text
stringlengths 0
6.48M
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
Content Count
Popular Content
Yes. I firmly believe that our strong categorisation and organisation of content does make us more permanent than Twitter.
Twitter like most “feed” style apps are very much in the now. Conversations come and go. Subjects trend and then fade.
is it trivial to reply to a twitter thread from 2 weeks ago? Not without a lot of scrolling or using the search tools. There is no organisation or segmentation of conversation.
I don’t think it’s fair to position us as the “Model T” as you assume we are stuck in our ways and refuse to change the format blindly.
(I’m replying to you on our mobile app)
We we have launched many high end communities for global brands and they come to us because they don’t want a chat style community.
So, I’m not telling you to do anything. I’m just saying that if you want a chat style community then this isn’t the product that suits your needs.
if you want a "subsidiary" community different than the main community it needs to have it's own recirculation that doesn't show up in the activity feed (unless selected by the user) and the topic / posts boxes in the sidebar (unless the user is a member of that group)
Currently as long as the club is "open" then those club posts will automatically recirculate the entire site .....
(if you set to "Closed" then no guest traffic from google searches will see any posts thereby limiting club growth / income)
(We need an "open" club to google searches and guests views that recirculates on it owns posts and not on the entire main community)
So you have to limit the sidebar Topics / Posts boxes to only show a forum topic from the main forum.... which then means a club can't grow like the main forum (community)
Once this is fixed the sites should allow for growth of individual communities and the overall site.
I'm excited to reveal that we are making Invision Community native apps for iOS and Android!
For the past few months, our staff has been using an internal test build right here on our community. Now we are ready to widen testing to a larger pool of customers. Information on how to become a tester is at the end of this post. But first, let's take a look at the app itself.
Technology Preview
We have a lot of exciting plans for the Invision Community app.
We wanted to take full advantage of a clean slate and build a brand new experience that embraces a native app's interfaces. While the app is unmistakably Invision Community, it features new ways of interacting with your content.
We want the app to help shape the future of Invision Community, and we're asking for you to help.
What we are opening up for testing today is a technology preview. This slim app covers the essentials with a view to much more expansion later.
The technology preview is locked to our community. The app we will release will be a 'multi-community' app; a directory of communities users can browse and save.
We’ve taken this approach because the app stores have clamped down on ‘template’ apps, and the cost involved in building and maintaining a separate app per-community won’t be an option for many of our customers. A multi-community app is a great approach for most: simple setup, minimal cost, still fully-featured, and a great way for new users to find your community too.
What The App Does
For the initial phase of this technology preview, discussions are the main focus which is the foundation of every Invision Community. Also available are profiles, streams, search and notifications - including (at last!) push notifications.
Any areas that the app does not currently support will open seamlessly in a web view within the app. As we build new functionality into the app over time, users will encounter fewer of these hybrid views.
Your feedback will allow us to target the highest priority areas during the technology preview phase.
RPReplay_Final1568062287_1.mp4
Pricing Note: The information below outlines our current intentions, but may change as we finalize the app's release to app stores.
The good news is we intend for the app to be free to both our customers with active licenses and their end-users. In time, we will offer a premium option to communities. This funding will secure the app's long-term future.
The premium option could enhance their listing in the directory, or provide special functionality when users use that community in the app.
Availability
We intend to release the app alongside the next significant point release of Invision Community, expected to be 4.5. Communities will need to upgrade to this version to allow their users to use the app.
Questions?
Why not a PWA (progressive web app)?
Invision Community 4.4 already supports several PWA features. However, until iOS supports Push Notifications (and other features) in PWAs, we don't feel they are a fully-rounded solution to using communities on a phone. Building native apps allow us to experiment with new interfaces and approaches. As PWA support improves in the years to come, we'll feed what we learn back into the main product for the benefit of all users.
Why now?
Those with a long memory will recall that we've had a few attempts at providing an app in the past that weren't successful.
We are great at building apps with web technologies but creating native apps ourselves wasn't sustainable.
Enter React Native.
React Native is an open-source technology for building native apps. React Native allows teams to build native apps using web technologies, but crucially, React Native doesn't build hybrid apps. They are compiled into real native apps - not browser wrappers, but native buttons, text, dialogs, animations and more.
A year or so ago, we started experimenting with React Native to see if it might be a viable approach for us. And it was. Finally, there was a technology that enabled web engineers to build delightful cross-platform native apps.
As we can build native mobile apps using the technology we are familiar with allows us to incorporate mobile app development into our existing processes.
Why just forums?
Invision Community is a large, fully-featured platform, and building the entire platform in a native app from the get-go didn't seem to be the best approach. Instead, we've focused on the most active area of most communities - forums - with other areas still supported in the app via webviews. Over time, additional features and tools will be built into the app so that it eventually reaches feature-parity with the web version. We'll take feedback from our customers to determine which areas to support next.
How will I add my community to the app?
The next significant point release of Invision Community (expected to be 4.5) will have app support built-in. Including your app in the directory will be as simple as enabling the feature in your AdminCP and configuring a few options.
Is the app ad-supported?
There are no ads of any kind in the app right now. We may include ads or allow communities to run their own ads as a premium option in future.
Can I get a white-label version for my community?
We aim to offer a white-label option in the future.
Will my plugins work in the app?
Probably not. We're intentionally building the app to work with standard Invision Community features and apps right now. If your plugins add new UI elements or change the functions that users interact with it's likely they will not work with the app.
What about themes?
Themes won't work in the app because the app doesn't use HTML. However, some branding/customization will be available via the AdminCP, and we may expand upon this in future.
Have other questions? Let us know in the comments, and we'll answer them!
Sign Up For Testing
For the next stage of our testing process, we will be inviting several customers to try the app and provide feedback/bug reports. As part of the sign-up process, we'll ask for some information about your own community. We'll use this to select further testers once we begin testing of the 'multi-community' version of the app later. The answers you provide will not affect your chance of testing the app on our community.
Interested in joining the testing group? Click here to sign up.
RPReplay_Final1568062287_1.mp4
Just take my money already!!
Glad to see IPS was listening.
I won't complain about the slowness. I know this stuff gets complicated.
I think this is a big step in the right direction although I would have chosen PWA's personally.
Just remember, the more you help us stay in business publishing WITH ADS..... the more chance you have to keep your publishers paying, Partner.
Agreed. We make the BULK of revenue off of ads on the forums. Without a net positive on monitization I would NEVER adopt this.
We also have many features outside of the forums. Since this is not PWA the experience between an app and non app parts of the site will be bad.
I'll pass and wait for PWA support.
To note, I DO appreciate the effort for mobile. I just think this won't work for our community.
Also to note, I'm not sure Google allows a single app (common app) to host Soo many different AdSense account ads. Is it not one account per app? It's also unclear if you would support header bidding (big deal for larger sites).
Great start! but with out ads, difficult to go with it, since 80% of the adsrevenue is from mobile ads. Then pay-to-use-app feature sould be avaliable in the Commerce for the users ) or per-group allowance to use the app
Theme Borx based on modern trends of design and focused on community games theme. A large number of settings are available for full customization of the style. Selected fonts and colors are perfect for gaming forums, beautifully displaying all the content on your site.
View demo 🔗
Login and Pass: test
View demo - veilon.net
Settings. Click for full size
4.4 version.
If you have the problem with topic view, follow these instructions.
The display in the screenshot may differ from the final version. Probably incorrect display of third-party plugins. At your request, we will fix it.
If You need to install style on Your forum, but You can't do that, write me in personal messages
If you want to remove the copyright in the product, you need to purchase this plugin >>>
If You like the style, then check out my other work
🙂 https://www.paypal.me/MartinAronsen
The members are imported in a daily task. So it may take up to 24 hours before members start showing up. This will process 50 members per time, so don't expect to see everyone on the map immediately. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (SCOP) is used as the gold standard for inducing deficits in human and animal models of memory dysfunction. Justification for this purpose has been provided by the cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction proposed in the early 1980s by Bartus et al. ([@CR7]). The SCOP model is still used extensively for preclinical testing of new substances designed to treat cognitive impairment (e.g., Barak and Weiner [@CR5]; Buccafusco et al. [@CR14]; Cunha et al. [@CR27]; Loiseau et al. [@CR69]; Vaisman and Pelled [@CR114]). However, its use in cognition research is surrounded by controversy (Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Klinkenberg and Blokland [@CR63]). SCOP is nonselective in terms of binding affinity and, depending on its dose, has the capability to block cholinergic neurotransmission at all muscarinic receptor subtypes m1--m5 (Bolden et al. [@CR11]; Bymaster et al. [@CR18]). As muscarinic receptors are found throughout the brain and body (Caulfield [@CR23]), SCOP is able to induce widespread effects.
Systemic injections of SCOP are capable of disrupting several autonomic nervous system functions. At doses of 0.01 mg/kg and higher, SCOP can reduce salivation ("dry mouth" side-effect, Dai et al. [@CR28]; Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Shiraishi and Takayanagi [@CR104]), which may lower responding in tasks which employ solid food rewards in order to motivate the animals. Although this problem can be dealt with by using liquid reinforcers (Hodges et al. [@CR53]), the majority of studies still favor dry food pellets (Klinkenberg and Blokland [@CR63]). Furthermore, most behavioral tasks also have a strong noncognitive component which can be influenced by SCOP treatment (e.g., increases in locomotor activity, response latency, and omissions at doses lower than 0.03 mg/kg, Bushnell et al. [@CR16]; Klinkenberg and Blokland [@CR63]; Mirza and Stolerman [@CR77]; Phillips et al. [@CR87]; Sipos et al. [@CR105]). Performance on behavioral tasks assessing sensory/stimulus discrimination and/or attentional processes appears to be most susceptible to SCOP treatment (Hodges et al. [@CR53]). Only if doses higher than 0.1 mg/kg are administered systemically, robust performance deficits on a variety of learning and memory tasks are reported (Klinkenberg and Blokland [@CR63]). Therefore, it has been argued that acetylcholine is predominantly involved in mediating discriminatory and attentional processes (Blokland [@CR8]; Everitt and Robbins [@CR37]; Fibiger [@CR38]; Sarter and Bruno [@CR99]) rather than learning and memory functions (Bartus et al. [@CR7]). In sum, the validity of SCOP as a tool for inducing cognitive dysfunction is questionable.
Of note, systemic administration makes it difficult to dissociate central and peripheral effects. One way to address this issue is to include an experimental group that is given methyl-scopolamine, a quaternary form of SCOP that has the same receptor binding characteristics but supposedly does not cross the blood--brain barrier when given at an equivalent dose (Evans [@CR36]; Harvey et al. [@CR46]; Pradhan and Roth [@CR90]). However, several animal studies have shown that methyl-scopolamine can influence measures of cognitive performance (e.g., Andrews et al. [@CR2]; Herremans et al. [@CR50]; Moore et al. [@CR78]; Pakarinen and Moerschbaecher [@CR86]; van Haaren and van Hest [@CR115]). In addition, methyl-scopolamine cannot control for the widespread blockade of central muscarinic receptors after systemic administration of SCOP (Frey et al. [@CR42]).
Several of the muscarinic receptor subtypes m1--m5 might underlie the cognitive effects of SCOP. Muscarinic m2 presynaptic autoreceptors have an inhibitory effect on acetylcholine efflux (Bymaster et al. [@CR18]). Hence, m2 antagonists might act as cognitive enhancers by elevating central cholinergic tone, but behavioral data are mixed (Carey et al. [@CR22]; Daniel and Dohanich [@CR29]; Messer and Miller [@CR74]; Quirion et al. [@CR93]). The role of m3 receptors in cognition is as of yet quite obscure (Bymaster et al. [@CR18]), although one study showed a potential role of m3 receptors in cognition (Poulin et al. [@CR88]). Information on the involvement of m4 presynaptic autoreceptors and m5 postsynaptic in cognitive function is also relatively limited (Wess [@CR118]); there are some indications that the m5 receptor is implicated in central cerebral blood flow and memory processes (Araya et al. [@CR3]).
Evidence for a role in mnemonic processes in both rodents and humans is strongest for the postsynaptic muscarinic m1 receptor (e.g., Conn et al. [@CR26]; Fornari et al. [@CR40]; Kimura et al. [@CR61]; Kramer-Soares et al. [@CR64]; Roldán et al. [@CR95]; Wezenberg et al. [@CR119]). This receptor is predominantly located in brain regions thought to be important for learning and memory such as cortex and hippocampus; presence of the m1 receptor in the periphery is relatively limited (Caulfield [@CR23]; Volpicelli and Levey [@CR116]). Hence, m1 antagonists are considered an interesting option with regards to finding novel pharmacological alternatives to induce cognitive impairment which are not so much hampered by issues of nonselectivity or peripheral side-effects (Conn et al. [@CR26]).
This is the first study to compare the effects of SCOP versus the relatively more selective muscarinic m1 antagonist biperiden (BIP) (Bolden et al. [@CR11]) on various facets of behavior. Specifically, we wanted to dissociate behavioral effects of these two drugs on a battery of four operant tasks: fixed ratio (FR5) and progressive ratio (PR10) schedules of reinforcement (assessing sensorimotor responding and food motivation, respectively) versus performance in an attention task and a delayed nonmatching to position task (assessing short-term memory). On basis of the direct comparison between both drugs we wanted to determine whether BIP would be preferable over SCOP as a cholinergic memory deficit model.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Subjects {#Sec3}
--------
All experimental procedures were approved by the local ethical committee for animal experiments at Maastricht University and met governmental guidelines. Twenty male 3-month-old Wistar rats (Harlan, NL) served as subjects in this study. To ensure consistency, the same animals were used in all behavioral tasks. They were housed in pairs in standard type III Makrolon™ cages on sawdust bedding in an air-conditioned room (21°C, 45--55% humidity) under a reversed light/dark cycle (lights on from 7 [p.m.]{.smallcaps} to 7 [a.m.]{.smallcaps}). Rats were housed in the room in which they were tested. All testing was performed between 12 and 6 [p.m.]{.smallcaps} Rats had free access to water, but were subjected to a food deprivation regime from Monday through Friday, in order to reduce their weight to about 90% of their free feeding weight. Food was given ad libitum from Friday afternoon to Sunday afternoon. Food was taken away at Sunday afternoon which caused a sufficient appetite at the morning session on Monday.
Apparatus {#Sec4}
---------
Rats were trained and tested in 10 identical Skinner boxes (40 × 30 × 33 cm). The ceiling of these conditioning chambers contained a light that illuminated the conditioning chamber during experiments. The left and right sidewalls served as control panels. A recess (5 × 5 cm), built into the left side panel 2.5 cm above the grid floor, contained a food tray with a hinged panel into which a pellet dispenser delivered 45-mg food pellets (Bioserve TestDiet AIN-76A rodent tablets, Frenchtown, NJ, USA). Two retractable stainless steel levers (4 cm wide) projected 2 cm into the conditioning chamber and were located 6 cm from both sides of the recess, 12 cm above the grid floor. The conditioning chambers were enclosed in sound-attenuating housing. Background noise was produced by a radio and an exhaust fan. A personal computer controlled the experimental equipment and collected the data.
Fixed ratio (five) task {#Sec5}
-----------------------
Rats first underwent five magazine training sessions and were then subjected five times to continuous reinforcement (CRF). Next the rats were trained on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, in which they had to press a lever for five times (FR5) in order to obtain a 45-mg food reward. Reinforcement was continuous; i.e., each set of five lever presses was rewarded. A session was terminated after 60 trials or 30 min, whichever came first. Rats were trained once a day, Monday to Friday, and were given eight FR5 sessions before drug testing started. The measure used to evaluate performance on the FR5 schedule was inter-response time (i.e., time between consecutive lever presses which was averaged for each animal).
Progressive ratio (ten) task {#Sec6}
----------------------------
After finishing drug testing in the FR5 task, rats immediately started training on a progressive ratio (PR10) schedule of reinforcement (Hodos [@CR54]). PR tasks are generally used to assess the reinforcing efficacy of a particular type of reward. The rats had to progressively increase the response requirement (steps of ten lever presses) to obtain a food reward. For the first food pellet they were required to press ten times, for the next reinforcement they had to press the lever twenty times, and so on. A session was terminated if a rat did not press the lever for 3 min. Rats were trained once a day, Monday to Friday, and were given eight PR10 sessions before drug testing started. The measure used to evaluate performance in the PR10 task was breakpoint (i.e., number of lever presses made during a session).
Attention task {#Sec7}
--------------
After the PR10 task, the rats were subjected to one CRF session before they started training in an attention task. During this task, a light stimulus was presented either on the left side or on the right side of the food reward tray. The duration of the light stimulus varied randomly between 3, 1 and 0.3 s. One second after the light stimulus was extinguished, the two levers were inserted simultaneously. When the rat hit the lever on the side of the prior light stimulus (*correct response*), the rat was rewarded with a food pellet followed by an inter-trial interval of 5--10 s. When the rat hit the lever on the opposite side of the previous light stimulus (*incorrect response*), the rat was not rewarded and a time-out period of 5 s was followed by an inter-trial interval (ITI). When the rat did not hit a lever within 3 s (*omission*), the rat was not rewarded and both levers were retracted followed by a time-out period of 5 s and an ITI. A session was terminated after 80 trials or 40 min, whichever came first. A more detailed description of this task is provided by Hoff et al. ([@CR55]). Rats were trained once a day, Monday to Friday. The derived behavioral measures were percentage correct, percentage omissions, response time (averaged over all stimulus durations) and two signal detection theory derived measures: *The sensitivity index (SI):* a signal detection measure for discriminability which was calculated as follows: $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$ {\hbox{SI}} = \left( {h - f} \right)/\left( {2\left( {h + f} \right) - \left( {h + f} \right)2} \right) $$\end{document}$, where *h* = (correct left)/(correct left + incorrect right) and *f* = (incorrect left)/(incorrect left + correct right). A value of zero reflects no discrimination whereas a value of 1 reflects perfect discrimination.*Index Y:* a signal detection derived variable for evaluating a response bias. This parameter is calculated as follows: $\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$ \left( {{\hbox{percentage correct left}} - {\hbox{percentage correct right}}} \right)/\left( {{\hbox{percentage correct left}} + {\hbox{percentage correct right}}} \right) $$\end{document}$.
A more detailed description of SI, index *Y*, and other signal detection measures can be found elsewhere (Steckler [@CR109]).
Delayed nonmatching to position {#Sec8}
-------------------------------
After the rats had finished drug testing on the attention task, they immediately started training in a nonmatching to position task, to which subsequently delays were added. This paradigm consisted of two stages: a sample and a choice phase. In the sample phase, one of the two levers was inserted into the operant chamber. After the rat had pressed the sample lever, it was retracted and the rat was required to poke its nose against the hinged panel which gave access to the pellet magazine (positioned equidistantly between the two levers). This was done in order to prevent the rats from using a behavioral strategy (i.e., mediating behavior, Herremans and Hijzen [@CR49]) to perform the delayed nonmatching to position (DNMTP) task (e.g., after pressing a lever they can move to the other side and wait for the lever to come out). More than one panel press or keeping the nose in the food tray was without consequence.
After the rat had pushed the panel at least once and had pulled its nose out of the food hopper, both levers were inserted (the choice phase) and the rat was required to press the lever opposite to the one in the sample phase. It was physically not possible for an animal to keep its nose in the pellet magazine and press the levers, as the food hopper and response levers were placed too far apart. A nonmatching lever-press was continuously reinforced with a food reward. There was a 5-s time-out period (and no food reward) when the lever pressed in the "choice" phase was the same one as in the "sample" phase (i.e., when the response was incorrect). The ITI was always 8 s (also in subsequent testing in the DNMPT task). A session was terminated after 80 trials or 60 min, whichever came first. No limited hold period was used for the sample or choice phase, which means that no omission errors were recorded. A more elaborate description of the nonmatching to position (NMTP) training can be found elsewhere (Blokland et al. [@CR9]; Prickaerts et al. [@CR92]).
Rats were trained once a day, Monday to Friday and received five NMTP training sessions and one forced choice NMTP session (in which the task was continued only after a correct response was given) before delay intervals were being introduced in between the sample and choice phase. The duration of the delays was gradually increased over successive training sessions over a period of about 2.5 weeks. In order to speed up DNMTP training rats now received two daily sessions. The delay interval was randomly chosen from the following five alternatives: 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 s. The animals were able to keep their nose in the food hopper during the delays or press the food panel repeatedly without any consequence, but could not press the levers as these were retracted during the delay. In previous studies, we have not observed the animals developing a mediating strategy while performing the DNMTP task (e.g., Blokland et al. [@CR9]), as they were required to press the panel of the food well before the choice phase was presented. The measures used to evaluate performance in the DNMTP were percentage correct, response time (averaged over all delays), SI and index *Y* (see "[Attention task](#Sec7){ref-type="sec"}" for more information on these last two parameters).
Drug treatment {#Sec9}
--------------
Dose range and pretreatment time were chosen based on previous SCOP and BIP data (e.g., Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Jones and Shannon [@CR58]). Dose conditions were determined according to their position on a logarithmic scale. For example, BIP doses were 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg. When converted to logarithms, these values are approximately equally spaced: 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0, respectively. Doses were titrated on basis of behavioral effects found in our essay. Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate 99% (hereafter abbreviated as SCOP, obtained from Acros Organics) was dissolved in isotonic saline in doses 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg (milligrams salt per kilogram of body weight), whereas biperiden lactate (hereafter abbreviated as BIP, Akineton® obtained from Laboratorio Farmaceutico S.I.T.) was dissolved in Milli-Q purified water in doses 0, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg (milligrams salt per kilogram of body weight). We used quite high doses of SCOP and BIP (1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) as an upper limit at which---certainly in case of SCOP---serious behavioral side-effects were expected. All drug solutions were prepared freshly each day prior to testing. SCOP and BIP were both injected in a volume of 2 ml/kg (IP) with a pretreatment time of 30 min. Each drug dose was tested once per rat per test. On each testing day, only one SCOP and one BIP dose was given, with half of the rats receiving SCOP and the other half receiving BIP. The order of doses was semi-randomized over testing days.
Repeated testing {#Sec10}
----------------
Repeated testing of drugs in the same group of animals offers several advantages over between-group studies (e.g., better statistical power). However, this particular type of design can be associated with tolerance, drug sensitivity and carry-over effects. To ensure sufficient wash-out of the drug, testing days were always separated by at least one drug-free day on which the animals received FR5, PR10, attention task or DNMTP training. Frequency of administration and dose level were kept as low as possible (i.e., no higher doses were tested than those yielding a significant behavioral effect). This procedure minimized the number of injections each rat received. In order to further minimize group differences due to receptor changes, the drug that was given (SCOP or BIP) alternated between groups for the different behavioral tasks; i.e., ten rats received only SCOP doses and the other ten only received BIP doses during testing of one paradigm. When testing of the next behavioral test started this order was reversed: rats which had previously received SCOP, now received BIP and vice versa.
Statistical analysis {#Sec11}
--------------------
Data were analyzed by parametric analysis of variance (mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA); SPSS 15.0) with dose as within-subject variable and drug as between-subject variable. In case an interaction with drug and/or a main effect of drug was found, a repeated measures ANOVA was performed for each drug separately, with dose as within-subject variable (and possibly stimulus duration or delay). Hence, drug effects of SCOP and BIP were compared with their own vehicle condition: i.e., SCOP with saline and BIP with Milli-Q. For the analysis of the attention task and the DNMTP, stimulus duration and delay were added as additional within-subject variables, respectively. In case a significant dose × stimulus duration or dose × delay interaction was reported, several repeated measures ANOVAs were run separately for stimulus duration or delay, respectively. One exception was the measure response time; here, data were averaged for each animal and collapsed across stimulus duration or delay. Differences from vehicle conditions were always examined with a least significant difference post hoc test. Due to some mechanical issues, occasionally data of nine rats were used for analysis.
Results {#Sec12}
=======
Fixed ratio (five) task {#Sec13}
-----------------------
Three rats failed to complete 60 trials within 30 min after a dose of 1 mg/kg SCOP. Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on inter-response time in a FR5 schedule of reinforcement. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on inter-response time varied per level of drug (dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(3, 48) = 10.77; *P* \< 0.001). Therefore two separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the different levels of drug were performed. For the group treated with SCOP, inter-response time in the FR5 task was increased (main effect of dose; *F*(3, 24) = 12.82; *P* \< 0.001; see Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Post hoc analysis showed that the 0.3 (*P* \< 0.05) and 1 mg/kg (*P* \< 0.01) doses slowed responding. In the group treated with BIP, there was an increase in FR5 inter-response time (main effect of dose; *F*(3, 24) = 7.80; *P* \< 0.01; see Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Post hoc analysis indicated only an effect of the high 10 mg/kg dose (*P* \< 0.01) Fig. 1The effects of SCOP (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, IP) on a FR5 schedule of reinforcement. **a** Inter-response time. SCOP slowed sensorimotor responding at a dose of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg. **b** Inter-response time. BIP slowed sensorimotor responding at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\**P* \< 0.05; \*\**P* \< 0.01)
Progressive ratio (ten) task {#Sec14}
----------------------------
Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on breakpoint and inter-response time on a PR10 schedule of reinforcement. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on breakpoint did not vary per level of drug (no dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 36) = 0.77, n.s.). Furthermore, breakpoint was differentially affected by dose (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 36) = 5.57; *P* \< 0.01). The between-subject analysis of drug showed that SCOP and BIP differentially affected breakpoint (main effect of drug; *F*(1, 18) = 5.93; *P* \< 0.05). Therefore, two separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the different levels of drug were performed. For the group treated with SCOP, breakpoint in the PR10 task was reduced (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 3.91; *P* \< 0.05; see Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Post hoc analysis showed an effect of the 1 mg/kg dose (*P* \< 0.05). For the group treated with BIP, no change in breakpoint (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 2.10, n.s.; see Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) was found. Fig. 2The effects of SCOP (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (3 and 10 mg/kg, IP) on a PR10 schedule of reinforcement. **a** Breakpoint. SCOP decreased food motivation at a dose of 1 mg/kg. **b** Breakpoint. BIP did not have an effect on food motivation. **c** Inter-response time. SCOP slowed sensorimotor responding at a dose of 1 mg/kg. **d** Inter-response time. BIP did not have an effect on sensorimotor responding. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\**P* \< 0.05)
In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on inter-response time did not vary per level of drug (no dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 36) = 0.38, n.s.; see Figs. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} and [2d](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The within-subject analysis of dose was not significant (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 36) = 3.04, n.s.), which means that the different dose conditions also did not change inter-response time. The between-subject analysis of drug showed that SCOP and BIP did not differentially affect inter-response time (no main effect of drug; *F*(1, 18) = 0.32, n.s.).
Attention task {#Sec15}
--------------
Figure [3a, b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on percentage correct in the attention task. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on percentage correct did not vary per level of drug and stimulus duration (no dose × drug × stimulus duration interaction effect; *F*(4, 68) = 0.75, n.s.). However, the within-subject effect of dose on percentage correct did vary per level of drug (dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 7.96; *P* \< 0.01). The within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage correct was also different per level of drug (stimulus duration × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 3.82; *P* \< 0.05). Therefore separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage correct was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 36) = 0.83, n.s.; see Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). There was a reduction in percentage correct responses with shorter stimulus durations (main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 18) = 40.06; *P* \< 0.001). SCOP decreased percentage correct responses in the attention task (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 20.55; *P* \< 0.001). Post hoc analysis showed that at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg SCOP lowered percentage correct score as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.01). In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage correct was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 32) = 0.36, n.s.; see Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, shorter stimulus durations reduced percentage correct (main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 16) = 149.29; *P* \< 0.001). BIP treatment did not affect the measure percentage correct (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 2.69, n.s.). Fig. 3The effects of SCOP (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (3, 10 mg/kg, IP) on performance measures in the attention task. **a**, **b** Percentage correct responses. SCOP decreased accuracy independent of stimulus duration at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. BIP did not have an effect on accuracy. **c**, **d** Percentage omissions. SCOP increased response omissions independent of stimulus duration at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. BIP did not have an effect on response omissions. **e**, **f** Response time. SCOP slowed sensorimotor responding at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. BIP did not have an effect on sensorimotor responding. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\*\**P* \<0.01; \*\*\**P* \<0.001)
Figure [3c, d](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on percentage omissions in the attention task. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on percentage omissions did not vary per level of drug and stimulus duration (no dose × drug × stimulus duration interaction effect; *F*(4, 68) = 0.98, n.s.). The within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage omissions was also not different per level of drug (no stimulus duration × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 1.16, n.s.). In contrast, the within-subject effect of dose on percentage omissions did vary per level of drug (dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 6.98; *P* \< 0.01). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage omissions was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 36) = 0.95, n.s.; see Fig. [3c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). There was no change in percentage omissions with shorter stimulus durations (no main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 18) = 1.70, n.s.). SCOP enhanced percentage omissions in the attention task (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 15.66; *P* \< 0.001). Post hoc analysis showed that at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg SCOP augmented percentage omissions as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.01). In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on percentage omissions was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 32) = 0.61, n.s.; see Fig. [3d](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, shorter stimulus durations had no effect on percentage omissions (no main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 16) = 0.01, n.s.). BIP treatment did not affect the measure percentage omissions (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 3.31, n.s.).
Figure [3e, f](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on response time in the attention task. The within-subject effect of dose on response time was found to vary per level of drug (dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 5.59; *P* \< 0.01). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, response time was slowed (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 27.74; *P* \< 0.001; see Fig. [3e](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Post hoc analysis showed an effect of the 0.3 mg/kg dose (*P* \< 0.001). In the BIP group, response time was also significantly changed (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 4.28; *P* \< 0.05; see Fig. [3f](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). However, post hoc analysis revealed no differences between vehicle and dose conditions.
Figure [4a, b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on SI in the attention task. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on SI did not vary per level of drug and stimulus duration (no dose × drug × stimulus duration interaction effect; *F*(4, 68) = 1.34, n.s.). However, the within-subject effect of dose on SI did vary per level of drug (dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 6.30; *P* \< 0.01). The within-subject effect of stimulus duration on SI was also different per level of drug (stimulus duration × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 4.63; *P* \< 0.05). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on SI varied per level of dose (stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 36) = 2.82; *P* \< 0.05; see Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed per level of stimulus duration. Post hoc analyses showed that SCOP reduced SI at al stimulus duration conditions. In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on SI was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 32) = 0.12, n.s.; see Fig. [4b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Shorter stimulus durations reduced SI (main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 16) = 151.65; *P* \< 0.001). BIP treatment did not affect the measure SI (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 1.15, n.s.). Fig. 4The effects of SCOP (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (3, 10 mg/kg, IP) on signal detection theory measures in the attention task. **a**, **b** Sensitivity Index (SI). SCOP decreased discriminability dependent of stimulus duration at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. BIP did not have an effect on discriminability. **c**, **d** Index *Y*. Neither SCOP nor BIP had an effect on response bias. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\**P* \<0.05; \*\**P* \<0.01)
Figure [4c, d](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on index *Y* in the attention task. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on response bias did not vary per level of drug and stimulus duration (no dose × drug × stimulus duration interaction effect; *F*(4, 68) = 0.68, n.s.). The within-subject effect of stimulus duration on index *Y* was also not different per level of drug (no stimulus duration × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 0.11, n.s.). The within-subject effect of dose on response bias did not vary per level of drug (no dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 1.53, n.s.). Index *Y* was differentially affected by dose (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 34) = 4.00; *P* \< 0.05). Post hoc analysis showed that the highest dose conditions of SCOP and BIP augmented index *Y* as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.05). However, the between-subject analysis of drug showed that SCOP and BIP did not differentially affect index *Y* (no main effect of drug; *F*(1, 17) = 3.13, n.s.). Because we sought to determine which drug was responsible for the main effect of dose in the mixed model analysis, we did separate repeated measures ANOVAs per level of drug. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on index *Y* was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 36) = 0.32, n.s.; see Fig. [4c](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). There was a change in index *Y* with shorter stimulus durations (main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 18) = 12.40; *P* \< 0.001). SCOP did not affect the index *Y* measure (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 3.35, n.s.). In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of stimulus duration on SI was not different per level of dose (no stimulus duration × dose interaction effect; *F*(4, 32) = 1.79, n.s.; see Fig. [4d](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Shorter stimulus durations reduced SI (main effect of stimulus duration; *F*(2, 16) = 15.22; *P* \< 0.001). BIP treatment did not affect the measure SI (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 1.48, n.s.).
Delayed nonmatching to position {#Sec16}
-------------------------------
Figure [5a, b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on percentage correct in the DNMTP task. In the mixed model ANOVA on percentage correct, the dose effect varied per level of delay and drug (dose × delay × drug interaction effect; *F*(8, 144) = 3.69; *P* \< 0.01). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of delay on percentage correct was different per level of dose (delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 72) = 3.84; *P* \< 0.01; see Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, additional repeated measures ANOVAs were performed per level of delay. SCOP affected percentage correct at the 0-, 2-, 4-, and 8-s delay conditions (main effect of dose; F's(2, 18) \> 9.23; *P* \< 0.01). Post hoc analyses showed that a dose of 0.3 mg/kg was different from the vehicle condition. In addition, a dose of 0.1 mg/kg also affected accuracy performance at the 8-s delay condition. SCOP had no effect on percentage correct at 16-s delay condition (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 0.31, n.s.). Fig. 5The effects of SCOP (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (1, 3 mg/kg, IP) on performance measures in delayed non-matching to position. **a**, **b** Percentage correct responses. SCOP decreased accuracy delay-dependently at a dose of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg. BIP reduced accuracy delay-dependently at a dose of 3 mg/kg. **c**, **d** Response time. Neither SCOP nor BIP had an effect on sensorimotor responding. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\**P* \<0.05; \*\**P* \<0.01; \*\*\**P* \<0.001)
In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of delay on percentage correct was different per level of dose (delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 72) = 2.30; *P* \< 0.05; see Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed per level of delay. BIP did not affect percentage correct at the 0- and 16-s delay condition (no main effect of dose; *F*'s(2, 18) \< 2.95, n.s.). However, BIP impaired percentage correct in trials with a 2-, 4-, and 8-s delay (main effect of dose; *F*'s(2, 18) \> 5.84; *P* \< 0.05). Separate post hoc analyses demonstrated that the 3 mg/kg dose decreased percentage correct as compared with the vehicle condition.
Figure [5c, d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on response time in the DNMTP task. The within-subject effect of dose on response time did not vary per level of drug (no dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 36) = 2.06, n.s.). There was no effect of dose (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 36) = 1.06, n.s.). SCOP and BIP did not differentially affect response time (no main effect of drug; *F*(1, 18) = 1.44, n.s.).
Figure [6a, b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on SI in the DNMTP task. In the mixed model ANOVA on SI, the dose effect varied per level of delay and drug (dose × delay × drug interaction effect; *F*(8, 144) = 3.68; *P* \< 0.01). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of delay on SI was different per level of dose (delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 72) = 3.84; *P* \< 0.01; see Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, additional repeated measures ANOVAs were performed per level of delay. In the 0-, 2-, 4-, and 8-s delay trials a main effect of dose was found (*F*'s(2, 18) \> 9.23; *P* \< 0.01). Separate post hoc analyses showed that at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg SCOP reduced SI as compared with the vehicle condition. In addition a dose of 0.1 mg/kg also affected performance at the 8-s delay condition. SCOP had no effect on SI in trials which used a 16-s delay (no main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 0.31, n.s.).
In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of delay on SI was different per level of dose (delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 72) = 2.30; *P* \< 0.05; see Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed per level of delay. In trials with a 0- or 16-s delay BIP did not affect SI (no main effect of dose; F's(2, 18) \< 2.95, n.s.). BIP did influence SI in trials a 2-, 4-, and 8-s delay (main effect of dose; *F*'s(2, 18) \> 5.84; *P* \< 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed that the 3 mg/kg dose decreased SI as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.01). Fig. 6The effects of SCOP (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, IP) and BIP (1, 3 mg/kg, IP) on signal detection measures in delayed non-matching to position. **a**, **b** Sensitivity Index (SI). SCOP decreased discriminability delay-dependently at a dose of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg. BIP reduced discriminability delay-dependently at a dose of 3 mg/kg. **c**, **d** Index *Y*. SCOP decreased response bias delay-independently at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. BIP reduced response bias delay-independently at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Data represent mean (+SEM). *Asterisks* indicate differences from vehicle condition (\**P* \< 0.05; \*\**P* \< 0.01; \*\*\**P* \< 0.001)
Figure [6c, d](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"} shows the effects of SCOP and BIP on index *Y* in the DNMTP task. In the mixed model ANOVA, the within-subject effect of dose on response bias did not vary per level of drug and delay (no dose × drug × delay interaction effect; *F*(8, 136) = 1.13, n.s.). The within-subject effect of delay on index *Y* was also not different per level of drug (no delay × drug interaction effect; *F*(4, 68) = 0.43, n.s.). Moreover, the within-subject effect of dose on response bias did not vary per level of drug (no dose × drug interaction effect; *F*(2, 34) = 3.06, n.s.). The within-subject effect of dose on index *Y* was also not different per level of delay (no dose × delay interaction effect; *F*(8, 136) = 1.78, n.s.). Index *Y* was differentially affected by dose (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 34) = 22.24; *P* \< 0.001). The between-subject analysis of drug showed that SCOP and BIP did differentially affect index *Y* (main effect of drug; *F*(1, 17) = 4.49; *P* \< 0.05). Therefore, separate repeated measures ANOVAs for the two levels of drug were performed. In the group treated with SCOP, the within-subject effect of delay on response bias was not different per level of dose (no delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 64) = 1.67, n.s.; see Fig. [6c](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Index *Y* increased with longer delays (main effect of delay; *F*(4, 32) = 12.28; *P* \< 0.001). SCOP enhanced response bias in the DNMTP task (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 16) = 11.62; *P* \< 0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg SCOP augmented index *Y* as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.01). In the group treated with BIP, the within-subject effect of delay on index *Y* was not different per level of dose (no delay × dose interaction effect; *F*(8, 72) = 1.29, n.s.; see Fig. [6d](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, with longer delays response bias was increased (main effect of delay; *F*(4, 36) = 18.92; *P* \< 0.001). BIP was shown to increase response bias in the DNMTP task (main effect of dose; *F*(2, 18) = 12.55; *P* \< 0.001). Post hoc analysis showed that at a dose of 3 mg/kg BIP augmented index *Y* as compared with the vehicle condition (*P* \< 0.01).
Discussion {#Sec17}
==========
The main objective of the current study was to compare the effects of the nonselective muscarinic antagonist SCOP and the m1 antagonist BIP after systemic injections on different aspects of operant behavior: sensorimotor responding (FR5), food motivation (PR10), attention and short-term memory (DNMTP). The direct comparison of both drugs allowed evaluation with respect to the usability of BIP, as opposed to SCOP, as a suitable model of cholinergic memory dysfunction. Since BIP is relatively selective for m1 receptors which can be found predominantly in brain areas involved in learning and memory (Caulfield [@CR23]; Volpicelli and Levey [@CR116]), we expected also a more selective effect of BIP on cognition and behavioral performance. In Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} an overview is given of the effects of both drugs on the various behavioral measures. A wide range of behavioral impairments were found after SCOP; cognitive and peripheral effects were not dissociable on basis of dose conditions. Moreover, performance deficits in the short-term memory task were of a nonmnemonic nature. In contrast, BIP more selectively impaired DNMTP performance at a dose of 3 mg/kg, at which no peripheral effects were found; sensorimotor responding was slowed after the 10 mg/kg dose. Table 1An overview of the effects of SCOP and BIP on sensorimotor responding, food motivation, attention, and short-term memoryDrugBehavioral taskSCOPBIPFR5Inter-response time ↑ (0.3, 1)Inter-response time ↑ (10)PR10Breakpoint ↓ (1)Breakpoint =Inter-response time =Inter-response time =ATPercentage correct ↓ (0.3, DI)Percentage correct =Percentage omissions ↑ (0.3, DI)Percentage omissions =Sensitivity index ↓ (0.3, DD)Sensitivity index =Index *Y* =Index *Y* =Response time ↑ (0.3)Response time =DNMTPPercentage correct ↓ (0.1, 0.3, DD)Percentage correct ↓ (3, DD)Sensitivity index ↓ (0.1, 0.3, DD)Sensitivity index ↓ (3, DD)Index *Y* ↑ (0.3, DI)Index *Y* ↑ (3, DI)Response time =Response time =Doses are given in milligrams per kilogram, IP*Abbreviations*: *FR5* fixed ratio 5, *PR10* progressive ratio 10, *AT* attention task, *DNMTP* delayed nonmatching to position, *SCOP* scopolamine hydrobromide, *BIP* biperiden, *DD* delay-dependent effect, *DI* delay-independent effect, *equal sign* no change, *upward arrow* increase, *downward arrow* decrease
Of note, some caution should be taken with respect to the selectivity of muscarinic (ant)agonists. Due to the highly conserved nature of the orthosteric binding site amongst muscarinic receptors, drugs that target these can be characterized as possessing relative rather than absolute receptor subtype selectivity. These issues should be borne in mind when trying to attribute effects of these drugs to specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. BIP for instance has about tenfold higher affinity for m1 as compared with m2--m5 receptors (see Bolden et al. [@CR11]; Katayama et al. [@CR60]). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of BIP are quite favorable; cerebellar levels after a dose of 3.2 mg/kg (IV) have been reported to be about ten times higher as plasma levels (see Nakashima et al. [@CR82]; Syvälahti et al. [@CR110]; Yokogawa et al. [@CR121]; Yokogawa et al. [@CR122]). Regardless, BIP is currently the drug of choice for making a direct comparison with SCOP, particularly as it is approved for use in humans and therefore suitable for translational research. Some other drugs that target the muscarinic m1 receptor cannot be used in systemic injections because they do not cross the blood--brain barrier (e.g., pirenzepine).
Sensorimotor responding {#Sec18}
-----------------------
Both SCOP and BIP were found to slow sensorimotor responding on a FR5 schedule of reinforcement, although at a different dose (0.3 and 1 mg/kg for SCOP and 10 mg/kg for BIP, see Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Although both SCOP and BIP increased inter-response time in the FR5 task it should be noted that the effects of BIP were smaller as compared with SCOP. BIP, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, slowed FR5 responses by 26% as compared with the vehicle condition. SCOP, at a dose of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, increased inter-response time by about 32% and 298%, respectively. In FR tasks, SCOP has generally been found to decrease lever presses independent of reward type (dry vs. wet, Hodges et al. [@CR53]). However, the minimal effective dose reported in these studies does show quite some variability (0.005--1.0 mg/kg IP, Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Pradhan and Roth [@CR90]). In a brightness discrimination task, BIP (0.25--2 mg/kg, SC) was found to reduce the rate of reinforcement (Liu [@CR67]). Furthermore, intracerebroventricular infusion of the m1 antagonist pirenzepine (10, 30 μg in 2.5 μL) increased the sample latency in a DNMTP task (Aura et al. [@CR4]), although a reduction in response latency has also been reported (Andrews et al. [@CR2]).
These results suggest that the effect of systemic administration of SCOP and BIP on sensorimotor responding is at least partially mediated by the m1 receptor. However, from the present data it cannot be deduced whether this change in sensorimotor responding is caused by central or peripheral m1 blockade, or both. For instance, in the periphery m1 receptors have been found in abundance in rat sympathetic ganglia such as the superior cervical ganglion (Caulfield and Birdsall [@CR24]). However, the effects of SCOP and BIP on sensorimotor responding could also result from an interaction between m1 and striatal dopaminergic signaling (De Klippel et al. [@CR30]; Gerber et al. [@CR43]).
Food motivation {#Sec19}
---------------
SCOP (1 mg/kg) was found to decrease food motivation and slow sensorimotor responding on a PR10 schedule, whereas BIP (3 and 10 mg/kg) did not have an effect on these measures (see Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). This is in accordance with studies in monkeys performing a PR schedule where SCOP reduced the number of obtained reinforcements (Spinelli et al. [@CR107]; Taffe et al. [@CR111]). Food and water intake in rats was found to be diminished after SCOP administration (Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Pradhan and Roth [@CR90]). To the best of our knowledge, neither BIP, nor any other m1 antagonists have been tested in paradigms assessing food motivation and/or free feeding behavior. Although it is possible that a higher dose of BIP would have yielded a reduction in motivation, this dose is comparable to dose conditions used in other behavioral studies (Jones and Shannon [@CR58]; Kimura et al. [@CR61]; Liu [@CR67]; Myers et al. [@CR79]; Myhrer et al. [@CR81]; Roldán et al. [@CR95]; Sipos et al. [@CR105]; [@CR106]).
Again, it cannot be decisively determined whether the decrement in motivation for food after administration of SCOP is a central or a peripheral effect. SCOP has been known to induce "dry mouth" (Hodges et al. [@CR53]), which might affect the palatability and thus the hedonic impact of dry food rewards. Of note, when using a liquid reward no peripheral effect of SCOP has been found in FR5 and DNMTP paradigms (Hodges et al. [@CR53]). Nevertheless, a decrease in "liking" dry food rewards after systemic administration of SCOP could interfere with behavioral performance. Particularly the m3 (Dai et al. [@CR28]; Shida et al. [@CR102]) but also the m1 and m5 receptors have been implicated in rat salivary responses (Flynn et al. [@CR39]; Shannon et al. [@CR100]; Tobin et al. [@CR112]). Thus, according to the literature BIP is capable of interfering with salivation to some extent. However, the current data suggest that any reductions in salivation after BIP doses of 10 mg/kg and lower are not sufficient to interfere with food motivation. These findings are in contrast with those of SCOP, which is likely to more fully block muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat salivary glands and to profoundly affect food motivation. A central effect of SCOP might also interfere with incentive-driven behaviors (such as PR performance). Centrally infused SCOP in rat nucleus accumbens has been found to reduce sucrose consumption (1 or 10 μg/side) and breakpoint (5.0 μg/side) in a PR paradigm (Pratt and Kelley [@CR91]). Furthermore, muscarinic receptors appear to be implicated in reward-driven motivational behaviors via excitatory interactions with dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (Forster et al. [@CR41]; Yeomans and Baptista [@CR120]).
Attention {#Sec20}
---------
SCOP affected performance in the attention task at all stimulus conditions (see Figs. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). At a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, SCOP decreased percentage correct, increased percentage omissions and response time independent of the duration of the stimulus. Discriminability (SI) was also reduced after the 0.3 mg/kg dose; however, the effect of SCOP was dependent on stimulus duration. Response bias (index *Y*) was unaffected after SCOP or BIP (3 and 10 mg/kg). BIP also did not affect any of the other measures in the attention task. In attentional paradigms such as the five-choice serial reaction time task, SCOP has been reported to disrupt visuospatial sustained attention at doses of 0.02 mg/kg and higher (Callahan et al. [@CR21]; Cheal [@CR25]; Hodges et al. [@CR53]; Hoff et al. [@CR55]; Humby et al. [@CR56]; Leblond et al. [@CR66]; Spinelli et al. [@CR107]); however, behavioral effects of SCOP on attentional accuracy are not reported consistently (Andrews et al. [@CR1]; Doty et al. [@CR32]; Leaton and Kreindler [@CR65]). Moreover, SCOP has been shown to influence general noncognitive performance measures, such as response latency and number of missed trials (Andrews et al. [@CR1]; Bushnell et al. [@CR16]; Drinkenburg et al. [@CR33]). As SCOP also disrupted performance in the FR5 and PR10 tasks, its effect on attention could (partially) be caused by deficits in sensorimotor responding and/or food motivation. Moreover, it is unlikely that m1 receptor blockade underlies the attentional impairment, as BIP had no effect on this task. To the best of our knowledge, effects of m1 antagonists have not been assessed in attentional paradigms before. Further studies are required in order to provide more support for the lack of a role of m1 and potentially other muscarinic receptors in attention.
Short-term memory {#Sec21}
-----------------
Similar to its effects on the attention task, SCOP impaired various performance measures in the DNMTP task (see Figs. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). SCOP decreased percentage correct and discriminability (SI) in a delay-dependent manner, and increased response bias (index *Y*) delay-independently at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. SCOP already affected DNMTP performance at the shortest delay(s), whereas it failed to disrupt performance in trials with the longest delay. The latter is likely due to a floor effect; i.e., accuracy of the animals in the 16-s delay trials was already at around chance level (50% correct) even in the vehicle condition, and therefore further impairment due to cholinergic blockade could not be induced. The different delay intervals between sample and choice phase are presumed to produce a temporal performance gradient with longer retention intervals yielding poorer DNMTP performance as short-term memory functions are taxed in an increasing manner. Thus, the disruption of DNMTP performance at the zero delay indicates an effect of SCOP on other (non)cognitive processes rather than just short-term memory. As the current study demonstrates, the effects of SCOP (0.3 mg/kg) on sensorimotor responding, food motivation and/or attention could (at least partially) underlie deficits in DNMTP performance.
The majority of studies using delayed (non)matching procedures have reported a delay-independent impairment after relatively low doses (e.g., 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mg/kg IP, Herremans et al. [@CR50]; 0.1 mg/kg IP, Hodges et al. [@CR53]), which again suggests that SCOP does not specifically affect short-term memory functions -- although some articles have challenged this finding (Estape and Steckler [@CR35]; Ruotsalainen et al. [@CR97]; Santi and Weise [@CR98]; Stanhope et al. [@CR108]). Furthermore, in most studies using systemic injections SCOP also affected measures of responding; it increased number of omissions, decreased number of completed trials and increased response latency (Estape and Steckler [@CR35]; Kirkby et al. [@CR62]). Central administration of SCOP in the medial prefrontal cortex (Dunnett et al. [@CR34]; Herremans et al. [@CR52]; Herremans et al. [@CR51]), prelimbic cortex (Granon and Poucet [@CR44]), and hippocampus (Robinson and Mao [@CR94]) has been shown to yield a delay-independent reduction of DNMTP response accuracy (but see Broersen et al. [@CR12]; Broersen et al. [@CR13]; Dunnett et al. [@CR34]; Granon et al. [@CR45]) and increases in number of omissions (Robinson and Mao [@CR94]).
It is likely that DNMTP deficits produced by SCOP can be partially attributed to m1 blockade, which is in line with the results reported by Bymaster et al. ([@CR17]). BIP (3 mg/kg) was found to decrease percentage correct and discriminability (SI) in a delay-dependent manner, and increase response bias (index *Y*) delay-independently. BIP did not influence response time at the doses used in the DNMTP (1 and 3 mg/kg, IP) which is in line with our findings in the FR5 task. As is shown in Figs. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} and [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, BIP did not affect DNMTP performance at the zero delay. However, as the delay interval increased, BIP increasingly impaired accuracy performance as compared with the vehicle condition. Thus, the disruption of DNMTP performance at longer delays but not the shortest delay indicates a genuine effect of BIP on short-term memory functions rather than other (non)cognitive processes. These effects are unlikely to be caused by deficits in sensorimotor responding, food motivation or attention, as BIP (at a dose of 3 mg/kg) did not affect performance on the FR5 or PR10 schedule of reinforcement or in the attention task. Of note, the lack of an effect of BIP at the 16-s delay is again likely due to a floor effect. Taken together, these findings suggest a role for the m1 receptor in mediating short-term memory functions. This would implicate selective m1 antagonists such as BIP as a promising alternative instead of the gold standard drug SCOP as a tool for inducing cholinergic mnemonic impairments in animals.
Effects of systemic administration of BIP on DNMTP performance have not been assessed previously; however, m1 antagonists have been found to affect performance in a variety of other behavioral tasks which measure (short-term) memory. For instance, after systemic injections deficits have been reported in passive avoidance tasks (Fornari et al. [@CR40]; Kimura et al. [@CR61]; Kramer-Soares et al. [@CR64]; Roldán et al. [@CR95]), contextual fear conditioning (Kramer-Soares et al. [@CR64]; but see Sheffler et al. [@CR101]), spatial alternation (Bymaster et al. [@CR17]), and object recognition (Myhrer et al. [@CR80]; [@CR81]). Furthermore, m1 agonists have been shown to improve DNMTP performance in animals which were cognitively impaired after cholinergic lesioning (McDonald et al. [@CR73]), SCOP administration or aging (Bartholomeo et al. [@CR6]), which suggests that enhanced m1 signaling can be sufficient in order to reverse memory deficits. Infusion of the muscarinic m1 antagonist pirenzepine (35 μg in 0.5 μL/side) in the dorsal hippocampus impaired accuracy performance on a DNMTP task (Messer et al. [@CR76]; Messer et al. [@CR75]); this implicates the importance of m1 receptor signaling in the hippocampus for accurate DNMTP responding.
Of note, there are some indications that the m1 receptor might also be involved in reversal learning (McCool et al. [@CR72]; Tzavos et al. [@CR113]) and anxiety (Wall et al. [@CR117]). In addition, muscarinic (m1) blockade in nonhippocampal brain regions might also be responsible for short-term memory effects; for instance, intact performance on nonmatching tasks seems to also require the prefrontal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices (Otto and Eichenbaum [@CR84]) Thus, our study does not exclude the involvement of muscarinic receptor subtypes other than m1 and brain regions other than the septo-hippocampal system in memory functions, nor the engagement of the m1 receptor in other cognitive processes besides memory (see for instance Araya et al. [@CR3]; Carey et al. [@CR22]; Daniel and Dohanich [@CR29]; McCool et al. [@CR72]; Messer and Miller [@CR74]; Poulin et al. [@CR88]; Power et al. [@CR89]; Quirion et al. [@CR93]; Tzavos et al. [@CR113]; Wall et al. [@CR117]; Wess [@CR118]).
In fact, the manner in which m1 receptors affect memory processes is still under investigation; one possibility is the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and/or synaptic plasticity (see Caulfield [@CR23]; Hasselmo [@CR47]; [@CR48]). Muscarinic m1 receptors couple to Gq-proteins which activate several signaling cascades via phospholipase (PL)C (Caulfield [@CR23]; Jones [@CR57]; Liu et al. [@CR68]), which can ultimately influence Ca^2+^ and K^+^ currents (Liu et al. [@CR68]), raise cyclic AMP levels (Jones [@CR57]), and can stimulate other receptor systems such as glutamatergic *N*-*methyl*-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents produced by hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (Calabresi et al. [@CR19]; Ma et al. [@CR70]; Marino et al. [@CR71]). Moreover, m1 receptors and NR1a NMDA receptor subunits were found to be colocalized at glutamatergic synapses, suggestive of a direct interaction between the two receptor systems. A link between m1 receptor signaling and long-term potentiation (LTP), a mechanism which is thought to underlie learning and memory processes, has also been put forward (Boddeke et al. [@CR10]; Burgard and Sarvey [@CR15]; Calabresi et al. [@CR20]; Doralp and Leung [@CR31]; Kamsler et al. [@CR59]; Ovsepian et al. [@CR85]; Shinoe et al. [@CR103]). For instance, it has been shown that muscarinic agonists and antagonists which act preferentially on the m1 receptor are able to facilitate or prevent the induction of LTP in rat dentate gyrus (Burgard and Sarvey [@CR15]), CA1 (Boddeke et al. [@CR10]; Doralp and Leung [@CR31]; Ovsepian et al. [@CR85]), and striatum (Calabresi et al. [@CR20]), respectively.
Future studies on the role of muscarinic receptors should focus on determining whether there exists some degree of dissociation between muscarinic receptor subtypes in terms of their involvement in memory (or other cognitive functions) as is reflected by their differential distribution in the brain (e.g., Rouse and Levey [@CR96]). It is likely that particular muscarinic subtypes are only important for a restricted (set of) cognitive subdomain(s); e.g., hippocampal m1 receptors are important for working but not reference memory (Ohno et al. [@CR83]). Furthermore, it is imperative that the manner in which m1 receptors influence memory processes is more extensively investigated. Information on the exact signaling cascade(s) downstream of the muscarinic m1 receptor that are responsible for its effects on memory could lead to interesting implications for the development of novel treatments for disorders in which memory is impaired, such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. Lastly, additonal behavioral validation is required to firmly establish the usability of m1 antagonists instead of the gold standard SCOP for producing cholinergic amnesia in healthy animals and human participants.
We would like to thank Nick Broers for his valuable statistical advice. These experiments complied with the current Dutch governmental guidelines on animal research. The authors declare that, except for income received from their primary employer, no financial support or compensation has been received from any individual or corporate entity over the past 3 years for research or professional service. There are no personal financial holdings that could be perceived as constituting a potential conflict of interest.
**Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Foot Care
What is Foot Care Callous?
Callous on feet is really shocking. Most of the people just hate callous feet and become much tensed when they see it on their feet. But it should not stop you from wearing what you like showing off your feet. What is the solution for it? Here is some useful information and easy to follow callous care tips for you.
It is for sure that to see and feel a hard callous on foot is something that makes you shameful about your feet. But the truth is that you can easily beat callous out of your life, if you know the proper care of callous.
How a Callous Develops on your Feet?
A callous is actually thickening of the external layer of your feet skin. The thickening occurs due to the regular pressure or friction on the skin. Callous forms as the sign of the body’s reaction to this pressure or friction.
The process in which the callous forms is known as hyperkeratosis. This is the term that best describes the real tempering and thickening of skin that gradually turns on to become a hard callous.
People who are most affected by callous are the athletes, gymnasts, weight lifters and the players who are often prone to heavy workouts.
Causes of Callous on Your Feet:
• It can develop as a reaction to any new or uncomfortable shoe that you wear.
• The socks that bother you a lot or do not let you walk comfortably can be the reason of callous. You may most likely see a callous on the heel, however, it can also make a place for itself on the ball of the foot and also wherever your bone makes a hefty extrusion.
• Standing for a good deal of time can result in foot callous.
