. At the northeast corner of the loop, I-244 junctions with I-444, which ends at this interchange, and US-75, which continues north toward Bartlesville. I-244 and US-412 exit the loop on an easterly course. East of the IDL, I-244 and US-412 run generally parallel to Admiral Place. This segment of the interstate provides access to several major north–south streets, including Lewis, Harvard, and Yale avenues. The interchanges at Sheridan Road and Memorial Drive are inverted SPUIs with left-hand entrance and exit ramps intersecting the surface street at a single traffic signal. East of here, I-244 intersects the Gilcrease Expressway again at its eastern terminus; this interchange also forms the eastern terminus of SH-11, which runs along the Gilcrease for its easternmost stretch. The next interchange to the east, serving Mingo Road, provides an exit for eastbound traffic and an entry to westbound traffic. I-244 then junctions with US-169, the Mingo Valley Expressway (a freeway). East of US-169 lie a parclo interchange with Garnett Road and a partial interchange, providing only an eastbound exit and westbound entrance, with 129th East Avenue. I-244 then reaches its eastern terminus at a yield sign, where it merges into eastbound I-44 / SH-66. US-412 continues east along I-44. History Future Replacement of Westbound Bridge across the Arkansas River The I-244 bridges have already reached the end of their service lives. The westbound bridge was closed and demolition begun in June 2011. Demolition was 85% complete as of August 1. The demolished structure will be replaced by a double-deck, multimodal span. The top deck will carry vehicles, and the lower deck will have a pedestrian way and two railroad tracks (to be added in the future). Completion is scheduled for 2013. Extreme care has been used during the demolition to avoid vibrations that might further damage the historic 11th Street Bridge. Exit list References 44-2 44-2 2 Category:Transportation in Tulsa, Oklahoma Interstate 244

Comparison of the inhibition of Renshaw cells during subthreshold and suprathreshold conditions using anatomically and physiologically realistic models. Inhibitory synaptic inputs to Renshaw cells are concentrated on the soma and the juxtasomatic dendrites. In the present study, we investigated whether this proximal bias leads to more effective inhibition under different neuronal operating conditions. Using compartmental models based on detailed anatomical measurements of intracellularly stained Renshaw cells, we compared the inhibition produced by glycine/gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) synapses when distributed with a proximal bias to the inhibition produced when the same synapses were distributed uniformly (i.e., with no regional bias). The comparison was conducted in subthreshold and suprathreshold conditions. The latter were mimicked by voltage clamping the soma to -55 mV. The voltage clamp reduces nonlinear interactions between excitatory and inhibitory synapses. We hypothesized that for electrotonically compact cells such as Renshaw cells, the strength of the inhibition would become much less dependent on synaptic location in suprathreshold conditions. This hypothesis was not confirmed. The inhibition produced when inhibitory inputs were proximally distributed was always stronger than when the same inputs were uniformly distributed. In fact, the relative effectiveness of proximally distributed inhibitory inputs over uniformly distributed synapses was greater in suprathreshold conditions than that in subthreshold conditions. The somatic voltage clamp minimized saturation of inhibitory driving potentials. Because this effect was greatest near the soma, the current produced by more distal synapses suffered a greater loss because of saturation. Conversely, in subthreshold conditions, the effectiveness of proximal synapses was substantially reduced at high levels of background synaptic activity because of saturation. Our results suggest glycine/GABA(A) synapses on Renshaw cells are strategically distributed to block the powerful excitatory drive produced by recurrent collaterals from motoneurons.

WPGX WPGX is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Panama City, Florida, United States. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on VHF channel 9 (or virtual channel 28 via PSIP) from a transmitter on Blue Springs Road in unincorporated Youngstown, Bay County. Owned by Lockwood Broadcast Group, WPGX has studios on West 23rd Street/SR 368 in Panama City, though most of its on-air master control operations originate from Gray Television's WBRC in Birmingham, Alabama, its former sister Fox affiliate until the start of 2019. History The station began operations in May 1988 and aired an analog signal on UHF channel 28. Its previous owner, Waitt Media, sold WPGX to Raycom Media in 2003. At one point under Raycom ownership, WPGX previously maintained its facilities in Panama City on Luverne Avenue in a building (known as the "Fox Television Center") shared with a Suntrust Bank branch. In May 2010, it launched a website for the first time under Raycom's control. It mainly serves as an advertorial web address with various promotions from Panama City businesses and has limited station-related content, including FCC public file and EEO disclosures. Atlanta-based Gray Television announced its acquisition of Raycom on June 25, 2018; Gray immediately put WPGX on the market, as it already owned WJHG-TV (channel 7). On August 20, 2018, Gray announced that WPGX, along with fellow Fox affiliates WTNZ in Knoxville, Tennessee, WFXG in Augusta, Georgia, and WDFX-TV in Dothan, Alabama, would be sold to Lockwood Broadcast Group. The sale was completed on January 2, 2019. Digital television Digital channels The station's digital channel is multiplexed: WPGX-DT2 was a charter affiliate of The Tube Music Network before its ended operations in October 2007. The subchannel was relaunched in 2013 to carry Bounce TV, with Grit joining WPGX on its third subchannel in September 2014 and Court TV joining WPGX on its forth subchannel in May 2019. Analog-to-digital conversion WPGX shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 28, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 9. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 28. Programming Syndicated programming on the station includes TMZ on TV, Two and a Half Men, The Big Bang Theory, and Judge Judy among others. In January 2010, local ABC outlet WMBB (then owned by Hoak Media) began producing local weather cut-ins for this station (recorded in advance) through an arrangement. Although there was speculation this agreement would eventually be expanded into a prime time newscast at 9, these plans never came to fruition. The weather segments ceased airing at some point and this Fox affiliate now features taped weather forecasts produced by WeatherVision. WPGX broadcasts a local hour block of programming weekday mornings at 6:30, The Panhandle Outdoor Show and Ask the Master Auto Technician. The former is hosted by outdoorsman Winston Chester, with the latter produced by the James Auto Center and carrying car care tips and other topics of interest to the host, James Morris. References External links Category:Television channels and stations established in 1988 Category:Television stations in Panama City, Florida Category:Television stations in Florida Category:Fox network affiliates Category:Bounce TV affiliates Category:Grit (TV network) affiliates Category:Lockwood Broadcast Group Category:1988 establishments in Florida

This material is based on work funded by the National Integrated Food Safety Initiative (NIFSI), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), under Agreement No. 2009-51110-05902 titled: Pathogen Inactivation in Fresh Produce by Incorporation of Sanitizers into Existing Operations within the Produce Chain; The Ohio State University, Iowa State University and New Mexico State University cooperating.

/** * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file * distributed with this work for additional information * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, * software distributed under the License is distributed on an * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the * specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */ package org.apache.cxf.systest.schemaimport; import javax.jws.WebMethod; import javax.jws.WebParam; import javax.jws.WebResult; import javax.jws.WebService; import javax.xml.ws.RequestWrapper; import javax.xml.ws.ResponseWrapper; @WebService(targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi", name = "SayHi") public interface SayHi { @WebResult(name = "return", targetNamespace = "") @RequestWrapper(localName = "sayHiArray", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi2", className = "org.apache.sayhi2.SayHiArray") @WebMethod @ResponseWrapper(localName = "sayHiArrayResponse", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi2", className = "org.apache.sayhi2.SayHiArrayResponse") java.util.List<String> sayHiArray(@WebParam(name = "arg0", targetNamespace = "") java.util.List<String> arg0); @WebResult(name = "return", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi1") @RequestWrapper(localName = "sayHi", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi1", className = "org.apache.sayhi1.SayHi") @WebMethod @ResponseWrapper(localName = "sayHiResponse", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi1", className = "org.apache.sayhi1.SayHiResponse") String sayHi(@WebParam(name = "arg0", targetNamespace = "http://apache.org/sayHi1") String arg0); }

What work do you have? Projects over the last year have varied from running children’s architecture workshops, to residential and public-funded commissions. Our approach to architecture benefits from the development of built and theoretical work, and the occasional merging of the two – we therefore look to engage more with the public realm, and focus on larger residential and community-based commissions (see the practice’s Hackney Shed project here). What are your ambitions? The goal of the studio is not only to work on built projects in the UK, but also to continue to nurture close relationships with clients, and deeper understandings of the brief and context. The broad ambition would be to try to establish a portfolio of well-designed commissions in this country, and then foster new relationships with clients abroad. How optimistic are you? Optimism is part of the job. The best advice I was given was to perfect the scale of commission you are working on now. Larger commissions will arrive when people see ambition in your work, whatever the size or cost of the project. Subscribe to the AJ The Architects’ Journal is the UK’s best-selling weekly architecture magazine and is the voice of architecture in Britain About the Architects' Journal The Architects' Journal is the voice of architecture in Britain. We sit at the heart of the debate about British architecture and British cities, and form opinions across the whole construction industry on design-related matters

Limited Edition Sportswear Limited Edition Sportswear, generally styled as LE, is a sportswear clothing company which was established in 2008 in the city of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. It is owned by Kris Pillay. Its slogan is "Cultured by Choice Branded with Innovation". The company has a network of suppliers in UK, Australia, Pacific Islands including Samoa, Fiji, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Sponsorships Rugby Union (since 2016) Rugby League (until 2017) Wellington Rugby League South Island Scorpions Northern Swords References External links Category:2008 establishments in Australia Category:Companies established in 2008 Category:Clothing brands of Australia Category:Sportswear brands Category:Sporting goods brands Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of Australia Category:Companies based in Brisbane

Asus Zenfone 4 teased as company makes a comeback to the UK with Zenfone AR Asus has been a little quiet in the UK recently when it comes to smartphones, while impressing with phones in the US and Asia. That may be all about to change as the company appears to be making a comeback to the UK, listing the Asus Zenfone AR on pre-order for the UK. The Zenfone AR isn't a normal smartphone, however, as it's a Tango phone, equipped with the sensors to capture the 3D world around you. It's being offered with a Daydream headset and £30 Google Play voucher for those who do pre-order, but priced at £799, it's likely to only appeal to those who are really interested in getting involved with AR. Bear in mind that the Daydream headset is worth £69 and the price doesn't seem quite so bad for a phone of these capabilities. Asus However, the appearance of Asus on the UK scene is joined by the teasing of the company's next smartphone, thought to be the Zenfone 4, which looks to come with a dual camera on the rear. That's the message we're getting from images posted on the company's Facebook pages, showing the same sort of twin circles that Huawei used in the run up to the launch of the Huawei P9 with a dual camera. We like the fact that London is featured. Whether this is a hint at where the Zenfone 4 might be available we don't know, it could just be that Tower Bridge is an iconic landmark. Asus focuses on more than one, seeing more and clarity in its images suggesting that this are the things that camera is going to offer. Little else is said about the Zenfone 4, but recently the Zenfone 4 Max is reported to have launched in Russia. This might let the cat out of the bag a little, as this is a 5.5-inch device with Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 or 425, 3GB RAM and a pairing of a 13-megapixel rear camera, with a wide-angle 12mm second camera. Asus The max factor in the Zenfone 4 Max comes from the 5000mAh battery. Yes, that's pretty big, but we suspect the Zenfone 4 will carry some of these specs or design. There's no official word on what the Zenfone 4 that's being teased might offer, but we'll be excited to see Asus shake up smartphones in the UK a little.

Q: Can I be baptized as a non-Catholic Christian if I was baptized as a Catholic when I was little? I was baptized as a Catholic at a young age, however have never attended a Catholic church or mass, or otherwise practiced Catholicism. Instead, I now am a non-Catholic Christian. Would other Christian denominations typically allow me to be baptized into their denomination, even if I was baptized as a Catholic? What is an overview of common views? A: It's going to depend on the denomination you want to be baptized by. For denominations that accept infant baptism you have no need to be rebaptized. Your Catholic baptism is a valid Christian baptism. Even if you want to those denominations probably won't baptise you again, because it is virtually universally believed that you cannot be validly baptized twice. However they will happily admit you to their denomination on the basis of your Catholic baptism. They may even have a ceremony for admitting you. Denominations that do not accept infant baptism will not consider your previous baptism valid, and will be very happy to baptize you. They will probably require it if you are to join their church. If you want to be rebaptized, but your new denomination considers you already baptized, there is nothing to stop you having a private ceremony in which you dedicate you life to Jesus and are immersed in water. Your denomination may not consider it a baptism, but since they believe you are already baptized it won't be a problem. A few denominations such as Jehovah's Witnesses and Latter Day Saints will require you to be rebaptized when you join them no matter who previously baptized you. There may also be a few other exceptions, mostly denominations that do not believe in the Trinity.

Typical universal mold assemblies for manufacturing plastic containers include two half mold carriers each adapted to carry one half of a mold shell. Each mold shell half is interchangeable with a corresponding mold carrier to allow for different shaped articles to be manufactured by the mold assembly. The mold assembly includes a pair of support arms each supporting a corresponding carrier. The support arms are connected to a pivot point and act as levers to rotate about the pivot point to open and close the mold halves carried by the support arms through the carriers. Various latching and locking mechanisms have been developed to hold the carriers together during the forming operation. To allow for proper alignment of the mold shell during closure of the mold half carriers, one mold half carrier parting wall usually has bushings which mate with pins extending from the parting wall of the other mold half carrier. Mold assemblies of this configuration are described in U.S. Pat. 5,326,250 issued Jul. 5, 1994 to Doudement and published French Patent application Serial No. 2,659,265 published Sept. 17, 1991 assigned to Sidel S. A. During the formation of the container in the mold shell, pressures as high as 600 pounds per square inch are forced into the cavity of the mold shell causing a plastic preform to expand into a container having a shape defined by the shape of the cavity of the mold shells. This formation pressure pushes the mold shells outwardly against the mold carriers and the supporting arms. Over time, these forces cause partial separation of the mold shells creating a flattened parting line defect on the plastic container or mold formed in the mold cavity. To compensate for parting of the mold shell halves during mold formation, the aforementioned French patent application 2,659,265 has a single compensating surface area located on the outer surfaces of one of the mold half carriers. An air inlet orifice is contained in one of the support arms to direct air into this compensating surface area. The compensating surface area is approximately 15% greater than the surface area of the mold shell cavity. The compensating surface area is bounded by a continuous rectangular groove in which an O-ring is positioned to seal the periphery of the compensating surface area with an inside wall of the corresponding one support arm. The one support arm engaging the compensating surface area includes an air passageway communicating with the compensating surface area so that a compensating air pressure is forced evenly over the compensating surface area of this mold half carrier. This compensating air flow pressure pushes the mold carrier half against the expansion force associated with the air pressure being exerted outwardly from the mold cavity during container formation. As a result, the mold parts do not open during formation reducing or eliminating the formation of a parting line defect on the container. The above described mold assemblies however do not provide for varying levels of air flow compensation pressure for different sizes of mold shell cavities. The counter pressure to the outside surface of the mold carrier should vary to accommodate for varying sizes of containers formed in the mold cavity. Compensating systems have been developed to address this problem by having multiple compensation surface areas located on the outside face of one of the carriers. Different air feeder lines are connected to the mold half carrier to supply pressurized air through the mold carrier to different groupings of the multiple compensation surface areas. That is a first feeder line passes to and through the carrier directly to one of the compensating areas while second and third feeder lines pass to and through the carrier to two other compensating areas. Control of air through the three feeder lines is located upstream of the carrier. The disadvantage with this multiple surface area air compensating system is that it requires the external or remote location of air flow controls having to be retrofitted to existing machines. Accordingly there is a need to provide a multiple air flow compensating system for use in an universal mold carrier that does not require retrofitting of the air supplies to the mold and can be readily adjusted by an operator facing the molds during a quick change over of the mold.

Metabolism of cyclosporine by cytochromes P450 3A9 and 3A4. The ability of P450 3A9 to transform cyclosporine was studied and compared to that of human P450 3A4. Purified P450 3A4 and P450 3A9 proteins were reconstituted in a system containing potassium phosphate buffer, lipids, NADPH-P450 reductase, and glutathione with NADPH added to initiate the reaction. Cyclosporine was added alone and with or without the inhibitors, ketoconazole or troleandomycin. High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) techniques were used to analyze for cyclosporine metabolites. Both P450 3A4 and P450 3A9 transformed cyclosporine to three metabolites: AM1, AM9, and AM4n. P450 3A4 predominantly formed AM1 (63% of metabolites formed) while P450 3A9 formed AM4n (59% of metabolites formed). Ketoconazole (0.5 microM) completely inhibited P450 3A9 catalyzed formation of AM1 and AM9 and reduced AM4n formation to 28% of control. AM4n, AM1, and AM9 formation catalyzed by P450 3A4 was reduced to 50%, 30%, and 10% of control, respectively, by 0.5 microM ketoconazole. Troleandomycin (> 10 microM) inhibited the formation of AM4n by P450 3A4 and P450 3A9 to 60-70% of control, while the production of AM1 by P450 3A4 was increased to 120% of control and the production of AM1 by P450 3A9 was inhibited to 50% of control. Inhibition of P450 3A4 by troleandomycin (> 10 microM) reduced the formation of AM9 to 40% of control, but only reduced P450 3A9 formation of AM9 to 80% of control. This study shows that rat P450 3A9 is capable of transforming cyclosporine to multiple metabolites similar to those generated by human P450 3A4.

Utilization of hepatitis B core antibody positive grafts in living donor liver transplantation. Utilization of liver grafts from hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) positive donors carries the risk of reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in recipients because of post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy. This was a retrospective study of patients who had received liver grafts from anti-HBc positive live donors between 2006 and 2016 at our institute. Out of 22 recipients [all males, mean age 45.4 years (range 18-64 years)], four patients were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive preoperatively and received entecavir post-transplantation. One among these patients who temporarily stopped entecavir had a recurrence of hepatitis B 39 months post-transplantation. Among the 13 non-immune [hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) < 10 mIU/mL] recipients, eight were prescribed lamivudine (100 mg daily) as monoprophylaxis. Four compliant patients remain negative for HBV so far. Out of the remaining four, two died secondary to sepsis unrelated to hepatitis B; two were non-compliant and developed reactivation of hepatitis B. Lamivudine was missed out in five non-immune patients; three of them developed hepatitis B reactivation while two remain negative. Anti-HBs titer was immune in five patients. Over a period of 4 to 8 years follow up, three remain immune without prophylaxis, while two expired due to causes unrelated to hepatitis B. Following the detection of hepatitis B infection, five patients have been started on tenofovir 300 mg once daily. Anti-HBc positive liver grafts can be safely used for live donor liver transplantation. If the recipients are immune preoperatively, they can be merely followed up without HBV prophylaxis. However, it is extremely important to prophylactically treat the non-immune recipients with an antiviral agent lifelong.