• Shoes having contract toe boxes, particularly the dress shoes of women may result in a foot callous.
• Pressure due to wearing high heel sandals or shoes may induce a foot callous.
• If a person is overweight, the additional pressure that it casts over the feet can also result in foot callous.
• People with high arches or flat feet develop it more easily.
• The patients of bunions may also be prone to callous either on their feet or toes. The most likely requirement to wear shoes is with a broad toe box.
How you can Prevent Callous Feet?
• The best way to prevent callous on your feet is to wear soft, comfortable well supporting, quality walking shoe shoes.
• Stop wearing the shoes which are causing callouses on your feet.
• Use moisturizers to keep your skin more supple
• Use pumice stone and clean the area weekly twice to minimize the formation.
• Use silicone insert on the pressures area.A Word to Diabetics with Callous Feet:
If you are diabetic with callous feet, first check up with a paeodiatrist and get recommendations accordingly. Avoid removing your callous. Use specially medicated creams that are made only for this purpose.
Treatment of Foot Callous:
• Use a callous remover product
Use moisturizers or softening creams twice daily.
Use a removing files
Some medications also suggested in severe cases by podiatrists.
• If it is really painful and not responding to any medications, podiatrists suggest surgery.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
If the callous is really big or painful,be sure to consult a Podiatrist. Never do a mistake to cut your callous. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
In blow molding, it is normal to press fit a blow core die in a neck portion of a preform which is disposed in a blow cavity mold and to introduce blow air with the neck portion airtightly sealed.
As a different technique from this, blow nozzles are proposed which airtightly seals the neck portion without press fitting the blow core die in the neck portion (Patent Documents 1 to 3). According to these blow nozzles, even with a preform which is reduced in weight and which includes a neck portion whose mechanical strength cannot be ensured sufficiently due to being thinned, deformation of the neck portion can be prevented. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
The Dell Video Support Center includes hundreds of how-to videos to help you learn more about Dell products. Please take the time to review the videos to get a better understanding of Dell systems and their capabilities.
Our products are visually and diagnostically inspected to ensure the highest quality
standards and reliability. Our refurbished products may have some observable cosmetic imperfections, but
they will not affect the performance.
We launched a new site on October 12th 2016, to make your shopping experience faster and more efficient - with advanced features and mobile-friendly navigation. This will be a one-time only requirement.
Products
These are products sold on our site classified as Class A equipment by the Federal
Communication Commission (FCC) and are intended for use in a business /commercial environment.
Residential use is prohibited.
The operating system is the basic software that is necessary for your computer to function
and to run programs that are installed. Units that do not include an Operating system will require one
for basic functionality
Anti-virus, Anti-spyware, Microsoft Office, Word, Excel, DVD decoder software and other
applications are not included with the Operating System.
If the item indicates "56K" in the product listing description the unit is capable of
connecting to the internet through a phone line. Please contact your ISP (Internet Service Provider) to
find out what their requirements are to ensure system compatibility.
To help keep our costs low, all products are pre-configured and can not be modified. Each
system offered for sale is prepackaged and ready for shipment. We are not able to open the packaging to
change systems configurations.
Please refer to our What’s in the Box Article included on each product detail listing page
for complete information on what is included with each system.
We are pleased to announce the new Dell Video Support Center. This site has over
300 videos to help you out with software, hardware, RAID issues and lot’s of how-to’s! Please take some
time to look at the videos to get a better understanding on your system. It will continue to grow each
week. If your issue is not covered in the video, then please call Technical Support at
1-800-891-8595.
Due to the nature of server racks, outer casing may show scratches, marks and other
imperfections, primarily on top, bottom and sides. Front facing view will typically be in excellent or
good condition. These are cosmetic blemishes and will not affect the performance of the unit.
These are products in our inventory which have been discounted significantly. Items chosen
as "Dell Clearance Deals" are at DFS sole discretion and limited to stock on hand. Rain checks are not
available.
A laptop skin is a durable vinyl adhesive that is applied to the top cover of the laptop.
Our professionally applied skins hide top cover cosmetic blemishes while providing a sleek, like-new
look that does not affect the functionality of the unit. If the skin is removed or otherwise separates
from your product, the cosmetic blemishes will be visible.
Refurbished products are visually and diagnostically inspected to ensure these items
function. Refurbished systems may have some observable cosmetic imperfections, but they will not affect
the performance.
Under California law, Dell Financial Services, LLC is required to charge a fee on certain
electronic products identified by the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) as Covered
Electronic Devices (CEDs).
The fee is based on the ship-to address and size of video display, measured diagonally.Visit the website
below for detail information:
Order Processing
We batch process orders. Orders are released every morning and afternoon pending
verification. It could be a day or two before you get a confirmation email regarding your order. In the
event we need to contact you, please remove any SPAM blocker as this may delay your order.
Once we receive your order, it will typically take 2-3 days to process thru to shipment.
Please make sure your billing and shipping information is accurate and matches your credit card to avoid
delays in releasing your order. From time to time we may need to contact you for additional information
if discrepancies are identified.
• Heavy volume, inclement weather, issues with payment approval or order verification may delay
shipment.
• Once your order is picked up by the carrier, a shipping confirmation email will be sent to the
email address associated with your account.
• All orders must be signed for. No order holds or redirects allowed by either DFS or the carrier.
• Orders ship from Lebanon, TN.
• DFS cannot change the address or cancel the order after it has been placed
Payment
For your protection, we perform an authorization charge upon entry of the credit
card information into our system. This is a temporarily authorization charge of $5.00 to verify the
authenticity of the card number and expiration date, regardless of the address or card verification
value check (CVV). This charge is removed from the account within 1-3 business days. Final credit card
verification is performed immediately after the $5.00 approved authorization. We will contact you if
your card is rejected or declined.
Returns
Yes, unless the product is defective (as reasonably determined by DFS at DFS’ sole
discretion) or the return is a direct result of a DFS error, DFS will charge a restocking fee of 15% of
the purchase price paid.
You may return the products purchased from DFS within thirty (30) days from the date of
the DFS invoice and obtain a credit of the purchase price (excluding shipping and handling charges and a
15% restocking fee) to the credit card account used to purchase the products. To return products, you
must call DFS at 800.891.8595 to receive a Return Material Authorization and instructions on returning
the system back to DFS For complete details on our return policy please click here.
The amount of tax and shipping added to your order depends on the product and ship method you choose. Once you're done shopping and have finished adding items to your cart, you will have an opportunity to select the ship method at the checkout screen.
Applicable sales tax is additional and based on the ship-to-address. We do not accept tax exempt certificates on our website. Slightly higher rates apply to orders shipping to Alaska and Hawaii. See the table below for Dell Financial Services (DFS) shipping cost.
Order Confirmation/Delivery Time
At Dell Financial Services (DFS), we know you want to receive your order as soon as possible, and we make every effort to speed things along. Your order will ship the next business day upon payment approval and order verification excluding weekends and holidays. However, factory delays, issues with payment approval or order verification may delay shipment. When your order ships, a shipping confirmation email is sent to the email address associated with your account that contains:
• Your order number
• Your item description
• The total order amount
The date you receive your order will depend on when we obtain payment approval, order verification and the ship method you have chosen. However, heavy volume, inclement weather or factory delays may effect your delivery date.
* Estimated delivery time based on method selected
• Ground Shipping 5- 7 Days
• 2nd Day Shipping 2-4 Days
• Next Day Shipping 1-2 Days
Estimated delivery time is the total amount of time that it will take for the buyer to receive the item based on the handling time, the shipping service selected, and the type of payment used.
Order Shipping Information
• DFS is unable to make any address changes , cancels or updates after your order is placed.
• All orders must be signed for; no order holds or redirects allowed by either DFS or the carrier.
• Once we receive your order, it will typically take 2-3 days to process thru to shipment. Please make sure your billing and shipping information is accurate and matches your credit card to avoid delays in releasing your order. From time to time we may need to contact you for additional information if discrepancies are identified.
• All orders are subject to Terms and Conditions.
Important Delivery Information: Customer signature required on all deliveries!
Important Restocking Fee Information: Unless the product is defective (as reasonably determined by DFS) or the return is a direct result of a DFS error, DFS will charge a restocking fee up to 15% of the purchase price paid.
Order Payment Options
DFS ONLY accepts credit cards with a US billing address
DFS accepts Visa, MasterCard, American Express, and PayPal.
Important Payment Option Information:
At this time, we are unable to accept Dell Business Credit (DBC), or Dell Preferred Account (DPA).
Order Shipping and Handling Options
DFS only ships to addresses in the 50 United States and District of Columbia. DFS does NOT ship to PO Boxes, APO/FPO, Hotels or Internationally. This unit is for use in the United States only.
** Business & Education products on this site are classified as Class A equipment by the Federal Communication Commission ( FCC) and must ship to a business/commercial address. Residential use is prohibited.
Continental US Shipping and Handling Estimates
Alaska and Hawaii Shipping and Handling Estimate
* Continental US delivery times are ground shipping 3-5 days, 2nd Day is 2 days and Next Day is 1 day from the date of shipment.
* Ground shipping is not available to Alaska or Hawaii.
* Time estimates are based on business days only (Monday - Friday) excluding state and federal holidays.
All Dell refurbished computers, Dell computer systems and accessories are refurbished. Available used Dell computers and system configurations may vary. Refurbished Dell computers, Dell used computer products and supplies limited to stock on hand.No rain checks. Pricing, specifications, and availability valid in U.S. only and subject to change without notice. Taxes, fees, shipping, handling and any applicable restocking charges, other than free Dell shipping offers, if applicable, are extra and vary. Special offers on refurbished Dell computers not necessarily combinable. Dell deals and Dell discounts cannot be retroactively applied. For Dell Financial Services (DFS) LLC purchases only. The DFS site and special offers on refurbished Dell computers and used Dell computers contained herein are valid only for end users and not resellers and/or online computer auctions. DFS cannot be responsible for pricing or other errors, and reserves the right to cancel orders arising from such errors. Due to Dell used laptop or Dell used laptop supplies being limited to stock on hand, DFS reserves the right to cancel any used Dell computer equipment orders in which the payment method used is not authorized within 2 business days of the order processing. Your Dell order is subject to cancellation by DFS, at DFS' sole discretion. If orders for Dell computer systems are cancelled by DFS, all Dell computer equipment, Dell computer parts and related item(s) will be returned to stock. * Excludes free shipping to Alaska and Hawaii
^DELL PREFERRED ACCOUNT (DPA): Offered to U.S. residents by WebBank, who determines qualifications for and terms of credit. Taxes, shipping, and other charges are extra and vary. Dell and the Dell logo are trademarks of Dell Inc.
Copyright 1999-2016 Dell Financial Services LLC
For Refurbished Used Dell Computer customers of the 50 United States and the District of Columbia only. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Palliative Care Services at Home: Viewpoint from a Multidoctor Practice.
A growing, multidoctor, mobile hospice and palliative care practice in Louisville, Kentucky, is described. Services are exclusively dedicated to palliative medicine, hospice, and end-of-life care. The characteristics of, and unique considerations associated with, this practice's patient population are discussed. Demand for hospice and palliative care services is increasing even though these fields are in the early stages of growth and development, and availability of services is limited. Research is an essential step toward improving care provision and evaluating the value of hospice and palliative care services in terms of patient comfort, quality of life, and survival time. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Abstract
Implementing the capability to perform fast ignition experiments, as well as, radiography experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) places stringent requirements on the control of each of the beam’s pointing, intra-beam phasing and overall wave-front quality. In this article experimental results are presented which were taken on an interferometric adaptive optics testbed that was designed and built to test the capabilities of such a system to control phasing, pointing and higher order beam aberrations. These measurements included quantification of the reduction in Strehl ratio incurred when using the MEMS device to correct for pointing errors in the system. The interferometric adaptive optics system achieved a Strehl ratio of 0.83 when correcting for a piston, tip/tilt error between two adjacent rectangular apertures, the geometry expected for the National ignition Facility. The interferometric adaptive optics system also achieved a Strehl ratio of 0.66 when used to correct for a phase plate aberration of similar magnitude as expected from simulations of the ARC beam line. All of these corrections included measuring both the upstream and downstream aberrations in the testbed and applying the sum of these two measurements in open-loop to the MEMS deformable mirror.
Pupil layout for the advanced radiography capability on the National Ignition Facility is displayed in Fig. 2a. The pupil represents four beam pairs with each of the beam pairs containing 1.99 kJ centered around 1.053 μm in a 5 ps pulse. Figure 2b shows the far-field pattern generated from this pupil assuming that all of the beams are pistoned correctly and have a perfect Strehl ratio.
Implementation of the interferometric adaptive optics system on the National Ignition Facility. The abbreviations stand for the following: BS, beam splitters; L, lenses; λ/2 and λ /4, half and quarter wave-plates, respectively.
Measurements examining the effects of applying tip/tilt to the MEMS device Fig. 3a represents the far-field intensity patterns at four separate values of tilt applied to the MEMS deformable mirror. Figure 5b displays the Strehl ratio as a function of tilt amplitude applied to the MEMS deformable mirror. The squares represent the Strehl ratios derived from the measured fa-field intensity patterns, the solid black line represents the theoretical Strehl ratio as a function of tilt and the solid grey line represents a vertical displacement of the solid black line.
Measurements examining the effects of piston errors between two adjacent rectangular apertures. The piston error was introduced by placing a microscope slide across the lower half of the MEMS device. The microscope slide introduced both a piston and tilt across one half of the MEMS device. Figure 6a represents the unwrapped phase measured with the microscope slide across the lower half of the MEMS. Figure 6b represents the far-field intensity pattern after the inverse phase was applied to the MEMS device.
Measurements examining the effects of Kolmogorov phase screen errors across the aperture. The wrapped and unwrapped phases are displayed in Fig. 7a and 7b, respectively. The far-field intensity patterns for the uncorrected and corrected far-field intensity measurements are shown in Fig. 7c and Fig. 7d, respectively.
Structure function for the unwrapped phase profile corresponding to the applied phase plate. The solid black line represents the measured structure function and the dashed grey line is the analytical Von Karman structure function with the Fried parameter equal to ro = D/18 and the outer scale length equal to L0=1.8D.
Background subtraction and residual charge data from the Sensors Unlimited wave-front sensor camera. Figure 9a represents the residual charge on the wave-front sensor camera as a function of camera reads. The laser was applied to the focal plane array before the second camera read. Figure 9b represents the residual charge on the wave-front sensor camera after the average intensity has been subtracted. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display apparatus, and more particularly, to a liquid crystal display and a method for manufacturing the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In a related art liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal layer having an anisotropic dielectric constant characteristic is formed between an upper substrate and a lower substrate. When an electric filed is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the molecular arrangement of a liquid crystal material is changed, thereby controlling the amount of light transmit through the upper substrate and a desired image is displayed. The related art liquid crystal display devices include a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFL-LCD) display using a TFT as a switching device.
The related art TFT LCD device uses an electro-optical characteristic of the liquid crystal material to control light transmit through the upper substrate. The electro-optical characteristic of the liquid crystal material is determined by anisotropy of liquid crystal material and a state of molecular orientation of the liquid crystal material. Accordingly, it is important to control the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal material by forming an orientation film on the upper and lower substrates. The orientation films align the liquid crystal material, thereby improving the quality of images. When aligning the orientation film, a rubbing method is mainly used. In the related art rubbing method, the orientation film made of polyamide material is formed on the upper and lower substrates and a rubbing roll is applied to the orientation film.
In recent years, such related art rubbing method may have reached its limit because it became difficult to finely adjusting a variety of process variables while aligning the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal material. In addition, it has become difficult to prevent the generation of electrostatic. Thus, photo alignment, ion beam alignment, and other suitable alignment method have been studied to eliminate the use of the related art alignment film (hence, promotes no physical contact while controlling the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal material).
However, in related art non-contact alignment method, such as the photo alignment method and the ion beam alignment method, productivity of the liquid crystal display device becomes low because the manufacturing process becomes difficult. In addition, no substitute material to the related art alignment film has been developed in the non-contact alignment method. Accordingly, there is a continuous demand for developing equipment that produces more effective alignment process and alignment materials that optimize the alignment process.
In addition, the related art non-contact alignment method using a shear force includes the method using a magnetic field and an electric field. In the above discussed related art non-contact alignment methods, the liquid crystal material interacts with each other by the external force exerted by the photo process and the ion beam process or the external magnetic field and the electric field, thereby forming the initial alignment. In these related art alignment method, the liquid crystal material directly contacts the substrate since no orientation film is used. Accordingly, the alignment anchoring force is minimized or eliminated, but in either case, it acts very weakly.
As such, in the related art non-contact alignment methods, the alignment anchoring force does not work properly. In other words, even when the liquid crystal material is aligned at the desired direction initially, the force that allows the liquid crystal material to return to the initial alignment state after the orientation of the liquid crystal material is changed does not work properly, thereby deteriorating the orientation resilience. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
I will protect your pensions. Nothing about your pension is going to change when I am governor. - Chris Christie, "An Open Letter to the Teachers of NJ" October, 2009
Saturday, November 2, 2013
Marie Corfield for NJ Assembly
Can we talk?
Let me be clear: I am not giving up on Barbara Buono's race for governor. New Jersey will pay dearly if we reelect Chris Christie; any Democrat would be better than this utter failure of a leader. The argument for returning Chris Christie to Trenton for another term is, contrary to the protestations of his apologists in the punditocracy, incoherent. If Christie is reelected, I predict we will see a trajectory in his reign similar to the one followed by his mentor, Geroge W. Bush: it will become clear within a year or two of his second term that he is a disaster, incapable of serious leadership, and was simply voted into office on the wings of a historical accident.
Sandy is Chris Christie's 9-11, and we will pay a price for not seeing past the cynical way this complete fraud has wrapped himself in this tragedy. Don't say you weren't warned.
But we have to be honest: Buono's chances are not looking good. I don't blame her at all: I think she is smart and capable, both as a leader and as a politician, and she made as good of a case for herself as could be expected. Unfortunately, she was abandoned by a self-interested New Jersey Democratic machine, and a national party led by a president who didn't care to fight for her. And it didn't help that the mandarins of our media anointed Christie before the race even started. A pity, but not at all surprising, given the way our corrupted politics work these days.
In this reality, we have one hope for containing Chris Christie's inevitable march toward ruin: we must elect more people like Marie Corfield to the New Jersey legislature.
Marie is a teacher, a mother, and a fighter. She fights for public education because she knows New Jersey's excellent schools are under attack from forces who would see them dismantled in favor of privatization and an oppressive testing regime that is bad for kids. She fights for marriage equality, for women's health care, for reproductive choice, for smart growth, for the environment, for shifting the tax burden off of working families.
Marie Corfield fights for the middle class because she is in the middle class. Unlike Chris Christie, she knows what it's like to be a public school parent. She knows what it's like to manage a budget. She knows what it's like to work hard and play by the rules so her kids can have the same opportunities everyone's kids should have.
Chris Christie understands none of this. He is little more than vassal to power, talking a good game about the middle class while making it harder and harder for them to thrive in New Jersey. Marie Corfield is one of our best chances for calling out Christie on his class warfare policies and forcing Trenton to put working families and their children first.
We may not win the governorship - again, I am not giving up - but even if we don't, we can put Marie Corfield in office to hold back Chris Christie's assault on teachers, the middle class, the working poor, and public education.
As always, thanks to all of you for your support of this blog. If you enjoy what I do, I hope you'll consider giving what you can to help Marie.
3 comments:
I am so disgusted with Obama and the Dems that I no longer believe a word they say. Who knows what Obama whispered in Christie's ear when he came to NJ after Sandy? They triangulate, obfuscate, and manipulate. Obama & the national Democratic party have abandoned all WORKERS (public & private) in general and teachers in particular. The last thing they want is to elect a NJ gov who will support workers.
Marie C. and Barbara B. will most definitely get my vote. Poor Barbara Buono has so many stab marks in her back from all the NJ Democrats who have betrayed her and the party. Obama had a chance to endorse Buono but he took a big fat pass on that. Even when Jimmy Carter was in NJ recently, he spent all his time praising Christie and not a mention of his fellow Democrat. I don't ever remember a Democratic gubernatorial candidate being so abandoned, so sabotaged, so back stabbed as has been Buono by her own party and her fellow Democrats. We really need a strong progressive third party. I am so thoroughly disgusted with the Democrats who have so abandoned their core principles, the New Deal and any hint of progressivism.
Nothing political but I was run off to the side of the road by an obnoxious bus decorated a rock stars might be, black humvees, black suburban a and many motorcycles. Seems they were moving our guy Chris from one speaking op to another. I almost had to mount a curb in Newark leading to 280. I have seen presidents go by but he is no president and his entourage was obnoxious. I am a teacher going home and the stTe almost had one less. This is flying through the streets of Newark and wants respect? It takes more than a diet! What nerve and lack of concern...kinda like he operates. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The Russian Government Runs a Troll Agency to Flood the Internet with Propaganda - raku1234
https://www.yahoo.com/tech/the-russian-government-runs-a-troll-agency-to-115389567389.html
======
rorykoehler
So do the Israelis, Chinese, British, Americans and probably many more
countries. It's amusing to read propaganda like this article that is clearly
designed to point the finger from a morale high ground when the moral high
ground is an illusion. It's also a little tiring. We could try clean up our
own backyards before pointing at our neighbors.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
A prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor, Z-Pro-Prolinal, inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase translocation and production of reactive oxygen species in CV1-P cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine.
We studied the ability of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) inhibitors, Z-Pro-Prolinal and JTP-4819, to prevent translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) treated monkey fibroblast (CV1-P) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The cells were pretreated with POP inhibitors (30 min) before addition of toxicants. GAPDH was analyzed by Western hybridization, ROS by fluorescent 2'7'-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate, and viability by the MTT method. Both toxicants induced GAPDH translocation to the particulate fraction (mitochondria and nuclei). Z-Pro-Prolinal was able to inhibit the translocation in 6-OHDA-exposed CV1-P cells. In SH-SY5Y cells and in JTP-4819 pretreated cells, no prevention of translocation was seen. However, the intensity of GAPDH in cytosolic fraction increased. Both inhibitors blocked 6-OHDA-induced ROS-production to the control level in CV1-P but, not in SH-SY5Y cells, without affecting their viability. In conclusion, POP inhibitors are able to prevent certain cell stress related factors such as ROS production or GAPDH translocation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
EM is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by intermittent heat, redness, swelling, and pain more commonly affecting the lower extremities \[[@B1]\]. Symptoms are mostly aggravated by warmth and are eased by a cold temperature \[[@B2]\]. In some cases, symptoms can be very severe and disabling. Erythromelalgia can be classified as either familial or sporadic, with the familial form inherited in an autosomal dominant manner \[[@B3]\]. There is no single effective treatment for erythromelalgia and therapeutic management of this disease is very difficult and there is a need of a multidisciplinary approach.
Herein, we report the case of a 31-year-old woman affected by primary erythromelalgia that after several ineffective treatments was successfully treated with intrathecal Ziconotide. Furthermore, we have described an unexpected effect of this drug.
2. Case Presentation {#sec2}
====================
The patient, a 31-year-old Caucasian female, was diagnosed with primary EM at the age of 18. She was later diagnosed with exophthalmos and concomitant megalocornea and with bilateral congenital glaucoma resulting in loss and severe impairment of vision at the level of right and left eye, respectively. The symptoms of primary erythromelalgia started at the age of 6 with intermittent painful skin redness and swelling of both her feet and lower parts of the legs. Over time her symptoms increased in frequency and severity often requiring hospitalization. A chronic treatment with NSAIDs and exposure of lower legs to cold compresses were provided resulting in an improvement of symptoms. She was hospitalized once more in October 2008, because the worsening of symptoms evolved into constant erythema and warmth of the lower extremities with associated pain. Her symptoms were aggravated even further by exertion, stress, weight-bearing, and gravity dependency and she spent most time immersing her feet in cold water. She could not wear socks or shoes or cover her feet or legs and she was unresponsive to any of her current medications. Because of severe pain with intense burning to the extremities, the patient was then moved from the Dermatology Unit to our division. Physical examination revealed increased skin temperature to the lower extremities, very strong burning pain, and swollen ankles. There was evidence of chronic immersion injury to the skin on her feet which was thickened, reddened, and macerated with ulcerations. The patient rated her pain as 10/10 on a 0 to 10 scale value (numeric rating scale pain intensity, NRSPI) when lying completely still. She displayed secondary allodynia at the level of the perimalleolar areas and bilateral hyperalgesia at the level of the gastrocnemius and of the instep. As first line of treatment, we started with pregabalin 75 mg twice a day and oxycodone 5 mg twice a day. The drug dosage was then increased in the following weeks up to 150 mg twice a day and 20 mg twice a day for pregabalin and oxycodone, respectively. This therapeutic regimen yielded a considerable improvement of the symptoms such as pain relief (NRSPI score: 3-4), decreased burning sensation to the extremities with need for less cold medications, and regular nocturnal sleep; however, the swelling of lower limbs remained unchanged. The improvement of symptoms lasted until February 2010. In March 2010, the patient was again hospitalized in our unit, since she reported an escalation of pain without apparent triggers. The disabling pain was unresponsive to the therapy; thus, we decided to perform opioid rotation and to replace the anticonvulsant. However, the increase of the drugs yielded heavy side-effects as drowsiness, constipation, and profound asthenia, so we decided in favor of an implantable intrathecal pump drug delivery system. To determine whether the patient will benefit from an implant we performed a proper trial phase. During the trial, the planned drugs were infused through an indwelling catheter that was placed intrathecally. We started with the administration of an anaesthetic at low dose followed by administration of an opioid at low dose 24 hours later. The trial performed with administration of 0.03 mg morphine revealed an improvement of painful symptoms; however, the appearance of intense itching on her face occurred; thus, we decided to use Ziconotide. A fortnight after the test the patient underwent the implant of a spinal port a cache for Ziconotide titration in our unit. The drug was administered through a micropump (CADD 7300 MS3-7400 model) following a low titration schedule starting from the dosage of 0.3 mcg/*die* to the dosage of 1.2 mcg/*die*. As a result we observed a clear-cut improvement of the symptoms with pain relief (NRSPI score: 3) and disappearance of allodynia and hyperalgesia. The administration of the anticonvulsant was interrupted and the dosage of opioid, orally administered, was reduced to 5 mg twice a day. At the end of titration the patient was again hospitalized once more in our division to be subjected to the final implant of the intrathecal pump drug delivery system (10 mL Tricumed model/delivering 0.26 mL/daily) with a dosage of 1.8 mcg/*die* of Ziconotide. We also observed an unexpected result following administration of Ziconotide: the legs and feet of the patient which at the time of admission were swollen and tumefied dramatically improved after one week ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). In April 2013, the patient made the pump recharging with a delay of 4 days and came to our observation with her legs and feet swollen along with burning pain. Two days after refill with the usual dosage of Ziconotide the legs were no longer swollen, with no burning pain and with noticeable improvement after one week ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
3. Discussion {#sec3}
=============
A universally effective treatment for EM is unknown. The mainstay of therapy is support and avoidance of trigger factors. Aspirin is more effective in patients with secondary EM caused by myeloproliferative disorders \[[@B4], [@B5]\]. Sodium nitroprusside may be helpful in children \[[@B6]\]. Neuroactive drugs, including SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, pregabalin, and benzodiazepines, have had some symptomatic benefits in a few cases \[[@B4], [@B5]\] similar to surgical sympathectomy \[[@B4], [@B7]\]. NSAIDs and other types of analgesics and narcotics administered by different routes can be carefully used for pain control \[[@B4]\]. In this context it is worth mentioning that many patients with severe chronic pain fail to receive satisfactory pain relief with systemic or intrathecal (IT) opioid therapy \[[@B8]--[@B10]\]. Indeed, chronic pain is often either refractory or minimally responsive to long-term opioid treatment \[[@B8]\]. Furthermore, there are various limitations to the effectiveness of opioids in this population, including the risk of addiction and abuse \[[@B11], [@B12]\], the potential for loss of efficacy due to the development of tolerance \[[@B8], [@B12]\], and adverse events \[[@B12], [@B13]\]. The nonopioid analgesic Ziconotide has been developed as a new treatment for patients with severe chronic pain who are intolerant of and/or refractory to other analgesic therapies. Ziconotide is the synthetic equivalent of a 25-amino-acid polybasic peptide found in the venom of the marine snail*Conus magus* \[[@B14]\]. The mechanism of action of Ziconotide involves a potent and selective block of neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels at the presynaptic level \[[@B15], [@B16]\], thereby inhibiting neurotransmission from primary nociceptive afferents. Ziconotide produces potent antinociceptive effects in animal models \[[@B17]\] and its efficacy has been demonstrated in human studies \[[@B18]\]. The analgesic efficacy of Ziconotide likely results from its ability to interrupt pain signaling at the level of the spinal cord. Importantly, prolonged administration of Ziconotide does not lead to the development of addiction or tolerance \[[@B19]\].
In this report, we described the case of woman diagnosed with primary EM that after several ineffective treatments was successfully treated with intrathecal Ziconotide. The drug has significantly reduced the burning pain at lower extremities resulting in an improved quality of life of the patient allowing her to rest in the bed and not up in a chair for months. In addition, Ziconotide has eliminated the need for the patient to keep her feet in cold water, allowing an improvement of skin lesions caused by chronic immersion. We also observed an unexpected result following administration of Ziconotide: the legs and feet of the patient that at the time of admission were swollen and tumefied dramatically improved after one week. The mechanism through which Ziconotide exerts this effect is unknown. We hypothesized that, in our patient, EM is associated with a concomitant process of neuroinflammation as described for several chronic pain conditions \[[@B20]\]. Neuroinflammation depends upon the release of inflammatory neuromodulators from nociceptive primary afferent nerve terminals. In particular, the current accepted model of this process is based on the capability of stimulating events to activate peripheral nociceptive nerve endings leading to the generation of impulses which are conducted antidromically through axon reflexes and orthodromically to the spinal cord \[[@B21], [@B22]\]. This latter event causes primary afferent depolarization that initiates dorsal root reflexes, which send additional antidromic impulses to the periphery \[[@B23]\]. As a result, neuropeptides are released from the peripheral nerve terminal and initiate neuroinflammation. In particular, the secretion of substance P, neurokinin A, and CGRP from activated C-fibre terminals produces intense protein plasma extravasation (oedema) and vasodilation \[[@B24], [@B25]\]. In this frame Ziconotide could interfere with the neuroinflammatory circuit leading to inhibition of the vasoactive response, as this drug through its selective and potent action on N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels is able to control neurotransmission at many synapses \[[@B19]\].
Collectively, these results indicate that Ziconotide could be a novel drug in the management of chronic pain in EM. Furthermore, the unexpected improvement of leg and feet swelling and oedema after the treatment with the drug is a matter that deserves more attention for the use of Ziconotide also in other vasculopathies.
The authors thank Dr. Domenico Sturino for reviewing the paper.
Conflict of Interests
=====================
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
[^1]: Academic Editor: Piotr K. Janicki
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
PERFECT!
I've been testing snowboards for the most famous Norwegian sports mag for three years, and I have done some freeride competitions. I also love to have fun in the park. This is by far the best board I have ever ridden! No matter where I want to go or what I want to do... it's perfect! Including pipe and park. So let's hope they don't do the big mistake and change it for next year. I love everything about this board! I'm 165 cm and 50 kg riding the 150 Farah. I prefere a little setback in pow. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
We were invited to the Opening Night of Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood last night. This year the event opened a day early. They called it the Fan Preview night, offering guests an exclusive first look of all the mazes. There are more mazes than ever before. A total of 10 mazes! Since […]
This past week Universal announced the final maze for Universal Studios Hollywood. Exciting! We are less than 3 weeks away from the Opening Nights of Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood and less than 2 weeks for Universal Orlando.
Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort take guests on a relentless tour through multi-platinum recording artist and filmmaker Rob […]
We got invited to the Grand Opening Celebration of Jurassic World – The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood this past Monday.
What an Amazing event. Wow! The New Jurassic World Ride is freaking Amazing! Love the new Indominus Rex & Blue Raptor animatronics. You also get wet in the massive aquarium scene. Such an incredible ride.
Metro Goldwyn Mayer’s (MGM) “Killer Klowns from Outer Space” lands at this year’s “Halloween Horror Nights” in all-new chilling mazes at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort – bringing together the most twisted scenes and ghastly gags from the popular horror sci-fi film at the nation’s premier Halloween events.
Based on the cult 1980s film favorite, the “Killer Klowns […]
Exciting news from Universal Studios Hollywood this morning!
For the first time ever, Sony Pictures’ classic film, Ghostbusters, is coming to “Halloween Horror Nights” at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort – bringing the most memorable scenes, characters and supernatural spirits from one of pop culture’s most iconic films to life in immersive mazes based off the 1984 classic at […]
We are less than 2 months away from the Opening Night of Universal Horror Nights and today Universal release a pretty Cool Stranger Things artwork.
On the heels of the highly-anticipated debut of “Stranger Things 3” on Netflix, Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort have released new artwork for the all-new “Stranger Things” mazes coming […] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
A variety of apparatus for carrying out this cleaning technique have been devised in the past. The simpler systems utilize a hand-held wand with one spray nozzle and one vacuum nozzle, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,254, granted to James R. and Michael J. Roden on Feb. 12, 1991, for "CLEANING SYSTEM". More complex systems may employ a motor-driven rotating head with multiple spray nozzles and multiple vacuum nozzles. An example of the latter apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,999, granted May 5, 1981, to Clifford L. Monson for "ROTARY FLOORING SURFACE TREATING DEVICE". That same inventor has also proposed to equip a motor-driven, rotating head with a plurality of vacuum nozzles, each of which is rotatable about its own axis. That apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,692,959, granted Sep. 15, 1987, for "ROTARY CLEANER/SCRUBBER MECHANISM".
One undesirable operating characteristic of rotary single head cleaning devices is their tendency to veer off in different directions, depending upon the handling forces that are applied. Control of the heavy, commercial device of, say, 35 to 50 pounds, can be difficult and tiring for the operator.
Lighter weight, domestic floor polishing devices have been equipped with dual, oppositely rotating, brushes or pads to improve their handling characteristics. But the problem with dual head devices in the past has been their tendency to leave an untreated strip of surface between the two heads.
There continues to be a need for a heavy duty, commercial surface cleaning appliance which is easily controlled by the operator and which is capable of effecting uniform cleaning across a wide swath of surface. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
2019 Volvo S60 Polestar 0-60 Changes – A Volvo S60 is a good terrific preference with a high end compact car class. They have more comfortable forefront seating, an extraordinary range of safety and security technologies, and in this article-everyday fuel economy. Sadly, the 2019 Volvo…
2020 Volvo V90 Cross Country Specs – There’s many to enjoy on the subject of the Volvo V90 Cross Country. Outside this vision overall look together with wash, modern-day design, it includes remarkably comfy chairs and a hold of concept functionality as a result of this…
2020 Volvo S90 Hybrid Release Date – Volvo has become a member of your chorus regarding carmakers declaring electrification that should be the potential future. Typically the small to medium sized Swedish automaker’s statement is a particular of the the majority emphatic, for the reason that…
2020 Volvo V60 Hybrid Towing Capacity – The actual 2020 Volvo XC60 is undoubtedly a of the most powerful competitors throughout the quality SUV sector. This has abounding person area, an up-to-date interior using pleasing design, straightforward to work with infotainment interfaces. And even with…
2020 Volvo S90 Mussel Blue – All the Volvo S90 is a stylish, professional expensive midsize sedan with a awesome set in place of normal elements. Your Volvo S90 is certainly a sensible choice along with deluxe midsize sedans. The actual S90’s exquisite cabin offers first…
2020 Volvo V60 Polestar Price – Not anyone seriously wants to be 250 long distances clear of their end point when you will find a blizzard with typically the radar. Not one person really wants to be bogged down throughout Chi town in Feb gazing…
2020 Volvo S90 T5 Awd Momentum – All the Volvo S90 is without a doubt a classy, stylish high-end midsize sedan having an notable fixed about traditional capabilities. This Volvo S90 is a sensible choice among the high-class midsize sedans. All the S90’s fashionable cabin presents…
2020 Volvo Xc60 Hybrid Mpg – This Volvo XC60 gone basically unaffected for almost a several years and yet seized a major segment associated with the compact-luxurious SUV sector, so Volvo was vigilant never to chaos a lot with the primary formula in the event… | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Martin Angst, MD
Freedom of Choice
Dr. Martin Angst
           Although he’s a devoted wine enthusiast, Dr. Martin Angst can’t tell you his favorite kind of wine. “It really depends on the time of the year, my mood, the food,” he explains. Founder and director of the Human Pain Laboratory and an associate professor of anesthesia, Dr. Angst approaches his research with a similarly open-minded attitude. Founded in 1995, the Pain Lab partners with members of industry and researchers in genomics, molecular biology and bioinformatics to explore a wide array of biological aspects relevant to the relief of human pain.
Dr. Angst’s research interests include the accurate pharmacological characterization of novel analgesic compounds with a focus on early proof of effectiveness, the link between the genome and individual responsiveness to analgesics, and identification of specific biomarkers useful for the diagnosis and treatment of pain.
Currently, the lab is conducting a clinical experimental study in 125 pairs of twins investigating the relative contributions of the genome and the environment in determining individual responsiveness to opioid pain therapy. “We have hints that inheritance may actually be quite significant,” says Dr. Angst. “If that is so, then you can start to dissect the genome and ask what aspects of the genome are relevant.”
After completing his medical training in Switzerland and working for six months as a rescue medic, Dr. Angst came to Stanford in 1994to pursue a fellowship in clinical pharmacology. Along with his faculty advisor Dr. Barry Dick, Dr. Angst began conducting studies using small numbers of human volunteers in a lab setting to develop methods for reliably quantifying pain and pain relief in response to analgesics. The pair was able to demonstrate that their methods produced quantitative, well-controlled and reliable data. “The idea was to take some of the rigor of bench-side research and apply it to human biology,” explains Dr. Angst.
In the laboratory
Since then, Dr. Angst has pushed the envelope on developing more sophisticated experimental pain paradigms for the comprehensive pharmacological characterization of analgesic drugs. He is fascinated by the complexity of the body’s response to pain and medications. According to Dr. Angst, when he started as a student, the medical community largely assumed that a drug could do one of two things: block or stimulate a receptor. “Now we understand that when we intervene at the level of a receptor, we have to take into account that the system may respond beyond the events at a particular receptor system,” he explains.
In other words, sometimes the body does not behave as one would expect it to. “The nervous system is very plastic, and exerts changing and dynamic response over time in ways that are quite poorly understood,” says Dr. Angst. A systems-based approach to understanding pain medication is crucial to optimizing pain therapy in individual patients.
Although Dr. Angst claims that it was “serendipity” that he ended up at Stanford instead of in Switzerland, he asserts that the environment here has proven ideal for his free-spirited approach to research. “Stanford allows you to have visions and research fantasies and to pursue them and there will be hardly anybody who will tell you it’s too crazy,” he says. “The intellectual freedom is probably my favorite thing about Stanford.” | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Executing external programs via commandline in a Grails application
I am attempting to create a Java source file which will interface with my Grails application. When a certain action is performed, I want this Java file to execute a program via commandline. I am attempting to do this via the Runtime.getRuntime().exec() command, however I keep getting an error about the Runtime object being undefined. Is it not possible to get a handle on this object through Grails?
A:
If you are using Java 5 or later you are better off using ProcessBuilder rather than Runtime.exec. See here for more information.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The invention relates to a mounting apparatus for a bridge of a trenching machine and, more particularly, to a bridge mounting interface that is reversible to extend the effective length of a fixed length trenching boom bridge.
Trenching machines commonly employ a rearwardly extended trenching boom that carries an endless trenching chain. The trenching boom is attached to a prime mover that also provides the power for moving the endless trenching chain. It is common to use a trenching boom bridge, including a crumber attachment mounted at its distal end portion, to assist in the removal of spoil created by the endless chain from the trench.
Trenching booms of adjustable length are known in the art whereby sections may be added to or taken from a trenching boom and the endless trenching chain lengthened or shortened accordingly. Heretofore, it has been necessary to change the length of the trenching bridge in order to accommodate the adjusted length of the trenching boom so as to maintain the appropriate working position of the crumber attachment. One approach used in the prior art is to make the trenching bridge out of nesting subelements so that it is adjustable in length by telescopic action. Such a telescoping trenching bridge is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,214.
The present invention provides a bridge mounting apparatus which is reversible to permit the use of a fixed length bridge on trenching booms of different lengths. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Sub-critical regime of femtosecond inscription.
We apply well known nonlinear diffraction theory governing focusing of a powerful light beam of arbitrary shape in medium with Kerr nonlinearity to the analysis of femtosecond (fs) laser processing of dielectric in sub-critical (input power less than the critical power of self-focusing) regime. Simple analytical expressions are derived for the input beam power and spatial focusing parameter (numerical aperture) that are required for achieving an inscription threshold. Application of non-Gaussian laser beams for better controlled fs inscription at higher powers is also discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
David James Davies
David James Davies (1893–1956), known as D. J. Davies, was a Welsh economist, industrialist,<ref name="Cambria Magazine">Why Not a Welsh Royal Family? by Siôn T Jobbins, January 2008, Cambria magazine</ref> prize winning essayist, author, political activist, pilot, and an internationalist. Davies was a world traveller before returning home to Wales.
Initially a founding member of the Welsh Labour Party in the Ammanford district, in 1925 he left Labour becoming a founding member of Plaid Cymru, the nationalist party of Wales.
According to the historian John Davies, it was D. J. Davies' ideas which were more influential in shaping long-term Plaid Cymru ideology following the Second World War, and Davies was as "equally [a] significant figure" as Saunders Lewis in Welsh nationalism history, but it was Lewis' "brilliance and charismatic appeal" which was firmly associated with Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru of the 1930s.John Davies, A History of Wales, Pages 591, 592
Early life
D. J. Davies was born the third child of Thomas Davies, a miner, and Ellen Davies (née Williams) in Carmel, Carmarthenshire, Wales, on 2 June 1893. After attending local schools, Davies began working at age 14 in several collieries and at Barry Docks. Though working long hours, Davies continued his education by taking evening classes and through correspondence courses.
World traveller
In 1912 Davies emigrated to Canada and then to the United States where he worked in mines. Davies was a co-founder of the Northwestern Coal and Coke Company in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. "A colourful figure," wrote professor John Davies, D. J. Davies travelled throughout the United States, became a boxer, attended Colorado State University-Pueblo, and then studied law at Seattle University in Washington.
Following his studies, Davies travelled to Asia, spending time in Japan and China before returning to the US and joining the United States Navy as an engineer and pilot in 1918. Davies' membership in the US military, rather than the British military, was "a protest against the class bound attitudes of the officers of the British Army," according to professor John Davies.
While on leave from the US Navy in 1919, Davies returned to Wales and worked as a collier in Llandybïe, until he was seriously injured in an accident. By 1920 Davies was discharged from the US Navy following his incapacitation the following year.
Political activist
During his "enforced leisure" resulting from the accident, wrote Dr. Ceinwen Hannah Thomas, Davies studied "economics, politics and the history of the Working Class Movement". Stirred into socialist political activism, Davies became a founding member of the Labour Party in the Ammanford district of Carmarthenshire.
In 1924 Davies travelled to Denmark to attend the International People's College in Elsinore, and a Folk High School in Vestbirk, where "[Davies'] attitude towards the relationship between socialism and nationalism changed completely", according to Dr. Thomas.
"[Davies] came to believe that true internationalism was based on co-operation between free nations, while the advancement of the Welsh working class could only be secured in a free Wales. This point of view was expressed months before the Welsh Nationalist Party (now Plaid Cymru) was founded in 1925, while he was unaware of the existence of a nationalist movement in Wales. He returned from Denmark a convinced nationalist in favour of an economic policy of co-operation which placed ownership and control of the means of production in the hands of the workers themselves".- Dr. Ceinwen Hannah Thomas
Of Davies' experience in Denmark, author Siôn T. Jobbins wrote "Impressed by that little country's ability to govern itself, the one-time member of the Independent Labour Party returned to Wales in 1924 a Welsh nationalist".
Inspired by the Folk High Schools of Denmark, Davies and his new Irish bride Noëlle Ffrench, whom he had met at the International People's College, moved to Ireland to establish a Folk High School there.
However, by 1925 their attempt proved unsuccessful, and the couple moved to Aberystwyth where Davies attended the Aberystwyth University, then known as University College of Wales (UCW). Also that year, Davies resigned from the Labour Party and became a founding member of the newly formed Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, later known as Plaid Cymru; the Party of Wales.
Davies graduated from UCW, Aberystwyth, with his Bachelor of Arts in economics in 1928, a Master of Arts in 1930, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1931. Davies won consecutive awards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1930, 1931, 1932, and 1934 on essays on economics and politics. Davies' economic essays were particularly inspired by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, "and year in year out the model he offered for the regeneration of depression-ridden Wales was the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority", according to Dr. Davies.
In 1932, Davies and his wife again attempted to establish a Folk School in the Danish tradition, and bought the Pantybeilïau mansion at Gilwern in Monmouthshire. However this attempt also proved ultimately unsuccessful.
Davies increased his participation within Plaid Cymru, contributing as an economic and political researcher, author of pamphlets and articles in the movement's publications, as well as writing articles in other mainstream Welsh and English language publications.
However Davies and other leftist members of Plaid Cymru were increasingly disaffected by Plaid president Saunders Lewis. Davies objected to Lewis' economic policies, Lewis' rejection of capitalism and socialism, and at the party conference in 1938, Davies and other leftest members firmly rejected Lewis' concept of "perchentyaeth"; a policy of 'distributing property among the masses'. Additionally, Davies and many leftest Plaid members were deeply offended by the "readiness of prominent party members [such as Lewis] to see virtue in Mussolini and Franco". In 1939 Lewis resigned as Plaid Cymru president citing that Wales was not ready to accept the leadership of a Roman Catholic.
Davies argued in favour of engaging English-speaking Welsh communities, and stressed the territorial integrity of Wales. Davies pointed towards Scandinavian countries as a model to emulate, and was active in the economic implications of Welsh self-government.
In 1953, one-time republican Davies wrote an article in Y Faner publication strongly endorsing a Welsh constitutional monarch. Posthumously published in English in his book Towards Welsh Freedom in 1958, Davies advocated that an independent Wales would be better served by a Welsh constitutional monarchy, one which would engender the affection and allegiance of the Welsh people and legitimise Welsh sovereignty.
An hereditary constitutional monarch would, he argued, embody and personify a Welsh national identity above party politics, while political parties formed governments in a parliamentary system similar to those of Denmark, Norway, or the Netherlands. Davies advocated for the elevation of a native Welsh gentry family, rather than inviting a foreign prince to the throne of Wales. Among the criteria for consideration, argued Davies, was that the family had to have a history of contributing to Welsh life and reside in Wales.
In the 1950s, Davies and his wife Noëlle became deeply concerned over the dispute concerning the legal status of Monmouthshire, which some considered part of Wales while others considered part of England. "They lost no opportunity in demonstrating that it had always been an integral part of Wales," wrote Dr.Thomas.
Death
D. J. Davies died on 11 October 1956 and was buried in Carmel graveyard in Carmarthenshire.
Essays and bibliography
Selected essays
The economic history of South Wales prior to 1800 (written in 1933)
Can Wales afford self-government? (with Noëlle Ffrench Davies, 1938 and in 1947)
Cymoedd tan gwmwl (with Noëlle Ffrench Davies, 1938)
Diwydiant a masnach (1946)
Wales Must Have a Monarchy'' (1953, 1958)
Selected bibliography
Towards Welsh Freedom (1958)
References
National Library of Wales; Welsh Biography Online, by Dr. Ceinwen Hannah Thomas, PhD, Extracted 16 February 2009
Category:1893 births
Category:1956 deaths
Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:Welsh-language writers
Category:Welsh people of World War I
Category:Academics of Aberystwyth University
Category:Plaid Cymru politicians
Category:Colorado State University–Pueblo alumni
Category:Welsh economists
Category:Welsh Labour politicians
Category:Welsh socialists
Category:20th-century Welsh writers
Category:People from Carmarthenshire
Category:Seattle University alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Java - defining unknown number of variables in an entity
I need an entity called DynamicEntity for example, in which I must define an UNKNOWN number of variables with theyr setters and getters. The variables must have a name I want to give them, so for this i got:
The main class:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DynamicEntity dynamic = new DynamicEntity();
dynamic.parseVariable("int");
}
}
And the DynamicEntity class:
public class DynamicEntity {
public void parseVariable(String text) {
String[] tokens = text.split("-");
String variableType = tokens[0];
String variableName = tokens[1];
if (variableType.equals("int")) {
int variableName = 0;
}
}
}
Definetly the variableName will not be accepted due to its defined already.
The thing is that i dont want the variable inside the IF to be called variableName, I want the variable to be called as the whats inside the tokens[1].
And of course creating setters and getters for every new variable added, which i have no clue what to do for this.
A:
You can benefit from the Map structure. Where as the key you put the name of your member and as value the value for it.
A simple example of concept:
class Dynamic {
private final Map<String,Object> members = new HashMap<>();
public void setMember(String name, Object value) {
members.put(name,value);
}
public Object getMember(String name) {
return members.get(name);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The Week in Public Finance: How Tax Policies Fared at the Ballot Box
Efforts to raise state taxes largely failed. That wasn't the case at the local level.
Oregon voters rejected a measure that would have banned any new tax on groceries. (Shutterstock)
With a few exceptions, voters across the country on Election Day approved statewide proposals to reduce or limit taxes while also widely rejecting any efforts to raise them. But that wasn't the story at the local level, where several tax increases passed.
Three out of four states voted to restrict tax policy. In Florida, voters enacted a two-thirds legislative supermajority requirement to pass a tax increase. Arizona voters favored a new ban on taxing services. And North Carolinans opted to lower that state’s income tax rate cap.
Measures that limit lawmakers' taxing authority have a mixed track record. “These measures happen in waves,” says Wake Forest University political professor John Dinan. “You might say there’s a bit of a resurgence in their success judging by Tuesday’s results.”
Only the voters in the blue state of Oregon rejected a tax limiting measure. The proposal would have expanded the state’s legislative supermajority requirement. That divergence between red and blue states on this issue is likely a product of the country’s increasing political polarization, says Michael Leachman of the Center on Budget and Policy Priority. But, he warns, places that have “these restrictions in their constitution give [lawmakers] less flexibility to deal with situations that might arise in the future.”
Oregon was also the exception in what otherwise was a wide-ranging repudiation of proposed taxes, with voters rejecting a measure that would have banned any new tax on groceries. A similar ban in Washington state, on the other hand, passed.
Meanwhile, proposed tobacco tax hikes in Montana and South Dakota failed, and Maine voters nixed a proposed payroll tax to fund a universal home health-care program.
Revenue-raising proposals saw more success at the local level.
Denver voters approved a slew of tax increases, including sales tax hikes to help fund parks and mental health services.
In San Francisco, voters approved Proposition C, a controversial measure that will increase a gross receipts tax on the city’s largest companies to help fund homelessness initiatives.
Down the peninsula, Mountain View, home to Google, approved a so-called head tax on companies to raise money for transportation and affordable housing. Earlier this year, the Seattle City Council passed and then rescinded a head tax after threats from Amazon that the company would move jobs elsewhere.
Jared Walczak of the conservative-leaning Tax Foundation says such taxes can backfire. “Tech jobs in particular are highly mobile,” he says, “so that makes it relatively easy to push those jobs out of the area.”
The split on tax hikes are also a product of the fact that it’s harder to get such measures passed statewide. That's because getting conservative-minded voters, who typically live outside of metro areas and oppose tax increases, and more liberal-minded city dwellers to agree is usually a tall order.
Colorado voters easily rejected a proposal to raise income taxes for education funding. And Oklahoma voters narrowly nixed a ballot measure that would have given schools more flexibility to spend local property tax revenue how they want.
In Louisiana, a proposal designed to help phase in higher property tax payments for homeowners facing huge increases in appraisal values cruised to victory. But in California, despite being home to some of the nation’s highest home prices, voters opted not to expand a controversial property tax break to seniors and the disabled.
"That’s a win for a saner tax code,” says Walczak of California's measure. The current system under Prop. 13 already creates huge inequities in the way properties are taxed, he adds.
Cutting Prop. 13’s restrictions on property taxes has been an ongoing discussion in Sacramento for years. But Wake Forest’s Dinan said the clear rejection of expanding the proposition could signal that voters are ready to listen. “It could well be that the measure failed because it went against grain of where the discussion in California is moving,” he says. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
importer and dealer of equiteacher equicoach and ceecoach instruction systems
equicoach duplex two way
The equicoach instruction system is a system where communication between rider and instructor is possible. So the instructor can without press a button talk to the rider and vice versa.The equicoach does not work with bluetooth as other systems work, we have consciously chosen to have a good range in all circumstances. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
A positively charged loop on the surface of kallistatin functions to enhance tissue kallikrein inhibition by acting as a secondary binding site for kallikrein.
Kallistatin is a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) that specifically inhibits tissue kallikrein. The inhibitory activity of kallistatin is abolished upon heparin binding. The loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin containing clusters of basic amino acid residues has been identified as a heparin-binding site. In this study, we investigated the role of the basic residues in this region in tissue kallikrein inhibition. Kallistatin mutants containing double Ala substitutions for these basic residues displayed a 70-80% reduction of association rate constants, indicating the importance of these basic residues in tissue kallikrein inhibition. A synthetic peptide derived from the sequence between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin was shown to suppress the kallistatin-kallikrein interaction through competition for tissue kallikrein binding. To further evaluate the function of this loop, we used alpha1-antitrypsin, a non-heparin-binding serpin and slow tissue kallikrein inhibitor as a scaffold to engineer kallikrein inhibitors. An alpha1-antitrypsin chimera harboring the P3-P2' residues and a sequence homologous to the positively charged region between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin acquired heparin-suppressed inhibitory activity toward tissue kallikrein and exhibited an inhibitory activity 20-fold higher than that of the other chimera, which contained only kallistatin's P3-P2' sequence, and 2300-fold higher than that of wild-type alpha1-antitrypsin. The alpha1-antitrypsin chimera with inhibitory characteristics similar to those of kallistatin demonstrates that the loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin is crucial in tissue kallikrein inhibition, and this functional loop can be used as a module to enhance the inhibitory activity of a serpin toward tissue kallikrein. In conclusion, our results indicate that a positively charged loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of a serpin can accelerate the association of a serpin with tissue kallikrein by acting as a secondary binding site. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Men's suits whilst still being bespoke tailored, are increasingly made by mass production techniques. Such techniques lend such suits to be sold relatively inexpensively in retail outlets such as department stores. However, suits have to be cleaned. Cleaning, particularly dry cleaning is relatively expensive, and has to be repeated several times over the life of the suit, so increasing its overall cost.
Various proposals have been made for making machine-washable and dryable suits but such known suits were not able to retain their shape or smartness after being subjected to a number of wash and dry cycles.
It is an object of the invention to provide a machine-washable and dryable item of apparel, which is able to retain its shape or smartness after being subjected to machine washing and machine drying. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Salads are versatile. You can make them into a an entire meal, a side dish, or a course preceding the entrée. Sometimes however, you just want a simple side salad; something that doesn’t over power the meal. This Gluten-Free, No Sugar Added Garden Salad Made Simple fits the bill. You can, of course alter this recipe in any way to use what you prefer or have on hand.
My Nutty Pecan Pie Crust is the perfect combination of simplicity and taste–perfect for either a sweet or savory pie. Because it’s so easy to make, it’s the perfect go-to Low-Carb Gluten-Free recipe when you need to make multiple pies at holiday time.
Savory Pecans make a great Gluten-Free snack for any occasion. Whether you need a grab and go snack or something to put out for guests, Savory Pecans are the perfect solution. They require very few ingredients, are easy to prepare, and are crazy delicious! Best of all, these spiced nuts make a great gift.
A simple Gluten-Free Italian Tossed Salad Nothing is a great compliment to any meal. If you’re in a rush, make your life a little easier and use the pre-washed bagged Italian salad. You can add anything you want to it and it makes a lovely presentation. Save the “goodies” like cucumbers, tomatoes, radishes, etc., for a meal that does not already include 2 cooked vegetables. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
I HATE the yaoi craze, especially at cons. Shonen-ai, is alright. Not really into it, but at least that has merit and romance even. Unforunately, it often gets called yaoi like this article does in spades. Thankfully, they do clarify it at the end and state how us morons in the US toss around the Y label even at the company level.
At Anime Boston, the Gravitation mock concert, the yaoi paddles, and all the girls dresses as guys kissing just was beyond lame and childish. Yaoi is meaningless and tacky. It's taking characters and slashing them for slash sake and shock value. Having dozens of screaming fans makes it worse.
It's the lameness of the slobby geeky guy cherring about panty shots. Or the guy oggling and cheering a girl in a skimpy costume to take it off. Yet here it's magnified in a legion of fangirls. It's just not classy and just plain childish. I think it is degrading conventions with incresing levels of immaturity.
Hell I have wanted to cosplay as Duo from Gundam Wing for a while, but the increasing yaoi fangirls scare me too much. Even a simple Wolfwood to join a friend with a Trigun group is out of the question. Hopefully Griffith, if I don't do another costume instead anyway, and Berserk has a more mature audience.
Again, I don't mind Shonen-ai titles. Our club showed Fake and once we got over the surpise of the subject, it wasn't bad. I do have some interest in Decendents of Darkness. Plus stuff like Fruits Basket does have overtones of it.
Yet yaoi, by definition is quite meaningless and all these screaming fans need to grow the hell up. You are ruining cons.
At Anime Boston, the Gravitation mock concert, the yaoi paddles, and all the girls dresses as guys kissing just was beyond lame and childish. Yaoi is meaningless and tacky. It's taking characters and slashing them for slash sake and shock value. Having dozens of screaming fans makes it worse.
I had to work next to the booth of the guy who was selling those yaoi (and yuri) paddles. You would be amazed how many people were crowed around his booth all day as he was preaching the gospel of yaoi. It was sickening; mothers and sons would go up to this guy not knowing what yaoi was and be tricked into buying paddles and what not. It's a sick world out there...
I had to work next to the booth of the guy who was selling those yaoi (and yuri) paddles. You would be amazed how many people were crowed around his booth all day as he was preaching the gospel of yaoi. It was sickening; mothers and sons would go up to this guy not knowing what yaoi was and be tricked into buying paddles and what not. It's a sick world out there...
If you expect classy and not childish from any anime fandom at this point, you deserve to be disappointed.
As much as I dislike it, I can't really go crazy and bash yaoi myself, since I know someone else could easily come along and pick apart just about anything that I like. Obnoxious yaoi fans are, indeed, a real pain though. I'm talking about those who try to shove it in your face and who call you a bigot if you dislike the genre for whatever reason. Naturally, there are people like this in every fandom imaginable (although this one is among the especially rabid), and you've just got to learn to deal with them.
Which can be difficult, especially given how big it's getting. Doable, but difficult.
As annoying as rabid yaoi fangirls can get, I consider it karma-esque payback for the years of us having to put up with obnoxious fanboyism. (I myself am a mild fan of Gravitation and Yami no Mastuei.) I remember when I was at AX a few years ago, huge groups of grown men were actually throwing girl's panties around the dealer's room, and just generally being loud and obnoxious. That's not right, that's not mature, and that most definitley is obnoxious. Fanboys have been acting like that for years, whereas 'yaoi' is a pretty young concept in America. So you'll just have to get used to it. :)
The only problem I can see with this is that the general public see it and then label all anime as "gay porn" with all the homophobia attached to that. It just adds fuel to the "it's the spawn of satan" evangelical bolox. That article couldn't even discribe the term "yaoi" in it's proper meaning.
As annoying as rabid yaoi fangirls can get, I consider it karma-esque payback for the years of us having to put up with obnoxious fanboyism.
Amen! For some reason fandom does tend to attract folks (including me) who have, shall we say, social skill shortcomings. Now it's got more girls who act stupid in public to match the boys who act stupid in public (including me.) It may not be a healthy development, but it's fair.
I'm not worried about the yaoi thing feeding into anti-gay hysteria in any major way since it's a bit fringy anyway, and it doesn't have much to do with actual homosexual people. At this point I think the anti-gay crowd would actually welcome anything that makes homosexuality look crazy and fringe; it's the increasing mainstreaming of homosexuality that's got them worried.
If you want to cosplay as Duo, do it. If someone acts stupid, put them in their place. If you're that worried, have several snappy retorts already thought up. Humiliation works well on teens. My nephew drove his mom & grandmother crazy saying lewd comments about any hot chick he saw. When he came down to visit us I informed him if he said anything like that in my presence, I'd walk over & inform the girl he was talking of--"See that geek over there? he said---". Boy never said a thing out of line in my presence. My daughter knows I won't think twice of making her want to crawl into a hole & die. I don't care. I don't know most of those people. I'll likely never see them again. Do I care what they think of me as long as I'm not hurting them? So what if my daughter & I screamed when Akabane showed up on the screen at the ADV booth--didn't hurt anyone & it was fun.
I only go to the San Diego Comic-con & haven't seen this behavior in the 4 yrs I've gone. It's one of the biggest fantasy conventions in the US so maybe they police it better, or maybe it's just so darned big I always manage to be far away from any such insanity. They did just celebrate 35 yrs, so maybe it's also a lot of experience. the cons you're going to need to decide where to draw the line & if your experience is being affected so severely, then they aren't doing that job.
According to Animerica's Girl Power issue (9/03) Shonen Ai had fallen out of use & Yaoi was being used to describe all of the titles.The website for Yaoi-con also states Shonen Ai isn't used any longer
Yaoi is no more pointless than any of the porno movies I've seen. All the refs I've seen denoting it as pointless simply refer to it's doujinshi origin when the stories were pointless. There's as much or more of a plot than the afore-mentioned porn. There's as much of a plot as the average soap opera at least in the titles I've read. It's like looking at the first Superman story & saying the title is as simplistic today. Guys get their stuff all the time, yet wail like they're being murdered over yaoi. I have never seen the reason for female nudity in shojo, yet it's there all the time. Oh, well. I don't get all bent over it. I just figure they throw it in to try to suck in a male audience. (I also don't understand male nudity in shonen, but I do apprecieate it, thank you.) Do I want to see 2 guys having sex? not really. Do I want to see naked guys? Yea, to a point. So 2 guys in bed in yaoi means one will see a lot of skin. I'm very fond of shower scenes since they afford us such a nice view of the guy's bod.
Manga is art as is anime. One can't appreciatre well-done art?
Just because boys have been doing it for years doesn't make it right for girls to act the same stupid way. If male anime fans acted in some of the ways that I've seen female yaoi fans act, they'd be arrested, locked up, and charged with sexual harrassment and creating an unsafe environment.
That said, there is nothing wrong with yaoi, just as much as any other section of ecchi anime. But what needs to happen is that fans need to say that certain behavior, male or female, should not be condoned or allowed. Or, if it is allowed, it should be equal for male and female. The girls who stand around trying to get two boys to kiss shouldn't get their thongs in a twist when guys hoot and holler to get two women to kiss, and visa versa.
Travel back in time (and maybe have your gender swapped) to seven different periods of Japanese history, all from the comfort of your couch.― The history of Japanese civilization is expansive, predating the Common Era by 10,000 years (the Jomon period). There's much more ground to cover compared to what kids get in U.S. history classes in high school, which rarely cover anything before the Boston T...
Junji Ito's death-stench horror gets the deluxe treatment with a new hardcover omnibus, but the subject matter might not work for everyone.― Junji Ito is inarguably one of the masters of horror manga, utilizing both horror (physical revulsion) and terror (psychological reaction) to create gut-churning tales of the world gone mad. To a degree, he carries this out in his two-volume series Gyo from 200...
Voice actor/director/professional Dungeons & Dragons player Liam O'Brien returns to the podcast after a 5-year hiatus to discuss his roles in Fate/Zero and Sailor Moon, along with the landscape for anime voice acting now and what it's like to be Gollum.― ANNCast Episode 234: Podcastoes O'Brien Get the Flash Player to see this player. Voice actor/director/professional Dungeons & Dragons player Liam ...
If you went to an anime convention this summer or have used the internet lately, you may notice anime fans seem to have fallen in love with Steven Universe. Why? Because the show loves them right back.― If you've been to an anime convention in the past year, you've probably seen colorful, gem-studded cosplay like this filling the hallways. Photo credit links: top left, top right, bottom left, bottom...
If you've got questions for the director of the high-flying fantasy series The Pilot's Love Song, we've potentially got answers for you!― We've been given the opportunity to interview The Pilot's Love Song director Toshimasa Suzuki, and we need your help! NISA, who will be releasing the fantasy action drama The Pilot's Love Song on bluray September 22nd, asked for fan questions for Mr. Suzuki, whos...
Bee-Train's 2001 girls-with-guns classic returns on Blu-Ray, and holds up surprisingly well, despite some mediocre animation.― Not all older series deserve the Blu-Ray treatment. For some it is because the show just isn't as iconic as people might like to think, while for others it's because the quality was never BD worthy in the first place. Noir, fortunately, does hold up well enough that its tran...
Egypt Arc is JoJo in peak condition, as memorable and engaging an adventure as you could hope for. JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is back.― When we last left our heroes, they'd just arrived on the shores of Egypt, escaping the literal jaws of defeat in order to finally save Jotaro's mother. The journey there had been a lengthy and sometimes inconsistent one, with their various adventures indeed being plen...
The creator of the hit manga, recently adapted into a popular anime series, talks about her inspirations, how she got her start, and what it's like to watch your manga become a TV show.― As you might guess from the story, the main character of the story is a high school roughneck named Ryu Yamada. Yamada meets cute, quiet, and studious Urara Shiraishi, who is his complete opposite in almost every wa... | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
AdoQuery.Filter with dates
So, I have a Query: "Select * FROM Payments WHERE Day([PayDate])=Day(Date()) AND Month([PayDate])=Month(Date())"
And I was wondering how can I do this in the ADOQuery.Filter propertie of the ADOQuery.
I know you can use "Ands" to put more than one condition, but I don't get the Month(Date()) and Day(Date()) thing in this.
I'm using an Access database btw.
A:
ADOQuery.Filter is not the same as SQL "WHERE" clause.
You need to calculate functions in SQL before using them.
Try to make like this:
ADOQuery.SQL.Text := 'SELECT *, Day([PayDate]) AS d, Month([PayDate]) AS m FROM Payments';
And then use "d" and "m" fields in ADOQuery.Filter
uses DateUtils;
procedure FilterQuery;
var
D: TDateTime;
begin
D := Now;
ADOQuery.Filtered := False;
ADOQuery.Filter := Format('d = %u AND m = %u', [DayOf(D), MonthOf(D)]);
ADOQuery.Filtered := True;
end;
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
{{{header}}}
<dl>
<dt>{{label_text}}</dt><dd>{{{input}}}</dd>
<dt>{{label_select}}</dt><dd>{{{select}}}</dd>
</dl> | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Our Lifetime Care Plan includes:
Lab-Created Ruby & White Sapphire Tennis Bracelet in Sterling Silver
Make a ravishing statement with this sterling silver tennis bracelet, which is designed with twenty-eight 3 millimeter round lab-created rubies and twenty-eight 3 millimeter round lab-created white sapphires.
Product Specifications
Item Number:
2022831
Stone Shape:
Round
Stone Type:
Gemstone
Center Stone Nature:
Lab Created
Metal Type:
Silver
Metal Color:
Silver
Clasp:
Boxlock
All jewelry has been enlarged to show beauty of detail. Gemstones may have been treated or enhanced by heating or irradiation. Rubies may be treated or enhanced by heating and/or filled with glass or fluxes. Gemstones require special care in jewelry repair or cleaning.
Videos
Colored Gemstones
Ruby
There's no better way to demonstrate your love than by giving a ruby in celebration of a July birthday. Rubies arouse the senses, stir the imagination, and are said to guarantee health, wisdom, wealth and success in love. Ruby is a variety of the gems species corundum. It is harder than any natural gemstone except diamond, which means a ruby is durable enough for everyday wear. Fine-quality ruby is extremely rare, and the color of the gem is most important to its value. The most prized color is a medium or medium dark vivid red or slightly purplish red. If the gem is too light or has too much purple or orange, it will be called a fancy-color sapphire.
It all started when Shirley Bush agreed to become Barnett Helzberg Jr.'s wife. From that moment on he knew he was loved, and wanted to share it with the world.
"I Am Loved®" quickly went from a slogan to a button to a worldwide phenomenon. Four decades later, Shirley and Barnett are still going
Visit I am Loved | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Guam National Shooting Sports Federation
Guam National Shooting Sports Federation is the Guamanian association for olympic shooting under the International Shooting Sport Federation.
See also
Guam Shooting Sports Federation
References
External links
Official homepage of Guam National Shooting Sports Federation
Category:Shooting sports organizations
Shooting | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jeh Jeh Live: Vette Spectacular
2017-05-10T15:23:26Z2017-05-10T15:23:26Z
The Vette Spectacular: All Corvette Show is this Saturday, May 13 from 9am-3pm at the Zamora Shrine Temple, 3521 Ratliff Rd – Birmingham, AL 35210. It is an Indoor/Outdoor show rain or shine. There will also be a cash prize for 50/50, a silent auction, and food on hand. The money raised supports Magic Moments. Registration & show cars arrive at 7 a.m. and it opens to the public at 9 a.m. Trophies will be handed out for best in each class – C1-C7 & best of show. The first 50 paid registered cars park inside Temple. Car entry fee is $35. Sell your car at the Car Corral for a $15 fee. The show is sponsored by The Mid-Alabama Corvette Club. For more information, visit www.midalcorvette.com. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Is it possible ignore unique constraint in insert and insert what doens't exist?
I need to insert many rows in a N:N relationship table, but if a key (IDTable1, IDTable2) exists, it will throw an exception and it doesn't insert the rest of the keys.
I am trying to insert the data in this way:
insert into MyTable(IDTable1, IDTable2)
VALUES(1,2),
VALUES(1,3),
VALUES(2,4),
VALUES(4,5),
VALUES(5,7);
The problema is that if for examaple (1,3) exists, the rest of the keys aren't inserted, but I would like that if a key exists ignore it and insert the keys that aren't exits.
Also I have tried with a try/catch, in this way:
begin try
insert into MyTable(IDTable1, IDTable2)
VALUES(1,2),
VALUES(1,3),
VALUES(2,4),
VALUES(4,5),
VALUES(5,7);
end try
begin catch
end catch
But the problem is the same, I get 0 rows affected.
is it possible to ignore the existing keys and insert the no existing keys?
Thanks.
A:
One method is with MERGE;
CREATE TABLE MyTable(
IDTable1 int
, IDTable2 int
, CONSTRAINT UQ_MyTable UNIQUE (IDTable1, IDTable2)
);
INSERT INTO dbo.MyTable VALUES(1,3);
GO
MERGE dbo.MyTable AS target
USING (
VALUES
(1,2),
(1,3),
(2,4),
(4,5),
(5,7)
) AS source(IDTable1, IDTable2) ON
source.IDTable1 = target.IDTable1
AND source.IDTable2 = target.IDTable2
WHEN NOT MATCHED BY TARGET THEN
INSERT (IDTable1, IDTable2) VALUES(source.IDTable1, source.IDTable2);
GO
This can also be done with INSERT...SELECT along with NOT EXISTS:
INSERT INTO dbo.MyTable (IDTable1, IDTable2)
SELECT IDTable1, IDTable2
FROM (
VALUES
(1,2),
(1,3),
(2,4),
(4,5),
(5,7)
) AS source(IDTable1, IDTable2)
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM dbo.MyTable as TARGET
WHERE target.IDTable1 = source.IDTable1
AND target.IDTable2 = source.IDTable2
);
EDIT:
And here is a LEFT OUTER JOIN method:
INSERT INTO [MyTable] ([IDTable1], [IDTable2])
SELECT source.[IDTable1], source.[IDTable2]
FROM MyTable AS target
LEFT JOIN (
VALUES
(1,2),
(1,3),
(2,4),
(4,5),
(5,7)
) AS source(IDTable1, IDTable2) ON
source.[IDTable1] = target.[IDTable1]
AND source.[IDTable2] = target.[IDTable2]
WHERE target.[IDTable1] IS NULL;
GO
For this particular table, index, and data, MERGE appears to perform best based on fewest logical reads. The STATISTCS IO results for these 3 methods with SQL Server 2017 are:
MERGE:
Table 'MyTable'. Scan count 0, logical reads 22, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
NOT EXISTS:
Table 'MyTable'. Scan count 1, logical reads 17, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Worktable'. Scan count 1, logical reads 11, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
LEFT OUTER JOIN:
Table 'MyTable'. Scan count 1, logical reads 17, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
Table 'Worktable'. Scan count 1, logical reads 11, physical reads 0, read-ahead reads 0, lob logical reads 0, lob physical reads 0, lob read-ahead reads 0.
I observed similar results with a CLUSTERED unique constraint.
However, I wouldn't generalize that MERGE is always the best approach from a performance perspective. SQL Server will ideally generate identical plans for semantically identical queries, although that doesn't always happen in practice. When performance is of particular concern, you need to examine the execution plans and test performance with representative data.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
What is the tagline for our site, what's our sales pitch?
5.What’s the “elevator pitch” for our site?
This is not quite the same as How do we promote our site?.
This is what is the essence of our site? What can we provide that makes us different to other sites or blogs offering advice or information about pets?
How is our format unique and different, perhaps better than forums, blogs, or sponsored sites?
A:
I think the fact that we are focused on questions and answers and aren't just a general forum is one selling point - it creates a much better signal to noise ratio than a lot of other places online where the freedom to post anything as a response can make it difficult to source actual practical information.
Also, we aren't centered on any one species. A lot of blogs and sites have a specific focus (cats, dogs, lizards, what have you), whereas anyone with any pet can come in here and likely get a really good answer to their problem.
Another good thing, I think, is our lack of sponsorship - sites that are sponsored by, say, a particular food manufacturer or the like is likely to be pretty biased and will generally recommend their products as often as possible, whereas we won't have anything like that here.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Nellallitea 'Nella' Larsen (first called Nellie Walker) (April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964) was an American novelist of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote two novels and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, what she wrote earned her recognition by her contemporaries and by present-day critics.
Contents
Biography
Nella Larsen went by various names throughout her life. She was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 13, 1891 as Nellie Walker. She was the daughter of Danish immigrant Marie Hanson and Peter Walker, a West Indian man of color from Saint Croix who soon disappeared from her life. Her mother was a domestic case worker.[1][2]. Taking the surname of her Scandinavian stepfather Peter Larsen,[1] Larsen also at times went by Nellye Larson, Nellie Larsen and, finally, Nella Larsen.[3] When she married, she sometimes used her married name Nella Larsen Imes.[4]
As a child, Larsen lived several years with her mother's relations in Denmark. In 1907-08, she briefly attended Fisk University, in Nashville, Tennessee, a historically Black University. George Hutchinson speculates that she was expelled for some violation of Fisk's very strict dress or conduct codes; she then spent four years in Denmark, before returning to the U.S.[5]
In 1914, Larsen enrolled in the all-black nursing school at New York City's Lincoln Hospital. Upon graduating in 1915, she went South to work at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, where she became head nurse at a hospital and training school. While in Tuskegee, she came in contact with Booker T. Washington's model of education and became disillusioned with it. (Washington died shortly after Larsen arrived in Tuskegee.) Working conditions for nurses were poor; their duties included doing hospital laundry. Larsen lasted only until 1916, when she returned to New York to work again as a nurse. After working as a nurse through the Spanish flu pandemic, she left nursing and became a librarian.[4] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Jean-Claude Blanc
Jean-Claude Blanc (; born 9 April 1963 in Chambéry, France) is a General manager and marketing executive of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and former CEO of Juventus Football Club.
Biography
Blanc holds an International Business and Marketing degree from Skema Business School and a MBA from Harvard Business School.
Career
Blanc is one of the most experienced sport's marketing executives in Europe having led organizations in different major sports over the last 20 years; indeed he managed the Olympics (winter games), the Tour de France (cycling), the Paris Dakar (motoracing), the French Open (tennis), Davis Cup and has been the Chairman and CEO of Juventus Football Club.
Between 1987 and 1992 Blanc was Sales and Marketing / Opening and Closing Ceremony Director for the Albertville Olympic Games in France and worked very close to Jean-Claude KILLY, chairman of the Organizing Committee. He then became the CEO between 1994 and 2000 (after taking his MBA at Harvard) of Amaury Sport Organization (ASO), a branch of a media company owning and operating the main sporting events in France in cycling, motoracing and athletics (Tour de France, Paris/Roubaix, Paris/Dakar race, Paris Marathon...). JCB boosted ASO's revenues and international reach as well as created an all news TV network / L'Equipe TV.
Between 2001 and June 2006 he was nominated CEO of the French Tennis Association and as such was the manager in charge of organizing the French Open (Roland Garros), the Paris Master Series and the Davis Cup / Fed Cup tennis events when staged in France. During his tenure, the French Open reached a new level of development and success thanks to JCB's innovative ideas like adding an extra week-end of grand Slam tennis by starting the tournament on a Sunday instead of a Monday.
Before becoming Chairman of the Board of Juventus Football Club in October 2009, Blanc was brought in as a board member during the club's worst period in history when it was relegated to the second division (Serie B) due to the Calciopoli scandal.
Blanc focused immediately on rebuilding the team and the technical staff. He also renegotiated all major business contracts and improved the financial health of the Club. The team made a great and immediate come back in season 2006/2007 to the main division (Serie A), reaching an unexpected third place (season 2007/2008)then second place (season 2008/2009) while operating the Club's finances at break even.
Blanc's masterpiece in the last five years has been also to radically modify the new stadium project as well as close the financing for the construction of the new Juventus arena. This arena along with a 35,000 square meters mall is the first to be built in Italy since 1990 and is the only one privately owned by an Italian football club. Blanc has stated many times that the stadium is the future for Juventus, a major revenue-booster and the new soul of the team.
On May 19, 2010, Blanc left his role as Chairman of the Board of Juventus to Andrea Agnelli, son of former Chairman Umberto Agnelli. Blanc retained his role as General Manager and CEO. Agnelli's response to Blanc's confirmed responsibilities was, "He will take care of the operations management of the club at 360 degrees and focus mainly on the development of revenues, managed our international relations with UEFA and FIFA as well as follow up on the stadium project strategic for the future of the Club".
On May 11, 2011, in line with his working contract and in agreement with the owners of the Club, Blanc released his executive powers to the Board of Juventus and resigned as CEO. Instead, he became a member of the Board of Directors. However, Blanc tendered his resignation and left the post on October 15, 2011.
References
http://www.juventus.com/site/eng/NEWS_newsseriea_F4D4FC5AF3B249379FD2D049790F63FF.asp
External links
Profile on Juventus.com
Category:Juventus F.C. chairmen and investors
Category:Harvard Business School alumni
Category:Living people
Category:1963 births
Category:People from Chambéry
Category:French expatriates in the United States
Category:Juventus F.C. directors | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Effect of short-term food deprivation on reproduction in female mice.
CF-1 female mice were subjected to 24 or 48 h of food deprivation beginning when they were in estrus or diestrus, or when they were 2 or 12 days pregnant, or on Days 2 or 12 of lactation. Ovulation was delayed by a week or more when 48 h of food deprivation was initiated when the female was in diestrus; lesser delays occurred when food deprivation began in estrus. There was little effect of acute food deprivation on pregnancy. Most females deprived of food beginning on Day 2 of lactation ate their young, but females deprived on Day 12 of lactation rarely did so. These results are discussed in terms of the complexity of interacting factors that determine the degree to which each stage of the female's reproductive cycle is susceptible to disruption by acute food deprivation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Impairment of physical exercise capacity in healthy postmenopausal women.
Healthy postmenopausal women reveal a series of peripheral vascular abnormalities, whose possible consequences on exercise performance has not been yet elucidated. We studied the response to strenuous exercise in 25 postmenopausal women (mean age 50 +/- 3 years) without cardiovascular risk factors or disease through an integrative cardiopulmonary test. In comparison with 25 premenopausal subjects matched for age and biophysical characteristics, postmenopausal women showed a lower maximal workload (P < .01) and maximum VO2 (P < .01), an early anaerobic threshold (P < .05), and a lower ratio between increase of VO2 consumption and work rate (P < .01). Our results suggest that menopause could represent an important concomitant cause in determining an impairment of exercise capacity. The set of cardiopulmonary abnormalities found in the present study seems to identify the peripheral circulation as the limiting system in postmenopausal women experiencing exercise intolerance. Finally, present findings are in favor of an early introduction of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Using Malloc Hooks
I am trying to use a malloc hook to create a custom function my_malloc(). In my main program when I call malloc() I want it to call my_malloc() can someone please give me an example on how to do this in C
A:
Did you look here?
http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/manual/libc/Hooks-for-Malloc.html
A:
According to http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/manual/libc/Hooks-for-Malloc.html, here's how to do this with the GCC libraries.
/* Prototypes for __malloc_hook, __free_hook */
#include <malloc.h>
/* Prototypes for our hooks. */
static void my_init_hook (void);
static void *my_malloc_hook (size_t, const void *);
static void my_free_hook (void*, const void *);
/* Override initializing hook from the C library. */
void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook;
static void
my_init_hook (void)
{
old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
old_free_hook = __free_hook;
__malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
__free_hook = my_free_hook;
}
static void *
my_malloc_hook (size_t size, const void *caller)
{
void *result;
/* Restore all old hooks */
__malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook;
__free_hook = old_free_hook;
/* Call recursively */
result = malloc (size);
/* Save underlying hooks */
old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
old_free_hook = __free_hook;
/* printf might call malloc, so protect it too. */
printf ("malloc (%u) returns %p\n", (unsigned int) size, result);
/* Restore our own hooks */
__malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
__free_hook = my_free_hook;
return result;
}
static void
my_free_hook (void *ptr, const void *caller)
{
/* Restore all old hooks */
__malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook;
__free_hook = old_free_hook;
/* Call recursively */
free (ptr);
/* Save underlying hooks */
old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
old_free_hook = __free_hook;
/* printf might call free, so protect it too. */
printf ("freed pointer %p\n", ptr);
/* Restore our own hooks */
__malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
__free_hook = my_free_hook;
}
main ()
{
...
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to frame relay networks, and more particularly to a system and method for testing end-to-end connections of a virtual circuit across a frame relay network, without disrupting other user traffic being channeled across the same virtual circuit.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Modem communications networks often include a number of paths or links that are interconnected to route voice, video, and data (hereinafter collectively referred to as "data") traffic from one location of the network to another. At each location, an interconnect node couples a plurality of source nodes and destination nodes to the network. In some cases, the sources and destinations are incorporated in a private line network that may include a series of offices connected together by leased-lines with switching facilities and transmission equipment owned and operated by the carrier or service provider and leased to the user. This type of network is conventionally referred to as a circuit-switching network. Accordingly, a source node of one office at one location of the network may transmit data to a destination node of a second office located at another location of the network through their respective switching facilities.
At any given location, a large number of source nodes may desire to communicate through their respective switching facilities, or interconnect node, to destination nodes at various other locations of the network, the data traffic from the various source nodes is first multiplexed through the source switching facility, then demultiplexed at the destination switching facility and finally delivered to the proper destination node. A variety of techniques for efficiently multiplexing data from multiple source nodes onto a single circuit of the network are presently employed in private line networks. For instance, time division multiplexing ("TDM") affords each source node full access to the allotted bandwidth of the circuit for a small amount of time. The circuit is divided into defined time segments, with each segment corresponding to a specific source node, to provide for the transfer of data from those source nodes, when called upon, through the network.
Other data communications systems, in contrast, have not been as successful employing multiplexing techniques to enhance network efficiency further. In particular, frame-relay networks offer far fewer alternatives than their circuit-switching network counterparts. Frame-relay networks are often referred to as packet-switching networks. Packet-switching networks, as opposed to circuit-switching networks, allow multiple users to share data network facilities and bandwidth rather than providing a specific amount of dedicated bandwidth to each user, as in TDM. Instead, packet switches divide bandwidth into connectionless, virtual circuits. As is known, virtual circuit bandwidth is consumed only when data are actually transmitted. Otherwise, the bandwidth is not used. In this way, packet-switching networks essentially mirror the operation of a statistical multiplexer (whereby multiple logical users share a single network access circuit).
One problem, however, with such traditional virtual circuits relates to the throughput efficiency in frame-relay and other packet-switching networks. For instance, a one-to-one correspondence exists between applications and frame-relay virtual circuits, there being no inherent mechanism in today's frame-relay standards for transporting end-to-end data management. Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments ("IETF RFC") 1490 "Multiprotocol Interconnect Over Frame Relay," herein incorporated by reference, provides the ability to multiplex protocols, but forces the equation of a protocol to a single logical channel on a given virtual circuit. Additionally, IETF RFC 1490 protocol headers must appear on every single frame transmitted over the circuit, without exception.
The circuit and method of related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/557,873, filed on Nov. 14, 1995, and entitled Circuit and Method for Multiplexing a Frame-Relay Virtual Circuit and Frame-Relay System Having Multiplexed Virtual Circuits discloses a system and method for providing end-to-end data management over a single frame-relay virtual circuit of the network. Briefly, the circuit of the system includes: (1) a logical channel creation circuit for designating a channel flag and first and second headers to be associated with frames relayed via first and second logical channels over the single frame-relay virtual circuit, respectively and (2) a multiplexer for associating frames of first and second data streams with the first and second logical channels, respectively, by inserting the channel flag and second header into each frame of the second data stream and the first header into only frames of the first data stream for which the associated flags match the channel flag, the first and second logical channels thereby allowed to be multiplexed over the single frame-relay virtual circuit, ones of the frames of the first data stream free of the first header to reduce an overhead of the multiplexing circuit. Judicious choice of the channel flag allows the first data stream to be relatively free of additional overhead, while the second data stream bears the bulk of the additional overhead.
In a preferred embodiment of the system disclosed therein, the multiplexing circuit is adapted to operate in a virtual secondary channel mode wherein the logical channel creation circuit designates the first and second logical channels as primary and secondary channels, respectively, the first data stream subject to a more stringent performance requirement than the second data stream. In the virtual secondary channel mode, the multiplexing circuit allows the single frame-relay virtual circuit to relay the secondary channel. The primary channel may be employed, for instance, to carry user traffic, while the secondary channel may be employed, for instance, to carry management traffic.
While the system and method of this prior frame-relay management system provides an effective way to multiplex logical communication channels across a single virtual circuit, further improvements are still desired. Namely, a manner of providing non-disruptive diagnostics across a single virtual circuit. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
980 F.2d 1447
Perryv.Auburn University**
NO. 92-6084
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
Dec 02, 1992
1
Appeal From: M.D.Ala.
2
AFFIRMED.
**
Local Rule 36 case
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Neurophysiological differences between perception and imagery.
The present study was designed to examine brain activity underlying mental imagery is conceptualized as behavior guided by internal representation only, the activity of the prefrontal lobes was assumed to be a measure of differentiation of imagery from perception. Twenty-one subjects were requested to observe and imagine a swinging pendulum and to touch and imagine a coshball in separate trials. The EEG was recorded from 15 standard electrode sites and analyzed with (1) traditional alpha power and (2) an estimation of dimensional complexity (a measure derived from nonlinear dynamics). Both EEG measures revealed expected object-related differences during perception as well as during imagery. The visual pendulum showed relative to the tactile coshball increased dimensional complexity and less alpha power at parietal and frontal sites. However, only the EEG dimension supported the main hypothesis: Imagery resulted in increased prefrontal dimensional complexity in comparison to perception independent of the modality of the image. In contrast, for alpha power the difference between imagery and perception was due to stimulus modality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1D/1B receptors have gained particular interest as potential targets for treatment of migraine and depression. G-protein coupling and other intrinsic properties of the human 5-HT(1D) receptor were studied using a baculovirus-based expression system in Sf9 cells. Coexpression of the human 5-HT(1D) receptor with Galpha(i1), alpha(i2), alpha(i3), or Galpha(o)-proteins and Gbeta(1)gamma(2)-subunits reconstituted a Gpp(NH)p-sensitive, high affinity binding of [(3)H]5-HT to this receptor, whereas the Galpha(q)beta(1)gamma(2) heterotrimer was ineffective in this respect. Competition of [(3)H]5-HT binding by various compounds confirmed that coexpression of the human 5-HT(1D) receptor with Galpha(i/o)beta(1)gamma(2) reconstitutes the receptor in a high affinity agonist binding state, having the same pharmacological profile as the receptor expressed in mammalian cells. Binding of the antagonist ocaperidone to the human 5-HT(1D) receptor in coupled or noncoupled state was analyzed. This compound competed with [(3)H]5-HT binding more potently on the human 5-HT(1D) receptor in the noncoupled state, showing its inverse agonistic character. Ocaperidone acted as a competitive inhibitor of [(3)H]5-HT binding when tested with the coupled receptor form but not so when tested with the noncoupled receptor preparation. Finally, [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding experiments using the inverse agonist ocaperidone revealed a high level of constitutive activity of the human 5-HT(1D) receptor. Taken together, the reconstitution of the human 5-HT(1D) receptor-G-protein coupling using baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells made possible the assessment of coupling specificity and the detection of different binding states of the receptor induced by G-protein coupling or ligand binding. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Cell permeable vanX inhibitors as vancomycin re-sensitizing agents.
VanX is an induced zinc metallo d-Ala-d-Ala dipeptidase involved in the viable remodeling of bacterial cell wall that is essential for the development of VREF. Here we report two cyclic thiohydroxamic acid-based peptide analogs that were designed, synthesized and investigated as vancomycin re-sensitizing agents. These compounds exhibit low micromolar inhibitory activity against vanX, with low cytotoxicity and were shown to increase vancomycin sensitivity against VREF. The improved pharmacological properties of these novel inhibitors over previous transition state mimics should provide an enhanced platform for designing potent vanX inhibitors for overcoming vancomycin resistance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
SOPOR torrent reviews
Martin S (es) wrote: In its genre - high school rom-coms - it's definitely odd, but that's probably one reason why it is also the best movie in the genre - together with brilliant acting and a movie soundtrack to die for.
Daniel P (it) wrote: Though the conclusion is rather heavy-handed, for the most part NEDS makes subtle, articulate points and Peter Mullan shows directorial flair in what is undoubtedly a personal film. Though it is rather downbeat, there's also a surprising amount of humour (albeit of the ironic, dark sort) and the characters avoid archetype and cliche.
Michael A (de) wrote: A modern day high school jounalist uncovers stolen SAT's and a conpiracy in his high school...When reviewing this movie I can't help but mention Brick because both have the same feel..only this isn't as well acted.
Niloo R (nl) wrote: definitely a nostalgic film for me. i enjoyed watching it, and there were some aching moments of longing, though i think a lot of that pertained to my specific experience as a child growing up in iran. as a film, i think it executed the child's pov very well and did a wonderful job of depicting a world through non-conventional narrative structures. in the end though, the characters didn't change or grow, which to me, removed the audience from experiencing the film and ultimately denied audience satisfaction (which may have been intentional, but didn't align with my personal tastes). regardless, a very poignant, nostalgic, tragic film.
Martin B (au) wrote: After the 29 proper movies in the Carry On-saga that was made in 1958-1978 in 1992 it was time for yet another one with basically just one of the old cast in a leading role (Jim Dale)This movie is genreally hated by cineasts all over the world and it is truelly a bad movie but it didn't have to turn out that way.The idea to put contemporary (in 1992 ) funny people in the context of Carry On could really have worked if there just were a script worth the name somewhere here.The first half hour or so is just fine, but then it goes landsliding of the charts. Sad, really. Rik Mayall and the other comedians have the stuff to make a movie of this sorts to work but they are in deed prevented from doing so. Jokes are pretty lame all over, but this one is in classic style:The Wazir: [after a messenger arrives] He brings news of what the Lisbonians are getting up to.The Sultan: I don't care what they get up to, as long as they don't do it in the street and frighten the camels!The Wazir: No, no, sir, the city of Lisbon.The Sultan: Oh! The one in Portugal?The Wazir: Quite correct, O mighty one.
Brett B (us) wrote: Though it is appropriately unsettling, Sidney Lumet's adaptation of Shaffer's play is only a modest success, primarily because Lumet's execution is - quite unusually - rather bland, which is doubly strange when considering the provocative and uncomfortable subject matter. Perhaps he felt the need to underplay his style for just that reason, but the final product feels decidedly like lesser Lumet. Still, it's worth seeing for the quality of the writing and acting (Burton and Firth are great, and even the bit parts are filled out by good character actors like Blakely and Andrews).
Xinrui C (ag) wrote: Although "Barbarella" has a flat, kitschy plot, the psychedelic sets and sensational costumes make the experience wholeheartedly exciting.
Mark B (mx) wrote: known for being the influence behind "alien" it stands alone on its own as one of the better sci-fi flicks of the 50s. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
LI-RADS and transplantation: challenges and controversies.
Patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be cured by liver transplantation. HCC imaging features on CT or MRI are specific enough to allow for definitive diagnosis and treatment without the need of confirmatory biopsy. When applied to the appropriate at-risk population the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) imaging criteria achieve high specificity and positive predictive value for the diagnosis of HCC. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) is the United States organization that aims to assure the adequate and fair distribution of livers across candidates. Given the importance of fair organ allocation, OPTN also provides stringent imaging criteria for the diagnosis of HCC aiming to avoid false positive diagnosis. Although most imaging criteria are identical for both systems, discrepancies between LI-RADS and the current OPTN classification system for HCC diagnosis exists. Main differences include, but are not limited to, the binary approach of OPTN to classify lesions as HCC or not, versus the probabilistic algorithmic approach of LI-RADS, technical and interpretation considerations, and the approach towards treated lesions. The purpose of this article is to highlight the similarities and discrepancies between LI-RADS and the current OPTN criteria for HCC diagnosis and the implications that these differences may have on the management of patients who are transplant candidates. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The present invention relates to sensor devices for gait enhancement, and more particularly, to such a sensor device having an attachment mechanism for attaching the device to the rim of a shoe.
It is known that various pathologies of the neuromuscular system due to disease or trauma to the central nervous system, such as stroke, spinal cord injury, head injury, cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis, can impede proper limb functioning of the legs. Gait, the biomechanical description of walking, can suffer static and dynamic parameter variations due to neuromuscular impairments that cause non-symmetrical walking and reduced walking speed and stability, and often require increased energy consumption.
Drop foot describes the gait attributable to weak or uncoordinated activation of the ankle dorsi-flexors due to disease or trauma to the central nervous system A patient suffering from drop foot tends to drag the foot during the swing phase of walking and usually try to compensate for this dragging by hiking the hip or swinging the affected leg in a circular motion. These patients tend to have impaired stability, are prone to frequent falls, and have walking movements that are unaesthetic and energy consuming
It is known, however, that functional electrical stimulation (FES) can Generally be used to activate the leg muscles of such patients Precisely timed bursts of short electrical pulses are applied to motor nerves to generate muscle contractions, which are synchronized with the gait of the patient, so as to improve the leg function and enhance the gait
Commercially available FES devices utilize a sensor, for disposing underneath the foot of the user, to trigger the electrical pulses being applied to the motor nerves. The sensor senses foot rise or foot strike and accordingly triggers the stimulation pulses administered to the motor nerves. The sensor device is physically distinct from the orthosis.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,507,757 to Swain, et al., discloses one typical foot sensor device of the prior art, in which a foot pressure switch, or sensor, is permanently disposed in the shoe of the affected leg. An electrical circuit is interrupted during the stance phase, when a significant weight is placed on the heel, and reconnects when the heel is lifted during the swing phase. Wires disposed under the clothing connect the sensor with an external stimulator unit that can be attached to the belt or kept in a pocket of the user. The stimulator unit is connected to the electrodes by additional electrical wires
In other FES orthotic devices, the cumbersome wires are obviated by using a radio frequency (RF) system in which the foot sensor device and other components of the FES orthotic device communicate in a wireless fashion. However, the use of such an RF system necessitates integrating an RF transmitting unit, or head, within the foot sensor device The transmitting unit can be bulky and sensitive to humidity and mechanical stress. Consequently, such transmitting units are typically mounted on and attached to the calf of the patient.
U.S. Design Pat. No. D494,273 to Haugland, et al., assigned to Neurodan A/S, describes a pressure sensor switch device for placing underneath the foot of the patient. The communication head is held at a predetermined distance from the sensor device by a wide, semi-rigid spine. The device disclosed by Haugland, et al., can be used as a component of the ActiGait® system manufactured by Neurodan A/S. In the ActiGait® system, the pressure sensor device is inserted into a small pouch within a sock, such that upon donning of the sock, the pressure switch is disposed underneath the foot A substantially non-elastic band is tightened around the calf to secure the RF unit in place against the calf of the impaired leg.
This approach is disadvantageous in that the patient, who is often hemiplegic or may suffer from other disorders, is required to add the donning of an additional item—the sock—to his routine This unintuitive action is particularly problematic for patients who need or prefer to don the FES orthotic device in an unassisted fashion.
A further disadvantage of this design is that the semi-rigid spine may rub against the foot and heel Also, the electronic head that houses the RF transceiving unit may rub the ankle or lower calf of the user during the course of gait. Moreover, because the pressure switch and RF transceiving unit are mechanically connected by a wide, at least semi-rigid neck, pressures exerted on the electronic head (e.g., when the head gets caught on, or bumped by, an object during the course of gait), are mechanically translated into forces on the foot sensor. These forces may impede the efficacy and sensitivity of the foot sensor. A further disadvantage lies in the limited ability to adjust the electronic head of the pressure switch to different shoe heights: the electronic head protrudes excessively from low-rimmed shoes, and cannot be fitted to shoes or boots in which the rim is at or above the height of the electronic head.
There is therefore a recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, a sensor device for neuroprosthetic gait enhancement that overcomes the various deficiencies of the prior art devices. It would be of particular advantage to have such a sensor device that is essentially effortless to don, avoids the discomfort associated with prior art sensor devices, and is secured so as to operate in a safe and robust fashion, | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Lecanites
Lecanites is a ceratitid genus assigned to the Danubitaceae, with an essentially smooth, evolote, discoidal shell and a goniatitic suture with many elements. It is the type and now only genus of the Lecanitidae.
Previously, according to the Treatise Part L, Lecanites and Badiotites were included together in the Lecanitidae which then was part of the Clydonitaceae. Since then (Tozer 1981) Badiotites was reassigned to the new family Badiotitidae which is included in the Ceratitaceae and Lecanites and Lecanitidae put to the Danubitaceae.
Lecanites was named by Mojsisovics in 1882. It has been found in the middle and upper Triassic of California, Nevada, Idaho, China, and Italy.
References
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea. R. C. Moore (ed). Geological Society of America and Univ of Kansas press, 1957
Classification of E. T. Tozer 1981 E. T. Tozer. 1981. Triassic Ammonoidea: Classification, evolution and relationship with Permian and Jurassic Forms. The Ammonoidea: The evolution classification, mode of life and geological usefulness of a major fossil group 66-100
Category:Danubitaceae
Category:Triassic ammonites
Category:Ceratitida genera
Category:Ammonites of Europe
Category:Ladinian first appearances
Category:Carnian extinctions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
#include "qglobal.h"
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
SWTOR Jedi Shadow PvP Tanking Guide
SWTOR Jedi Shadow PvP Tanking Guide by Powerr
Introduction
Jedi Shadows tanking spec has been recently upgraded by BioWare into being a full decked out beast. We now have an AOE snare that does nice damage on an 8 second cooldown and stacks an 5% damage debuff on all targets. This ability is also great because it does not put resolve on your target.
Note that.. popping a warzone expertise pot while you have a red damage buff will WASTE your expertise pot and result in a 3 minute wasted cooldown. (It refreshes the red buff not technically waste).
What I did was put it on a separate q-bind than my other pre-requisites.
Tanking Damage rotation
The rotation in the tanking stance goes as follows:
(Pre-pop Kinetic Ward, you can use it in stealth along with any buffs) -Open with Spinning Kick (uses 1 bar of resolve on target) -Double strike until you get Particle Acceleration procced -Pop Requisites listed above –Project –Slow Time -Should have some stacks of Harnessed Shadows -Telekinesis Throw (should be in time to get your last stack of potency used up) -Repeat rotation, or if you like shadow strike, be my guest -Execute!
**note that slow time should be used off the gcd, but! is much like force breach in the sense that you need to use it directly after project for maximum burst.
Abilities off the GCD
-Kinetic Ward -Taunt -AOE Taunt -Interrupt -Sap (Mind Maze)
Team Play
Remember that you can be doing multiple things at once in this spec. I normally peel while keeping my enemies taunted, debuffed, and snared.
With the new re-vamp on Guard, it makes it much easier to quickswap guard to focus fired targets. Take advantage of that, don’t be the tank that is predictable. There is nothing more annoying than running around with a tank train and every target you attack is guarded as soon as you get on it. If the other team is not assisting, pick their best dps player, and detaunt him the entire game and keep slow time up. Keep snares up on the entire team if possible. Lastly, clear off your healer!!! You need him/her.
The most important things you need to do as a tank is peel off your healer, suppress their top dpsers, and assist burst when needed.
If your team is all dead and you are last alive, use it to your advantage, vanish and pop cooldowns to hold your point for as long as you can via sap, slow time, survivability.
I’ve done some digging and testing for group play and I’ve found it to be quite difficult to judge what the best template is for your shadow. I’ve been a firm believer that higher dps>more wins in warzones. Reason being, you wipe them fast enough, you get the point no questions asked. On top of that the Jedi Shadow really excels as a DPS character. We are the higher DPS of the tanks, while being a bit more squishy. We do however not have great sustainable AOE dps like say the vanguard/powertech.
What I have found to be best is to use mostly stalker gear with a 2 piece set bonus survivor set for the decreased cooldown on Spinning Kick.
This however depends on who you are playing with. If your team has lots of stuns and interrupts then you can sacrifice that survivor gear for more damage. The more stalker gear, the significant increase in damage you will receive. As most of our force attacks are not affected by tanks defense, you will truly see some nice numbers in tank spec.
I would however change this up if you plan to solo in WZs, as having the extra survivability without a reliable healer can truly keep you in the game and more successful.
My best advice (it’s not absolute) would be to play your first life in what you think would work best. When you die quickly make adjustments during the match.
Ask yourself, could I have killed that person if I had more damage? Ask yourself, does my team have lots of DPS? Ask yourself, is my team heal heavy? Ask yourself, do we need to better protect the objectives? Ask yourself, are players getting off too many casts I could have interrupted?
These are things I think about as I play and adjust accordingly. People are always asking me what spec I am playing/gear using because I am CONSTANTLY changing it up situationally.
Glory says, “The best defense is a good offense”. and it generally doesn’t let me down too often. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The Detroit Electric Scheme - Characters
One of the biggest challenges for any author is creating characters who will come to life on the page. Hopefully I have achieved that with my fictional characters, William C. (Will) Anderson, Jr., Elizabeth Hume, Wesley McRae, John Cooper, and Frank Van Dam, among others. I also chose a number of people who came to life literally and have done my best to be true to their character and the historical record.
Those characters are:
Edsel Ford (1893-1943)This is a man whom history has cheated. He was a remarkable person--talented, intelligent, brave, and perhaps most of all, loyal--who is remembered not for those qualities but as Henry Ford's lackey. Or even worse, for the biggest flop in automotive history, the car that bore his name. (Note - to Ford Motors credit, it was meant to be a tribute to Edsel. He had already passed away and had nothing to do with the design.)
At the time of this story, Edsel would have been seventeen years old and was finishing high school at the Detroit University School. He wanted to go on to college but was strongly discouraged by his father, who didn't have much use for higher education. Instead of college, Edsel began working for the Ford Motor Company, and spent the rest of his too-short life in the service of Henry Ford, who seemed to be trying to toughen up Edsel all his life.
History remembers Edsel as his father's lackey, dominated and subdued by the flinty old man. Yet Edsel could have left Ford Motor Company before the age of twenty with enough money to never work again. Instead he stayed on and became the President of the company, even then bullied by his father, who undermined Edsel's authority at every turn.
Edsel had the soul--and the talent--of an artist. He designed the first Lincoln Continental, which many critics agree was the finest car design in history. He was a great supporter of the arts and was the driving force (and financier) behind bringing Diego Rivera to Detroit to paint the mural Detroit Industry, perhaps the most iconic symbol of the city, at the Detroit Institute of Arts. One incident that demonstrates his character--when the United States entered World War One, Edsel tried to enlist but was turned away because he could do more for the war effort at home than abroad. The Army offered to make him an officer and wear the Army uniform. He refused, believing it would be an affront to the brave men who were fighting.
Come on, history, give the guy a break!
Vito and Salvatore Adamo Vito Adamo was Detroit's first recorded mob boss. He emmigrated from Sicily in 1907 and set up a grocery store in the Wyandotte area in direct competition with the Gianolla brothers. In no time at all, Vito had a stranglehold on the Detroit underworld, specializing in trafficing of illegal immigrants, beer, and liquor, as well as bookmaking and extortion schemes.
Vito was an innovator. Unlike a normal Black Hand gang, whose M.O. would be to extort money from Italian business owners by promising them protection, the Adamo gang would first send in a Black Hand crew who would get their cut, and then follow it up with a "White Hand" crew that would protect them from the other guys. The same businessman would have to pay twice.
It's not clear whether the Adamos or Gianollas made the first foray into illegal activities, but they were competitors and grew to hate each other. In 1911-1912 the competition between the gangs grew fierce. The Gianollas cut beer prices in order to steal business from the Adamos, who matched their prices and threw in free ice, gaining all the business back and taking away some from the Gianollas. This led to brutal retaliation and eventually to Detroit's first mob war.
The newspapers tracked the story of men shot down in the streets of Little Italy. In 1913 Vito Adamo and Phillip Bucellato were tried and acquitted for the murder of Carlo Callego, a Gianolla associate. What happened next is a matter for another book (the sequel to The Detroit Electric Scheme).
John Dodge (1864-1920) and Horace Dodge (1868-1920)The Dodges don't come across as sympathetic characters in my book because, well, they weren't sympathetic characters. But they were sharp businessmen who believed in Henry Ford even when his first two automobile companies failed. They built virtually the entire Model T for a number of years, and when Ford couldn't pay their bills, agreed to take Ford stock in exchange. When they sold that stock for millions, they'd already become millionaires.
However, they were mean drunks and were often featured in the Detroit newspapers for their frequent brawls and boorish behavior. John wasn't beyond using a potted plant in a restaurant as a urinal when necessity demanded. Together and separately (most often the "separately" referred to John), they pummeled their way through the saloons of Detroit.
Big Boy (?-?)A legend of the Detroit underworld, Big Boy (real name unknown) was the 6'4", 260-pound bouncer at the Bucket, Detroit's most notorious saloon, known in the newspapers as "The Bucket of Blood" for the frequent fights, maimings, and murders on the premises. Big Boy carried a huge .44 caliber pistol and a blackjack, and reigned supreme in the toughest place in town. The Bucket was a progressive business for the turn of the century--they served black men as well as white.
William C. Anderson (1853-1929)William Anderson (not to be confused with his fictional son, Will) was the owner of the Anderson Carriage Company, later the Anderson Electric Car Company, and later still, the Detroit Electric Company. Already a successful wagon and coach maker, he moved his family to Detroit from Port Huron in 1895 to take advantage of the larger market. (Logistics were a struggle at this time, and most manufacturers of large items were regional.) Mr. Anderson is remembered as a bluff and hearty man who often rode his horse Comet to work, regardless of the weather. He was a Mason and a member of the Detroit Athletic Club. Mr. Anderson was married and had two daughters.
Henry Leland (1843-1932), Charles Kettering (1876-1958), and Byron Carter (1863-1908)Henry Leland was one of the real pioneers of the automotive industry. First supplying engines to the Olds Motor Vehicle Company, Leland soon joined a group of investors to revitalize the remains of the Henry Ford Company (one of Ford's two failed car companies that preceded the Ford Motor Co.). They renamed the company Cadillac. Leland was an early adopter of using interchangeable parts, a practice that years later helped make the Ford Motor Company so successful.
While Leland was at Cadillac, his friend Byron Carter was killed while starting a car for a stranded female motorist. The crank spun back and hit him in the jaw, shattering bones. Gangrene set in and he never recovered. Leland vowed to put an end to the manual (crank) starter and contracted Charles Kettering, the inventor of the electric cash register, to build a self-starter that worked. There had already been a number of self-starters available in other brands of automobiles, but they were more likely to leave a motorist stranded than to reliably start the car. Kettering changed that--and by doing so, in my opinion, single-handedly wiped out the electric car business, which had few competitive advantages at the time--self-starting being the most significant. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Posterior segment involvement in ocular Behçet's disease.
Posterior segment involvement, which can lead to blindness with recurrent inflammatory attacks, has a very important prognostic value in ocular Behçet's disease (BD). This study evaluated the frequency and characteristics of posterior segment involvement and the causes of visual impairment in patients with ocular BD. We retrospectively evaluated 257 eyes of the 131 patients who were followed from 1993 to 2001 in the Uveitis and BD division of SSK Ankara Eye Hospital, Turkey. The mean follow-up was 49.2 +/- 27.4 months. Thirty-one of the palents were female (23.6%) and 100 male (76.4%). The mean age was 25.1 +/- 7.9. Fundus changes were observed in 213 (82.9%) eyes and were bilateral in 87%, and vitritis was present in 239 (93%) eyes. The most frequent fundus changes were vascular sheathing in 61 eyes (23.7%), optic atrophy in 46 (17.9%), macular edema in 29 (11.3%), retinal hemorrhage in 23 (9%), macular scar in 21 (8.2%), optic disc paleness in 19 (7.4%), retinal edema in 17 (6.6%), branch retinal vein occlusion in 15 (5.8%). The most common fluorescein angiography findings were diffuse vascular leakage in 98 (38%), hyperfluorescence of the optic disc in 38 (14.8%) and hyperfluorescence of the macula in 29 eyes (11.3%). Visual acuity was <1/10 in 85 (33%) of the eyes. Optic atrophy was the main cause (54.1%) of permanent visual impairment. Posterior segment involvement is the most serious ocular complication of BD, leading to blindness with recurrent attacks. Following patients closely, performing fluorescein angiography in all patients diagnosed as BD even they have no clinical ocular involvement, and early treatment are very important in the prognosis of the disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
// Package hybriddata implements the Azure ARM Hybriddata service API version 2016-06-01.
//
//
package hybriddata
// Copyright (c) Microsoft and contributors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
import (
"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest"
)
const (
// DefaultBaseURI is the default URI used for the service Hybriddata
DefaultBaseURI = "https://management.azure.com"
)
// BaseClient is the base client for Hybriddata.
type BaseClient struct {
autorest.Client
BaseURI string
SubscriptionID string
}
// New creates an instance of the BaseClient client.
func New(subscriptionID string) BaseClient {
return NewWithBaseURI(DefaultBaseURI, subscriptionID)
}
// NewWithBaseURI creates an instance of the BaseClient client using a custom endpoint. Use this when interacting with
// an Azure cloud that uses a non-standard base URI (sovereign clouds, Azure stack).
func NewWithBaseURI(baseURI string, subscriptionID string) BaseClient {
return BaseClient{
Client: autorest.NewClientWithUserAgent(UserAgent()),
BaseURI: baseURI,
SubscriptionID: subscriptionID,
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
The introduction of simple and reproducible functional parameters as Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV~1~) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) has been fundamental to diagnose, classify and measure the progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
However, it has been recently emphasized that these parameters do not allow an overview of the complexity and heterogeneity of COPD. In fact, the disease can show several intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary components with non-linear dynamic interactions of which not all these components are present in all patients nor in individual patients, at all time points \[[@CR1]\].
These differences have justified the recognition of different phenotypes among patients with COPD. The objective of this review is to overhaul the evidences recently published in order to define COPD characteristics able to suggest a therapeutic algorithm.
COPD phenotypes {#Sec2}
---------------
The term "phenotype" was used for the first time by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909, together with the term "genotype", in order to describe two different levels of realities that are closely linked \[[@CR2]\]. Since, the concept of phenotype has been taken in consideration by different specialties in medicine to explain a specific clinical presentation of the same disease: COPD is an example. A better definition of phenotypes is important not only for an improved understanding of the underlying disease processes, but also for the clinical and therapeutic implications.
The acronym "COPD" evolved to describe two distinct pathological disease processes into a single clinical entity that is mainly linked to cigarette smoking (chronic bronchitis and lung emphysema) \[[@CR3]\].
In fact, based on clinical, pathological and radiological features, two main phenotypes have been identified: type A patient or "pink puffer" (emphysema) and type B patient or blue-bloater (chronic bronchitis) \[[@CR4]\].
In type A patients the dominant symptom is dyspnea, while cough and hypersecretion are modest. Type A patients show radiological evidences of emphysema and rarely hypercapnia or recurrent heart failure, instead lung volumes are generally increased and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (D~L~CO) is impaired, mainly due to a not homogenous ventilation and a ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Emphysema severity is independently correlated with a rapid annual decline in FEV~1~ \[[@CR5]\].
In type B patients the main symptom is mucous hypersecretion, while dyspnea is modest. Type B patients often show hypercapnia and hypoxemia with secondary pulmonary hypertension and cardiovascular comorbidities, while lung volumes are not increased and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is usually preserved. The hypoxemia in the gas exchange, in turn, stimulate pulmonary vasoconstriction and increase of erythropoiesis. The oxyhemoglobin desaturation and erythrocytosis combine to produce the typical cyanosis of patient known as "blue-bloater".
Airflow obstruction is influenced by both small airway disease and emphysema. The small conducting airways are the major site of airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and histologic data suggest that small airway abnormality may precede emphysema \[[@CR6]\]. Interestingly a recent study by Kirby et al. demonstrated that airway count by Computer Tomography (CT) is significantly reduced in mild COPD independently of emphysema severity and in particular parent airways with missing daughter branches had reduced inner diameters and thinner walls compared with those without missing daughter branches.
The reduction of CT airway count is significantly and independently associated with rapid decline in lung function over time. These findings indicate that early airway-related changes can be assessed in vivo using CT and suggest that early intervention may be required for optimal disease modification \[[@CR7]\].
In the clinical setting, emphysema and bronchitis/bronchiolitis often coexist with different degree of severity in the same patient making it very difficult to physiologically and clinically identify the contribution of each. Thus, such overlap led to the terminology of COPD.
Following the evolution in COPD knowledge, Han and collaborators in 2010 proposed that COPD phenotypes should be associated with clinically meaningful outcomes. This more focused definition allows for classification of patients into distinct prognostic and therapeutic subgroups for both clinical and research purposes \[[@CR8]\].