Conventional vehicle disc brakes employ a rotor fixed to and rotatable with a vehicle wheel having a pair of planar annular friction faces for receiving the pads of a spanning caliper mechanism. The rotor may be formed with a central hub or hat section for attachment to a wheel and two radially extending plates interconnected by ribs to allow airflow radially between the plates to better dissipate the heat generated during braking. The conventional brake rotor design connects the braking surfaces to the hat section of the rotor via the outboard brake plate. Under elevated temperature usage the difference in thermal stress between the inboard and outboard brake plate causes a coning effect that distorts the brake plate surfaces resulting in non-uniform contact with the brake linings. One design solution implemented to reduce this thermal distortion is to connect the hat section to the inboard brake plate. The detriment to implementing this approach is that air cooling is reduced by closing off the ability of the vanes between the brake plates to dissipate the heat. The optimal solution to balancing the thermal stress on the brake plates is to connect the brake plates to the hat section by the vanes. It has been asserted that the air flow through the vanes in this approach is comparable to the conventional brake plate attachment. One approach to this attachment method is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,164,423 which suggests a radially vented disc brake or similar rotor having inner and outer friction ring sections joined to one another and to a radially inner hub or hat section by a plurality of radially extending ribs or webs. Interspersed between these mounting ribs are another plurality of rib sections which join the ring sections to one another, but do not extend radially inwardly to join the ring sections to the hub. Each member of the first set of ribs function as a mounting rib interconnecting both ring sections with the hub while each rib of the latter set functions only to maintain separation or spacing of the ring sections. Cooling air may flow radially between one rib of each set. In another embodiment, there are two spacing ribs between each pair of mounting ribs and air may flow radially between one rib of each set as well as between two adjacent spacing ribs. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,590 there is disclosed double venting arrangement for cooling a disc brake rotor. A central hub or hat section supports a solid support ring which, in turn, has vanes axially extending from each of its opposed faces to engage and support inboard and outboard braking rings or cheeks. One embodiment has the vanes on opposite sides of the support ring aligned with one another while another embodiment shows the vanes staggered with the vanes of one face angularly displaced from those of the other face by about one-half the angular spacing between adjacent vanes. In a third embodiment, the brake plates and support ring are slanted so that the air flow path is in a combined axial and radial direction. The patent suggests undercutting a hat surface region radially inward of the rings or brake plates axially close to the ribs to increase air flow into the vents between adjacent ribs. Both of these patented arrangements have individual air flow paths adjacent ones of which are separated from one another by a mounting rib or vane. It is desirable to provide an enhanced air flow path without deleteriously affecting structural integrity. It is also desirable to minimize thermally induced distortions such as coning without adversely reducing heat dissipation.

Electronics have been incorporated into many portable devices such as computers, mobile phones, tracking systems, scanners, etc. One drawback to portable devices is the need to include the power supply with the device. Portable devices typically use batteries as power supplies. Batteries must have sufficient capacity to power the device for at least the length of time the device is in use. Sufficient battery capacity can result in a power supply that is quite heavy or large compared to the rest of the device. Accordingly, smaller and lighter batteries (i.e., power supplies) with sufficient energy storage are desired. Other energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors, and energy conversion devices, such as photovoltaics and fuel cells, are alternatives to batteries for use as power supplies in portable electronics and non-portable electrical applications. Another drawback of conventional batteries is the fact that some are fabricated from potentially toxic materials that may leak and be subject to governmental regulation. Accordingly, it is desired to provide an electrical power source that is safe, solid-state and rechargeable over many charge/discharge life cycles. One type of an energy-storage device is a solid-state, thin-film battery. Examples of thin-film batteries are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,314,765; 5,338,625; 5,445,126; 5,445,906; 5,512,147; 5,561,004; 5,567,210; 5,569,520; 5,597,660; 5,612,152; 5,654,084; and 5,705,293, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,625 describes a thin-film battery, especially a thin-film microbattery, and a method for making same having application as a backup or first integrated power source for electronic devices. U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,906 describes a method and system for manufacturing a thin-film battery structure formed with the method that utilizes a plurality of deposition stations at which thin battery component films are built up in sequence upon a web-like substrate as the substrate is automatically moved through the stations. FIG. 1A shows a prior art thin-film battery 20 formed on substrate 22. The battery includes a cathode current collector 32 and an anode current collector 34 formed on the substrate 22. A cathode layer 38 is formed on the cathode current collector 32. An electrolyte layer 42 is formed on the cathode layer 38. An anode layer 44 is formed on the electrolyte layer 42, the substrate 22 and the anode current collector 34. The current collectors 32 and 34 are connected to external circuitry to provide electrical power to the same. In a discharge operation, ions in the anode layer 44 travel through the electrolyte layer 42 and are stored in the cathode layer 38. Thereby, creating current flowing from the anode current collector 34 to the cathode current collector 32. In a charge operation, an external electrical charge is applied to the current collectors 32 and 34. Thereby, ions in the cathode layer 38 are forced to travel through the electrolyte layer 42 and are stored in the anode layer 44. FIG. 2A shows a prior art method for fabricating the thin-film battery 20. First, the substrate is prepared for deposition of the thin-film battery (step 215). The cathode current collector is deposited on the substrate using DC-magnetron sputtering (step 217). The cathode is deposited on the cathode current collector by RF-magnetron sputtering (step 219). In this method, the magnetron source provides sputtered material having energy of about 1-3 eV, which is insufficient to crystallize the cathode material to form desirable crystal structures that encourage ion movement into and out of the cathode material. The cathode must be annealed to produce a crystalline lattice structure in the cathode, which is necessary to produce an energy-storage device that has the required electrical performance characteristics. In some embodiments, a desired electrical characteristic of a battery is a discharge curve that has a relatively constant voltage (small delta) over a range of capacity and then the voltage decreases rapidly as remaining capacity is exhausted (large delta). Accordingly, the stack of the substrate, cathode current collector and the cathode are annealed at a temperature of 700 degrees Celsius (step 221 of FIG. 2A). The anneal step 221 complicates and adds cost to the fabrication of this type of solid-state battery. Further, the anneal step 221 precludes the use of any material as the substrate or other part of the battery thus formed that is unable to withstand the high anneal temperature. The anode current collector is deposited on the substrate by DC-magnetron sputtering (step 223). The electrolyte layer is deposited by RF-magnetron sputtering (step 225). The anode is deposited by thermal evaporation (step 227). Accordingly, there is a need for solid-state energy-storage devices, e.g., thin-film batteries and capacitors, that can be rapidly fabricated and that have acceptable electrical properties for use in a variety of electrical devices. More specifically, there is a need for a fabrication method and system that does not require a high-temperature anneal to form a solid-state energy-storage device.

Q: Fastest way to find pair in a vector, remove it while iterating I am currently working on a greedy algorithm, which is similar to the Activity Selection Problem. I've got vector of pairs (natural numbers), sorted by second value. For each pair I take possibly closest pair(by closest i mean (p2.first - p1.second) is minimal and p1.second < p2.first ). Now I do some calculations with those values (doesn't matter), "increase" range of first pair from (p1.first,p1.second) to (p1.first, p2.second) and erase it. The algorithm will look for next closest pair to the new pair it just created with previous pair. My question is, what is the best (fastest) way to find such pairs without iterating over the list for each element. Also how shpuld I erase these pairs after calculations. I am using iterator to iterate over the list and when i remove these pairs it goes crazy so my workaround is to fill these wit (-1,-1) values but it is unacceptable because these algorithm is meant to go on Online Judge and it is way to slow. Below is the example. Each column is index of pair, in each row is range of pair. For example pairs[0] = [0,3]. After first iteration pairs[0] should be transformed into [0,9] and the second column should be deleted. A: It is really hard to say what the "fastest way" to do anything is. Even "fast enough" is problematic without knowing your constraints exactly. Therefore, I'm going to give you a few tips to get a (probably) "faster" program; whether it will be fast enough is up to you to decide. First of all, you probably want to change your sort criterion. Instead of sorting on the second component (the end of the interval, I assume,) you need to sort on the first component and then on the second. This way, an interval that starts sooner will be earlier in the array, and among intervals with the same start, the one that is shortest will be first. Secondly, you might want to have a helper data structure: a naturally-sorted array of pairs, where the first component of each pair is any number X and the second is the index of the first pair in the (sorted) original array that starts at X. For example, this array for the image in your question will be {{0, 0}, {4, 1}, {9, 2}}. It shouldn't be hard to see how to construct this array in O(n) and how to use it to accelerate your search over the original array to an amortized O(1). Thirdly, to iterate over an std::vector and remove its elements without problems, you can use indexes instead of iterators. However, this is not particularly efficient, because each erase must shift quite a few elements backwards and might even reallocate the vector and copy/move all of its elements. Instead, do what your are doing now and mark those elements that your want removed with distinctive numbers, and after your algorithm is done, just go over the array one more time and remove them all. The following is a pseudo code: displacement = 0 for all elements in the array, do: if current element should be removed, then: increment "displacement" else: move current element back "displacement" places delete last "displacement" elements EDIT: After reading your comment, you don't need any of this stuff. Just sort the array or pairs the way I wrote above (i.e. lexicographically), and then construct another array of pairs from it like this: let original vector be A, and the new vector of pairs be B, t0 = -1 t1 = -1 for all elements in A, do: if start time of current element is greater than "t1", then: append the pair (t0, t1) to B t0 = start time of current element t1 = end time of current element else: t1 = max(t1, end time of current element) append the pair (t0, t1) to B remove first element of B (because it is (-1, -1)) (My way is not exactly elegant, but it get's the job done.) Then run your cost calculation logic on this new array, B. This new array will be shorter, and there will be no overlap between its elements.

In the upcoming episode of No 1 Kodalu, Rahul goes to meet Sarsu at Nagamani’s house and asks her to change her mind. Read more about what happens. Earlier in No. 1 Kodalu, Sarsu agrees to go to Nagamani’s house, against Peddayyina and Rahul’s words and against Chinni’s endless requests. Madhu asks Sarsu about her stupid decision when Nagamani comes in and gives a new saree to Sarsu. Apart from fixing the saree and giving her necklace to Sarsu, Nagamani announces that she has found a perfect match for her. Sarsu starts remembering her moments with Rahul and wonders why she was thinking of him. Watch the previous episode here: In the upcoming episode, Rahul comes to Nagamani’s doorstep and asks Sarsu to change her mind about staying there. He also asks her if things are well and good for them. Sarsu, standing in a corner, sobs silently while wondering how she could convey that she isn’t happy, or the fact that she didn’t come there willingly. Sarsu also feels sad about the marriage that Nagamani was setting up for her. Read the previous update of this show here, and stay tuned for more stories and the latest episode on ZEE5, before it airs on TV.