With this background the 2001 "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD" (GOLD) created a new COPD classification based on the severity of airflow limitation as defined by FEV~1~ values, which was widely used with minor changes until 2011. However, FEV~1~ alone is an insufficient parameter to characterize the complexity and severity of COPD and to guide its treatment. In 2011, the GOLD committee proposed a three-dimensional assessment of COPD, considering the severity of airflow limitation, the level of symptoms and the previous history of exacerbations. From the edition of 2017, confirmed also in the latest edition 2018, the GOLD document was amended and several new concepts have been introduced: the classification of airflow limitation severity in COPD, based on post-bronchodilator FEV~1~ in the presence of a reduced FEV~1~/FVC ratio (the*sine qua non*for diagnosing COPD) is no longer the sole criterion to establish the appropriate therapy for a given patient, but has still a diagnostic and prognostic value \[[@CR9]\].
Today this approach does not seem to take in consideration the association of the two original conditions and phenotypes (type A and B), often overlapped in a wide range of degrees, but constantly evolving in new and intermediate phenotypes, allowing more than one therapeutic option.
In this context, a third phenotype of COPD, albeit debatable, is generally known as ACO (Asthma COPD Overlap). This population represents about 20% of patients with obstructive disorders of the lower respiratory tract and the main feature is a persistent airflow limitation not fully reversible but comparable to asthma, with a worse prognosis compared with patients who are suffering from asthma or COPD alone. In particular, such patients could experience a larger number and more severe episodes of exacerbations \[[@CR10]\].
In the assessment of COPD another endpoint that may define a clinical phenotype is the exacerbation rate. COPD exacerbations have a great impact on health, both short and long term, and negatively influence the natural history and rate of disease progression \[[@CR11]\].
The ECLIPSE study also showed that a significant proportion of patients with mild or moderate disease experienced frequent exacerbations regardless of the severity of the airflow obstruction \[[@CR12]\]. This patients' subset was called "COPD phenotype with frequent exacerbations".
Finally, in the non-proportional Venn diagram of COPD by March et al., ten different subsets of disease could be recognized. The diagram shows the huge heterogeneity of this disease and that could be the reason why some patients could have a late diagnosis \[[@CR13]\].
A possible complexity resolution {#Sec3}
--------------------------------
A critical question is whether it is useful to proffer different phenotypes of COPD if standard criteria or definitions do not exist to clearly identify each of them. One objective of future clinical research in COPD should be to determine whether new and more precise phenotypes, as well as to provide clear definitions surrounding the various phenotypes identified perhaps by identifying clusters of constant phenotypes, would better guide clinical evaluation and therapeutic strategies.
How can this be done?
At present, it is possible to identify clinical, radiological or physiological features that might facilitate determining whether a patient has "predominant" emphysema or "predominant" chronic bronchitis-like phenotype. Izquierdo-Alonso and colleagues determined through clinical and radiographic tests (such as diffusion test, CT and thorax radiography) the prevalence of phenotypes in COPD patients showing that 43.2% had emphysematous phenotype, 44.7% had chronic bronchitis and the other 12.1% showed mixed characteristics with asthma \[[@CR14]\]. "Emphysema" patients showed significantly lower FEV~1~ values in comparison with other and greater levels of dyspnea (*p* \< 0.05), although there were no differences in the use of hospital health care resources. "Chronic bronchitis" patients showed a greater prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and of sleep apnea syndrome.
According to the results of COPD Gene study \[[@CR15]\], it was possible to characterize phenotype with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) using the percentage of emphysema (with a − 950-Hounsfield units threshold) and the level of bronchial wall thickness: in the emphysema predominant group the percentage of emphysema was ≥35% and the bronchial wall thickness \< 1.75 mm; while in the small airway disease predominant group, the level of emphysema was \< 35% with a bronchial wall thickness ≥ 1.75 mm.
These differential criteria correlated with interesting clinical and functional parameters, for example worse dyspnea, lower level of FEV~1~, significantly higher body indexes and osteoporosis were more frequent in the emphysema predominant group. Conversely, the increase in wall thickness detected with the HRCT was associated with greater exacerbation frequency in the small airway disease predominant group.
Using clinical (i.e.sputum characteristics), pulmonary function data (FEV~1~/FVC, TLC, FRC and D~L~CO), along with computed tomography assessment of lung density, one can propose clinical COPD phenotypes using multivariate models \[[@CR16]\]. Finally, an indication about the response to combined inhaled long acting beta-2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid therapy among different COPD subtypes has been shown in the clinical trial of Lee and collaborators. Despite the small number of patients, the response varies significantly among different COPD subtypes with no improvement in FEV~1~ or dyspnea after the 3-month treatment period in emphysema-dominant patients \[[@CR17]\].
Current COPD treatment choices based on symptomatic & exacerbation phenotypes {#Sec4}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regarding the different COPD phenotypes, a question remains as to which pharmacologic agent (s), i.e. β~2~ agonists, antimuscarinics, inhaled or systemic corticosteroids, theophylline, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors, mucolytics and macrolides would be optimal for a given phenotype.
As previously shown by Anthonisen et al., special programs in supporting smoking cessation can achieve a reduction in terms of all-cause mortality (8.83 per 1000 person-years vs. 10.38 per 1000 person-years; p 0.03), even if those interventions are successful only in a minority of patients \[[@CR18]\]. One explanation of a better survival in former smokers is partly attributable to the prevention of smoking damage over time (lower functional decay of the lung \[[@CR19]\] and increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in smoker \[[@CR18]\]) and partly to the greater pharmacological efficacy of compounds containing ICS \[[@CR20]\].
Interestingly, in a recent Delphi consensus project run in Italy, the most effective step to reduce lung functional decline were considered by the 207 specialists interviewed to be smoking cessation \[[@CR21]\].
Therefore, smoking cessation support programs should always be provided in the patient with COPD.
The 2018 GOLD strategy document proposes treatment recommendations based on COPD phenotypes defined by symptoms and exacerbation history as outlined in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} with preferred treatments highlighted in green.Fig. 1Pharmacologic treatment algorithms by GOLD grade
Furthermore, GOLD also states potential consideration should be given to step down from triple therapy to a non-ICS treatment in case of ascertained pneumonia risk (e.g. on an ICS-containing regimen) or lack of marked clinical improvement. Bronchodilators, including dual bronchodilators, figure prominently into the treatment guidelines. This is most likely due to the increasing amount of evidence supporting the benefits LAMA/LABA combinations on lung and symptom improvement with no increase in side effects compared to LAMA or LABA alone \[[@CR22]\]. Recent findings from the FLAME study also demonstrated an exacerbation benefit with LAMA/LABA vs ICS/LABA. On the other hand, combination ICS/LABA have also shown benefit in reducing exacerbations and improving lung function and health-related quality of life compared to placebo, ICS and LABA alone \[[@CR23]--[@CR25]\]. However, ICS-containing therapy is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia with no association with an increase in mortality supporting a favorable benefit/risk profile in patients at risk of exacerbations \[[@CR26]--[@CR28]\].
As with all therapeutic choices, an assessment of benefit/risk should be made on an individual patient level and those with COPD receiving inhaled corticosteroids should be carefully evaluated to identify concomitant osteoporosis and diabetes, and monitored for progression of these diseases for early implementation of appropriate therapy.
Recently the publication of the IMPACT Study (**[I]{.ul}**nfor**[M]{.ul}**ing the **[PA]{.ul}**thway of **[C]{.ul}**OPD **[T]{.ul}**reatment) has shown new evidences about the role of single inhaler triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA) compared to ICS/LABA and LAMA/LABA \[[@CR29]\]. The main results of this study were obtained on: reduction of exacerbation rate, lung function improvement (in terms of trough FEV~1~ improvement), mortality data and incidence of pneumonia. Single inhaler triple therapy with FF/UMEC/VI demonstrated a significant reduction of moderate/severe exacerbation rate and prolonging the time to first exacerbation on-treatment compared to both FF/VI and UMEC/VI. A reduction in the number hospitalizations was seen with FF/UMEC/VI vs UMEC/VI but not FF/VI. There was a significant improvement in lung function with FF/UMEC/VI compared with both dual treatments (ICS/LABA and LAMA/LABA); this result reinforces the need for maximum bronchodilation to optimize lung function improvements.
Some debate was recently made on the asthmatic patient enrolled in the IMPACT study: only patients with COPD diagnosis, based on ATS/ERS criteria were included and patients were permitted to enter the study if they also had a prior history of asthma, without an ongoing diagnosis of asthma, associated to other parameters as 65 years of age, substantial smoking history and a high frequency of exacerbations observed during the 52-week treatment period (\~ 1 event/patient/year) \[[@CR29]\]. Furthermore, of the population enrolled in IMPACT, 18% had airflow limitation that was reversible to salbutamol and this proportion is lower than that shown in other studies in COPD population \[[@CR30]--[@CR32]\].
Taken together, these characteristics should be obviously ascribed to COPD population rather than to an asthma population. For over a decade the respiratory community has debated the potential mortality benefits of ICS-containing treatments in COPD, but until now this benefit has not been prospectively shown \[[@CR33]--[@CR35]\].
FF/UMEC/VI and FF/VI are the only COPD medications available that have prospective data showing a reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality vs LAMA/LABA (UMEC/VI).
There was an increase in the risk of pneumonia seen with FF/UMEC/VI and FF/VI vs UMEC/VI which was expected and consistent with the class of ICS containing therapy. As indicated previously pneumonia and exacerbations are key events during COPD disease, with different implications for individual patients. It is important to consider both events, as viewing them in tandem may provide a better picture of the overall benefit/risk profile of a particular COPD therapy.
The IMPACT trial is the only clinical study which has directly compared all three major inhaled therapy combinations available (ICS/LABA, LAMA/LABA and ICS/LAMA/LABA) in the treatment of COPD. The direct comparison between these therapies has helped to better understand the role of ICS on top of maximal bronchodilation with LAMA/LABA.
Macrolides have demonstrated a measurable efficacy in preventing exacerbations. However, their use in a chronic/preventive manner needs to be decided carefully balancing the potential efficacy in the right patients with the potential risk connected to an antibiotic overuse and potential antibiotic resistance in a single patient and/or a community \[[@CR36]\].
Roflumilast, the first phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor available, is indicated for maintenance treatment of severe COPD (FEV~1~ post-bronchodilator less than 50% predicted) associated with chronic bronchitis in adult patients with a history of frequent exacerbations as add on to bronchodilator treatment \[[@CR37]\]. In fact, a *post-hoc*pooled analysis by Rennard et al., showed that roflumilast reduced exacerbation frequency manly in a subset of COPD patients whose characteristics included chronic bronchitis with/without concurrent ICS \[[@CR38]\].
In terms of oxygen supplementation, it's well known and accepted that in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic hypoxemia long-term oxygen administration can improve pulmonary hypertension and increase exercise performance \[[@CR39]\]. However only two studies have shown in the early 1980s that the use of long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) can lower mortality in patient with COPD associated to chronic hypoxemia. In the Medical Research Council trial, 87 COPD patients were randomized to an LTOT group that received oxygen for at least 15 h per day or to a no-oxygen control group. Within the 5-year study period, 19 out of 42 died in the treated group versus 30 out of 45 in the control group (probability of survival was 55% versus 33% respectively with a *p* \< 0.05) \[[@CR40]\].
The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) compared continuous (24-h) oxygen administration with 12-h nocturnal oxygen supplementation over a period of two years; patients treated with 24 oxygen showed a significant improvement in survival versus those given 12-h nocturnal oxygen (mean annual death rate was 11,9% and 20,6% respectively with a p \< 0.05) \[[@CR41]\].
Currently the British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines suggest using LTOT in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a resting PaO~2~ ≤ 55 mmHg and in patients with stable COPD with a resting PaO~2~ ≤ 60 kPa associated with evidence of peripheral edema, polycythemia (hematocrit ≥55%) or pulmonary hypertension independently if patient is a prevalent bronchitis or emphysema \[[@CR42]\].
As recently shown in an interesting review by Minervini et al., a quite limited and well selected group of COPD patients can benefit from surgical and endoscopic lung volume reduction (LVRS and ELVR, respectively). These treatments should be considered in presence of heterogeneous emphysema (upper lobe predominant), severe obstruction (FEV~1~ ≤ 45% but \> 20% predicted), limited exercise capacity with hyperinflated lung and moderate impairment of the lung diffusion capacity (at least D~L~CO \> 20% predicted) \[[@CR43]\]. However, to date, there are no data comparing the two techniques and other studies should be conducted in order to clarify long term outcomes, side effect and costs linked to these different approaches.
A non-pharmacological treatment for COPD patients is represented by the pulmonary rehabilitation. The topic is still debated and controversial especially in COPD patients after a recent exacerbation due to conflicting evidences emerged from more recent trials: these last showed no benefit of rehabilitation on hospital readmissions and mortality versus older studies \[[@CR44]\]. Nevertheless, the BTS guidelines suggest the use of respiratory rehabilitation in COPD patients having a view to improving: exercise capacity, dyspnea, health status and psychological wellbeing \[[@CR45]\]. To date, the advantages of respiratory rehabilitation do not seem to be associated with the prevalent bronchitis or emphysematous status.
Conclusion {#Sec5}
==========
Considering the treatment recommendations by GOLD based on the symptomatic and/or exacerbation phenotypes, are there other phenotypes that can be identified to tailor the right therapy to the right patient?
For example, an approach to COPD pharmacotherapy used by Spanish investigators utilizes an easy table of four major phenotypes (Non exacerbators, ACO, exacerbators with emphysema, exacerbators without emphysema) with five treatments options (bronchodilators, ICS, mucolytics, PDE4 inhibitors, macrolides), linking each of the four phenotypes with the appropriate treatment(s) \[[@CR46]\]. Furthermore, a recent paper emphasizes the notion of phenotyping COPD patients before starting treatment, by recommending that inflammatory phenotypes, such as chronic bronchitis, frequent exacerbators and those with multiple co-morbidities need ICS therapy; and patients that are emphysematous with dyspnea and lung hyperinflation, fast decliners, need dual bronchodilation with LABA/LAMA \[[@CR47]\].
Based on these considerations we propose a treatment algorithm easily summarized in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, useful both in the phase of discharge and outpatient visit. This pathway will need to be confirmed through additional clinical trials and evidence, that will also consider a validated set of phenotyping criteria.Fig. 2Treatment Algorithm for COPD
Our aim is to stimulate a common thought: to consider again, in a revised form, "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema" in terms of impact on each patient's health and life, in order to personalize as much as possible assessment and treatment.
In other words, should we prefer a modern redefinition of two old concepts rather than, with absolute gratitude, the 'old' term COPD? The latest scientific evidence is helping to identify and possibly clarify these different patient phenotypes which could be crucial in determining the right treatment for the right patient.
ACO
: Asthma COPD Overlap
ATS/ERS
: American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society
BTS
: British Thoracic Society
CAT
: COPD assessment test
COPD
: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CT
: computer tomography
D~L~CO
: Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
ELVR
: Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction
FEV~1~
: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s
FF
: Fluticasone Furoate
FRC
: Functional residual capacity
FVC
: Forced Vital Capacity
GOLD
: Global Initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
HRTC
: High-resolution computed tomography
ICS
: Inhaled corticosteroid
IMPACT
: [I]{.ul}nfor[M]{.ul}ing the [PA]{.ul}thway of [C]{.ul}OPD [T]{.ul}reatment
LABA
: Long acting beta 2 agonist
LAMA
: Long acting anti-muscarinic agent
LTOT
: Long term oxygen treatment
LVRS
: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
MMRC dyspnea scale
: Modified Medical Respiratory Council dyspnea scale
NOTT
: Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial
PDE4
: Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor
TLC
: Total lung capacity
UMEC
: Umeclidinium
VI
: Vilanterol
The authors thank Holly Quasny for her help in revising the text of the scientific article.
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
The author received no direct compensation related to the development of this manuscript.
Open access costs for publishing was supported by GlaxoSmithKline.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar2}
==================================
Not applicable.
MC and GC conceived the publication design and draft the manuscript; RC, AS and VN contributed to draft the paper and figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
MC has no competing interests.
RC, AS, VM and GC are employed in GlaxoSmith&Kline.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Q:
How can I get a navigable (editable?) buffer with vim's `messages`?
So, if I get an error from a plugin, I'd like to be able to report that error on GitHub or similar.
Unfortunately, it's not mouse-selectable; and after appearing and asking me to hit RETURN, it seems gone forever.
I've discovered that I can cause the errors to appear again using :messages or :3messages or similar; but they appear in the same fashion: un-selectable, useless.
Another Stacker asked a similar question, which yielded the useful command :let @+=v:errmsg — but that only captures the very last line of the messages; many errors I see consist of multiple lines, all of which I'd like to select.
Please help me either A. turn a :messages window into a buffer, so I can use normal likewise-visual selection to copy what I want to report outside of Vim, or at least B. construct something I can throw into my .vimrc that will copy all of the lines of the most recent error onto my clipboard.
Thanks! (=
A:
Try this:
:redir > messages.txt
:messages
:redir END
:e messages.txt
You can suppress output to the display while still capturing the messages output by changing :messages to :silent messages.
A:
The answer by Heptite is a good way to do this using built-ins. If you're okay with using a plugin, my bufferize plugin automates the process a bit. Lets you just do:
:Bufferize messages
In order to get a preview buffer with the contents of that command's output.
As a side note, I'm surprised the :messages output is not selectable. I guess maybe you're using Vim with a GUI? With terminal Vim, you can select, and then middle-click-paste the content.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The preparation of crystalline silicoaluminophosphates is well known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,871 describes the preparation of crystalline, microporous silicoaluminophosphates by hydrothermal crystallization of silicoaluminophosphate gels containing a molecular structure-forming template. SAPOs are members of a class known as non-zeolitic molecular sieves. The SAPO molecular sieve has a framework of AlO.sub.4, SiO.sub.4 and PO.sub.4 tetrahedra linked by oxygen atoms. The negative change in the network is balanced by the inclusion of exchangeable protons or cations such as alkali or alkaline earth metal ions. The interstitial spaces of channels formed by the crystalline network enables SAPOs to be used as molecular sieves in a manner similar to crystalline aluminosilicates, such as zeolites.
Accordingly, numerous microporous framework structures analogous to the aluminosilicate zeolites can be synthesized having an AlPO.sub.4 composition and have been called ALPOs. A modified family of materials has been made by the substitution of Si.sup.4+ for Al.sup.3+ and P.sup.5+ (SAPOs). Although the ALPO structures are neutral frameworks, the substitution of Si.sup.4+ for P.sup.5+ imparts a negative charge on the framework. By suitable choice of a cation, this can be translated into catalytic activity. However, alternate substitutions may be possible that may result in a disproportionately low exchange capacity. The exact nature of Si substitution into ALPO structures is complex and highly variable and may depend on both the topology of the ALPO/SAPO and the method of preparation. The result is that preferred catalysts may be made by a suitable choice of synthesis method. For example, SAPO-5 and SAPO-11 may be conventionally prepared in an aqueous solution or from microemulsions. The latter processes use hexanol and a cationic or neutral surfactant to a two-phase gel leading to the formation of a microemulsion.
The microemulsion process is a two-phase approach to preparing SAPOs attempts to reduce the amount of undesirable silica island formation by supplying the silicon from an organic phase to the aqueous phase at a low concentration during crystallization. The organic phase contains the organic solvent and organic silicon source, tetraethylorthosilicate, which is only slightly soluble in the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase is where crystallization occurs and contains the phosphorus and aluminum. It has been theorized that as the silicon is depleted from the aqueous phases by the growing SAPO crystals, it will be replenished from the organic phase, thereby forming a silicoaluminophosphate product having a more uniform distribution of silicon in the framework.
Conventional SAPO molecular sieves have application for a wide variety of uses, for example as catalysts. In this regard, conventional SAPOs may be used as catalysts in petroleum processing. For example, SAPO catalysts may be used in lubricating oil hydroconversion procedures, hydrocracking, dewaxing, and combinations thereof. In this regard, it is known that increasing Si concentration at first results in an increase in catalytic activity. However, increasing Si content beyond about 0.04 mole fraction in the framework, based on the total amount of silicon, aluminum, and phosphorus in the framework, provides no increase in activity, and may even lead to a decrease, depending on the specific distribution and clustering of the Si.sup.4+ substituent.
In that the distribution of Si in the SAPO framework affects catalytic activity, the catalytic activity of SAPOs therefore depends on both the global composition and the Si distribution. Accordingly, SAPOs are defined not only by chemical composition and X-Ray Diffraction pattern, but also by .sup.29 Si MAS NMR spectra which define the Si distributions.
On the basis of this last technique, it has been shown that when the SAPOs contain low amounts of Si, the silicon atoms are mostly isolated. However, when the Si content increases, Si islands start to appear, i.e., Si sites having silicon atoms and no aluminum atoms in neighboring lattice positions.
There remains a need, though, for improved silicoaluminophosphates for use in hydrocarbon processing, and in particular silicoaluminophosphates having an improved silicon distribution. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Dutch Bill Creek
Dutch Bill Creek is a north-flowing stream in the hills of western Sonoma County, California, which empties into the Russian River at Monte Rio about from the Pacific Ocean.
Course
Dutch Bill Creek parallels the Bohemian Highway from the town of Occidental to Monte Rio. It originates just north of Occidental and descends to the north. Lancel Creek enters from the east just south of the town of Camp Meeker. Dutch Bill Creek continues through Camp Meeker, where it turns to the northwest, receiving the outflow of Baumert Springs. Alder Creek, Grub Creek, and Duvoul Creek enter from the right. Then the creek flows through Westminster Woods before feeding into the Russian River at Monte Rio, just west of the Bohemian Grove.
History
"Dutch Bill" Howard (born 1823) was a Danish seaman who jumped ship at San Francisco Bay in 1849 and started a new life as a homesteader near the source of this creek. In the 1870s, the North Pacific Coast Railroad was built through the valley. In return for donating right-of-way to the railroad, Howard received a lifetime railway pass and got a station named after him.
Habitat and pollution
As of 2000, Dutch Bill Creek and several of its tributaries supported steelhead trout.
As of December 2001, one year class of Wild Coho Salmon have been spawning in Dutch Bill Creek. In 2002 Dutch Bill Creek has been part of the captive broadstock program and since 2006 juvenile coho have been released in DBC as a part of this program.
In 2000 recommendations to improve salmonid habitat in Dutch Bill Creek were made following a 2007 habitat inventory conducted in accordance with the methodology presented in the California Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration Manual. In 2009, the Gold Ridge Resource Conservation District (GRRCD), working with the Camp Meeker Recreation and Park District, removed the Camp Meeker Dam which had been identified as one of the worst barriers to salmon and steelhead passage in the Russian River Watershed. Camp Meeker Dam had been built in the 1950s to create a seasonal swimming hole and beach area. In place of the dam, a prefabricated 80 foot steel pedestrian bridge was installed, improving public access across the creek, and stream banks were stabilized and revegetated, along with creation of a more natural meander and grade change. These improvements will help return the natural transport of gravel from upstream and provide better fish habitat. The GRRCD also removed a culvert barrier to fish passage at Market Street in nearby Occidental, California.
Bridges
Dutch Bill Creek is spanned by several bridges:
Main Street in Monte Rio crosses on a pair of concrete continuous slabs built in 1953 and 1975
Fir Road in Monte Rio crosses on a steel bridge built in 1974
Market Street crosses on a concrete culvert built in 1958
Bohemian Highway crosses 5.4 miles south of State Route 116 on a concrete slab built in 1935.
See also
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
References
External links
Dutch Bill Creek Watershed Group
Gold Ridge Resource Conservation District
Category:Rivers of Sonoma County, California
Category:Rivers of Northern California
Category:Tributaries of the Russian River (California) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Communism in the Philippines
Communism in the Philippines emerged in the first half of the 20th century during the period of American colonial rule, stemming from labor unions and peasant groups. The communist movement has had multiple periods of popularity and relevance to the national affairs of the country, most notably during the Second World War and the Martial Law Era periods. Currently the communist movement is forced underground and is considered to be an insurgent movement by the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
The Communist movement in the Philippines officially began in 1930 with the formation of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (Communist Party of the Philippines). The party was outlawed in 1932 by a decision from the Supreme Court, but was technically legalized in 1938. During the Second World War the PKP played a part in guerrilla warfare against the Japanese Occupation forces by way of the Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP, The Nation's Army Against the Japanese). The PKP took a more moderate stance, supporting efforts by the Osmena administration for social reform, before fully committing itself to the support of armed struggle by the Huks. Efforts by the government under Elpidio Quirino and Ramon Magsaysay eventually thwarted the insurrection, culminating with the surrender of the Huk supremo, Luis Taruc, in 1954. The PKP was again officially outlawed by the government, this time by virtue of Republic Act 1700, or the Anti-Subversion Act. By this time the PKP shifted its focus from armed struggle to a parliamentary one. Major arrests occurred during this period, the biggest one being the arrest of the secretary-general of the PKP, Jesus Lava, in 1964.
In 1968, a new Communist Party of the Philippines was formed by Amado Guerrero (alias of Jose Maria Sison). Its military arm, the New People's Army, was formed the next year and was headed by Commander Dante (alias of Bernabe Buscayno). The CPP-Mao Tse Tsung Thought splintered from the old PKP, clashing with it ideologically, reflecting the Sino-Soviet Split. The CPP and the NPA fought against the Philippine government during the time of the Marcos dictatorship. In 1972, at the onset of Martial Law, Sison was arrested and sentenced to jail for 10 years. He has since been in exile.
During the Philippine Commonwealth
Labor Unions and Early Influence
Communist documents, such as the official history of the PKP as written by Jose Lava, make references to Andres Bonifacio as a direct inspiration to the communist revolution, thus painting the communist movement as a continuation of the "unfinished revolution" started by the Katipunan. Sources claim that Isabelo de los Reyes, an ilustrado, can be considered to be one of the first Filipino labor leaders. de los Reyes founded the Unión Obrera Democrática (UOD), considered the first modern trade federation in the country. He was influenced by Francisco Ferrer, an anarcho-syndicalist he met during a stay in Montjuïc prison in Barcelona, Spain. In 1901, de los Reyes brought back to the Philippines what can be considered the first batch of socialist literature, consisting of writings by Proudhon, Bakunin, Malatesta and other leftists of the period.
It was from labor unions that the first socialist and communist groups emerged. The earliest known labor union in the Philippines was the Union de Litografos y Impresores de Filipinas (ULIF), headed by Hermenegildo Cruz and formed in 1902. That same year, lithographers from the Carmelo and Bauermann publishing house approached de los Reyes to seek advice. Cruz and de los Reyes formed the Union Obrera Democratica (UOD), along with its official organ, La Redencion del Obrero. The UOD was succeeded by Dr. Jose Maria Dominador Gomez after three months, who rechristened it the Union Obrero Democratica de Filipinas (UODF). On May 1, 1903, Gomez and the UODF led a labor demonstration to Malacanang, marking the first observance of Labor Day in the Philippines. Gomez was arrested by the end of the month, but was eventually acquitted in the Supreme Court. He ultimately resigned as head of the UODF shortly after, and the UODF was dissolved.
With the UODF defunct, a new labor federation known as the Union del Trabajo de Filipinas (UTF) was founded in October 1903. Lope K. Santos became its first president. The UTF was formed with the assistance of Edward Rosenberg, a special commissioner sent by the American Federation of Labor in an effort by the colonial government to steer organized labor along less controversial paths. During this time, Santos and Hermenegildo Cruz gave evening classes in what was known as a "School of Socialism" in Quiapo. Students of these classes included Crisanto Evangelista, among others. However, the UODF re-emerged in 1908, as a result of dissatisfaction in the UTF's moderate policies as well as partisan politics.
In 1908, Hermenegildo Cruz reorganized the Gremio de Tipografos, Litografos y Encuadernadores into the Union de Impresores de Filipinas (UIF), along with four of his former students in the School of Socialism: Arturo Soriano, Melanio de Jesus, Felipe Mendoza, and Crisanto Evangelista. Evangelista was one of the leading trade union leaders of the time, having first come from UOD and the UODF. Compared to the two previous unions, which were nationalist unions in nature, the UIF was more socialist, adopting the slogan: "The emancipation of the workers must be achieved by the workers themselves."
On May 1, 1913, the Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (COF) was founded, with Cruz as its first President. The UODF and the UTF were both dissolved, and the COF became the country's foremost labor center until 1929. The COF also organized its organ, Tambuli. Cruz was replaced a few years later by Francisco Varona, a newspaperman. The COF heeded the AFL's advice that politics should be excluded from labor affairs, and took a politically neutral stance.
Rural Movements in Central Luzon
While the labor movement gained traction in the urban center of Manila, other peasant groups were being formed in the countryside. Most of these groups were found in Central Luzon, and were focused more on millenarianism than in organized labor. At the turn of the century, societies like the Guardia de Honor based in Pangasinan, and the Santa Iglesia in Central Luzon organized masses of peasants under religious pretext and the promise of a great upheaval of society. These groups also drew from the Katipunan ethos, with the peasant notion of freedom being freedom from landowners and hacenderos, and ultimately ownership of their own land. The colonial government also encouraged this notion of the "peasant proprietor", noting that the central problem to be addressed by American agrarian policy was the concentration of land and power in the hands of local autocrats.
In 1917, Manuel Palomares founded the Pagkakaisa ng Magsasaka in Matungaw, Bulacan. In 1919, Jacinto Manahan founded the Union de Aparceros de Filipinas. Manahan was a member of the COF who had a keen interest in the concerns of the peasantry. The union expanded its activities in 1922 and was renamed the Condereacion de Aparceros y Obreros Agricolas de Filipinas. In 1925, the name was changed to the Kalipunang Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid sa Pilipinas (KPMP, National Union of Filipino Peasants), which became of the largest and most influential peasant labor groups during the inter-war period, and became the precursor to the post-war Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (National Peasants' Union). Members of the KPMP such as Manahan, Juan Feleo, and Casto Alejandrino, went on to become influential members to the Filipino communist movement.
KPMP hegemony was challenged however by the Kapatirang Magsasaka, formed by Teodoro Sandiko as a way to combat the political influence of the Nacionalista Party through the KPMP. At its height the Kapatiran had over 120,000 members, making it much larger than the 20,000-strong KPMP. The Kapatiran, along with organizations such as the Anak Pawis, were noted to be more radical than the KPMP, often implicitly advocating violence.
In 1932, Pedro Abad Santos independently formed the Socialist Party of the Philippines (SPP) in Central Luzon. The next year, Abad Santos founded the Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra (AMT, Union of the Toiling Masses). The AMT and the KPMP were both highly important in the peasant revolts and reforms of the 1930s, although neither group was formally socialist or communist. Members of both of these groups also formed a large section of the Hukbalahap.
The Partido Obrero de Filipinas
Increasing dissatisfaction with Governor-General Leonard Wood's policies with regards to independence and the outrage over the Fairfield Bill led to the formation of other political parties meant to challenge the dominant Nacionalista and Democrata parties. In 1922, Antonio Ora founded the Partido Obrero de Filipinas, without much success. Two years later, he would re-establish the party and run in the July 1925 elections. Although they did not win any seats, their relative success attracted the attention of Evangelista and Manahan, who headed the UIF and the KPMP, respectively. Evangelista, in 1924, was also the COF's national secretary.
On Bonifacio Day 1925, the Partido Obrero released a manifesto which stated that it had created:
a party of those who work and produce for the upliftment of human kind. ...It is not a party of social parasites... It urges the workers - those who work with brawn and brain - to take economic and political powers away from the capitalist class, and to abolish all class divisions and class rule.
It was during this time that Evangelista and others became acquainted with Harrison George, top ranking member of the Communist Party of the United States of America, and with Tan Malaka, co-founder of the Partai Komunis Indonesia. Malaka, at the time, was in exile, and played the role of an Indonesian nationalist. Malaka also met with other leftist leaning labor leaders such as Capadocia, Balgos, and Feleo, before being deported to Amoy (now Xiamen) on August 22, 1927.
Harrison George returned to the Philippines for a second visit in 1927. George was accompanied by Earl Browder, chief secretary of the Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat. Browder met with Evangelista and other labor leaders, resulting in the COF's decision to send Evangelista, Jacinto Manahan, and Cirlio Bognot to the Profintern conference in Moscow in March 1928. On their return Evangelista organized the first batch of Filipino pensionados to study in the University of Toilers of the East, in Moscow. Two more groups were sent in 1929 and 1930.
The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas
In 1928, the COF elected Hilario Barroga and Domingo Ponce as its president and secretary, respectively, while Antonio Ora was elected as its treasurer. Evangelista had plans for radical reorganization of the trade union movement, which would lay the groundwork for the communist movement in the Philippines. These plans were almost thwarted in 1928, but Evangelista chose to bide his time for the following year's conference.
Evanglista and his comrades, with valuable input from Harrison George and other American communists, began drafting a "Thesis" which called for measures such as the creation of unions based on industrial lines, the creation of a true workers' party, and so on. During this time, Tejada, Ponce, and other elements of the "conservative" bloc of the COF began plotting against Evangelista's "Left" faction. The thesis was allowed to pass to the 1929 May convention, where the conservative group allegedly used dummy labor delegates to ensure that the radical measure was blocked. Evangelista and his group walked out of the convention, and the COF was split. Twelve days later on May 12, 1929, a new labor federation known as the Katipunan ng mga Anakpawis sa Pilipinas (KAP) was formed, splitting the COF. On August 26 of the next year, a new political party was organized from members of the KAP, the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP, Communist Party of the Philippines). The party itself was formalized as an official entity on November 7 of the same year. These two dates correspond with the Cry of Pugad Lawin and the Russian Revolution, respectively, symbolically linking the PKP with the nationalist and the communist revolutions.
First Outlawing of the PKP
The newly formed PKP immediately set out with its propaganda effort. The PKP launched an aggressive organizational and propaganda drive among the peasants of Central Luzon and Manila, holding public meetings almost daily. In January 1931, the PKP opened its national headquarters in Quiapo, Manila, and also launched its official organ, the Titis (Spark), reminiscent of Lenin's Iskra.
Two major incidents in 1931 revealed the weakness of the PKP outside Manila: the peasant uprising in Tayug, Pangasinan and the Tanggulan incident, both of which were attributed to the communists. The PKP was criticized by a foreign critic for not taking advantage and coordinating with the peasant uprisings. The PKP, for their part, took credit for these revolts although the truth was that at the time they were weak organizationally. Most members, including Evangelista, believed that the root of the revolution should come from the urban centers, while people like Manahan, Feleo, Guillermo Capadocia, and Mateo del Castillo believed that a strong peasant base was important in achieving the communist revolution. At this time, the peasant-based KPMP was floundering as well.
All of these events contributed to the colonial government's growing unease with the PKP. On January 25, Antonio Ora died unexpectedly in an automobile accident in Nueva Ecija. His funeral was attended by 50,000 workers in Manila and 3,000 peasants in his hometown. Over the next few weeks top-ranking PKP leaders were arrested and charged with sedition, but were subsequently released on bail. Any requests for permits for their gatherings were also subsequently denied.
This all came to head when they were denied having their traditional Labor Day celebrations in Manila. The PKP instead transferred their celebration to Caloocan, under the auspices of the KAP. This permit, however, was also revoked hours before the start of the scheduled start of the parade. A contingent of the Philippine Constabulary, under Captain Rafael Jalandoni arrived to order Evangelista to cancel the parade. Evangelista instead raised his clenched fist and began an incendiary speech, before being arrested. The unarmed crowd was then forcibly dispersed in the face of arrests and drenching from fire hoses.
Based on these events, the Manila Court of First Instance, on September 14, 1931, passed a decision declaring both the PKP and KAP as illegal organization, and sentencing twenty communist leaders of eight years and one day of banishment to the provinces. Evangelista was additionally sentenced with six months' imprisonment and a fine of 400 pesos for sedition. The convicted communists brought an appeal to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the Manila CFI decision on October 26, 1932.
The American administration in the Philippines acknowledged and recognized that the convicted communists such as Evangelista, Manahan, Capadocia, and Balgos were leaders in their trades and their cooperation would have been most beneficial. These men were given offers for executive clemency but were adamant in their refusal. Manahan would be the first to ask for clemency in exchange for supporting government initiatives, partly due to ideological differences between him, Evangelista, and Feleo. He would then split from the PKP and the KPMP.
In 1936, James S. Allen, a high-ranking official of the CPUSA came to the Philippines to persuade Evangelista's group of accepting even a conditional pardon, under the argument that a United Front must be maintained against world fascism. Allen then went to Quezon to successfully request the release of the communist leaders on December 31, 1936. He returned in 1938 to secure an absolute pardon for the PKP leaders, which was granted on December 24 of that same year. Given their full political rights, they were now able to act and implement the Comintern's call for a united-front movement against fascism.
The PKP set about forming different groups to this end. The PKP also successfully managed a merger with Pedro Abad Santos' Socialist Party of the Philippines, an independently formed party based in Pampanga. This was similarly done with the aid of James S. Allen acting as an intermediary. The three top officers of the new PKP were Evangelista, Abad Santos and Capadocia, who were national chairman, vice-chairman, and general secretary, respectively.
Second World War and Third Republic
Second World War
The outbreak of the Pacific front of the Second World War provided the Communist Party of the Philippines with the opportunity to raise a people's militia, although efforts to combat Japanese fascism through a united front from above approach were underway months before the Pearl Harbor attacks. A Popular Front was established, headed by Pedro Abad Santos, and participated heavily during elections in Central Luzon. The PKP, through a front organization known as the Committee for Democracy and Collective Security, initiated a nationwide boycott of Japanese goods. The concept of a people's militia was conceived by party leaders as early as October 1941, when the PKP convened with other anti-fascist political groups such as the League for the Defense of Democracy and the Friends of China. In December 1941, the PKP sent a twelve-point memorandum to both President Quezon and US High Commissioner Francis B. Sayre, pledging its "loyalty to the governments of the Philippines and the United States".
When the Japanese forces entered Manila on January 2, 1942, top leaders of the PKP did not leave the city, relying on the idea that "the safest place for communists to hide is right next to the enemy - where the enemy is least likely to look." This did not work out for the communists, and on January 25, the Japanese Kempetai arrested Abad Santos, Evangelista, and Capadocia. The Japanese also arrested Agapito del Rosario, former vice-chairman of the SPP, and two relatives of Abad Santos.
In line with the arrest of the entire Politburo In command, the second-front leadership under Dr. Vicente Lava took over the reins of the PKP. Lava was elected the new PKP general secretary, The posts of national chairman and vice-chairman were abolished, and the party was restructed as such:
Additionally, a Chinese communisted named "Comrade C" acted as an adviser to the Central Luzon Bureau and representative of the Chinese Bureau, the organization of local Chinese communists. The CLB was headed by Lava and acted as the party's wartime politburo.
In February 1942 a "struggle conference" was held in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija to discuss organization, strategy, and tactics. A united front tactic was agreed upon as a means of attracting the broadest sections of population, not necessarily simply communists. A three-front resistance was agreed upon: military, political, and economic. The military aim was to harass the Japanese continuously and keep it off-balance so as to prevent it from focusing on activities aimed at winning the goodwill of the people. The political aim was to discredit the Japanese-sponsored republic and build the concept of a functioning democracy as a grass roots level, while the economic objective was to prevent the enemy's looting. At the advent of this conference, several armed groups were immediately organized and began operating in Central Luzon. A significant event was on March 13, 1942, when a squadron headed by Felipa Culala (alias Dayang-Dayang) encountered and defeated Japanese forces in Mandili, Candaba, Pampanga.
On March 29, 1942, the guerrillas were formally organized into the Hukbalahap, eleven days before the Fall of Bataan. Around this time independent resistance groups have already started in Central Luzon, mostly from members of peasant groups such as the KPMP and the AMT. The Hukbalahap military committee was composed of Taruc, Alejandrino, Culala, and Bernardo Poblete (alias Tandang Banal). Taruc and Alejandrino were chairman and vice-chairman, respectively. The Hukbalahap high command was also joined by the military commissariat; a party apparatus that provided guidance to the Huks. The Hukbalahap, however, was not a purely communist group, nor was it a communist group disguising as a nationalist one, although it did have prominent communists and socialists in its top positions.
The Hukbalahap was composed of squadrons, with each squadron divided into platoons and squads consisting of 100 officers and men. Two squadrons formed a battalion, and two battalions formed a regiment. The Huk structure was modeled after the Chinese Red Army. The Huks also had a manual called Fundamental Spirit, which served as a public relations guide. The Huks initially had contacts within the American army through Lt. Col. Claude Thorpe, but his capture and execution ended plans for a join high command in the Philippines.
Lava laid plans for the creation of the Barrio United Defense Corps, a barrio-level government which was to maintain peace, order, and set up food production and recruitment in Huk controlled areas. PKP organizers quickly went to work to set up BUDCs in Huk controlled barrios, which contributed to its success as a resistance army, although in reality there was an overlap between independently formed barrio governments, "neighborhood committees" set up by the Japanese, and BUDCs. The Huks enjoyed early successes with their continuous attacks, aimed at raising morale through quick successes as well as to acquire weapons for the severely unarmed group. The Japanese conducted two counterattacks against the Huks, on September 6 and December 5, 1942. Both attacks did nothing to dampen the frequency of Huk raids, and only served to intensify Huk operations. On March 5, 1943, the Japanese struck the Huk headquarters in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija in a surprise attack. A large number of CPP cadres and Huk soldiers were captured during the raid.
In light of the aftermath of the Cabiao raid, PKP leadership began to adopt a "retreat for defense" policy, reducing the army organization to teams of three to five member groups and avoiding direct confrontation with the enemy. Most Hukbalahap squadrons did not follow such a policy, and a party conference in September 1944 declared the retreat for defense policy to have been erroneous. Vicente Lava was removed as general secretary and a troika leadership was put in place, consisting of Pedro Castro, Jorge Frianeza, and Primitivo Arrogante. By the end of the war, the Huks had 1,200 engagements, and inflicted some 25,000 enemy casualties. The Huks' strength consisted of 20,000 fully armed regulars and some 50,000 reservists.
Post-War Activities
The end of the war saw the return of American forces in the Philippines. The Americans, with the help of USAFFE guerillas and former PC members, forcibly disarmed Huk squadrons while charging other guerrillas of treason, sedition, and subversive activity. This hostile attitude from the Americans came from misinformation from USAFFE units operating in the Philippines, who opposed the Huks' aggressive stance against the Japanese and their extra-governmental operations. This also led to the arrests of Luis Taruc and Casto Alejandrino in 1945, as well as incidents such as the massacre of 109 Huk guerrillas in Malolos, Bulacan. In September 1945, President Sergio Osmeña released Taruc, Alejandrino, and other Huk leaders from prison. The PKP, through Huk leaders, then formally disbanded the movement and formed the Hukbalahap Veterans' League in an effort to get the Hukbalahap recognized as a legitimate guerrilla movement. Alejandrino was its nominal chairman.
At this time the PKP was also busy laying down the groundwork for mass organizations. On March 15, 1945, the Committee on Labor Organizations (later renamed Congress on Labor Organizations) was formed in San Lazaro, Manila, headed by five guerrilla leaders affiliated with the pre-war Collective Labor Movement. On June 3, the KPMP and AMT were reformed into the Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (National Union of Peasants), with Mateo del Castillo as national president and Juan Feleo as vice-president. Lastly, the PKP had a hand in forming the Democratic Alliance, which was formed on July 15, 1945, although plans for it had begun as early as September 1944.
The DA was an anti-collaborationist party formed by prominent figures in the resistance movement, including Dr. Vicente Lava, who still had a position in the PKP central committee. While the PKP laid the foundation in forming these groups, the highest leaders of both the DA and the CLO were not communists, but rather progressive intellectuals with leftist leanings. Talks of forming a new political party that represented a continuation of the United Front strategy were first conceived during the September 1944 convention. The DA also had a strong peasant base, sharing a lot of membership overlap with the PKM. The goal of the Democratic Alliance was to field candidates who were sympathetic to the peasants' rights in the April 1946 elections.
On September 22, 1945, the PKP made its first public appearance on the eve of the "March on Malacañang" demonstration held by the DA. The PKP issued a manifesto calling for Osmeña to oust government officials who were known to have collaborated with the Japanese during the war, and to continue the united front struggle against fascism. The manifesto was signed by Pedro Castro, who was the new general secretary of the PKP after the dissolution of the troika. The PKP then held an open congress in the February of the next year.
1946 Elections
During this time the Democratic Alliance was preparing for the April 1946 elections. Their goal was to elect their six Central Luzon candidates into congress. The PKP initially did not wish to support Osmeña, calling him a "reactionary and counter-revolutionary", and wished for the DA to field their own Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates. However, an overwhelming majority of the DA opposed the proposal, as well as a minority within the PKP itself, including Vicente Lava. The DA instead reasoned that above all else, Manuel Roxas must be defeated. Roxas was known as a top-ranking collaborator with the Japanese, was regarded as a fascist, and was against Philippine independence, and so was seen as the lesser of two evils.
In the 1946 elections, the PKP lent their support to Osmeña and the DA, who managed to win six congressional seats in Central Luzon, including two for Luis Taruc and Jesus Lava. Congress, however, did not allow the six candidates to take their seats in the House of Representatives, although no measure to suspend them was formally signed. A Supreme Court inquiry found that the ousting was less about terrorism and more about the passing of the Bell Trade Act, and commented that "If these members of Congress were counted, the affirmative votes in favor of the proposed amendment to the Constitution would have been short of the necessary three-fourths vote in either branch of Congress."
The unseating of the six congressmen would have blocked the measure from being passed due to a lack of a two-thirds majority in the vote. The unseating of the DA congressmen, combined with unrelenting abuses of power from MP's in Central Luzon against PKM, DA, and Huk Veterans, and the Roxas administration's inclination in using military force only exacerbated negative sentiment among the peasants in Central Luzon. The new Roxas administration attempted a pacification program, with help from members of the PKP, PKM, and DA. Representatives such as Taruc, Alejandrino, and Feleo would be accompanied by MP guards and government officials to try and pacify peasant groups, however this did not result in any sort of success. Within days of the so-called "truce", violence once again erupted in Central Luzon. Taruc, del Castillo, and Feleo claimed that civilian guards and government officials were "sabotaging the peace process".
On August 24, 1946, Feleo, on his way back to Manila after a pacification sortie in Cabiao, was stopped by a large band of "armed men in fatigue uniforms" in Gapan, Nueva Ecija. Feleo was accompanied by his bodyguards and four barrio lieutenants, and he had planned to present them to the Secretary of the Interior Jose Zulueta to testify that their barrios where shelled by government forces for no reason at all, forcing them to evacuate. Feleo and the four barrio officials were taken by the men and killed. Thousands of Huk veterans and PKM members were sure that Feleo was murdered by landlords, or possibly the Roxas administration itself.
The incident led to Taruc presenting Roxas with an ultimatum:
The supreme test of your power has come. In your hands rests the destiny of our miserable people and our motherland. Yours is the power now to plunge them into chaos and horrible strife, or pacify and unite them as brother Filipinos in the spirit of liberty.
He then joined with the peasants and revived the Hukbalahap General Headquarters, beginning the Huk insurrection. On March 6, 1948, Roxas outlawed the Hukbalahap and the PKM. Five weeks later, Roxas succumbed to a heart attack.
The Huk Insurrection
Early Stages of the Huk Insurrection
As early as July 1947, the Hukbalahap had already referred to itself as the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (People's Liberation Army), although media sources and contemporary members used the terms "Huks", "Hukbalahap", and "HMB" interchangeably. After the Feleo incident, most peasant groups lost confidence in the Roxas administration and were reluctant to surrender their arms. Clashes between veterans and the government increased between 1946 and 1947, and peasants who were going to surrender their arms under the government's "pacification program" held out. Plans for an organization for self-defense against government repression were underway as early as July 1946, when Huk leaders and PKP officials met in Candaba, Pampanga. The meeting split the area with armed peasants into two zones, each with its own command: The Central Luzon Command and the Southern Luzon Command. Taruc and Alejandrino were named the commander-in-chief and vice-commander, respectively.
The HMB rebellion was at its core, a peasant rebellion. Peasants in Central Luzon were fighting against government repression and abuses by land lords, and were not so much concerned for issues concerning imperialism and nationalism. A plebiscite concerning parity rights, granting American citizens equal "parity" in exploiting Philippine resources as Filipino citizens was passed easily in March 1947, despite urging by the HMB and the DA for a "no" vote.
During this time the PKP was undergoing a lot of organizational problems. Regional PKP chapters were disorganized and membership had dwindled on account of repression of the uncertain legal status of the party. The PKP also had no clear focus at the time, and ended up neglecting both trade labor groups in Manila as well as peasant labor groups in Central Luzon. The PKP, led by Pedro Castro, adopted a policy of appeasement, preferring to pursue legal and parliamentary means to achieve reforms, and so opposed the HMB rebellion. This line was opposed by the group led by Jose Lava, a younger brother of Vicente Lava. Castro was eventually removed as general secretary and was replaced by Jorge Frianeza. Frianeza, however, was pushed out relatively quickly. In May 1948, Castro and Frianeza were expelled from the party. Mariano Balgos was named general secretary, although it was an "open secret" that Jose Lava held the reins of the party. It was during this time that the PKP finally lent their support to the peasant rebels in Central Luzon.
However it is because of these organizational problems, lack of a clear direction even between top members of the PKP that led to seeming contradictions between its members. Taruc and Alejandrino, for instance, led the HMB in its rebellion against the official PKP policy of a legal and parliamentary struggle endorsed by Castro. Hence, while PKP members close to the peasant movement joined the rebellion, the official party line at the time was opposition to it. The PKP at the time felt that the peasants were fighting for "personal reasons" and as such it was not a strong enough reason to abandon the legal and parliamentary struggle. At the same time the PKP believed that the workers and the proletariat were to become the backbone of the revolution, and not the peasantry.
Government officials, local municipalities, landlords, and US intelligence officers, however, were quick to tag the HBM rebellion as a communist one. A report in October 1946 from the US Counter-Intelligence Corps in the Philippines described the PKM and the HMB as "undoubtedly the largest Communist Group in the Philippines". US reports frequently portrayed the unrest in Central Luzon as communist in nature. The Roxas administration used this to secure arms, ammunition and training from the United States in order to combat the insurgency, adopting a "mailed fist" approach in trying to smash the rebellion.
Quirino Administration
President Roxas died of a heart attack while visiting Clark Air Base in Pampanga and was succeeded by Elpidio Quirino. Quirino had a different policy in dealing with the rebels, and offered amnesty to the leaders and members of the PKM and the HMB. A large point of contention in this amnesty proclamation was the understanding that the Huks would be able to retain their arms, provided that they were duly registered with the government, as opposed to surrendering them. With this in mind, HMB leaders such as Taruc came down to accept amnesty on June 21, 1948. Amnesty talks occurred from June 21 to August 15, when negotiations broke down over the misunderstanding of registration of arms against its surrender. By August 15, Taruc had retired back to the fields, and negotiations had failed.
After the failure in negotiations of the amnesty, the PKP began preparing for the 1949 presidential elections. The PKP twice tried to get Laurel's commitment to fight American imperialism, but Laurel refused to take a stand when he was told by a party emissary that the HMB revolt was being led by the PKP. Despite this refusal, the PKP had no choice but to extend its "critical support" in the election. Laurel lost the election, and the 1949 elections have been referred to as one of the dirtiest elections in Philippine history. It is also by this point that the PKP and the HBM formed an overt alliance, and PKP influence in the HMB increased.
It was during this time that the HMB rebellion peaked. HMB membership numbered at 10,800 in July 1950. The PKP, under Jose Lava, undertook a plan of expansion, with the stated goal of increasing HMB membership to 172,000 by September 1951. A PKP resolution in January 1950 declared the existence of a "revolutionary situation", which required the "total mobilization of the entire Party membership and mass movements it is leading ... to make the QLP [Quirino Liberal Party] administration more unstable." The PKP formulated a plan that would have the HMB, as the military arm of the people's revolution, seize state power in two years. A "New Democracy" will then be established after the communist takeover. PKP documents during the time detail plans on the establishment of a national provisional government.
Emboldened by the existence of a revolutionary situation, the PKP-HMB performed a series of raids referred to as "dress rehearsals" in order to test the overall capability and public reaction to their plan. A series of raids was conducted on historic dates such as March 29, the anniversary of the formation of the Hukbalahap; August 26, anniversary of the Cry of Pugad Lawin; and November 7, anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The March 29 "dress rehearsals" were considered to be huge successes. The rebels attacked fifteen barrios and dealt property damage amounting to 3 million pesos. The attacks occurred fifteen miles outside of Manila.
A second Huk raid occurred on August 26 in Santa Cruz, Laguna, where the rebels managed to obtain cash amounting to 86,000 pesos. Other attacks occurred across Central and Southern Luzon. Both dress rehearsal raids were huge successes, and constituted a propaganda and economic victory for the rebels. They were able to secure supplies, ammunition, and resources, as well as prove that they had the organization and ability to strike.
A third Huk raid was to occur on November 7, the anniversary of the Russian Revolution. Plans fell through when Tarciano Rizal, a grandson of the national hero and disenchanted Huk commander, approached then Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay and divulged the names and whereabouts of the PKP hierarchy in Manila. Government forces swooped in on October 18 on communist hideouts in the city and arrested Jose Lava, Federico Maclang, Ramon Espiritu, Honofre Mangila, Magno Bueno, Federico Bautista, Iluminada Calonge, Angel Baking, and Sammy Rodriguez.
Final Stages of the Huk Insurrection
At the start of the PKP's formal involvement in the Huk rebellion, the party believed that swift military account could topple the government in two years. A large contributor of this belief was that a "revolutionary situation" existed and that peasant groups elsewhere would eventually join the rebellion, ignoring the fact that most of the insurrection was contained in Central Luzon. The party also believed that the United States economy could not continue supporting the administration, and that it would collapse soon. This assessment was based on a Soviet economist. There was, however, a large ideological gap between the PKP leaders and the peasantry who joined the HMB, most of whom joined the rebellion in order to fight for justice and reforms in the Philippine tenancy system.
In 1950, President Quirino appointed Ramon Magsaysay as Secretary of Defense. Magsaysay quickly set out to get rid of undesirable elements in the AFP in order to gain the confidence of the people. By improving discipline within the armed forces and civilian guards, abuses against the peasantry decreased and support for the HMB rebels began to wane. Magsaysay combined this with granting full amnesties to rebels who would surrender, as well as instituting land reforms. By acting in the genuine interest of the peasants, Magsaysay managed to obtain support from them and weaken the HMB's base. Whereas the Huk rebellion reached its peak in 1950, it was severely weakened by the time Magsaysay won the presidency in 1953. Economic turmoil combined with military campaigns and government action to improve its image dwindled support for the Huks, many of them surrendering after 1951.
On May 16, 1954, Luis Taruc came down from the mountains to surrender. Taruc had long believed that the HMB will only survive if it had the support of the people, and by 1953, he commented that this support no longer existed. A large factor in Taruc's surrender was his ideological disagreement with Jesus Lava, who took over the PKP leadership after the October 1950 arrests. By February 1951, a central committee conference was called in order to reaffirm the existence of a revolutionary situation. Taruc and his group did not believe that such a situation existed, only that there was a passing revolutionary mood in Central Luzon. The February 1951 conference discussed resolutions that could be described as "too leftist and too advanced", in that they assumed the existence of a nationwide revolutionary situation. These resolutions were shot down by other committee members, and a rift between the Taruc and Lava groups emerged.
In September 1952, Taruc issued an open letter entitled "Call for Peace", which called for a peaceful settlement between the Huks and the government. Taruc, his brother Peregrino, and Ignacio Dabu formed an "OED Memorandum", proposing a tactical shift from armed struggle to a legal and parliamentary one. The PKP, headed by Lava, at first showed interest in the "peace policy", but condemned it at the last minute. The Taruc brothers were suspended from the party, while Dabu was severely reprimanded. The PKP then adopted an "antiwar policy", which emphasized the utter defeat of the enemy through armed struggle in order to achieve peace.
In 1953, the Quirino administration initiated a peace negotiation with Huk commanders in Pampanga. Although Taruc no longer had authority within the PKP to negotiate with the government, he decided to participate in order to consult with the PKP secretariat in Southern Luzon. Negotiations between Taruc and the secretariat however were cut off, and Taruc was expelled from the party. His suspicion that the PKP was out to eliminate him, combined with his desire for peace, led to his surrender in May 1954.
Taruc's surrender was a major blow against the HMB rebellion, and most cadres also surrendered when news broke out. Some stragglers remained, and people like Casto Alejandrino fought until as late as 1960 before ultimately being captured.
Second Outlawing of the PKP
On June 20, 1957, President Carlos P. Garcia signed into law Republic Act 1700, or the Anti-Subversion Act, outlawing the PKP, the HMB, and "any successors of any such organizations". Unlike the first outlawing of the PKP, this was done by virtue of legislative fiat and not by a Supreme Court decision. Lawyers of captured communists argued that the law was unconstitutional. Top communists were either arrested or killed. Mateo del Castillo was murdered by his own bodyguard on November 22, 1957. Alejandrino was captured on October 12, 1960. Of the top PKP leadership, only Jesus Lava remained.
Jesus Lava, in a 1955 directive, issued the liquidation of the people's army under the guise of turning it into "organizational brigades". Two years later he issued another directive liquidating all basic units, territorial organizations, and leading organs of the PKP, before going underground. Lava continued to elude authorities until his arrest 9 years later, on May 21, 1964.