Introduction {#S1} ============ Melanization is a prominent defense mechanism in arthropods that plays an essential role in wound healing, killing of microbes, and parasites encapsulation ([@B1], [@B2]). The key protease in melanization is phenoloxidase (PO), which can catalyze phenols to quinines, then form melanin. PO usually exists as the zymogen, prophenoloxidase (PPO). Its activation depends on the extracellular serine protease (SP) cascade triggered by invading microbes. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as β-1,3-glucan from fungi, peptidoglycan from Gram-positive bacteria, or lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria, by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to the activation of modular proteases that sequentially cleave the downstream SPs and ultimately activate PPO ([@B3]). The extracellular PPO activation pathway usually consists of a three-step proteolytic cascade initiated by one modular SP then followed by clip domain SPs (cSPs), which has been comprehensively revealed in a lepidopteran species *Manduca sexta* ([@B4]--[@B7]) and a coleopteran species *Tenebrio molitor* ([@B8], [@B9]). cSPs and the homologs are classified into four subfamilies (A--D) based on phylogenetic analysis ([@B10], [@B11]). Most PPO activating proteases that directly activate PPO belong to CLIPB, such as *M. sexta* PPO activating protease (PAP) 1-3 ([@B12], [@B13]) and *T. molitor* Spätzle processing enzyme (SPE) ([@B8]). The proteases that cleave CLIPB are generally derived from CLIPC. For example, *M. sexta* hemolymph protease (HP) 6 and HP21 activates PAP1 and PAP2/3, respectively ([@B4], [@B7]) and *T. molitor* SPE activating enzyme (SAE) cleaves SPE ([@B8]). The initiating modular SPs without clip domains that activate CLIPC members are characterized by containing low-density lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLa), Sushi and Wonton domains ([@B14], [@B15]). They could be autoactivated in the presence of pathogens, then cleaved the downstream proteases. In *M. sexta*, the modular SP, HP14, was stimulated to activate by its interaction with β-glucan recognition proteins (βGRP) 2 before cleaving HP21 ([@B15]). *T. molitor* modular SP (MSP) was also one modular SP which activated SAE ([@B8]). Alternatively, the initiating SP could be the CLIPD member. For example, *M. sexta* HP1, a member of CLIPD, was identified as a recognition protein of the melanization cascade which was activated without proteolytic cleavage ([@B3], [@B16]). CLIPA are cSP homologs (cSPHs) that lost catalytic activity due to the replacement of catalytic triad residues ([@B11]). cSPHs seem to serve as cofactors that significantly increase PO activity ([@B6], [@B12], [@B13]). Although there were three PAPs in *M. sexta*, PO activity was very low in the absence of cofactors. Only in the presence of cSPH1 and cSPH2, PO activity was greatly enhanced ([@B12]). According to the crystal structure of *M. sexta* PPO, it has been suggested that the combination of cSPHs and PO might lead to the conformation change of the latter, enabling the substrate to be more accessible to the active site of PO ([@B17]). Melanization has also been studied in other insects. In *Drosophila melanogaster*, Hayan, Sp7 and ModSP were verified to function during melanization ([@B18], [@B19]). In *Aedes aegypti*, immune melanization proteases (IMP-1 and IMP-2) were identifed to mediate the cleavage of PPO to combate the malaria parasite ([@B20]). In *Anopheles gambiae*, CLIPB9 directly cleaves and activates PPO, whereas CLIPB8 is also part of the PPO activation system ([@B21], [@B22]). In *Bombyx mori*, PGRP-S5 functions as a pattern recognition receptor during melanization ([@B23]) and BmSPH-1 interacts with PPO and PPO-activating enzyme (PPAE) ([@B24]). In *Ostrinia furnacalis*, SP105 could fucntionaly activate PPO ([@B25]). Overall, researches on melanization in other insects are not as comprehensive as those in *M. sexta* and *T. molitor*. Several studies have suggested that melanization is involved in defense against virus infection. For examples, silencing PPO-I gene in *Armigeres subalbatus* increased Sindbis virus replication ([@B26]). Plasma PO of *Heliothis virescens* inhibited baculovirus infection ([@B27]). The melanin precursor 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) showed broad-spectrum antiviral activity ([@B28]). PO activity in *Ae. aegypti* is required for innate immune response against Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infection ([@B29]). Recently, our study showed that melanization in *Helicoverpa armigera* is involved in baculovirus infection ([@B30]). Cotton bollworm, *H. armigera*, is a worldwide distributed agricultural pest. It caused severe damage to many crops ([@B31]). Melanization in *H. armigera* plays an important role in defense against invading pathogens ([@B30], [@B32]--[@B35]). Previously transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showed that many SPs and homologs were up-regulated in response to the challenge of bacteria or fungi ([@B34]), however, they were down-regulated with baculovirus infection ([@B30]). At the same time, two negative regulators serpin-5 and serpin-9 of the pathway were sequentially induced by baculovirus infection to inhibit their target proteases, cSP4 and cSP6, respectively ([@B30]). Thus, baculoviruses have developed efficient strategies to suppress the host melanization response for their proper proliferation. Previous studies identified that there were two PPOs (PPO1 and PPO2) and at least 11 cSPs in *H. armigera* ([@B34]). These include procSP6, 7, and 8 belonging to CLIPB; procSP1, 2, 3, and 4 of CLIPC; and procSP5, 9, 10, and 29 belonging to CLIPD. In addition, three potential mudular SPs (proSP41, 42, and 43) were identified with the LDLa and sushi domains, while procSPH11, 49, and 50 were found to be cSP homologs. Furthermore, it has been verified that PPO can be proteolytically activated by cSP6, a member of the CLIPB subfamily ([@B30]). However, so far, the complete PPO activation pathway of *H. armigera* remains unclear. In this study, we identified the members involved in PPO activation cascade step-by-step using biochemical methods and finally *in vitro* reconstructed a complete PPO activation pathway in *H. armigera*. Two cSPHs that could significantly enhanced PO activity were identified. The reconstructed PPO activation pathway efficiently antagonized viral infection *in vitro*. The cascade in *H. armigera* was conserved compared with that in *M. sexta*. Materials and Methods {#S2} ===================== Cells and Virus {#S2.SS1} --------------- The *Drosophila* S2 cell line was cultured in ESF921 medium (Expression Systems, Woodland, CA, United States) at 27°C. The recombinant *Helicoverpa armigera* nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) expressing an *egfp* reporter gene (HearNPV-*egfp*) was previously constructed by our laboratory ([@B36]). Expression of Recombinant Serine Proteases (SPs) {#S2.SS2} ------------------------------------------------ Total RNA was isolated from the fat body of the day-3 5th instar *H. armigera* larvae using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States). The entire coding region of proSPs (proSP41, procSP1, procSP6) and procSPHs (procSPH11, procSPH49 and procSPH50) ([@B34]) were amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the PrimeScript^TM^ RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (Takara Bio, Otsu, Japan) with the primers listed in [Supplementary Table S1](#TS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The PCR products were cloned into the pMT-BiP/V5-HisA vector (Invitrogen). Overlap extension PCR was performed to prepare constructs designated as cSP~Xa~, in which four residues at the putative activation site were replaced with tetrapeptide IEGR, a cleavage site of bovine coagulation factor Xa ([@B37]). The putative cleavage sites of proSP41, procSP1, procSP6, procSPH11, procSPH49 and procSPH50 are VDVL, TDKL, VGNK, ADLR, VSFI, and LDIR, respectively. The plasmids were transfected into *Drosophila* S2 cells along with pCoHygro hygromycin selection vector (Invitrogen) and stable cell lines were screened according to the manufacturer's instruction. The cell supernatants containing secreted recombinant proteases were harvested. Recombinant proteins were purified using nickel-charged resin (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), eluted with imidazole, and further concentrated by filtration through an Amicon Ultra 10K cartridge (Millipore, Billerica, MA, United States). The purified proteins were stored at −80°C before use. Generation of Polyclonal Antibodies {#S2.SS3} ----------------------------------- procSP6, procSPH11, and procSPH50 for prokaryotic expression were subcloned into the pET-28a expression vector using the primers listed in [Supplementary Table S1](#TS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Recombinant protein was expressed in *Escherichia coli* BL21 cells and purified with nickel-charged resin. procSP1 was expressed in *Drosophila* S2 cells as described above. The recombinant proteins were used to immune rabbit to generate the respective polyclonal antibodies as described previously ([@B38]). The polyclonal antibodies against PPO1 and PPO2 were generated as described previously ([@B30]). Purification of PPO From Larval Hemolymph {#S2.SS4} ----------------------------------------- Prophenoloxidase was purified from the hemolymph of day-3 5th instar *H. armigera* larvae according to the protocol reported described ([@B30]). Briefly, 10 ml hemolymph was collected from larval body and pooled into ice-cold saturated ammonium sulfate (AS). AS saturation (35-50%) was collected and loaded on column prepacked with Ceramic Hydroxyapatite (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States). The fractions with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) activated PO activity were combined and applied through Concanavalin A Sepharose column (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States). The flow-through fraction was applied to a Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow (low sub) column (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). Fractions containing PO activity were applied to a Superdex 200 column (ÄKTApurifier; GE Healthcare). Purified PPO were stored at −80°C before analysis. The Activation and Activity of Serine Protease and PPO {#S2.SS5} ------------------------------------------------------ To activate procSP~Xa~ with factor Xa, purified procSP~Xa~ was incubated with bovine factor Xa (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, United States) in buffer \[20 mM Tris--HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 2 mM CaCl (pH 8.0)\] at 27°C for 5 h. Amidase activity of the reaction mixtures was measured using 200 μL, 50 μM acetyl-Ile-Glu-Ala-Arg-p-nitroanilide (IEAR) as the substrate ([@B39]). One unit of amidase activity was defined as ΔA405 of 0.001 in one minute. Factor Xa activated procSP~Xa~ was incubated with procSP at 37°C for 1 h before immunoblot analysis under reducing conditions containing β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME) or non-reducing conditions. Mixtures containing sequentially activated SP cascade components (cSP6~Xa~, cSP1~Xa~/procSP6, and SP41~Xa~/procSP1/procSP6) were incubated with purified PPO at room temperature for 10 min to detect PPO cleavage by immunoblotting. To measure PO activity, samples were transferred to 96-well plates, and 200 μL of 2 mM Dopa in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) were added. The activity was determined by measuring the absorbance at 470 nm with a microplate reader (Synergy H1; BioTek, Winooski, VT, United States). One unit of PO activity was defined as ΔA470 of 0.001 in one minute ([@B30]). Effects of *in vitro* Activated Melanization on Baculovirus Infection {#S2.SS6} --------------------------------------------------------------------- HearNPV-*egfp* (MOI = 0.5 TCID~50~ units/well) was mixed with the SP cascade (SP41~Xa~ + procSP1 + procSP6), PPO and its substrate (PPO + Dopa), the cSPHs (procSPH11 + procSPH50), and the serine protease inhibitor (serpin-9) with different combinations. The amount of each agents were as follows: 200 ng PPO, 10 μL of 20 mM Dopa, 50 ng SP41~Xa~, 50 ng procSP1, 100 ng procSP6, 200 ng procSPH11, 200 ng procSPH50, and 1 μg serpin-9. Then all of the mixtures were adjusted to a final volume of 100 μL and incubated at room temperature for 0, 1, and 3 h, respectively. The mixtures were added to HzAM1 cells in Grace's insect medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum in 24-well plates and incubated for 2 h. The cells were washed three times with serum-free medium and incubated at 27°C for 24 h, and viral infection was examined under a fluorescence microscope using the EVOSTM FL Auto Imagine System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States). Statistical Analysis {#S2.SS7} -------------------- All statistical evaluations were determined using GraphPad Prism 5 software. Statistical differences between two groups were performed using the two-tailed Student's *t*-tests (*n* ≥ 3 biological replicates) ^∗^*p* \< 0.05, ^∗∗^*p* \< 0.01, and ^∗∗∗^*p* \< 0.001. Gene Accession Numbers {#S2.SS8} ---------------------- All sequence data that support the findings of this study are available in GenBank with the following accession numbers: [proSP41](proSP41) (MT182806), [proSP42](proSP42) (MT182807), [proSP43](proSP43) (MT182808), [procSP1](procSP1) (MT182805), [procSP6](procSP6) (KY680241), [procSPH11](procSPH11) (MT182809), [procSPH50](procSPH50) (MT182810), [PPO1](PPO1) (KY744277), [PPO2](PPO2) (KY744278), and serpin-9 (KY680239). Results {#S3} ======= cSP1 Cleaves the PPO Activating Protease cSP6 {#S3.SS1} --------------------------------------------- We decided to *in vitro* re-constitute the PPO activation cascade of *H. armigera* using a "bottom-up" strategy. PPO was purified from the hemolymph of *H. armigera* larvae and, after a CPC-induced conformation changes, PO activity was confirmed by production of dopamine chrome (or dopachrome) from dopamine (or dopa) ([Supplementary Figure S1A](#FS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Immunoblotting analysis further showed that purified PPO formed a heterodimer constituted of PPO1 and PPO2 ([Supplementary Figure S1B](#FS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We previously identified that cSP6 served as a PPO activating enzyme ([@B30]). This was confirmed as evidenced by the cleavage and enzymatic activation of PPO by the factor Xa activated recombinant procSP6~Xa~ ([Supplementary Figures S1C,D](#FS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). According to the phylogenetic analysis, cSP1 of *H. armigera* was classified as a member of CLIPC subfamily, and showed close phylogenetic relationship to *M. sexta* HP21 ([@B30]), the upstream cSP of *M. sexta* PAP2/3 ([@B7]), implying that cSP1 might be the protease upstream of cSP6 in *H. armigera*. To characterize the function of cSP1, recombinant procSP1 and its modified form were expressed and purified using *Drosophila* S2 cells ([Figure 1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Activity of the cleaved cSP1 and cSP6 was detected as hydrolysis of the IEAR substrate ([Figure 1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Then, procSP6 was incubated with factor Xa activated procSP1~Xa~, and the result showed that cSP1~Xa~ could cleave procSP6 (∼57 kDa), and the separated catalytic domain (∼38 kDa) and clip domain (∼19 kDa) were clearly detected with the anti-cSP6 antibody under reducing condition ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 4). Interestingly, procSP6 could be partially cleaved by procSP1~Xa~ without activation ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 3). While under the non-reducing condition, the disulfide bond linked subdomains of cSP6 migrated to the same position as the procSP6 ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 5--8), indicating that procSP6 was specifically cleaved by cSP1~Xa~. {#F1} Next, PPO was added to the mixtures as described above and the cleavage of PPO was detected using immunoblotting. As expected, PPO was efficiently cleaved by cSP6 in the presence of procSP1~Xa~ and factor Xa ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 9). Correspondingly, high PO activity was detected ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 9, upper panel). Interestingly, procSP1~Xa~ and procSP6 mixed together were able to activate PPO in the absence of factor Xa ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 8), which was consistent with the finding that procSP6 was partially cleaved by procSP1~Xa~ ([Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 3). We noticed that PO activity induced by cSP6 via activated cSP1 ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 9) was much higher than that by factor Xa activated cSP6~Xa~ ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 5), indicating that cSP6 activated at its native cleavage site has higher activity than the modified form. To be noted, PO activity induced by cSP6 via procSP1~Xa~ ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 8) was also higher than that by factor Xa activated cSP6~Xa~ ([Figure 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, lane 5), suggesting the self-activated procSP1~Xa~ is likely to be able to active cSP6 at its native cleavage site. Thus, PPO can be activated by the cascade of cSP1/cSP6. SP41 Is an Initiating SP of the PPO Activation Pathway {#S3.SS2} ------------------------------------------------------ To find out the initiating SP in the PPO activation pathway of *H. armigera*, phylogenetic analysis ([Supplementary Figure S2A](#FS2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and domain architecture comparison ([Supplementary Figure S2B](#FS2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) were performed. Three modular SPs (SP41, SP42, and SP43) in *H. armigera* showed homology (with the identities of 48, 58, and 44%, respectively) to *M. sexta* HP14, which is an initiating SP upstream of HP21 ([@B14], [@B15]), implying the possible role of the three SPs in activation of procSP1. To verify their functions, recombinant proSP41~Xa~, proSP42~Xa~, and proSP43~Xa~ were expressed and purified using *Drosophila* S2 cells ([Supplementary Figures 2A](#FS2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [S3A](#FS3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The SP activity was measured using IEAR substrate, and the result showed that purified recombinant modular SP41~Xa~ exhibited amidase activity ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), so did SP42~Xa~ and SP43~Xa~ ([Supplementary Figure S3B](#FS3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Then proSP41~Xa~, proSP42~Xa~, and proSP43~Xa~ were tested for their ability to cleave procSP1. Among the three cSPs, only SP41~Xa~ cleaved procSP1 ([Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, lane 4) and the catalytic domains of cSP1 migrated to the same position with procSP1 under non-reducing conditions, indicating that it was specifically cleaved ([Figure 2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 6--10). In contrast, proSP42~Xa~ and proSP43~Xa~ failed to activate procSP1 ([Supplementary Figure S3C](#FS3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). {#F2} We next investigated whether the entire pathway could activate PPO *in vitro*. The PO band was clearly detected after incubation of PPO with the mixtures of factor Xa, proSP41~Xa~, procSP1, procSP6 ([Figure 2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, lane 5), and PO activity was also increased ([Figure 2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 5 and 6, upper panel). These results clearly showed that PPOs were enzymatically cleaved and activated by the cascade initiated from activated SP41~Xa~. Thus, a complete PPO activation pathway in *H. armigera* was reconstructed *in vitro*. PO Activity Is Enhanced in the Presence of cSPH11 and cSPH50 {#S3.SS3} ------------------------------------------------------------ Phylogenetic analysis showed that three *H. armigera* cSPHs (cSPH11, cSPH49, and cSPH50) were homologs to *M. sexta* cSPH1 and cSPH2 (data not shown), suggesting that they may serve as potential cofactors for PPO activation. Therefore, we firstly expressed and purified recombinant procSPHs and their modified forms ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Then, the factor Xa activated procSPHs, either individually or in different combinations, were incubated with mixtures of PPO and cSP1~Xa~ activated cSP6 before measuring of PO activity. Only in the presence of cSPH11~Xa~ and cSPH50~Xa~ simultaneously, a significant increase of PO activity was detected ([Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lane 6 and 8), indicating that cSPH11 and cSPH50 acted in concert to synergize PO activity. To be noted, to better reflect the function of cSPHs, the amount of PPO used in this experiment ([Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) was much lower than the above results when cSPHs were not present ([Figures 1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). {#F3} To further confirm this finding, we performed a similar experiment as [Figure 3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"} by using purified wild type forms of procSPH11, procSPH49 and procSPH50 instead of the modified procSPHs activated with factor Xa. The result showed that PO activity was also increased in the presence of procSPH11 and procSPH50 ([Figure 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, lane 6), with even much higher activity (about fourfold greater) than those using the factor Xa activated cSPHs. Interestingly, the combination of cSPH11 and cSPH49 also increased PO activity ([Figure 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, lane 5) but the effect was less prominent than that induced by cSPH11 and cSPH50 ([Figure 4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, lane 6). {ref-type="fig"}, instead of factor Xa mutants, wild type procSPHs were used to measure PO activity (upper panel), which was represented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. **(B)** Proteolytic activation of procSPH11 and proSPH50 by cSP6~Xa~. Factor Xa activated cSP6~Xa~ (50 ng) was incubated with 100 ng procSPH11 (left panel) or procSPH50 (right panel) for 1 h. The mixtures were analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-cSPH11 or anti-cSPH50 antibody.](fimmu-11-00785-g004){#F4} In *M. sexta*, cSPHs could be cleaved by PAPs, which were PPO activating proteases ([@B12]). Therefore, we asked whether cSPHs would be cleaved by the PPO activating protease before functioning in *H. armigera*. To examine this hypothesis, factor Xa activated cSP6~Xa~ was incubated with procSPH11 ([Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, left panel) or procSPH50 ([Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, right panel) at 37°C for 1 h, and then analyzed using immunoblotting. As expected, cleaved bands corresponding to cSPH11 or cSPH50 were detected, when cSP6~Xa~ was activated ([Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, lanes 4 and 8). *In vitro* PPO Activation Cascade Blocks Baculovirus Infection {#S3.SS4} -------------------------------------------------------------- Melanized hemolymph of *H. armigera* could inactivate the infectivity of HearNPV in cell cultures ([@B30]). Since hemolymph consists of complicated components, we would like to evaluate whether our identified melanization cascade could directly block viral infection when activated *in vitro*. To this end, an *egfp* maker gene labeled HearNPV-*egfp* was incubated with purified PPO, the substrate Dopa, and selected cSP or SP for 0, 1, and 3 h at room temperature. Then, the mixtures were added to HzAM1 cells for 24 h before observation using fluorescence microscopy. When the HearNPV-*egfp* suspension was incubated with the mixtures of PPO and Dopa, the number of infected cells was similar among the 0, 1, and 3 h incubation groups ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, panel 1), suggesting that inactivated PPO and the substrate did not affect virus viability. Similarly, when the cascade components (SP41~Xa~, procSP1, and procSP6) were incubated with the virus, respectively, the number of infected cells was similar at 0, 1, and 3 h post infection (h p.i.) ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, panel 2), indicating that these proteins alone had no effects on virus infectivity. However, in the presence of PPO and Dopa in addition to the cSP6 cascade components, much fewer infected cells were observed after 1 h, and almost no virus infection was observed after 3 h ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, panel 3), demonstrating that the cSP6 mediated PPO activation could block viral infection efficiently. When procSPH11 and procSPH50 were added to the above mixtures, a more potent inhibitory effect was observed after 1 h p.i., and no virus infected cells were detected ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, panel 4). Furthermore, when serpin-9, an inhibitor of cSP6 ([@B30]), was added to the mixtures, viral infection was substantially rescued ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, panel 6 and 7). These results demonstrated that the SP41/cSP1/cSP6 cascade can induce melanization and block baculovirus infection. Moreover, the inhibitory effect against baculovirus infection was enhanced in the presence of the cofactors and the inhibition could be rescued by serpin-9. {#F5} Discussion {#S4} ========== Although certain components of melanization cascade have been identified in many insects, such as *Ae. aegypti* ([@B10], [@B20], [@B40], [@B41]), *A. gambiae* ([@B42]--[@B45]), *D. melanogaster* ([@B18], [@B46], [@B47]), the complete PPO activation pathway was elucidated only in a few insects, for example *M. sexta* ([@B4]--[@B7]), and *T. molitor* ([@B8], [@B9]). To date, the complete pathway in *H. armigera* was unknown until this study. Transcriptome-based analysis revealed more than 60 SPs and homologs in *H. armigera*. Among these, at least 11 clip domain-containing members might be involved in PPO activation cascades ([@B34]). However, only cSP4 and cSP6 were confirmed to participate in *H. armigera* PPO activation pathway ([@B30]). Here, based on the PPO activating protease activity of cSP6, a PPO activation pathway composed of its activating protease cSP1 and the initiating protease SP41 was identified and reconstituted *in vitro* using biochemical methods. In addition, cSPH11 and cSPH50, which could be cleaved by the terminal cSP6, were characterized as the cofactors during PPO activation. The PPO pathway identified in *H. armigera* ([Figure 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) resembles the HP14/HP21/PAP2/3 pathway of *M. sexta* ([@B48], [@B49]). {#F6} The initiating proteases of melanization are generally autoactivated upon binding of PRRs to pathogens ([@B14], [@B15], [@B47], [@B49], [@B50]). For *M. sexta* HP14, binding of β-1,3-glucan to βGRP2 results in a significant increase in affinity between the N-terminal LDLa domains of HP14 and βGRP2 ([@B15]). MSPs in other insects such as *D. melanogaster* ([@B47]) and *T. molitor* ([@B8]) are considered as initiating proteases in SP cascades and they also contain LDLa domains. Similarly, the three SPs (SP41-43) of *H. armigera* all have LDLa domains ([Supplementary Figure S2B](#FS2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), however, only SP41 was able to induce melanization cascade ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Figure S3](#FS3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the domain structure, both SP41 and SP42 contain five LDLa domains and two Sushi domains at their N-termini, while SP43 has only four LDLa domains ([Supplementary Figure S2B](#FS2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Currently it is unclear why only SP41, but not the other two SPs serve as the initiating SP. Besides the modular SPs, cSPs may also function as the initiating SPs. *M. sexta* proHP1 utilizes a conventional mechanism to active its downstream protease which was not induced by proteolytic cleavage ([@B16]). Whether there exists another PPO activation cascade in *H. armigera* initiated by a clip domain SP remains to be determined. Various mechanisms of PPO activation by the terminal cSPs and cofactors have been characterized in insects ([@B2]). In *B. mori*, PPO1 and PPO2 are cleaved by PPAE belonging to CLIPB, and the resulting large fragments of PO1 and PO2 directly exhibit PO activity ([@B51]). In *M. sexta*, cleavage of PPO1 and PPO2 by three PAPs (CLIPB) yielded large fragments of PPO1 and PPO2 with low PO activity, which was significantly enhanced by the SPH1 and SPH2 (CLIPA). During this process, SPHs must be cleaved by PAPs then to play their roles ([@B6], [@B12], [@B13]). In *Holotrichia diomphalia*, PPO-activating factor (PPAF)-I is a CLIPB protease which cleaves PPO-I to generate a 76 kDa fragment without PO activity; however, when PPAF-II (CLIPA) and PPAF-III (CLIPB) were further added, a new 60 kDa fragment with PO activity was produced ([@B52]). The crystal structure of PPAF-II showed that its clip domain adopted a novel conformation compared to CLIPB members then may serve as a module for binding the cleaved PO and forming active PO clusters ([@B53]). How PPAF-I, II and III act in concert to activate PPO remains to be determined. In *Ae. aegypti.* ten PPO genes were identified and a 50 kDa PO fragment was generated challenged by fungi, suggesting a complicated activation mechanism ([@B40]). In *H. armigera*, our results showed that the cofactors procSPH11 and procSPH50 were also cleaved by cSP6 ([Figure 4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). There was low PO activity after PPO was cleaved by cSP6, and PO activity was significantly increased in the presence of cSPH11 and cSPH50 which are orthologs of *M. sexta* SPH1 and SPH2, respectively. Our results suggested that the mode of PPO activation in *H. armigera* was similar to that in *M. sexta*. It will be interesting to elucidate the mode of actions of the cofactors in insect melanization responses in the future. Melanization is essential for combating pathogens in insects. In *Ae. aegypti*, PO activity was found to be required for defense against the SFV ([@B29]). Knocking down the only two PPO genes of *Penaeus monodon* led to the increased mortality by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection ([@B54]). These suggest that melanization plays a crucial role in antiviral immunity. Correspondingly, viruses have evolved versatile strategies to inhibit or escape host melanization response for their proper survival, either by inhibiting the signal transduction of melanization or affecting PO activity directly. The polydnaviruses (PDV) carried by the *Microplitis demolitor* expresses Egf1.0 and Egf1.5 to inhibit the activity of PAP1 and PAP3 of *M. sexta* ([@B55], [@B56]). Infection of *Ae. aegypti* with Egf1.0-expressing SFV led to increased mortality and virus amplification ([@B29]). WSSV453, a non-structural viral protein, interacts with *P. monodon* proPPAE2 and interferes with its activation to active PPAE2 ([@B57]). In *H. armigera*, a transcriptomic analysis showed that cSP6 was markedly repressed during the late stage of baculovirus infection, and the inhibitor of cSP6 was up-regulated to suppress melanization ([@B35]). Although a previous study demonstrated that the melanized hemolymph of *H. armigera* could inactive virus ([@B30]), considering the complexity of hemolymph components, there might be other antiviral host factors involved in. Through the reconstruction of melanization *in vitro*, we demonstrated that activated melanization reaction itself could inhibit baculovirus infectivity ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, melanization response in *H. armigera* was confirmed to play an important and direct role in combating baculovirus infection. Baculovirus has a bilateral life cycle that it uses occlusion derived viruses (ODVs) to initiate midgut infection and budded viruses (BVs) for systemic infection. As melanization happens in hemolymph and it inactived BV infection *in vitro* ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}), we propose melanization prevents systemic infection of baculovirus by inactivating BVs in the infected hemolymph. Recently, a third PPO pathway comprising HP14/HP2/PAP2 was identified in *M. sexta*, largely activated in wandering larvae and pupae ([@B58]). Considering that there are two PPO activating proteases (cSP6 and cSP8) in *H. armigera* ([@B30]), it is possible that there might be at least two branches of melanization pathways in this species. The multiple melanization cascades may be involved in specific recognition of different pathogens and may provide a more complete protection of insects in combating against invading pathogens. Further efforts are required to characterize the complete melanization pathways/network in *H. armigera*. In addition, how virus interacts with PRRs or initiating SPs of PPO activation cascade is also worth further exploration. Taken together, our findings provide an important first step toward understanding the complicated melanization network in *H. armigera*. Data Availability Statement {#S5} =========================== All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/[Supplementary Material](#FS1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Author Contributions {#S6} ==================== QW, ZH, ZZ, and MW designed the experiments, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. QW, MY, CY, and XL assisted with the experiments and provided critical reagents and intellectual input. ZH, ZZ, and MW supervised the study. Conflict of Interest {#conf1} ==================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. **Funding.** This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31621061 and 31872298). We thank Ms. Xuefang An, Ms. Youling Zhu, Mr. Fan Zhang, and Mr. Yuzhou Xiao from the Experimental Animal Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology for helping in antibody preparation. We also thank Prof. Haobo Jiang from Oklahoma State University for valuable suggestions of the manuscript. Supplementary Material {#S9} ====================== The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00785/full#supplementary-material> ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Click here for additional data file. β GRP : β -glucan recognition proteins β -ME : β -mercaptoethanol AS : ammonium sulfate CPC : cetylpyridinium chloride cSP : clip domain serine protease cSPH : clip-domain serine protease homolog cSPH : cSP homologs HearNPV : *Helicoverpa armigera* nucleopolyhedrovirus HP : hemolymph protease IEAR : acetyl-Ile-Glu-Ala-Arg-p-nitroanilide LDLa : low-density lipoprotein receptor class A MSP : modular serine protease PAP : PPO activating protease PO : phenoloxidase PPAE : PPO activating enzyme PPAF : PPO activating factor PPO : prophenoloxidase PRRs : pattern recognition receptors SAE : SPE activating protease SPE : Spätzle processing enzyme. [^1]: Edited by: Liang Jiang, Southwest University, China [^2]: Reviewed by: Chengshu Wang, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (CAS), China; Erjun Ling, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (CAS), China [^3]: This article was submitted to Comparative Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