Martial Law and Fourth Republic
Formation of the CPP and other groups
The PKP was practically non-existent at the onset of the 1960s. This was exacerbated by arrests of top CPP officials, culminating with the arrest of Jesus Lava in 1964. Six months prior to his arrest, Lava appointed four secretaries for the PKP. Among these were Pedro Taruc, a distant relative of Luis Taruc, and Amado Guerrero, nom de guerre of Jose Maria Sison, who at the time was a prominent figure in youth activism. Sison created the Kabataang Makabayan (Patriotic Youth), a youth-oriented nationalist organization in November 1964.
That same year, Sison proposed a critique of the history of the PKP, which he submitted in 1966. Sison was highly critical of Lava and his policies during the past decade, referring to his "adventurism" and mishandling of the HMB rebellion. The document was suppressed by another one of Lava's appointees, a distant nephew. Tensions between the Lava group and Sison continued. In April 1967, Lava convened a group of seven and proclaimed himself the general secretary of the PKP. This led to a split within the PKP ranks.
The culmination of this split occurred on December 26, 1968, when Sison and ten others formed the Communist Party of the Philippines. The following March, Sison established the New People's Army, its military arm. The NPA was headed by Bernabe Buscayno, under the alias Commander Dante. Starting with only 60 fighters and 35 rifles, the NPA focused on building support throughout the period. Events during the Marcos administration would swell its ranks through connections in local communities, the Catholic Church, and unions. In 1969, Sison published the pamphlet Philippine Society and Revolution, which detailed the problems faced by Philippine Society - imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat capitalism, as well as its solution - democratic revolution carried out through protracted people's war. The document drew heavily from Maoist principles and outlined the ideology of the new CPP.
The CPP During the Marcos Administration
The first major incident that involved the CPP was the First Quarter Storm, a series of leftist demonstrations in opposition to Marcos' reelection. Membership increased due to these events, as well as incidents such as the Diliman commune, while events such as the Plaza Miranda bombing were blamed by the Marcos administration on the communists. Eventually, the declaration of Martial Law on September 23, 1972, and the resulting government repression led to more people joining the CPP and the NPA. Arrests were made against the central committee in 1973, 1974, 1976 and 1977, the last including Sison himself, but membership in the groups grew steadily, and decentralized operations allowed the party to operate despite arrests
In 1978, the CPP faced its first major internal debate when the CPP central committee advocated the boycott of the national elections, while the Manila-Rizal committee disagreed, instead wanting to back opposition Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. This, combined with other differences between the Central and Manila-Rizal committees prevented the CPP from staging effective operations during the 1978 elections. The disastrous result of the elections contributed to the growing bitterness by the people against the Marcos administration, and combined with the CPP's efforts in mass recruitment led to an increase in CPP-NPA ranks. Disagreements between the policies of the Central Committee and the regional committees however started to grow, particularly in the regional committees' disapproval of the seemingly dogmatic insistence of the central committee's reliance on rural armed struggle.
In 1981 the NPA reflected this increase in numbers by staging a "strategic counteroffensive", increasing its autonomy and experimenting with new tactics Battalion-sized groups were possible in Samar and Northern Luzon by the end of the Marcos administration. On the other end of the spectrum, "sparrow units" of one to three people operated throughout the country, especially in Davao Region, assassinating police officers and other targeted individuals. The communists enjoyed mass support from the people and from the Catholic Church, which employed its extensive network to aid the rebels.
1981 also saw the end of Martial Law, which allowed the CPP to operate more openly in the cities. Mass demonstrations were conducted frequently and increased dramatically after the assassination of Benigno Aquino. The party refocused itself and adopted a united front strategy, similar to the one employed by the PKP during the Second World War, in order to attract the largest cross-section of Anti-Marcos supporters. They did this by allying themselves with the National Democratic Front, a nationalist organization founded in 1973 by Satur Ocampo.
In February 1986, Marcos called for snap elections. The CPP politburo ruled three to two in favor of a boycott. The resulting popularity of Corazon Aquino, her subsequent victory, and the EDSA Revolution that followed, however, left the communists out of step with popular sentiment. The CPP acknowledged that the boycott was a tactical blunder on their part. By 1986, the NPA had approximately 25,000 members in its ranks, while CPP membership numbered around 30,000. At its maximum strength, the NPA was operating in 69 of the country's 80 provinces. Military activity also increased dramatically during this time. Platoon-sized offensives became widespread by 1979, especially in the Samar province. By 1983, the NPA had amassed 5000 high-powered rifles.
Splintering of the CPP
The events of the 1986 EDSA Revolution as well as the CPP central committee's decisions were out of step with national sentiment at the time and led to a greater feeling of disagreement between the top leaders of the CPP
When Corazon Aquino came into power as President, one of her first acts was to release all political dissidents during the Marcos administration, including Sison. This was followed by peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA. These peace talks however broke down and ultimately failed, due to a lack of sincerity from both parties; the rebels wanted a public forum more than an actual commitment to peace, while support for negotiating with the rebels was low within the Aquino administration. Sison embarked on a world tour, described as a self-imposed exile, before eventually settling down in the Netherlands.
After the breakdown of negotiations, the Aquino administration embarked on a policy of "total war" against the communist rebels, The CPP sought international support during this time from communist movements in Europe, although they failed to do so due to the waning of communism internationally. The capture of two top communist leaders: Rafael Baylosis and Romulo Kintanar, led to the arousal of suspicion within the ranks of the CPP-NPA. Internal purges were carried out in 1988 and 1989, resulting in the deaths of 100 to 120 cadres. The decentralization of regional committees also resulted in the questioning of the authority of the central committee in its analysis and leadership. These issues contributed to the growing splintering of the CPP during this time. In particular three issues were at the core of the disputes: Disagreements between the continuance of the armed struggle, the focus on rural or urban centers, and decision-making capabilities of the central committee.
The end of the Marcos dictatorship and the surrounding events after gave renewed hope to people, especially those in the lower cadres, that there is still hope for pursuing reforms through legal means. Much like the Huks of the past, most lower ranking members of the NPA did not truly believe in the ideologies espoused by the CPP central committee, but rather were fighting for their own personal reasons. In contrast, top party leaders like Sison staunchly believed in a protracted armed struggle, with an end goal of establishing communism in the Philippines; a belief not shared by the lower cadres. Sison also believed that the struggle would being in the rural areas of the country and emphasized the role of the rural class. Regional committees, such as the Manila-Rizal committee, however, believed that a more urban approach was necessary, as exemplified by policy disagreements during the 1978 elections. The Manila-Rizal committee felt that they were better prepared to make an accurate assessment of the situation compared to the central committee, as they were the ones "on the ground".
Rectification and split
In 1992, Sison reaffirmed the primacy of the Maoist-inspired armed struggle, while simultaneously castigating the regularization of NPA squads and the efforts of urban insurrection undertaken in Manila and Davao. This reaffirmation, fueled by simmering dissent between members of the party, caused a split within those who supported this reaffirmation and those who did not. The split reduced the strength of the CPP-NPA but streamlined its organization by decreasing the autonomy of regional committees and aligning the party ideologically. The split affected both underground and above ground groups, such as human rights groups and legal mass organizations affiliated with the NDF. Those who rejected Sison's reaffirmation, or "rejectionists" went on their separate ways, although not all rejectionists were united. Some rejectionist groups formed their own revolutionary armies, while others turned to politics. One of the most famous rejectionist groups is the Akbayan party-list, who won a congressional seat in 1998.
Ongoing Insurgency
The CPP-NPA returned to peace talks with the Ramos administration in 1998, culminating in the Comprehensive Agreement to Respect Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL). Talks broke down and all-out war resumed however when Joseph Estrada assumed the presidency and the CPP protested the ratification of the US Visiting Forces Agreement. The Estrada administration meanwhile continued peace talks with smaller groups of leftist rebels who split from the CPP-NPA in 1992.
During the Second EDSA Revolution, the CPP issued a directive to support the ousting of Estrada, in contrast to their previous policies of boycotting. The CPP-NPA at first enjoyed warm relations with the new president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Bayan Muna, a leftist party list affiliated with the CPP through the NDF, won three congressional seats; the maximum under the party list system, during that year's elections. Along with two other parties with supposed ties to the CPP, Gabriela and Anakpawis, they won a total of six congressional seats. Relations would deteriorate however following the September 11 attacks and the Arroyo administration campaigned for the inclusion of the CPP and the NPA to international terrorist lists. Formal talks stopped in 2004 over the issue.
During the Arroyo administration, military action against the rebels intensified. By the end of her term in 2010, the NPA was reported to be 3,000 strong. The Armed Forces of the Philippines claims that NPA strength is in steady decline, as operations and arrests of top communist leaders continued. Most recently, in 2014, Benito and Wilma Tiamzon, who were the top leaders in the CPP based in the Philippines in lieu of Sison's exile to the Netherlands, were arrested.
See also
League of Young Communists of the Philippines
References
Category:Political history of the Philippines | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
AMD Will Build 64-bit ARM based Opteron CPUs for Servers, Production in 2014 - skept
http://www.anandtech.com/show/6418/amd-will-build-64bit-arm-based-opteron-cpus-for-servers-production-in-2014
======
zdw
AMD is no stranger to using busses and sockets that are compatible with
"other" hardware.
The original Athlon was bus-compatible with DEC Alpha chips - some logic
boards could take either with a firmware upgrade.
Also, there have been FPGA's that slot into Opteron logic boards (Celoxica
made one around 2006), and various other chips that connect directly to the
hypertransport bus as accelerators.
It remains to be seen what they'll do with this. Will it be a Xeon Phi
competitor (lots of cores, high thermal footprint) or something aimed at lower
end uses.
------
mtgx
Finally, AMD is embracing ARM. It just might be the only thing to save them,
but only if they are flawless in execution, and Nvidia and others already have
years of head start in working with ARM chips.
~~~
krasin
They have SeaMicro: <http://www.seamicro.com/> And given Nvidia has never
tried to do anything on the server, it might be that AMD is already ahead of
many others.
~~~
spartango
Nvidia ships quite a bit of Tesla hardware for GPGPU data center use; Amazon
just bought a massive shipment of these racks for use through AWS.[1]
What's notable about Nvidia's Tesla offerings is that they sit as a separate
1-2U rack on top of the compute box. The space and power costs of operating
Nvidia GPGPUs in a datacenter are nontrivial.
If AMD ships a solid ARM product with some good on-die GPGPU components, that
might compete with Nvidia, but otherwise the two are in different spaces even
within the server world.
[1] [http://vr-zone.com/articles/amazon-orders-more-
than-10-000-n...](http://vr-zone.com/articles/amazon-orders-more-
than-10-000-nvidia-tesla-k10-cards-k20s-to-follow-/17340.html)
~~~
tmurray
Tesla boards haven't shipped in a separate 1U form factor for a few years;
they're all passively-cooled PCIe boards inside a x86 server chassis now.
~~~
mrb
Actually both setups are possible. Sometimes vendors put the Tesla PCIe cards
in a separate chassis, and link the chassis to the host via a PCIe cable, eg.:
<http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/poweredge-c410x/pd>
------
stefantalpalaru
Shut up and take my money! Give me 64+ cores at an affordable price and my
next build will keep you in business, AMD.
~~~
daniel-cussen
This is exactly what I like about AMD's strategy--they say more cores is
pretty much all that matters and, you know what? I think that's true.
------
bryanlarsen
In today's marketplace, there's very little about the ARM instruction set that
makes it better suited for low power applications. Yes, it is a saner
instruction set than x86, requiring less silicon to convert into uOPs, but the
difference is trivial in 2012.
The difference between x86 and ARM on the power/performance curve is almost
purely due to design choices and trade offs. So why not create a new low-power
x86 core instead of a new ARM core?
The only way this makes sense to me is for this to be a stepping stone into
the mobile market. The mobile market is definitely stepping up the
power/performance curve, and AMD's experience with GPUs may be a distinct
advantage for them in the mobile market in the future.
~~~
jbarham
> In today's marketplace, there's very little about the ARM instruction set
> that makes it better suited for low power applications.
So it's just a coincidence that ARM powers 95%+ of smartphones? I think not.
Given Intel's advantage in fabs and process technology I think it's all the
more striking that to date they have failed at developing chips to effectively
compete with ARM in the mobile market.
x86 is an ugly and inefficient ISA compared to ARM but it didn't matter as
long as users plugged their computers into the wall.
~~~
bryanlarsen
"So it's just a coincidence that ARM powers 95%+ of smartphones? I think not."
ARM designs have been optimized for low power. x86 designs have been optimized
for high speed. It has little to do with the architecture and lots to do with
the design.
Nobody has ever tried to design a sub 1 watt x86 design. Nobody has ever tried
to design a 100 watt ARM.
Only very recently have we had anything that's close to comparable. Medfield
has a similar power rating to high performance ARM designs, and similar
performance.
~~~
yvdriess
Intel tried the low-power x86 with the Atom, didn't really go anywhere. It's
true that scaling up an ARM will be equally problematic. But, the point is
that they use ARM because they don't want to push the power envelope.
~~~
bryanlarsen
Atom didn't go anywhere because it was a 10W processor benchmarked against
100W processors when running performance tests, but compared to 1W processors
when doing battery tests.
------
kapitalx
Nvidia's Project Denver [1] is very similar. A 64-bit ARM based CPU for
servers that they started working on a few years ago.
[1] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Denver>
Edit: It seems the announcement from AMD is in response to this announcement
from Nvidia, the 2014 date also matches:
[http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20120921010327_Nvid...](http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20120921010327_Nvidia_Develops_High_Performance_ARM_Based_Boulder_Microprocessor_Report.html)
------
wcchandler
I love this announcement for no other reason than I've been predicting a large
influx of ARM architecture into the server market. It makes a lot of sense.
More importantly I believe it'll be large multi-core SoC clusters. This is the
very logical transition. While a lot of our software doesn't fully utilize
multiple processor support, our OSes are becoming a lot better at scheduling
and are almost eliminating the impact of a context switch.
------
frozenport
I don't see why AMD can do ARM better? AMDs strengths compared to Intel are in
its APU and the number of cores they can cram on an x86.
I think they confused the market, severs, with the technology they actually
have - x86.
Their biggest asset is the existing infrastructure and people to build x86 -
there are 2 companies that can do this: Intel and AMD.
~~~
vidarh
The problem is that there _will_ be a market for ARM servers for the simple
reason that power and core density is becoming a bigger and bigger part of
total hosting cost and ARM does low power well. AMD would be ignoring that at
their peril. They're much more vulnerable to this than Intel since they're
currently not generally the preferred high-end choice for most people.
~~~
TheCondor
Is ARM still lower power when dialed up to perform?
I think there are some interesting possibilities, especially with the bursty
nature of web traffic but there is also still a noticeable performance gap
between ARM and x86.
------
Breakthrough
Now this is some interesting stuff. I wonder if they have any plans to make a
dual instruction-set processor that can run both x86 and ARM-based operating
systems... That's the kind of crazy design that just might work ;)
Aside: I wonder if it's possible to have one processor core with an ARM
instruction set, and another with x86 - obviously, reading from different
[segmented] memory locations, albeit simultaneously. I just wonder, since they
mention in the article the new Opteron _cores_ are designed by ARM, but the
rest of the processor indeed will follow AMD's design.
------
ek
It's interesting that are actually a processor licensee, as the article notes,
and not an architecture licensee - in other words, they aren't designing their
own core around the architecture, but instead using an ARM design. With
Bulldozer AMD really started utilizing the many fab facilities that they have
around the world, and this should continue that.
------
justincormack
Interesting how they position it as one third of an ARM x64 GPU strategy. GPU
is still the dark horse if we get serious general purpose programming. GPU and
ARM works once sequential performance is not the selling point. ARM
instruction set on GPU could work too.
------
smegel
A potent sign of times to come...
~~~
sliverstorm
A comment empty of content...
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
{
"name": "inherits",
"description": "Browser-friendly inheritance fully compatible with standard node.js inherits()",
"version": "2.0.3",
"keywords": [
"inheritance",
"class",
"klass",
"oop",
"object-oriented",
"inherits",
"browser",
"browserify"
],
"main": "./inherits.js",
"browser": "./inherits_browser.js",
"repository": "git://github.com/isaacs/inherits",
"license": "ISC",
"scripts": {
"test": "node test"
},
"devDependencies": {
"tap": "^7.1.0"
},
"files": [
"inherits.js",
"inherits_browser.js"
]
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
This invention relates to the art of differential amplifiers and more particularly to such an amplifier employing JFET transistors operating in the ohmic region.
The differential amplifier will be described herein as being in the input stage of an electrometer; although, it is to be appreciated that the invention may be applied to other applications requiring an amplifier exhibiting high input impedance, for measuring voltage, and low input bias current, or leakage current for measuring current.
Differential amplifiers are frequently employed in applications for measuring voltage and current, and in such applications are used in the input stage of an electrometer. Electrometers are known in the art, and typically serve to measure primarily DC voltage and current, although many also include extensions of these parameters, such as resistance or charge measurement. For measuring voltage, a distinguishing feature of the instrument is a very high input resistance, typically on the order of 10.sup.13 to 10.sup.15 ohms. This is important when measuring voltages from sources having high series resistance which would be loaded excessively by normal digital voltmeters (DVM). As an example, measurement of electrochemical EMF or pH requires high input resistance.
When an electrometer is employed for measuring current, it should exhibit very low input bias current (leakage current) since the current resolution of an electrometer picoammeter may well be in the range of fA (10.sup.-15 A) or aA (10.sup.-18 A). A typical application of an electrometer picoammeter is the measurement of a very high resistance on the order of 10.sup.12 to 10.sup.16 ohms by impressing a voltage across the resistance in series with the picoammeter.
In order to achieve an input stage for an electrometer having the characteristics of high input impedance and low leakage, it has heretofore been common practice to employ an input stage comprised of MOSFET transistors. The MOSFET transistors are acting as an input stage to a differential amplifier, sometimes referred to as an operational amplifer or OP-AMP. An example of such a MOSFET OP-AMP input stage for an electrometer is found in the U.S. Pat. No. to Shah, 3,654,468. Such an input stage has exhibited the desirable high input impedance and low leakage (or input bias) current required of an electrometer. However, the high input impedance achieved with a MOSFET transistor is primarily dependent on the insulating properties of a thin silicon dioxide layer, sometimes referred to as the gate insulation layer. While such a circuit exhibits the desired low input bias current characteristic, it does exhibit poor overload characteristics unless suitable protection circuitry is provided. Thus, input voltage transients on the order of 30 volts or more may cause breakdown or puncture of the gate insulation layer. Additionally, such MOSFETs frequently require careful offset, temperature compensation, common mode rejection, noise and bias current selection which may be batch sensitive with low yields.
It has been known in the past to employ JFETS instead of MOSFETs as the input stage for an electrometer. Such JFETs are connected in a differential amplifier and have exhibited improved voltage characteristics as compared with those of MOSFETs, but typically have higher input bias current by a factor of 10, for example. Thus, a MOSFET input stage is known to exhibit a low input bias current on the order of less than 5 fA (5.times.10.sup.-15 A). On the other hand, a known JFET input stage, while exhibiting excellent voltage characteristics, may have input bias current which is on the order of 60 fA. It is important that the electrometer have an input bias current which is substantially less than the input current to be measured. Such a large input bias current of known JFETs severely limits the applications to which an electrometer employing such a JFET input stage may be applied. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Rolfe Winkler
Tags:
Debt ceiling raised $290 billion (Rogers, Politico) Another Xmas Eve vote. Dems had wanted to raise the ceiling at least $1.8 trillion to avoid having to raise it again before midterm elections, but they didn’t have the votes. Congress has bought itself about 4-6 weeks of breathing room. Senate Repubs made a showing of not voting for the measure, but had they been in the majority, you can bet they’d have done the same to avert default.
Tags:
In a note to clients yesterday, Paul Miller of FBR Capital Markets wrote:
We are hearing that discussion of breaking up large financial institutions that pose systemic risk to the market is gaining traction on the Hill. At this point, discussions are in the early stages, but we understand that an amendment addressing breaking up institutions deemed “too big to fail” could be introduced in the House over the next few days. How does one define “too big to fail” and how would the divestiture process work – these are good questions that Congress will have to address as the discussion moves forward. To our understanding, any amendment that could be introduced in the coming week would likely be vague and would give the regulators discretion to determine which institutions qualify as “too big” and how to address the risk they pose to the system. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
San Borja District
San Borja is a district of the Lima Province in Peru, and one of the upscale districts that comprise the city of Lima.
Originally part of the district of Surquillo and San Isidro, it became officially established as a separate district on June 1, 1983. The new district took its name from a former hacienda (estate) which dominated the area.
The district's postal code is 41.
The current mayor (alcalde) is Alberto Tejada.
San Borja is one of the few districts of Lima which was planned from the beginning and developed in an orderly fashion. This happened in a relatively short time, during the 1970s the area underwent massive population growth and by the early 1980s almost all the land had been built up. The district's parks and green areas can be clearly seen on the satellite photographs (see external link). It is considered a middle to high-class district.
San Borja can be easily accessed using Javier Prado Avenue (the most likely route if coming from Lima International Airport), Angamos Avenue or Aviación Avenue. The Panamerican Highway marks the eastern border of the district and is the most direct route if coming from the north or the south of the country.
Most of the residential streets in this district are named after famous painters, artists, philosophers and, in general, such tasks, that is the case with calle Miguel Angel, calle Millet, calle Redon, calle Monet, calle Rousseau, calle Van Gogh, to name just a few.
Geography
San Borja is bordered by the districts of San Luis and La Victoria on the north, Santiago de Surco on the east and south, Surquillo on the southwest and San Isidro on the west. The Rio Surco (Surco river) traverses the district in a north-south direction. This is not an actual river, it is a canal fed from the Rimac river and used to irrigate public parks.
San Borja is approximately above sea level. The terrain is mostly flat, with a gentle downward east-west slope.
Climate
San Borja has a climate typical of the Peruvian coastal area. The weather is mild, with warm summers and cool winters, and humid all year round. It never rains but during the months from June to October its streets dampen due to a fine drizzle, called "garúa" in Spanish. During this period, the sky is constantly overcast.
Average temperatures in San Borja range between . The summer season lasts from December to April. During this time temperatures can reach highs of . Winter lasts from May to November with temperatures as low as .
Geology
San Borja, as most of the rest of Metropolitan Lima, is built on the alluvial fan formed by the Rimac river during the Quaternary Period. The river deposited up to 300 metres of rounded pebbles, coarse sand and small amounts of fine sand and silt in the valley. Geologists call this type of soil conglomerate.
The probable earthquake intensity in the San Borja area is Grade VII in the Modified Mercalli scale. This compares favourably with Grade IX in some areas of La Molina, Callao and Chorrillos.
Flora and fauna
San Borja has many well maintained and watered parks and green areas, there are about 10 square metres per person. royal poinciana and eucalyptus trees are very common in the district.
There is a large and varied bird population that include west Peruvian doves, pigeons, barn swallows, sparrows, hummingbirds, Peruvian sheartails, American robins, eagles, falcons, common kestrels, owls, black vultures, herons and parrots.
Population
According to the Peruvian Institute of Statistics, the age distribution of the population of San Borja is as follows:
History
There are two archaeological remains in San Borja: Huaca San Borja and Huaca Limatambo. These were built in pre-Inca times. The Surco river (an old irrigation canal), which traverses the district in a northeast to southwest direction, is also pre-Inca.
The Huaca San Borja was built by the Ichma culture, a loosely organised kingdom that developed in the Lurin and Rimac valleys, during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1100-1475). It is believed this kingdom was centered in Pachacamac. This huaca is an 8 metre high truncated pyramid made of dried mud. It is surrounded by a mud wall enclosing three out of the four sides of the huaca. The perimeter wall was painted white originally. There is a second inner perimeter wall that encloses rooms, corridors and platforms at different levels. The site was abandoned at the beginning of the colonial period. During the Republic, a house was built on top. The huaca is now open for guided visits. The Huaca Limatambo is as old as the Huaca San Borja. However, Limatambo is not open to the public and archaeological studies are ongoing.
After the Spanish conquest and the foundation of the city of Lima in 1535, the land that includes modern San Borja was given to Antonio Picado, secretary of Francisco Pizarro. After many change of hands, in 1568 the land was given to the Jesuit Order.
The Jesuits had an hacienda (estate) called "San Francisco de Borja y Aragon", later known as Hacienda "San Borja". They grew potatoes, maize, grapes and vegetables for their own sustenance and to fund their charities. They later donated 2% of their land to the Government.
During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) a line of defense between Miraflores and the area known then as Monterrico Grande was constructed. This line was the last obstacle between the Chilean army and the capital, Lima. It was formed by a series of "reductos" (redoubts or strongholds), numbered from 1 to 10 and located at approximately 800 metre intervals. Reductos Nos 6, 7 and 8 were located in San Borja, along the Surco river. The battle took place on 15 January 1881, and it involved the areas between Reducto No 1 to Reducto No 5 (between Miraflores and Surquillo). The Peruvian army was defeated. Except for Reducto No 2 in Miraflores and Reducto No 5 in nearby Surquillo there are no visible remains of them. After this battle, the Hacienda San Borja was garrisoned by the Chilean army.
In 1949 the district of Surquillo was created, it included most of what is now San Borja.
The hacienda San Borja was later owned by the Brescia family, who continued to use the land for agricultural purposes. In 1960 they sold the land to two developers: "Inversiones San Borja" and "Inmobiliaria Santa Marina S.A.", who started the urbanization process.
The first inhabitants of the new "Urbanización San Borja" were the priests of the Congregation of the Most Precious Blood, who moved there in August 1962. The parish was established in the area limited by the San Borja Sur, Aviación and Javier Prado avenues and the Surco river. The first families came to live in San Borja in May–June 1964. Back then it was still possible to see maize fields, cows, sheepherd dogs and many empty land plots. The tall eucalyptus trees seen today in San Borja Norte Avenue also date from those early days.
The first school, San Francisco de Borja, was opened in 1968.
According to the parish records, in 1973 there were about 400 families living in San Borja. In 1974, this figure increased to almost 4000 families, or about 16000 inhabitants.
San Borja separated from Surquillo and became officially established as a district on 1 June 1983.
The area north of Javier Prado Avenue between San Luis and Circunvalación Avenues, originally part of San Luis, were added later.
Education, Sports and Recreation
The following schools are located in the district:
Colegio "Santísimo Nombre de Jesús"
Colegio "San Francisco de Borja"
Colegio "Liceo Naval Almirante Guise" which is a member of the International Baccalaurete since 1999
Colegio "María Molinari"
Colegio "San Ignacio de Recalde", which is a member of the International Baccalaurete since 2007
Colegio "Santa Rosa de Lima"
San Borja is the home of the "Coliseo Dibos".
Government Institutions
Among the government institutions that are located in San Borja we can mention:
Ministry of Defense
The General Headquarters of the Army are located in San Borja. Often referred to as 'Pentagonito' or Little Pentagon, it is located in the southeastern part of the district. Its architecture is typical of that of the military government of the 1970s. The outer perimeter of 4.5 km is a very popular circuit for joggers and runners, and during weekends its adjacent streets are closed for jogging and other sports events.
Museo de la Nacion
The "Museo de la Nacion" is located on the north-west of the district on the corner between Javier Prado and Aviación avenues and very near to the National Library. It is Lima's largest museum. The building was initially constructed to be the Ministry of Fisheries. Its architecture is typical of the military government of the 1970s. It was later used by the National Bank but in 1990 was re-opened as the National Museum. The Museum comprises four floors of exhibitions, all in chronological order. The exhibition starts on the ground floor with pre-historical Peru and ends with the Inca Empire on the top floor. There is a very large collection of pre-colonial (before 1532) objects such as pottery, sculptures, mummies, textiles, weapons, tools, sacred idols and jewelry. A series of three-dimensional scale models and aerial photographs of the country's main archaeological sites and replicas of the houses, clothing and artwork in ancient Peru are exhibited. The main ancient Peruvian cultures like Chavin, Paracas, Moche, Nasca, Wari, Tiahuanaco, Chimu, and Inca are all represented and explained. There is a permanent exhibition of a replica of the "Lord of Sipan" tomb. Guides in Spanish, French and English are available.
The National Library (Biblioteca Nacional)
The "Biblioteca Nacional" is on the corner between Javier Prado and Aviación avenues and very near to the National Museum.
The National Library was established in 1821, the same year Peru was declared independent. It was originally located in Central Lima. During the War of the Pacific, the Chilean occupation army stole most of the works the library possessed. The Library Director is currently trying to identify and recover some of the stolen works from the Chilean authorities.
After many years the new building in San Borja was completed and the Library moved there in 2006. The new building has all the modern facilities such as a theater, an amphitheater, cafeteria, exhibition halls, 12 reading rooms with internet connections, storage areas and administrative offices. Security is provided by a CCTV network and a modern fire control system. The Library contains the "Hemeroteca Nacional", the biggest collection of newspapers and magazines in the country. Their website has an online catalogue and a "Virtual Library".
Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy
Its main goal is to promote and supervise the applications of nuclear energy in the country. It was created in 1975.
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Energy and Mines
It is an entity of the Peruvian government responsible for managing the energy and mining sectors of Peru. Additionally, it is charged with overseeing the equal distribution of energy throughout the country. The current minister is Gonzalo Francisco Alberto Tamayo Flores.
National Institute for Child Health
The new building for the National Institute for Child Health is located at the Rosa Toro Avenue.
Heads of local government
2019-2022
Mayor: Alberto Tejada Noriega, Popular Action (Peru) (AP).
Councillors: Nori Paz Arrascue (AP), Alonso Roel Alva (AP), Jorge Valencia Corominas (AP), Rocío Miranda Gonzales (AP), Mauricio Wong Quevedo (AP), Gonzalo Sáenz Raez (AP), Mariano Marquina Ulloa (AP), Julissa Gómez Vargas (AP), Óscar Urbina Núñez (Somos Perú), Gabriela Pachas Mendez (Somos Perú), Viviana Meza Gutiérrez (PPC).
International relations
San Borja District is twinned with:
Ramat Gan, Israel
References
External links
Municipalidad de San Borja - San Borja district council official website
Google satellite view of San Borja:
www.sanborja.com - A website about San Borja
Aves de Lima Metropolitana - Birds seen in Metropolitan Lima
Aves de San Borja - Birds in San Borja
Category:Districts of Lima | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
All you need to know about immigration lawyer
When adapting to American specialists having a talented and taught American Immigration Lawyer, if the client is in or past America, is imperative. Determining the status of the latest improvements in rules, American immigration law, rules and techniques for running distinctive foreigner visa programs, investigate allows and work grants is totally basic to guarantee that a productive American Immigration Lawyer to procure viable results about the customer’s record. Aswell, at whatever point a client is encountering authorization methods like a confinement evaluation, an acceptability hearing or a fascination in the Immigration and Refugee Board of America or even the Federal Court of America, the promotion abilities of a gifted lawyer are valuable in viably appearing and battling the case.
A talented lawyer may make and give a noteworthy bundle that shows the clients most great qualities to American specialists, totally set up the customer for that meeting in the American Visa Office or America Immigration, or speak to the customer who may encounter requirement activities in America. On the off chance that your customer influences a product to bundle that places the client’s aptitudes and individual circumstance inside the best lighting for thought by American experts. Credit authorities consider programs for American Permanent Home at Embassies or American Consulates the world over. For a gifted lawyer, keeping up current utilizing the significant standards, rules and proposals is only region of the work, as an optional component is additionally allowed to be rehearsed from the basic leadership official. A lawyer’s skill in adapting to various American immigration and credit specialists and appropriating these sorts of projects, notwithstanding arranging, ensures quality portrayal through the application procedure. Check this out http://monumentimmigration.com/ to know more.
At the point when the customer is settling on visit, research or work-in America brief home, an American Immigration Lawyer may gage the client’s situation, set up the best alternative arrangement and influence a full programming to bundle for thought by American specialists. Credit authorities more often than not consider programs for American Temporary Residence at Embassies or American Consulates the world over. In a few cases, programming may be submitted from inside America. Despite the fact that guidelines, standards and suggestions represent the assurance by credit specialists and immigration authorities, an optional component is likewise allowed to be rehearsed from the chief. With taught, quality portrayal through the application procedure, the client is given having a lawyer’s skill in these sorts of conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Bootstrap popover on flot graph
I am trying to add popover on my graph. it is not working.
var datasets = [{
"label": "Amend Existing Report",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 0
}, {
"label": "Investigate Report Problem",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 4
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 5
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 1
}, {
"label": "New Request (One Off Report)",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 2
}, {
"label": "New Request (Regular Report)",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 4
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 3
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 3
}, {
"label": "Other",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 4
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 2
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 3
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 3
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 4
}, {
"label": "Special Events",
"data": [{
"0": 1446422400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447027200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1447632000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1448236800000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1448841600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1449446400000,
"1": 3
}, {
"0": 1450051200000,
"1": 1
}, {
"0": 1450656000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451260800000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1451865600000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1452470400000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453075200000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1453680000000,
"1": 0
}, {
"0": 1454284800000,
"1": 0
}],
"idx": 5
}];
var ticks = [];
for (var i = 0; i < datasets[0].data.length; i++) {
ticks.push(datasets[0].data[i][0]);
}
var options = {
"legend": {
"position": "ne",
"noColumns": 6
},
"yaxis": {
"min": 0
},
"xaxis": {
"mode": "time",
"timeformat": "%d %b",
// "tickSize": [7, "day"],
ticks: ticks,
"min": 1446163200000,
"max": 1454544000000 // 1454284800000
},
"grid": {
"clickable": true,
"hoverable": true
},
"series": {
"stack": true,
"bars": {
"show": true,
"barWidth": 181440000.00000003,
align: 'center'
}
}
};
$.plot($('#CAGraph'), datasets, options);
$("#CAGraph").bind("plothover",function(event, pos, item) {
if (item) {
//console.log(item);
var epoch = new Date(item.datapoint[0]);
var percent = item.datapoint[1].toFixed(0);
$('#tooltip').attr("data-original-title", item.series.label);
$('#tooltip').attr("data-content", (percent) + "<br>Total: " + item.datapoint[1]);
$("#tooltip").popover("show");
$("#tooltip").popover({
html: true,
title : function() {
return $(".popover-title").html();
},
content : function() {
return $(".popover-content").html();
}
});
$(".popover").css({
top : item.pageY,
left : item.pageX + 10
});
$(".popover.right>.arrow").css({
top : "20%",
});
} else {
$('#tooltip').attr("title","");
$('#tooltip').attr("data-content", "");
$("#tooltip").popover("hide");
}
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://rawgit.com/flot/flot/master/jquery.flot.js"></script>
<script src="https://rawgit.com/Codicode/flotanimator/master/jquery.flot.animator.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/flot/0.8.3/jquery.flot.time.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/flot/0.8.3/jquery.flot.stack.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/flot.tooltip/0.8.5/jquery.flot.tooltip.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/moment.js/2.11.2/moment.min.js"></script>
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" integrity="sha256-7s5uDGW3AHqw6xtJmNNtr+OBRJUlgkNJEo78P4b0yRw= sha512-nNo+yCHEyn0smMxSswnf/OnX6/KwJuZTlNZBjauKhTK0c+zT+q5JOCx0UFhXQ6rJR9jg6Es8gPuD2uZcYDLqSw==" crossorigin="anonymous">
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha256-KXn5puMvxCw+dAYznun+drMdG1IFl3agK0p/pqT9KAo= sha512-2e8qq0ETcfWRI4HJBzQiA3UoyFk6tbNyG+qSaIBZLyW9Xf3sWZHN/lxe9fTh1U45DpPf07yj94KsUHHWe4Yk1A==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<div id="choices_CAGraph"></div>
<div id="CAGraph" style="width:910px;height:400px"></div>
<div id=tooltip class="popover" role="tooltip"><div class="arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-title"></h3><div class="popover-content"></div></div>
A:
OK, any solution has to take into account the async behavior of Bootstrap's popover functionality as Raidri correctly stated a couple of comments ago. Plus it has to take into account the fact that the plothover event is going to be firing a lot faster than the async popover show/hide calls finish. In other words, you are going to have to pay special attention to the state of the system.
This led me to the understanding that creating the popover object over and over again as part of the hover event handler was a no-no. It has to be created once and then just shown and hidden.
I note also that in your latest code you again ignored my previous point that the title and content properties are either strings or functions that return a string. You are returning jQuery objects from yours -- wrong.
First up I created a new jQuery function. This would help me maintain the state needed in a closure, including the popover object.
$.fn.popoverTooltip = function (selector, popoverSelector) {
// the rest of the code forming a nice closure
}
$.plot('#CAGraph', datasets, options);
$("#tooltip").popoverTooltip("#CAGraph", ".popover");
As part of this enclosed code, I created some local variables at the top:
var barIdShown = null;
var chart = $(selector);
var tooltip = $(this);
var popoverProcessor = function () {
// mysterious code maintaining state
}();
And then a new object called popoverProcessor (code to be shown in a moment) that was going to do most of the actual work, and maintain state.
After that code, I create the actual popover and bound some event handlers. First: I need to know when the popover hide/show functionality actually finishes so I added handlers to the relevant BS popover events. Second: I bound a handler to the plothover event to process showing or hiding the tooltip.
//create popover
tooltip.popover({
html: true,
title : popoverProcessor.getTitle,
content : popoverProcessor.getContent
});
// bind events to know when shown or hidden
tooltip.on("hidden.bs.popover", popoverProcessor.hideDone);
tooltip.on("shown.bs.popover", popoverProcessor.showDone);
// bind hover event to chart
chart.bind("plothover", function(event, pos, item) {
var thisBarId;
if (item) {
thisBarId = seriesIndex * 10000 + dataIndex;
if (thisBarId !== barIdShown) {
if (barIdShown) {
popoverProcessor.hide();
}
popoverProcessor.setItem(item);
popoverProcessor.show();
barIdShown = thisBarId;
}
}
else {
if (barIdShown) {
popoverProcessor.hide();
barIdShown = null;
}
}
});
Notice first that I use functions inside my popoverProcessor to return the title and content of the tooltip. Then in order to know if the cursor hovers over another bar segment without moving outside the bar, I create a special "bar identifier". (If it changes I hide the popover, before re-showing it.) It's all nicely "synchronous" inside this handler, note; the async part is handled inside this mysterious popoverProcessor object.
var popoverProcessor = function () {
var item = null;
var state = "hidden";
var taskQueue = [];
var showPopover = function () {
tooltip.popover("show");
$(popoverSelector).css({
top : item.pageY,
left : item.pageX + 10
});
$(".popover.right > .arrow").css({
top : "20%",
});
state = "showing";
};
var hidePopover = function () {
tooltip.popover("hide");
state = "hiding";
};
var processNextTask = function () {
var task;
if (taskQueue.length > 0) {
task = taskQueue.shift();
if (task === "show") {
showPopover();
}
else {
hidePopover();
}
}
};
return {
setItem: function (newItem) { item = newItem; },
getTitle: function () {
if (item) {
return item.series.label;
}
return "unknown item";
},
getContent: function () {
var percent;
if (item) {
percent = item.datapoint[1].toFixed(0);
return percent.toString() + "<br />Total: " + item.datapoint[1];
}
return "unknown item";
},
hideDone: function () {
state = "hidden";
processNextTask();
},
showDone: function () {
state = "shown";
processNextTask();
},
hide: function () {
if (state === "shown") {
hidePopover();
}
else {
taskQueue.push("hide");
}
},
show: function () {
if (state === "hidden") {
showPopover();
}
else {
taskQueue.push("show");
}
}
};
}();
The public object has a set of methods. You can set the item being processed, you can get the title and content for the popover, you can signal that the popover has shown (or has been hidden) and you can ask for the popover to be shown or hidden.
The processor maintains the current state of the popover object. These are: "hidden", "showing", "shown", and "hiding". If you call hide() and the state is "shown", the code immediately calls the internal function hidePopover to start hiding the popover, otherwise an item is added to a task queue to indicate that the popover should be hidden when possible. A similar thing happens if you call show().
The fun stuff happens in the event handlers showDone() and hideDone(). This is where the next task is popped off the task queue and is processed. Using this task queue, I am maintaining the sequence of hide/show calls in the Bootstrap async environment, ensuring that a new display state change is only initiated when the previous one has completed.
Note also that it's when .popover("show") is called that the title and content for the tooltip are actually calculated via the functions provided.
No doubt this code could be refactored a bit to be made simpler, but I'm done.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
MySQL query optimization for legacy application
I'm working with a legacy application that started out with little data years ago (developed by a third party custom for this client), and now we're seeing MySQL load skyrocket on this query alone.
The fact that they have actual data now years later is why we're noticing the performance hit at this time. Just not sure what to do with it yet.
I've tried to make sure indexes are correct and what not in the schema, but here's a sample query being generated by the application. Any ideas to help with performance?
SELECT id,
name,
phone
FROM customers
WHERE ( last_updated >= '2013-03-01'
AND last_updated <= '2013-03-27 24:00:00'
AND status = '0'
AND deadlead = ''
AND purchased = ''
AND id != 0 )
OR ( status = '0'
AND deadlead = ''
AND purchased = ''
AND id IN (SELECT DISTINCT cid
FROM notes
WHERE timestamp >= '2013-03-01'
AND timestamp <= '2013-03-27 24:00:00')
AND id != 0 )
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `customers` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(40) NOT NULL,
`email` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`phone` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
`alt_phone` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`tradein` text NOT NULL,
`purchased` text NOT NULL,
`deadlead` text NOT NULL,
`interest` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`trailer` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`status` binary(1) NOT NULL,
`options` text NOT NULL,
`created_on` date NOT NULL,
`last_updated` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
UNIQUE KEY `id_2` (`id`),
KEY `id` (`id`),
KEY `id_3` (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=8913 ;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `notes` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`uid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`note` text NOT NULL,
`file` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`timestamp` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`reminder` date NOT NULL,
`locked` int(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=19308 ;
UPDATED:
This is the output of using EXPLAIN on the query:
A:
I will add to the recommendations made by @RolandoMySQLDBA.
It looks like notes.cid should be a foreign key related to customers.id.
You might try replacing the SELECT DISTINCT sub query with an EXISTS sub query. The select distinct will look for all related notes. An exists may perform better since it only check for the existence of at least one note.
-- Current:
AND id IN (SELECT DISTINCT cid
FROM notes
WHERE timestamp >= '2013-03-01'
AND timestamp <= '2013-03-27 24:00:00')
-- suggested replacement:
AND EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM notes
WHERE notes.cid = customers.id
AND notes.timestamp >= '2013-03-01'
AND notes.timestamp <= '2013-03-27 24:00:00'
)
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
set Image and lable text in javascript
In my application, I have a Javascript function which get called after every minute. This javascript function returns me new comma seprated string each time which contains image path and image name. I simply split this string and set the Image path to image and text to lable. Goel is to achive effect like image slide show.
Every thing works fine. The Images and name get change successfully on mizilla. When I browse this in IE the image and name not change at one time. Name get change first and then Image get changed. It was loosing the slide show effect.
I don't know why this is happening. Is it because of browse..? I need to change both Image and name at a time.
Can anyone tell me how to do it...?
Here is the sample javascript function I use to set the Image
function setImage(response)
{
if(response.value != null)
{
var imgArr=response.value.split(',');
var SN=document.getElementById('ctl00_MC_cntrlGal_ScreenName');
var mainImage=document.getElementById("Img");
if(SN!=null && Img!=null)
{
SN.innerHTML=imgArr[0];
mainImage.src=imgArr[1];
}
}
}
A:
I think the problem is on image loading. Each time a new image path is set the browser takes time to load the image. As you know Images are heavy to load than text so the text is assigned fast and the image is being loaded slowly.
You can use setTimeOut and pause for some miliseconds and then set the text. I think it can solve your problem.
Please check.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Apps to Build in a Bad Economy - Readmore
http://embought.com/blog/show/17?t=Apps-to-Build-in-a-Bad-Economy
======
timcederman
Frugality apps are cringeworthy. Thankfully the article finished with "Maybe
we should all start working on the "next big thing" that's going to change the
world and usher in the new new era of the Web." Absolutely.
~~~
lunaru
Couldn't agree more. That said, there's plenty of room for modest plays that
aren't the grand slam.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
The present invention relates, in general, to semiconductor devices, and more particularly, to optoelectronic semiconductor devices.
Optical communications systems are comprised of optical emission devices coupled to optical detection devices via a plurality of optical fibers. The optical fibers are typically arranged as a bundle of fibers having an optical reception end and an optical emission end. The optical reception and emission ends of the bundle are housed in fiber ferrules with the tips of the fibers protruding from the fiber ferrule. The fiber ferrule at the optical reception end of the bundle is coupled to the optical emission device via an optical interface unit. Likewise, the fiber ferrule at the optical emission end of the bundle is also coupled to the optical detection device via an optical interface unit. Thus, an optical signal from the optical emission device is transmitted to the optical detection device through two optical interface units, two fiber ferrules, and the bundle of optical fibers.
A drawback of these systems is that the optical fibers or the photonic components may become damaged by physical or environmental stresses. For example, the ends of the optical fibers may become scratched or otherwise damaged during operation of the optoelectronic components.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have a method and material capable of coupling optoelectronic components together and to support substrates. It would be of further advantage for the method and material to have a low signal loss along an optical signal path and to protect the optoelectronic components from damage by chemical and physical stresses. In addition, it would be beneficial for the method and material to be cost efficient and easily manufacturable. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Preemptive ganciclovir administration based solely on asymptomatic pulmonary cytomegalovirus infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up.
The use of ganciclovir at the time of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection but before disease onset has been termed "preemptive" therapy. This preemptive ganciclovir administration has been shown to be an effective method for preventing severe CMV disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but the optimal method of CMV surveillance is not clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectiveness, side effects, and long-term outcome of preemptive ganciclovir therapy in allogeneic BMT recipients when ganciclovir is prescribed solely on the basis of CMV detection in day +35 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In a consecutive cohort of 202 HLA-matched recipients of sibling donor marrow transplantations, 163 received prospective BAL and were given preemptive ganciclovir if CMV-positive; 39 had disqualifying complications and were not eligible for BAL. Over the 36-month follow-up, CMV disease occurred in 21 (10%) of the 202 BMT recipients; there was one CMV-related death. In the 60 subjects (37% of the total 163) who received preemptive ganciclovir based on positive CMV-BAL, two (3%) developed CMV disease during the first 120 days post-BMT and two more developed late disease. Among the 103 BAL-negative subjects, CMV disease occurred in eight (8%) during the first 120 days and in three (3%) at > 120 days. Forty-three percent of all CMV disease occurred either before day +35 BAL (four cases) or at late times after BMT (five cases). The negative predictive value of BAL was 91%, allowing for the occurrence of 52% of all CMV disease in subjects considered CMV-BAL-negative. Nevertheless, using this treatment method, no significant differences in neutropenia rates or in 36-month survival were noted in the high-risk group having pulmonary CMV infection (compared with the group without pulmonary CMV). Thus, a strategy of preemptive ganciclovir based on a single BAL can reduce the complications caused by CMV; however, improved surveillance methods are necessary to eliminate all CMV disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Is there any affinity between IP subnets and DNS domains?
I understand what DNS and name servers do. But one question that I have is whether there are any technical, or convention oriented, relationships between DNS domains and IP address space.
Specifically, if I have a domain like chad.com with hosts like:
a.chad.com
b.chad.com
c.chad.com
Are there any constraint on the IP addresses that can be mapped to the hosts in that domain? Or could I do the following:
a = 10.5.200.1
b = 192.168.0.55
c = 118.23.22.1
A bit rookie here, so feel free to point out any glaring fundamental misteps in my reasoning.
A:
There really shouldn't be any reason you can't do that. If that is where your server's are, then that is where they are, DNS doesn't really care much.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
2010-11 (Senior Season): Played in 31 games... Finished the season with seven points on one goal and six assists... Tallied his only goal of the season against Sacred Heart (Dec. 10)... Tallied three assists in a 6-4 victory over Bentley (Feb. 19)... Presented with the Silver Bowl Award at the team's annual awards banquet.
2009-10 (Junior Season): Played in all 37 games as a junior ... Finished the year with one goal and six assists ... Recorded his first point of the season on an assist at Ferris State (Oct. 17) ... Recorded his first goal of the year on the game winner against AIC (Nov. 6) ... Tallied an assist at Canisius (Nov. 14)... Played his 100th game against Mercyhurst (Feb. 26)... Finished the year with an assist against RIT in the AHA playoffs ... Named captain at the end-of-year banquet.
2008-09 (Sophomore Season): Played in 30 games over the course of the season recording one goal and 10 assists ... Started his season off with three assists in the series with Army (Oct. 24-25) ... Tacked on back-to-back assist games at RIT (Jan. 9-10) ... Had a career-high three-point game against Bentley (Feb. 27), recording his only goal of the season and a pair of assists.
2007-08 (Freshman Season): One of only two freshmen to play in all 37 games... Scored four goals and dished out five assists for a total of nine points on the season... Recorded his first collegiate point on a goal against AIC (Oct. 19) in his first game with the Huskies... Had his first multi-point game, scoring one goal and recording an assist against Sacred Heart (Feb. 8)... Also scored goals against Mercyhurst (Jan. 18) and against Sacred Heart (Mar. 7) in the Atlantic Hockey playoffs.
Before UConn: Saw action in 56 games with Okotoks Oilers of the Alberta Junior Hockey League in 2006-07 ... Was fourth on team in scoring with 24 goals and 31 assists ... Led Oilers to semifinals of AJHL playoffs recording five goals and 10 assists in 16 playoff games.
Personal: Jeff Scott is the son of Ernie and Deb Sapieha ... born April 25, 1986 ... an accounting major. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Psychotherapy for opiate addiction: some preliminary results.
In summary, this preliminary analysis suggests two important points. First, that narcotic addicts enrolled in a methadone treatment program are receptive to psychotherapy. Secondly, that psychotherapy may add something to routine counseling services. As seen, the psychotherapy patients, in this very preliminary analysis, are using fewer drugs (including prescription drugs, methadone and illicit drugs) and they report fewer psychiatric symptoms than those receiving drug counseling alone. We do not think that the design of this project rules out the possibility that these results are nonspecific effects (seeing a "doctor," having an opportunity to see two helpers rather than one), however, we also see nothing here to support the idea that narcotic addicts cannot benefit from the services of professionally trained psychotherapists. These early analyses represent only a very small portion of the entire range of data collected. We will be especially interested in identifying reasons for improvement in those patients who respond. Preliminary analysis of segments of tapes by the independent rates shows that the raters correctly identified 80% of the therapy tapes. Comparing these independent taped ratings with outcome measures may be a valuable way to assess possible relationships between amount and kind of therapy and treatment outcome. Finally, patient ratings of therapists including the patient's views of the helping relationship may supply additional important information regarding why improvement occurs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Notre Dame (12-0) completed a perfect regular season with a win at Southern California on Nov. 24. Alabama (12-1) claimed the Southeastern Conference Championship with a 32-28 win over Georgia on Saturday.
The Fighting Irish, as they have each of the previous two weeks since they took over the No. 1 spot in the poll, receive 56 first-place votes this week. Alabama has the other three, up one from last week when the 59th vote went to Georgia.
Notre Dame and Alabama were given the spots in the Bowl Championships Series title game to be played Jan. 7 in Miami. Alabama will be looking to repeat as BCS champion. The title game will mark the seventh consecutive year an SEC school has played in the BCS finale.
The SEC has six teams in the Top 10, the most schools ranked for any conference. The Big 12 and Big Ten each have four. None of the Big Ten members are higher than 17th, although Ohio State (12-0) would certainly be ranked and Penn State (8-4) likely would be if the two schools were not on probation.
Oregon (11-1) is third in the rankings followed by Florida (11-1) and Georgia (11-2).
Kansas State (11-1) moves up one spot to sixth, switching places with Louisiana State (10-2), which is seventh. Stanford (11-2) comes in eighth. with SEC members Texas A&M (10-2) and South Carolina (10-2), in order, filling out the Top 10.
Oklahoma (10-2) and Florida State (11-2) remain 11th and 12th, respectively, with Clemson (0-2) up one to 13th and Oregon State (9-3) going from 17th to No. 14. Boise State (10-2) is voted 15th.
MAC champion Northern Illinois (12-1) moves up to 16th, with Northwestern (9-3) No. 17. Louisville (10-2), after the de facto Big East championship game win at Rutgers, jumps five spots to No. 18. UCLA (9-4) drops three to 19th and Utah State (10-2) is 20th.
Nebraska (10-3) falls eight places to 21st and is followed by Big Ten rivals Michigan (8-4) and previously unranked Wisconsin (8-5) at Nos. 22 and 23. Wisconsin thumped Nebraska 70-31 Saturday for the Big Ten Championship. San Jose State (10-2), another new entry, comes in at 24th and Texas (84) falls four spots to 25th.
LeBron James is SI's Sportsman of the Year
NEW YORK, Dec. 3 (UPI) -- Miami Heat star LeBron James, who helped the team to the 2012 NBA title, has been selected the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year.
James, who turns 28 this month, picked up his third NBA Most Valuable Player award while helping the Heat to a 46-20 record and a win over Oklahoma City in the best-of-seven NBA Finals.
Sports Illustrated also pointed to the charity work by a foundation James began to help children in Akron, Ohio, his hometown, as a key part of its editors' decision to honor James.
"This year there was an endless list of high-quality possibilities," Time Inc. Sports Group Editor Paul Fichtenbaum said in an announcement Monday. "But LeBron's stirring accomplishments on and off the court were impossible to ignore.
"He showed tremendous heart during times of adversity, and he delivered with relentless determination. Equally as impressive, although much less heralded, was his development of a hands-on educational program in an Akron, Ohio, school district which will have a profound and long-lasting impact on its students. His accomplishments embody the finest traditions of this award."
The 2012 crown marked the first NBA title for James, who moved to Miami two seasons ago. That departure from Cleveland caused much scorn against James, starting with the nationally television announcement about moving to the Heat but also the perceived slight to Cleveland and his native Ohio.
In James' first season in Miami, the Heat won 58 games (third most in the league) but fell to Dallas in the finals.
The 2011-12 season was seen as redemption for James, who averaged 27.1 points in the regular season and a playoffs-best 30.3 points.
"Did I think an award like this was possible two years ago?" James asked in a Sports Illustrated article. "No, I did not. I thought I would be helping a lot of kids and raise $3 million by going on TV and saying, 'Hey, I want to play for the Miami Heat.'
Alex Rodriguez to have hip surgery
NASHVILLE, Dec. 3 (UPI) -- New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriquez is to have hip surgery that will keep him out of the lineup when next season starts, the team said Monday.
Rodriguez, 37, will have an arthroscopic procedure to repair a torn labrum and bone impingement while correcting a cyst on his left hip, the Yankees said.
He had similar, but not identical, surgery on his right hip in March 2009 and was still able to play 124 games the following season.
The current problem was discovered during an annual physical examination. Rodriguez is to complete 4-6 weeks preparatory work before the surgery, which would be in January. Recovery time after the operation would be 4-6 months. That would put him back in the lineup in June.
Doctors examining Rodriguez said the injury probably contributed to his late-season struggles while hitting.
Rodriguez hit .272 -- 28 points below his career mark -- in 122 games last season, with 57 runs batted in. In the playoffs, he had just three singles in 25 at-bats. He was twice lifted for a pinch hitter and kept out of the starting lineup for three games.
Rodriguez, after 18 home runs last season, is fifth on the all-time home run list with 647.
Hall of Fame names 3 early-era inductees
NASHVILLE, Dec. 3 (UPI) -- Jacob Ruppert, New York Yankees owner in the early 20th century, is among three men selected for induction in the Baseball Hall of Fame by a special committee.
Ruppert, the Yankees' owner from 1915-39; umpire Hank O'Day, a member of the umpiring crew for the first World Series;, and Deacon White, who played in the 19th century, received enough votes from the pre-integration era committee for selection to the Hall of Fame.
The committee considered a series of team executives, umpires and players from baseball's earliest days through 1946. A person must be on 12 of the 16 committee members' ballots for induction.
Ruppert is perhaps best known for buying Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox before the 1920 season and building Yankee Stadium in 1923. The Yankees won 10 American League pennants and seven World Series while he was owner.
O'Day was an umpire for 10 World Series, including the first in 1903 in a National League umpiring career that covered 30 seasons. He is the 10th umpire to win induction into the Hall of Fame.
White, who started his career as a bare-handed catcher, played 20 seasons in the National Association, the National League and the Players League. He hit .303 over his career, collecting 2,067 hits in 1,560 games. He was his league's batting champion twice.
They will be inducted into the Hall of fame on July 28. The result of the Baseball Writers Association of America Hall of Fame vote is to be released Jan. 9.
United Press International is a leading provider of news, photos and information to millions of readers around the globe via UPI.com and its licensing services.
With a history of reliable reporting dating back to 1907, today's UPI is a credible source for the most important stories of the day, continually updated - a one-stop site for U.S. and world news, as well as entertainment, trends, science, health and stunning photography. UPI also provides insightful reports on key topics of geopolitical importance, including energy and security.
A Spanish version of the site reaches millions of readers in Latin America and beyond.
UPI was founded in 1907 by E.W. Scripps as the United Press (UP). It became known as UPI after a merger with the International News Service in 1958, which was founded in 1909 by William Randolph Hearst. Today, UPI is owned by News World Communications. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
A colonisation-inhibition culture consisting of Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium ΔhilAssrAfliG strains protects against infection by strains of both serotypes in broilers.
Consumption of contaminated poultry meat is still an important cause of Salmonella infections in humans and there is a need for control methods that protect broilers from day-of-hatch until slaughter age against infection with Salmonella. Colonisation-inhibition, a concept in which a live Salmonella strain is orally administered to day-old chickens and protects against subsequent challenge, can potentially be used as control method. In this study, the efficacy of a Salmonella Typhimurium ΔhilAssrAfliG strain as a colonisation-inhibition strain for protection of broilers against Salmonella Typhimurium was evaluated. Administration of a Salmonella Typhimurium ΔhilAssrAfliG strain to day-old broiler chickens decreased faecal shedding and strongly reduced caecal and internal organ colonisation of a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain administered one day later using a seeder bird model. In addition, it was verified whether a colonisation-inhibition culture could be developed that protects against both Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Therefore, the Salmonella Typhimurium ΔhilAssrAfliG strain was orally administered simultaneously with a Salmonella Enteritidis ΔhilAssrAfliG strain to day-old broiler chickens, which resulted in a decreased caecal and internal organ colonisation for both a Salmonella Enteritidis and a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain short after hatching, using a seeder bird model. The combined culture was not protective against Salmonella Paratyphi B varietas Java challenge, indicating serotype-specific protection mechanisms. The data suggest that colonisation-inhibition can potentially be used as a versatile control method to protect poultry against several Salmonella serotypes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) and their outcomes for developmental purposes have puzzled economists and governments, motivating a considerable literature on their supposed benefits and drawbacks. At the same time, the number of RTAs in sub-Saharan Africa has exploded – a proliferation referred to by the IMF and UNECA as “Africa's spaghetti bowl”. On closer inspection, these agreements take on various forms based on a number of variables including the depth of integration, the types of member countries, and the reciprocal or unilateral application of trade liberalisation policies. The growing number, diversity and complexity of RTAs frame the pertinence of broad contextual analysis when it comes to assessing an RTA's growth impacts. As such, this paper takes on a critical engagement of the theory and empirical evidence within this debate for both intra-African and North-South RTAs to apply to a case study of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Fecal corticosterone concentrations and reproductive success in captive female southern white rhinoceros.
Prolonged or frequent secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids in response to aversive stimuli can negatively impact reproduction. Because female southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) reproduce poorly in captivity, we compared fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations among parous, nulliparous, and adolescent females and examined social and physical aspects of the captive environment that might be related to differences in corticosterone metabolite concentrations. Aggression, dominance, sexual and play interactions, social group size and composition, enclosure size, and other housing characteristics were assessed though behavioral observations and review of historical and institution records. Concentrations of metabolized corticosterone in fecal samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. The proportion of nulliparous females did not differ (p>0.05) between subordinate and dominant animals, and subordinates did not have a higher mean fecal corticosterone concentration than dominants (p>0.05). Of the behaviors examined, only the frequency of sexual play behaviors differed (p<0.05) between dominants and subordinates. Average corticosterone concentrations differed (p<0.05) across housing institutions but were not consistently elevated (p>0.05) for females housed in most of the environmental conditions assessed. Housing with a female companion known from adolescence, however, tended to be associated (p=0.06) with a lower mean corticosterone concentration than that when housing with a female companion introduced during adulthood or no female companion. Wild-caught females had a higher (p<0.05) average corticosterone concentration than captive-born females. Average corticosterone concentration did not differ (p>0.05) between acyclic and cycling, or nulliparous and parous females. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
USNS Salvor
USNS Salvor (ARS-52) is a , the second United States Navy ship of that name.
Salvor was laid down on 16 September 1983 by Peterson Builders, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin; launched on 28 July 1984; and commissioned on 14 June 1986.
Salvor is the third ship of the auxiliary rescue and salvage class of vessel constructed for the US Navy. The rugged construction of this steel-hulled vessel, combined with her speed and endurance, make Salvor well-suited for rescue and salvage operations throughout the world. The hull below the waterline is ice-strengthened. Her propulsion plant can develop 4200 shaft horsepower with four Caterpillar 399 diesel engines coupled in pairs to two shafts. She is fitted with a Controllable Reversible Pitch (CRP) propeller within a Kort nozzle on each shaft. The CRP propeller/Kort nozzle combination produces greater thrust and more maneuverability control than conventional propellers. Salvor is also configured with a bow thruster which provides athwartship thrust for additional control of the bow when the ship's speed is less than five knots (9 km/h).
In 1995 and again in 2000, Salvor was the United States Pacific Fleet's winner of the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for most battle-ready ship of her type.
USS Salvor was decommissioned and transferred to the Military Sealift Command in January 2007. Salvor was redesignated as USNS Salvor (T-ARS 52). The ship has undergone modifications for civilian crewing as well as automation and control system upgrades at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.
Mission and capabilities
Like all Safeguard class rescue and salvage ships, Salvor serves as an element of the United States Navy's Combat Logistics Support Force and provides rescue and salvage services to the fleet at sea. She also supported the protection of forces ashore through post-assault salvage operations in close proximity to the shore. She is designed to perform combat salvage, lifting, towing, off-ship firefighting, manned diving operations, and emergency repairs to stranded or disabled vessels.
Salvage of disabled and stranded vessels
Disabled or stranded ships might require various types of assistance before retraction or towing can be attempted. In her salvage holds, Salvor carries transportable cutting and welding equipment, hydraulic and electric power sources, and de-watering gear. Salvor also has salvage and machine shops, and hull repair materials to effect temporary hull repairs on stranded or otherwise damaged ships.
Retraction of stranded vessels
Stranded vessels can be retracted from a beach or reef by the use of Salvor towing machine and propulsion. Additional retraction force can be applied to a stranded vessel through the use of up to six legs of beach gear, consisting of STATO anchors, wire rope, chain, and salvage buoys. In a typical configuration, two legs of beach gear are rigged on board Salvor, and up to four legs of beach are rigged to the stranded vessel.
In addition to the standard legs of beach gear, Salvor carries four spring buoys. The spring buoys are carried beneath the port and starboard bridge wings and are painted bright orange. Each spring buoy weighs approximately , is long and in diameter, provides a net buoyancy of 7½ tons, and can withstand 125 tons of pull-through force. The spring buoys are used with beach gear legs rigged from a stranded vessel when deep water is found seaward of the stranded vessel.
Towing
Salvors propulsion machinery provides a bollard pull (towing force at zero speed and full power) of 68 tons.
The centerpiece of Salvors towing capability is an Almon A. Johnson Series 322 double-drum automatic towing machine. Each drum carries of drawn galvanized, 6X37 right-hand lay, wire-rope towing hawsers, with closed zinc-poured sockets on the bitter end. The towing machine uses a system to automatically pay-in and pay-out the towing hawser to maintain a constant strain.
The automatic towing machine also includes a Series 400 traction winch that can be used with synthetic line towing hawsers up to 14 inches in circumference. The winch has automatic payout but only manual recovery.
The Salvor caprail is curved to fairlead and prevent chafing of the towing hawser. It includes two vertical stern rollers to tend the towing hawser directly aft and two Norman pin rollers to prevent the towing hawser from sweeping forward of the beam at the point of tow. The stern rollers and Norman pins are raised hydraulically and can withstand a lateral force of at mid barrel.
Two tow bows provide a safe working area on the fantail during towing operations.
Manned diving operations
Salvor has several diving systems to support different types of operations. Divers descend to diving depth on a diving stage that is lowered by one of two powered davits.
The diving locker is equipped with a double-lock hyperbaric chamber that can be used for recompression after deep dives or for the treatment of divers suffering from decompression sickness.
The MK21 MOD1 diving system supports manned diving to depths of on surfaced-supplied air. A fly-away mixed gas system can be used to enable the support of diving to a maximum depth of .
The MK20 MOD0 diving system allows-surface supplied diving to a depth of with lighter equipment.
Salvor carries SCUBA equipment for dives that require greater mobility than is possible in tethered diving.
Mines
Naval mine laying and recovery.
Recovery of submerged objects
In addition to her two main ground tackle anchors ( Navy standard stockless or balanced-fluke anchors) Salvor can use equipment associated with her beach gear to lay a multi-point open water moor to station herself for diving and ROV operations.
A typical four-point-moor consists of an X pattern with four Stato Anchors at the outside corners and Salvor at the center, made fast to a spring buoy for the close end of each mooring leg with synthetic mooring lines. Using her capstans, Salvor can shorten or lengthen the mooring line for each leg and change her position within the moor.
As built, Salvor had a 7.5-ton capacity boom on a forward kingpost. However, the kingpost and boom were removed and replaced by a 10,000-pound deck crane in 2011. She has 40-ton capacity boom on her aft kingpost.
Heavy Lift
Salvor has heavy lift system that consists of large bow and stern rollers, deck machinery, and tackle. The rollers serve as low-friction fairlead for the wire rope or chain used for the lift. The tackle and deck machinery provide up to 75 tons of hauling for each lift. The two bow rollers can be used together with linear hydraulic pullers to achieve a dynamic lift of 150 tons. The stern rollers can be used with the automatic towing machine to provide a dynamic lift of 150 tons. All four rollers can be used together for a dynamic lift of 300 tons or a static tidal lift of 350 tons.
Salvor also has two auxiliary bow rollers, which can support of 75 ton lift when used together.
Off-ship fire-fighting
Salvor has three manually operated fire monitors, one on the forward signal bridge, one on the aft signal bridge, and one on the forecastle, that can deliver up to 1000 gallons per minute of seawater or aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). When originally built, Salvor had a fourth remotely controlled fire monitor mounted on her forward kingpost, but this was later removed. Salvor has a 3600-gallon foam tank.
Emergency ship salvage material
In addition to the equipment carried by Salvor, the US Navy Supervisor of Salvage maintains a stock of additional emergency fly-away salvage equipment that can be deployed aboard the salvage ships to support a wide variety of rescue and salvage operations.
Operational accomplishments
Between 1987 and 2001, Salvor has provided rescue or assistance to ships at sea in seven instances. Two cases involved collisions near Hawaii: the boat accident in August 1987, and the collision of with Eihme Maru in February 2001. Salvor also assisted in the Exxon Houston grounding near Barbers Point, Hawaii, in March 1989, and the Kamalu barge fire in May 1989. On three occasions, Salvor has assisted a ship at sea that has suffered a catastrophic equipment loss: recovering the primary towing pendant of the ex-/ in January 1995, the anchor chain of the in February 1995, and the towed sonar array of the in June 1996. The ship was also involved in the rescue effort after the sinking of ROKS Cheonan.
During the same time, Salvor participated in seven sea-recoveries of submerged military aircraft, including an A-6E Intruder (VA-145) in Puget Sound, Washington, a UH-46D Sea Knight from a world-record depth of near Wake Island, a SH-60 Seahawk, an F/A-18C Hornet (VFA-22) near San Diego, and two United States Air Force F-16 Falcons in Korean waters and the Sea of Japan.
Other salvage operations undertaken by Salvor include repairing the propeller blades of , repairing the hull of , recovering a LARC-V amphibious vehicle, recovering and disposing of a Mark 83 bomb, pumping out oil leaking from the wreck of , and exploring the wreck of the in the Gulf of Thailand.
Operational history as USS Salvor
Maiden voyage
Salvor departed Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin on her first voyage on 25 July 1986. She visited Sault Ste Marie, Michigan, before conducting diving operations for certification in Lake Superior. During the first part of August she made stops in Toronto, Quebec, and Halifax. After departing Halifax, she was diverted to New York City because of Hurricane Charlie. She arrived at Little Creek, Virginia and 21 August 1986 and received her ammunition loadout. Her next stop was Charleston, South Carolina, where she took a single navy harbor tug (ex-) in tow.
Salvor arrived at Beaumont, Texas, on 4 September where she had to wait out Hurricane Danielle for several days before she was able to get underway and take three additional vessels, two World War II vintage auxiliary tugs (ex- and ex-), and an auxiliary fleet tug (ex-), in tow at the mouth of the Sabine River. From there, Salvor towed the four vessels in a "Christmas tree" rig to the Christobol, Panama, arriving on 21 September. Salvor transited the canal, and re-rigged her tows again in Rodman, Panama and departed for San Diego, California on 26 September. After a brief stop at San Diego, Salvor continued with the four towed vessels, and arrived at her home port of Pearl Harbor for the first time on 1 November.
Salvor spent the remainder of 1986 in or around Pearl Harbor, conducting training, validations, and trials.
Training and local operations
After holiday upkeep, Salvor began 1987 with an underway shakedown cruise. During the shakedown cruise, Salvor and collided during tow and be towed exercises. The collision caused only minor damage and no injuries. Following shakedown training, Salvor conducted diving operations from 26 to 30 January.
Salvor devoted February 1987 to a full power run, a VERTREP, target towing for Tactical Fighter Wing 419, , and . Along with , she supported SEAL operations from 17 to 20 February.
During early March, Salvor Conducted a de-beaching exercise with the salvage training hulk ex-, a bow lift exercise with a mud monster. Salvor then entered a series of maintenance availabilities and in-port training exercises, followed by more local operations including target towing for , support of submarine operations near Kauai, search and rescue operations for a USS Safeguard boating accident, and off-ship firefighting training with ex-Buckeye.
First Western Pacific deployment
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor for her first WESTPAC deployment on 6 September 1987. She was to accompany the tank-landing ship which would tow three minesweepers, , , and to Subic Bay. Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor to first to onload parts for Conquest and later with USS Conquest in tow, after a collision between Conquest and Barbour County. After more delays because of casualties aboard Conquest, Salvor departed Pearl Harbor again on 26 September 1987. After a fuel stop at Kwajaelein, Salvor arrived at Subic Bay, Philippines, on 16 October 1987.
Salvor visited Hong Kong and returned to Subic Bay where she took two floating drydock sections ( and AFDB-2E) in tow. On 25 November she fueled at sea from . Salvor conducted more at-sea fueling with and passed ADFB-1B to Brunswick on 11 December. Salvor arrived at Pearl Harbor on 18 December with ADFB-2E in tow, and began a holiday leave and upkeep period.
1988 was an uneventful year for Salvor. She spent much of the year in maintenance availability periods, undergoing various training exercises and engineering inspections, and dealing with repairs related to a troublesome design flaw with her port shaft. Salvor was awarded the Battle "E", Green "C", and "DC" awards. However, she did participate in classified special operations from 19 April to 18 May and again from 18 June to 11 July.
Pearl Harbor salvage operations and Southern Pacific deployment
Salvor visited Kaunakakai, Molokai in January 1989 before returning to Pearl Harbor to conduct salvage training and diving operations in February and March. Salvor participated in de-beaching operations when the oil tanker Exxon Houston broke free of her mooring buoy and ran aground near Barbers Point, Hawaii, on 2 March. Salvor was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for her participation in the salvage of Exxon Houston.
Salvor was again called into action for real-world non-military salvage operations when the barge Kamalu caught fire while adrift off the Wainai coast on 20 May. Salvor battled the fire aboard Kamalu for 16 hours.
Later that month, Salvor towed the decommissioned repair ship between 16 and 20 May as part of a synthetic line towing experiment and supported an MK48 torpedo exercise between 21 May and 2 June.
On 19 June, Salvor departed for a SOUTHPAC deployment. During that deployment, she visited the following ports:
Funafuti, Tuvalu, 29 June to 2 July
Apia, Western Samoa, 4 to 8 July
Vavu, Tonga, 10 to 12 July
Nuka Alofa, Tonga, 13 to 17 July
Pago Pago, American Samoa, 18 to 21 July
Papeete Tahaiti, 26 to 30 July
Raratonga, Cook Islands, 31 July to 1 August
A change of command ceremony was conducted while in port at Papeete on 29 July. Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor on August 17.
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor again on 8 September with the ex-YOG-68 gasoline barge in tow, and passed the tow to before sailing to Adak, Alaska, where she arrived on 2 October. Salvor conducted salvage training at Adak and returned to Pearl harbor on 15 October. Salvor spent the remainder of 1989 in our near pearl harbor, conducted dive operations for maintenance, and participated in law-enforcement operations.
First Eastern Pacific deployment
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor for San Diego on 9 January 1990, and arrived in San Diego and 17 January. She participated in lock-in lock-out operations with SEAL Team 3 and near San Diego. She departed San Diego on 1 February. After a port visit in Esquimalt, British Columbia on 6 and 6 February, Salvor arrived at Seattle on 8 February. Salvor searched for, but was unable to find a VA-145 A-6E Intruder from the waters of Puget Sound from 12 to 23 February, and returned to Seattle. After conducting dive operations in Puget Sound, and another brief stop at Seattle from 2 to 4 March, Salvor departed for Oakland, California where she spend most of March in an upkeep with SIMA San Francisco. After stopping at San Diego on 28 March, she returned to Pearl Harbor on 8 April.
RIMPAC '90
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor on 14 April with the decommissioned submarine rescue ship ex- in tow. Ex-Coucal was disposed of in a SINKEX as the target of a Tomahawk missile fired from .
Between 1 and 12 May, Salvor participated in exercise the multi-national Exercise RIMPAC '90. During the exercise she was in and out of Pearl Harbor to provide recovery and surface support craft for special warfare exercises, including SEAL Delivery Vehicle operations.
Between 13 and 14 May she recovered propeller blades for the Australian guided missile frigate , and she provided emergency towing services for the hydrographic survey ship USNS H.H. Hess (T-AGS-138) from 23 to 24 June.
Salvor supported more special warfare exercises from 7 to 8 July and again from 19 to 22 July, after conducting de-beaching exercises with ex-Tunica from 10 to 12 July. She began an upkeep period in Pearl Harbor on 23 July. And entered dry dock in pearl harbor for a planned maintenance availability. Salvor spent most of the remainder of 1990 in the dry dock, in the naval shipyard, and in post-availability trials and examinations.
Second Western Pacific deployment
Salvor departed Pearl harbor for her second WESTPAC deployment on 4 January 1991. In the first leg of her deployment, she towed the floating dry dock AFDL-40 from Pearl harbor to Subic Bay, Philippines. She arrived at Subic bay on 8 February after fuel stops at Kwajelein on 18 January, and Guam on 28 January.
Salvor participated in various exercises and provided towing service in the western Pacific during March, April, and May. She conducted salvage exercises with the Korean and Indonesian navies, and visited the following ports:
Pohang, Korea, 6–7 March
Sasebo, Japan, 19–21
Pusan, Korea, 23–27 May
Subic Bay, Philippines 13–14 April and 27–29 April
Chinhae, Korea, 28 May
Surabaya, Indonesia, 6 May
Bali, Indonesia, 18–21 May
Yokosuka, Japan, 11 June
Salvor departed Yokosuka, Japan on 11 June with ex- in tow. She stopped at Midway, on 25 June for fuel, and returned to Pearl Harbor on 3 July.
Salvor again supported special warfare exercises from 6 to 9 and 12 to 16 August. She participated in EOD operations near Molokai from 26 to 31 August. She then spent the remainder of 1991 in or near Pearl Harbor conducting OPPE power plant evaluations, Salvage training and maintenance availabilities. A change of command ceremony was conducted on 25 October, at Pearl Harbor.
World-record salvage
Salvor began 1992 with test operations for the CURV III undersea recovery vehicle from 6 to 20 January. She departed Pearl Harbor on 21 January for Wake Island where she salvaged a UH-46A Sea Knight (BUNO 150968) helicopter of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 11, which crashed into the sea on 14 August 1991. The helicopter was recovered from a depth of approximately 17,250 feet, which was a world record at that time.
Eastern Pacific towing operations
Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor on 9 March 1992, and departed en route to San Diego on 22 March. She arrived at San Diego on 1 March, and returned to Pearl Harbor on 3 May with ex- in tow.
Salvor spent much of the summer in a planned maintenance availability, sea trials, and training in or near Pearl Harbor, with a visit to Kailua Kona, Hawaii for the International Billfish Tournament between 31 July and 4 August.
Salvor again departed Pearl Harbor for the Eastern Pacific, this time with ex- in tow. After delivering ex-Flasher for recycling at Bremerton, Washington, she had port visits at Seattle from 16 to 20 September, New Westminster, Canada from 21 to 24 September, and Portland Oregon on from 27 to 31 September. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 10 October where she spent the remainder of 1992.
Salvor conducted training and diving operations at Lahaina, Maui in January 1993, and conducted training operations in February. Her training cycle continued into march when it was interrupted by emergency towing operations for the stranded from 15 to 31 March. She completed her training cycle, earning the CNO afloat safety award on April 7 and completing her operational propulsion plant examination (OPPE) on 22 April.
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor again on 11 May to deliver ex- for recycling at Bremerton, Washington. She then had port visits at Victoria, Canada from 28 to 31 June, Everett, Washington from 1 to 7 June, and Seattle, Washington 7–10 June. After participating in a mine warfare exercise, she arrived at San Diego on 16 June.
Salvor conducted salvage operations in the San Diego area from 1 to 20 July, including the recovery of a Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopter from a depth of 4000 feet. She escorted during the tow of the recently decommissioned ex- to Long Beach, California on 20–21 July. She then arrived at Rodman, Panama on 31 July. Salvor departed Rodman en route Bremerton, Washington again on 1 August, this time with ex- in tow, and she delivered Triton to Bremerton for recycling on 31 August.
Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor on 16 September, where she would spend the remainder of 1993 except for a dependent cruise to Kauai, Hawaii from 15 to 18 October and diving operations at Wainae from 7 to 10 December. Salvor conducted a change of command on 19 November.
Salvor conducted more towing operations in the Eastern Pacific in 1994, beginning when she departed en route to San Diego, California on 18 January, where she took ex- in tow on 29 January. After delivering ex-Peoria for storage at Pearl Harbor on 9 February, Salvor returned to San Diego on February 28. From 5 to 15 March, Salvor towed ex- to Pearl Harbor for storage.
RIMPAC '94 and more Eastern Pacific towing operations
Salvor visited Hilo Hawaii for the Merrie Monarch Festival from 8 to 10 April, and Lahaina, Maui where Salvor conducted diving operations from 12 to 14 April. Salvor conducted maintenance activities at Pearl Harbor during April and May before participating in the multi-national Exercise RIMPAC '94 training exercise in the Hawaii operating areas.
After another maintenance availability at Pearl Harbor in July and August, Salvor Departed for en route Acapulco, Mexico for a port visit from 1 to 4 September. On September 12, Salvor departed Rodman, Panama with another decommissioned submarine, ex- in tow. After stopping at San Diego, California for fuel on 29 September, she continued to Bremerton, Washington, where she delivered ex-Woodrow Wilson for recycling on 6 October. Salvor stopped for port visits at Everett, Washington from 8 to 12 October and Vancouver, Canada from 14 to 20 October. Salvor then spent 24–25 October in port at Alameda, California before towing ex- to Bremerton, Washington. Salvor departed Bremerton on 1 November and stopped for a port visit at Portland, Oregon from 5 to 9 November before returning to Pearl Harbor, where she spent the remainder of 1994 in maintenance and holiday upkeep.
Emergent salvage tasks, the Bering Strait, and dry dock
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor on 17 January 1995 to rendezvous with and her tow, ex- after the primary tow pendant parted. Salvor recovered the tow pendant including 180 feet of chain, before Navajo entered Pearl Harbor, and thereby prevented damage to submerged cables in Pearl Harbor.
Salvor conducted salvage training exercises with the salvage hulk ex-Tunica, including beach-gear retractions and at-sea firefighting from 30 January to 3 February 1995. She was supporting diving operations for master diver evaluations in the waters off Reef Runway at the Honolulu airport on 6 January 1995, when lost an anchor and 10 shots of chain over the side in a depth of 170 feet. Salvor recovered the anchor and chain the following day and returned them Pearl Harbor before departing diver training at Molokini crater and a brief visit to Lahaina, Maui on 9 February 1995. She conducted a dependent's cruise during her return transit to Pearl Harbor on 10 February 1995.
Salvor was underway near Pearl Harbor from 21 to 22 February 1995 in support of a special project code-named Cluster CERES, which was related to a technique for passively locating radar transmitters near land and using them to create accurate maps.
After some maintenance availability and inspections at Pearl Harbor in early March 1995, Salvor departed en route San Diego, California on 13 April 1995 and arrived there on 22 April 1995. Salvor was underway off the coast of San Diego from 25 to 31 March 1995 to conduct the recovery of a US Navy McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet, BuNo 164044 of VFA-22, which crashed on into the ocean off the Southern California coast after a night catapult launch from on 28 January 1995, killing Lt. Glennon Kersgieter. The aircraft was recovered from a depth of 5,000 feet. She off-loaded the aircraft at NAS North Island on 1 April 1995, and returned to Pearl Harbor on 15 April 1995, where she continued preparations for an OPPE inspection, which was conducted from 25 to 27 April 1995.
Salvor served as a platform for tests of MDSU One's fly-away mixed gas (FMG) diving system at the beginning of May 1995, and spend the remainder of May 1995 and the first half of June 1995 in or near Pearl Harbor. On 13 June 1995, Salvor departed Pearl Harbor with ex- in tow. After delivering ex-Silversides to Bremerton, Washington for recycling on 27 June 1995, she conducted port visits at Seattle, Washington, and Victoria, British Columbia.
On 7 July 1995 Salvor arrived at Kodiak, Alaska, where she embarked a diving team from Underwater Construction Team Two. She departed Kodiak on 8 July 1995 for Fairway Rock where she anchored from 11 to 12 July 1995 for an environmental clean-up operation. She returned to Kodiak on 17 July 1995 and debarked the UTC−2 detachment.
Salvor returned home to Pearl Harbor on 27 July 1995. During August 1995, she participated in exercise Cooperation from the Sea '95 with units from the Russian Federated Navy and Russian Federated Naval Infantry. The exercise included an amphibious landing off Bellows Air Force Base, Hawaii and a live at-sea fire fighting exercise with ex-Tunica.
At the beginning of September 1995, Salvor participated in ceremonies to observe the 50th anniversary of the World War II victory in the Pacific. She spent the remainder of 1995 in-port at Pearl Harbor. On 30 October 1995 she entered Dry-Dock Four at Pearl Harbor, along with USS Safeguard, where both ships remained until 22 December 1995. Salvor conducted a change-of-command ceremony on 12 January 1996.
On 18 June 1996, Salvor interrupted training operations to conduct the emergent at-sea recovery of a TB-29 towed sonar array from .
Third Western Pacific deployment 1996
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor on 1 August 1996 for her third deployment to the Western Pacific Ocean. She spent 17–18 August 1996 in Sasebo, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. From 20 August to 3 September 1996 she conducted a bi-lateral diving and salvage exercise with the Republic of Korea Navy in The East China Sea near Chinhae, South Korea. She returned to Sasebo for upkeep from 5 to 18 September 1996.
Salvor visited Hong Kong from 19 to 23 September 1996 and Singapore from 6 to 9 October 1996, and Phattaya Beach, Thailand from 13 to 18 October 1996. Salvor conducted a bi-lateral diving and Salvage exercise with the Royal Thai Navy from 20 October to 1 November 1996.
Following a brief stop alongside at anchor at Singapore, Salvor arrived at Surabaya, Indonesia for a salvage exercise with the Indonesian Navy from 8 to 12 November 1996. The salvage exercise continued off Pasir Putih, Indonesia from 14 to 22 November 1996. Salvor concluded her visit to Indonesia with a port visit to Benoa, Bali, Indonesia from 24 to 26 November 1996.
On 2 December 1996, Salvor received stores and fuel from by astern underway replenishment off the western coast of Luzon, Philippines. Salvor returned to Chinhae, South Korea for a bilateral diving and salvage exercise from 11 to 16 December 1996. Before the end of the operation, Salvor received emergency tasking to Okinawa, Japan. Salvor was tasked to recover two sunken LARC-V vehicles near White Beach, Okinawa. Salvor arrived at White Beach on 19 December 1996 to load a side-scan sonar. Salvor searched for the vehicles from 20 to 22 December 1996. On 22 December 1996 Salvor received additional emergency tasking and served as the recovery platform for a Mk-82 1000-lb bomb. Salvor entered a three-point moor on 24 December 1996 and recovered the bomb.
After destroying the Mk-82 bomb at a remote location, Salvor continued the LARC-V recovery operations near White Beach. Salvor recovered LARC-V 842 from a depth of 300 feet, and delivered it to White Beach on 28 December 1996. Salvor departed for the return transit to Pearl Harbor on 29 December 1996.
1997 Hawaii operations
Salvor arrived at Pearl Harbor on 12 January 1997, and entered a maintenance availability from 13 January to 13 February. Salvor transited to Hilo, Hawaii on 13 February for a pier survey and port visit followed by a salvage survey of a stranded sailboat at Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor on 20 February.
Salvor spent the remainder of February and March 1997 in maintenance and training activities at Pearl Harbor. Salvor was underway to conduct towing operations with on 7 April. Salvor stopped at Lahaina, Maui from 15 to 17 April for a port visit.
Salvor participated in a MK48 service weapons test in the middle Pacific from 16 to 18 July. From 21 to 24 July, Salvor conducted a SINKEX of ex- northwest of Hawaii.
In late 1997 Salvor conducted various maintenance and training activities at Pearl Harbor, in addition to the salvage and recovery of two Utility Landing Craft 1527 at Ford Island. Salvor also conducted two separate port visits to Kailua-Kona, Hawaii during this period, from 25 to 29 August for the Hawaii International Billfish Tournament and from 16 to 29 October for the 1997 Kailua-Kona International Ironman Triathlon Championship.
Fourth Western Pacific deployment
Salvor departed Pearl Harbor to begin her fourth deployment to the Western Pacific Ocean on March 28, 1998. She stopped at Apra Harbor, Guam from 12 to 19 April to debeach the yard tug boat .
Salvor arrived at Chinhae, Republic of Korea on 25 April. After on-loading stores and equipment, Salvor departed Chinhae to conduct the salvage of a USAF F-16D Fighting Falcon from 27 April to 9 May.
Salvor stopped at Hong Kong for a port visit from 16 to 19 May.
From 26 May to 6 June, Salvor was in port at Sembawang, Singapore. On 27 May divers from Salvor examined the starboard auxiliary power units of .
Salvor arrived at Kuching, Malaysia on the island of Borneo for a port visit from 10 to 15 June. On 19 June Salvor anchored at Pulau Tioman, Malaysia. Salvor arrived at Kuantan, Malaysia on 21 June and commenced participation in the Malaysian phase of exercise CARAT '98. The exercise included salvage dives with the Royal Malaysian Navy. The Malaysian phase of the exercise concluded on 2 July.
Salvor arrived at Sattahip, Thailand on 6 June for the Thailand phase of CARAT '98. While in Thai waters Salvor conducted sidescan sonar operations in Sattahip Harbor and conducted dives to locate the lost anchor of a US Navy submarine.
Salvor returned to Sembawang, Singapore on 21 July for the Singapore phase of CARAT '98. On 25 July, Salvor divers inspected a sea chest on the hull of USS Sides.
From 27 to 28 July, Salvor conducted dive operation in support of the CARAT '98 Singapore phase, while at anchor in the Johor Strait.
From 6 to 9 August, Salvor was at Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia for port visit. Salvor transited the Taiwan Strait from 14 to 15 August, and arrived at Inchon, Republic of Korea on 19 August.
From 1 to 4 September Salvor conducted the salvage of USAF F-16C Fighting Falcon that had crashed in the Sea of Japan, near Kangnung Air Base, Republic of Korea. 50% of the wreckage was recovered, including the engine and flight data recorder. The wreckage was offloaded at Chinhae, Republic of Korea, on 6 September.
From 7 to 11 September, Salvor was at Sasebo, Japan for upkeep. Salvor began her return voyage to Pearl Harbor on 12 September, but was diverted to Yokosuka, Japan to await the passing of Tropical Storm Stella. Salvor departed Yokosuka on 17 September and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 28 September.
Salvor spent the remainder of 1998 in or near Pearl Harbor, conducting training and supporting certifications for other units, including USS Safeguard and Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit 1. Salvor at Nawilwili, Kauai for a port visit from 5 to 6 December. Salvor conducted a dependent's cruise and returned to Pearl Harbor on 7 December. Salvor stopped at Aloha Tower, at Honolulu for a port visit from 12 to 14 December. Salvor entered holiday upkeep from December 16–31 at Pearl Harbor.
1999-2001 Hawaii operations and Eastern Pacific deployments
Salvor spent much of 1999 engaged in maintenance, certifications, and training evolutions in or near her home port at Pearl Harbor.
However, Salvor towed ex-Basswood from Pearl Harbor to San Francisco, California from 22 to 31 March 1999. Salvor then sailed to San Diego, California, where she participated in exercise Kernel Blitz '99 from 12 to 29 April. During this exercise, Salvor conducted mine field security, MK 5 Marine Mammal operations, and recovery of moored mines.
Salvor also stopped at Cabo San Lucas Mexico for a port visit from 4 to 6 May, before returning to Pearl Harbor on May 19.
Salvor stopped at Aloha Tower Market place from 13 to 17 January 2000, and conducted a change of command on 14 January.
Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor from 18 to 30 January and conducted Joint SCUBA diving operations with units of the Canadian military. Salvor also supported SDV operations from 31 January to 1 February.
Salvor stopped at Hilo, Hawaii for a port visit in support of the Merrie Monarch Festival from 27 to 30 April.
Salvor arrived at San Diego, California on 8 March and supported mine-laying and mine recovery operations from 10 to 21 March. "Salvor stopped at San Francisco, California from 25 to 27 May. From 28 May to 15 June Salvor was underway towing two vessels, ex- and ex-General Hugh J. Gaffey, in a dual tow from San Francisco to the vicinity of the Pacific Missile Range Facility. Both towed vessels were disposed of as targets in support of Exercise RIMPAC 2000.
Salvor towed a decommissioned submarine from Pearl Harbor to Bremerton, Washington from 22 July to 6 August 2000. She towed ex- from Bremerton to San Francisco, California from 13 to 17 August. She then returned to Bremerton, towing ex- from 22 to 29 August.
Salvor returned to Pearl Harbor on 9 September and remained there, mostly in the Naval Shipyard, for the remainder of 2000.
Salvor was underway near Pearl Harbor in support for search and rescue operations after the Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision from 9 to 12 February 2001. Salvor took on deep drone equipment and was underway for the wreckage survey and recovery of personal items from the sunken Ehime Maru from 17 February to 3 March.
Salvor towed ex- from Pearl Harbor to San Francisco, California from 16 to 26 March. Salvor supported mine shape recover operations as part of Exercise Kernel Blitz 2001 from 5 to 9 April and stopped at San Diego from 10 to 15 April. Salvor stopped at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico from 19 to 23 April before returning to Pearl Harbor on 3 May.
On 27 February 2018 Salvor completed an excavation of aircraft shot down near Ngerekebesang Island, Republic of Palau.
Operational history as USNS Salvor
Salvor freed the grounded guided-missile cruiser from a coral reef near Honolulu International Airport on 9 February 2009.
Salvor participated in the rescue efforts for the ROKS Cheonan sinking during March 2010, supporting Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit ONE and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit FIVE, following involvement in the 2010 joint U.S./South Korean Foal Eagle exercise.
Salvor towed ex- from San Diego to Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Middle Loch, Pearl Harbor during June 2011.
Salvor towed ex- to Pearl Harbor, arriving 9 December 2011.
2012 SINKEX towing
Salvor towed ex- from Pearl Harbor to be disposed of as a target during the SINKEX portion of Exercise RIMPAC 2012 on 25 July 2012.
Salvor towed ex- out of Pearl Harbor on 12 July 2012, to be disposed of as a target during the SINKEX portion of Exercise RIMPAC 2012 on 14 July 2012.
Salvor towed ex- from Pearl Harbor on 18 July 2012, to be disposed of as a target during the SINKEX portion of Exercise RIMPAC 2012 on 24 July 2012.
Salvor towed ex- from Pearl Harbor on 17 August 2012 to the vicinity of Guam, where Corondado was disposed of as a target during Exercise Valiant Shield 2012, on 12 September 2012.
During January and February 2013, Salvor participated in the removal of the grounded mine countermeasures ship from Tubbataha Reef.
Towing of HMCS Protecteur
Beginning 16 May 2014, Salvor towed the Royal Canadian Navy replenishment oiler from Pearl Harbor to Esquimalt, British Columbia, after Protecteur suffered an engine-room fire in waters near Hawaii. Protecteur was delivered to Esquimalt on 31 May 2014.
TBF Avenger wreckage investigation
In January 2015 at Simpson Harbour, Rabaul, Salvor investigated and lifted the wreckage of a US Marine Corps Grumman TBF Avenger, BuNo 24264, of VMTB-233. After the cockpit drained during the recovery of remains, the aircraft wreck was replaced at approximately the same location in the harbor.
Orion spacecraft recovery operations
Salvor conducted recovery tests of the Orion spacecraft in the Pacific Ocean from 11–12 September 2014, before handing off the capsule to on 15 September, for another round of testing.
On 5 December 2014, Salvor, along with USS Anchorage, participated in the recovery of the Orion spacecraft capsule after the splashdown of Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) in the Pacific Ocean.
MV-22B Osprey recovery operations near Okinawa
In early December 2016, Salvor and the embarked Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) ONE, Company 1-8, were supporting Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency operations in Okinawa. A US Marine Corps MV-22B Osprey of Marine Aircraft Group 36 crashed in the early morning of 13 December 2016, near Camp Schwab. Fortunately, all five personnel in the crash were rescued. By 15 December, Salvor was on site awaiting orders to begin recovery operations, while MDSU Company 1-8 performed a salvage survey in the tidal zone where the Osprey wreckage lay. Despite challenges such as weather and sporadic rocks in the area, the divers and Salvors crew fully recovered the aircraft wreckage by the end of 21 December 2016. During the recovery operation, USNS Salvor ran aground forcing her to undergo extensive repairs in dry-dock.
MV-22B Osprey recovery near Australia
In September 2017, Salvor and embarked MDSU-1 divers recovered the sunken wreckage of a US Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey, from a depth of , approximately from Queensland, Australia. The VMM-265 Osprey crashed on 5 August 2017, after taking off from and while attempting to land aboard . Three U.S. Marines were killed in the crash, and 23 others were rescued.
References
External links
USS Salvor official website, archive version of 8 December 2008
navsource.org: USNS Salvor
navysite.de: USNS Salvor
Category:Safeguard-class salvage ships
Category:1984 ships
Category:Peterson Builders shipyard | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The state's most senior Catholic said in a frank interview his faith had been tested, but had not wavered, in the wake of shocking revelations of decades-long child abuse within the church.
He is now vowing to do whatever it takes to tackle the evil scourge.
Have your say in the comments section below
The Archbishop said he was horrified to learn of the widespread extent of the clergy abuse crisis after becoming vicar general in 1996 when he realised his predecessors had systematically protected paedophiles.
In his most wide-ranging interview since giving evidence at the Victorian parliamentary inquiry - in which he conceded sexual attacks were covered up and the church's reputation was put ahead of victims - Archbishop Hart said he:
TOOK responsibility for the church's handling of abuse complaints
FELT betrayed and let down by members of the church who had abused children and by those who had covered up their "heinous crimes"
COULD have better responded personally to the abuse crisis
BELIEVED the church had a responsibility to better reach out to victims, and
RULED out ever advocating for priests to reveal secrets of the confessional.
"I feel the burden that members of the church have offended and that the church hasn't responded quickly enough or adequately," he said.
"I would have hoped that I may have been able to respond better, in a way that may have helped people."
As a 15-year-old student at Xavier College planning a life in the priesthood, a young Denis Hart didn't know of the sexual abuse crisis within the church.
Now as the leader of Melbourne's 1.1 million Catholics, in Australia's biggest diocese, Archbishop Hart says he feels let down by fellow clergy who breached their sacred trust.
"I feel very sad. I feel very hurt. I do feel very betrayed," he said.
"I do feel that this is an important thing that we have to learn from, and to grow from, so that this will never happen again."
Archbishop Hart, the president of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference, said he couldn't understand the evils committed by clergy against vulnerable children.
"Every time I hear of abuse of a child it's a shocking revelation. I can't understand how any person could abuse a child," he said.
"It's wrong. It's a heinous crime. It's an issue that society's got to grapple with and resolve ... so that the safety of our children can be assured."
Domus Australia: the $30 million villa used by Cardinal George Pell (and others) when in Rome - digs that a Victorian MP says should be sold to fund compensation to abuse victims.Source: Herald Sun
Archbishop Hart said he first learned of the horrors of the abuse crisis after becoming vicar general in 1996, working alongside the then newly appointed archbishop of Melbourne, George Pell.
He said he realised the problem had been swept under the carpet by his predecessors, including former archbishop Frank Little who he conceded kept few, if any, records of complaints and moved at least one paedophile priest to a new parish and into the lives of innocent children.
"I was definitely shocked to see the extent and the nature of these awful crimes," Archbishop Hart said.
"That, of course, was an awful realisation of what had been going on for quite some long time. It needed emergency activity.
"We did inherit a situation where ... we inherited great difficulties".
Together with archbishop Pell, and in consultation with Victoria Police, Archbishop Hart formulated the Melbourne Response to deal with the allegations.
It has been the subject of much criticism, but Archbishop Hart stands by the model and has denied suggestions victims were encouraged not to report allegations to police.
"It's an effort by us to try and walk with those who have suffered and to try, through the help of skilled people, to bring them through to some kind of peace," he said.
"I've made apologies to every victim who's had a complaint, but apologies are not enough. Actions speak louder than words.
"When I took over from archbishop Pell, I renewed my determination to really go forward and to address the matters and to try and bring compassionate responses."
The Archbishop said it was his belief in the goodness of people that inspired him and gave him faith in the church's darkest hour.
"The thing that sustains me is my faith in God and in God's love for me and for people. That doesn't waiver," he said.
"I am challenged by people who do evil, but I want to try and lead the whole community to work through this issue so that evil, that awful evil, will be prevented, and so that the welfare of those who have suffered so much will be promoted, and they'll be helped."
Archbishop Hart said while these were difficult times for Catholics, it was a good opportunity for the church to examine itself and change the way men were trained for the priesthood.
"I'm certainly confident that we're so determined to address these matters, I think we can have a much greater certitude that our priests, our parish workers, our volunteers will act professionally because we have not only protocols, but people are much more alert of these possible evils."
He said he had also been inspired by an increase in men applying to become priests and the work being done around the diocese's parishes, schools, hospitals and aged-care homes. "There is another side.
"It's not to play down, or not to minimise this awful, awful tragedy and this awful, awful crime, but it's to say that the church is there for the long haul and we are determined to do the things that we do well and to make the contributions that we do to the world, and to redouble our efforts because of this dark side.
"The church has been around for 2000 years and we have faced many challenges. We are totally committed to seeing this through.
"We have made tremendous efforts. When I think where we might have been years ago ... I think we're light years further forward.
News.com.au's Privacy Policy includes important information about our collection, use and disclosure of your personal information (including to provide you with targeted content and advertising based on your online activities). It explains that if you do not provide us with information we have requested from you, we may not be able to provide you with the goods and services you require. It also explains how you can access or seek correction of your personal information, how you can complain about a breach of the Australian Privacy Principles and how we will deal with a complaint of that nature.
A NOTE ABOUT RELEVANT ADVERTISING: We collect information about the content (including ads) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The 20-Minute Tabata Workout You Need to Try
Tired of slogging through long, slow jogs on the treadmill? Tabata may be just the answer. The popular high-intensity training protocol utilizes a 2:1 work-to-rest ratio — using 100 percent maximum effort during the work phase — to maximize fat loss. “It’s efficient — studies show that you can burn the same amount of calories as a long-distance run in a fraction of the time,” says Greg Johnson, CSCS, a Sacramento, CA based strength and conditioning coach. “This allows you to burn more fat while maintaining and gaining muscle mass.”
Want to see what Tabata is all about? Try the routine below. Perform 20 seconds on each move, then 10 seconds off, repeated for four consecutive minutes. Once you complete the first exercise, immediately move onto the next. When you finish the full cycle, rest for five minutes, and repeat as desired. Pro tip: It’s not easy to sustain 100 percent max effort, so work at the highest effort output level you’re able to in order to sustain the interval pace of four minutes per cycle.
The Tabata Workout
1. Medicine Ball Slam
Targets: Full body, cardioHow to: Grab a soft medicine ball and raise it overhead as high as you can (a). Keeping your torso straight and core tight, throw the ball as hard as you can at the ground (b). Pick it up and repeat until 20 seconds have elapsed. Rest 10 seconds (c). Repeat this cycle until four minutes total, including work and rest time.
2. Half Jacks
Targets: Full body, cardioHow to: Stand with your feet together and your hands at your sides (a). Jump and split your feet apart as if performing a jumping jack, while simultaneously lifting your arms up to shoulder level (b). Return to the start position, and repeat as fast as possible for 20 seconds. Rest for 10 seconds (c). Repeat this cycle until four minutes total have elapsed, including rest and work time.
3. Burpee
Targets: Full body, cardioHow to: Stand with your feet shoulder width apart. Jump as high as you can, reaching your arms overhead (a). Land, then squat down, and shoot your legs out behind you to end up in a push-up position (b). Return to a standing position. Repeat as fast as possible for 20 seconds, and then rest for 10 seconds (c). Repeat this cycle until four minutes total have elapsed, including work and rest time.
4. Battle Ropes Alternating Underhand Wave
Targets: Arms, cardioHow to: While holding the two ends your battle ropes looped around an anchored object, assume an athletic position by pushing the hips back with a slight bend in the knees, shoulder blades back and down and lower back straight (a). Moving minimally from the shoulders (all the motion should be in your elbows), rapidly alternate waves with your hands as fast as you can for 20 seconds (b). Rest for 10 seconds. Repeat this cycle for a total of four minutes, including both work and rest time.
5. Mountain Climbers
Targets: Full body, cardioHow to: Get into a push-up position (a). Rapidly tuck one knee up under your chest while keeping your other leg extended (b). Repeat with the opposite leg. Switch back and forth, keeping your hips down and your back straight for 20 seconds, then rest for 10 (c). Repeat cycle for four minutes total, once again including both work and rest time.
For more quick and effective HIIT workouts, head to DailyBurn.com to try it free for 30 days. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Welcome to Greik Bros. Paving Inc.
Asphalt is cost-effective, sustainable, and easy to maintain, making it the most popular material for paving across America. Since 1980, Greik Bros. Paving Inc. has been Northern New Jersey’s contractor of choice for all aspects of asphalt surfacing.
From driveways to parking lots to roadways, we expertly handle asphalt paving, removal, repair and replacement contracting services for paving projects of all sizes, fixing problems like uneven surfaces and drainage issues. We also provide belgium block curbing, sealcoating and line striping, the finishing touches for your asphalt paving job.
DRIVEWAYS
A well-constructed driveway can enhance the value and aesthetic of your home for years to come. How does your driveway look?
PARKING LOTS
Your corporate or retail parking lot is often the first impression you make on your customers. Let the paving professionals at Greik Bros. make it a GOOD one.
ROADWAYS
No one likes to dodge potholes when they drive. Quality, well-engineered roadways can increase the quality of life in your town.
Get a FREE estimate!
Name (required)
Email (required)
Phone (required)
I'm interested in
(choose all that apply):DrivewayParking LotRoadway PavingOther Services
Services
Call NOW!
Paving Contractor Pluckemin NJ
Greik Bros Paving is the only name you need to remember if you’re looking for a professional for sealcoating or asphalt paving in Morris County NJ dedicated to ensuring professionalism and client care. Greik Bros Paving has established our distinguished standing over years of dedicated work. Ensuring jobs are finished correctly is all part of our unwavering dedication to ensuring the greatest possible satisfaction for our customers. We will talk to the client while additionally visiting the site to identify any natural resources or possible environmentally-sensitive areas that are priorities for protection when planning the project. You don’t ever want to perform sealcoating on your own, but should always be sure to call a professional. This way issues with storm drain barriers or getting emulsion on other unintended surfaces can be avoided. Sealcoating is a water-based emulsion which cures over time. The length of the curing time changes with temperature and humidity. When you require top quality sealcoating or asphalt paving in Pluckemin NJ for your residence or business, Greik Bros Paving is capable of getting the job done right.
Paving Pluckemin NJ
It is essential to take advantage of the services of a parking lot asphalt paving contractor in Morris County NJ if you want to guarantee the best possible protection for your parking lot. Ensuring there aren’t any cracks, gaps, or pot holes appearing in the asphalt, a regular inspection of your parking lot is essential. These imperfections in the pavement could begin small but can wind up having a substantial impact on the lot’s overall surface. Almost always, there are holes and cracks unfortunately, which is the reason why determining its severity is the next crucial step. In the Tri-State area there can be many disturbances in the pavement, whether it is made of concrete or asphalt. To determine how the lot is going to need to be repaired, the severity of the problem is something important to look at. If you allow these problems to go for too long, small cracks and holes in your parking lot are capable of expanding as times goes on to cause an array of damaged areas. It’s important to be aware of where you can turn when difficulties come up, and business owners owe it to themselves to get in touch with Greik Bros Paving. In regards to parking lot sealing and parking lot asphalt paving in Pluckemin NJ , we’re going to perform an assessment and assist you in making the best choice for your business.
Asphalt Paving Morris County NJ
We’re able to help you make the best choices for your asphalt paving in Morris County NJ as a highly rated paving contractor. There are cases where an additional layer of asphalt is capable of being installed over the top of your asphalt paving in cases where it’s in good condition and not cracked. This is an excellent choice for times if there’s a budget, and replacement and removal of the old asphalt paving would be too expensive. Despite the fact that this can be a good option in the short term, if you’d like to make the best choice in the long term it is always better to go with a replacement. For a company that will suit your precise person needs and preferences, go with Greik Bros Paving if you’re looking for reliable asphalt paving in Pluckemin NJ .
Paving Company Morris County NJ
For companies and residences that are just being constructed or being renovated, Greik Bros Paving also provides full service asphalt paving in Morris County NJ. If you want your roads to look their best, be safe for visitors, as well as in compliance with the ADA Accessibility Guidelines, it’s vital to take care of proper maintenance for your parking lot paving and private roadway paving. If you don’t tend to the upkeep of a parking lot or driveway it can have unintended consequences on your business. If you neglect the repairs of a piece of concrete or asphalt paving is to neglect the safety needs of the people who are going to be using them. Greik Bros Paving is standing by to supply the service you need when you are searching for a professional sealcoating and paving company in Pluckemin NJ or the rest of the local area.
Name (required)
Email (required)
Phone (required)
I’m interested in
(choose all that apply):DrivewayParking LotRoadway PavingOther Services | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Kamdark
Kamdark (, also Romanized as Kamdārk; also known as Kamdārag) is a village in Jakdan Rural District, in the Central District of Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 301, in 68 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Bashagard County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package javax.net.ssl;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
/**
* The extension of {@code Socket} providing secure protocols like SSL (Secure
* Socket Layer") or TLS (Transport Layer Security).
*/
public abstract class SSLSocket extends Socket {
/**
* Only to be used by subclasses.
* <p>
* Creates a TCP socket.
*/
protected SSLSocket() {
super();
}
/**
* Only to be used by subclasses.
* <p>
* Creates a TCP socket connection to the specified host at the specified
* port.
*
* @param host
* the host name to connect to.
* @param port
* the port number to connect to.
* @throws IOException
* if creating the socket fails.
* @throws UnknownHostException
* if the specified host is not known.
*/
protected SSLSocket(String host, int port) throws IOException, UnknownHostException {
super(host, port);
}
/**
* Only to be used by subclasses.
* <p>
* Creates a TCP socket connection to the specified address at the specified
* port.
*
* @param address
* the address to connect to.
* @param port
* the port number to connect to.
* @throws IOException
* if creating the socket fails.
*/
protected SSLSocket(InetAddress address, int port) throws IOException {
super(address, port);
}
/**
* Only to be used by subclasses.
* <p>
* Creates a TCP socket connection to the specified host at the specified
* port with the client side bound to the specified address and port.
*
* @param host
* the host name to connect to.
* @param port
* the port number to connect to.
* @param clientAddress
* the client address to bind to
* @param clientPort
* the client port number to bind to.
* @throws IOException
* if creating the socket fails.
* @throws UnknownHostException
* if the specified host is not known.
*/
protected SSLSocket(String host, int port, InetAddress clientAddress, int clientPort)
throws IOException, UnknownHostException {
super(host, port, clientAddress, clientPort);
}
/**
* Only to be used by subclasses.
* <p>
* Creates a TCP socket connection to the specified address at the specified
* port with the client side bound to the specified address and port.
*
* @param address
* the address to connect to.
* @param port
* the port number to connect to.
* @param clientAddress
* the client address to bind to.
* @param clientPort
* the client port number to bind to.
* @throws IOException
* if creating the socket fails.
*/
protected SSLSocket(InetAddress address, int port, InetAddress clientAddress, int clientPort)
throws IOException {
super(address, port, clientAddress, clientPort);
}
/**
* Returns the names of the supported cipher suites.
*
* @return the names of the supported cipher suites.
*/
public abstract String[] getSupportedCipherSuites();
/**
* Returns the names of the enabled cipher suites.
*
* @return the names of the enabled cipher suites.
*/
public abstract String[] getEnabledCipherSuites();
/**
* Sets the names of the cipher suites to be enabled.
* Only cipher suites returned by {@link #getSupportedCipherSuites()} are
* allowed.
*
* @param suites
* the names of the to be enabled cipher suites.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if one of the cipher suite names is not supported.
*/
public abstract void setEnabledCipherSuites(String[] suites);
/**
* Returns the names of the supported protocols.
*
* @return the names of the supported protocols.
*/
public abstract String[] getSupportedProtocols();
/**
* Returns the names of the enabled protocols.
*
* @return the names of the enabled protocols.
*/
public abstract String[] getEnabledProtocols();
/**
* Sets the names of the protocols to be enabled. Only
* protocols returned by {@link #getSupportedProtocols()} are allowed.
*
* @param protocols
* the names of the to be enabled protocols.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if one of the protocols is not supported.
*/
public abstract void setEnabledProtocols(String[] protocols);
/**
* Returns the {@code SSLSession} for this connection. If necessary, a
* handshake will be initiated, in which case this method will block until the handshake
* has been established. If the handshake fails, an invalid session object
* will be returned.
*
* @return the session object.
*/
public abstract SSLSession getSession();
/**
* Registers the specified listener to receive notification on completion of a
* handshake on this connection.
*
* @param listener
* the listener to register.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if {@code listener} is {@code null}.
*/
public abstract void addHandshakeCompletedListener(HandshakeCompletedListener listener);
/**
* Removes the specified handshake completion listener.
*
* @param listener
* the listener to remove.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the specified listener is not registered or {@code null}.
*/
public abstract void removeHandshakeCompletedListener(HandshakeCompletedListener listener);
/**
* Starts a new SSL handshake on this connection.
*
* @throws IOException
* if an error occurs.
*/
public abstract void startHandshake() throws IOException;
/**
* Sets whether this connection should act in client mode when handshaking.
*
* @param mode
* {@code true} if this connection should act in client mode,
* {@code false} if not.
*/
public abstract void setUseClientMode(boolean mode);
/**
* Returns whether this connection will act in client mode when handshaking.
*
* @return {@code true} if this connections will act in client mode when
* handshaking, {@code false} if not.
*/
public abstract boolean getUseClientMode();
/**
* Sets whether this connection should require client authentication. This
* is only useful for sockets in server mode. The client authentication is
* one of the following:
* <ul>
* <li>authentication required</li>
* <li>authentication requested</li>
* <li>no authentication needed</li>
* </ul>
* This method overrides the setting of {@link #setWantClientAuth(boolean)}.
*
* @param need
* {@code true} if client authentication is required,
* {@code false} if no authentication is needed.
*/
public abstract void setNeedClientAuth(boolean need);
/**
* Returns whether this connection requires client authentication.
* This is only useful for sockets in server mode.
*
* @return {@code true} if client authentication is required, {@code false}
* if no client authentication is needed.
*/
public abstract boolean getNeedClientAuth();
/**
* Sets whether this connections should request client authentication. This
* is only useful for sockets in server mode. The client authentication is
* one of:
* <ul>
* <li>authentication required</li>
* <li>authentication requested</li>
* <li>no authentication needed</li>
* </ul>
* This method overrides the setting of {@link #setNeedClientAuth(boolean)}.
*
* @param want
* {@code true} if client authentication should be requested,
* {@code false} if not authentication is needed.
*/
public abstract void setWantClientAuth(boolean want);
/**
* Returns whether this connections will request client authentication.
*
* @return {@code true} is client authentication will be requested,
* {@code false} if no client authentication is needed.
*/
public abstract boolean getWantClientAuth();
/**
* Sets whether new SSL sessions may be created by this socket or if
* existing sessions must be reused.
*
* @param flag
* {@code true} if new sessions may be created, otherwise
* {@code false}.
*/
public abstract void setEnableSessionCreation(boolean flag);
/**
* Returns whether new SSL sessions may be created by this socket or if
* existing sessions must be reused.
*
* @return {@code true} if new sessions may be created, otherwise
* {@code false}.
*/
public abstract boolean getEnableSessionCreation();
/**
* Returns a new SSLParameters based on this SSLSocket's current
* cipher suites, protocols, and client authentication settings.
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public SSLParameters getSSLParameters() {
SSLParameters p = new SSLParameters();
p.setCipherSuites(getEnabledCipherSuites());
p.setProtocols(getEnabledProtocols());
p.setNeedClientAuth(getNeedClientAuth());
p.setWantClientAuth(getWantClientAuth());
return p;
}
/**
* Sets various SSL handshake parameters based on the SSLParameter
* argument. Specifically, sets the SSLSocket's enabled cipher
* suites if the parameter's cipher suites are non-null. Similarly
* sets the enabled protocols. If the parameters specify the want
* or need for client authentication, those requirements are set
* on the SSLSocket, otherwise both are set to false.