Q: Adding rows to UItableview and passing data between Viewcontrollers I have a list of websites in a plist, when the app loads this populates a tableview (which is inside a navigation controller) But I have added an add button to the navigation bar and then created another View Controller to deal with inputting of the new website (Like Title and URL). It is very similar to how the contacts app looks. There is a table view and when you tap add, the add UI slides up. I have got all this working great so far. My Problem is what happens when the user taps Done. I can add the website to the plist (each website is a dictionary in the plist with 2 keys, atm) But then how do I tell the tableView to update? The table view has not been removed from the main window, just the add view has been added on top of the "screen". Another way of asking is, when you tap Save on Add a Contact screen: (not my image) (source: iphone-recovery.com) How does the new contact's data (Xyz's data) get shown on the tableview? A: Using a notification is a pretty good solution. Another, which is commonly used in iPhone apps, is to make the original table view the delegate of the "add" view controller (usually presented modally), and have the view controller call an agreed method on its delegate, which will call reloadData and dismiss a modal controller - which is logically best done from the object that presented it in the first place.

When Elisabeth Hasselbeck Attacks: A Conservative Condemnation of Michael Phelps Still, we can't help but comment on the condemnation this talk show host laid at the feet of Olympic champion Michael Phelps this morning on The View. In response to the shocking news that a 23-year old smokes pot, Hasselbeck said Phelps is "being paid millions to be an example [to youth]," actually adding that if he's willing to "take a drug that could impede his performance, would he be open to taking a drug that would enhance his performance?" It's challenging to keep track of all that's misguided about that question, but we'll try: Phelps is not being paid millions of dollars to be an example to anyone; he's being paid millions of dollars to sell products. Is Hasselbeck implying that Phelps' status as a role model would be different if he weren't a Nike pitchman? Marijuana has never been proven to be any more dangerous than alcohol. Would Hasselbeck have had anything to say if Phelps were doing a keg stand? Or smoking a cigarette? If the issue is legality, what if he had received a speeding ticket? (Racecar driver Danica Patrick has received multiple citations for speeding; where is Hasselbeck's outrage over that?) The actions of Phelps are not impeding any performance; he's gone on record, numerous times, as saying he's taking months off from training. The 2012 Olympics? They're in 2012! Equating marijuana to steroids is like equating beer to Viagra. One impedes a performance, the other enhances it. They also have nothing to do with one another. Phelps has apologized for his behavior, which was the first blip on what's been a stellar, patriotic career in the spotlight. Do you think he deserves to have his integrity questioned by Hasselbeck? Let us know if you think her comments were... Right now, with two kids, one 3 and one 5 months, a little walk for ice cream with the kids is perfectly romantic. When they are falling asleep in the stroller and [we can] just take in the city together. Body image has nothing to do with scale numbers, it's how you feel inside. This is the first time I've felt free from that, because I am working out in a way where I feel so strong that there's no room for those doubts.

Adverse effects of statins : how should cardiologists and general physicians manage them in clinical practice? A key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic lesions is represented by cholesterol deposition in the arterial vessel wall, and a large body of international, randomised, controlled clinical trials have shown that the clinical use of drugs that are active in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, such as competitive inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (collectively defined as 'statins'), produces significant reductions of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity through different and sometimes not fully elucidated mechanisms. However, it is important to consider that the patients who get the largest benefit from taking statins (frequently at high doses) are at the same time those with the highest risk of presenting adverse effects related to the use of these drugs. These patients are usually elderly, hypertensive and diabetic, often have renal function impairment or other associated clinical conditions and are usually receiving multiple therapies. Consequently, these patients may be exposed to adverse effects caused by pharmacological interactions of other drug classes with statins. Because of this, cardiologists need to be properly aware of the beneficial potential of these compounds but also of the potential limits and risks associated with the use of statins in the population at large.This article is aimed at examining the safety profile linked to the clinical use of statins and suggesting an adequate management to prevent the potential adverse effects while taking advantage of the outstanding cardiovascular benefits of statins.

Q: pandas how to batch process all the values I have a Pandas DataFrame and all the value are strs, I want to get the first 4 characters of every value. And I wonder are there any built-in functions that can do this. I can do this by using for loop: >>> import pandas as pd >>> df = pd.DataFrame(my_data, columns=my_columns) >>> for values in df.iteritems(): for value in values[1].tolist(): print value[0:4] But, that's hard to read and not pythonic. A: You can call apply with a lambda that calls the vectorise str methods to slice your strings: In [136]: df = pd.DataFrame({'a':['asdas','asdasdsadas','123124'],'b':['554653645','546456453634','uyiyasdhnfjnas']}) df Out[136]: a b 0 asdas 554653645 1 asdasdsadas 546456453634 2 123124 uyiyasdhnfjnas In [138]: df.apply(lambda x: x.str[:4]) Out[138]: a b 0 asda 5546 1 asda 5464 2 1231 uyiy

Q: Mover elemento especifico a la derecha usando flex Resulta que tengo una grilla de thumbs y estoy usando por primera vez flexbox por su sencillez y menor uso de líneas en el código. Quiero ubicar siempre arriba a la derecha un banner de publicidad, el problema está en que se carga en la tercera ubicación de la primera fila, pero en pantallas grandes donde tienen más de tres columnas por fila no sé como ubicarla al estilo float: right;. No quiero usar javascript porque demora unos mili segundos en actuar, y el cambio es evidente. Aquí les dejo una ilustración por si no me expliqué bien: Este es el código por el momento: body { margin: 50px; } ul { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; } ul li { width: calc(20% - 15px); height: 150px; background-color: #9e9f9a; margin: 0 15px 20px 0; } ul li.ad { background-color: #ff00d8; } <ul> <li></li> <li></li> <li class="ad"></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> A: Puedes lograr lo que quieres declarando el order: -1; al elemento que siempre quieres que esté arriba y asignarle flex-direction: row-reverse; al contenedor Pruebalo a pantalla completa y cambia el ancho de esta :) body { margin: 50px; } ul { flex-direction: row-reverse; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; } ul li { width: 2rem; height: 150px; background-color: #9e9f9a; margin: 0 15px 20px 0; } ul li.ad { order: -1; background-color: #ff00d8; } <ul> <li></li> <li></li> <li class="ad"></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> Ahora si aparte quieres que los elementos caigan al inicio de la siguiente fila puedes declarar justify-content: flex-end; body { margin: 50px; } ul { flex-direction: row-reverse; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: flex-end; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; } ul li { width: 2.5rem; height: 150px; background-color: #9e9f9a; margin: 0 15px 20px 0; } ul li.ad { order: -1; background-color: #ff00d8; } <ul> <li></li> <li></li> <li class="ad"></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul>

Q: "Iterate" and "iteration" as nouns What are the differences between iterate and iteration as nouns? I don't quite understand the definition of iterate as noun: A quantity arrived at by iteration For example, in computer programming, there are language features for iterations, such as for loop, while loop. Which one is correct: each iterate or each iteration? I saw a lot of scientific literature use each iterate, such as this one: Since each iterate is contained within an interval ... A: Each iteration is correct here. Iterate as a noun means the end result of many iterations. So in an iterative function, each iteration is one loop of calculation, whereas the iterate is the sum of all iterations performed. An important thing to note here is that iterate can also mean a function that iterates. So if you ever see the noun iterate used, test both definitions to see which makes more sense. A: In optimization, I think that it's common to use "iterate (noun)" to denote the variable vector at the current iteration. For example, when you try to minimize the function f(x) by iterative methods, you generate a sequence of iterates x_1,x_2,...,x_\infty that ideally converges to a minimum of f(x). In this context, "iteration" is used to denote the full process of going from x_k to x_{k+1} and can include multiple calculations, evaluations, etc. The points x_k and x_{k+1} themselves are the iterates. Example sentence: "For a problem having n variables, our algorithm has been proven to generate a sequence of iterates with the distance between the k-th iterate and the minimum x* bounded by |x_k - x* | < B*n/k, with B > 0 constant". I've personally used "iterate" and "iteration" with this distinction many times in papers I've written, and other authors in my field appear to as well.

Eeva Kuuskoski Eeva Maija Kaarina Kuuskoski (born October 4, 1946) is a Finnish politician and physician. She was Member of the Parliament of Finland for Finland Proper from 1979 to 1995 and Minister of Social Affairs and Health from 1983 to 1987 and again from 1991 to 1992. Life Kuuskoski worked as a physician before being elected to the Parliament in 1979. Initially a member of the National Coalition Party, she switched to the Centre Party in 1980. She ran for Leader of the Centre Party in 1990 but was defeated by Esko Aho. Kuuskoski resigned from the Aho Cabinet in 1992 to protest against public spending cuts. In 1994, she ran for President of Finland as an independent candidate, receiving 2.6 per cent of the popular vote in the first round. In 1995, Kuuskoski left politics to work for the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare and was appointed its general secretary in 1998. In 2007 she was removed from office after she had been convicted of assaulting Helena Molander, an employee of the Mannerheim League. Since 2015 Kuuskoski has been chairwoman of the Pensioner Alliance. Personal life In 1973 Kuuskoski married Member of the Parliament Juha Vikatmaa who committed suicide next year. In 1991 she married journalist Pentti Manninen and gave birth to a daughter. References External links Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:People from Aura, Finland Category:National Coalition Party politicians Category:Centre Party (Finland) politicians Category:Ministers of Social Affairs of Finland Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1979–83) Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1983–87) Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1987–91) Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1991–95) Category:Finnish physicians Category:University of Turku alumni Category:Candidates for President of Finland

A mixed-function oxidation system comprised fo glucose oxidase, glucose, horseradish peroxidase, O2, and ferredoxin catalyzes the inactivation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (GS). The same system, minus ferredoxin, catalyzes the peroxidation of histidine to yield a carbonyl derivative. The oxidation of histidine is inhibited by either EDTA, catalase, or Mn(II), and leads to the formation of carbonyl derivative. This reaction may therefore be similar to that involved in the inactivation of GS, in which a single histidine residue is oxidized to a carbonyl derivative. It is hoped that a detailed study of the latter process will help to elucidate the mechanism by which key enzymes are inactivated by MFO systems.

Eleventh century minuscule lectionary on parchment; 152 leaves, single column, 22 lines per column. Content: Apostolos, Gospels, weekday readings from Easter to Pentecost, and Saturday and Sunday readings for other weeks. By agreement with the owners of the manuscript, the images posted online are 100dpi.

The Role of Life Satisfaction in Predicting Youth Violence and Offending: A Prospective Examination. Life satisfaction in adolescence has been shown to protect against numerous negative outcomes (e.g., substance use, sexual risk-taking), but limited work has directly explored the relationship between life satisfaction and youth violence and offending. As such, we conducted a prospective assessment to explore this relationship among community ( n = 334) and at-risk youth ( n = 99). Findings suggest life satisfaction is significantly associated with decreased offending and violence within both samples and adds incremental value above established risk factors in predicting violent and total offending among community youth. Furthermore, moderation analyses indicate that the protective value of life satisfaction is greater for youth with high callous-unemotional traits. Mediation analyses suggest that youth who are unsatisfied with their lives may seek out substance use, in turn elevating risk of offending. Together, these findings indicate that efforts to improve overall life satisfaction may help prevent adolescent offending. However, future research is needed.

Suggestions have included changing the state Constitution to allow early voting (a technical change from the perspective of those of us who vote absentee in advance, but a major improvement in the burden placed on municipal clerks handling those ballots cast before Election Day); restoring in-person absentee balloting on the Friday, Saturday, and Monday just before Election Day (it was removed in 2011 in hopes of easing clerks' workload but ended up inconveniencing voters instead); and clarifying ancillary rules relating to students who vote in Maine (the Constitution's position is clear, but there are other state laws not directly related to voting that may — or may not — come into play; it's those that might need tidying up). Having heard all the testimony, and taken written comments as well, the committee will report its findings, and any suggested legislation, to the legislature by the end of January; we can look for the Democrat-controlled State House to frown on any new restrictions, and to cheer for any ideas to make voting easier, clearer, and more accessible to all Mainers. CHEAP HOTEL ROOMS We've long since lost count of how many hotels there are in Portland, how many rooms each has, and how often they're full or vacant. Until recently, though, we thought we had a handle on how many new hotels were in the works. But when we last looked, the list had grown by one more — and we're sure it'll have added another by the time this hits the streets. This sort of competition has existing hoteliers worried that oversupply will mean lower occupancy rates, cheaper room prices, and reduced profits. That's almost a given when many of the new hotels open in 2014. It's not outlandish to think that, in hopes of fending off this impending competition, Portland lodgings will drop their rates to ridiculous, Priceline-like levels, preferring to lose money and discourage new hoteliers, rather than make insane profit margins and attract gold-diggers galore. If this plan comes to fruition, by December, rooms will be so cheap that Portland's homeless situation will be entirely solved — and we'll still have rooms for all the tourists flocking here. WEBSITE RENEWAL The city of Portland is seeking feedback on its website (portlandmaine.gov) and plans to issue a Request for Proposals to revamp it in the beginning of 2013. Thank goodness. The current version, which receives an average of 2000 to 5000 pageviews per day, is a clunky eyesore; its usability — one of the most important factors to any website, especially a municipal one — is nil. It takes forever to find the information you need, and there's no mobile functionality to speak of. That's why the city manager and council set aside $40,000 in the budget to give the site a facelift. By gathering survey data (there's a link on the city's homepage) and studying award-winning municipal websites (the Center for Digital Government and the online publication Government Technology gave first-place merits this year to the state of Alabama; Florida's Orange County; and Louisville, Kentucky), city officials hope to improve the online portal to Portland. MICHAUD FOR GOVERNOR | November 03, 2014 However you’ve been following the race for Governor this election season, you’ve been hearing it from all sides, so we’ll make this one brief. We urge you to vote for Michael Michaud. ADVANCED BEAUTY LESSONS | November 03, 2014 Described as a “body-positive visibility project,” Portland’s Jack Tar 207 is all about representation. Models are encouraged to bring their own clothing and personal belongings to the shoot, which owner-designer LK Weiss says brings out “a level of confidence that many people don’t feel in front of a camera.” LITERALLY LGBT | October 31, 2014 A community-compiled list of important GBLTQ works through the years. BACK TO REALITY | September 18, 2014 If you’re a student in southern Maine and are at all interested in arts and humanities, and have a budget of exactly $10 to spend on any one event, there’s a lot in your favor.

It's not polite to wave another car ahead of you at an intersection (like a four way stop) when it's your turn to go. It just makes it confusing. Take your appropriate turn. This drives me crazy! People think they're being nice by doing this, but all they're really doing is creating a dangerous and confusing situation. Traffic rules exist for a reason!! Yes--this has me snarling on my way to work many a time. The street I live on meets a major N-S street with a 2-way stop (my street and the continuation of my street on the other side of the N-S street, N-S street traffic does not stop). So, to go to work, I pull up to this intersection east-bound, indicating that I am going to be turning north-bound. Then, someone at the stop sign west-bound (so facing me) who is either intending to go straight (or even more maddeningly, intending to turn north-bound so that they have the easy right, while I have a left turn that has to cross the south-bound traffic) will start waving or blinking their headlights at me to try to say I should go when it is *their* right of way because left-turn yields to all other traffic and *I* will decide when it's safe for me to cross south-bound traffic, thank you very much and part of that means that all others with right of way over me need to be out of the way, and that does mean you, "Ms. Go-ahead-take-my-turn". I wish there were some way to politely wave them off. I typically make a big show of shifting into park. Makes me want to scream every time -- no, it's not "nice"; no, it's not "polite" ... just follow the rules of the road and we'll all get where we're going. And please, please ... if you park your car in the street and there's alternate day parking ... move your car at the appointed time. Especially when there's snow (and the plows will be coming through .. or they'll skip our block because the plow can't fit through the 1-car width space available when there's parked cars on both sides), but at any time .. constricting the traffic to a single lane for both directions of travel just makes everyone else miserable because you were too lazy to go out and move the car when you were supposed to. For your car: please do not purchase one of those obnoxious car alarms that just make noise. Get an engine immoblizer or something instead. My office's parking garage has a few hair-trigger car alarms. People, it is not 1984! NO ONE PAYS ATTENTION. Turn the things OFF already. I don't know about other places, but too many people seem to use their car alarm to find their car in a crowded parking lot, or worse, in a 5 story parking ramp. (unless you're pretty close to your vehicle, the sound echoes throughout the ramp and it's very difficult to pinpoint the direction it's coming from). I admit I have pushed the button on my remote after a bit of hunting, but only to make it beep as if I'm locking it, not to leave horn blaring while I continue the search. The entire point of loud vehicle alarms has been destroyed by people who use them incorrectly. I pray I'm never in a situation where the panic button is because of PANIC and people ignore it because they assume someone has "misplaced" their car and is hunting for it. A funny, related story: My father, 20 yrs or so ago, had a vehicle with an alarm which had two modes: One, it would alarm if the window were actually broken or the lock jimmied. Two, it would alarm if the car were touched/moved. He was at a party when friends of his went out and sat on the car and shook it around just to set off the alarm as a joke. (First time it was funny, 2nd and 3rd times not so much. After that they got the hint.) Another time, we took a family trip to bike a 30-mile trail. He'd parked the car along the street in the small town and we'd gone a few blocks up to the start of the trail, when a large truck drove by, shaking the car enough that the alarm started blaring, lights flashing. I've only seen my dad move that fast one other time. He ran back down the blocks to his car, disabled that alarm mode and left it on the break-in mode. Good thing this happened while we were still in town, and not 15 miles away on our bicycles! The driver of the car is responsible for your safety. Not your entertainment. Some people find constant chatter distracting. Pointing out interesting landmarks or sights and telling them to look and comment on them may not be their highest priority. Poking them or grabbing them to force them to look may mean you end up getting dropped on the side of the road so you can have a extended opportunity to view it. A rental car is hired under one persons name and that person is responsible for it. If you expect to drive it then hire it under your own name. If you want to borrow someones car while they are away and they decline your request, please do not just take their keys and use it anyway. Just because a friends vehicle has a towbar does not mean they are available to hire a trailer and help you shift, nor does it mean they are obligated to lend it to you. If someone lends you their car please don't drive it like you stole it just because 'you wanted to see what it could do.' If you insist on your vehicles being used in a friends wedding despite them telling you that won't be required and they already have arrangements in place with a professional company, please ensure they are in good mechanical condition and that you do not arrive and hour late to pick up the bride because you had a flat tire and no spare. Drivers, please realize that we pedestrians watch your turn signals also. Even if a road is otherwise deserted, please use your turn signal if you are going to turn onto the road I am trying to cross. If I don't see your turn signal, I am going to assume you are going straight, and go ahead and cross, which will lead to you almost running me over when you turn instead. And when this happens, please do not honk and yell out the window at me, thank you. (There was an intersection notorious for that problem, on the campus where I went to college.) Also, I know that some traffic light setups are just stupid and annoying. I know that technically, you can drive across my right-of-way as a pedestrian, without doing anything illegal according to your light. But please be patient with us, who have pushed the button and waited for the walk signal, and let us walk, given that this is the only legally safe time for us to do so. I don't like those intersection setups any more than you do, but please don't take it out on me by honking and/or yelling, because it isn't my fault any more than it is yours. (This problem happens with a set of intersections in my town but because it's a state highway, nobody seems to be able to do anything about it.) I would like to add, if you live in a populated area and keep late hours, please set your remote locking thing to NOT blow the horn to confirm that your car is locked. It may be under the window of someone who is sleeping. You can set it to blow the horn, flash the lights, or neither. Check your owner's manual. I have mine set to Neither, I can hear the car locks clunk and that is good enough for me. I would like to add, if you live in a populated area and keep late hours, please set your remote locking thing to NOT blow the horn to confirm that your car is locked. It may be under the window of someone who is sleeping. You can set it to blow the horn, flash the lights, or neither. Check your owner's manual. I have mine set to Neither, I can hear the car locks clunk and that is good enough for me. See, and for me, my hearing isn't the most amazing ever. I need to hear the honk to know that my car is locked. However, it's also a very quick and relatively quiet honk (more of a beep than anything), and I press it once. If my car's horn were loud, I would make an effort to change the options on my car lock. Drivers, if you know your passenger is wary about cars as it is, don't swerve your vehicle around or make screeching sounds 'jokingly.' Actually, just don't do it ever. I'm already cringing at the very thought. Also, if you have room to go around someone, don't tailgate them. It's just weird. If you're using them to keep you speed in check (especially around those police trap areas) that all well and good, but keep a better distance. Logged "Yo, those kids are straight up liars, man. All I told them to do was run product. And by product, I mean chewing gum." - Lie to Me The heat/AC should be treated like the radio: it is the driver's to set at their discretion. Not to say that you can't ask to turn it up/down/on/off/open the windows, but it should be a discussion, not a demand. If you are prone to car sickness, is it appropriate to let the driver know the reason behind the request to open the window ( being that if it is cooler outside the air will help to ward of the final step of said sickness)? The heat/AC should be treated like the radio: it is the driver's to set at their discretion. Not to say that you can't ask to turn it up/down/on/off/open the windows, but it should be a discussion, not a demand. If you are prone to car sickness, is it appropriate to let the driver know the reason behind the request to open the window ( being that if it is cooler outside the air will help to ward of the final step of said sickness)? Of course. Health concerns are always acceptable reasons. Same as asking for the front seat if you get motion sick. Logged When angels go bad, they go worse than anyone. Remember, Lucifer was an angel. ~The Marquis De Carabas

Receive the latest ward-room updates in your inbox Duckworth, Walsh Hold Third Debate A boisterous crowd gathered in Rolling Meadows to witness a debate between candidates in one of the most-wached Congressional campaigns in the country. Dick Johnson reports. (Published Tuesday, Oct. 9, 2012) A third debate between candidates in one of the most-watched congressional races devolved into name calling as Republican Congressman Joe Walsh labeled Democrat Tammy Duckworth a "failed bureaucrat" and she called him a Tea Party servant. The two-hour faceoff at in the Meadows Club ball room in Rolling Meadows drew a packed house Tuesday, as the candidates for the newly-redrawn 8th Congressional District touched on issues ranging from the future of Medicare to gridlock in Washington. Despite an admonishment not to react, the crowd was boisterous; cheering, groaning and booing as the pair went back and forth. "Tammy Duckworth will not say a thing that [Obama 2012 Campaign Senior Political Strategist] David Axelrod and her advisors won't let her say or advise her to say," said the Republican incumbent. 2012 Illinois Election Guide "He's not there to serve this district. He's there to serve the Tea Party, and that simply is not good enough," Duckworth fired back. Walsh said his fight against raising the debt ceiling and backing a balanced budget amendment makes him the best choice for the seat. "I would get rid of the Department of Education tomorrow," said Walsh, drawing a loud cheer from the audience. Duckworth said protection of Medicare and Social Security guarantees makes her the better choice. "In the 18 months that I've been campaigning throughout the district, it's the same thing: 'Tammy, we need you to maintain the guarantee of Social Security and Medicare," Duckworth said. But Walsh challenged how she'll pay for that. "We have a government that does too much for too many of us," he said.

Q: Magento - order details are not displayed in the admin panel We have an ecommerce magento store. Right now, we are experiencing a weird problem, which i am unable to understand and debug. For some of the orders, no details are displayed in the order details page of magento admin, though the mail is correctly sent to the client and cc'd to our email id. Screenshot for admin order details page :- Screenshot for email containing order details :- Why is this happening ?? I tried to check the pattern but was unable to. Please help me on this issue as i am not a pro in magento and any help from your side will do the work for me. A: Try also this, it worked for me (from https://magentary.com/kb/php-syntax-error-after-supee-7405-unexpected/): Problem description After SUPEE-7405 patch Sales Order Management screen in Magento Backend is blank or the following error is reported in PHP error log: PHP Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '[' in app/code/core/Mage/Adminhtml/Helper/Sales.php on line 124 Cause SUPEE-7405 is prepared with PHP 5.4 in mind, older PHP versions are incompatible with new language constructions used. Solution Change line 124 in app/code/core/Mage/Adminhtml/Helper/Sales.php from $links = []; to $links = array();: --- app/code/core/Mage/Adminhtml/Helper/Sales.php +++ app/code/core/Mage/Adminhtml/Helper/Sales.php @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public function escapeHtmlWithLinks($data, $allowedTags = null) { if (!empty($data) && is_array($allowedTags) && in_array('a', $allowedTags)) { - $links = []; + $links = array(); $i = 1; $data = str_replace('%', '%%', $data); A: More than likely you have a local or community module causing some kinds of fault, if the page is not rendering all the way for some orders, I would presume these are orders that are using this local and/or community module. A few things you can try are: 1) disable all local modules via local.xml 2) disable community modules via app/etc/Company_Modulename.xml and set active to false after disabling each retry viewing the orders until you find the culprit. Also, viewing the page source may help lead to where the output is stopping and there also may be errors at the very end of the page source. hope this helps.

Battle of Kolding (1644) The Battle of Kolding (Slaget ved Kolding) was a battle between Swedish and Danish cavalry near the Danish seaport of Kolding. The encounter occurred during the Torstenson War towards the end of the Thirty Years' War. Danish forces made a defensive stand only to be overran. It was a decisive victory for the Swedish forces and by the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in their possession. References Other Sources Guthrie, William P. (2003) The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia ( Praeger Publishers) Related reading Sundberg, Ulf (1998) Svenska krig 1521-1814 (Stockholm : Hjalmarson & Högberg) Stiles, Andrina (1992) Sweden and the Baltic, 1523–1721 (Hodder & Stoughton) 1992 Lisk, Jill (1967) The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600–1725 (New York City: Funk & Wagnalls) Frost, Robert I. (2000) The Northern Wars, 1558–1721 (Longman: Harlow Publication) Category:Battles involving Denmark Category:Battles involving Sweden Category:Battles of the Thirty Years' War Category:Battles of the Torstenson War

Why we believe Zootopia will and should be one of the best animated movies for kids? One picture will give you the full answer. Only Judy the bunny wears the earphone right, others are completely wrong by using their ears, even the Tede bear doesn’t know how to pick up phone.

Budget 2013-14 should open up capital markets to foreigners It is a proven fact that FIIs (foreign institutional investors) have been helpful in expanding Indian capital markets. FIIs should be allowed to invest freely in India and capital markets should be opened to foreigners in a phased manner. Considering 2014 is an election year, the government may be under pressure to present a populist budget. On the other hand, there is pressure from rating agencies, a high fiscal deficit, record current account deficit and inflation concerns, which cannot be ignored. This suggests that we may see a balanced budget. The government should focus on reviving growth even if it has to take some hard measures. Long-term, solid growth can be maintained if the budget allocates more resources to education, infrastructure, power and basic needs. Some positives are emerging as the government has already initiated the reforms process. For example, opening multi-brand retail and partially decontrolling diesel prices are very good moves. The government may have to come up with some measures to rationalise subsidies. There is a need to accelerate the reforms process to bring the fiscal situation under control. Disinvestments should start early considering capital markets are showing some strength. India's current account deficit has widened to a record high, which is a major concern. The recent hike in the import duty of gold is a welcome step that will help bring down the deficit. The capital market would like to see the budget targeting problem areas. Capital markets need stabilisation and the backing of major Indian institutions such as PFs. These institutions should be allowed and encouraged to invest a small portion of their portfolios into equities. Short-term capital gains tax on stocks and mutual funds should be abolished as it will bring liquidity into Indian markets. India cannot grow in a vacuum and we require a regular flow of foreign investments. It is very important to maintain the confidence of foreign investors at this stage. The budget should avoid any goof-ups. For example, retrospective taxation clauses in the past hit foreign investments. It is a proven fact that FIIs (foreign institutional investors) have been helpful in expanding Indian capital markets. FIIs should be allowed to invest freely in India and capital markets should be opened to foreigners in a phased manner. Currently foreign investors are routing almost all their investments through tax havens such as Mauritius. There may not be a major change in income tax slabs but there could be some minor adjustments to tax the super rich. The government will still have to look for sustainable revenue sources, as higher tax rates on the super rich may not be a very good solution for the long run - it is very easy for HNIs to park their wealth in tax havens. Tax structures should be made much simpler and there should be measures to bring the maximum number of citizens under the tax net. Sanjeev Bhalla is head of equities and alternatives at Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait

[Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in psychological disorders as a cause of impotence]. Sexual dysfunction in the male is very rarely caused and maintained by any single factor. Usually a combination of organic and psychogenic factors is involved: the symptoms may give some indication as to what factors are dominant. Frequent psychic causes are partnership or personality problems and the so-called vicious circle of performance anxiety. Sexual counselling is often all the therapy needed, especially when sexual knowledge is inadequate or even faulty or when relatively trivial partnership problems are involved. The kind of psychotherapy offered depends on the main problem: partner therapy, therapy directed at the control of personality problems, or therapy based on the Masters and Johnson method may be indicated.

STAND ALONE RACKS Anchor your weight room with these ready-to-train heavyweights. HD Elite’s Stand Alone Racks provide durability in a simple design with storage space and options for a variety of strength exercises. Explore three of our most popular Stand Alone Rack configurations

import { ClientOptions, Transport } from '@nestjs/microservices'; import { join } from 'path'; export const grpcClientOptions: ClientOptions = { transport: Transport.GRPC, options: { package: 'hero', // ['hero', 'hero2'] protoPath: join(__dirname, './hero/hero.proto'), // ['./hero/hero.proto', './hero/hero2.proto'] }, };

"""Curvature computation for a circular droplet. (5 seconds) For particles distributed in a box, an initial circular interface is distinguished by coloring the particles within a circle. The resulting equations can then be used to check for the numerical curvature and discretized dirac-delta function based on this artificial interface. """ import numpy # Particle generator from pysph.base.utils import get_particle_array from pysph.base.kernels import QuinticSpline # SPH Equations and Group from pysph.sph.equation import Group from pysph.sph.wc.viscosity import ClearyArtificialViscosity from pysph.sph.wc.transport_velocity import SummationDensity, \ MomentumEquationPressureGradient,\ SolidWallPressureBC, SolidWallNoSlipBC, \ StateEquation, MomentumEquationArtificialStress, MomentumEquationViscosity from pysph.sph.surface_tension import ColorGradientUsingNumberDensity, \ InterfaceCurvatureFromNumberDensity, ShadlooYildizSurfaceTensionForce,\ SmoothedColor, AdamiColorGradient, AdamiReproducingDivergence,\ MorrisColorGradient from pysph.sph.gas_dynamics.basic import ScaleSmoothingLength # PySPH solver and application from pysph.solver.application import Application from pysph.solver.solver import Solver # Integrators and Steppers from pysph.sph.integrator_step import TransportVelocityStep from pysph.sph.integrator import PECIntegrator # Domain manager for periodic domains from pysph.base.nnps import DomainManager # problem parameters dim = 2 domain_width = 1.0 domain_height = 1.0 # numerical constants wavelength = 1.0 wavenumber = 2*numpy.pi/wavelength rho0 = rho1 = 1000.0 rho2 = 1*rho1 U = 0.5 sigma = 1.0 # discretization parameters dx = dy = 0.0125 dxb2 = dyb2 = 0.5 * dx hdx = 1.5 h0 = hdx * dx rho0 = 1000.0 c0 = 20.0 p0 = c0*c0*rho0 nu = 0.01 # set factor1 to [0.5 ~ 1.0] to simulate a thick or thin # interface. Larger values result in a thick interface. Set factor1 = # 1 for the Morris Method I factor1 = 1.0 factor2 = 1./factor1 # correction factor for Morris's Method I. Set with_morris_correction # to True when using this correction. epsilon = 0.01/h0 # time steps dt_cfl = 0.25 * h0/(1.1*c0) dt_viscous = 0.125 * h0**2/nu dt_force = 1.0 dt = 0.9 * min(dt_cfl, dt_viscous, dt_force) tf = 5*dt staggered = True class CircularDroplet(Application): def create_domain(self): return DomainManager( xmin=0, xmax=domain_width, ymin=0, ymax=domain_height, periodic_in_x=True, periodic_in_y=True) def create_particles(self): if staggered: x1, y1 = numpy.mgrid[dxb2:domain_width:dx, dyb2:domain_height:dy] x2, y2 = numpy.mgrid[dx:domain_width:dx, dy:domain_height:dy] x1 = x1.ravel() y1 = y1.ravel() x2 = x2.ravel() y2 = y2.ravel() x = numpy.concatenate([x1, x2]) y = numpy.concatenate([y1, y2]) volume = dx*dx/2 else: x, y = numpy.mgrid[dxb2:domain_width:dx, dyb2:domain_height:dy] x = x.ravel() y = y.ravel() volume = dx*dx m = numpy.ones_like(x) * volume * rho0 rho = numpy.ones_like(x) * rho0 h = numpy.ones_like(x) * h0 cs = numpy.ones_like(x) * c0 # additional properties required for the fluid. additional_props = [ # volume inverse or number density 'V', # color and gradients 'color', 'scolor', 'cx', 'cy', 'cz', 'cx2', 'cy2', 'cz2', # discretized interface normals and dirac delta 'nx', 'ny', 'nz', 'ddelta', # interface curvature 'kappa', # filtered velocities 'uf', 'vf', 'wf', # transport velocities 'uhat', 'vhat', 'what', 'auhat', 'avhat', 'awhat', # imposed accelerations on the solid wall 'ax', 'ay', 'az', 'wij', # velocity of magnitude squared needed for TVF 'vmag2', # variable to indicate reliable normals and normalizing # constant 'N', 'wij_sum' ] # get the fluid particle array fluid = get_particle_array( name='fluid', x=x, y=y, h=h, m=m, rho=rho, cs=cs, additional_props=additional_props) # set the color of the inner circle for i in range(x.size): if (((fluid.x[i]-0.5)**2 + (fluid.y[i]-0.5)**2) <= 0.25**2): fluid.color[i] = 1.0 # particle volume fluid.V[:] = 1./volume # set additional output arrays for the fluid fluid.add_output_arrays(['V', 'color', 'cx', 'cy', 'nx', 'ny', 'ddelta', 'p', 'kappa', 'N', 'scolor']) print("2D Circular droplet deformation with %d fluid particles" % ( fluid.get_number_of_particles())) return [fluid, ] def create_solver(self): kernel = QuinticSpline(dim=2) integrator = PECIntegrator(fluid=TransportVelocityStep()) solver = Solver( kernel=kernel, dim=dim, integrator=integrator, dt=dt, tf=tf, adaptive_timestep=False, pfreq=1) return solver def create_equations(self): equations = [ # We first compute the mass and number density of the fluid # phase. This is used in all force computations henceforth. The # number density (1/volume) is explicitly set for the solid phase # and this isn't modified for the simulation. Group(equations=[ SummationDensity(dest='fluid', sources=['fluid']), ]), # Given the updated number density for the fluid, we can update # the fluid pressure. Also compute the smoothed color based on the # color index for a particle. Group(equations=[ StateEquation(dest='fluid', sources=None, rho0=rho0, p0=p0, b=1.0), SmoothedColor(dest='fluid', sources=['fluid']), ]), ################################################################# # Begin Surface tension formulation ################################################################# # Scale the smoothing lengths to determine the interface # quantities. Group(equations=[ ScaleSmoothingLength(dest='fluid', sources=None, factor=factor1) ], update_nnps=False), # Compute the gradient of the color function with respect to the # new smoothing length. At the end of this Group, we will have the # interface normals and the discretized dirac delta function for # the fluid-fluid interface. Group(equations=[ MorrisColorGradient(dest='fluid', sources=['fluid'], epsilon=0.01/h0), # ColorGradientUsingNumberDensity(dest='fluid',sources=['fluid'], # epsilon=epsilon), # AdamiColorGradient(dest='fluid', sources=['fluid']), ], ), # Compute the interface curvature using the modified smoothing # length and interface normals computed in the previous Group. Group(equations=[ InterfaceCurvatureFromNumberDensity( dest='fluid', sources=['fluid'], with_morris_correction=True ), # AdamiReproducingDivergence(dest='fluid',sources=['fluid'], # dim=2), ], ), # Now rescale the smoothing length to the original value for the # rest of the computations. Group(equations=[ ScaleSmoothingLength(dest='fluid', sources=None, factor=factor2) ], update_nnps=False, ), ################################################################# # End Surface tension formulation ################################################################# # The main acceleration block Group( equations=[ # Gradient of pressure for the fluid phase using the # number density formulation. MomentumEquationPressureGradient( dest='fluid', sources=['fluid'], pb=p0), # Artificial viscosity for the fluid phase. MomentumEquationViscosity( dest='fluid', sources=['fluid'], nu=nu), # Surface tension force for the SY11 formulation ShadlooYildizSurfaceTensionForce(dest='fluid', sources=None, sigma=sigma), # Artificial stress for the fluid phase MomentumEquationArtificialStress(dest='fluid', sources=['fluid']), ], ) ] return equations if __name__ == '__main__': app = CircularDroplet() app.run()

Yaar? (TV series) Yaar? () is a 2017-2017 Singaporen-Tamil Language mystery thriller Drama starring Vighnesh Nagarajan, Mark Saravana, Kathiravan, Shafinah Banu, Dhivyah, Meshanthe, Sharon, Jenani and Nagarubini. It replaced Alaipayuthey and it broadcast on MediaCorp Vasantham on Monday through Thursday from 3 April 2017 to 29 June 2017 at 10:30PM (SST) for 47 Episodes. It was created by R. Venga and is executively produced by Shamini Maderan. Plot The top three winners of a beauty pageant mysteriously go missing. This brings Naresh, a decommissioned enforcement officer back into action because he has a personal attachment to the case. So who is behind the mysterious disappearances? Cast Vighnesh Nagarajan as Shamen Mark Saravana as Anba Kathiravan Shafinah Banu as Seema Rupini as Pooja Dhivyha raveen as Chandralekha Meshanthe as Yazhini Sharon Roosevelt as Mithra Janani as Tharani Nagarubini S. Nivaashiyni as Madhu Harnitha as Nisha V. Punithan L. Dhurga Annetha Ayyavoo as Tina Kishore as Ruben Khomala Lea Jaya Shree Bachant kaur Douglas Rabinaico Vinod Gowri Sathish Surivelan Sowpakivathy Tamaishree Suthasini Suruvelan Suganiah Srinivasan Balakrishna Haarivanan Ashvari Ashwin D Surya Production The drama was written and directed by R. Venga, screenplay by R. Venga and MD. Amin B MD Ali, Dialogue by MD. Amin BMD Ali and producer by Shamini Maderan and Assistant producer by Matthew Petra, Sharenya Devarajan and Moniykka Pushpanathan. Original soundtrack Title song It was written by lyricist Soundarajan, composed Shabir sung by Shabir and Maria Roe Vincent with the right feel which touched people. The background score was composed by Vicknesh Saravanan. Soundtrack Broadcast Series was released on April 3, 2017 on Mediacorp Vasantham. It aired in Singapore and Malaysia on Mediacorp Vasantham, Its full length episodes and released its episodes on their app Toggle, a live TV feature was introduced on Toggle with English and Tamil Subtitle. References External links Vasantham Official Website Toggle Vasantham Facebook Facebook Yaar? Serial Episodes Toggle Category:Vasantham (TV channel) Category:Tamil-language television soap operas Category:Tamil thriller television series Category:Singapore Tamil dramas Category:2010s Tamil-language television series Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts Category:Tamil-language television programs Category:2017 Tamil-language television series endings

Note: This disposition is nonprecedential. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 2009-3144 JAMES BLACK, Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, Respondent. Michael P. Baranic, Gattey and Baranic, APLC, of San Diego, California, argued for petitioner. Elizabeth M. Hosford, Senior Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for respondent. With her on the brief were Tony West, Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Todd M. Hughes, Deputy Director. Appealed from: Merit Systems Protection Board  NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 2009-3144 JAMES BLACK, Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, Respondent. Judgment ON APPEAL from the Merit Systems Protection Board in CASE NO(S). SF0752080191-I-1 This CAUSE having been heard and considered, it is ORDERED and ADJUDGED: Per Curiam (MICHEL, Chief Judge, GAJARSA, Circuit Judge, and KENDALL,* District Judge). AFFIRMED. See Fed. Cir. R. 36. ENTERED BY ORDER OF THE COURT DATED December 10, 2009 /s/ Jan Horbaly Jan Horbaly, Clerk * The Honorable Virginia M. Kendall, District Judge, of the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation. 

A genetic approach to studies on the synthesis of the complementary RNA's of fowl plague virus. The rate of incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into complementary strands of replicating RNA of fowl plague virus (FPV) has been studied. The efficiency of incorporation was estimated by determination of the reversion frequency in s-mutants with known types of base transitions in the RNA of the virus particle. It was established that maximum incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into progeny virus particle RNA took place between 2 and 4 h after infection. The maximum incorporation of the mutagen into complementary RNA (plus strands) occurred when the cells were exposed to 5-fluorouracil from 1 to 2 h after infection.

Copper-organic/octamolybdates: structures, bandgap sizes, and photocatalytic activities. The structures, optical bandgap sizes, and photocatalytic activities are described for three copper-octamolybdate hybrid solids prepared using hydrothermal methods, [Cu(pda)]4[β-Mo8O26] (I; pda = pyridazine), [Cu(en)2]2[γ-Mo8O26] (II; en = ethylenediamine), and [Cu(o-phen)2]2[α-Mo8O26] (III; o-phen = o-phenanthroline). The structure of I consists of a [Cu(pda)]4(4+) tetramer that bridges to neighboring [β-Mo8O26](4-) octamolybdate clusters to form two-dimensional layers that stack along the a axis. The previously reported structures of II and III are constructed from [Cu2(en)4Mo8O26] and [Cu2(o-phen)4Mo8O26] clusters. The optical bandgap sizes were measured by UV-vis diffuse reflectance techniques to be ∼1.8 eV for I, ∼3.1 eV for II, and ∼3.0 eV for III. Electronic structure calculations show that the smaller bandgap size of I originates primarily from an electronic transition between the valence and conduction band edges comprised of filled 3d(10) orbitals on Cu(I) and empty 4d(0) orbitals on Mo(VI). Both II and III contain Cu(II) and exhibit larger bandgap sizes. Accordingly, aqueous suspensions of I exhibit visible-light photocatalytic activity for the production of oxygen at a rate of ∼90 μmol O2 g(-1) h(-1) (10 mg samples; radiant power density of ∼1 W/cm(2)) and a turnover frequency per calculated surface [Mo8O26](4-) cluster of ∼36 h(-1). Under combined ultraviolet and visible-light irradiation, I also exhibits photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production in 20% aqueous methanol of ∼316 μmol H2 g(-1) h(-1). By contrast, II decomposed during the photocatalysis measurements. The molecular [Cu2(o-phen)4(α-Mo8O26)] clusters of III dissolve into the aqueous methanol solution under ultraviolet irradiation and exhibit homogeneous photocatalytic rates for hydrogen production of up to ∼8670 μmol H2·g(-1) h(-1) and a turnover frequency of 17 h(-1). The clusters of III can be precipitated out by evaporation and redispersed into solution with no apparent decrease in photocatalytic activity. During the photocatalysis measurements, the dissolution of the clusters in III is found to occur with the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I), followed by subsequent detachment from the octamolybdate cluster. The lower turnover frequency, but higher photocatalytic rate, of III arises from the net contribution of all dissolved [Cu2(o-phen)4(α-Mo8O26)] clusters, compared to only the surface clusters for the heterogeneous photocatalysis of I.

Q: Загрузка фотографии на сервер не работает Делаю загрузку фотографии на сервер, клиент отправляет фото, а сервер не принимает. Вернее принимает, потому что проверка isFileExists или на is_uploaded_file проходит, в таблицу добавляется запись, скорее всего не работает перемещение из временного хранилища в папку (функция move_uploaded_file). Папка imgs789 находится на том же уровне, что и скрипт. А вот и он кстати <?php if (file_exists($_FILES['image']['tmp_name']) || is_uploaded_file($_FILES['image']['tmp_name'])) { $f = '/imgs789'; $host = '127.0.0.1'; $dbname = 'f36545_db'; $dbuser = 'f36545_dbuser'; $dbpass = 'k9TlP>uBiEDsIHie'; $link = mysqli_connect($host, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname) or die(mysqli_error($link)); $link -> set_charset("utf8"); $link -> query("INSERT INTO `photo_hotel` (`_id`) VALUES (NULL)") or die(mysqli_error($link)); $pid = $link -> insert_id; $url = $imgf.$pid.".img"; $to = $f."/".$pid.".png"; move_uploaded_file($_FILES['image']['tmp_name'], $to); } else{ echo 'file not uploaded'; } ?> В таблицу добавляется пустая запись, просто решил обзывать фотки порядковым числом A: попробуйте так $f = __DIR__ . '/imgs789'; и убедитесь что есть права на запись.

The data can be accessed from a public repository, URL <https://datadryad.org/stash/share/4rCbj4RYP67cyh_vBLYnQ0hKn2DbepQKAKVhSOKoHoA>. Introduction {#sec001} ============ Microsporidia are fungi that exist as obligate intracellular parasites of many invertebrate and vertebrate species, including insects \[[@pone.0227484.ref001]\]. The honey bee, *Apis mellifera*, is infected by two species of microsporidia, *Nosema apis* and *Nosema ceranae* \[[@pone.0227484.ref002]\]. Both *N*. *ceranae* and *N*. *apis* infect the midgut epithelium of *A*. *mellifera*, resulting in impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients and affecting metabolic processes. These microsporidia down-regulate genes related to intestinal health, nutrient absorption and antioxidant activity \[[@pone.0227484.ref003]--[@pone.0227484.ref005]\]. However, in places where both parasites exist, such as in Canada, USA and Europe, infections by *N*. *ceranae* have become more common than infections by *N*. *apis* \[[@pone.0227484.ref006]--[@pone.0227484.ref008]\]. *N*. *ceranae* causes suppression of the immune response in honey bees by downregulating the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes \[[@pone.0227484.ref009]\], although another study showed that *N*. *apis* and *N*. *ceranae* can also up-regulate AMP genes of honey bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref010]\]. In addition, *N*. *ceranae* infections cause increased energetic stress on the bee, leading to degeneration of epithelial cells and significantly shortening its life span \[[@pone.0227484.ref003], [@pone.0227484.ref011]\]. Infection with *N*. *ceranae* has been associated with the loss of honey bee colonies in Europe and North America \[[@pone.0227484.ref012]--[@pone.0227484.ref015]\]. The only registered treatment for *N*. *ceranae* and *N*. *apis* infection for over 60 years has been the antibiotic bicyclohexylammonium fumagillin (fumagillin), isolated from the fungus *Aspergillus fumigatus* \[[@pone.0227484.ref016]\]. Although it degrades quickly in the hive, fumagillin residues can persist in honey and wax for up to six months \[[@pone.0227484.ref017]\]. These low concentrations of fumagillin can lead to the development of resistance, causing hyper-proliferation of *N*. *ceranae*, but not *N*. *apis* \[[@pone.0227484.ref018]\]. The development of fumagillin resistance in *N*. *ceranae* and the risk of contaminating honey with toxic residues point to a need for safer, alternative treatments for nosema disease. An alternative approach to control intestinal diseases is the use of nutraceuticals, which are foods (or parts of foods) having health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of diseases through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immuno-stimulatory and/or anti-inflammatory activities \[[@pone.0227484.ref019]\]. Examples of nutraceuticals with both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are (di)allyl sulfide, from garlic, that lowered infection prevalence of *Nosema bombycis* when given orally to the silkworm, *Bombyx mori* \[[@pone.0227484.ref020]\] and attenuated intestinal damage when fed to rats \[[@pone.0227484.ref021]\], and trans-cinnamaldehyde, from *Cinnamomum* spp. (cinnamon), which when fed to chickens, reduced intestinal populations of pathogenic bacteria \[[@pone.0227484.ref022]\] and down-regulated genes that induce inflammation \[[@pone.0227484.ref023]\]. Others have both antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, such as sulforaphane, from cruciferous vegetables, which increased expression of antioxidant genes when fed to mice \[[@pone.0227484.ref024]\] and suppressed growth of numerous bacteria and fungi *in vitro* \[[@pone.0227484.ref025]\]. Nutraceuticals with both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities include naringenin, a flavone from citrus fruit, that decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines \[[@pone.0227484.ref026]\] and reduced oxidative damage when fed to mice \[[@pone.0227484.ref027]\] and rats \[[@pone.0227484.ref028]\], and the phenolic compound, hydroxytyrosol, from olive oil, that directly scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals *in vitro* and in mice \[[@pone.0227484.ref029]\], while also down-regulating genes associated with inflammation in rats \[[@pone.0227484.ref030]\]. The hydroxyl benzoquinone, embelin, from *Embelia ribes* (false black pepper), also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice intestines \[[@pone.0227484.ref031]\], and increasing the expression of antioxidant genes when fed to rats \[[@pone.0227484.ref032]\]. Some nutraceuticals have immuno-stimulatory activity, such as the synthetic, double-stranded viral RNA molecule, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), which induced an immune response in chickens \[[@pone.0227484.ref033]\], and also induced a moderate immune response in the Pacific white shrimp, *Litopenaeus vannamei*, similar to a challenge with the pathogen, *Staphylococcus aureus* \[[@pone.0227484.ref034]\], and the acetylated chitin polysaccharide, chitosan, from the shells of crustaceans, that caused an increase in serum levels of a number of immunoglobulins when fed to chickens \[[@pone.0227484.ref035]\], and also increased expression of a number of AMPs when fed to honey bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref036]\]. Thus far, there have been relatively few attempts to use nutraceuticals to control *N*. *ceranae* and *N*. *apis* in honey bees. Feeding bees thyme and winter savory extracts containing the antimicrobial compounds, thymol and carvacrol (both of which are also found in oregano oil), in sugar syrup, did not reduce *Nosema* spp. spore loads in the field, although they did decrease bee mortality \[[@pone.0227484.ref037]\]. However, many other studies that fed bees thymol or the anti-inflammatory compound, resveratrol, found that both reduced *N*. *ceranae* and *N*. *apis* spore loads in infected bees, and resveratrol also decreased bee mortality \[[@pone.0227484.ref038], [@pone.0227484.ref039]\]. Similarly, feeding bees curcumin, an antimicrobial compound from turmeric (*Curcuma longa*), reduced *Nosema* spp. spore loads and increased survival of infected bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref040]\]. While they were not tested in this study, promising results have also been seen with algal polysaccharides \[[@pone.0227484.ref041]\], oxalic acid \[[@pone.0227484.ref042]\] and porphyrins \[[@pone.0227484.ref043]\], all of which reduced *N*. *ceranae* spore loads when fed to bees in sugar syrup. The limited studies thus far indicate that nutraceuticals may be effective in controlling *N*. *ceranae* infection due either to antimicrobial properties against the parasite, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to reduce symptoms of infection, or immuno-stimulant properties that may help the bee to fight the parasite. They may also increase longevity in infected bees. This study was conducted to screen a diverse collection of nutraceuticals and immuno-stimulants using caged bees to examine their potential in reducing *N*. *ceranae* spore counts and increasing the life span of inoculated honey bees. Materials and methods {#sec002} ===================== *Nosema ceranae* spore extraction {#sec003} --------------------------------- Honey bee foragers were collected from hives at the University of Guelph's Honey Bee Research Centre in Ontario, Canada, using a modified vacuum \[[@pone.0227484.ref044]\]. Detection and quantification of *Nosema* spores were performed by microscopy as per Cantwell \[[@pone.0227484.ref045]\] on all samples to determine which colonies were highly infected. Bees collected from the most infected colonies were pooled and stored at -20 °C until spores were extracted. For spore extraction, around 12 to 15 bee abdomens were crushed using a mortar and pestle and 25 ml of dH~2~O. The macerate was filtered using a piece of nylon honey filter with a pore size of 177 μm (Better Bee Supplies, Cambridge, Ontario, CA) before being centrifuged at room temperature for 8 min at 800 x g. The supernatant was discarded, and the remaining macerate was combined into a 2 ml tube and vortexed for 10 s. DNA was extracted from the spores and the presence of only *N*. *ceranae* was confirmed by PCR analysis as per Hamiduzzaman et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref046]\]. Inoculation with *N*. *ceranae* spores {#sec004} -------------------------------------- Infection of honey bees with *N*. *ceranae* spores was done as per Maistrello et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref037]\], with some modifications. Briefly, frames with capped brood from hives without detectable *Nosema* infection were incubated (35°C, 60% RH) overnight, and newly-emerged adult bees were collected in the morning. Bees were starved for 2 h before inoculation, and *Nosema* spore diagnosis was performed on a sample of 15 bees to ensure that the newly-emerged bees had no detectable *Nosema* spores. Extracted spores were quantified using a haemocytometer and diluted to 10,000 spores/μl in 50% sugar syrup. Bees were individually fed 5 μl of the sugar syrup containing the extracted spores using a micropipette (Eppendorf, Mississauga, Ontario, CA) with each bee receiving approximately 50,000 spores, which ensures infection of \>98% of individual bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref047]\]. Bees that did not consume the entire 5 μl of inoculum were discarded. After feeding, batches of 40 bees were placed in wooden hoarding cages (13.0 x 9.5 x 15 cm), and maintained in an incubator at 33°C and 65% RH. Negative control bees were individually fed 5 μl of sugar syrup without spores. Treatments {#sec005} ---------- The nutraceuticals oregano oil, carvacrol, thymol, allyl sulfide, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and (±)-naringenin, and the immuno-stimulatory compound poly I:C sodium salt were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, Ontario, CA). The nutraceuticals D,L-sulforaphane, hydroxytyrosol, embelin, and tetrahydrocurcumin were obtained from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, Ontario, CA). The immune-stimulatory compound polyglucosamine (low molecular weight chitosan) was obtained from BioAmber Inc. (DNP Green Technology, Montreal, Quebec, CA). Fumagillin-B was obtained from Medivet Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (High River, Alberta, CA). Concentrations were determined by examining studies in other organisms ([Table 1](#pone.0227484.t001){ref-type="table"}). When the compound was administered as a dose per unit body weight to animals other than honey bees in those studies, the appropriate dose per bee was calculated based on an average body weight of 100 mg per honey bee, and the total dose for 40 bees was added to the sugar syrup each time feeders were changed. The reported concentration for this study was calculated based on this dose for 40 bees and the amount of sugar syrup in the feeder. When the studies listed in [Table 1](#pone.0227484.t001){ref-type="table"} administered the compound at a particular concentration instead of a dose per unit body weight, that concentration was used for this study. Concentrations used in this study (in mg/ml of sugar syrup) are shown in [Table 1](#pone.0227484.t001){ref-type="table"}. 10.1371/journal.pone.0227484.t001 ###### Concentrations of fumagillin and the compounds used for the screening experiment, and the source for each concentration. The reported concentrations were either calculated from the study doses using an average body weight of 100 mg per honey bee, or they are the same as the concentration used in the study cited. All concentrations are listed in mg/ml of 50% sugar syrup. {#pone.0227484.t001g} Treatment Concentration (mg/ml) Study Method Species ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------- ------------ Fumagillin 0.0500[^1^](#t001fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} \[[@pone.0227484.ref048]\] Feed Honey bees Oregano oil 0.1250 \[[@pone.0227484.ref049]\] Feed Chickens Thymol 0.1250 \[[@pone.0227484.ref038]\] Feed Honey bees Carvacrol 0.1000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref050]\] Feed Mice Chitosan 0.0600 \[[@pone.0227484.ref035]\] Feed Chickens *trans*-cinnamaldehyde 0.1000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref051]\] Feed Hamsters Tetrahydrocurcumin 0.2000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref052]\] Feed Rats Sulforaphane 0.1667 \[[@pone.0227484.ref024]\] Feed Mice Naringenin 0.1000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref026]\] Feed Mice Embelin 0.1000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref031]\] Feed Mice Allyl sulfide 0.0300 \[[@pone.0227484.ref020]\] Feed Rats Hydroxytyrosol 0.2000 \[[@pone.0227484.ref030]\] Feed Rats Poly I:C 0.0183 \[[@pone.0227484.ref053]\] Injection Chickens ^1^ Fumidil-B powder contains 21 mg of fumagillin/g of powder; 2.3810 mg/ml Fumidil-B powder was used, containing the appropriate concentration of 0.0500 mg/ml fumagillin. When determining concentrations for oregano oil, thymol, and carvacrol, oral toxicity in honey bees was also considered \[[@pone.0227484.ref054], [@pone.0227484.ref055]\]. Primary screening {#sec006} ----------------- Each cage of 40 bees was administered one compound mixed in 50% sugar syrup in 15 ml drip feeders immediately after being caged and inoculated. Ethanol at a concentration of 4 μl/ml of sugar syrup was added to feeders containing oregano oil, thymol, carvacrol, fumagillin, tetrahydrocurcumin, sulforaphane, naringenin, embelin, and allyl sulfide to aid in dissolving the compounds. The feeders containing chitosan, trans-cinnamaldehyde, poly I:C, and hydroxytyrosol had the same volume of distilled water added instead of ethanol to aid in dissolving the compounds. No phase separation was observed with any of the compounds. Non-inoculated, negative control and inoculated, positive control bees, were both given drip feeders containing only 50% sugar syrup. The standard treatment control consisted of inoculated bees fed sugar syrup containing 0.05 mg/ml fumagillin. Feeders containing water were also provided for all cages. Feeders were changed every four days and weighed before and after changing using a balance (Model S-403, Denver Instrument, Bohemia, New York, USA) to determine syrup consumption. The average number of bees alive between each feeder change and the amount of syrup consumed was used to estimate total feed intake per bee over 16 days. Dead bees were removed daily and counted. At 16 days post-inoculation (dpi), remaining bees were sacrificed and stored at -20°C. Spore counts were done as per Cantwell \[[@pone.0227484.ref045]\] using the midguts of the remaining bees as one pooled sample per cage. Bee mortality was calculated as percent mortality over a period of 16 dpi excluding bees that died within 2 dpi, as this is typically due to handling and inoculation stress and not *N*. *ceranae* infection; it never exceeded three bees in all cases. The experiment was replicated three times for a total of 45 cages (12 compounds + 3 control treatments x 3 replicates). Dose responses with sulforaphane, carvacrol and naringenin {#sec007} ---------------------------------------------------------- Dose response relationships for spore count, bee mortality and feed intake were determined using the above procedures for 0, 0.0125, 0.1250, 0.1667, 0.6250 and 1.2500 mg/ml sulforaphane, 0, 0.0125, 0.1000, 0.1250, 0.6250 and 1.2500 mg/ml carvacrol and 0, 0.0208, 0.1000, 0.2083, 1.0417 and 2.0833 mg/ml naringenin. The concentrations were calculated based on the results of the screening experiment. The experiment was replicated three times. Honey bee longevity with sulforaphane and naringenin {#sec008} ---------------------------------------------------- To assess long-term survival and mortality, treatments were done with 0.2917 mg/ml sulforaphane and 4.1667 mg/ml naringenin following the above procedures, except that 30 bees were used per cage instead of 40, and the experiment was allowed to continue until every bee had died rather than at 16 dpi. Mortality was measured as previously described, but bees were not sacrificed at any point for spore counts. Instead, spore counts were performed at 10 and 15 dpi on samples of individual bees that had died on those days (3--10 bees), to ensure normal pathogen development. Cumulative survival was derived from the mortality data and the experiment was repeated three times. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created for each treatment using the cumulative survival data for individual bees within a particular treatment cage \[[@pone.0227484.ref056]\]. As with previous experiments, bees that died within 2 dpi were excluded from the analysis. Statistical analysis {#sec009} -------------------- An analysis of variance with the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure at p = 0.05 was used to determine differences among the treatments. When significant treatment effects were found, means were separated by Least Significant Difference tests (LSD, p = 0.05). Best fit regression models were used to examine the relationship between spore counts, mortality and feed intake to different concentrations of selected treatments. As responses to concentrations were pooled from the primary screening and dose response experiments, the positive control values were pooled for the analyses. Because of the low number of bees alive for much of the experiment with 0.625 mg/ml sulforaphane, the feed and water intake appeared to be over-estimated due to normal dripping of the sugar syrup and water feeders, and thus the feed intake and water intake values for that concentration were excluded from all analyses. The honey bee longevity experiment was analysed by creating Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the bees in each treatment. The curves were compared using a log-rank/Mantel-Cox post hoc test to determine which curves were significantly different from one another. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, New York), and all tests used a Type I error rate of 0.05 to determine significance. Results {#sec010} ======= Primary screening {#sec011} ----------------- No *Nosema* spores were detected in the negative control and fumagillin treatments, while the highest spore counts were for the positive control ([Table 2](#pone.0227484.t002){ref-type="table"}). Based on the spore counts, all the treatments were significantly different from the positive control, except for hydroxytyrosol and trans-cinnamaldehyde (p \< 0.0001). The greatest reduction in spore counts was 64.0% for sulforaphane, although this was not significantly different from the spore counts with carvacrol, naringenin, tetrahydrocurcumin, thymol, oregano oil or embelin ([Table 2](#pone.0227484.t002){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0227484.t002 ###### Mean *N*. *ceranae* spore counts per bee ± SE of infected honey bees fed different compounds. Treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on ANOVA and Fisher's LSD tests (α = 0.05). {#pone.0227484.t002g} Treatment Mean spore count (spores/bee±SE) Mean percent reduction (±SE)[^1^](#t002fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Means comparison -------------------- ---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ Negative control 0.00 ± 0.00 100 ± 0.00 a Fumagillin 0.00 ± 0.00 100 ± 0.00 a Sulforaphane 7.71E+06 ± 7.96E+05 64.0 ± 3.36  b Carvacrol 9.16E+06 ± 2.02E+06 56.7 ± 10.1  b, c Naringenin 10.9E+06 ± 1.61E+06 49.0 ± 7.09  b, c, d Tetrahydrocurcumin 11.3E+06 ± 1.58E+06 47.1 ± 6.58  b, c, d Thymol 12.8E+06 ± 1.81E+06 40.6 ± 7.31  b, c, d Oregano oil 13.1E+06 ± 4.89E+06 39.6 ± 22.2  b, c, d Embelin 13.1E+06 ± 3.04E+06 37.7 ± 12.9  b, c, d Allyl sulfide 14.2E+06 ± 9.52E+05 33.2 ± 5.84   c, d Chitosan 14.9E+06 ± 2.41E+06 29.9 ± 13.0   c, d Poly I:C 15.0E+06 ± 2.62E+06 29.8 ± 12.0   c, d Hydroxytyrosol 15.1E+06 ± 9.96E+05 28.9 ± 1.94   c, d, e cinnamaldehyde 16.2E+06 ± 2.74E+06 24.4 ± 12.0    d, e Positive control 21.3E+06 ± 4.81E+05 0.00 ± 0.00     e ^1^ Mean percent reduction was calculated based on the spore count for the positive control for each replicate and then averaged. While bee mortality was higher in the positive control than in the negative control, there were no significant differences between the controls or any of the treatments for bee mortality (p \> 0.05; [Table 3](#pone.0227484.t003){ref-type="table"}). Feed intake also showed no significant differences between the controls or any of the treatments, although it was only notably lower with fumagillin treatment (p \> 0.05; [Table 3](#pone.0227484.t003){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0227484.t003 ###### Mean bee mortality ± SE (%) and mean feed intake ± SE (mg of syrup/bee over 16 days) of *N*. *ceranae*-infected honey bees fed different compounds. No significant differences were found between treatments for bee mortality or feed intake using an ANOVA (α = 0.05). {#pone.0227484.t003g} Treatment Mean bee mortality (%)[^1^](#t003fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Mean feed intake (mg of syrup/bee over 16 days) -------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Positive control 7.12 ± 4.79 591.2 ± 40.19 Negative control 4.27 ± 4.27 554.9 ± 49.53 Fumagillin 18.5 ± 9.24 389.6 ± 77.95 Sulforaphane 23.2 ± 7.55 403.9 ± 33.70 Carvacrol 13.6 ± 1.83 503.9 ± 35.37 Naringenin 9.34 ± 4.60 548.0 ± 10.58 Tetrahydrocurcumin 15.7 ± 8.14 536.7 ± 31.39 Thymol 12.8 ± 5.57 425.2 ± 34.02 Oregano oil 15.7 ± 4.13 450.8 ± 48.84 Embelin 7.69 ± 5.13 565.4 ± 72.42 Allyl sulfide 13.0 ± 6.13 566.1 ± 45.13 Chitosan 12.2 ± 6.17 548.4 ± 48.08 Poly I:C 9.36 ± 2.17 513.0 ± 54.44 Hydroxytyrosol 9.83 ± 1.94 512.5[^2^](#t003fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} cinnamaldehyde 7.64 ± 5.28 585.1 ± 95.75 ^1^ Bees that died within 2 dpi were excluded from the mortality calculations. ^2^ Not an average as feeder weights were lost (feeders leaked out completely); as it is not an average, no standard error could be calculated; value is from replicate 3. The three treatments showing the greatest reduction in spore counts, sulforaphane, carvacrol and naringenin, in the primary screening ([Table 2](#pone.0227484.t002){ref-type="table"}), were further examined with a range of concentrations to determine their effectiveness in affecting spore counts, survivorship and feed intake. Relationship between *Nosema* spore counts and concentrations of sulforaphane, carvacrol and naringenin {#sec012} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A significant regression line for spore count versus the log of sulforaphane concentration was obtained (R^2^ = 0.9645, p \< 0.0001, y = 1 X 10^6^x^2^--4 x 10^6^ x + 2 X 10^7^; [Fig 1a](#pone.0227484.g001){ref-type="fig"}). Except for the lowest concentration (0.0125 mg/ml), spore counts with all concentrations tested were significantly lower than that of the non-treated positive control (p \< 0.05). The highest concentration of sulforaphane (1.2500 mg/ml) eliminated spores completely in all three replicates, and the next highest concentration (0.6250 mg/ml) reduced spore counts to around 9.2 x 10^5^ spores/bee, corresponding to a 95% reduction from the positive control. Spore counts with these two highest concentrations were significantly lower than spore counts with any other sulforaphane concentrations. {#pone.0227484.g001} The regression for spore count vs. log of the carvacrol concentration was also significant (R^2^ = 0.4289, p \<0.001, y = 2 X 10^6^x^2^ − 8 x 10^6^x + 2 X 10^7^; [Fig 1b](#pone.0227484.g001){ref-type="fig"}). The spore counts were significantly lower for all the concentrations tested compared to the positive control, except for the lowest concentration (0.0125 mg/ml; p \< 0.05). The greatest reduction was for the second lowest concentration (0.1000 mg/ml) resulting in around 9.2 x 10^6^ spores/bee, corresponding to a 57% reduction from the positive control, which was significantly lower than the spore counts observed for any other concentrations of carvacrol. The regression for spore count vs. log of the naringenin concentration was also significant (R^2^ = 0.68949, p \<0.001, y = 5.8 X 10^5^x^2^ − 6 x 10^6^x+ 2 X 10^7^; [Fig 1c](#pone.0227484.g001){ref-type="fig"}), and spore counts for all concentrations tested were significantly lower than that of the non-treated positive control (p \< 0.05). The highest concentration (2.0833 mg/ml) was the most effective in reducing spore counts, which were around 7.8 x 10^6^ spores/bee, corresponding to a 64% reduction from the positive control, but none of the spore counts with the different naringenin concentrations were significantly different from each other. Relationship between bee mortality and concentrations of sulforaphane, carvacrol and naringenin {#sec013} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A significant regression line for mortality vs. the log sulforaphane concentration was obtained (R^2^ = 0.92325, p \< 0.0001, y = 21.967x^2^ − 35.921x + 7.8738; [Fig 2a](#pone.0227484.g002){ref-type="fig"}) with mortality clearly increasing with concentration. All concentrations of sulforaphane tested caused significantly greater mortality than that observed for the non-treated positive control, except for the lowest concentration (0.0125 mg/ml; p \< 0.05). The highest concentration of sulforaphane (1.2500 mg/ml) resulted in 100% bee mortality, and the next highest concentration (0.6250 mg/ml) caused 97% bee mortality, indicating high toxicity. {#pone.0227484.g002} For carvacrol, a significant linear regression for mortality vs. log of the concentration was observed (R^2^ = 0.7812, p \<0.0001, y = 2.7043x^2^ + 3.6795x + 5.2267; [Fig 2b](#pone.0227484.g002){ref-type="fig"}) with mortality generally increasing with concentration. However, even the highest average mortality with the highest concentration of carvacrol (1.2500 mg/ml) was relatively low at 23.52%. That was the only significant difference in bee mortality between the carvacrol concentrations or with the positive control (p \<0.05), indicating low toxicity. For naringenin, the regression line for mortality vs. log of the concentration was significant (R^2^ = 0.4477, p \<0.0001, y = -0.0298x^2^ + 2.3462x + 4.1804; [Fig 2c](#pone.0227484.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Only the second highest concentration (1.0417 mg/ml) resulted in significantly different bee mortality compared to the other concentrations or the positive control (p \<0.05). However, naringenin appeared to have low toxicity as even the highest bee mortality was only 15% at that concentration. Relationship between feed intake and concentrations of sulforaphane, carvacrol and naringenin {#sec014} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For feed intake, a significant regression line for the log concentration of sulforaphane was observed (R^2^ = 0.217, p \< 0.0001, y = -12.975x^2^--12.933x + 532.28; [Fig 3a](#pone.0227484.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Feed intake was significantly lower than the positive control for all the concentrations tested, except for the lowest concentration (0.0125 mg/ml; p \< 0.05). The lowest feed intake (225.17 mg syrup/bee) was seen with the highest concentration of sulforaphane (1.2500 mg/ml), which showed a 58% reduction from that of the positive control. {#pone.0227484.g003} For carvacrol, the regression line for feed intake vs. log of the concentration was significant (R^2^ = 0.733, p \<0.0001, y = -44.326x^2^ + 92.299x + 537.69; [Fig 3b](#pone.0227484.g003){ref-type="fig"}). However, the highest (1.2500 mg/ml) and second highest concentrations (0.6250 mg/ml) of carvacrol resulted in significantly lower feed intake (p \<0.05) with the greatest reduction of 24% feed intake at the highest concentration. For naringenin, the regression line for feed intake vs. log of the concentration was also significant (R^2^ = 0.246, p \<0.0001, y = 16.389 x^2^ − 63.799x + 541.02; [Fig 3c](#pone.0227484.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Feed intake was significantly lower at all the concentrations (p \<0.05). However, even the greatest impact on feed intake was only a 22% reduction in feed intake with an intermediate concentration of naringenin (0.2083 mg/ml). Honey bee longevity with sulforaphane and naringenin {#sec015} ---------------------------------------------------- Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the negative control, positive control, 0.2917 mg/ml sulforaphane and 4.1667 mg/ml naringenin treatments showed significant differences using the log-rank/Mantel-Cox post hoc test (χ^2^~3~ = 52.502, p \< 0.00001; [Fig 4](#pone.0227484.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Bees fed sulforaphane had the lowest survival, and the survival curve for sulforaphane-fed bees was significantly different from all other treatments. The next lowest survival was for positive control bees, which were also significantly different from all other treatments. The negative control bees and bees fed naringenin had the highest survival, with their survival curves not being significantly different from one another, although they were significantly different from the positive control and sulforaphane survival curves. {#pone.0227484.g004} Discussion {#sec016} ========== This study examined nutraceuticals and immuno-stimulatory compounds for their ability to reduce spore multiplication and reduce mortality during *N*. *ceranae* infection in honey bees. Among the compounds tested, only thymol had been previously reported to reduce *N*. *ceranae* and *N*. *apis* spore loads and reduce mortality in infected bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref038]\]. Of the twelve compounds tested, only hydroxytyrosol and trans-cinnamaldehyde did not show a significant effect on spore counts, indicating that many nutraceutical and immuno-stimulatory compounds may be able to control *N*. *ceranae* to varying extents. Sulforaphane was considered to be sufficiently promising in the primary screening, and so it was also tested at several concentrations. It could reduce spore counts at all except the lowest concentration (0.0125 mg/ml) and was able to completely eliminate spores from the samples at the highest concentration tested (1.2500 mg/ml), indicating high effectiveness. Even at intermediate concentrations (0.1250 mg/ml and 0.1667 mg/ml), sulforaphane was able to reduce spore counts by 71% and 64%, respectively, compared to the positive control. One reason for this is that sulforaphane can arrest the growth of a wide range of bacteria and fungi by reducing cell proliferation and repair, and inducing apoptosis in microorganisms \[[@pone.0227484.ref025], [@pone.0227484.ref057]\]. Johansson et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref025]\] noted that sulforaphane's antimicrobial effect is likely not selective to pathogens but could also arrest growth of beneficial microbes in the gut, which would be harmful to the bee. The loss of beneficial microbes in the bee gut could have contributed to the increased mortality in the bees. Sulforaphane could also harm the bee by inducing apoptosis in host cells \[[@pone.0227484.ref025], [@pone.0227484.ref057]\]. *N*. *ceranae* infection alters expression of host genes related to apoptosis \[[@pone.0227484.ref058]\], with apoptosis being almost completely absent in the midgut of infected bees, likely as a means of suppressing defense responses \[[@pone.0227484.ref059]\]. Induction of apoptosis in the midgut by sulforaphane might cause damage to intestinal function, contributing to the increase in mortality and decrease in feed intake that was observed. Another reason why sulforaphane could have reduced the parasite's infection is that it is a potent inducer of antioxidant genes \[[@pone.0227484.ref060]\]. Infection with *N*. *ceranae* increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreases expression and activity of antioxidants \[[@pone.0227484.ref005]\]. This increases oxidative stress and damages epithelial cells, which in combination with preventing cell repair, is believed to aid the parasite in spreading and infecting new cells \[[@pone.0227484.ref003]\]. Sulforaphane's induction of antioxidant gene expression may have prevented this, thus depriving the parasite of this potential advantage during infection. However, too high of expression of antioxidants can be damaging to animals and prevent cell repair \[[@pone.0227484.ref061]\], which may have contributed to increased bee mortality and decreased feed intake. A further reason why sulforaphane may have been toxic to the bees is that it down-regulates a number of kinases involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, thus reducing cell proliferation and repair, which helps provide sulforaphane with its anticancer properties \[[@pone.0227484.ref061]\]. Dussaubat et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref003]\] showed that *N*. *ceranae* infection also down-regulates many genes in the Wnt pathway, leading to decreased repair of damaged tissue in *N*. *ceranae*-infected honey bees. If infected bees treated with sulforaphane experienced down-regulation of the Wnt pathway from both *N*. *ceranae* infection and sulforaphane treatment, then cell repair may have been so reduced that the midgut epithelium may have been functioning inadequately, thus resulting in increased mortality and decreased feed intake. This would be exacerbated by the damage caused by sulforaphane's induction of apoptosis in host cells \[[@pone.0227484.ref025], [@pone.0227484.ref061]\]. Naringenin was also considered to be sufficiently promising in the primary screening that it was further tested at several concentrations, which were all effective at reducing spore counts, although not to the extent observed with sulforaphane. Naringenin is a potent anti-inflammatory compound, with its many hydroxyl groups allowing it to act directly as an antioxidant \[[@pone.0227484.ref028]\]. In mice and rats, oral administration of naringenin drastically reduced intestinal and liver inflammation, respectively, by down-regulating expression of free radical-generating enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus lowering ROS levels and preventing oxidative damage \[[@pone.0227484.ref026], [@pone.0227484.ref028]\]. This could have helped control the parasite by blocking its method of spreading from one cell to another, as described previously for sulforaphane. However, little is known about cytokines or inflammation in honey bees, and therefore, anti-inflamatory activity is solely based on literature with mammals. While naringenin did not result in a significant decrease in mortality in the primary screening or when tested at different concentrations, it did decrease mortality in infected bees when analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Infected, naringenin-fed bees lived as long as the uninfected control bees. A reason for this result may be that the Kaplan-Meier survival curves involve measuring mortality up until the last bee has died, unlike the mortality test in the primary screening and dose response experiments, where mortality measurements were terminated at 16 dpi. Thus, long term decreases in bee mortality with naringenin would not have been observed as the last bees dying with naringenin treatment occurred at 37 dpi. While naringenin's effect on reducing spore loads was only moderate, its effect on extending longevity in infected bees could make it a potential control for *N*. *ceranae* infections. Naringenin may not be able to eliminate spores and prevent their spread completely, but it may be able to significantly reduce or even eliminate symptoms of infection, such as the energetic stress and reduction in lifespan seen in infected bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref003], [@pone.0227484.ref005], [@pone.0227484.ref011]\]. Naringenin's anti-inflammatory properties may explain why naringenin-fed bees were found to live significantly longer than infected, positive control bees. The increase in ROS generation and decrease in antioxidant activity caused by *N*. *ceranae* infection may be responsible for reducing the life span of infected bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref003]--[@pone.0227484.ref005]\]. The antioxidant activity of naringenin and its ability to down-regulate free radical-generating enzymes may have reduced these negative impacts, allowing for longer life spans. Another reason why naringenin could have increased bee longevity is that it may positively affect the fat body of the bee. Assini et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref026]\] found that feeding naringenin increased lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet. If increased lipid metabolism occurred in honey bees, then it could have increased the activity of their fat body, which is the main site of lipid metabolism in insects. The fat body is related to longevity through its links to nutritional and metabolic pathways \[[@pone.0227484.ref058]\], and is also the main immunogenic organ, where expression of many immune-related genes is highest \[[@pone.0227484.ref004]\]. Increasing fat body development, such as by feeding bees pollen sources rich in lipids, increases expression of many immune genes, which could be beneficial \[[@pone.0227484.ref004]\]. However, further work is needed to determine if feeding bees naringenin affects fat body development. Both naringenin and sulforaphane exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties \[[@pone.0227484.ref026], [@pone.0227484.ref028], [@pone.0227484.ref060]\], but in this study, these compounds caused significantly different levels of bee mortality. This is likely due to naringenin being mainly an antioxidant and free-radical scavenger \[[@pone.0227484.ref028]\], while sulforaphane also has strong antimicrobial properties in addition to its effect on antioxidant gene expression \[[@pone.0227484.ref025], [@pone.0227484.ref061]\]. It is likely that sulforaphane's inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and repair, and its induction of apoptosis were the dominant effects it had in this study, leading to a strong reduction in spore counts, but an associated increase in bee mortality. Carvacrol was considered to be sufficiently promising in the primary screening that it was further tested at several concentrations. Like in the cases of naringenin and sulforaphane, several concentrations were effective at reducing spore counts. However, spore counts were relatively unchanged with increasing concentrations, unlike naringenin and sulforaphane, with an intermediate concentration (0.1000 mg/ml) resulting in the lowest spore counts. Carvacrol had never been directly tested in honey bees for *N*. *ceranae* control, but thymol, as well as different essential oils containing carvacrol, have been tested against *N*. *ceranae*. Thymol significantly reduced spore counts in *N*. *ceranae*-infected bees in previous studies \[[@pone.0227484.ref037]--[@pone.0227484.ref039]\]. However, Maistrello et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref037]\] and Costa et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref038]\] did not see any significant effects until 25 dpi, while van den Heever et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref039]\] saw a 40% reduction in *N*. *ceranae* spores after 17 days. Thymol and carvacrol showed a reduction in spore counts by 16 dpi in this study. Bogdan et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref036]\] found that the essential oil of thyme and winter savory (both containing carvacrol and thymol) did not reduce spore counts of *N*. *apis* in honey bees in either the field or in the lab, but they did lower bee mortality associated with *N*. *apis* infection. However, the current study may be the first direct evidence that carvacrol is also effective in reducing *N*. *ceranae* spore counts. Oregano oil was likely effective in reducing the number of spores/bee in this study because it contains carvacrol and thymol, both having activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens \[[@pone.0227484.ref049], [@pone.0227484.ref050], [@pone.0227484.ref062]\]. However, it may be less desirable as a treatment compared to purified thymol or carvacrol as the amount of active ingredients cannot be controlled in a plant extract. For example, carvacrol levels in oregano oil can vary between 50 and 70% \[[@pone.0227484.ref054]\]. Like carvacrol and thymol, oregano oil did not affect bee mortality in the primary screening, although oregano oil has been shown to have a slightly toxic effect on bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref054], [@pone.0227484.ref055]\]. Tetrahydrocurcumin and embelin caused reductions in spore counts in this study. Tetrahydrocurcumin and embelin are potent anti-inflammatories when fed to mice and significantly reduce oxidative damage \[[@pone.0227484.ref031], [@pone.0227484.ref063], [@pone.0227484.ref064]\]. Tetrahydrocurcumin is a metabolite of curcumin, the main active ingredient in the spice turmeric (*Curcuma longa*) \[[@pone.0227484.ref063]\], and curcumin reduced *Nosema* spp. spore loads and increased survival and overall health of infected bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref040]\]. Embelin and tetrahydrocurcumin also have stimulatory effects on lipid metabolism \[[@pone.0227484.ref032], [@pone.0227484.ref063]\], similar to that of naringenin \[[@pone.0227484.ref026]\] and carvacrol \[[@pone.0227484.ref023]\], which could increase the immune response associated with the fat body of the bee as previously described \[[@pone.0227484.ref004]\]. Allyl sulfide in this study reduced spore counts, but did not affect mortality. Ally sulfide, allicin, and other garlic components possess strong antimicrobial properties, with garlic extracts reducing infection prevalence of *Nosema bombycis* in the silkworm, *B*. *mori* \[[@pone.0227484.ref020]\], and allicin inhibiting growth of the honey bee pathogens, *Paenibacillus larvae* and *Ascosphaera apis* \[[@pone.0227484.ref065]\]. However, Porrini et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref066]\] found that garlic extracts were not effective in the control of *N*. *ceranae* infection in honey bees. The authors pointed out that while allicin and its metabolites are antimicrobial, they are extremely unstable, especially in ethanolic extracts. However, isolated allyl sulfide did reduce spore counts in this study, perhaps because it is more antimicrobial or somewhat more stable than other ethanolic garlic extracts. Poly I:C also reduced *N*. *ceranae* spore counts in this study. It is a synthetic, double-stranded viral RNA molecule that acts as an immunostimulant in mammals and birds by binding to the immune Toll-like receptor TLR3 and initiating an immune response \[[@pone.0227484.ref033], [@pone.0227484.ref053]\]. While it is unknown if insects possess an exact TLR3 homolog, injection of poly I:C activates the Toll immune pathway in an arthropod, the Pacific white shrimp, *L*. *vannamei* \[[@pone.0227484.ref034]\]. The effectiveness of poly I:C in this study could have been due to it activating the Toll immune pathway, which has been related to resistance to *N*. *ceranae* in honey bees \[[@pone.0227484.ref009]\]. However, Parvizi et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref033]\] and Li et al. \[[@pone.0227484.ref034]\] injected poly I:C, thus avoiding any possible degradation in the midgut, unlike this study where it was fed to the bees. The chitin-containing polysaccharide chitosan reduced *N*. *ceranae* spore counts in this study. It can act as a fungal pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), inducing a strong immune response when fed to chickens \[[@pone.0227484.ref035]\]. In addition, feeding chitosan to honey bees also induced a strong immune response by increasing expression of a number of AMP genes as well as expression of the immune and longevity-related gene, *vitellogenin* \[[@pone.0227484.ref036]\]. Chitosan is also a weak antimicrobial compound, though it is mainly effective against bacteria \[[@pone.0227484.ref067], [@pone.0227484.ref068]\]. Thus, it is not clear if the reduced spore counts are more due to an increased immune response or an antimicrobial effect. In this study, almost all the compounds tested showed some promise as alternative controls for *N*. *ceranae* infection in *A*. *mellifera*. However, the level of control was always limited and not comparable to the effectiveness of fumagillin, as none of the compounds--with the exception of sulforaphane--were able to completely eliminate spores. Sulforaphane was particularly effective, but more research is needed on ways of reducing its high toxicity to bees. While naringenin significantly reduced spore counts, it was most notable and promising for its effect on increasing longevity of infected bees. More work is needed to determine if even higher concentrations may be more effective without affecting mortality. However, while lower concentrations of naringenin similarly increased the longevity of *Drosophila melanogaster*, higher concentrations were lethal \[[@pone.0227484.ref069]\]. Thus there may actually be detrimental effects to *A*. *mellifera* with high concentrations of naringenin. If the mode of action of naringenin, carvacrol, embelin and tetrahydrocurcumin in honey bees is related to the fat body, then their effectiveness could be increased if the compounds were fed in combination with a lipid-rich diet, which may also increase fat body development and immune function. This research has identified several promising compounds, but work is needed to understand their mode of action to achieve economically viable effectiveness. Paul Kelly, Nancy Bradbury, Dave Stotesbury, and a number of other volunteers at the Honey Bee Research Centre helped with sampling and feeding bees, while Pegah Valizadeh, Mariana Reyes, and Mollah Md. Hamiduzzaman helped with lab procedures. Esther Uribe-Ortega and Brenda A. Ríos-Rodríguez helped greatly with all aspects of the study. Berna Emsen assisted with formatting the document. This study was funded in part by a grant from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs to EG (Grant No. 200456). [^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.