* @since 1.6
*/
public void setSSLParameters(SSLParameters p) {
String[] cipherSuites = p.getCipherSuites();
if (cipherSuites != null) {
setEnabledCipherSuites(cipherSuites);
}
String[] protocols = p.getProtocols();
if (protocols != null) {
setEnabledProtocols(protocols);
}
if (p.getNeedClientAuth()) {
setNeedClientAuth(true);
} else if (p.getWantClientAuth()) {
setWantClientAuth(true);
} else {
setWantClientAuth(false);
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
define('cssobj', function () { 'use strict';
// helper functions for cssobj
// set default option (not deeply)
function defaults(options, defaultOption) {
options = options || {}
for (var i in defaultOption) {
if (!(i in options)) options[i] = defaultOption[i]
}
return options
}
// convert js prop into css prop (dashified)
function dashify(str) {
return str.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(m) {
return '-' + m.toLowerCase()
})
}
// capitalize str
function capitalize (str) {
return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.substr(1)
}
// random string, should used across all cssobj plugins
var random = (function () {
var count = 0
return function () {
count++
return '_' + Math.floor(Math.random() * Math.pow(2, 32)).toString(36) + count + '_'
}
})()
// extend obj from source, if it's no key in obj, create one
function extendObj (obj, key, source) {
obj[key] = obj[key] || {}
for (var k in source) obj[key][k] = source[k]
return obj[key]
}
// ensure obj[k] as array, then push v into it
function arrayKV (obj, k, v, reverse, unique) {
obj[k] = k in obj ? [].concat(obj[k]) : []
if(unique && obj[k].indexOf(v)>-1) return
reverse ? obj[k].unshift(v) : obj[k].push(v)
}
// replace find in str, with rep function result
function strSugar (str, find, rep) {
return str.replace(
new RegExp('\\\\?(' + find + ')', 'g'),
function (m, z) {
return m == z ? rep(z) : z
}
)
}
// get parents array from node (when it's passed the test)
function getParents (node, test, key, childrenKey, parentKey) {
var p = node, path = []
while(p) {
if (test(p)) {
if(childrenKey) path.forEach(function(v) {
arrayKV(p, childrenKey, v, false, true)
})
if(path[0] && parentKey){
path[0][parentKey] = p
}
path.unshift(p)
}
p = p.parent
}
return path.map(function(p){return key?p[key]:p })
}
// split selector etc. aware of css attributes
function splitComma (str) {
for (var c, i = 0, n = 0, prev = 0, d = []; c = str.charAt(i); i++) {
if (c == '(' || c == '[') n++
if (c == ')' || c == ']') n--
if (!n && c == ',') d.push(str.substring(prev, i)), prev = i + 1
}
return d.concat(str.substring(prev))
}
// checking for valid css value
function isValidCSSValue (val) {
return val || val === 0
}
// using var as iteral to help optimize
var KEY_ID = '$id'
var KEY_ORDER = '$order'
var TYPE_GROUP = 'group'
// helper function
var keys = Object.keys
// type check helpers
var type = {}.toString
var ARRAY = type.call([])
var OBJECT = type.call({})
// only array, object now treated as iterable
function isIterable (v) {
return type.call(v) == OBJECT || type.call(v) == ARRAY
}
// regexp constants
var reGroupRule = /^@(media|document|supports|page|keyframes)/i
var reAtRule = /^\s*@/g
/**
* convert simple Object into node data
*
input data format:
{"a":{"b":{"c":{"":[{color:1}]}}}, "abc":123, '@import':[2,3,4], '@media (min-width:320px)':{ d:{ok:1} }}
* 1. every key is folder node
* 2. "":[{rule1}, {rule2}] will split into several rules
* 3. & will replaced by parent, \\& will escape
* 4. all prop should be in dom.style camelCase
*
* @param {object|array} d - simple object data, or array
* @param {object} result - the reulst object to store options and root node
* @param {object} [previousNode] - also act as parent for next node
* @param {boolean} init whether it's the root call
* @returns {object} node data object
*/
function parseObj (d, result, node, init) {
if (init) {
result.nodes = []
result.ref = {}
if (node) result.diff = {}
}
node = node || {}
if (type.call(d) == ARRAY) {
return d.map(function (v, i) {
return parseObj(v, result, node[i] || {parent: node, src: d, index: i, obj: d[i]})
})
}
if (type.call(d) == OBJECT) {
var children = node.children = node.children || {}
var prevVal = node.prevVal = node.lastVal
node.lastVal = {}
node.prop = {}
node.diff = {}
if (d[KEY_ID]) result.ref[d[KEY_ID]] = node
var order = d[KEY_ORDER] | 0
var funcArr = []
// only there's no selText, getSel
if(!('selText' in node)) getSel(node, result)
for (var k in d) {
if (!d.hasOwnProperty(k)) continue
if (!isIterable(d[k]) || type.call(d[k]) == ARRAY && !isIterable(d[k][0])) {
if (k.charAt(0) == '$') continue
var r = function (_k) {
parseProp(node, d, _k, result)
}
order
? funcArr.push([r, k])
: r(k)
} else {
var haveOldChild = k in children
var newNode = extendObj(children, k, {parent: node, src: d, key: k, obj: d[k]})
// don't overwrite selPart for previous node
newNode.selPart = newNode.selPart || splitComma(k)
var n = children[k] = parseObj(d[k], result, newNode)
// it's new added node
if (prevVal && !haveOldChild) arrayKV(result.diff, 'added', n)
}
}
// when it's second time visit node
if (prevVal) {
// children removed
for (k in children) {
if (!(k in d)) {
arrayKV(result.diff, 'removed', children[k])
delete children[k]
}
}
// prop changed
var diffProp = function () {
var newKeys = keys(node.lastVal)
var removed = keys(prevVal).filter(function (x) { return newKeys.indexOf(x) < 0 })
if (removed.length) node.diff.removed = removed
if (keys(node.diff).length) arrayKV(result.diff, 'changed', node)
}
order
? funcArr.push([diffProp, null])
: diffProp()
}
if (order) arrayKV(result, '_order', {order: order, func: funcArr})
result.nodes.push(node)
return node
}
return node
}
function getSel(node, result) {
var opt = result.options
// array index don't have key,
// fetch parent key as ruleNode
var ruleNode = getParents(node, function (v) {
return v.key
}).pop()
node.parentRule = getParents(node.parent, function (n) {
return n.type == TYPE_GROUP
}).pop() || null
if (ruleNode) {
var isMedia, sel = ruleNode.key
var groupRule = sel.match(reGroupRule)
if (groupRule) {
node.type = TYPE_GROUP
node.at = groupRule.pop()
isMedia = node.at == 'media'
// only media allow nested and join, and have node.selPart
if (isMedia) node.selPart = splitComma(sel.replace(reGroupRule, ''))
// combinePath is array, '' + array instead of array.join(',')
node.groupText = isMedia
? '@' + node.at + combinePath(getParents(ruleNode, function (v) {
return v.type == TYPE_GROUP
}, 'selPart', 'selChild', 'selParent'), '', ' and')
: sel
node.selText = getParents(node, function (v) {
return v.selText && !v.at
}, 'selText').pop() || ''
} else if (reAtRule.test(sel)) {
node.type = 'at'
node.selText = sel
} else {
node.selText = '' + combinePath(getParents(ruleNode, function (v) {
return v.selPart && !v.at
}, 'selPart', 'selChild', 'selParent'), '', ' ', true), opt
}
node.selText = applyPlugins(opt, 'selector', node.selText, node, result)
if (node.selText) node.selTextPart = splitComma(node.selText)
if (node !== ruleNode) node.ruleNode = ruleNode
}
}
function parseProp (node, d, key, result) {
var prevVal = node.prevVal
var lastVal = node.lastVal
var prev = prevVal && prevVal[key]
![].concat(d[key]).forEach(function (v) {
// pass lastVal if it's function
var val = typeof v == 'function'
? v.call(node.lastVal, prev, node, result)
: v
// only valid val can be lastVal
if (isValidCSSValue(val)) {
// push every val to prop
arrayKV(
node.prop,
key,
applyPlugins(result.options, 'value', val, key, node, result),
true
)
prev = lastVal[key] = val
}
})
if (prevVal) {
if (!(key in prevVal)) {
arrayKV(node.diff, 'added', key)
} else if (prevVal[key] != lastVal[key]) {
arrayKV(node.diff, 'changed', key)
}
}
}
function combinePath (array, prev, sep, rep) {
return !array.length ? prev : array[0].reduce(function (result, value) {
var str = prev ? prev + sep : prev
if (rep) {
var isReplace = false
var sugar = strSugar(value, '&', function (z) {
isReplace = true
return prev
})
str = isReplace ? sugar : str + sugar
} else {
str += value
}
return result.concat(combinePath(array.slice(1), str, sep, rep))
}, [])
}
function applyPlugins (opt, type) {
var args = [].slice.call(arguments, 2)
var plugin = opt.plugins[type]
return !plugin ? args[0] : [].concat(plugin).reduce(
function (pre, f) { return f.apply(null, [pre].concat(args)) },
args.shift()
)
}
function applyOrder (opt) {
if (!opt._order) return
opt._order
.sort(function (a, b) {
return a.order - b.order
})
.forEach(function (v) {
v.func.forEach(function (f) {
f[0](f[1])
})
})
delete opt._order
}
function cssobj$1 (options) {
options = defaults(options, {
plugins: {}
})
return function (obj, initData) {
var updater = function (data) {
if (arguments.length) result.data = data || {}
result.root = parseObj(result.obj || {}, result, result.root, true)
applyOrder(result)
result = applyPlugins(options, 'post', result)
typeof options.onUpdate=='function' && options.onUpdate(result)
return result
}
var result = {
obj: obj,
update: updater,
options: options
}
updater(initData)
return result
}
}
function createDOM (id, option) {
var el = document.createElement('style')
document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(el)
el.setAttribute('id', id)
if (option && typeof option == 'object' && option.attrs)
for (var i in option.attrs) {
el.setAttribute(i, option.attrs[i])
}
return el
}
var addCSSRule = function (parent, selector, body, selPart) {
var rules = parent.cssRules || parent.rules
var pos = rules.length
var omArr = []
if ('insertRule' in parent) {
try {
parent.insertRule(selector + '{' + body + '}', pos)
} catch(e) {
// modern browser with prefix check, now only -webkit-
// http://shouldiprefix.com/#animations
if(selector.indexOf('@keyframes')==0) for(var ret, i = 0, len = cssPrefixes.length; i < len; i++) {
ret = addCSSRule(parent, selector.replace('@keyframes', '@-'+cssPrefixes[i].toLowerCase()+'-keyframes'), body)
if(ret.length) return ret
}
// the rule is not supported, fail silently
// console.log(e, selector, body, pos)
}
} else if ('addRule' in parent) {
// old IE addRule don't support 'dd,dl' form, add one by one
![].concat(selPart || selector).forEach(function (v) {
try {
parent.addRule(v, body, pos)
} catch(e) {
// console.log(e, selector, body)
}
})
}
for (var i = pos, len = rules.length; i < len; i++) {
omArr.push(rules[i])
}
return omArr
}
function getBodyCss (prop) {
// get cssText from prop
return Object.keys(prop).map(function (k) {
for (var v, ret = '', i = prop[k].length; i--;) {
v = prop[k][i]
// display:flex expand for vendor prefix
var vArr = k=='display' && v=='flex'
? ['-webkit-box', '-ms-flexbox', '-webkit-flex', 'flex']
: [v]
ret += k.charAt(0) == '@'
? dashify(k) + ' ' + v + ';'
: vArr.map(function(v2) {
return dashify(prefixProp(k, true)) + ':' + v2 + ';'
}).join('')
}
return ret
}).join('')
}
// vendor prefix support
// borrowed from jQuery 1.12
var cssPrefixes = [ "Webkit", "Moz", "ms", "O" ]
var cssPrefixesReg = new RegExp('^(?:' + cssPrefixes.join('|') + ')[A-Z]')
var emptyStyle = document.createElement( "div" ).style
var testProp = function (list) {
for(var i = list.length; i--;) {
if(list[i] in emptyStyle) return list[i]
}
}
// cache cssProps
var cssProps = {
// normalize float css property
'float': testProp(['styleFloat', 'cssFloat', 'float']),
'flex': testProp(['WebkitBoxFlex', 'msFlex', 'WebkitFlex', 'flex'])
}
// return a css property mapped to a potentially vendor prefixed property
function vendorPropName( name ) {
// shortcut for names that are not vendor prefixed
if ( name in emptyStyle ) return
// check for vendor prefixed names
var preName, capName = name.charAt( 0 ).toUpperCase() + name.slice( 1 )
var i = cssPrefixes.length
while ( i-- ) {
preName = cssPrefixes[ i ] + capName
if ( preName in emptyStyle ) return preName
}
}
// apply prop to get right vendor prefix
// cap=0 for no cap; cap=1 for capitalize prefix
function prefixProp (name, inCSS) {
// find name and cache the name for next time use
var retName = cssProps[ name ] ||
( cssProps[ name ] = vendorPropName( name ) || name)
return inCSS // if hasPrefix in prop
? cssPrefixesReg.test(retName) ? capitalize(retName) : name=='float' && name || retName // fix float in CSS, avoid return cssFloat
: retName
}
function cssobj_plugin_post_cssom (option) {
option = option || {}
var id = option.name
? (option.name+'').replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9$_-]/g, '')
: 'style_cssobj' + random()
var dom = document.getElementById(id) || createDOM(id, option)
var sheet = dom.sheet || dom.styleSheet
// IE has a bug, first comma rule not work! insert a dummy here
addCSSRule(sheet, 'html,body', '')
// helper regexp & function
var reWholeRule = /keyframes|page/i
var atomGroupRule = function (node) {
return !node ? false : reWholeRule.test(node.at) || node.parentRule && reWholeRule.test(node.parentRule.at)
}
var getParent = function (node) {
var p = 'omGroup' in node ? node : node.parentRule
return p && p.omGroup || sheet
}
var sugar = function (str) {
return option.noSugar ? str : str
.replace(/w\s*>=/ig, 'min-width:')
.replace(/w\s*<=/ig, 'max-width:')
}
var validParent = function (node) {
return !node.parentRule || node.parentRule.omGroup !== null
}
var removeOneRule = function (rule) {
if (!rule) return
var parent = rule.parentRule || sheet
var rules = parent.cssRules || parent.rules
var index = -1
for (var i = 0, len = rules.length; i < len; i++) {
if (rules[i] === rule) {
index = i
break
}
}
if (index < 0) return
parent.removeRule
? parent.removeRule(index)
: parent.deleteRule(index)
}
function removeNode (node) {
// remove mediaStore for old IE
var groupIdx = mediaStore.indexOf(node)
if (groupIdx > -1) {
// before remove from mediaStore
// don't forget to remove all children, by a walk
node.mediaEnabled = false
walk(node)
mediaStore.splice(groupIdx, 1)
}
// remove Group rule and Nomal rule
![node.omGroup].concat(node.omRule).forEach(removeOneRule)
}
// helper function for addNormalrule
var addNormalRule = function (node, selText, cssText, selPart) {
if(!cssText) return
// get parent to add
var parent = getParent(node)
if (validParent(node))
return node.omRule = addCSSRule(parent, selText, cssText, selPart)
else if (node.parentRule) {
// for old IE not support @media, check mediaEnabled, add child nodes
if (node.parentRule.mediaEnabled) {
if (!node.omRule) return node.omRule = addCSSRule(parent, selText, cssText, selPart)
}else if (node.omRule) {
node.omRule.forEach(removeOneRule)
delete node.omRule
}
}
}
var mediaStore = []
var checkMediaList = function () {
mediaStore.forEach(function (v) {
v.mediaEnabled = v.mediaTest()
walk(v)
})
}
if (window.attachEvent) {
window.attachEvent('onresize', checkMediaList)
} else if (window.addEventListener) {
window.addEventListener('resize', checkMediaList, true)
}
var walk = function (node, store) {
if (!node) return
// cssobj generate vanilla Array, it's safe to use constructor, fast
if (node.constructor === Array) return node.map(function (v) {walk(v, store)})
// nested media rule will pending proceed
if(node.at=='media' && node.selParent && node.selParent.postArr) {
return node.selParent.postArr.push(node)
}
node.postArr = []
var children = node.children
var isGroup = node.type == 'group'
if (atomGroupRule(node)) store = store || []
if (isGroup) {
// if it's not @page, @keyframes (which is not groupRule in fact)
if (!atomGroupRule(node)) {
var reAdd = 'omGroup' in node
node.omGroup = addCSSRule(sheet, sugar(node.groupText).replace(/([0-9.]+)\s*\)/g, '$1px)'), '').pop() || null
// when add media rule failed, build test function then check on window.resize
if (node.at == 'media' && !reAdd && !node.omGroup) {
// build test function from @media rule
var mediaTest = new Function(
'return ' + sugar(node.groupText)
.replace(/@media\s*/i, '')
.replace(/min-width:/ig, '>=')
.replace(/max-width:/ig, '<=')
.replace(/(px)?\s*\)/ig, ')')
.replace(/\s+and\s+/ig, '&&')
.replace(/,/g, '||')
.replace(/\(/g, '(document.documentElement.offsetWidth')
)
try {
// first test if it's valid function
mediaTest()
node.mediaTest = mediaTest
node.mediaEnabled = mediaTest()
mediaStore.push(node)
} catch(e) {}
}
}
}
var selText = node.selText
var cssText = getBodyCss(node.prop)
// it's normal css rule
if (cssText) {
if (!atomGroupRule(node)) {
addNormalRule(node, selText, cssText, node.selTextPart)
}
store && store.push(selText ? selText + ' {' + cssText + '}' : cssText)
}
for (var c in children) {
// empty key will pending proceed
if (c === '') node.postArr.push(children[c])
else walk(children[c], store)
}
if (isGroup) {
// if it's @page, @keyframes
if (atomGroupRule(node) && validParent(node)) {
addNormalRule(node, node.groupText, store.join(''))
store = null
}
}
// media rules need a stand alone block
var postArr = node.postArr
delete node.postArr
postArr.map(function (v) {
walk(v, store)
})
}
return function (result) {
result.cssdom = dom
if (!result.diff) {
// it's first time render
walk(result.root)
} else {
// it's not first time, patch the diff result to CSSOM
var diff = result.diff
// node added
if (diff.added) diff.added.forEach(function (node) {
walk(node)
})
// node removed
if (diff.removed) diff.removed.forEach(function (node) {
// also remove all child group & sel
node.selChild && node.selChild.forEach(removeNode)
removeNode(node)
})
// node changed, find which part should be patched
if (diff.changed) diff.changed.forEach(function (node) {
var om = node.omRule
var diff = node.diff
if (!om) om = addNormalRule(node, node.selText, getBodyCss(node.prop), node.selTextPart)
// added have same action as changed, can be merged... just for clarity
diff.added && diff.added.forEach(function (v) {
var prefixV = prefixProp(v)
om && om.forEach(function (rule) {
try{
rule.style[prefixV] = node.prop[v][0]
}catch(e){}
})
})
diff.changed && diff.changed.forEach(function (v) {
var prefixV = prefixProp(v)
om && om.forEach(function (rule) {
try{
rule.style[prefixV] = node.prop[v][0]
}catch(e){}
})
})
diff.removed && diff.removed.forEach(function (v) {
var prefixV = prefixProp(v)
om && om.forEach(function (rule) {
rule.style.removeProperty
? rule.style.removeProperty(prefixV)
: rule.style.removeAttribute(prefixV)
})
})
})
}
return result
}
}
var reClass$1 = /:global\s*\(((?:\s*\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]+\s*)+)\)|(\.)([!A-Za-z0-9_-]+)/g
function cssobj_plugin_selector_localize(prefix, localNames) {
prefix = prefix!=='' ? prefix || random() : ''
localNames = localNames || {}
var replacer = function (match, global, dot, name) {
if (global) {
return global
}
if (name[0] === '!') {
return dot + name.substr(1)
}
return dot + (name in localNames
? localNames[name]
: prefix + name)
}
var mapSel = function(str, isClassList) {
return str.replace(reClass$1, replacer)
}
var mapClass = function(str) {
return mapSel((' '+str).replace(/\s+\.?/g, '.')).replace(/\./g, ' ')
}
return function localizeName (sel, node, result) {
// don't touch at rule's selText
// it's copied from parent, which already localized
if(node.at) return sel
if(!result.mapSel) result.mapSel = mapSel, result.mapClass = mapClass
return mapSel(sel)
}
}
function cssobj(obj, option, initData) {
option = option||{}
option.plugins = option.plugins||{}
var local = option.local
option.local = !local
? {prefix:''}
: local && typeof local==='object' ? local : {}
arrayKV(option.plugins, 'post', cssobj_plugin_post_cssom(option.cssom))
arrayKV(option.plugins, 'selector', cssobj_plugin_selector_localize(option.local.prefix, option.local.localNames))
return cssobj$1(option)(obj, initData)
}
return cssobj;
}); | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Media Center
Welcome to the Turner Creek Media Center
Everyone at Turner Creek is welcome at the TCE Media Center. Through our varied collection of over 13,000 items we try to meet the needs and interests of readers of all levels. Our aim is to develop and nurture life-long learners through exposure to a wide variety of literature, print and online resources. We teach information literacy skills that help our students enjoy reading, as well as skills to better access, utilize, and evaluate information sources.
Schedule
The Media Center is open for student checkout from 8:45 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. on school days. We operate on a flexible schedule which allows students to visit the library as often as needed to meet their reading needs. Students in grades 3 -5 may come to the Media Center for book checkout individually, in small groups, or as a class during the school day, depending on teacher discretion.Students in kindergarten, first and second grade visit the Media Center one day a week for checkout. Students also come to the Media Center for collaboratively planned, curriculum-related media lessons. Kindergarten and first grade students visit us as a whole class on a weekly schedule.
Lending Policies
Circulation policies depend on the age of the student. Kindergarten is allowed to check out one book at each visit. First and Second Graders are allowed to have two books at a time. Third through Fifth graders are allowed to have three books/magazines for independent reading, with additional checkouts allowed for research/class projects. We do not charge overdue fines, but we ask that students return books as soon as they are finished. If books get lost or damaged families will need to pay replacement costs – please help us teach your child responsibility by returning books promptly.
Programs
Battle of the Books
In conjunction with the AIG program we sponsor a Battle of the Books Club for both fourth grade and fifth grade. Battle of the Books challenges students to read great books and then participate in a quiz bowl competition to showcase their knowledge. Working in teams, each student taking part in the Battle makes a long-term commitment to read at least 5 books from a chosen list and then competes in the "battle" in February answering questions about the books. The club will meet during the school day, on a monthly basis. Each month we will hold book discussions on the selected books from the list. Participating students will improve their teamwork and comprehension skills, practice question writing and get the opportunity to read great books! Monthly Book Club discussions are open to ALL fourth graders or fifth graders who have read the titles. This offers an opportunity for students who cannot make the long-term commitment to a Battle Team.
Our Book Fair is scheduled in the late fall. We use a variety of companies that offer high quality children’s books at reasonable prices. This is the major fundraiser for the Media Center collection – at least 25% of all profits come back to the school and are used to buy books and materials to build our collection. The PTA helps us run the Fair, and provides volunteers.
Media Helpers
Media Helpers is a student job open to fifth and fourth grade students. Media Helpers work during our busy morning checkout time, assisting students with finding books and helping man the Circulation Desk. It is a fun job, and a great way to improve understanding and use of a library.
Volunteer Opportunities
We have MANY volunteer opportunities in the Media Center – from shelving books and assisting students, to processing new books and repairing damaged ones. We also depend on many volunteers to run our Book Fair in the fall. Whether you have a little or a lot of time to share, please contact us if you are interested in volunteering. Thanks. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Finding out the accuracy of the current probe's measurement
As part of power supply testing we are measuring the current profiles of various regulators.
Startup profiles includes current bursts with different current amplitudes and widths.
i want to understand the accuracy of the current probe*(MINIMUM CURRENT WHICH CAN BE MEASURED ACCURATELY UPTO 1% to 3%)* in measuring currents.
For example in my case,
I have TCP0030A current probe from Tek-
it has 2 ranges 5A and 30A.
1. whether in both ranges the accuracy differs or same
It has different specifications like
DC gain accuracy <3%(1% typical) - i am not sure what is this exactly?
Displayed RMS noise <75uArms
1mA sensitivity- Is this directly relates to Minimum current can be measured with this probe
If i want to find the accuracy of the measurement, how i can derive error from all above error sources.
A:
The sensitivity (1 mA) is the smallest current that can be consistently sensed by the instrument, i.e. it is guaranteed that you will get some reading with anything above 1 mA.
The gain accuracy tells you your measurement accuracy as a percentage of the measurement itself, so if you are sensing 1 A you can expect +-3%, typically +-1%.
The figures above are true for a properly calibrated, degaussed, warmed up and auto zeroed probe.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
About a year ago I stopped making regular updates to this blog to concentrate on my Namnesia Antidote blog. While that is an ongoing effort, I am starting what should be about a year long effort to revitalize the concept of a "This Day in History" blog. I have decided to leave this blog intact and as-is, using a new "This Day in History 2.0" blog for my expanded and full version. Please feel free to email with your ideas. The two tables below should allow you to find a posting for the "Day in History" you wish to research.
Saturday, July 07, 2007
July 7......
July 7 is the 188th (189th in leap years) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 177 days remaining in the year on this date.
The terms 7th July, July 7th, and 7/7 (pronounced "Seven-seven") have been widely used in the Western media as a shorthand for the 7 July 2005 bombings on London's transport system.
Best Liberal Quote of the Day: On Patriot Act "For the first time in our history, American citizens have been seized by the executive branch of government and put in prison without being charged with a crime, without having the right to a trial, without being able to see a lawyer, and without even being able to contact their families." — Al Gore
Stupidest Quote from the Right for the Day: On Gynephobia "I prefer to call the most obnoxious feminists what they really are: feminazis . . . . I often use it to describe women who are obsessed with perpetuating a modern-day holocaust: abortion." — Rush "I must be sedated" Limbaugh
Dumbest Thing Said for the Day: On Politics "I think we're on the road to coming to answers that I don't think any of us in total feel we have the answers to." — Kim Anderson, mayor of Naples, Florida
Thought for the day: "Bachelor's wives and spinster's children are always perfect."
{Disclaimer: I have attempted to give credit to the many different sources that I get entries. Any failure to do so is unintentional. Any statement enclosed by brackets like these are the opinion of the blogger, A Proud Liberal.}
NASA ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY
Infrared Trifid
Credit: J. Rho (SSC/Caltech), JPL-Caltech, NASAClick picture to go to NASA APOD site for full explanation
EVENTS
● 175 - Commodus is proclaimed emperor in Rome.
● 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death. {Thus showing the most obvious flaw in the death penalty, there is NO hope for the wrongfully executed.}
● 1534 - European colonization of the Americas: First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
● 1540 - Spanish storm Hawikuh (Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico). Francisco Vasquez de Coronado believes it one of the Seven Cities of Gold; first skirmish between Indians and Europeans in what is now western U.S.
● 1844 - Irish Catholics and Philadelphia Nativist Protestants stage a cannon battle at the Church of St. Philip de Neri. Thirteen killed.
● 1846 - Mexican-American War: American troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California.
● 1851 - Birth of Charles A. Tindley, African-American Methodist preacher and song writer. His most enduring gospel hymns include 'Stand By Me,' 'Nothing Between,' 'Leave It There' and 'By and By.'
● 1862 - Land Grant Act endows state colleges with federal land
● 1862 - The first railroad post office was tested on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad in Missouri.
● 1863 - United States begins first military draft; exemptions cost $100 {This was the true cause of the riots depicted in the movie, "The Gangs of New York."}
● 1865 - Four Lincoln assassination conspirators, including Mary Surratt, hanged. Surratt is the first woman hanged in the U.S. Women hung previously were in the colonies before the creation of the country.
● 1867 - C H F Peters discovers asteroid #92 Undina
● 1883 - Chief Moses of the Sinkiuses (Chelan tribe) forced to move from their Columbia River reservation to the Colville reservation; the former is "restored to public domain."
● 1885 - G. Moore Peters patented the cartridge-loading machine.
● 1890 - Birth of Marius Paul Metge, French anarchist, individualist, and illegaliste, a member of the Bonnot Gang.
● 1891 - Travelers cheque patented
● 1898 - History of United States overseas expansion: President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
● 1903 - "March of the Mill Children" begins. Labor organizer Mary Harris ("Mother") Jones leads the "March of the Mill Children" from Philadelphia to Pres. Theodore Roosevelt's summer home in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York (over 100 miles) to publicize the harsh conditions of child labor and to demand a 55 hour work week. It is during this march, on about the 24th, she delivers her famed "The Wail of the Children" speech. Roosevelt refuses to see them.
● 1904 - A Charlois discovers asteroid #537 Pauly
● 1905 - 127° F (53° C), Parker, Arizona (state record)
● 1906 - Satchel Paige, the pitching star of Negro League and major-league baseball, was born.
● 1946 - Italian-American educator, Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917) became the first American citizen to be made a saint in the Catholic Church. She arrived in the U.S. in 1889, and was naturalized in 1909.
● 1958 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law.
● 1959 - 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event was used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.
● 1959 - English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'I "believed" theoretically in the divine forgiveness for years before it really came home to me. It is a wonderful thing when it does.'
● 1960 - USSR shoots down a US aircraft over Barents sea
● 1963 - Seven perish as a disabled Marine jet crashes into a day camp near Willow Grove, Penn. The pilot parachuted to safety.
● 1967 - Beginning of the civil war in Biafra.
● 1969 - In Canada, the Official Languages Act is adopted making the French language equal to the English language throughout the Federal government.
● 1969 - In Fayette, Charles Ever sworn in as first black mayor of bi-racial town in Mississippi since Reconstruction.
● 1969 - Brian Jones died of 'drink and drugs'; Former Rolling Stones guitarist, Brian Jones, drowned after taking a cocktail of drink and drugs, an inquest is told.
● 1970 - England - Army recruiting office in South London and the Officer Training Centre in Holborn are firebombed.
● 1973 - 78 drown as flash flood sweeps a bus into a river (India)
● 1976 - British grandmother missing in Uganda; Ugandan authorities deny knowledge of the whereabouts of missing British-Israeli citizen Dora Bloch. {She was ill passenger on hijacked airliner "taken" to hospital never to seen or heard from again..}
● 1981 - U.S. President Reagan announced he was nominating Arizona Judge Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. {She is pleasant surprise on the court turning out to be a moderate.}
● 1983 - Eleven-year-old Samantha Smith of Manchester, Maine, left for a visit to the Soviet Union at the personal invitation of Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov.
● 1984 - 5 die in a train crash in Williston Vt
● 1986 - Supreme Court struck down Gramm-Rudman deficit-reduction law
● 1987 - Kiwanis Clubs end men-only tradition, vote to admit women
● 1987 - Lt. Col. Oliver North began his public testimony at the Iran-Contra hearing, telling Congress that he had "never carried out a single act, not one" without authorization. His later proud admission of lying to Congress would form the basis of his subsequent career as a politician, pundit, and hero among right wing "moral" zealots {zeroes}.
● 1988 - The first of many syringes, blood vials and other hospital souvenirs -- some contaminated with the AIDS virus -- washes ashore on Long Island, forcing the closing of miles of beaches in the midst of the worst East Coast heat wave of the decade. Officials downplay the risk to bathers, pointing out that these items make up only a small percentage of beach debris.
● 1991 - Yugoslav Wars: Brioni Agreement ended ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
● 1993 - Singer Mia Zapata, 27, a member of the Seattle band The Gits, is strangled while walking home in the late evening from a Seattle pub. Her unsolved murder spurs local musicians and feminists to found the self-defense collective "Home Alive." Ten years later, DNA evidence would lead police to arrest a homeless drifter in connection with her murder.
● 1994 - Aden is occupied by troops from North Yemen, completing the reunification of Yemen.
● 1998 - Puerto Rico - Half a million people participate when a general strike called by over 60 trade unions and a large number of civic, religious, student, and cultural organizations, against privatization. Largest ever protest in Puerto Rico. Strike brings the country, er, American colony to a halt.
● 1998 - Two anti-racist skinheads killed in Las Vegas.
● 1999 - In Sierra Leone, President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and rebel leader Foday Sankoh signed a pact to end the nation's civil war.
● 1999 - A jury in Miami held cigarette makers liable for making a defective product that causes emphysema, lung cancer and other illnesses.
● 2001 - Two stabbed in Bradford race riots; Two people are stabbed and many more injured in running battles between white and Asian gangs in Bradford.
● 2002 - A scandal broke out in the United Kingdom when news reports alleged MI6 of sheltering Abu Qatada, the supposed European Al Qaeda leader.
● 2006 - Syd Barrett, British musician, co-founder and former member of Pink Floyd (b. 1946)
HOLIDAYS AND OBSERVANCES
● Roman Catholic:● St. Ampelius of Milan● St. Angelelmus of Auxerre● St. Apollonius of Brescia● St. Astius● St. Benedict XI, Pope● St. Bonitus● St. Bonitus of Monte Cassino● Sts. Claudius, Nicostratus & Companions● St. Ercongota of Faremoutiers● St. Ethelburga of Faremoutiers● St. Felix of Nantes● St. Hedda of Winchester● St. Humphrey Lawrence● St. Illidius of Clermont● St. Laurence Humphrey● St. Maolruain of Tallaght● Sts. Medran & Odran● St. Merryn● St. Odo of Urgell● St. Palladius of Ireland● St. Pantaenus of Alexandria● St. Peregrinus, Lucian, Pompeius, & Companions● Sts. Roger Dickenson and Ralph Milner● St. Sethrida● Bl. Lawrence Humphrey● Bl. Ralph Milner
● Russian Orthodox Christian Menaion Calendar for June 25 (Civil Date: July 7)● Virgin Martyr Febronia of Nisibis.● Prince and Princess Febronia (tonsured David and Euphrosyne), Wonderworkers of Murom.● Virgin Martyrs Leonis, Libye, and Eutropia of Syria.● St. Symeon of Sinai.● Saints Dionysius and Dometius of the Monastery of the Forerunner on Mt. Athos.● New-Martyr Procopius of Mt. Athos. who suffered at Smyrna.● New-Martyr George of Attalia.● Repose of Hiero-deacon Serapion (1859) and Schema-archimandrite Heliodorus of Glinsk Hermitage (1879).
● Old Catholic: St. Methodius (Cyril), devised Cyrillic alphabet
● Orthodox Church:● Nativity of St John the Forerunner (6/24 OS)● St. Job of Maniava
No comments:
WELCOME
About Me
Life long Liberal. Actually saw JFK on campaign trail. Defining moment of my life was the assassination of JFK. First presidential election I participated in was knocking on doors for McGovern, have been tilting at windmills ever since. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
428 Pa. Superior Ct. 413 (1993)
631 A.2d 597
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee,
v.
David Allen SATTAZAHN, Appellant.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Submitted September 11, 1992.
Filed July 30, 1993.
Reargument Denied October 6, 1993.
*418 John Elder, Reading, for appellant.
*419 Carolyn Lanzillo, Asst. Dist. Atty., Reading, for Com., appellee.
Before ROWLEY, President Judge, and WIEAND and HUDOCK, JJ.
PER CURIAM:
David Allen Sattazahn was tried by jury and was found guilty of murder of the first degree, robbery, aggravated assault (two counts), possession of an instrument of crime, carrying a firearm without a license, and several conspiracies in connection with the robbing and killing of the manager of a family restaurant in Berks County.[1] Post-trial motions were denied, and Appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment for first degree murder. He was also sentenced to serve consecutive terms of imprisonment of not less than five (5) years nor more than ten (10) years for robbery, not less than five (5) years nor more than ten (10) years for conspiracy to commit robbery, not less than one (1) year nor more than two (2) years for possessing instruments of crime, and not less than one (1) year nor more than two (2) years for carrying a firearm without a license.[2] On direct appeal from the judgment of sentence, Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions for first degree murder, conspiracy to commit third degree murder, conspiracy to commit aggravated assault and carrying a firearm without a license. He contends also that a new trial should be granted because of (1) prosecutorial misconduct; (2) improper evidence pertaining to the Commonwealth's plea agreement with Appellant's co-conspirator; and (3) erroneous jury instructions.
In evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, which has won the verdict. We then determine whether the evidence is sufficient to permit a jury *420 to determine that each and every element of the crimes charged was established beyond a reasonable doubt. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 523 Pa. 577, 581, 568 A.2d 600, 602 (1989); Commonwealth v. Hardcastle, 519 Pa. 236, 246, 546 A.2d 1101, 1105 (1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1093, 110 S.Ct. 1169, 107 L.Ed.2d 1072 (1990). It is the function of the jury to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses and to determine the weight to be accorded the evidence produced. The jury is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence introduced at trial. See Commonwealth v. Rose, 463 Pa. 264, 268, 344 A.2d 824, 826 (1975); Commonwealth v. Verdekal, 351 Pa.Super. 412, 419-420, 506 A.2d 415, 419 (1986). The facts and circumstances established at trial "need not be absolutely incompatible with [the] defendant's innocence, but the question of any doubt is for the jury unless the evidence `be so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.'" Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 472 Pa. 129, 150, 371 A.2d 468, 478 (1977), (quoting Commonwealth v. Libonati, 346 Pa. 504, 508, 31 A.2d 95, 97 (1943)).
The evidence at Appellant's trial established that on Palm Sunday, April 12, 1987, at or about 11:00 p.m., Richard Boyer, the manager of the Heidelberg Family Restaurant, had closed the restaurant and was walking to his car, carrying the day's receipts in a bank deposit bag, when Appellant and Jeffrey Scott Hammer emerged from a wooded area behind the restaurant, where they had been lying in wait, and demanded that Boyer surrender the bank deposit bag. Boyer initially raised his hands and attempted to throw the bag in the direction of the restaurant building. Appellant then told Boyer to retrieve the bag and to bring it to him. In response to Appellant's demand, Boyer walked over and retrieved the bag. However, he again threw the bag in the direction of the restaurant and began to run away. When Boyer fled, both Appellant and Hammer fired their guns in his direction. Hammer, who was carrying a .41 caliber Magnum revolver, fired once over Boyer's head. Appellant, however, fired his.22 caliber Ruger, semi-automatic pistol five times, striking *421 Boyer twice in the lower back and once in the left shoulder, the lower portion of his face and the back of the head. Appellant retrieved the bank deposit bag, and he and Hammer fled the scene. Boyer's body was discovered early the next morning by a waitress when she arrived for work. He had died as a result of gunshot wounds.
More than two years later, on July 12, 1989, while being questioned by police, Jeffrey Hammer gave a statement which implicated himself and Appellant in the robbery and shooting of Richard Boyer. According to Hammer, he and Appellant had been planning the robbery for sometime and had, on four or five weekends prior to the robbery, gone to the restaurant to observe the movements of the manager. On the night of the robbery, Hammer and Appellant went to an abandoned factory, where they had been storing guns, and then drove on railroad tracks in a 3-wheeler, all terrain vehicle to a location near the restaurant. Hammer told police that when he fired at Richard Boyer, he intended to shoot over Boyer's head as a warning. Hammer said that his and Appellant's plan had been only to commit a robbery and that they had not intended to commit a murder. After the robbery and shooting of Boyer, Hammer said, he and Appellant had run to their vehicle and returned to the abandoned factory via the railroad tracks. Along the way, they lost the black duffel bag in which they had placed their guns. The bag, which was lying along the railroad tracks in the vicinity of the abandoned factory, was subsequently found by two brothers. The guns were turned over to police on July 13, 1989, after the police had conducted a search of the factory based upon information provided to them by Jeffrey Hammer. The .22 caliber gun used to kill Boyer had been purchased by Appellant and had been registered in his name.
To prove murder of the first degree, it was necessary for the Commonwealth to prove that Appellant willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation had killed Richard Boyer. See Commonwealth v. McNair, 529 Pa. 368, 373, 603 A.2d 1014, 1017 (1992); Commonwealth v. Lee, 401 Pa.Super. 591, 602, 585 A.2d 1084, 1089 (1991). "A criminal homicide constitutes *422 murder of the first degree when it is committed by an intentional killing." 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a). See Commonwealth v. Chester, 526 Pa. 578, 589, 587 A.2d 1367, 1372 (1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, and ___, 112 S.Ct. 152 and 422, 116 L.Ed.2d 117 and 442 (1992); Commonwealth v. Carbone, 524 Pa. 551, 560, 574 A.2d 584, 588 (1990). It is the element of a specific intent to kill which distinguishes first degree murder from all other grades of homicide. See Commonwealth v. Holzer, 480 Pa. 93, 98, 389 A.2d 101, 104 (1978); Commonwealth v. Moore, 473 Pa. 169, 174, 373 A.2d 1101, 1104 (1977).
The case law in Pennsylvania has "consistently held that the requirement of premeditation and deliberation is met whenever there is a conscious purpose to bring about death." Commonwealth v. O'Searo, 466 Pa. 224, 239-240, 352 A.2d 30, 37 (1976). See Commonwealth v. Jones, 355 Pa. 522, 525-526, 50 A.2d 317, 319 (1947). The cases further hold that the specific intent to kill "can be formulated in a fraction of a second." Commonwealth v. O'Searo, supra 466 Pa. at 240, 352 A.2d at 37-38 (footnote omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Thornton, 494 Pa. 260, 267, 431 A.2d 248, 252 (1981); Commonwealth v. Chimenti, 362 Pa.Super. 350, 383, 524 A.2d 913, 929 (1987). A specific intent to kill can be inferred from the circumstances surrounding an unlawful killing. See Commonwealth v. Bundy, 458 Pa. 240, 244, 328 A.2d 517, 519 (1974); Commonwealth v. Jones, 391 Pa.Super. 292, 305, 570 A.2d 1338, 1345 (1990). Because a person generally intends the consequences of his act, a specific intent to kill may be inferred from the fact that the accused used a deadly weapon to inflict injury to a vital part of the victim's body. Commonwealth v. O'Searo, supra 466 Pa. at 236-239, 352 A.2d at 36-37. See also Commonwealth v. McCullum, 529 Pa. 117, 137, 602 A.2d 313, 323 (1992); Commonwealth v. Duffey, 519 Pa. 348, 357, 548 A.2d 1178, 1182 (1988); Commonwealth v. Terry, 513 Pa. 381, 409, 521 A.2d 398, 412 (1987), cert. denied, 482 U.S. 920, 107 S.Ct. 3198, 96 L.Ed.2d 685 (1987); Commonwealth v. Bishop, 489 Pa. 96, 106, 413 A.2d 1031, 1035-1036 (1980).
*423 Instantly, the evidence suggests that, during the course of committing a robbery, Appellant became irritated when the victim failed to comply with his directions. When the victim also attempted to flee, Appellant fired five gunshots into vital areas of the victim's body, causing death. Although Appellant may initially have intended only to rob the victim, his subsequent actions, when the victim failed to cooperate, were of a type sufficient to permit an inference that Appellant had formed an intent to kill his victim and had acted upon that intention, thereby causing the victim's demise. As such, Appellant's conviction for a willful and deliberate killing was supported by competent evidence.
We are constrained to agree, however, that the Commonwealth failed to prove Appellant's guilt of conspiring to commit the crimes of third degree murder and aggravated assault. The crime of criminal conspiracy is defined by statute as follows:
(a) Definition of conspiracy. A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its commission he:
(1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime; or
(2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime.
18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a). "The essence of a criminal conspiracy is a common understanding, no matter how it came into being, that a particular criminal objective be accomplished." Commonwealth v. Keefer, 338 Pa.Super. 184, 190, 487 A.2d 915, 918 (1985). See also Commonwealth v. Derr, 501 Pa. 446, 462 A.2d 208 (1983); Commonwealth v. French, 396 Pa.Super. 436, 440, 578 A.2d 1292, 1294 (1990), aff'd., 531 Pa. 42, 611 A.2d 175 (1992). Therefore, a conviction for conspiracy requires proof of the existence of a shared criminal intent. Commonwealth *424 v. Schomaker, 501 Pa. 404, 409-410, 461 A.2d 1220, 1222-1223 (1983); Commonwealth v. Horner, 497 Pa. 565, 570, 442 A.2d 682, 684 (1982).
Appellant was charged by criminal information with conspiracies to commit third degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault based upon an alleged agreement with Jeffrey Hammer to maliciously kill the victim, to inflict serious bodily injury upon the victim by shooting him with a handgun, and to cause bodily injury to the victim with a deadly weapon, to-wit, a handgun. At trial, however, Jeffrey Hammer, the alleged co-conspirator, testified that he and Appellant had agreed to commit a robbery, but had not planned to kill the victim. Hammer said that he and Appellant had carried guns only for the purpose of intimidating their victim. Although acknowledging that he had fired a shot over the victim's head, Hammer explained that it had been intended as a warning shot. He denied that there had been any agreement at any time to kill the manager. Their plan, rather, had been to handcuff him and put him in the back of his truck.
There was no other evidence suggesting a different agreement. The evidence, therefore, established only that Appellant had conspired with Hammer to commit the crime of robbery. There was no evidence that Hammer had ever been party to an agreement with Appellant to shoot the robbery victim or otherwise cause serious bodily injury or death. Rather, the evidence was that Appellant had formed a separate intent to shoot and kill the victim only after the victim had failed to comply with Appellant's directives. It follows that Appellant's convictions for conspiracy to commit third degree murder and on two counts of conspiracy to commit aggravated assault, as charged, were unsupported by competent evidence.
Moreover, even if there was evidence suggesting that Appellant and Hammer had agreed to commit several offenses, it is provided at 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(c) that "[i]f a person conspires to commit a number of crimes, he is guilty of only one conspiracy so long as such multiple crimes are the object *425 of the same agreement or continuous conspiratorial relationship." Instantly, the Commonwealth did not prove that there were separate and distinct agreements between Hammer and Appellant to commit the crimes of murder, robbery and aggravated assault. Rather, the evidence demonstrated that there was a single agreement to commit a robbery and that the shooting death of Richard Boyer occurred during the continuation of that initial conspiratorial relationship between Appellant and Hammer. Therefore, under the evidence, Appellant could properly be convicted of only a single count of criminal conspiracy.[3]
Appellant has also challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction for carrying a firearm without a license. This offense is defined by statute as follows:
(a) Offense defined. No person shall carry a firearm in any vehicle or concealed on or about his person, except in his place of abode or fixed place of business, without a license therefor as provided in this subchapter.
18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a). Here, the evidence was clearly sufficient to establish that Appellant and Hammer had transported their weapons in an all terrain vehicle to and from the scene of their crime and that they had concealed the weapons on their persons while waiting for the victim to close the restaurant and leave with the day's receipts. The evidence also established that Appellant did not have a valid license to carry firearms or a valid provisional firearm registration permit. The evidence, therefore, was sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant had unlawfully carried a firearm without a license.
At the request of the Commonwealth, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
In the trial of a person for committing a crime of violence, and a crime of violence is defined in the law as a murder, robbery or aggravated assault, if you are satisfied, you, the *426 jury, are satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was armed with a firearm, as I have defined it, he used or attempted to use this firearm and had no license to carry the same, this shall be evidence of his intention to commit said crimes of violence.
Appellant contends that this instruction violated his right to due process under both the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions in that there is no rational basis for inferring an intent to commit a crime of violence from the absence of a license to carry a firearm. We are, therefore, called upon to construe the statute in question which reads:
§ 6104. Evidence of intent
In the trial of a person for committing or attempting to commit a crime of violence, the fact that he was armed with a firearm, used or attempted to be used, and had no license to carry the same, shall be evidence of his intention to commit said crime of violence.[4]
18 Pa.C.S. § 6104. The jury instruction was based upon the language contained in Section 6104.
In construing a legislative enactment, we must consider, among other things, the following principles of statutory construction:
(a) The object of all interpretation and construction of statutes is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the General Assembly. Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.
(b) When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.
*427 (c) When the words of the statute are not explicit, the intention of the General Assembly may be ascertained by considering, among other matters:
* * * * * *
(6) The consequences of a particular interpretation.
1 Pa.C.S. § 1921. We are also guided by certain presumptions in ascertaining legislative intent:
In ascertaining the intention of the General Assembly in the enactment of a statute the following presumptions, among others, may be used:
* * * * * *
(3) That the General Assembly does not intend to violate the Constitution of the United States or of this Commonwealth.
1 Pa.C.S. § 1922.
The phrase "shall be evidence of his intention to commit said crime of violence" is, on its face, unclear regarding whether the presumption favored by the statute is mandatory or permissive. This is the crux of Appellant's argument. We have found no case in which a court attempted to use the statute as a basis for a jury instruction. Our research also has failed to disclose any real attempt by an appellate court to come to grips with and interpret the statute.
Criminal intent, as a general rule, is an essential element of a crime charged. In the Interest of G.T., 409 Pa.Super. 15, 19, 597 A.2d 638, 640 (1991); Commonwealth v. Hogan, 321 Pa.Super. 309, 313, 468 A.2d 493, 495 (1983). It must be proved by the Commonwealth beyond a reasonable doubt. Although the legislature, by statute, may create inferences and presumptions, the facts proved must bear a rational relationship to the fact to be inferred. If they do not, the statutory inference or presumption cannot stand.
With respect to the validity of statutory presumptions, the United States Supreme Court has observed:
[A] statutory presumption cannot be sustained if there be no rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate *428 fact presumed, if the inference of the one from proof of the other is arbitrary because of lack of connection between the two in common experience. This is not to say that a valid presumption may not be created upon a view of relation broader than that a jury might take in a specific case. But where the inference is so strained as not to have a reasonable relation to the circumstances of life as we know them it is not competent for the legislature to create it as a rule governing the procedure of the courts.
Tot v. United States, 319 U.S. 463, 467-468, 63 S.Ct. 1241, 1245, 87 L.Ed. 1519, 1524 (1943) (footnotes omitted). See also Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 33-34, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 1546-1547, 23 L.Ed.2d 57, 80 (1969); Commonwealth v. DiFrancesco, 458 Pa. 188, 194-195, 329 A.2d 204, 208 (1974). "If the inference the jury is allowed to draw from the facts proven by the Commonwealth is arbitrary, because of a lack of connection between the two, due process is fatally lacking." Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91, 109, 288 A.2d 727, 737 (1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 867, 93 S.Ct. 164, 34 L.Ed.2d 116 (1972). See also Commonwealth v. McFarland, 452 Pa. 435, 439, 308 A.2d 592, 594 (1973); Commonwealth v. Burke, 229 Pa.Super. 176, 179, 324 A.2d 525, 526 (1974). Therefore,
a criminal statutory presumption must be regarded as "irrational" or "arbitrary," and hence unconstitutional, unless it can at least be said with substantial assurance that the presumed fact is more likely than not to flow from the proved fact on which it is made to depend. And in the judicial assessment the [legislative] determination favoring the particular presumption must, of course, weigh heavily.
Leary v. United States, supra 395 U.S. at 36, 89 S.Ct. at 1548, 23 L.Ed.2d at 82.[5]See also Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. *429 398, 90 S.Ct. 642, 24 L.Ed.2d 610 (1970); Commonwealth v. Owens, 441 Pa. 318, 271 A.2d 230 (1970) (plurality opinion).
In Commonwealth v. Bonomo, 396 Pa. 222, 151 A.2d 441 (1959), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated:
Since [the presumption of innocence] is with the defendant not only at the beginning of the trial but throughout all its stages, and even while the jury is considering its verdict, it is obvious that no contrary presumption can be indulged. Hence it has been said that all presumptions independent of evidence are in favor of innocence. Watkins v. Prudential Insurance Co., 315 Pa. 497, 173 A. 644, 95 A.L.R. 869. It is the law that in a criminal case, unlike a civil case, no binding instruction may be given in favor of the prosecution. This is true whether the evidence upon which the prosecution rests is oral or documentary and is equally true no matter how strong the proof proffered by the prosecution may be. It is because of this never-shifting burden upon the Commonwealth to prove every essential element of the charge it makes against the defendant that it cannot logically be said that the Commonwealth has the burden to prove the presence of such element while the defendant, at the same time, has the burden of proving its absence.
Id. at 229-230, 151 A.2d at 445-446. In keeping therewith, the Supreme Court has "held that, `virtually all so-called "criminal presumptions" are really no more than permissible inferences.'" Commonwealth v. Mason, 483 Pa. 409, 413, 397 A.2d 408, 411 (1979), (quoting Commonwealth v. DiFrancesco, supra 458 Pa. at 193 n. 3, 329 A.2d at 208 n. 3). When dealing with a statutory presumption, "where the presumed fact comprises an element of the crime charged, the inference authorized by a presumption can never be compelled by the court." Commonwealth v. DiFrancesco, supra. The due process clause, therefore, prevents a court from giving the Commonwealth the benefit of an instruction which, on the basis of a presumption, has the effect of relieving the prosecution from *430 its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt all of the elements of the crimes charged. See Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985); Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979).
The trial court in the instant case interpreted the statute in such a manner as to relieve the Commonwealth from its burden of proving by evidence that Appellant acted with intent to commit the crimes of murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. It told the jury, in effect, that if it believed Appellant had had in his possession and had used an unlicensed firearm, this fact alone "shall be evidence of his intention to commit said crimes of violence." This, we are constrained to agree with Appellant, was improper. In effect, the trial court, by reading the language of the statute without any qualifying language, let the jury believe that the presumption created by the statute was a conclusive presumption. In examining jury instructions, it is important to look at the charge as a whole and not base a decision on isolated excerpts. Commonwealth v. Prosdocimo, 525 Pa. 147, 578 A.2d 1273 (1990). We have examined the entire jury charge and find that in three other places the trial court gave instructions involving the use of presumptions. The following is but one example of the language chosen by the court:
When deciding whether the defendant had the specific intent to kill you should consider all the evidence regarding his words and conduct and the attending circumstances that may show his state of mind. Additionally, if you believe that the defendant intentionally used a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim's body, you may regard that as an item of circumstantial evidence from which you may, if you choose, infer that the defendant had the specific intent to kill.
(Emphasis added). It is clear from this excerpt that the trial court gave an instruction regarding the presumption of intent to kill from the use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim's body. In this instruction, the court qualified the presumption language by stating that the jury may infer if it chose, but that it did not have to follow the presumption. No *431 such qualifying language appears in that part of the jury instruction regarding § 6104 quoted infra. Use of this language would have properly informed the jury that the presumption created by § 6104 was permissive rather than conclusive. It is reasonable to find that the jury, therefore, understood the court's instruction as one calling for a mandatory presumption, which is impermissible.
The trial court's error in fashioning a jury instruction according to the language of the statute without qualification was not harmless. The instruction permitted the jury to find that Appellant intended to commit an intentional killing, i.e., murder of the first degree, as well as robbery and aggravated assault, merely because the gun, which he had in his possession and which he used, was unlicensed. To find otherwise would be to suggest that the legislature intended to create a statute which flies in the face of the United States and Pennsylvania State Constitutions for use of conclusive presumptions. Commonwealth v. DiFrancesco, supra; Sandstrom v. Montana, supra. We cannot find that the legislature would intend that result. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(3). To remedy this error a new trial is required.[6]
*432 We find no merit in Appellant's remaining arguments. The decision to grant or deny a motion for mistrial is within the sound discretion of the trial court. A mistrial is necessary only when an incident upon which a motion for mistrial is based is of such a nature as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Commonwealth v. Crawley, 514 Pa. 539, 554, 526 A.2d 334, 342 (1987). See also Commonwealth v. Chestnut, 511 Pa. 169, 176, 512 A.2d 603, 606 (1986); Commonwealth v. Hernandez, 498 Pa. 405, 415, 446 A.2d 1268, 1273 (1982). "[W]hen prompt curative or cautionary instructions are given by the court, an abuse of discretion [in denying a motion for mistrial] will not readily be found." Commonwealth v. Meadows, 381 Pa.Super. 354, 360, 553 A.2d 1006, 1009 (1989). See also Commonwealth v. Lawson, 519 Pa. 175, 185, 546 A.2d 589, 594 (1988); Commonwealth v. Thomas, 361 Pa.Super. 1, 15, 521 A.2d 442, 449 (1987).
In his opening statement, the prosecuting attorney told the jury:
The testimony will further show in this case that shortly after the murder of Richard Boyer the defendant was overheard threatening Jeffrey Hammer, threatening him for losing the bag and threatening him that if he got caught, he would seek revenge on Jeffrey Hammer. He would kill Jeffrey Hammer, too.
Appellant moved for a mistrial, which the court denied. A cautionary instruction to the jury was then given as follows:
THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, at this time I want to underscore that speeches of counsel are not evidence in this case and that what you will decide this case upon is what the witnesses will say.
I also am going to specifically instruct you at this time that you are to disregard the last remarks of counsel with regard to the alleged substance of any statement that the defendant may have been overheard saying to Mr. Hammer sometime after the alleged offense.
*433 When the statement was made by the prosecuting attorney, the Commonwealth had anticipated calling as a witness one Fritz Wanner, who was to relate a conversation between Appellant and Jeffrey Hammer in which Appellant had implicated himself in the robbery and killing of Richard Boyer. Later in the trial, however, the prosecutor told the court that the witness was refusing to testify because of death threats which had been made against him. The prosecuting attorney, therefore, decided not to call Wanner as a witness. At this point, the defense again moved for a mistrial. This motion was also denied. Appellant contends that the trial court's rulings were erroneous.
A prosecuting attorney's opening statement should be limited to a statement of the facts which he intends to prove at trial and any legitimate inferences which may be drawn from such facts. See Commonwealth v. Duffey, supra, 519 Pa. at 361, 548 A.2d at 1184; Commonwealth v. Fairbanks, 453 Pa. 90, 95, 306 A.2d 866, 868-869 (1973). "Thus, the crucial test is whether there was a reference to evidence absent a good faith and reasonable basis for believing that such evidence in fact was available and would be admissible." Commonwealth v. Farquharson, 467 Pa. 50, 63-64, 354 A.2d 545, 552 (1976). See also Commonwealth v. Jones, 530 Pa. 591, 609, 610 A.2d 931, 938-939 (1992). Moreover, even when remarks made by the prosecutor in his opening statement are improper, the defendant will not be entitled to a mistrial unless the remarks were so prejudicial as to render the jury incapable of returning a fair verdict. See Commonwealth v. Duffey, supra 519 Pa. at 361-362, 548 A.2d at 1184; Commonwealth v. Martin, 461 Pa. 289, 294, 336 A.2d 290, 292 (1975).
At the time of making his opening statement, the prosecuting attorney had no reason to believe that he would be unable to call Fritz Wanner as a witness at Appellant's trial. It was only when it was later discovered that the witness was refusing to testify because of alleged death threats that the decision was made not to call him as a witness. Under these circumstances, there is no merit in the *434 defense argument that the prosecuting attorney was guilty of misconduct. See Commonwealth v. McNair, supra 529 Pa. at 374-375, 603 A.2d at 1017-1018.
During opening argument, the prosecutor had not referred to Wanner by name, but had spoken only of a witness who had overheard a conversation between Appellant and Jeffrey Hammer. The reference was brief and was not of such a nature as to have created prejudice, rendering the jury incapable of returning a fair verdict. When the statement was made to the jury, the court instructed the jury to ignore it. When it later became apparent that the witness would not testify, it was not error for the trial court to deny a renewed motion for mistrial.
Appellant also contends that the trial court should have granted defense motions for mistrial because of two references to prior criminal activity by Appellant. The Superior Court has reviewed the applicable law as follows:
Clear references to prior unrelated criminal conduct by a defendant generally warrant the granting of a defense motion for mistrial, because the commission of one crime is not proof of the commission of another and because the effect of such evidence is to create unfair prejudice against the defendant. Commonwealth v. Morris, 493 Pa. 164, 175, 425 A.2d 715, 720 (1981); Commonwealth v. Riggins, 374 Pa.Super. 243, 251, 542 A.2d 1004, 1008 (1988); Commonwealth v. Thomas, 361 Pa.Super. 1, 14-15, 521 A.2d 442, 449-450 (1987). However, not all references which may indicate prior criminal activity warrant reversal. Mere "passing references" to prior criminal activity will not necessarily require reversal unless the record illustrates definitively that prejudice resulted from the reference. Commonwealth v. Nichols, 485 Pa. 1, 4, 400 A.2d 1281, 1282 (1979); Commonwealth v. Riggins, supra. The nature of the reference and whether the remark was intentionally elicited by the Commonwealth are additional factors to be considered in determining whether a mistrial is necessary. Commonwealth v. Pursell, 508 Pa. 212, 230, 495 A.2d 183, 192 (1985); Commonwealth v. Williams, 470 Pa. 172, 178, 368 A.2d 249, *435 252 (1977). See also: Commonwealth v. Richardson, 496 Pa. 521, 437 A.2d 1162 (1981); Commonwealth v. McEachin, 371 Pa.Super. 188, 537 A.2d 883 (1988); Commonwealth v. Maute, 336 Pa.Super. 394, 485 A.2d 1138 (1984). Moreover, "[a]n immediate curative instruction to the jury may alleviate [the] harm [which would otherwise result] from reference to prior criminal conduct." Commonwealth v. Morris, 513 Pa. 169, 176, 519 A.2d 374, 377 (1986). See also: Commonwealth v. Lawson, 519 Pa. 175, 546 A.2d 589 (1988); Commonwealth v. Fahy, 512 Pa. 298, 516 A.2d 689 (1986); Commonwealth v. Kubiac, 379 Pa.Super. 402, 550 A.2d 219 (1988).
Commonwealth v. Bonace, 391 Pa.Super. 602, 608-609, 571 A.2d 1079, 1082 (1990). See also Commonwealth v. Zook, 532 Pa. 79, 96, 615 A.2d 1, 9-10 (1992); Commonwealth v. Phillips, 398 Pa.Super. 58, 70-71, 580 A.2d 840, 846 (1990).
The first such reference was during the Commonwealth's direct examination of Jeffrey Hammer, when the following occurred:
Q You went across the railroad tracks to this old furnace building. What happened at this point?
A We had stolen guns there.
Q Excuse me.
The trial court refused a defense motion for mistrial but cautioned the jury as follows:
THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, there has been an objection and the Court has sustained the objection to the last volunteered statement of this witness. We are striking that statement from the evidence and you will not consider it, the last portion of the testimony of this witness. It was unresponsive; it is not part of this evidence.
We perceive no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying the defense motion for mistrial. The remark had been volunteered by the witness and constituted nothing more than a passing reference to the manner in which the guns had been obtained. It did not expressly implicate Appellant in the taking of the guns. In any event, however, the fact that the *436 guns had been stolen was a relevant part of the conspiracy and of the preparations made by Appellant and Hammer to commit the crime of robbery. Finally, the trial court instructed the jury to disregard the witness's volunteered statement, and the prosecution did not again make reference thereto. With respect to this incident, Appellant received a more favorable ruling than he was entitled to receive. The trial court's ruling is not a proper basis for awarding a new trial.
The final alleged reference to prior criminal activity occurred during the redirect examination of Jeffrey Hammer, when the prosecuting attorney asked the witness:
Q These other ten cases, ten burglaries, two robberies, total of 12 other cases, did you have a co-conspirator in those cases?
Before the witness could answer, defense counsel objected and the prosecuting attorney requested a side bar conference. Following a lengthy discussion in chambers with both counsel, the trial court ruled as follows:
THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen, the Court has sustained the objection to the last question of objection by defense counsel to the last question of the prosecution.
Mr. Baldwin, you may rephrase the question and ask another one.
The prosecutor's question to Jeffrey Hammer was a reference to other crimes to which the witness had entered pleas of guilty as a part of his plea bargain with the Commonwealth. Pursuant to a defense motion in limine, the trial court had ruled pre-trial that the prosecution was precluded from inquiring into Appellant's involvement, along with Jeffrey Hammer, in the commission of any crimes other than those related to the robbery and killing of Richard Boyer. The prosecutor's question to Hammer may have been a violation of the trial court's ruling on the motion in limine. However, because of a prompt objection by defense counsel, the witness did not answer the question, and Appellant was not identified as Hammer's accomplice in other, unrelated crimes. Under *437 these circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied a defense motion for mistrial.
When reviewing averments of prosecutorial misconduct in the form of improper argument to the jury, the remarks of the prosecutor "must be evaluated in the context in which they occurred." Commonwealth v. Smith, 490 Pa. 380, 388, 416 A.2d 986, 989 (1980). See also Commonwealth v. Carpenter, 511 Pa. 429, 439, 515 A.2d 531, 536 (1986); Commonwealth v. Toledo, 365 Pa.Super. 224, 236, 529 A.2d 480, 486 (1987). "Generally, `comments by the district attorney do not constitute reversible error unless the unavoidable effect of such comments would be to prejudice the [jurors], forming in their minds fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant so that they could not weigh the evidence objectively and render a true verdict.'" Commonwealth v. Strong, 522 Pa. 445, 454, 563 A.2d 479, 483 (1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1060, 110 S.Ct. 1536, 108 L.Ed.2d 775 (1990), (quoting Commonwealth v. McNeal, 456 Pa. 394, 400, 319 A.2d 669, 673 (1974)). See also Commonwealth v. Baker, 511 Pa. 1, 17, 511 A.2d 777, 786 (1986); Commonwealth v. Tabron, 502 Pa. 154, 160, 465 A.2d 637, 639-640 (1983). In making closing argument, the prosecutor is permitted wide latitude and may address the jury with a certain degree of oratorical flair. See Commonwealth v. Chester, supra 526 Pa. at 599-600, 587 A.2d at 1377-1378.
[A] prosecutor, just as a defense attorney, must have reasonable latitude in presenting a case to the jury and must be free to present his or her arguments with "logical force and vigor." Counsels' remarks to the jury may contain fair deductions and legitimate inferences from the evidence presented during the testimony. The prosecutor may always argue to the jury that the evidence establishes the defendant's guilt, although a prosecutor may not offer his personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused either in argument or in testimony from the witness stand. Nor may he or she express a personal belief and opinion as to the truth or falsity of evidence of defendant's guilt, including the credibility of a witness.
*438 Commonwealth v. D'Amato, 514 Pa. 471, 489-490, 526 A.2d 300, 309 (1987) (citations omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Bullock, 384 Pa.Super. 269, 278-279, 558 A.2d 535, 539-540 (1989); Commonwealth v. Yabor, 376 Pa.Super. 356, 370-371, 546 A.2d 67, 74 (1988). In addition, "the prosecution may, in its closing address, attempt to meet the pleas and arguments made by defense counsel in his summation." Commonwealth v. Brown, 489 Pa. 285, 302 n. 6, 414 A.2d 70, 78-79 n. 6 (1980). See also Commonwealth v. Van Cliff, 483 Pa. 576, 584, 397 A.2d 1173, 1177 (1979), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 964, 99 S.Ct. 2412, 60 L.Ed.2d 1070 (1979); Commonwealth v. Perkins, 473 Pa. 116, 132-136, 373 A.2d 1076, 1084-1086 (1977). Thus, "a prosecutor's remark concerning the credibility of a witness does not constitute reversible error where it is `motivated by, and was commensurate with the prior attacks [by defense counsel] upon the credibility of the Commonwealth's witnesses." Commonwealth v. Gwaltney, 497 Pa. 505, 513, 442 A.2d 236, 240 (1982), (quoting Commonwealth v. Stoltzfus, 462 Pa. 43, 337 A.2d 873 (1975)). See also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 527 Pa. 118, 588 A.2d 1303 (1991); Commonwealth v. Barren, 501 Pa. 493, 499, 462 A.2d 233, 235 (1983); Commonwealth v. Perkins, supra.
With respect to the three witnesses called by the defense in this case, the prosecuting attorney said to the jury:
Those three men are liars. Convicted robbers, convicted thieves, convicted burglars. They are testifying for whatever reason. You decide. One's a cousin, one doesn't know the man at all but he wants to testify anyway. The third man
The strategy of the defense in this case had been to attack the credibility of the prosecution's chief witness, Jeffrey Hammer. Thus, the defense called three witnesses, Harold Houser, Antonio Estrada and Gregory Capwell, all of whom were former cell mates of Jeffrey Hammer. They testified to statements allegedly made by Hammer while in prison. Houser said that Hammer told him that Appellant had purchased a pistol on Hammer's behalf. This testimony was introduced to support the defense contention that the murder *439 weapon, while purchased by Appellant, had been owned by Hammer. Both Estrada, who is a cousin of Appellant, and Capwell testified that Hammer had told them that he expected a light sentence in return for his testimony against Appellant. Throughout his closing argument, defense counsel characterized Jeffrey Hammer as a "career criminal," a person with "no integrity whatsoever." As to Hammer's testimony, he suggested that: "His memory isn't that good. He would lead you to believe he's got a great memory. But he's lying, but he's lying, okay." Defense counsel also emphasized Hammer's lengthy criminal record and his plea bargain in exchange for his testimony against Appellant. Counsel concluded by offering the theory that Hammer had acted alone in robbing and killing Richard Boyer and was implicating Appellant to save his own life.
All of the defense witnesses had been impeached by convictions for crimen falsi offenses. Therefore, in light of the extensive attack by defense counsel upon the credibility of the Commonwealth's chief witness, we cannot say that the prosecutor's brief remark that the three defense witnesses were liars constituted prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor's remark was an appropriate, and indeed restrained, response to defense counsel's relentless attack upon the credibility of Jeffrey Hammer.
Appellant also argues that the prosecuting attorney improperly referred in his closing argument to the testimony of Jeffrey Hammer as "uncontroverted." There is no merit in this argument. The Superior Court has observed:
"[W]hile it is improper for a prosecuting attorney to refer to a defendant's failure to testify, it is not improper for the prosecutor to identify for the jury items of evidence which have been uncontradicted." Commonwealth v. LaMassa, 367 Pa.Super. 54, 57, 532 A.2d 450, 451 (1987). See also: Commonwealth v. Jones, 242 Pa.Super. 471, 476-477, 364 A.2d 368, 370-371 (1976); Commonwealth v. Kloch, supra 230 Pa.Super. at 588-590, 327 A.2d at 389-390. "`To constitute error, the remark must go further, indicating a duty of the defendant to testify, and permitting an unfavorable *440 inference to be drawn from his failure to do so.'" Commonwealth v. Kloiber, 378 Pa. 412, 419, 106 A.2d 820, 824 (1954), cert. denied, 348 U.S. 875, 75 S.Ct. 112, 99 L.Ed. 688 (1954), quoting Commonwealth v. Thomas, 275 Pa. 137, 141, 118 A. 667, 668 (1922). "`Reference to the failure of a defendant to testify on his own behalf, to constitute reversible error, must call the jury's attention to the fact that the defendant has not testified and must reasonably lead to an inference that he would have taken the stand if not guilty.'" Commonwealth v. Kloiber, supra 378 Pa. at 420-421, 106 A.2d at 825, quoting Commonwealth v. Holley, 358 Pa. 296, 300-301, 56 A.2d 546, 548 (1948).
Commonwealth v. Ulen, 414 Pa.Super. 502, 524-525, 607 A.2d 779, 790-791 (1992). See also Commonwealth v. Byrd, 409 Pa.Super. 611, 618-621, 598 A.2d 1011, 1015-1016 (1991).
The prosecutor's comment regarding the testimony of Jeffrey Hammer, when viewed in its proper context, was as follows:
How does the evidence in this case, how do the facts apply to the crimes charged? The simple issue again is, did David Sattazahn take the life of Richard Boyer then rob him? Right now Jeffrey Hammer's testimony is uncontroverted. He's
MR. ELDER: Objection.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. BALDWIN: It's for you to decide what, if any, contradictions are in Jeffrey Hammer's story. If you believe the three defense witnesses, if you don't believe them, that's up to you. But Jeffrey told you it didn't happen, that they are lying.
Upon reviewing the whole of the prosecutor's closing argument, it is readily apparent that the prosecutor's reference to Hammer's testimony being uncontroverted was made in an effort to restrict the efficacy of the testimony which had been given by the three witnesses called by the defense, and not to call attention to the fact that Appellant had not testified on his own behalf. For this reason, the trial court denied a defense *441 motion for mistrial.[7] In so ruling, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Appellant next argues that the trial court erred when it allowed the prosecutor to elicit from Jeffrey Hammer that, as a part of his plea bargain, he had agreed to testify truthfully against Appellant. At trial, his counsel had objected and the court had ruled as follows:
MR. ELDER: For the record I'm objecting to any testimony regarding the plea agreement where he promises to tell the truth when he testifies.
THE COURT: I'll let that come in. I think that's again part of the part of the motivation to enter into an agreement on both sides here and part and parcel of the question of the corrupt motive or lack of corrupt motive to testify. All right.
Thereafter, on direct examination, the prosecuting attorney elicited the following testimony from Jeffrey Hammer:
Q Mr. Hammer, I ask you to take a look at Exhibit No. 55 marked by the Commonwealth. Do you recognize this seven page document?
A Yes, I do.
Q Take a look at each page.
A Yes, that's it.
Q Do you remember that?
A Yes.
Q As part of your plea agreement you have agreed to testify in this proceeding, have you not?
A Yes.
Q You agreed to cooperate with the police?
A Yes.
Q By truthful and honest testimony?
*442 A Yes.
Q As a result of this agreement on February 5th of 1990 you pled guilty in this case, did you not?
A Yes, I did.
Q You pled guilty to murder in the third degree?
A Yes.
Q Robbery, possessing instruments of crime, criminal conspiracy to commit murder in the third degree, criminal conspiracy to commit robbery, criminal conspiracy to commit possessing instruments of crime and firearms not to be carried without a license?
A Yes.
Q As a result of that plea you expect to receive a sentence of 19 to 55 years?
A Yes.
THE COURT: That's incarceration, right?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
In Commonwealth v. Tann, 500 Pa. 593, 459 A.2d 322 (1983), the defendant had been charged with murder as a result of a racial confrontation between two youth groups in the City of Pittsburgh. At trial, the Commonwealth called two witnesses who had been at the scene of the confrontation. They testified that the defendant had been present with a rifle in his hands. The Commonwealth also called as witnesses the two lawyers who had negotiated plea bargains on behalf of the two eyewitnesses. The lawyers testified that their clients had been advised of their right to remain silent and had agreed to waive their rights and to testify truthfully at the defendant's trial. With respect to such testimony, the Supreme Court held that the repeated references to the witnesses' Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination had denied the defendant a fair trial. The Court reasoned as follows:
In cases where the Commonwealth is informed of a witness' intention to assert a privilege against self-incrimination, we have held that it is reversible error to call that witness to the stand where it is likely that the jury will associate the witness with the defendant and the criminal *443 episode giving rise to the charges against the accused. . . . We believe the same prohibition pertains where the Commonwealth seeks to call to the attention of the jury the fact that a witness, who is associated with the accused in the activity giving rise to the criminal charges, has waived his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination and is taking the witness stand to tell the truth. This tactic has the effect of emphasizing to the jury that the defendant, who is associated with the witness, has the same opportunity to waive his constitutional rights and tell the truth. The defendant is unduly prejudiced by this blantant [sic] invitation for the jury to draw an inference from the fact that the witness is foregoing his constitutional right against self-incrimination. This tends to spotlight the accused if he fails to do the same thing and clearly invites an improper prejudicial inference from the jury.
In the present case, the Commonwealth's use of this unwarranted tactic could only steer the jury to infer that since its witnesses, Patterson and Hill, waived their Fifth Amendment rights and willingly gave self-incriminating testimony, Patterson and Hill's testimony was the truth and entirely believable. Added to this is circumstance of the appellant Tann not taking the witness stand and failing to offer any testimony in his own defense. This invited the inference that, if he had testified and had told the truth, his testimony would have confirmed his guilt. It was entirely improper for the Commonwealth to invite such prejudicial inferences in the manner employed here.
Commonwealth v. Tann, supra at 603-604, 459 A.2d at 327-328 (footnote and citations omitted).
A similar situation arose in Commonwealth v. Bricker, 525 Pa. 362, 581 A.2d 147 (1990), where two Commonwealth witnesses had entered into plea agreements by which they agreed to provide truthful testimony at the defendant's trial. There, the agreements were entered into evidence by the Commonwealth and were sent out with the jury during its deliberations. The Supreme Court held that the trial court had *444 abused its discretion by permitting the plea agreements to go out with the jury, reasoning as follows:
In the plea agreement entered into among Rossi, the United States of America and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Rossi agreed, inter alia, to "provide complete and truthful information to . . . the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. . . and testify . . . as required." Rossi also agreed therein to "provide complete and truthful information concerning any and all illegal activities in which [he] participated." Additionally, Rossi agreed to provide "complete and truthful information" about the deaths of Gary DeStefano and Thomas Sacco, among others. The agreement also stated that "if at any time it is determined . . . that Rossi. . . has not provided complete and truthful information as called for in this agreement . . . or has at any time knowingly made a false statement under oath in connection with the terms of this agreement, [he] will be subjecting himself to a prosecution for perjury . . . ." Kellington entered into a plea agreement of virtually identical language.
The documents which formalized these two agreements were then signed by the United States Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania, the District Attorney of Allegheny County, the Attorney General for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Rossi and Kellington respectively, and the Attorneys who individually represented Rossi and Kellington at the time. The signatories to these agreements, by executing the documents, placed the imprimatur of their offices as support for the proposition that Rossi and Kellington were telling the truth.
It is beyond question that permitting the prosecution to send these documents out with the jury during deliberations impermissibly bolstered the credibility of Charles Rossi and Charles Kellington. In so bolstering their credibility, the court violated the defendant's right to a fair trial.
. . . .
In the case sub judice, the introduction of the plea agreements served as silent witnesses, causing the same prejudice to appellant as we held to be reversible error in *445 [Commonwealth v. Tann, 500 Pa. 593, 459 A.2d 322 (1983)]. With the agreements before them, the jurors could reasonably infer that appellant had the same opportunity as Rossi and Kellington to cooperate with the investigation of Thomas Sacco's death, and chose to remain silent. The fact that appellant did not take the stand in his own defense further bolsters his claim that there is a reasonable possibility that this error might have contributed to the verdict. [Commonwealth v. Story, 476 Pa. 391, 383 A.2d 155 (1978)].
The Commonwealth argues that the plea agreements had to be revealed to the jury; and had they not been revealed the Commonwealth would now be attacked for misconduct. This argument avoids the real issue. It would have been appropriate for the Commonwealth to reveal the existence of the agreements, and the parameters thereof, through the testimony of the witnesses. If they still felt it necessary to enter the documents into evidence they simply could have redacted portions of the agreements to delete the prejudicial aspects, as requested by defense counsel, prior to submission of them to the jury. To allow the jurors to read these unredacted documents at their leisure during deliberations runs afoul of the Tann case and the requirements of fundamental fairness.
Commonwealth v. Bricker, supra at 377-379, 581 A.2d at 154-155.
The circumstances of the instant case are distinguishable from those in Tann and Bricker. Here, the prosecuting attorney merely questioned Jeffrey Hammer in order to disclose the existence of his plea agreement with the Commonwealth and to establish the parameters of that agreement. No attempt was made to establish or imply to the jury that Hammer was giving up his right to remain silent in order to testify against Appellant, nor did Hammer's testimony give rise to a negative inference because of Appellant's failure to testify at trial. The assistant district attorney questioned Hammer briefly only to establish the terms of his agreement with the Commonwealth. Such a course of conduct is consistent with the Supreme Court's observation in Commonwealth *446 v. Bricker, supra, that it would be appropriate for the Commonwealth to reveal the existence and parameters of a plea agreement through the testimony of the witness who had entered the agreement. Id. at 379, 581 A.2d at 155.[8] We hold, therefore, that the testimony that Hammer was to be given a stated sentence for giving truthful testimony, without more, was not error entitling Appellant to a new trial.
Finally, Appellant contends that the trial court committed reversible error when it refused to instruct the jury consistently with the following requested point for charge:
6. If you, the jury, find that two conclusions can be equally drawn from the evidence, one tending to establish guilt and the other tending to establish innocence of the crimes charged, it is your duty to accept the conclusion of innocence and acquit the Defendant, David Sattazahn.
Appellant argues that the trial court's failure to give this requested jury instruction compels the granting of a new trial. We disagree.
"In reviewing jury instructions to determine whether reversible error has been committed by a trial court, we consider the charge as a whole. Error will not be predicated on isolated excerpts. Rather, it is the general effect of the charge that controls." Commonwealth v. Myers, 376 Pa.Super. 41, 50, 545 A.2d 309, 314 (1988). See also Commonwealth v. Bowers, 400 Pa.Super. 377, 392, 583 A.2d 1165, 1172 (1990); Commonwealth v. Riggins, 374 Pa.Super. 243, 253, 542 A.2d 1004, 1009 (1988). "A trial court is not required to accept requested instructions verbatim. The key inquiry is whether the instruction on a particular issue adequately, accurately and clearly presents the law to the jury, and is sufficient to guide the jury in its deliberations." Commonwealth v. Cimorose, 330 Pa.Super. 1, 10, 478 A.2d 1318, 1323 (1984) (citations omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Faulkner, 528 Pa. 57, 79, 595 A.2d 28, 40 (1991), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 112 *447 S.Ct. 1680, 118 L.Ed.2d 397 (1992); Commonwealth v. Prosdocimo, 525 Pa. 147, 150, 578 A.2d 1273, 1274 (1990); Commonwealth v. Ohle, 503 Pa. 566, 582, 470 A.2d 61, 70 (1983), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1083, 106 S.Ct. 854, 88 L.Ed.2d 894 (1986). Therefore, "`[t]he refusal to give a proper instruction requested by a [defendant] is ground for a new trial only if the substance thereof has not otherwise been covered by the trial court's general charge.'" Commonwealth v. LaMassa, 367 Pa.Super. 54, 58, 532 A.2d 450, 452 (1987), (quoting Werner v. Quality Service Oil Co., Inc., 337 Pa.Super. 264, 269, 486 A.2d 1009, 1011 (1984)).
After careful review of the trial court's jury charge, we are satisfied that the court did not commit reversible error by refusing to recite verbatim Appellant's requested point for charge. The jury was fully and adequately instructed on the Commonwealth's burden of proving Appellant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Its instructions with respect thereto were free of error.
Appellant argues additionally that the trial court erred by refusing to recite for the jury his requested point for charge pertaining to the intent necessary to establish the crime of conspiracy to commit third degree murder. However, we have already determined that insufficient evidence was presented to convict Appellant of this offense, and we will cause his conviction therefore to be vacated. As such, it is unnecessary to review the jury instruction which was given with respect to the charge of conspiracy to commit third degree murder.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial on all charges except those for conspiracy to commit third degree murder and the two counts of conspiracy to commit aggravated assault. With respect to such conspiracy charges, judgment is arrested and the charges are dismissed. Jurisdiction is not retained.
WIEAND, J., files a Concurring Statement.
*448 WIEAND, Judge, concurring:
I concur. In my judgment, however, the intention of the legislature in adopting 18 Pa.C.S. § 6104 was clear. The trial court was of the same opinion. Despite expressed misgivings, the trial court in this case charged the jury almost precisely as the legislature had provided.
I agree with the majority, for the reasons which it has so well expressed, that the trial court's jury instruction deprived appellant of a fair trial. Having wrestled with and tried to understand the statutory provision on this and numerous prior occasions, however, I am persuaded that to the extent it supports a jury instruction such as was given in this case, the statute is arbitrary, irrational and unconstitutional. Therefore, I would so hold. By taking this step, we might well be able to prevent trial courts in the future from falling into the same error which the statute caused in this case.
NOTES
[1] The trial court sustained a defense demurrer to a charge of criminal conspiracy to commit first degree murder, and the jury found Appellant not guilty of criminal conspiracy to commit second degree murder.
[2] The several additional offenses of which Appellant was found guilty were deemed to merge for purposes of sentencing.
[3] Appellant has not challenged his conviction for the additional offense of conspiracy to possess an instrument of crime.
[4] A "crime of violence" is defined at Section 6102 of the Act in the following manner:
"Crime of violence." Any of the following crimes, or an attempt, a solicitation or a conspiracy to commit any of the same, namely: murder, voluntary manslaughter, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, arson, extortion accompanied by threats of violence, assault by prisoner, assault by life prisoner and kidnapping.
18 Pa.C.S. § 6102.
[5] "[W]here the sole evidence of guilt or an element of the offense is inferential, then the inferred fact must follow beyond a reasonable doubt from the proved facts. This necessarily follows from the burden placed upon the Commonwealth to prove every element of an offense beyond a reasonable doubt." Commonwealth v. Jones, 242 Pa.Super. 471, 479, 364 A.2d 368, 372 (1976). See Commonwealth v. DiFrancesco, supra 458 Pa. at 195-197, 329 A.2d at 209-210. See also Commonwealth v. Horton, 465 Pa. 213, 221-224 and n. 17, 348 A.2d 728, 732-733 and n. 17 (1975); Commonwealth v. Turner, 456 Pa. 116, 121 n. 3, 317 A.2d 298, 300 n. 3 (1974); Commonwealth v. Deer, 419 Pa.Super. 321, 325, 615 A.2d 386, 388 (1992).
[6] We likewise find a rational connection between the licensing or failure to license a firearm and the intent with which a person acts in using that firearm.
The legislature has recognized a distinction between prohibited offensive weapons which have no peaceful purpose and "shall not be allowed to exist in our society", Commonwealth v. Adams, 245 Pa.Super. 431, 436, 369 A.2d 479, 482 (1976), and those which have peaceful as well as lethal potentialities. Cf. Commonwealth v. Stewart, 343 Pa.Super. 514, 532, 495 A.2d 584, 593 (1985). The former are banned absolutely because criminal usage is conclusively presumed, while the latter are allowed, if licensed. The obtaining of a license is tantamount to an acknowledgment that the possession is for lawful purposes; the failure to obtain a license suggests the opposite. One who envisions no criminal purpose for the firearm is unlikely to refuse, if required, to declare his ownership of that weapon to the proper authorities, while one who harbors criminal intentions will. This is not to say that in every instance the lack of a license suggests criminal intent, but rather that a lack of required license is simply another piece of circumstantial evidence from which the true intent of the user of a firearm might be ascertained in a given situation.
Although this case involves whether Appellant had a license to carry the firearm, rather than a license merely to own the firearm, the same reasoning is sound in reaching the result that there is a rational connection between the licensing and the intent to commit criminal acts with that firearm.
[7] We observe also that, in its final charge, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
It is entirely up to the defendant in every criminal trial whether or not to testify. He has an absolute right under the Constitution to remain silent. You must not draw any inference of guilt from the fact that he did not testify.
[8] Although marked as an exhibit, the plea agreement between Jeffrey Hammer and the Commonwealth was not introduced into evidence at Appellant's trial, nor was it viewed by the jury or sent out with the jury during deliberations.
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
The 2013 Hines Competition is underway!
One hundred sixty teams from 70 universities in the United States and Canada are currently developing solutions for a site in Minneapolis’s Downtown East neighborhood, near the site of the new Minnesota Vikings stadium
The ULI/Gerald D. Hines Student Urban Design Competition, now in its 11th year, is an urban design and development challenge for graduate students. The Hines Competition challenges multidisciplinary student teams to devise a comprehensive development program for a real, large-scale site. Teams of five students representing at least three disciplines have two weeks to develop solutions that include drawings, site plans, tables, and market-feasible financial data.
The University of St Thomas team members are Thomas McElroy, full time MBA student; Thomas Strohm, MSRE student, Michael Richardson, Master of Urban and Regional Planning student at the University of Minnesota; Amber Hill, Master of Landscape Architecture student at the University of Minnesota; and John Briel, Master of Urban and Regional Planning student at the University of Minnesota.
This is an ideas competition; there is no expectation that any of the submitted schemes will be applied to the site. The winning team will receive $50,000 and the finalist teams $10,000 each.
The ULI/Gerald D. Hines Student Urban Design Competition is part of the Institute’s ongoing effort to raise interest among young people in creating better communities, improving development patterns, and increasing awareness of the need for multidisciplinary solutions to development and design challenges. This competition is an ideas competition; there is no expectation that any of the submitted schemes will be applied to the site. The winning team will receive $50,000 and the finalist teams $10,000 each. Winners that will advance to the next round of the competition will be announced by the end of February.
The University of St. Thomas will be hosting NAIOP’s 9th University Challenge, a competition across 5 universities where student teams act as development consultants for a potential redevelopment project. This year the site is a 1.91 acre site at the intersection of University Ave and Washington Ave in the “heart” of the University of Minnesota’s campus.
Join us Thursday afternoon, April 12 at the University of St. Thomas Minneapolis campus as the teams, including: the University of St. Thomas, University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Marquette University and University of Northern Iowa; present their project concepts with a reception at Brit’s pub immediately following.
This year, five schools including UST, The University of Wisconsin Madison, St. Cloud State University, University of Northern Iowa and Marquette University will compete in the 2011 University Real Estate Challenge. Students have been working on the redevelopment of the Oakdale Mall site throughout the spring semester. Continue Reading
This spring, students in the undergraduate real estate market analysis course will compete in the ARGUS Software University Challenge. ARGUS is a software company specializing in products built specifically for the commercial real estate industry to improve the visibility and flow of information throughout critical business process; property management, asset valuation, portfolio management, budgeting, forecasting, reporting and lease management.
The case that will be analyzed this spring is entitled “Investing in a Return to Normalcy: Back to the Future”. With a cast of characters including Marty McFly and George McFly and forecasting of future marketing conditions, the case title is fitting. Continue Reading
We have drawn a winner for our blog and twitter contest. Congratulations to C. Brooks who has won a complementary registration to the UST Alumni Association First Friday Luncheon Series.
Thank you to everyone who is now following us on the Real Estate Matters blog and @USTrealestate on Twitter. We’d like to hear from you. What do you like about our blog posts and tweets? Is there additional information that you would find helpful? | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
John J. Young Residence (88)
1211 Vermont Avenue, NW Constructed in the 1860s, demolished
Like Cluss, John J. Young emigrated from Germany and worked briefly at the U.S. Coast Survey. As an engraver and topographer for the War Department, Young produced many images of western exploratory expeditions in the 1850s.
Young built a substantial brick house on Vermont Avenue just north of Thomas Circle, one of the earliest houses in that neighborhood in which many Cluss clients built later. In his will, Young named Cluss as the executor of his estate. Young died in 1879, but, for reasons still unknown, Cluss refused to serve as executor. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Stanford Cardinal
The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University. As of December 22, 2019, Stanford's program has won 126 NCAA team championships, as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors' Cups, awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation. As of February 15, 2019, Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals. Stanford's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) for college football) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference, along with other schools from the western third of the United States.
Nickname and mascot history
Following its win over Cal in the first-ever Big Game in 1892, the color cardinal was picked as the primary color of Stanford's athletic teams. White was adopted as a secondary color in the 1940s.
On November 25, 1930, following a unanimous vote by the Executive Committee for the Associated Students, the athletic department adopted the mascot "Indian". A few months after the football team's second straight win in the in January 1972, the Indian symbol and name were dropped by President Richard Lyman, after objections from Native American students and a vote by the student senate.
From 1972 to 1981, the official nickname returned to "Cardinals," a reference to the color, not the bird. During the 1970s, a number of suggestions were put forth as possible nicknames: Robber Barons (a sly reference to Leland Stanford's history), Sequoias, Trees, Railroaders, Spikes, Huns and Griffins. The last suggestion gained enough momentum to prompt the university to place two griffin statues near the athletic facilities.
On November 17, 1981, school president Donald Kennedy declared that the athletic teams be represented by the color cardinal in its singular form.
Stanford has no official mascot, but the Stanford Tree, a member of the Stanford Band wearing a self-designed tree costume, appears at major Stanford sports events. The Tree is based on El Palo Alto, a redwood tree in neighboring Palo Alto that appears in the Stanford seal and athletics logo.
Sports sponsored
Stanford University sponsors 15 men's, 20 women's, and two coed sports varsity teams, primarily in competing in the NCAA Division I and the Pac-12 Conference. The rowing program competes in the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, the men's and women's gymnastics, track and field, men's volleyball, men's and women's water polo, and women's lacrosse all compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation, the field hockey program competes in the America East Conference, sailing in the Intercollegiate Sailing Association, squash program in the College Squash Association, and the synchro program in the USA Synchro.
Football
Basketball
Baseball
The Cardinal have appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament 31 times, and appearing in the College World Series 16 times. They have won two National Championships, in 1987 and 1988.
Men's golf
The men's golf team has won nine NCAA Championships: 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942 (co-champions), 1946, 1953, 1994, 2007, 2019. They have crowned three individual national champions: Sandy Tatum (1942), Tiger Woods (1996), and Cameron Wilson (2014). They have won 11 Pac-12 Conference championships: 1960, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1977 (south), 1992, 1994, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019. Other notable players include Tom Watson, Bob Rosburg, NFL quarterback John Brodie, and Notah Begay III.
Women's golf
In 1971 Shelley Hamlin won the women's national intercollegiate individual golf championship (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports, which evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship).
Sailing
Stanford Sailing has won the 1997 Intercollegiate Sailing Association (ICSA) Team Race Championship, the ICSA Men's Singlehanded Championship in 1963, 1967, and 2006, and the ICSA Women's Singlehanded Championship in 2000 and 2018.
In March 2019, John Vandemoer, Stanford University’s head sailing coach for 11 years, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit racketeering for accepting bribes in the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal, to hold open admission spots at the university for three applicants falsely portrayed as competitive sailors, in exchange for $770,000 in payments to the sailing program. The university fired him. Clinton Hayes was appointed interim head coach.
Men's soccer
The Cardinal have appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Tournament 14 times since their inaugural season in 1973, including 11 times in the 20 seasons from 1997–2016. They have seven appearances in the College Cup, including winning the 2015, 2016, and 2017 national championships.
Women's soccer
The Cardinal won the NCAA women's soccer championship in 2011, 2017, and 2019.
Softball
The Cardinal softball team has appeared in two Women's College World Series, in 2001 and 2004. The Cardinal program was the co-champions of the PAC-10 conference in 2005, which is their only conference championship. The current head softball coach of the Stanford program is Jessica Allister.
Men's tennis
The Cardinal have won 17 NCAA Men's tennis championships: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981,1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000.
Women's tennis
The Cardinal have won 20 of the 38 NCAA Women's tennis championships that have taken place: 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, and 2019.
Stanford has won more than half of all the NCAA women's tennis
championships that have been held, and this has been true in every year
except 1983, 1985, 2015, and 2017, when Stanford had won exactly half.
Women's volleyball
The Cardinal have won 9 NCAA Women's volleyball national championships: in 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016, 2018 and 2019.
Stanford is one of only two teams, along with Penn State, that has appeared in every NCAA tournament since its inception in 1981. Stanford has won 9 NCAA championships, the most of any team, and has appeared in 17 championship games, more than any other team.
Wrestling
The Stanford Wrestling team is coached by Jason Borrelli. Borrelli wrestled at Central Michigan University. Currently in his sixth season, Borrelli has compiled a 42-53-3 career record. The Cardinal wrestlers practice in the Weintz Family Wrestling Room, and compete on campus at Burnham Pavilion, with a capacity of about 1,400. The Cardinal Wrestling team have placed in the top 20 at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in 1967 (13th), 2004 (19th), 2008 (19th), 2011 (11th), and 2012 (16th). The team finished third in the Pacific Coast Conference placings in 1933 and 1935, second in the AAWU in 1965, third in the Pacific-10 Conference in 1985 and 1986 second in the Pac-10 in 2008, and third in the Pac-12 in 2012.
Stanford has one national champion in its history: Matt Gentry at 157 pounds in 2004. Through 2015, the Cardinal can claim 21 conference champions and 17 All-Americans, but no team Pac-12 titles.
Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Stanford has fielded a college rugby team since 1906, and replaced football entirely until 1917. Stanford achieved one of the most surprising victories of American rugby's early history by beating a touring Australian club team in 1912. Rugby remained a varsity sport at Stanford until 1977. Despite the loss of varsity status, the Stanford Rugby Foundation covers many of the team's expenses from an endowment fund. Rugby is one of the largest sports programs on campus with over 100 players. Stanford Rugby is led by Director of Rugby Matt Sherman, who has served as an assistant coach for the U.S. men's national team.
From 1996 to 1998 Stanford reached the national semifinals in three consecutive years, finishing second in 1998. During the 2010–11 season, Stanford was champion of the Northern California conference, reached the national quarterfinals, and finished the season ranked 4th in D1-AA rugby. Following the 2011–12 season, Stanford were promoted to Division 1-A and played in the California conference, but have since returned to Division 1-AA and now play in the Pacific Western conference. Stanford won the Pacific Western conference in 2014, earning a berth in the D1-AA national playoffs, where they defeated Oregon 24–12 at home in front of a strong crowd, before losing to Arizona 27–24 in the quarterfinals.
Championships
NCAA team championships
Stanford has won 126 NCAA team national championships, the most of any Division 1 school in the NCAA. Stanford has won these NCAA team championships in 20 different sports.
Men's (67)
Baseball (2): 1987, 1988
Basketball (1): 1942
Cross country (4): 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003
Golf † (9): 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1953, 1994, 2007, 2019
Gymnastics (6): 1992, 1993, 1995, 2009, 2011, 2019
Outdoor track & field (4): 1925 (unofficial), 1928, 1934, 2000
Soccer (3): 2015, 2016, 2017
Swimming (8): 1967, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998
Tennis (17): 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
Volleyball (2): 1997, 2010
Water polo (11): 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2019
Women's (59)
Basketball (2): 1990, 1992
Cross country (5): 1996, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007
Golf (1): 2015
Rowing (1): 2009
Soccer (3): 2011, 2017, 2019
Swimming (11): 1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2017, 2018, 2019
Tennis (20): 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019
Volleyball (9): 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2016, 2018, 2019
Water polo (7): 2002, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019
† The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records.
Other national team championships
Below are 38 national team titles in NCAA sports that were not bestowed by the NCAA:
Men's (17)
Basketball (1): 1937 (retroactive Helms and Premo-Porretta selectors)
Football (2): 1926, 1940
Tennis (1): 1942 ‡
Tennis (12) (indoor): 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002 (ITA)
Water polo (1): 1963 (coaches' poll)
Women's (21)
Rowing (8) (lightweight): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 (IRA)
Swimming (1): 1980 (AIAW)
Tennis (1): 1978 (AIAW)
Tennis (10) (indoor): 1989, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011 (ITA)
Water polo (1): 1985 (USA Water Polo)
‡ Unofficial by virtue of winning both the collegiate individual and doubles crowns of the U.S. Lawn Tennis Association
Below are 41 national team titles won by Stanford varsity and club sports teams at the highest collegiate levels in non-NCAA sports:
Men's (5)
Rugby (1) (Div. II): 2002
Sailing, offshore large boats (2): 1967, 1968
Ultimate (2): 1984, 2002
Women's (23)
Archery (2) (recurve): 2006, 2007
Rugby (4): 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008
Synchronized swimming (8): 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2016 (USA Synchro collegiate championships)
Table tennis (1): 2006
Ultimate (8): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016
Combined (13)
Badminton (3): 1997, 1998, 1999
Canoe/Kayak (4) (flatwater): 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
Cycling (4) (road): 1995, 1996, 1997, 2007
Sailing (1) (team race): 1997 (ICSA)
Taekwondo (1): 2013
Consecutive years winning NCAA team championships
Stanford has won at least one NCAA team championship each academic year for 44 consecutive years, starting in 1976-77 and continuing through 2019-20.
Stanford's run of 44 consecutive years winning an NCAA team championship is the longest such streak in NCAA history. The next longest NCAA championship streak is 19 years. The most NCAA team championships Stanford has won in a single year is six in 1996-97 (men's and women's cross-country, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's volleyball) and again in 2018-19 (men's golf and gymnastics and women's volleyball, swimming, tennis and water polo). Stanford has won five NCAA team championships in a year three times (1991–92, 1994–95, and 1997–98).
Stanford has won two NCAA team championships in a single day three times: in men's and women's cross-country on November 25, 1996; in men's and women's cross-country on November 24, 2003; and in men's water polo and women's soccer on December 8, 2019.
NCAA individual championships
Stanford athletes have won 522 NCAA individual championships as of April 21, 2019.
Stanford's 522 individual championships are the most individual championships won by any school in NCAA Division I. No other Division I school is within 100 of Stanford's total.
Directors' Cups
Stanford has won the NACDA Directors' Cup every year for the last 25 years. The Directors' Cup recognizes the most successful overall sports program in NCAA Division I.
The Directors' Cup is awarded annually by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA). The Directors' Cup rewards broad-based success in both men's and women's college sports. Points are awarded based on post-season success in NCAA-sponsored sports.
Stanford finished second in the first Directors' Cup competition in 1993-94, behind North Carolina. Stanford won its first Directors' Cup the following year, 1994-95. Stanford has won the Directors' Cup every year since then, winning 25 Directors' Cups in a row from 1994-95 through 2018-19.
Athletic facilities
Arrillaga Center for Sports and Recreation — Fencing, squash
Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center — Men's and women's rowing, Women's lightweight rowing, sailing
Avery Aquatic Center — Men's and women's swimming and diving, women's synchronized swimming, men's and women's water polo
Burnham Pavilion — Men's and women's gymnastics, wrestling
Cobb Track and Angell Field — Men's and women's track and field
Klein Field at Sunken Diamond — Baseball
Maloney Field at Laird Q. Cagan Stadium — Men's and women's soccer, women's lacrosse
Maples Pavilion — Men's and women's basketball, men's and women's volleyball
Red Barn — Equestrian
Smith Family Stadium — Softball
Stanford Beach Volleyball Stadium — Beach volleyball
Stanford Golf Course — Men's and women's cross country, men's and women's golf
Stanford Stadium — Football
Taube Tennis Center — Men's and women's tennis
Varsity Field Hockey Turf — Women's field hockey
Rivals
The Cardinal's rivals consist of California, Notre Dame, San Jose State, and USC, which all primarily evolved from American football.
Olympics representation
Stanford athletes have traditionally been very well represented at the Olympics. In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Stanford sent 47 current or former student athletes, 32 of whom competed for the United States, 14 for other countries, and one as a coach for the United States softball team. In all, Stanford athletes won 25 medals: For the 2012 London Olympics, 39 athletes were from Stanford and 26 represented Team USA.
Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame
The Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame was established on December 21, 1954. The brainchild of Walt Gamage, sports editor of the now-defunct Palo Alto Times, the first class of inductees consisted of 34 Stanford sports greats. New members are inducted annually and are recognized during halftime of a home Stanford football game. The Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame Room is located on the first floor of the Arrillaga Family Sports Center on the Stanford campus.
See also
2019 college admissions bribery scandal
References
External links
*
Category:Sports in Stanford, California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 20 December 1780
John Adams to John Quincy Adams
You are now at an University, where many of the greatest Men have received their Education.
Many of the most famous Characters, which England has produced, have pursued their Studies for some time at Leyden. Some, tho not many of the Sons of America, have studied there.
I would have you attend all the Lectures in which Experiments are made whether in Philosophy, Medicine or Chimistry, because these will open your mind for Inquiries into Nature: but by no means neglect the Languages.
I wish you to write me, an Account of all the Professorships, and the names of the Professors.1 I should also be obliged to you for as good an Account of the Constitution of the University as you can obtain. Let me know what degrees are conferred there; by whom; and what Examination the Candidates undergo, in order to be admitted to them.
1. JA himself shortly supplied these to JQA, in his (second) letter of 23 Dec., below.
2. The order in which JA wrote his two letters to JQA of this date has been established only by guesswork. The beginning of the letter here placed second suggests that JA had been expecting a letter from JQA by the post of this day and was disappointed not to receive one. Besides writing twice to JQA, JA wrote twice this day to Thaxter at Leyden (see Thaxter to JA, 22 Dec., below), but these letters have not been found.
More between these correspondents
The National Historical Publications and
Records Commission (NHPRC) is part of the National
Archives. Through its grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to
preserve, publish, and encourage the use of documentary sources, relating to the history of
the United States, and research and development projects to bring historical records to the
public.
Founders Online is an official website
of the U.S. government, administered by the
National Archives and Records Administration
through the NHPRC, in partnership with the
University of Virginia Press,
which is hosting this website. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
As mobile devices have been increasingly developed, and the demand of such mobile devices has increased, the demand of secondary batteries has been also sharply increased as an energy source for the mobile devices. Based on their external and internal structures, the secondary batteries are generally classified into a cylindrical battery, a prismatic battery, and a pouch-shaped battery. As the mobile devices have been miniaturized, the prismatic battery and the pouch-shaped battery, which have a small width to length ratio, have attracted considerable attention recently.
The prismatic secondary battery is manufactured by placing an electrode assembly including cathodes, anodes, and separators in a prismatic battery case, mounting a base plate to the upper end of the battery case, for example, by welding, injecting electrolyte into the battery case through an electrolyte injection hole formed in the base plate, sealing the electrolyte injection hole with a metal ball, mounting a safety element and a protection circuit to the base plate, and sealing the battery case with a housing (an external case).
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a base plate mounted to the upper end of a battery case of a conventional prismatic secondary battery with a vertical sectional view taken along line A-A.
Referring to FIG. 1, the base plate 100 is provided at the middle thereof with an electrode terminal 101, which is connected to an electrode tap (for example, an anode tap) of an electrode assembly. The base plate 100 is provided at one side thereof with an electrolyte injection hole 102 for allowing electrolyte to be injected therethrough. Between the electrode terminal 101 and the base plate 100 is disposed an insulating member 103 for electrically isolating the electrode terminal 101 from the base plate 200, which is connected to the other electrode tap (for example, a cathode tap) of the electrode assembly so as to serve as an electrode terminal.
The electrolyte injection hole 102, through which the electrolyte is injected, is formed generally into a vertical sectional shape of a rectangle, as shown in FIG. 2. The electrolyte injection hole 102 is sealed with a metal ball 104, for example, an aluminum ball, having a diameter slightly greater than that of the electrolyte injection hole 102. Specifically, the metal ball 104 is located on the electrolyte injection hole 102, and then the metal ball 104 is pressed from above such that the metal ball 104 is plastically deformed to seal the electrolyte injection hole 102. Subsequently, a thin metal plate is securely fixed to the base plate 100 by laser welding, whereby the electrolyte injection hole 102 is completely sealed.
When the metal ball is plastically deformed and is inserted into the electrolyte injection hole, which is formed in the vertical sectional shape of a rectangle, however, the lower circumferential part of the metal ball is pushed outward by the inside upper end of the electrolyte injection hole. As a result, a groove is formed on the metal ball. The formed groove badly affects the sealing of the electrolyte injection hole by laser welding. Furthermore, inside cracks are continuously generated along the interface between the metal ball and the inside surface of the electrolyte injection hole due to formation of the groove, and therefore, the sealability of the electrolyte injection hole is lowered.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-0023253 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-358948 disclose a method of forming the inside upper end of the electrolyte injection hole in a taper structure and inserting a sealing member having a shape corresponding to the electrolyte injection hole, instead of the metal ball, into the electrolyte injection hole so as to seal the electrolyte injection hole. This sealing structure has an effect of preventing the generation of the above-mentioned groove. However, as compared with the case that the sealing member (for example, the metal ball) is plastically deformed to seal the electrolyte injection hole, this sealing structure has problems in that the coupling force between the electrolyte injection hole and the sealing member is small, and therefore, the sealability of the electrolyte injection hole is low. For this reason, additional operations must be further carried out so as to complement the small coupling force, which is troublesome.
Consequently, the necessity of a technology to fundamentally solve the above-mentioned problems is highly increased. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Q:
Easiest Way to Perform Asynchronous Socket Reading from UDP in Python?
I am trying to find the easiest way to read from multiple (around 100) udp datagram sockets in python. I have looked at tornado, but tornado touts http/tcp rather than udp support.
Right now I have threads dedicated to each udp socket; however, this doesn't seem very efficient.
A:
I must confess I never used it, but maybe Twisted will suit your needs.
It supports lots of protocols, even serial connections.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Help me to understand why my question is wrong
I asked a question about the differences of rails 3.2 and 4.0 and for my surprise, it was closed very quickly. This can only means that my question is a really bad one, and yet I can't understand why.
It is really important for me to understand why my question is wrong, because I can also vote for close questions and I might have been done a bad job.
While some people tried to help me to understand why this question is highly based on opinion, they failed. Maybe one example of a can help me?
A:
General questions aimed at many things means many reasons to close. Focus is what works here. Stay on a point. Don't add things as you think of them.
You need to stick to one solid question.
Then, read the release notes on Rails 4. This shows both differences in the new version and old as well as having done some research. Your question lacks this on first go.
The other two questions are opinions and environment based. The answers will depend on a set up. Some apps will have no trouble updating. Some will. Some should migrate now. Some don't have to because they're not affected by any of the changes or fixes. It depends. And that doesn't work here.
When the question is vague or holding back details and an answer such as "maybe" is perfectly valid, that's also a sign your question is not constructive.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Soccer Shorts:
Products Description
#4 Replica Argentina Youth Home Short Shirt : German Pezzella 2018 World Cup Adidas White & Sky Blue Stripes Soccer Jersey
Support your favorite player with the official 2018 Argentina World Cup Jersey UK
Made of brand Adidas advanced recycled ClimaCool
Keeps you drier, cooler and lighter by drawing sweat from the body to the fabric surface
Its three-dimensional construction gives more air space around the skin to reduce clinging
Keep you cheering on your favorite team comfortably in the field
All of latest arrivals Adidas German Pezzella are made of recycled plastic bottles-100% recycled polyester
Evolved construction and materials also significantly reduce weight | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
"""
=============
Masked Arrays
=============
Arrays sometimes contain invalid or missing data. When doing operations
on such arrays, we wish to suppress invalid values, which is the purpose masked
arrays fulfill (an example of typical use is given below).
For example, examine the following array:
>>> x = np.array([2, 1, 3, np.nan, 5, 2, 3, np.nan])
When we try to calculate the mean of the data, the result is undetermined:
>>> np.mean(x)
nan
The mean is calculated using roughly ``np.sum(x)/len(x)``, but since
any number added to ``NaN`` [1]_ produces ``NaN``, this doesn't work. Enter
masked arrays:
>>> m = np.ma.masked_array(x, np.isnan(x))
>>> m
masked_array(data = [2.0 1.0 3.0 -- 5.0 2.0 3.0 --],
mask = [False False False True False False False True],
fill_value=1e+20)
Here, we construct a masked array that suppress all ``NaN`` values. We
may now proceed to calculate the mean of the other values:
>>> np.mean(m)
2.6666666666666665
.. [1] Not-a-Number, a floating point value that is the result of an
invalid operation.
.. moduleauthor:: Pierre Gerard-Marchant
.. moduleauthor:: Jarrod Millman
"""
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
from . import core
from .core import *
from . import extras
from .extras import *
__all__ = ['core', 'extras']
__all__ += core.__all__
__all__ += extras.__all__
from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester
test = PytestTester(__name__)
del PytestTester
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
a bleeding purple utah jazz blog
Bits from The Trey Burke Show, 10/14
How different is this season from last season?
I think for the most part, we’re all more comfortable. The pace of this offense this year is much higher, and coach [Quin] Snyder, he’s allowing us to play, you know, through mistakes and he’s allowing us to play, you know, more freely. And I think that’s giving everybody on the team confidence.
You know, we’re still a young team, and you know, with this new coaching staff, it’s still gonna take time for us to all the way, you know, mesh together as a young core. But I think, you know, right now, we’re, you know, we’re showing, you know, a lot of promise.
Are you excited to have the opportunity to play in a “free” offense?
Absolutely. You know, I think the most, for the most part, it’s, our transition plays [are] much different than last year. Last year, a lot of our offense was just half-court offense, and sometimes, you know, we’ll get stagnant out there.
And you know, this year, coach Snyder, he wants us playing much faster. He wants us getting out in transition and making plays, you know, within the first, you know, five to 10 seconds of the shot clock. And you know, I think that’s allowing, you know, or it’s playing towards all of our strengths on the offensive end. You know, so I think, you know, for the most part, you know, we’re all more comfortable with this offense and you know, it’s easier for us to, you know, bring out our strengths.
Rudy Gobert is a monster.
Yeah, Rudy’s at, Rudy’s in the way out there. He’s, on the defensive end, he’s definitely always in the way. You know, if one of us gets beat, you know, by our man, and you know, he gets to the rim, Rudy’s right there to clean it up.
On the offensive end, you know, we can rely on Rudy to, you know, go up for a oo–for a alley-oop or a, you know, to get putbacks. So you know, Rudy’s a young player who’s just gon continue to learn. His potential’s through the roof. You know, we just gotta continue to work with him.
Is Enes Kanter working hard on his defense?
Absolutely. We’re pushing him every day. We know that, we know what type of player he can be. You know, if he puts as much energy towards the defensive end as he does on offense, then, you know, we’re pushing him every day on that in practice. You know, he’s just gon continue to become a better defensive player going up against guys like, you know, [LaMarcus] Aldridge and Blake Griffin.
But I think it’s more of a mindset with Enes. You know, once he decides that he wants to, you know, be that type of defensive player or that type of defensive stopper, like he can be, then I think that’s when, you know, we’ll see that on the defensive end from him.
What was your reaction when you found out Gordon Hayward was staying with the Jazz?
Nah, I was definitely excited. It wa–I wasn’t surprised. I really didn’t know what he was doing. I kinda tried to leave that decision to him, you know, because that’s a tough decision, and you know, I’ve never been in that situation, you know, in my career yet. So, I don’t know what he was feeling in that situ–or, you know, with that decision.
Then I think, you know, when he came back, well, I know, I was really excited. And, you know, we needed a player like Gordon to come back, because he’s definitely a leader on our team. He’s been here, you know, for four or five years, and it was only right for him to come back and you know, help lead this young team.
On being a leader and mentoring Dante Exum
I think the most important part about summer league for me was going out there, you know, showing the, you know, the young guys and the guys that were trying out that, you know, I wanna be a leader of this team, and that I’m gonna be one of the leaders of this team as well.
And you know, it seemed like I was in that position last year, where Dante and Rodney [Hood] is right now. You know, games were moving fast. Come into the NBA and you don’t know everything. You have to make adjustments. So you know, I tried to be there for them and tried to be there specifically for Dante ’cause he plays, you know, my position, and the shooting guard.
So you know, I kinda know some of the struggles he was facing during summer league, and you know, I felt like, you know, a lotta people, you know, they look at it, they’re all, “You a–but you and Dante are competing against each other.” But I didn’t want to look at it, you know, like that.
I wanted to, you know, make sure, you know, I was there for him when he, you know, went through some of those trials that I faced last year because there was definitely guys like John Lucas who, you know, was [playing] my position, who was, you know, putting his arm around me and you know, telling me to continue to, you know, fight through when I was making mistakes.
So, it was a goal of mine, just to show my leadership [by playing in summer league] and to continue to grow as a leader as well. (1320) | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Chapter 1 in a four-part series! Journey across a massive world on a quest to thwart a power-crazed lunatic who wants to enslave humanity! Two hundred years ago, a sorcerer attempted to fulfill a dark prophecy that would see him rule the world. He died before his goal was realized, but the prophecy lingered on. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |