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Q:
In Luke 2:38 what does "redemption" (λύτρωσις) mean and to what does it refer?
NIV Luke 2:38 Coming up to them at that very moment, she gave thanks
to God and spoke about the child to all who were looking forward to
the redemption of Jerusalem.
What were they expecting Jesus to accomplish with regard to Jerusalem?
A:
They expected him to take back political control of Jerusalem.
Luke 1:26-33
...
And in the sixth month was the messenger Gabriel sent by God, to a city of Galilee, the name of which is Nazareth,
to a virgin, betrothed to a man, whose name is Joseph, of the house of David, and the name of the virgin is Mary.
And the messenger having come in unto her, said, 'Hail, favoured one, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women;'
and she, having seen, was troubled at his word, and was reasoning of what kind this salutation may be.
And the messenger said to her, 'Fear not, Mary, for thou hast found favour with God;
and lo, thou shalt conceive in the womb, and shalt bring forth a son, and call his name Jesus;
he shall be great, and Son of the Highest he shall be called, and the Lord God shall give him the throne of David his father, [which for centuries was stationed in Jerusalem]
and he shall reign over the house of Jacob to the ages; and of his reign there shall be no end.'
The mother of John and James believed this.
Matthew 20:20-23
...
Then came near to him the mother of the sons of Zebedee, with her sons, bowing and asking something from him,
and he said to her, 'What wilt thou?' She saith to him, 'Say, that they may sit -- these my two sons -- one on thy right hand, and one on the left, in thy reign.'
And Jesus answering said, 'Ye have not known what ye ask for yourselves; are ye able to drink of the cup that I am about to drink? and with the baptism that I am baptized with, to be baptized?' They say to him, 'We are able.'
And he saith to them, 'Of my cup indeed ye shall drink, and with the baptism that I am baptized with ye shall be baptized; but to sit on my right hand and on my left is not mine to give, but -- to those for whom it hath been prepared by my father.'
...
When Jesus Christ was crucified, the Jews charged Him of trying to make Himself a king:
Luke 23:1-3
And having risen, the whole multitude of them did lead him to Pilate,
and began to accuse him, saying, 'This one we found perverting the nation, and forbidding to give tribute to Caesar, saying himself to be Christ a king.'
And Pilate questioned him, saying, 'Thou art the king of the Jews?' and he answering him, said, 'Thou dost say it.'
...
Pilate concurred.
John 19:1-3, 7-22
Then, therefore, did Pilate take Jesus and scourge him,
and the soldiers having plaited a crown of thorns, did place it on his head, and a purple garment they put around him,
and said, 'Hail! the king of the Jews;' and they were giving him slaps.
...
the Jews answered him, 'We have a law, and according to our law he ought to die, for he made himself Son of God.'
When, therefore, Pilate heard this word, he was the more afraid,
and entered again to the praetorium, and saith to Jesus, 'Whence art thou?' and Jesus gave him no answer.
Pilate, therefore, saith to him, 'To me dost thou not speak? hast thou not known that I have authority to crucify thee, and I have authority to release thee?'
Jesus answered, 'Thou wouldst have no authority against me, if it were not having been given thee from above; because of this, he who is delivering me up to thee hath greater sin.'
From this time was Pilate seeking to release him, and the Jews were crying out, saying, 'If this one thou mayest release, thou art not a friend of Caesar; every one making himself a king, doth speak against Caesar.'
Pilate, therefore, having heard this word, brought Jesus without -- and he sat down upon the tribunal -- to a place called, 'Pavement,' and in Hebrew, Gabbatha;
and it was the preparation of the passover, and as it were the sixth hour, and he saith to the Jews, 'Lo, your king!'
and they cried out, 'Take away, take away, crucify him;' Pilate saith to them, 'Your king shall I crucify?' the chief priests answered, 'We have no king except Caesar.'
Then, therefore, he delivered him up to them, that he may be crucified, and they took Jesus and led him away,
and bearing his cross, he went forth to the place called Place of a Skull, which is called in Hebrew Golgotha;
where they crucified him, and with him two others, on this side, and on that side, and Jesus in the midst.
And Pilate also wrote a title, and put it on the cross, and it was written, 'Jesus the Nazarene, the king of the Jews;'
this title, therefore, read many of the Jews, because the place was nigh to the city where Jesus was crucified, and it was having been written in Hebrew, in Greek, in Roman.
The chief priests of the Jews said, therefore, to Pilate, 'Write not -- The king of the Jews, but that one said, I am king of the Jews;'
Pilate answered, 'What I have written, I have written.'
...
And even after He was resurrected (according to the text), His disciples still believed it.
Acts 1:3-4, 6
...
to whom also he did present himself alive after his suffering, in many certain proofs, through forty days being seen by them, and speaking the things concerning the reign of God.
And being assembled together with them, he commanded them not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait for the promise of the Father, which, saith he, 'Ye did hear of me;
...
They, therefore, indeed, having come together, were questioning him, saying, 'Lord, dost thou at this time restore the reign to Israel?'
...
Edit per comment
That BDAG (to be honest I do not know what that stands for) reference you want to use references Luke 1:68 we quoted above:
, εως, ἡ (s. λυτρόω; as legal and commercial t.t. in pap) ① experience of being liberated from an oppressive situation, transf. sense of commercial usage ‘redemption of someth. for a price’: ransoming, releasing, redemption (Plut., Arat. 11, 2 λ. αἰχμαλώτων; Palaeph. exc. Vat. p. 99, 10; LXX; TestJos 8:1) ποιεῖν λύτρωσιν τῷ λαῷ bring about a deliverance for the people Lk 1:68 (cp. TestLevi 2:10 Armenian vers.: s. Charles). προσδέχεσθαι λύτρωσιν Ἰερουσαλήμ wait for the redemption
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Breast cancer touches all of us, either by way of a personal battle, or that of someone we love, a family member or friend, or even a friend of a friend. It’s a concern, even a fear, we hold in our hearts and minds every day especially on the day of our mammograms and the long, scary wait for our results. My mother had two radical mastectomies about 30 years apart. A number of close friends have been diagnosed with breast cancer and my husband and I have had the honor of photographing quite a few women who have shared their journey with us by way of pre surgical and/or post surgical pictures. I’m such a strong believer in empowering women to make their own informed decisions in life about what is best for them. I still can’t imagine how these brave and amazing women absorb the news they have breast cancer and are still able, within just days, to analyze and make the critical decisions on the course of their battle plan.
I’d like to periodically post some of the stories women have shared with us regarding their decision to have pictures taken as a result their diagnosis. Some people won’t understand why anyone would decide to take photographs and others will ‘get it.’ It doesn’t matter what you think or even what I think about this. What matters is what it means to the women making the decision. If our photography has been helpful in some way to the breast cancer survivors we’ve photographed, then I want other woman to know we are here for them.
Twelve years ago or more we got a phone call from a woman stating she needed to get in immediately for a photo shoot and she didn’t have time for or want a consultation first. She’d just seen one of our ads and decided on the spot that she wanted to have some artistic pictures taken of her breasts. She went on to explain in an understandably shaky voice that she was scheduled for a double mastectomy in three days and needed to get in for pictures before her surgery. The following day she was at our studio and shared a bit of her story with my husband Darrell. She is just a tiny person and she explained how she’d always liked her breasts, that along with all the other bigger issues confronting her now, she was also grieving at the prospect of losing this part of her body that made her feel pretty, feminine, attractive. She and Darrell sat there for probably 30-minutes just talking and crying a bit before beginning the shoot. While she’d specifically stated she wanted the pictures to focus on her breasts, Darrell wanted to get some pictures of other parts of her body so that she’d know she was beautiful in so many ways and that that wasn’t going to change. During the shoot, he asked permission to take a specific picture of her back and buttocks to which she agreed though with more of a, ‘if you really want to attitude.’ He took the picture and a Polaroid as well of the same pose so she could have positive feedback immediately. Seeing the Polaroid she commented, “Yeah, it’s nice. Kind of arsty fartsy though!” And that was that.
Two days later, she and her husband came by to look at her proof sheets from the shoot. While she was momentarily out of the room her husband turned directly to us, staring pointedly into our eyes and said, “Thank you so much. My wife has barely spoken since getting the diagnosis and she certainly hasn’t smile. After her photo shoot when she got home I asked her how it went and she looked up at me with a smile and told me, “I’m ready now. I’m going to go upstairs, light some candles, and get in the bathtub with a glass of wine.” We weren’t quite sure how the photo shoot had that impact, but we were so grateful that in some way we’d helped her to get to that point.
Remember that “artsy fartsy” picture? It’s a beautiful art piece now, still hanging over their bed or at least it was when we were at their home one time for dinner. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
75000
What is 17/2 of a kilogram in grams?
8500
Convert 611.3589 kilograms to grams.
611358.9
Convert 802.7235t to kilograms.
802723.5
How many months are there in thirteen fifths of a century?
3120
Convert 61.26136 millilitres to litres.
0.06126136
How many nanometers are there in 0.2923934 centimeters?
2923934
Convert 87422.7 kilograms to milligrams.
87422700000
What is 53/4 of a gram in milligrams?
13250
How many micrometers are there in thirty-one halves of a millimeter?
15500
What is 7/2 of a litre in millilitres?
3500
What is seven quarters of a litre in millilitres?
1750
How many hours are there in thirteen quarters of a week?
546
What is 320421.1 tonnes in grams?
320421100000
How many millilitres are there in 75/4 of a litre?
18750
How many grams are there in 3/32 of a tonne?
93750
How many micrometers are there in 11/2 of a centimeter?
55000
Convert 537.7921 days to milliseconds.
46465237440
What is 751.1896 years in centuries?
7.511896
How many millilitres are there in 6/25 of a litre?
240
What is 60.372 centuries in months?
72446.4
Convert 2.824663 nanograms to kilograms.
0.000000000002824663
How many centimeters are there in 3/40 of a kilometer?
7500
What is 44/5 of a litre in millilitres?
8800
How many kilometers are there in 44.32858cm?
0.0004432858
How many months are there in 17/6 of a millennium?
34000
Convert 77948.15l to millilitres.
77948150
What is 0.1505178 decades in months?
18.062136
Convert 3987.361cm to nanometers.
39873610000
What is six fifths of a gram in milligrams?
1200
What is 7169.435g in micrograms?
7169435000
How many millilitres are there in 1/5 of a litre?
200
Convert 6130.345 nanometers to centimeters.
0.0006130345
How many weeks are there in 132297.48 days?
18899.64
What is 1/5 of a litre in millilitres?
200
What is five quarters of a kilogram in grams?
1250
What is 11/10 of a kilometer in meters?
1100
How many nanometers are there in 914532.4cm?
9145324000000
How many years are there in 3/5 of a decade?
6
How many centimeters are there in ninety-one quarters of a meter?
2275
How many decades are there in 21/4 of a millennium?
525
What is 3/50 of a meter in millimeters?
60
What is 69.17511 millimeters in micrometers?
69175.11
How many milligrams are there in one quarter of a gram?
250
What is 72.2639l in millilitres?
72263.9
Convert 19300.45 years to centuries.
193.0045
What is 4.39182 minutes in hours?
0.073197
How many kilograms are there in 1/4 of a tonne?
250
How many litres are there in 75569.31ml?
75.56931
How many seconds are there in one sixth of a minute?
10
How many tonnes are there in 63.70956ug?
0.00000000006370956
How many millilitres are there in fourty-eight fifths of a litre?
9600
What is thirteen eighths of a millennium in months?
19500
What is 3/10 of a litre in millilitres?
300
How many milliseconds are there in 4951.459 seconds?
4951459
How many millilitres are there in 1/5 of a litre?
200
What is thirty-one halves of a century in decades?
155
What is 12.051324 minutes in days?
0.008368975
How many centuries are there in thirteen fifths of a millennium?
26
What is four thirds of a minute in milliseconds?
80000
Convert 1204018.29ns to days.
0.000000013935396875
What is 558.8361 millilitres in litres?
0.5588361
Convert 331808.6um to meters.
0.3318086
What is 7/8 of a tonne in kilograms?
875
How many kilograms are there in 463.1148 grams?
0.4631148
What is one fifth of a litre in millilitres?
200
How many litres are there in 9264.54 millilitres?
9.26454
How many months are there in twenty-one eighths of a millennium?
31500
What is 5/4 of a milligram in micrograms?
1250
How many minutes are there in 7/15 of a week?
4704
How many centimeters are there in 3/16 of a kilometer?
18750
Convert 934.617ng to grams.
0.000000934617
What is 31/2 of a litre in millilitres?
15500
What is twenty-nine thirds of a century in months?
11600
How many minutes are there in 1.4250624 seconds?
0.02375104
What is 3/5 of a decade in years?
6
How many micrograms are there in 3/50 of a gram?
60000
Convert 1.45626 minutes to nanoseconds.
87375600000
Convert 626.2411 millennia to months.
7514893.2
What is 6/25 of a litre in millilitres?
240
How many micrometers are there in 3/8 of a millimeter?
375
What is 21/2 of a gram in milligrams?
10500
Convert 20.62743 millilitres to litres.
0.02062743
What is 7/8 of a microgram in nanograms?
875
How many minutes are there in 4806.2 weeks?
48446496
What is 9035.077 days in minutes?
13010510.88
What is 72.44046 years in centuries?
0.7244046
What is 5/8 of a decade in months?
75
How many seconds are there in 1/27 of a day?
3200
What is 1/5 of a micrometer in nanometers?
200
What is 404.6549 years in months?
4855.8588
What is 0.6713004 millilitres in litres?
0.0006713004
What is 3035.2cm in micrometers?
30352000
What is 871.6782l in millilitres?
871678.2
How many litres are there in 0.9757804 millilitres?
0.0009757804
Convert 7.584979l to millilitres.
7584.979
What is thirteen fifths of a litre in millilitres?
2600
What is 1/20 of a milligram in micrograms?
50
Convert 0.4746778um to millimeters.
0.0004746778
How many millilitres are there in 47.86189 litres?
47861.89
What is 31/2 of a litre in millilitres?
15500
How many millimeters are there in 11/2 of a meter?
5500
What is 1/20 of a meter in micrometers?
50000
How many millilitres are there in 11/4 of a litre?
2750
How many nanometers are there in seventeen halves of a micrometer?
8500
What is 335041.7 nanometers in meters?
0.0003350417
What is 11/4 of a micrometer in nanometers?
2750
How many meters are there in 0.8868923 millimeters?
0.0008868923
How many meters are there in 3959.589nm?
0.000003959589
How many months are there in 3/32 of a millennium?
1125
How many hours are there in eleven sevenths of a week?
264
What is 6/5 of a micrometer in nanometers?
1200
Convert 53.82022 milligrams to micrograms.
53820.22
How many millilitres are there in fifty-two fifths of a litre?
10400
Convert 266.4361mm to nanometers.
266436100
How many months are there in 1/30 of a millennium?
400
How many litres are there in 757.7752 millilitres?
0.7577752
How many nanograms are there in 99050.59ug?
99050590
Convert 0.5235779ml to litres.
0.0005235779
How many nanometers are there in eleven halves of a micrometer?
5500
How many meters are there in 848790.5nm?
0.0008487905
What is 31/5 of a litre in millilitres?
6200
What is six fifths of a litre in millilitres?
1200
How many seconds are there in 43.54754 nanoseconds?
0.00000004354754
What is 4645.888 tonnes in grams?
4645888000
What is twenty-five quarters of a day in hours?
150
What is thirteen quarters of a millimeter in micrometers?
3250
Convert 0.1876869l to millilitres.
187.6869
Convert 33364.06 litres to millilitres.
33364060
How many milliseconds are there in 6/25 of a minute?
14400
How many centuries are there in 63.2606 decades?
6.32606
Convert 52.85347 micrograms to grams.
0.00005285347
What is 4.064737 micrograms in kilograms?
0.000000004064737
How many grams are there in 3/40 of a tonne?
75000
What is 867108.78s in days?
10.03598125
How many millilitres are there in fifty-one fifths of a litre?
10200
How many litres are there in 0.7352703 millilitres?
0.0007352703
What is 17/4 of a microsecond in nanoseconds?
4250
Convert 410.3136 seconds to hours.
0.113976
What is 744881.3l in millilitres?
744881300
What is 6.81388l in millilitres?
6813.88
What is 0.7112487l in millilitres?
711.2487
What is 1/10 of a litre in millilitres?
100
What is fifty-four fifths of a kilogram in grams?
10800
Convert 57355.16 micrometers to nanometers.
57355160
What is thirteen fifths of a gram in milligrams?
2600
What is 0.1264644 litres in millilitres?
126.4644
How many litres are there in 3750.162ml?
3.750162
What is 52/5 of a millennium in centuries?
104
What is 3625.007ng in milligrams?
0.003625007
How many kilometers are there in 449.366mm?
0.000449366
What is 6.181133 tonnes in nanograms?
6181133000000000
What is 73/3 of a minute in seconds?
1460
What is one sixteenth of a kilometer in centimeters?
6250
How many microseconds are there in fourty-six fifths of a millisecond?
9200
How many milligrams are there in 34/5 of a gram?
6800
How many micrograms are there in 634.4098t?
634409800000000
What is 177 | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
Xavier Malisse
Xavier Malisse (born 19 July 1980) is a Belgian retired professional tennis player. Born in the north-western Flemish city of Kortrijk and nicknamed X-Man, he is only one of two players from Belgium (the other being David Goffin) to have been ranked in the top 20 of the ATP tour, with a career-high singles ranking of World No. 19.
Career
Juniors
As a junior Malisse compiled a singles win/loss record of 66–18, reaching as high as No. 10 in the junior world singles rankings in 1997. He made the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1997, whilst his final junior tournament was winning Eddie Herr later that year.
1998–2008
Malisse turned professional in 1998.
His best performance in Grand Slam singles competition was at the 2002 Wimbledon championships, where he reached the semi-final, beating Galo Blanco, Vince Spadea, Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Britain's Greg Rusedski in five sets en route, as well as former champion Richard Krajicek. He eventually lost to runner-up David Nalbandian, again in five sets.
Malisse and Olivier Rochus won the French Open doubles championship in 2004.
He has won three ATP tour singles titles: Delray Beach in 2005 and 2007, and Chennai in 2007.
2009
After a difficult year, Malisse found himself with a world ranking of 205. In his first tournament of the year in Brisbane, he lost in the last qualifying round to American Bobby Reynolds. A week later, in Medibank International Sydney, he reached the main draw, but lost to Mario Ančić in the first round.
At the Australian Open, he first won his qualifying matches. In the first round of the main draw, he defeated Michaël Llodra. However, in the next round, he lost to Andy Roddick in four sets. In October, he won a Challenger tournament in Lyon, and this pushed him back into the world's top 100 for the first time in nearly two years.
He was banned for a year over doping allegations.
2010
Malisse lost in the third round of Wimbledon to Sam Querrey in five sets.
2011
Xavier started the 2011 season by reaching the final of Chennai.
In March, he won the doubles title in the Indian Wells Masters with Alexandr Dolgopolov of Ukraine. He reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, where he lost to Bernard Tomic.
2012
Xavier reached the fourth round of Wimbledon where he faced Roger Federer. Federer won the first two sets and went a break up in the third, but Malisse came back to win the third set and move 2–0 in the fourth. Federer subsequently won six out of the next seven games to win the match and went on to win the Title.
2016
After retiring in 2013 and competing in an ITF doubles event in 2015, Malisse entered the 2016 Meerbusch Challenger in doubles, ultimately conceding a walkover to end his playing career.
Significant finals
Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
Masters 1000 finals
Doubles: 1 (1–0)
ATP career finals
Singles: 12 (3 titles, 9 runners-up)
Doubles: 13 (9 titles, 4 runners-up)
Singles performance timeline
Doubles performance timeline
Top 10 wins
References
External links
Category:1980 births
Category:Belgian expatriates in the United States
Category:Belgian male tennis players
Category:French Open champions
Category:Hopman Cup competitors
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic tennis players of Belgium
Category:Sportspeople from Kortrijk
Category:Sportspeople from Sarasota, Florida
Category:Tennis people from Florida
Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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About
Suspension System for Skis
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By:
tcworley
The inventor Anton Wilson is known in some circles for his contributions to professional video-camera battery technology. Now, after seven years work, Wilson’s latest project is a strange alpine technology touted as “the world’s first active suspension ski.” His namesake company’s Anton Dynamics Inc.‘s Active Suspension Ski offers the “stress-free sensation of flying” and “less fatigue on knees and body,” according to the marketing literature.
The skis’ suspension mechanism resembles an automotive leaf spring, only inverted and with a ski binding perched on top. This system puts the bindings’ contact points on the skis further toward the tip and the tail, resulting in a setup reported to “require much less effort to turn.”
Revolutionary or just plain odd? The ’70s ski star and long-ago World Champion freestyle skier Wayne Wong, who is something of a spokesperson for Anton, says this could be “the next big thing” in ski technology. In addition to reportedly being easier on the knees and hips, the skis are said to be easier to use and likely to improve a skiers skill level within a few runs, the company touts.
Anton Dynamics’ UFOria model
Anton Dynamics offers three models, and they ain’t cheap. Prices start at $2,490. All are currently on sale. If the Anton Skis can live up to its hype, we may be in for an industry revolution. If not, we can still thank Mr. Wilson and his battery inventions for helping power all the ski videos we’ve enjoyed watching over the years. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
require 'tzinfo/timezone_definition'
module TZInfo
module Definitions
module Europe
module Belgrade
include TimezoneDefinition
timezone 'Europe/Belgrade' do |tz|
tz.offset :o0, 4920, 0, :LMT
tz.offset :o1, 3600, 0, :CET
tz.offset :o2, 3600, 3600, :CEST
tz.transition 1883, 12, :o1, 1734607039, 720
tz.transition 1941, 4, :o2, 29161241, 12
tz.transition 1942, 11, :o1, 58335973, 24
tz.transition 1943, 3, :o2, 58339501, 24
tz.transition 1943, 10, :o1, 58344037, 24
tz.transition 1944, 4, :o2, 58348405, 24
tz.transition 1944, 10, :o1, 58352773, 24
tz.transition 1945, 5, :o2, 58358005, 24
tz.transition 1945, 9, :o1, 58361149, 24
tz.transition 1983, 3, :o2, 417574800
tz.transition 1983, 9, :o1, 433299600
tz.transition 1984, 3, :o2, 449024400
tz.transition 1984, 9, :o1, 465354000
tz.transition 1985, 3, :o2, 481078800
tz.transition 1985, 9, :o1, 496803600
tz.transition 1986, 3, :o2, 512528400
tz.transition 1986, 9, :o1, 528253200
tz.transition 1987, 3, :o2, 543978000
tz.transition 1987, 9, :o1, 559702800
tz.transition 1988, 3, :o2, 575427600
tz.transition 1988, 9, :o1, 591152400
tz.transition 1989, 3, :o2, 606877200
tz.transition 1989, 9, :o1, 622602000
tz.transition 1990, 3, :o2, 638326800
tz.transition 1990, 9, :o1, 654656400
tz.transition 1991, 3, :o2, 670381200
tz.transition 1991, 9, :o1, 686106000
tz.transition 1992, 3, :o2, 701830800
tz.transition 1992, 9, :o1, 717555600
tz.transition 1993, 3, :o2, 733280400
tz.transition 1993, 9, :o1, 749005200
tz.transition 1994, 3, :o2, 764730000
tz.transition 1994, 9, :o1, 780454800
tz.transition 1995, 3, :o2, 796179600
tz.transition 1995, 9, :o1, 811904400
tz.transition 1996, 3, :o2, 828234000
tz.transition 1996, 10, :o1, 846378000
tz.transition 1997, 3, :o2, 859683600
tz.transition 1997, 10, :o1, 877827600
tz.transition 1998, 3, :o2, 891133200
tz.transition 1998, 10, :o1, 909277200
tz.transition 1999, 3, :o2, 922582800
tz.transition 1999, 10, :o1, 941331600
tz.transition 2000, 3, :o2, 954032400
tz.transition 2000, 10, :o1, 972781200
tz.transition 2001, 3, :o2, 985482000
tz.transition 2001, 10, :o1, 1004230800
tz.transition 2002, 3, :o2, 1017536400
tz.transition 2002, 10, :o1, 1035680400
tz.transition 2003, 3, :o2, 1048986000
tz.transition 2003, 10, :o1, 1067130000
tz.transition 2004, 3, :o2, 1080435600
tz.transition 2004, 10, :o1, 1099184400
tz.transition 2005, 3, :o2, 1111885200
tz.transition 2005, 10, :o1, 1130634000
tz.transition 2006, 3, :o2, 1143334800
tz.transition 2006, 10, :o1, 1162083600
tz.transition 2007, 3, :o2, 1174784400
tz.transition 2007, 10, :o1, 1193533200
tz.transition 2008, 3, :o2, 1206838800
tz.transition 2008, 10, :o1, 1224982800
tz.transition 2009, 3, :o2, 1238288400
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| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Just fixing to buy my first pair of Zen-Ray's. I'm just trying to figure out if it is worth the extra $200 for the ED2's, or if I should save my money and go with the ZRS HD. I know both are great bins. I know the differences between the two fom the comparison charts, but since there are no dealers here I can't look through them to compare. I'm not bragging, but I would say I've got better than average eyesight. Would it benefit me more to go with one pair of ED2's or two pair of ZRS HD at two different magnifications 8x and 10x. Anybody with any experience with both, your advice is greatly appreciated,
I haven't looked through the latest ZRS HD to give you a well informed input on their comparison with ED2. But the ED2 I have is very impressive, especially for the chromatic abberation control and brightness. If you have the budget for a pair of ED2, it's probably better to go with it.
I have a pair of the 2010 ZRS HD, for the money WOW. After I got them I thought wow, if zen ray can make these for this much, I wonder how awesome the ED2 would be. I say get the ED2 so you dont have to buy something lesser and regret on what your missing out on. THe extra low disperation glass should really be nice.
And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
The 7 is prob a better maginfication for bow hunting. The 8 power has bigger objective lenses. and a slightly larger exit pupil. The 8x weighs 4oz more, and has about 50 @1000 yards smaller feild of view than the 7. It really comes down to personal preference and what would be best for the situation you will be using.
And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
I think I read that the ED2 have better depth of focus than the ZRS so I would go ED2. I had a pair of Vortex Viper 8x42 and they were nice but you had to be focused for precisely for each distance to get a decent picture. I mean I could focus on a tree 50 yrds away and anything 10 yrds or more in front or behind and further was just blurry. I sold those. I had a pair of Kahles 8x42 and while I think the Vortex were optically just about as good the Kahles had very good depth of focus. You could focus on an object and still everything closer and way further out was just slightly out of focus and you could scan far and near without touching the focus wheel. Great optics are nice but depth of focus has become a priority to me from now on. Personally I think the Kahles are a good all around hunting binocular. I am going to get around to trying the Zen ED2 7x36 and would also like to find a Meopta 7x or 8x to compare.
ed2! bought them thru swfa--more than pleased. you can buy better but you will spend a lot more. 8x43(or 42). super glass and this has held up well through hard hunting for the past year. only complaint would be the very loose objective covers that won't stay on.
Just about the only weakness for a sub $225 price class glass the ZRS has is that it does not have the depth of focus that the ZEN ED has. That is not to say it is bad, but some people will notice that detail. You do have to use the focus knob more than you will with the ZEN ED, particularly the 7x36 ED. That glass is almost a focus free binocular.
Outside of the depth of focus, the ZRS really is nearly as sharp as is the ED. I would not worry too much about the ED glass difference, as the ZRS is very nearly as good at correcting color aberrations as is the ED. It is also a LOT more compact. The ZRS 8x42 is very little larger than the Vortex Diamondback 7x36.
Steve"Everything that can be counted does not necessarily count; everything that counts cannot necessarily be counted". William Bruce Cameron
After trying and returning 3 other binocs, I ordered a Leupold Gold Ring 8x32 non-HD and a few days later ordered a Zed Ray 7x36 EDII. I have tried to find things wrong with the Leupod and really can't for $349 shipped.
The ZR 7x36 EDII came today and I'm a bit disappointed. As I had feared, they are a bit long. Compared to the Gold Rings, they have a cheap look to them. There is more edge distortion and once the focus ring stops, there is some annoying "play" in the wheel. And when comparing them out in the field, I noticed the Leupold's 420' FoV is wider than the Zen Ray's advertized 477' - somebody is wrong here! Because of the ED glass, I will admit it appears a bit brighter than the Leupold but it also has just over a 1mm larger exit pupil.
Although the eyecups on the Leupy are a bit ugly, I'm going to keep them and return the Zen Rays. By no means an expert's opinion - just mine and I have/had several alpha binocs.
You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot create polls in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
package protocolsupport.protocol.packet.middleimpl.clientbound.play.v_7;
import protocolsupport.protocol.packet.PacketType;
import protocolsupport.protocol.packet.middle.clientbound.play.MiddleBlockOpenSignEditor;
import protocolsupport.protocol.packet.middleimpl.ClientBoundPacketData;
import protocolsupport.protocol.serializer.PositionSerializer;
public class BlockOpenSignEditor extends MiddleBlockOpenSignEditor {
public BlockOpenSignEditor(MiddlePacketInit init) {
super(init);
}
@Override
protected void writeToClient() {
ClientBoundPacketData blockopensigneditor = ClientBoundPacketData.create(PacketType.CLIENTBOUND_PLAY_SIGN_EDITOR);
PositionSerializer.writeLegacyPositionI(blockopensigneditor, position);
codec.write(blockopensigneditor);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
BT puts Tech Mahindra stake sale on back burner
MUMBAI: UK telecom major British Telecom (BT) is learnt to have put the sale of its stake in Tech Mahindra on the back burner following the dramatic collapse of Wall Street's giants.
"BT has temporarily put the process on the hold because of bad market conditions," sources told ET. Although the market was bearish when BT had initiated discussions for the stake sale, there was no crisis of the current scale and impact. "BT would not like to sell in such a market," said the source.
The telecom operator was earlier in discussions with a few top private equity players to sell part of its stake, and buyout firm, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR), was reported to be among the top contenders. Tech Mahindra scrip closed at Rs 609.35 on Monday, down 2.54% from its previous close. At this price, the market capitalisation of the company is around Rs 7,425 crore, valuing BT's 31% stake at Rs 2,301 crore.
"The stock price is much below the Rs 750 levels that it had reached in July this year when BT was actively considering sale. In the current market scenario, a sale will not give BT the desired returns as it will fail to capture the real value of the company," said another source. "BT will wait for the market to stabilise," he added. In response to a questionnaire from ET, a BT spokesperson stated, "BT does not comment on rumour and speculation. BT has operations and investments worldwide which we regularly review. India remains a critical market both for BT and our customers, and we expect to continue developing both the operational network and service presence that we have established over a number of years."
A Tech Mahindra official said, "The company does not comment on market rumour and speculation." BT is Tech Mahindra's number one customer contributing over 60% of revenues. It has committed business worth over $2 billion to Tech Mahindra. The two partners have enjoyed a good relationship and there was no immediate trigger for BT's decision to sell part of its stake, excepting to monetise its value. BT's profits have been under pressure and analysts had said this was one of the more immediate motivations. The Tech Mahindra stock had hit a high of Rs 1,550 in October last year and has been slipping after that. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
I need to set display: block on div then find an anchor within that div
I'm nearly finished with this project but I have been beating my head against this problem for a day or so.
Big picture:
Im trying to create a link that will jump between tabs and find an anchor.
Details:
I need to create a link which triggers the function that hides the current div (using display: none)/shows another div (display: block;) and then goto an anchor on the page.
My first intuition was to do:
code:
<a onClick="return toggleTab(6,6);" href="#{anchor_tab_link_name}">{anchor_tab_link_name}</a>
Since the onClick should return true and then execute the anchor. However it loads but never goes to the anchor.
Here is the toggleTab function to give some context:
function toggleTab(num,numelems, anchor, opennum,animate) {
if ($('tabContent'+num).style.display == 'none'){
for (var i=1;i<=numelems;i++){
if ((opennum == null) || (opennum != i)){
var temph = 'tabHeader'+i;
var h = $(temph);
if (!h){
var h = $('tabHeaderActive');
h.id = temph;
}
var tempc = 'tabContent'+i;
var c = $(tempc);
if(c.style.display != 'none'){
if (animate || typeof animate == 'undefined')
Effect.toggle(tempc,'appear',{duration:0.4, queue:{scope:'menus', limit: 3}});
else
toggleDisp(tempc);
}
}
}
var h = $('tabHeader'+num);
if (h)
h.id = 'tabHeaderActive';
h.blur();
var c = $('tabContent'+num);
c.style.marginTop = '2px';
if (animate || typeof animate == 'undefined'){
Effect.toggle('tabContent'+num,'appear',{duration:0.4, queue:{scope:'menus', position:'end', limit: 3}});
}else{
toggleDisp('tabContent'+num);
}
}
}
So I posted this on a coding forum and a person told me that my tab code was done in prototype.
And that I should "Long story short: don't use onclick. Attach the data to the A tag and handle the click event yourself (using preventDefault() or similar) to do your tab-setting stuff, then when it's done, manually set your location to the hash tag."
I do understand what he is suggesting but I don't know how to implement it because I don't know much about javascript syntax.
If you can provide any hints or suggestions it would be amazing.
Update:
I tried to implement the solution below like this:
The link:
<a id="trap">trap</a>
Then adding the following js to the top of the page:
<script type="javascript">
document.getElementById("trap").click(function() { // bind click event to link
tabToggle(6,6);
var anchor = $(this).attr('href');
//setTimeout(infoSupport.gotoAnchor,600, anchor);
jumpToAnchor();
return false;
});
//Simple jump to anchor point
function jumpToAnchor(){
location.href = location.href+"#trap";
}
//Nice little jQuery scroll to id of any element
function scollToId(id){
window.scrollTo(0,$("#"+id).offset().top);
}
</script>
But unfortunately it simply doesn't seem to work for me. When I click the text simply nothing happens.
Anyone notice any apparent mistakes? I'm not used of working with javascript.
A:
I found a lot simpler solution:
$(function(){
jumpToTarget('spot_to_go'); //This is what you put inside your function when the link is clicked.
function jumpToTarget(target){
var target_offset = $("#"+target).offset();
var target_top = target_offset.top;
$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:target_top}, 500);
}
});
Working demo:
http://jsbin.com/ivure/3/edit
So on the click event you do something like this:
//Untested
$('#trap').click(function(){
tabToggle(6,6);
var anchor = $(this).attr('href');
jumpToTarget(anchor);
return false;
});
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Low-back pain (LBP) is among the leading causes of the most costly musculoskeletal problems in adults worldwide. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the most common disorders reported in orthopedic practice resulting in LBP; the magnitude of the issue is intensified by the increasing adult population, attaining an overall cost exceeding \$100 billion per year in the United States[@b1][@b2]. Advances in the research on disc physiology and the etiology of IDD have been made, and a strong association between IDD and LBP has been shown[@b3][@b4]. The pathogenesis of IDD is very complicated and remains poorly understood. To date, possible etiological factors in the pathogenesis of IDD have been identified as aberrant, cell-mediated, age- and genetic-dependent molecular degeneration processes[@b5].
An IVD consists mainly of a central nucleus pulposus (NP) and radially aligned annulus fibrosus (AF), both of which play a key role in spinal column articulation, force coordination, and cushioning against axial load[@b6]. During degeneration, the composition and structure of the IVD are altered, resulting in impaired biomechanical function[@b7][@b8]. Papers published in the medical literature[@b9][@b10][@b11][@b12][@b13] have emphasized that the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) genes have essential roles in the degeneration of human IVDs. During the pathogenesis of IDD, degeneration of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is initiated by proteolytic enzymes, including MMP-1, -3, -7, -9, and -13, as well as ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5[@b14][@b15]. At a steady state condition, the activity of MMPs is very low in IVD tissue; however, this activity can be up-regulated by inflammatory cytokines[@b16]. IL-1β, TNF-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased in IDD, which induces MMP production and decreases the synthesis of ECM components[@b17][@b18][@b19][@b20].
Protease nexin-1(PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor with a unique structure shared by most serpins, belonging to the serpin superfamily. The reactive center loop of PN-1 is located near the carboxy-terminal end of the serpin domain, which is necessary for its inhibitory activity[@b21][@b22]. PN-1 can inactivate several proteases, including plasmin, plasminogen, and urokinase, preventing cartilage degradation[@b23][@b24][@b25]. As is known, the plasmin/plasminogen enzymatic cascades play an important role in cartilage catabolism, which is mediated by activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). IVD tissues share pathophysiological characteristics with osteoarthritis (OA)[@b26]. Various types of proteases are directly involved in ECM degradation; however, MMPs are considered the major enzymes[@b27]. Given the role of serine proteases in OA pathology, the endogenous serine protease inhibitor PN-1 could share a similar role in ECM degeneration involving the activated plasminogen/plasmin and MMP systems in IVD tissue.
Here, we hypothesize that the expression of PN-1 decreases during IDD, which is related to altered disc-cell function and subsequent characteristic features of IDD. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the expression of PN-1 during IDD, and to determine the induction of its regulation by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β. Then, we examined the effects of PN-1 on the expression and activity of MMPs and ADAMTS in NP cells. Finally, the associated signaling pathway was investigated, focusing on the activation of ERK1/2/NF-κB.
Materials and Methods
=====================
This study complies with accepted ethical standards for human and animal research. The research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji medical college, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Materials
---------
Recombinant human PN-1 was purchased from R&D Systems (2980-PI-010). Recombinant human IL-1β (AF-200-01B-10), TNF-α (AF-300-01A-10), and TGFβ1 (AF-100-21C-10) were obtained from Peprotech. Polyclonal antibodies to PN-1 (ab154591), MMP13 (ab39012), ADAMTS5 (ab135656), and Aggrecan (ab3778) were purchased from Abcam. Mouse anti-human fibronectin N-terminal monoclonal antibody (mABl936) was obtained from Chemicon (San Francisco, CA, USA). Polyclonal antibodies against COL2 (sc-7764) and P-P65 (sc-33020) were obtained from Santa Cruz. Polyclonal antibodies against P38 (BS1681), P-P38 (BS6381), P-ERK (BS5016), and MMP9(BS6893) were obtained from Bioworld. P65 (10745-1-AP), and ERK (16443-1-AP) were purchased from ProteinTech Group. The anti-MMP3 (14351) antibody was purchased from CST and the anti-ADAMTS4 (EAP1002) antibody was obtained from Elabscience. All fluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies, anti-IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibodies, and the LaminB antibody were obtained from BosterBio. DAPI was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology.
Patient tissue samples
----------------------
Degenerated IVD tissues were obtained from 32 symptomatic patients undergoing disc excision and spinal fusion surgery. Non-degenerated disc samples were obtained from the intervertebral discs of eight scoliosis patients undergoing deformity correction surgery. The samples were classified by the degree of IVD degeneration according to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification of disc degeneration[@b28]. Degeneration grades were assigned as follows: grade 1--2, non-degenerated (normal disc height); grade 3, mild degeneration (normal to slightly decrease in disc height); grade 4, moderate degeneration (normal of moderately decrease in disc height); and grade 5, severe degeneration (collapsed disc space). Additionally, IVD cryosections from each group were stained with Alcian blue.
Isolation and Culture of NP Cells
---------------------------------
Normal human NP cells were isolated from the discs in younger scoliosis patients undergoing deformity correction surgery (Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College). Briefly, NP tissues were minced into small fragments and enzymatically digested in 0.2% type II collagenase and 0.25% trypsin for 3 hours. After being filtered and washed in PBS, the cells were seeded and cultured in growth medium (DMEM/F-12 supplied with 20% fetal bovine serum, 50 U/mL penicillin, and 50 μg/mL streptomycin) in a 5% CO~2~ incubator. The cells were passaged two to three times for use in the following experiments.
Stimulation of NP cells
-----------------------
NPs were seeded and cultured in 12-well dishes and allowed to reach 100% confluence. After being serum-starved for 2 hours, the cells were incubated in growth medium alone or in stimulatory medium containing IL-1β (10 ng/mL), TNF-α (50 ng/mL), or TGF-β1 (1 ng/mL) for 7, 14, and 21 days, and the medium was changed every 3 days. In control cultures, the medium was replaced at the indicated times. Each treatment was performed in three different wells. In another experiment, to test the signaling pathways involved in NP cells, PN-1 and/or IL-1β at different concentrations were used to treat cells for 24 h, and inhibitors of NF-kB (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) and ERK (GDC-0994) were used.
ELISA
-----
PN-1 is a secreted protein that acts in the ECM, and therefore, the protein analysis was performed on cell-conditioned media. The level of PN-1 was detected by ELISA from the stored supernatant of each group at different time points after induction, according to the manufacture's procedures (USCN, SED381H).
Immunohistochemistry
--------------------
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PN-1 expression was performed on degenerated IVD tissue. To detect protein expression, antigen retrieval was performed on the IVD cryosections by incubation in 0.8% hyaluronidase at 37 °C for 60 min. The sections were washed gently with PBS for 5 min, and then blocked in 0.5% goat serum for 40 min at room temperature. Subsequently, the samples were incubated with polyclonal anti-PN-1 (1:100), or control rabbit IgG (2 μg/mL) at 4 °C overnight, followed by washing with PBS. Then secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (diluted 1:3000) was applied for 20\~30 min at room temperature. After washing, the sections were incubated with diaminobenzidine (DAB; Solarbio, DA1010) reaction solution until color was detected, followed by counterstaining with hematoxylin, and images were captured using a microscope (Olympus).
Gene expression analysis
------------------------
Total RNA was extracted from cells using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, USA), and reverse transcription was performed to obtain cDNA, according to the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was performed using SYBR green (Fermentas, \#K0242) and Ex Taq^TM^ (TAKARA, DRR100A) according to manufacturer's instructions; β-actin was used as an endogenous control. Each 20 μL reaction mixture comprised 4 μL cDNA, 0.4 μL forward primer, 0.4 μL reverse primer, 10 μL SYBR green/flourescein qPCR Master Mix(2X), and 5.2 μL H~2~O. All reactions were performed in triplicate at the following cycling conditions: 95 °C for 10 min, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, and 60 °C for 30 s. Target mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR and normalized relative to β-actin mRNA according to a standardized protocol. Relative mRNA expression levels were determined by the comparative ΔΔCT method. The oligonucleotide primers for quantification of PN-1, FN, and β-actin mRNA were as follows: Homo PN1, 121bp, F: 5′-CAACTTCATTGAACTGCCCTACC-3′ R: 5′-GCTGTCTATGGTCTTGGTGCTGA-3′; Homo FN1, 209bp F: 5′-AACCTACGGATGACTCGTGCTTT-3′, R: 5′-TTCTCCCTGACGGTCCCACTTCT-3′; Homo β-actin, 285bp F: 5′-AGCGAGCATCCCCCAAAGTT-3′, R: 5′-GGGCACGAAGGCTCATCATT-3′.
Each sample was analyzed in triplicate for both, target and control genes.
Western Blot Analysis
---------------------
The NP cells from each culture dish were collected and lysed in RIPA buffer. The lysates were centrifuged, and the protein concentrations were determined by the BCA protein assay. In each group, equivalent amounts of protein (50 μg) were used for electrophoresis. After electrophoresis, the proteins were electrotransferred to 0.45 μm-pore-diameter polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Invitrogen). After being blocked in Tris-buffered saline containing Tween-20 with 5% milk powder, the membranes were immunolabeled with specific antibodies for PN-1 (1:1500), FN N-terminal (1:5000), P38 (1:800), P-P38 (1:1000), ERK (1:5000), P-ERK (1:800), P65(1:2000), P-P65 (1:800), MMP3(1:1000), MMP9(1:1000), MMP13 (1:4000), ADAMTS4 (1:1000), ADAMTS5 (1:80), Aggrecan (1:100), or COL2 (1:8000) overnight at 4 °C with gentle shaking. After washing, the membranes were incubated for 2 h at 4 °C with a 1:2000 dilution of HRP-conjugated secondary antibody in antibody diluents (Boster). Finally, the ECL Plus western blotting system was used, and immunoreactive bands were quantified using ImageQuant LAS 400 software (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and calculated by normalization to the reference bands of β-actin or Lamin B.
Gelatin zymography
------------------
Gelatin zymography is a sensitive and quantifiable method for analyzing proteolytic activity of enzymes, including MMP-2 (gelatinase A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase B). In brief, to detect the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs, cell extracts from different groups were incubated at 37 °C for 20 min in SDS sample buffer, and then electrophoresed on 8% polyacrylamide gels at 4 °C. Pre-stained SDS-PAGE markers and MMP-9 and MMP-2 standards were used to estimate the molecular weights of the bands. After electrophoresis, the gels were eluted twice with 2.5% Triton X-100, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl, and 5 mmol/L CaCl2, pH 7.6 for 40 min. The gels were rinsed with wash buffer without Triton X-100. Subsequently, the gels were incubated with 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 5 mmol/L CaCl2, and 0.02% Brij-35, pH 7.6 at 37 °C for 42 h, which allows substrate degradation. The gels were fixed in 30% methanol and 10% acetic acid for 30 min, and stained with 0.5% Coomassie Brillant Blue for 3 h. Proteolytic bands were visualized using destaining solution A, B, and C (30, 20, and 10% methanol, and 10, 10, and 5% acetic acid, respectively). Finally, the gels were scanned, and MMP-9 and MMP-2 proteolytic activities were semiquantified based on computer-assisted image analysis. Results were expressed as the relative percentage of gelatinolytic activity (density of the active band in each group).
Statistical evaluation
----------------------
All statistical analyses and plots were performed using the Prism GraphPad 5.0 software. Values are presented as mean ± SEM. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Changes in gene expression between the various treatment groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA or Student's *t*-test. A p-value \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
=======
PN-1 gene expression in human NP tissue
---------------------------------------
PN-1 mRNA expression levels in human IVD tissue with differing grades of disc degeneration were normalized to β-actin and presented as 2^−ΔΔCt^. As seen in [Fig. 1A](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, there was significant expression of PN-1 in non-degenerated IVD tissue (Grade 2), but expression was markedly weakened in degenerated IVD tissue. FN, a protein that induces intervertebral disc degeneration, was increased in the IVD samples with increased degrees of disc degeneration ([Fig. 1B](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Western blot analysis was performed to detect the protein expression of PN-1, FN, and FN-fs in IVD with varying degrees of disc degeneration ([Fig. 1C](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). As the photomicrographs show, the expression of PN-1 was similar to that seen by PCR ([Fig. 1D](#f1){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that gene expression of PN-1 decreased during the process of disc degeneration. FN-fs play important roles in the development of human disc degeneration. In the study, FN and FN-f were analyzed by western blot, which showed that the highest amount of FN-fs emerged in the moderately degenerative discs (grades III) and retained a high level during IDD ([Fig. 1E](#f1){ref-type="fig"}).
Histological examination for PN-1 expression in human NP tissue
---------------------------------------------------------------
The degree of degeneration of the IVD tissue was confirmed by Alcian blue staining. IHC was used to confirm the expression of PN-1 in human IVD tissue. As shown in [Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, the extent of PN-1 expression by NP cells was clearly decreased in the degenerated IVD sample. Thus, the expression of PN-1 is inversely correlated with the grade of disc degeneration, in that a higher degenerative degree correlated to a lower expression level of PN-1 ([Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}).
PN-1 Expression in NP cells in response to IL-1β stimulation
------------------------------------------------------------
To determine the expression of PN-1 mRNA at the cellular level under degeneration, NP cells were cultured with IL-1β, and mRNA was detected using RT-PCR at different time points (10, 30, and 60 min, and 6, 12, and 24 h). As [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows, administration of IL-1β resulted in a significant decrease in PN-1 mRNA expression at 24 h ([Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"},B). Cell lysates from different time points were collected and analyzed by western blot, which also confirmed a significant decrease of PN-1 expression at 24 h ([Fig. 3C,D](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). The analysis of PN-1 expression levels on cell-conditioned media was performed by an ELISA, which indicated that PN-1 concentration increased significantly in NP cells in a time-dependent manner after IL-1β induction ([Fig. 3E](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, IL-1β induction could decrease the gene expression of PN-1 in NP cells, and the decrease in cytosolic PN-1 protein expression is due to an increase in protein secretion in the culture media.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α decrease PN-1 expression in NP cells
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To detect the expression of PN-1 regulated by IL-1β and TNF-α, human NP cells were cultured with IL-1β (10 ng/mL), TNF-α (50 ng/mL), IL-1β+TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL), and TNF-α+TGF-β1, and detected by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. The protein expression levels in different groups were examined at different time points ([Fig. 4A](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease in the PN-1 protein level in NP cells after administration of IL-1β and TNF-α on days 7 ([Fig. 4B](#f4){ref-type="fig"}) and 14 ([Fig. 4C](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). There was still a trend of decreased PN-1 expression at day 21 ([Fig. 1D](#f1){ref-type="fig"}), but it was not as evident as on days 7 and 14. The results also indicated that TGF-β1 treatment could alleviate the suppressive effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, immunofluorescent staining for PN-1 expression was performed in cells cultured with IL-1β and TNF-α at the corresponding time points, which confirmed the decreased expression of PN-1 in NP cells in comparison with the control group at day 7 ([Fig. 4E](#f4){ref-type="fig"}), 14 ([Fig. 4F](#f4){ref-type="fig"}), and 21 ([Fig. 4G](#f4){ref-type="fig"}).
PN-1 inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP production in NP cells
------------------------------------------------------
To investigate the effects of PN-1 on the protein expression of matrix degrading enzymes in IVD, NP cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1β with or without PN-1, and proteins were detected by western blotting. Changes in MMP-3, ADAMTS-4, MMP-13, MMP-9, ADAMTS-5, Agg, and COL2 levels were observed ([Fig. 5A](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). Specifically, IL-1β treatment resulted in a significant up-regulation of MMP protein expression after 24 h stimulation in human NP cells. Interestingly, recombinant PN-1 was able to reverse the production of MMPs induced by IL-1β in human NP cells. Compared to IL-1β stimulation alone, PN-1 administration could reverse the expression of MMP-3 ([Fig. 5B](#f5){ref-type="fig"}), ADAMTS-4 ([Fig. 5C](#f5){ref-type="fig"}), MMP-13 ([Fig. 5D](#f5){ref-type="fig"}), MMP-9 ([Fig. 5E](#f5){ref-type="fig"}), and ADAMTS-5 ([Fig. 5F](#f5){ref-type="fig"}) in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal concentration of PN-1 was 100 ng/mL. We detected the expressions of Agg and COL2. The results showed that IL-1β treatment down-regulated expressions of Agg and COL2, while PN-1 administration could attenuate the effects, reaching the highest levels at the optimal dose of 100 ng/mL.
PN-1 inhibits IL-1β-induced gelatinolytic activities of MMPs
------------------------------------------------------------
MMPs are enzymes that degrade components of the ECM, and among them, MMP-2 and -9 are the most effective gelatinolytic MMPs. Cell gelatinolytic activity in conditioned cell media has been performed successfully. The zymographic pattern ([Fig. 6A](#f6){ref-type="fig"}) revealed gelatinolytic activity in different groups, expected for MMP-2 and MMP-9. The active band for MMP-9 (83 kDa) was reduced 0.36 and 0.29 fold after PN-1 administration, compared to after administration of IL-1β alone, at 30 and 60 min ([Fig. 6B](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, MMP-2 (62 kDa) was found to be reduced 0.54 and 0.22 fold ([Fig. 6C](#f6){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicated that IL-1β causes a significant up-regulation of MMP-9/2 expression and gelatinolytic activity, while exogeneous PN-1 could invert the effects in human NP cells.
PN-1 inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP production through ERK1/2/NF-κB activation in NP cells
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To investigate the effects of PN-1 on the signaling pathway of IL-1β-induced IVD degeneration, we treated human NP cells with IL-1β, with or without specific inhibitors of NF-kB (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) and ERK (GDC-0994). Levels of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated P38, ERK1/2, and P65 proteins were determined by western blotting ([Fig. 7](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). The levels of unphosphorylated P38 were similar in both groups at different time points. IL-1β stimulation induced increased levels of phosphorylated p38, which was significantly inhibited in NP cells treated by recombinant PN-1 addition ([Fig. 7B](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). ERK1 and ERK2 contribute to cytokine dependent induction of intervertebral disc degeneration, and hence, activate the inflammatory-related signaling molecule NF-κB. To obtain further insights into the underlying mechanism, NF-κB signaling was also investigated. We observed that IL-1β induced increased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, which was significantly blocked by the addition of recombinant PN-1 ([Fig. 7C,D](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). Hence, we sought to analyze whether PN-1 was able to modulate the phosphorylated levels of downstream effector P65, besides NF-κB. As shown in [Fig. 7E](#f7){ref-type="fig"}, and as expected, IL-1β was able to increase the phosphorylated levels of P65, and the addition of recombinant PN-1 reduced the phosphorylated levels of P65. Finally, an ERK inhibitor was used, which showed that the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2 were partially blocked by recombinant PN-1 in NP cells ([Fig. 7G,H](#f7){ref-type="fig"}); an NF-kB inhibitor was also used, and as expected, the results showed that levels of P-P65 were significantly blocked by PN-1 addition. Therefore, the ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathways were involved in the regulation of PN-1 in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.
PN-1 inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP production through ERK1/2/NF-κB signal pathways
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To investigate the effect of the PN-1 signaling pathway on the expression of matrix degrading enzymes in IVD, NP cells were cultured in the presence of IL-1β with or without specific inhibitors of NF-kB (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester) and ERK (GDC-0994), and MMP proteins were detected by western blotting ([Fig. 8A](#f8){ref-type="fig"}). Specifically, IL-1β administration could up-regulate the production of MMPs in NP cells after stimulation with PN-1, ERK inhibitor or NF-kB inhibitor. MMP-3 ([Fig. 8B](#f8){ref-type="fig"}), ADAMTS-4 ([Fig. 8C](#f8){ref-type="fig"}), MMP-13 ([Fig. 8D](#f8){ref-type="fig"}), MMP-9 ([Fig. 8E](#f8){ref-type="fig"}), and ADAMTS-5 ([Fig. 8F](#f8){ref-type="fig"}) levels were significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, expressions of Agg ([Fig. 8G](#f8){ref-type="fig"}) and COL2 ([Fig. 8H](#f8){ref-type="fig"}) were up-regulated for the corresponding groups. Therefore, the results showed that IL-1β could up-regulate the expression of MMPs through both ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathways in NP cells, which could be suppressed by exogenous PN-1.
Discussion
==========
Our findings from clinical samples provide evidence for our hypothesis that PN-1 is expressed in human IVD tissue and is highly regulated during the process of IDD *in vivo* and *in vitro*. These results also indicate that PN-1 could inhibit the activation of MMPs and ADAMTS through the ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway. In all, these findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of IDD. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, influence the degeneration of intervertebral discs, through protease pathways.
PN-1, a 45- to 50-kDa glycoprotein, is encoded by the *SERPINE2* gene on human chromosome 2q99-q35[@b29]. PN-1 is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family, involved in tissue remodeling, cellular invasion, matrix degradation, and tumor growth[@b23]. PN-1 is barely detectable in plasma, but is found in many organs, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, spleen, muscle, and cartilage[@b30][@b31], and is produced by most cell types, such as glial cells[@b32], smooth muscle cells (SMCs)[@b33], endothelial cells[@b34], and fibroblasts[@b35]. PN-1 primarily localizes at the cell surface by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)[@b36], which trap and potentiate PN-1 activity within the pericellular space, so that proteolysis does not lead to widespread protein destruction[@b21][@b37][@b38]. Therefore, the activity of proteases on cells is regulated by PN-1 bound to cell-surface GAGs. Furthermore, PN-1 plays an important role in the process of proteolysis in an irreversible and highly complex manner through the inhibition of proteases[@b39].
Osteoarthritis (OA), a joint disease caused by cartilage loss, is strongly associated with a net loss of aggrecan and collagen breakdown caused by an imbalance in ECM homeostasis[@b40]. The function of articular cartilage depends on the molecular composition of the ECM, which mainly consists of collagen II/IX/XI fibrils and proteoglycan- glycosaminoglycan networks of aggrecan and hyaluronan. ECM components are essential in regulating chondrocyte metabolism and function, and play a crucial role in the ability of the tissue to withstand compressive forces and respond to mechanical loading[@b40]. In the cartilage of OA patients, there is a significant increase in the level of serine protease Htra1 (high temperature factor A-1), which mediates proteolysis of aggrecan and contributes to OA pathology[@b41][@b42]. Initially, PN-1 was identified as a serine protease inhibitor in cartilage anlagen during embryogenesis, and interacted with both ECM and intracellular cartilage components[@b30][@b43][@b44], which is consistent with its role in the binding and inactivation of extracellular proteases followed by internalization[@b45]. The activity of PN-1 is regulated by several matrix components, such as FN[@b46], collagen II, and collagen I[@b47]. Therefore, serine proteases play an important role in cartilage pathology, and endogenous serine protease inhibitors such as PN-1 could potentially be promising new therapeutic targets in OA[@b43][@b48][@b49].
IVD tissues share pathophysiological characteristics with OA[@b26]; however, little is known about the involvement of serine proteases in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Type I and II collagen fibrils make up almost 20% and 70% of the collagen network in the dry weight of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus, respectively[@b50]. Previous studies have confirmed that IDD is associated with fibrosis of the NP, in which the collagen meshwork is gradually replaced by fibrils of abnormal size and rigidity[@b6], resulting in altered gene expression for matrix molecules, degradation enzymes, and catabolic cytokines[@b18][@b51]. In addition, alterations in PG lead to a decrease in hydration, loss of structural integrity, and an inability to withstand loads[@b52][@b53]. The molecular mechanisms of collagen fibrilogenesis are complicated, but highly related to mechanical stress, collagen genetic types, and aging[@b54]. Data are available for structural proteins of IVD, such as aggrecan[@b55] and collagen[@b56]; however, little is known about the longevity of serine proteases from this tissue. The imbalance between serine proteases and serpins may have an effect on the degeneration of IVD; thus, expression of PN-1 is important to gain further insight into the mechanisms of IDD.
The present study was designed to investigate the changes of PN-1 expression in degenerated IVD of different grades using RT-PCR and IHC. Investigations in human IVD tissue have demonstrated a decreased expression of PN-1 following IDD. Moreover, we found that PN-1 mRNA and protein levels were coordinately regulated during the progression of IDD in a stage-specific manner. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, have been known to induce degeneration of IVD. Based on *in vitro* experiments, changes in MMP protein and mRNA expression levels have been detected by western blotting and RT-PCR, and activity of MMPs have been examined by gelatin zymography. IL-1β, TNF-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been shown to induce MMP production in NP cells. As our results indicated, when stimulated with IL-1β, the secretion of MMPs and ADAMTS by human NP cells increased, whereas PN-1 administration could antagonize these proteases and potentially preserve IVD tissue from degeneration.
Fibronectin (FN) and its fragments (FN-fs) have been found to accumulate during disc degeneration and acceleration of IVD degeneration in rabbits[@b57]. Within human degenerated-disc tissue samples, a marked increase in FN and FN-fs has been observed; thus, they are considered an integral part of the underlying pathology of IDD[@b58][@b59][@b60]. PN-1 activity is at least partly regulated by the extracellular matrix component fibronectin[@b46][@b61], and fibronectin and its fragments have been observed to be potent inducers of MMP expression during IVD degeneration[@b62]. In addition, serine proteases have been confirmed to regulate MMP expression on the generated fibronectin fragments[@b59]. Therefore, an endogenous serine protease inhibitor, such as PN-1, has potentially roles in modulating MMP expression in IVD cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB) is a family of transcription factors, which becomes activated in response to inflammation, damage, and stress[@b63][@b64]. MMPs have been identified as NF- κB target genes in IVD cells responsible for ECM degradation, including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13[@b15][@b59][@b65]. NF-κB play a central role in MMP and ADAMTS expression in NP cells stimulated by IL-1β[@b66]. Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway results in increased matrix-degrading enzyme activity in the NP, which is an important catabolic pathway involved in IDD[@b67]. Therefore, NF- κ B pathway has been fully investigated in human NP cells stimulated with PN-1.
Disc degeneration is characterized by the loss of Agg and COL2[@b68]. Agg is a type of proteoglycan responsible for the normal structure of discs, while COL2 is an important component of the ECM, helping the IVD bear pressure. In this study, IVD degeneration induced by IL-1β lead to loss of Agg and COL2 in NP cells, which was associated with upregulation of MMPs and ADAMTS. PN-1 intervention reversed the downregulation of Agg and COL2 and the upregulation of MMPs, implying that PN-1 could partially antagonize NF-κB pathway-specific transcription factors and contribute to maintaining matrix integrity of the IVD. Moreover, we found that PN-1 could inhibit IL-1β-induced activation of ERK1/2 in NP cells. Therefore, PN-1 intervention can potentially reverse the expression of MMPs and ADAMTS through the ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway in IDD. Agg and COL2 are necessary for the rebuilding of IVD, which also can be upregulated through the pathway by PN-1.
In conclusion, under inflammatory conditions, activated ERK1/2/NF-κB contributes to the pathogenesis of IDD, manifested by the upregulation of MMPs and ADAMTS and degraded disc matrix macromolecules Agg and collagen II. PN-1 is involved in pathogenesis, at least in part by suppressing IL-1β-induced activation of ERK1/2/NF-κB and its downstream targets. Thus, decreased expression of PN-1 may serve as an important endogenous mechanism to increase the deleterious effects of excessive serine protease activity within the IVD.
Additional Information
======================
**How to cite this article**: Wu, X. *et al*. The Involvement of Protease Nexin-1 (PN1) in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Degeneration. *Sci. Rep.* **6**, 30563; doi: 10.1038/srep30563 (2016).
This study was supported by grants from the financial support of the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 81201393, 81541056; 2013YGYL015).
**Author Contributions** X.W. designed the study and drafted the manuscript W.L. and Y.S. carried out the immunoassays and participated in collecting clinical samples Z.D., S.Y. and Z.S. participated in the design of the study, did the statistical analysis and helped revise the manuscript Y.G., S.L. and K.W. carried out the molecular mechanism studies and Gelatin zymography C.Y. conceived the study, participated in designing the study and helped revise the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Granger SJ, Yang Y, Pfahler V, et al. The stable oxygen isotope ratio of resin extractable phosphate derived from fresh cattle faeces. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2018;32:703‐710. <https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8092>
This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of Robert Orr whose career in grazing livestock systems spanned more than 40 years. Sadly, Robert, who was due to be involved with this research, passed away shortly before it was undertaken. He will be missed both professionally and personally.
1. INTRODUCTION {#rcm8092-sec-0005}
===============
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macro‐nutrient for plants and animals. It is fundamental to many biological processes because it is involved in energy transfer and is the constituent of several organic molecules.[1](#rcm8092-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} As such, it is essential to modern agricultural systems where it is applied both in the form of animal and plant wastes and as inorganic mineral fertilizers. However, in many parts of the world, a P surplus now exists such that more P is contained within the soil than is required by plants,[2](#rcm8092-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}, [3](#rcm8092-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"} leading to increased P in soil water,[4](#rcm8092-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"} and ultimately a proportion of this is lost to watercourses alongside any incidental losses that may occur from directly applied amendments.[5](#rcm8092-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"} Even small increases of P in watercourses can have serious detrimental effects,[6](#rcm8092-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} causing eutrophication and eventually important shifts in ecosystems[7](#rcm8092-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#rcm8092-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} and, for this reason, it is essential we understand better P chemistry, biochemistry and emissions from key sources in the landscape.
Stable isotope ratios have been used to track elements during transfers between different pools and to understand the respective roles of abiotic and biotic processes during these transfers.[9](#rcm8092-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#rcm8092-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#rcm8092-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} However, P has only one stable isotope and therefore the stable isotope ratio approach is not directly applicable. Despite this, a stable isotope approach has been developed which may shed more light on P cycling. This is because in the environment most P is bound to oxygen (O), forming anions such as orthophosphate (PO~4~ ^3−^), hydrogen phosphate (HPO~4~ ^2−^) and dihydrogen phosphate (H~2~PO~4~ ^−^) which can collectively be termed \'phosphate\' (subsequently referred to as PO~4~ in the manuscript). This new approach uses the ratio between the ^18^O and ^16^O in PO~4~ (δ^18^O~PO4~ value) to understand better P sources and transformations. Comprehensive reviews have been written by Davis et al[12](#rcm8092-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} and Tamburini et al[13](#rcm8092-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} but, in short, at typical terrestrial temperatures and pH, and in the absence of biological activity, the P--O bonds in PO~4~ are stable. Therefore, bonds are only broken through biological mediation, and in these cases PO~4~ exchanges O with the ambient water within which it is in solution.[14](#rcm8092-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}, [15](#rcm8092-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}, [16](#rcm8092-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"} The most important of these biological processes is generally considered to be that performed by pyrophosphatase, a ubiquitous intracellular enzyme that facilitates the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate leads to the formation of two PO~4~ ions incorporating one O atom from the ambient H~2~O. This process is extremely fast and leads to a complete O exchange between H~2~O and PO~4~ over time because PO~4~ as well as pyrophosphate can bind at the active site of pyrophosphatase.[13](#rcm8092-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} This enzyme‐catalyzed O exchange is subject to a thermodynamic isotopic fractionation, leading to a temperature‐dependent equilibrium value (Eδ^18^O~PO4~) which is predictable and initially described by Longinelli and Nuti[15](#rcm8092-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"} but since refined by Chang and Blake[17](#rcm8092-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"} and modified by Pistocchi et al:[18](#rcm8092-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} $$E\delta^{18}O_{{PO}4} = - 0.18T + 26.3 + \delta^{18}O_{H2O}$$where Eδ^18^O~PO4~ is the stable O isotope ratio of PO~4~ at equilibrium in ‰, T is the temperature in degrees Celsius and δ^18^O~H2O~ is the stable oxygen isotope ratio of water in ‰.
For effective use of this approach for tracing the sources of PO~4~, the following criteria should be met:[12](#rcm8092-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} The δ^18^O~PO4~ values for significant PO~4~ sources are well characterised (spatially and temporally)The individual sources of PO~4~ possess distinct δ^18^O~PO4~ signaturesThe δ^18^O~PO4~ values for PO~4~ sources are not equal to the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ valuesThe δ^18^O~PO4~ signatures for PO~4~ sources are maintained and not rapidly transformed or modified by fractionation caused by metabolic processes.
One of the confounding issues surrounding this area of research is the narrow range of δ^18^O~PO4~ values that most PO~4~ sources have and that they often overlap or they are similar to the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value.[13](#rcm8092-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#rcm8092-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, [20](#rcm8092-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"} A recent study by Granger et al,[19](#rcm8092-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"} which characterised different sources within a river catchment found that farm slurry, a mix of fresh and aged animal urine, faeces, bedding materials and other farm washings,[21](#rcm8092-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"} had a relatively consistent δ^18^O~PO4~ value for water‐extractable PO~4~ despite its heterogenous composition. Furthermore, this study reported that its value was noticeably lower than the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value in the rivers. Granger et al[19](#rcm8092-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"} speculated that, given that the primary source of slurry PO~4~ was probably animal faeces, the δ^18^O~PO4~ value probably reflected the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value of PO~4~ within the animal due to high microbial turnover, and that the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value was strongly influenced by the higher body temperature relative to the ambient water temperature in the aquatic environment receiving the slurry.
In the present study, we sought to analyse fresh cattle faeces to establish its δ^18^O~PO4~ value, to see how consistent this value was, and whether it was similar both to the values of animal slurry already measured and to the calculated Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value for the animal. The forms of P in animal faeces can be split into three broad categories. Toor et al[22](#rcm8092-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"} described many forms of P in animal faeces, although these can be more simply described as (i) organic P and (ii) inorganic P. However, their NaOH/EDTA extraction subsumes and incorporates a third form of P which is of interest when examining δ^18^O~PO4~ values -- (iii) the microbial P. For the purposes of this study, we did not attempt to examine the δ^18^O~PO4~ values of organic forms of P, but, instead, aimed to characterise the inorganic \'free\' PO~4~, and the \'microbial\' PO~4~ of cattle faeces. There is no reported method for doing this in animal faeces so we attempted to apply and adapt an approach used for soils to test the following hypothesis: The δ^18^O~PO4~ value of inorganic \'free\' PO~4~ and the \'microbial\' PO~4~ will be the same and will reflect the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value calculated for fresh cattle faeces.
2. EXPERIMENTAL {#rcm8092-sec-0006}
===============
2.1. Sample collection {#rcm8092-sec-0007}
----------------------
The details of the animals sampled are presented in Table [1](#rcm8092-tbl-0001){ref-type="table-wrap"}. The animals sampled were being reared on the North Wyke Farm Platform[23](#rcm8092-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"} and came from one of the three treatments which, individually, comprise a farmlet; (1) \'Legumes\': sward improvement by reseeding with long‐term grass and white clover mixtures; (2) \'Planned reseeding\': sward improvement through regular reseeding using new varieties of grass; and (3) \'Permanent pasture\': sward improvement of the existing permanent grassland using artificial fertilisers (both other treatments are also fertilised). Samples were collected from seven animals whose ages ranged between 359 and 490 days old; six were male and one female, and five were Charolais crosses, one a Limousin cross, and one a Stabilizer.
######
Information on the cattle from which faeces were sampled
Faeces ID Animal ID Date sampled Gender Breed Age (days) Farmlet
----------- ----------- -------------- -------- ------- ------------ ---------
FP075/001 101621 27/6/17 Male CHX 413 3
FP075/004 501569 28/6/17 Male CHX 465 3
FP075/007 401561 29/6/17 Male CHX 469 1
FP075/010 301623 3/7/17 Male LIMX 417 2
FP075/013 601577 4/7/17 Male ST 465 3
FP075/016 701536 5/7/17 Female CHX 490 1
FP075/019 701634 6/7/17 Male CHX 359 3
Breed codes: CHX = Charolais cross, LIMX = Limousin cross, ST = Stabilizer.
Farmlet codes: 1 = Legume enhanced, 2 = Planned reseeding, 3 = Permanent pasture.
Animals were not preselected for the study; simply, the first animal to defecate was selected. The animal ID number was noted and about 150 g of faeces was collected from the ground using sterile containers. Samples of fresh faeces were collected directly after being voided onto the soil surface in clean aluminium containers and returned immediately to the laboratory for sub‐sampling and preparation. First, a sub‐sample of 2--3 g faeces was placed into a 12‐mL glass exetainer, sealed and frozen at −20°C, ready for determination of its δ^18^O~H2O~ value. Secondly, a 1 g faeces sub‐sample for microbial analysis was placed in a 25‐mL polystyrene screw‐capped container (Sterilin, Newport, UK), diluted with 9 mL of Ringer\'s solution, (g L^−1^; sodium chloride, 2.25; potassium chloride, 0.105; calcium chloride 6H~2~O, 0.12; sodium bicarbonate, 0.05; pH 7.0; Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), and stored at 4°C for analysis within 24 h. Thirdly, a 20--30 g sub‐sample was taken, placed in a pre‐weighed foil tray, weighed, and then dried to a constant weight at 105°C overnight to determine dry matter (DM) content.
2.2. Development of extraction methods for distinguishing inorganic and microbial PO~4~ in cattle faeces {#rcm8092-sec-0008}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The method development experiments for distinguishing inorganic and microbial PO~4~ were based on extraction methods described for soils;[24](#rcm8092-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}, [25](#rcm8092-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"} whereby samples were extracted in a matrix of deionised water, or deionised water and hexanol, in the presence of anion‐exchange resins to collect \'free\' PO~4~ and \'microbial\' PO~4~, respectively. Tests using faeces found that there was no difference in the amounts of PO~4~ recovered from faeces with, or without, hexanol (results not presented). This suggested that either there was no microbiological content within the faeces, or that hexanol did not lyse the cells. As it seemed unlikely that there would be no faecal microbial content, it was hypothesised that osmotic stress was causing the lysis of most of the microbial cells present and therefore the addition of hexanol would not further increase the amount of extractable PO~4~. This hypothesis was based on the standard practice of microbiologists in using a buffered solution when extracting gut microbiology for culture.[26](#rcm8092-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}, [27](#rcm8092-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} Unlike soil microbiology, gut microbiology tends to be adversely affected in pure water and, to prevent this, the use of an isotonic diluent such as ¼ strength Ringer\'s solution is well established.
Ringer\'s solution contains mainly anions, to prevent the osmotic stress of the microbiology, so a recovery test was undertaken to see if it would adversely affect the ability of the anion resins to collect PO~4~. A PO~4~ spike was added to a container of Ringer\'s solution into which anion resins were placed. After a 16‐h shaking period, it was found that PO~4~ recovery was unaffected by the Ringer\'s solution (results not shown) and on this basis the study was continued.
### 2.2.1. Microbiology {#rcm8092-sec-0009}
Determination of the number of bacteria was undertaken using the standard plate count method for Escherichia coli, a faecal indicator organism. The sample to be tested was diluted through serial dilutions to obtain a small number of colonies on each agar plate; 0.1 mL of the diluted sample was spread on the surface of a Membrane Lactose Glucuronide Agar (MLGA) (Oxoid) plate. Samples were initially vortex mixed before appropriate serial dilutions, from which 0.1 mL was spread plated aseptically. Once plates were dry, they were incubated at 44.0°C (±0.5°C) for between 18 and 24 h. After the total incubation period, all plates were examined and plates with between 30 and 300 colonies were counted.
2.3. Sample extraction {#rcm8092-sec-0010}
----------------------
### 2.3.1. Faecal PO~4~ {#rcm8092-sec-0011}
Two further sub‐samples were extracted for PO~4~; (i) Resin PO~4~: 25--100 g placed in a 5‐L HDPE sealable bottle, diluted with 3 L Ringer\'s solution, and 72 anion‐exchange resin (VWR International Ltd, Lutterworth, UK) squares (4 cm × 4 cm) added; and (ii) Microbial PO~4~: 1--2 g placed in a 5‐L HDPE bottle and diluted with 3 L deionised water, and 72 anion‐exchange resin squares added. The bottles were placed on an orbital shaker set at 100 rpm, in a 4°C walk‐in refrigerator. After 16 h, the bottles were removed and the extracting solution sub‐sampled for microbial analysis by diluting 1 mL of extractant solution in 9 mL Ringer\'s solution and stored at 4°C before analysis within 24 h. Resins were then recovered by pouring the extraction solution from the 5‐L bottle though a 4 mm sieve ensuring that all resins were recovered from the bottle. As the sample was highly organic in nature we felt it necessary to test and, if needed, account for any potential hydrolysis of organic P during the extraction of PO~4~ from the resins. Resins from each extraction were divided into two sub‐sets of 36, placed in a 250‐mL polypropylene screw‐capped bottle and washed several times with their respective, fresh, matrix solutions. When clean, PO~4~ was liberated from the resins using 75 mL of 0.2 M nitric acid (HNO~3~). For each of the two sub‐sets of 36 resins collected from a single extraction matrix, δ^18^O~H2O~ unlabelled (−5.7‰) and labelled (+81.6‰) 0.2 M NHO~3~ was used to test for hydrolysis of organic P by the acid. The corrected δ^18^O~PO4~ value is then calculated using a revised version[18](#rcm8092-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"} of the mass balance equation described by McLaughlin et al:[28](#rcm8092-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"} $$\delta^{18}O_{{PO}4} = \frac{\left( {\delta^{18}O_{Psp}*\delta^{18}O_{Aus}} \right) - \left( {\delta^{18}O_{Pus}*\delta^{18}O_{Asp}} \right)}{\left( {\delta^{18}O_{Psp} - \delta^{18}O_{Pus} - \delta^{18}O_{Asp} + \delta^{18}O_{Aus}} \right)}$$where δ^18^O~PO4~ is the corrected final stable oxygen isotope ratio for PO~4~ considering the effect of any hydrolysis of organic P, δ^18^O~Psp~ is the stable oxygen isotope ratio of the PO~4~ collected using ^18^O‐spiked HNO~3~, δ^18^O~Pus~ is the stable oxygen isotope ratio of the PO~4~ collected using unspiked HNO~3~, δ^18^O~Aus~ is the stable oxygen isotope ratio of the water in the unspiked HNO~3~, and δ^18^O~Asp~ is the stable oxygen isotope ratio of water in the ^18^O‐spiked HNO~3~.
Phosphate in the extracts was converted into silver phosphate (Ag~3~PO~4~) using the purification protocol described by Tamburini et al.[29](#rcm8092-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"} The process utilises a series of dissolution and precipitation reactions to isolate and purify dissolved PO~4~. The PO~4~ is precipitated first as ammonium phosphomolybdate before it is dissolved and reprecipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate which is dissolved again. The resultant PO~4~ in solution is converted into Ag~3~PO~4~ through the addition of an Ag‐ammine solution which is then placed in an oven for 1 day at 50°C. Although the Tamburini protocol uses a DAX‐8 resin early in the extraction its use is not necessary unless organic contamination is present in the subsequent Ag~3~PO~4~ (F. Tamburini, personal communication).[30](#rcm8092-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}
### 2.3.2. Faecal water {#rcm8092-sec-0012}
Cryogenic extraction of faeces water was undertaken at the National Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, based at the British Geological Survey in Nottingham, UK. Frozen samples were placed in a U‐shaped vacuum tube (borosilicate glass), the sample containing side of which was immersed in liquid N~2~ to ensure complete freezing of sample water. The U‐tube was then evacuated to a pressure of \<10^−2^ mbar, removing all the residual atmosphere. Once under stable vacuum, the U‐tube was sealed, removed from the vacuum line and the sample side of the tube placed in a furnace at 100°C. Sample water collection was achieved by immersing the opposite side of the glass U‐tube in liquid nitrogen, forcing evaporated sample water to condense and collect. This setup was maintained for at least 1 h to ensure complete water transfer. Sample water was collected and stored refrigerated in 1.5‐mL vials with no headspace until isotope analysis. Samples were weighed before and after extraction to assess whether they had been successfully dried.
2.4. Sample analysis {#rcm8092-sec-0013}
--------------------
### 2.4.1. Phosphate {#rcm8092-sec-0014}
Phosphate concentrations were determined colourimetrically on an Aquachem 250 analyser (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using a molybdenum blue reaction[31](#rcm8092-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"} after they had been diluted (typically 1/10^th^) to avoid any acid interference with the molybdenum chemistry.
### 2.4.2. Isotopes {#rcm8092-sec-0015}
Measurement of the PO~4~ ^18^O/^16^O ratio was undertaken by weighing approximately 300 μg of Ag~3~PO~4~ into a silver capsule to which a small amount of fine glassy carbon powder was added.[29](#rcm8092-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"} The sample was converted into carbon monoxide by dropping it into a thermal conversion elemental analyser (ThermoFinnigan, Bremen, Germany) at 1400°C; the resultant carbon monoxide mixed with a helium carrier gas passed through a GC column into a Delta + XL mass spectrometer (ThermoFinnigan). The δ^18^O~PO4~ values were calculated by comparison with an internal Ag~3~PO~4~ laboratory standard, ALFA‐1 (ALFA‐1 = δ^18^O VSMOW value of +14.2‰). In the absence of an international Ag~3~PO~4~ reference material, we derived this value for ALFA‐1 by comparison with the Ag~3~PO~4~ standard \'B2207\' (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd, Okehampton, UK), which has been measured in an inter‐laboratory comparison study to have a δ^18^O value of +21.7‰ versus VSMOW. Samples were run in triplicate, with a typical precision σ ≤0.3‰. Sample purity was assessed by determining the CO yield compared with the yield of Ag~3~PO~4~ standards, and samples were rejected where this differed by 10%.
Faeces water δ^18^O~H2O~ values were determined on an Isoprime Aquaprep coupled to an Isoprime 100 dual‐inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Isoprime Ltd, Cheadle Hulme, UK) through a process of headspace CO~2~ equilibration with water samples. The isotope ratios are reported as δ^18^O~H2O~ values versus VSMOW, based on comparison with laboratory standards calibrated against IAEA standards VSMOW and SLAP, with analytical precision typically σ ≤0.05‰.
2.5. Statistical analysis {#rcm8092-sec-0016}
-------------------------
All statistical analyses were conducted in R.[32](#rcm8092-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}
3. RESULTS {#rcm8092-sec-0017}
==========
3.1. Faecal properties {#rcm8092-sec-0018}
----------------------
The fresh faeces were found to have a DM ranging from 9.3 to 16.6% with a mean of 11.4% (±2.5) while the δ^18^O~H2O~ values ranged between −1.19 and +0.41‰ with a mean of −0.73‰ (±0.65) (Table [2](#rcm8092-tbl-0002){ref-type="table-wrap"}). The amounts of PO~4~ collected from faeces when using Ringer\'s solution ranged from 67 to 93 μg PO~4~‐P g^−1^ DM with a mean of 78 (±9.1) μg PO~4~‐P g^−1^ DM. This was found to be significantly less (t~6~ = −8.03; p \<0.001) than that collected using deionised water which ranged from 3885 to 8635 μg PO~4~‐P g^−1^ DM with a mean of 5713 (±1856) μg PO~4~‐P g^−1^ DM.
######
Properties of the different fresh faeces samples collected
Faeces ID Fresh faeces Ringer\'s solution Deionised water
----------- -------------- -------------------- ----------------- ----- ---- ----- ------ ------
FP075/001 16.6 ‐ 23.4 259 67 2.2 3145 8635
FP075/004 10.0 ‐ 28.8 247 86 1.8 699 3885
FP075/007 9.3 −1.19 23.5 204 93 1.6 772 5161
FP075/010 12.6 −0.85 99.1 874 70 1.7 1431 6686
FP075/013 10.0 −1.02 100.2 805 80 2.0 840 4181
FP075/016 10.6 −0.98 100.4 786 74 1.7 739 4109
FP075/019 10.8 0.41 100.2 814 75 1.5 1192 7331
3.2. Faecal microbiological content {#rcm8092-sec-0019}
-----------------------------------
Fresh cattle faeces had E. coli concentrations ranging from 6.1 to 7.85 CFU g^−1^ DM (Table [3](#rcm8092-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}). The concentrations of E. coli in the two extracting solutions ranged from 5.73 to 7.71 CFU g^−1^ DM in Ringer\'s solution and from 5.85 to 8.02 CFU g^−1^ DM in deionised water. There was no significant difference in E. coli concentrations between raw faeces, Ringer\'s solution and deionised water.
######
Colony‐forming units (CFU) for E. coli in raw faeces, a Ringer\'s solution extraction and a deionised water extraction expressed in per g of faecal dry matter (DM)
Ringers solution
----------- ------------------ ------ ------
FP075/001 6.28 6.38 6.22
FP075/004 7.85 7.71 8.02
FP075/007 7.01 6.99 7.05
FP075/010 6.10 5.73 5.85
FP075/013 7.10 7.22 7.04
FP075/016 6.93 7.08 7.46
FP075/019 7.38 7.35 7.63
3.3. Extractable faecal δ^18^O~PO4~ values {#rcm8092-sec-0020}
------------------------------------------
To assess whether organic P had been hydrolysed by the 0.2 M HNO~3~ resin elution solution, the δ^18^O~PO4~ values obtained following extraction with ^18^O‐labelled and unlabelled HNO~3~ were analysed statistically and it was found that no significant difference occurred between labelled and unlabelled acid elution for extractions with either Ringer\'s solution (t~3.358~ = −1.2012; p \>0.05) or deionised water (t~11.606~ = 0.6995; p \>0.05). It was concluded therefore that there was no need to correct data using the equation described by McLaughlin et al.[28](#rcm8092-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"} Instead, a mean of the spiked and unspiked values was used to report the resin‐extractable δ^18^O~PO4~ values. The δ^18^O~PO4~ values for the PO~4~ extracted from faeces are presented in Table [4](#rcm8092-tbl-0004){ref-type="table-wrap"}. The δ^18^O~PO4~ values for PO~4~ extracted using Ringer\'s solution for the first three samples are not presented as the amount of some of them was too small for standard Ag~3~PO~4~ precipitation. Of the remaining four faecal samples the values ranged from +12.0 to +19.8‰ with mean values between +12.1 and +16.3‰. The values for the seven samples extracted in deionised water ranged from +12.9 to +15.6‰ with mean values of +13.2 and +15.3‰. The greatest variation between labelled and unlabelled acid δ^18^O~PO4~ elution values occurred in the Ringer\'s solution dataset with the mean difference of the labelled acid extraction being +2.1‰. This result, however, was strongly influenced by one anomalously high labelled acid δ^18^O~PO4~ value of +19.8‰, leading to a difference of +6.9‰. This sample also had a slightly higher oxygen yield indicating that it was not pure Ag~3~PO~4~ which could explain the relatively high difference between the δ^18^O~PO4~ values of labelled and unlabelled acid extraction. The differences observed in the deionised water labelled and unlabelled acid elution were far smaller and ranged between −1.8 and +1.4‰ with a mean of −0.3‰. Statistical analysis of the two sets of paired data shows that there was no difference between the δ^18^O~PO4~ values obtained following extraction using Ringer\'s solution and that using deionised water (t~3.463~ = 0.0785; p \>0.05).
######
Measured and mean δ^18^O~PO4~ values of PO~4~ collected from seven fresh cattle faeces samples using anion resins in either Ringer\'s solution or deionised water
Ringer\'s solution Deionised water
----------- -------------------- ----------------- ------- ------- ------- -------
FP075/001 ‐ ‐ ‐ +15.6 +15.0 +15.3
FP075/004 ‐ ‐ ‐ +12.9 +13.4 +13.2
FP075/007 ‐ ‐ ‐ +15.3 +13.5 +14.4
FP075/010 +13.5 +13.4 +13.4 +14.2 +14.2 +14.2
FP075/013 +12.3 +12.0 +12.1 +13.7 +13.5 +13.6
FP075/016 +12.9 +19.8 +16.3 +13.9 +15.3 +14.6
FP075/019 +14.3 +16.3 +15.3 +15.1 +13.3 +14.2
4. DISCUSSION {#rcm8092-sec-0021}
=============
4.1. Microbiological content {#rcm8092-sec-0022}
----------------------------
The concentrations of E. coli reported here are consistent with those reported in the literature for beef cattle faeces.[33](#rcm8092-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}, [34](#rcm8092-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}, [35](#rcm8092-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"} The use of ¼ strength sterile Ringer\'s solution before bacteriological examination is well established[26](#rcm8092-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}, [27](#rcm8092-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} to effectively protect bacterial cells from the osmotic shock that they would experience when being suspended in sterile water. However, the new data from this study (Table [3](#rcm8092-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}) indicate that there was no difference between Ringer\'s solution and deionised water and that the microbial cells were thus not lysed in water and that the extracted PO~4~ in both cases does not represent \'microbial\' PO~4~ released through cellular breakdown during the extraction process but, instead, \'free\' PO~4~.
4.2. Resin‐extractable PO~4~ {#rcm8092-sec-0023}
----------------------------
The amounts of PO~4~ extracted in deionised water were significantly higher than in Ringer\'s solution. This finding is at odds with the initial recovery test undertaken on PO~4~ in a pure Ringer\'s solution matrix. However, it would seem that the combination of organic material, faecal anions, and the anions within the solution itself significantly reduced the recovery of PO~4~ on the resins in a way that did not occur in just the Ringer\'s solution alone. This interference raises questions about the validity of the δ^18^O~PO4~ values of PO~4~ recovered in this solution due to potential unknown fractionations that might occur as a result of preferential adsorption/desorption of the lighter/heavier isotopologues.[36](#rcm8092-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"} The microbiological analysis showed that cell lysis and rupture did not occur in either extraction (Table [3](#rcm8092-tbl-0003){ref-type="table-wrap"}). Therefore, the results derived from the Ringer\'s solution extraction are not considered further in this discussion, as it apparent that the method for distinguishing microbial PO~4~ from inorganic PO~4~ (as defined earlier) requires further development.
4.3. Faecal water {#rcm8092-sec-0024}
-----------------
The fresh faeces %DM values are consistent with those reported elsewhere for cattle grazing pasture.[37](#rcm8092-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"} The cattle\'s main source of water is via drinking troughs supplied using ground water originating from a local borehole. The δ^18^O~H2O~ value of the groundwater is relatively stable and will represent an integrated value of the annual precipitation supplying it. At this location, the δ^18^O~H2O~ value is predicted to be between −5.5 and −6.0‰.[38](#rcm8092-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"} The drinking troughs are refilled with fresh water every time that an animal drinks from them and therefore we do not consider deviations from the groundwater δ^18^O~H2O~ value due to evaporative losses as important. Abeni et al[39](#rcm8092-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"} also found that summer and winter drinking water δ^18^O~H2O~ values did not differ greatly despite the increased temperatures. Water is also ingested as metabolic water in food, which is likely to be isotopically heavier than local meteoric water due to fractionation;[40](#rcm8092-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"} however, the main source of water for the animal is considered to be that supplied by the drinking troughs. Abeni et al[39](#rcm8092-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"} showed that the δ^18^O~H2O~ values of various forms of body water in cattle were from 4.2 to 7.9‰ heavier than in drinking water in the summer and that for faecal water they were from 4.8 to 7.7‰ heavier. The measured δ^18^O~H2O~ value in faeces in this study was found to be up to 6.4‰ heavier than in groundwater and this was not unexpected as demonstrated by the model proposed by Bryant and Froelich.[40](#rcm8092-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"} Water lost via breath water vapour and transcutaneous water vapour will be isotopically fractionated, leading to an increase in body water δ^18^O~H2O~ values while water lost via pathways such as urine, faeces and sweat will be similar and thus have similar δ^18^O~H2O~ values to that of the animal\'s body water. The increase in δ^18^O~H2O~ value will also be more pronounced in the summer when temperatures are higher.[39](#rcm8092-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}
4.4. Theoretical animal Eδ^18^O~PO4~ values {#rcm8092-sec-0025}
-------------------------------------------
The use of Eδ^18^O~PO4~ values is widespread within the δ^18^O~PO4~ community to benchmark measured values with values that have potentially lost their original signal through intracellular cycling, specifically through the enzyme pyrophosphatase. However, there is much uncertainty as to how relevant this theoretical equilibrium is in many situations, and we acknowledge that in terms of animal gut processes other cycling pathways may predominate.
The normal temperature of cattle is 38.6°C, with anything outside a range of 38.0 to 39.2°C indicating ill health.[41](#rcm8092-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"} When combined with the range of δ^18^O~H2O~ values measured in faeces and with the range expected for the ground/drinking water in the region, a Eδ^18^O~PO4~ range of values from +13.2 to +14.0‰ is expected, assuming that the body water δ^18^O~H2O~ value is similar to that of ground water and +18.1 to +19.9‰ if the δ^18^O~H2O~ values within faeces are used and are taken to represent the animal body water (Figure [1](#rcm8092-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}).
![The range of δ^18^O~PO4~ values for deionised water extracted fresh faeces compared with (i) the reported values for agricultural slurry, (ii) the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ for cattle assuming body water δ^18^O~H2O~ is equivalent to ground water and, (iii) the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ for cattle assuming body water δ^18^O~H2O~ is equivalent to faecal water \[Color figure can be viewed at <http://wileyonlinelibrary.com>\]](RCM-32-703-g001){#rcm8092-fig-0001}
4.5. Extractable faecal δ^18^O~PO4~ values {#rcm8092-sec-0026}
------------------------------------------
As it was shown that the resin‐extractable PO~4~ was not derived directly from the lysis of microbial cells, it was not possible to compare \'free\' PO~4~ with \'microbial\' PO~4~. However, the δ^18^O~PO4~ values of the \'free\' PO~4~ ranged between +13.2 and +15.3‰ which are very similar to those reported for slurry PO~4~ by Granger et al[19](#rcm8092-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"} which ranged between +12.0 and +15.0‰ despite being extracted differently and representing a much more heterogeneous source material (Figure [1](#rcm8092-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). There was no apparent relationship between the δ^18^O~PO4~ values and the animal variables; however, the scope of the study was too limited to investigate variables such as age, gender, breed, etc. The δ^18^O~PO4~ values reported within this study indicate that the slurry δ^18^O~PO4~ values are caused by the PO~4~ in animal faeces. The δ^18^O~PO4~ values of the faeces themselves, however, are at or slightly above the range of Eδ^18^O~PO4~ values based on the ground/drinking water δ^18^O~H2O~ values. However, all the values are at least 2.8‰ lower that the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value range calculated from the δ^18^O~H2O~ value of faecal water, water that should be far more representative of the body water of the animal.[40](#rcm8092-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"} It is unclear why this is the case without further work being carried out to investigate animal P food sources and metabolic processes within the animal.
5. CONCLUSIONS {#rcm8092-sec-0027}
==============
The extractable PO~4~ from fresh cattle faeces was lower using Ringer\'s solution than deionised water. However, this did *not* appear to be because of microbial cellular lysis in the deionised water extraction. It would appear to be due to some form of interference between the Ringer\'s solution ions, compounds in the faeces and the anion resin sheets. Because of this it was *not* possible to differentiate \'microbial\' PO~4~ and \'free\' PO~4~, and their respective δ^18^O~PO4~ values. As it has been shown that deionised water does not lyse the microbial cells it would be worth repeating the study using the more traditional resin PO~4~ extraction in a water/hexanol extraction solution to extract \'microbial\' PO~4~ and to also use the microbial assays described to establish if this occurs.The δ^18^O~PO4~ values of fresh cattle faeces, under the conditions reported in this study, ranged between +13.2 and +15.3‰ which are consistent with those reported elsewhere for agricultural animal slurry.The δ^18^O~PO4~ values are similar to the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value calculated for within the animal using the δ^18^O~H2O~ value of groundwater. However, they are at least 2.8‰ lower than the Eδ^18^O~PO4~ value range calculated using faecal water as a proxy for the animals\' body water.There were no apparent relationships between the animal variables and the δ^18^O~PO4~ value. However, to examine these, a more detailed study is required which should also include other animals for which few data exist in the literature.
This work at Rothamsted forms part of the Soil to Nutrition (S2N) strategic programme (BBS/E/C/000I0330) funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council which also supported the research through an international travel grant (BB/K013327/1) and the 2015 Rothamsted Fellowship. The authors thank the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for analytical support through the award of grant IP‐1564‐1115. The authors also thank Hannah Fleming for her knowledge of the body temperature of cattle, Paul Harris for statistical advice and the anonymous reviewers and editor for their time improving this manuscript.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Animal models of IgA nephropathy.
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a form of immune complex glomerulonephritis that occurs spontaneously in humans. This unit describes the induction of active disease in inbred mice, utilizing inert proteins or a common viral pathogen as the inciting antigen. An alternate protocol is offered for the induction of disease in rats by noninfectious protein antigens. Support protocols are presented for the evaluation of the extent of disease, for preparation of infectious and inactivated suspensions of viral stock, and for quantification of the virus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
What is the ideal pulse frequency for skeletal muscle stimulation after cardiomyoplasty?
Routinely the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle is stimulated with bursts of pulses at 30 pulses/sec after cardiomyoplasty to assist the failing heart. At a lower pulse frequency the contractile force decreases and at higher frequencies the energy demand of the pacemaker increases rapidly. We investigated the effect of the stimulus frequency variation on contractile force in untrained LD muscles and in muscles after 12 weeks of continuous cyclic electrical stimulation. In six dogs, two electrodes (Medtronic SP5528) were implanted in the left LD muscle together with an Itrel muscle stimulator. The LD muscle was stimulated with 30 pulses/sec in bursts to deliver initially 30 and after 10 weeks 80 contractions per minute. Both before and after training of the LD muscle maximum force was observed by stimulating with a frequency of 36 to 130 pulses/sec in a burst. However, training induced a shift in the steep part of the force-frequency relation to lower frequencies. In particular, at 15 pulses/sec 60% of the maximal force was obtained in contrast to 40% before training. A fatigue test of 8 minutes duration was performed specified by 100 bursts/min and a burst duration of 0.25 sec at pulse frequencies of 30, 36, 50, and 85 pulses/sec. The contractile force decreased significantly during the course of the test at all frequencies. However, the force obtained with 30 pulses/sec stimulation was lower during the initial phase and approximately 10% higher at the end of the fatigue test as compared to 36, 50, and 85 pulses/sec stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In general, electrophotographic photoconductors contain an aluminum drum serving as a conductive support, and a photosensitive layer formed thereon. The photosensitive layer often contains a plurality of layers. In this case, for preventing a lower layer from dissolving in the formation of an upper layer, the lower layer is formed as a three-dimensionally crosslinked cured film in many cases. For example, penetration of a charge generation or transport material into an under layer causes leakage of charges, and thus, the under layer is formed as a film insoluble to a solvent; i.e., a three-dimensionally crosslinked thermosetting resin layer.
Also, conventional electrophotographic photoconductors are consumable supplies which must be replaced due to abrasion over time. In recent years, development has been made on electrophotographic photoconductors which have improved abrasion resistance leading to longer service lives, in attempts to decrease the frequency of replacement and increase the number of sheets printed using one electrophotographic photoconductor to the greatest extent possible. For example, in order to improve the photosensitive layer in mechanical durability, a densely, three-dimensionally crosslinked protective layer is formed on the surface of the photosensitive layer (see, for example, PTLs 1 and 2).
For increasing the mechanical strength or heat resistance of a charge transporting part in electrophotographic photoconductors, a charge transporting material and a binder resin are advantageously combined together as a single material.
Thus, there are proposed a charge transporting monomer formed by introducing a radical polymerizable group into a charge transporting structure and a polymer of the monomer, and an acrylic acid ester having a triphenylamine skeleton and a polymer thereof (see, for example, PTLs 3 and 4).
Also, some patent literatures propose that charge transporting monomers each having two or more radical polymerizable groups are applicable to electrophotographic photoconductors for forming a three-dimensionally crosslinked cured film, and also, propose a variety of such charge transporting monomers. In particular, there are disclosed a number of acrylic acid ester compounds exhibiting excellent crosslinking property, (see, for example, PTLs 5 and 6).
These charge transporting monomers can be used to form a crosslinked charge transporting material having high abrasion resistance. However, they require a polymerization initiator, or irradiation of UV rays or electron beams for crosslinking reaction. Thus, it is unavoidable that the obtained crosslinked charge transporting material is degraded in electrical characteristics.
Furthermore, once conventionally used cured films have a crosslinked structure, they lack thermoplasticity and dissolvability. As a result, these cured films cannot be recycled, and must be disposed of through combustion or landfilling.
Meanwhile, in consideration of resource saving, electrophotographic photoconductors have been increasingly recycled. Especially, attempts have been made to recycling of aluminum drums (i.e., conductive supports). In this case, the photosensitive layers are removed for recycling by generally washing them off with a solvent or peeling them off through swelling. However, the above-described three-dimensionally crosslinked cured, insoluble films on the photoconductors are not swellable or soluble with respect to a solvent, and are quite difficult to remove. Removal of the cured film with a knife or other tools tends to damage the aluminum drum, and even minor scratches prevent the aluminum drum from being recycled.
As described above, electrophotographic photoconductors containing a three-dimensionally crosslinked structure in a photosensitive layer have been increased in recent years, but become difficult to recycle. There is no electrophotographic photoconductor which has such a crosslinked structure and can be easily recycled.
In the meantime, Diels-Alder reaction may proceed in the absence of a catalyst, and is known to a reversible reaction involving a less amount of by-products. There are reports on the synthesis of resins through this reaction (see, for example, PTL 7 and NPL 1). Thus, if a charge transport layer formed through such Diels-Alder reaction can be used in electrophotographic photoconductors, the obtained electrophotographic photoconductors are expected to be excellent in abrasion resistance and charge transportability, and to be easily recycled with less environmental load.
However, such materials and electrophotographic photoconductors have not yet been known. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
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* CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
* *****************************************************************************
*
* AWS Tools for Windows (TM) PowerShell (TM)
*
*/
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Management.Automation;
using System.Text;
using Amazon.PowerShell.Common;
using Amazon.Runtime;
using Amazon.CodeBuild;
using Amazon.CodeBuild.Model;
namespace Amazon.PowerShell.Cmdlets.CB
{
/// <summary>
/// Updates the webhook associated with an AWS CodeBuild build project.
///
/// <note><para>
/// If you use Bitbucket for your repository, <code>rotateSecret</code> is ignored.
/// </para></note>
/// </summary>
[Cmdlet("Update", "CBWebhook", SupportsShouldProcess = true, ConfirmImpact = ConfirmImpact.Medium)]
[OutputType("Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.Webhook")]
[AWSCmdlet("Calls the AWS CodeBuild UpdateWebhook API operation.", Operation = new[] {"UpdateWebhook"}, SelectReturnType = typeof(Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse))]
[AWSCmdletOutput("Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.Webhook or Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse",
"This cmdlet returns an Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.Webhook object.",
"The service call response (type Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse) can also be referenced from properties attached to the cmdlet entry in the $AWSHistory stack."
)]
public partial class UpdateCBWebhookCmdlet : AmazonCodeBuildClientCmdlet, IExecutor
{
#region Parameter BranchFilter
/// <summary>
/// <para>
/// <para>A regular expression used to determine which repository branches are built when a
/// webhook is triggered. If the name of a branch matches the regular expression, then
/// it is built. If <code>branchFilter</code> is empty, then all branches are built.</para><note><para> It is recommended that you use <code>filterGroups</code> instead of <code>branchFilter</code>.
/// </para></note>
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public System.String BranchFilter { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter BuildType
/// <summary>
/// <para>
/// <para>Specifies the type of build this webhook will trigger.</para>
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
[AWSConstantClassSource("Amazon.CodeBuild.WebhookBuildType")]
public Amazon.CodeBuild.WebhookBuildType BuildType { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter FilterGroup
/// <summary>
/// <para>
/// <para> An array of arrays of <code>WebhookFilter</code> objects used to determine if a webhook
/// event can trigger a build. A filter group must contain at least one <code>EVENT</code><code>WebhookFilter</code>. </para>
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
[Alias("FilterGroups")]
public Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.WebhookFilter[][] FilterGroup { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter ProjectName
/// <summary>
/// <para>
/// <para>The name of the AWS CodeBuild project.</para>
/// </para>
/// </summary>
#if !MODULAR
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(Position = 0, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true, ValueFromPipeline = true)]
#else
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(Position = 0, ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true, ValueFromPipeline = true, Mandatory = true)]
[System.Management.Automation.AllowEmptyString]
[System.Management.Automation.AllowNull]
#endif
[Amazon.PowerShell.Common.AWSRequiredParameter]
public System.String ProjectName { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter RotateSecret
/// <summary>
/// <para>
/// <para> A boolean value that specifies whether the associated GitHub repository's secret
/// token should be updated. If you use Bitbucket for your repository, <code>rotateSecret</code>
/// is ignored. </para>
/// </para>
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public System.Boolean? RotateSecret { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter Select
/// <summary>
/// Use the -Select parameter to control the cmdlet output. The default value is 'Webhook'.
/// Specifying -Select '*' will result in the cmdlet returning the whole service response (Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse).
/// Specifying the name of a property of type Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse will result in that property being returned.
/// Specifying -Select '^ParameterName' will result in the cmdlet returning the selected cmdlet parameter value.
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public string Select { get; set; } = "Webhook";
#endregion
#region Parameter PassThru
/// <summary>
/// Changes the cmdlet behavior to return the value passed to the ProjectName parameter.
/// The -PassThru parameter is deprecated, use -Select '^ProjectName' instead. This parameter will be removed in a future version.
/// </summary>
[System.Obsolete("The -PassThru parameter is deprecated, use -Select '^ProjectName' instead. This parameter will be removed in a future version.")]
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public SwitchParameter PassThru { get; set; }
#endregion
#region Parameter Force
/// <summary>
/// This parameter overrides confirmation prompts to force
/// the cmdlet to continue its operation. This parameter should always
/// be used with caution.
/// </summary>
[System.Management.Automation.Parameter(ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public SwitchParameter Force { get; set; }
#endregion
protected override void ProcessRecord()
{
base.ProcessRecord();
var resourceIdentifiersText = FormatParameterValuesForConfirmationMsg(nameof(this.ProjectName), MyInvocation.BoundParameters);
if (!ConfirmShouldProceed(this.Force.IsPresent, resourceIdentifiersText, "Update-CBWebhook (UpdateWebhook)"))
{
return;
}
var context = new CmdletContext();
// allow for manipulation of parameters prior to loading into context
PreExecutionContextLoad(context);
#pragma warning disable CS0618, CS0612 //A class member was marked with the Obsolete attribute
if (ParameterWasBound(nameof(this.Select)))
{
context.Select = CreateSelectDelegate<Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse, UpdateCBWebhookCmdlet>(Select) ??
throw new System.ArgumentException("Invalid value for -Select parameter.", nameof(this.Select));
if (this.PassThru.IsPresent)
{
throw new System.ArgumentException("-PassThru cannot be used when -Select is specified.", nameof(this.Select));
}
}
else if (this.PassThru.IsPresent)
{
context.Select = (response, cmdlet) => this.ProjectName;
}
#pragma warning restore CS0618, CS0612 //A class member was marked with the Obsolete attribute
context.BranchFilter = this.BranchFilter;
context.BuildType = this.BuildType;
if (this.FilterGroup != null)
{
context.FilterGroup = new List<List<Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.WebhookFilter>>();
foreach (var innerList in this.FilterGroup)
{
context.FilterGroup.Add(new List<Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.WebhookFilter>(innerList));
}
}
context.ProjectName = this.ProjectName;
#if MODULAR
if (this.ProjectName == null && ParameterWasBound(nameof(this.ProjectName)))
{
WriteWarning("You are passing $null as a value for parameter ProjectName which is marked as required. In case you believe this parameter was incorrectly marked as required, report this by opening an issue at https://github.com/aws/aws-tools-for-powershell/issues.");
}
#endif
context.RotateSecret = this.RotateSecret;
// allow further manipulation of loaded context prior to processing
PostExecutionContextLoad(context);
var output = Execute(context) as CmdletOutput;
ProcessOutput(output);
}
#region IExecutor Members
public object Execute(ExecutorContext context)
{
var cmdletContext = context as CmdletContext;
// create request
var request = new Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookRequest();
if (cmdletContext.BranchFilter != null)
{
request.BranchFilter = cmdletContext.BranchFilter;
}
if (cmdletContext.BuildType != null)
{
request.BuildType = cmdletContext.BuildType;
}
if (cmdletContext.FilterGroup != null)
{
request.FilterGroups = cmdletContext.FilterGroup;
}
if (cmdletContext.ProjectName != null)
{
request.ProjectName = cmdletContext.ProjectName;
}
if (cmdletContext.RotateSecret != null)
{
request.RotateSecret = cmdletContext.RotateSecret.Value;
}
CmdletOutput output;
// issue call
var client = Client ?? CreateClient(_CurrentCredentials, _RegionEndpoint);
try
{
var response = CallAWSServiceOperation(client, request);
object pipelineOutput = null;
pipelineOutput = cmdletContext.Select(response, this);
output = new CmdletOutput
{
PipelineOutput = pipelineOutput,
ServiceResponse = response
};
}
catch (Exception e)
{
output = new CmdletOutput { ErrorResponse = e };
}
return output;
}
public ExecutorContext CreateContext()
{
return new CmdletContext();
}
#endregion
#region AWS Service Operation Call
private Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse CallAWSServiceOperation(IAmazonCodeBuild client, Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookRequest request)
{
Utils.Common.WriteVerboseEndpointMessage(this, client.Config, "AWS CodeBuild", "UpdateWebhook");
try
{
#if DESKTOP
return client.UpdateWebhook(request);
#elif CORECLR
return client.UpdateWebhookAsync(request).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
#else
#error "Unknown build edition"
#endif
}
catch (AmazonServiceException exc)
{
var webException = exc.InnerException as System.Net.WebException;
if (webException != null)
{
throw new Exception(Utils.Common.FormatNameResolutionFailureMessage(client.Config, webException.Message), webException);
}
throw;
}
}
#endregion
internal partial class CmdletContext : ExecutorContext
{
public System.String BranchFilter { get; set; }
public Amazon.CodeBuild.WebhookBuildType BuildType { get; set; }
public List<List<Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.WebhookFilter>> FilterGroup { get; set; }
public System.String ProjectName { get; set; }
public System.Boolean? RotateSecret { get; set; }
public System.Func<Amazon.CodeBuild.Model.UpdateWebhookResponse, UpdateCBWebhookCmdlet, object> Select { get; set; } =
(response, cmdlet) => response.Webhook;
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
National Heritage Monument
The National Heritage Monument is a group of copper statues representing anti-apartheid activists, Zulu chiefs and missionaries. The monument is meant to reflect the struggle for liberation going back into the 1600s. It is located in Groenkloof Nature Reserve. The project was started in 2010, but as of 2015, only has 55 statues. A total of 400 to 500 statues are planned. When complete, the monument will be called "The Long Walk to Freedom."
History
The idea for the project came from Dali Tambo in 2010, who is also the CEO of the National Heritage Project Company. The first of the statues were unveiled in September of 2015 by Nathi Mthethwa, the South African Minister of Arts and Culture.
Figures represented
Autshumato
Chief Tshwane
Chief Klaas Stuurman
Louis van Mauritius
Dr Johannes van der Kemp
Makhanda
King Shaka kaSenzangakhona
Chief David Stuurman
Hintsa kaKhawuta
King Dingane
King Faku
King Mzilikazi
King Moshoeshoe
Kgosi Kgamanyane Pilane
Chief Adam Kok III
Chief Sandile kaNgqika
King Sekhukhune I
Bishop John Colenso
King Cetshwayo kaMpande
King Langalibalele
King Makhado Ramabulana
Chief Dalasile
King Nyabela
Chief Bhambatha kaMancinza
King Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
Saul Msane
Olive Schreiner
Hadji Ojer Ally
Queen Labotsibeni Mdluli
Alfred Mangena
Harriette Colenso
Solomon Plaatje
Walter Rubusana
Chief Kgalusi Leboho
Charlotte Maxeke
Dr Abdullah Abdurahman
Thomas Mapikela
Josiah Gumede
John Dube
Anton Lembede
Mohandas Gandhi
Selope Thema
Sefako Makgatho
Clements Kadalie
Pixley Seme
Ida Mntwana
Alfred Xuma
Cissie Gool
Chief Albert Luthuli
Zachariah Matthews
Rev Zaccheus Mahabane
Bram Fischer
Jack Hodgson
Steve Biko
Duma Nokwe
Solomon Mahlangu
Josie Mpama
Lilian Ngoyi
Bertha Mkhize
Griffiths Mxenge
Ruth First
Yusuf Dadoo
Annie Silinga
Victoria Mxenge
Samora Machel
Olof Palme
Alan Paton
Helen Joseph
Rahima Moosa
Chris Hani
Joe Slovo
Frances Baard
Dorothy Nyembe
Archbishop Trevor Huddleston
Julius Nyerere
Govan Mbeki
Steve Tshwete
Beyers Naude
Ray Alexander
Miriam Makeba
Helen Suzman
Bertha Gxowa
Basil D'Oliveira
Ruth Mompati
Fidel Castro
Albertina Sisulu
Walter Sisulu
Adelaide Tambo
Oliver Tambo
Nelson Mandela
References
External links
Launch of National Heritage Monument (2015 speech)
The National Heritage Monument Launched (video)
Category:Sculpture
Category:Zulu people
Category:Monuments and memorials in South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
envio de correo electronico con php desde un servidor local
estoy realizando una aplicacion web y necesito enviar los datos del formulario a un correo electronico especifico, aca el codigo del formulario
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>prueba</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<form action="enviar.php" method="post"" name="contacto" id ="contacto" >
Nombre completo
<input name="nombre" type="text" id="nombre completo"size="30" maxlength="100">
<br>
<br>
Correo electronico
<input name="email" type="text" onBlur="MM_validateForm('email','','NisEmail');return document.MM_returnValue" size="25" maxlength="100" >
<br>
<br>
Población
<input name="poblacion" type="text" onBlur="MM_validateForm('poblacion','','R');return document.MM_returnValue" size="20" maxlength="60">
<br>
<br>
Sexo
<br>
<br>
<input type="radio" name="GrupoOpciones1" value="1"id="GrupoOpciones1_0" />
Hombre
<br>
<input type="radio" name="GrupoOpciones1" value="2"id="GrupoOpciones1_1"/> Mujer
<br>
<br>
Aficiones
<br>
<textarea cols="50" rows="5" name="comentarios"></textarea>
<br>
<br>
Que opina de nuestra pagina
<br>
<br>
<input type="radio" name="GrupoOpciones2" value="mucho" >me ha gustado mucho
<br>
<input type="radio" name="GrupoOpciones2" value="regular" >no esta mal
<br>
<input type="radio" name="GrupoOpciones2" value="mal" >no me ha gustado nada
<br>
<br>
Danos tu opinion
<br>
<textarea cols="50" rows="5" name="opinion"></textarea>
<br>
<br>
<input type="submit" value="Enviar formulario">
<input type="Reset" value="Borrar datos">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>
y este es el codigo del proceso que lo recibe
<?php
error_reporting(1);
$nombre = $_POST['nombre'];
$mail = $_POST['email'];
$poblacion = $_POST['poblacion'];
$sexo=$_POST['GrupoOpciones1'];
$aficiones=$_POST['comentarios'];
$radio= $_POST['GrupoOpciones2'];
$opinion=$_POST['opinion'];
$header = 'From: ' .$mail. ", de la poblacion ".$poblacion."\r\n";
$header .= "X-Mailer: PHP/" . phpversion() . " \r\n";
$header .= "Mime-Version: 1.0 \r\n";
$header .= "Content-Type: text/plain";
$mensaje = "Este mensaje fue enviado por " . $nombre . " \r\n";
$mensaje .= "Su e-mail es: " . $mail . " \r\n";
$mensaje .= "sexo" . $_POST['GrupoOpciones1'] . " \r\n";
$mensaje .= "aficiones " . $_POST['comentarios'] . " \r\n";
$mensaje .= "que opinas de nuestra pagina" . $_POST['GrupoOpciones2'] . " \r\n";
$mensaje .="danos tu opinion".$_POST['opinion'] . " \r\n";
$mensaje .= "Enviado el " . date('d/m/Y', time());
$para = 'angelgutierrez1983@gmail.com';
$asunto = 'prueba de correo';
mail('angelgutierrez1983@gmail.com', 'probando', $mensaje /*$header*/);
echo 'mensaje enviado correctamente';
?>
trabajo desde mi servidor localhost, realize varias configuraciones en el xampp y el php.ini pero igual no me funciona, trabajo con windows 10 64bit y el con xampp version 3.2.2
A:
por recomendación no utilices la función mail, prueba usando una librería te recomiendo PHPMailer y utiliza un servidor smtp para que esos correos si lleguen a su destino, por ejemplo mailgun, sendmail esos son buenos.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
AJAX call to WebAPI Get method with Parameters not downloading file ASP .NET MVC
I am trying to download an excel file from WEB API Get method of type HttpResponseMessage.
I am able to hit the method by making an AJAX call, the method also returns a resultcontent, but it's not downloading the file on the browser. I tried window.location, it redirects to a new page saying - 'The website cannot display the page'. I tried to debug by alerting in success & error, it alerts in error as [Object object]. Below is my code, please correct where I am going wrong. Thanks.
JavaScript
$(document).ready(function () {
$("#btnDownload").click(function () {
var apiUrl = "../api/DownloadExcel/ExportExcelFile?OriginalRequestNumber=";
var originalReqIdentifier = $('#OriginalRequestNumber').val();
$.ajax({
url: apiUrl + originalReqIdentifier,
type: 'GET',
dataType: 'json',
success: function (data) {
alert(data);
},
error: function (data) {
alert('hi');
}
});
});
});
HTML
<input href="#" class="btn" type="Submit" id="btnDownload" name="btnDownload" value="Download" />
c#
public class DownloadExcelController : ApiController
{
private IExcelExport _excelExport { get; set; }
public DownloadExcelController()
{
_excelExport = new GenerateExcel();
}
// GET api/DownloadExcel/ExportExcelFile
[HttpGet]
public HttpResponseMessage ExportExcelFile(string OriginalRequestNumber)
{
var ObjectToExcel = new List<DummyExternalLoginViewModel>
{
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Mohammed", FamilyName= "Ansari", State = "CA"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Harvey", FamilyName= "Spectre", State = "NY"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Mike", FamilyName= "Ross", State = "NY"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Donald", FamilyName= "Trump", State = "AL"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Spencer", FamilyName= "Mike", State = "AK"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Trump", FamilyName= "Donald", State = "AZ"},
new DummyExternalLoginViewModel { Name = "Bill", FamilyName= "Gates", State = "AR"}
};
var resultContent = _excelExport.Export(ObjectToExcel, "ExcelExport", true);
return resultContent;
}
}
A:
<script>
$(document).ready(function () {
$("#btnDownload").click(function () {
var apiUrl = "../api/DownloadExcel/ExportExcelFile?OriginalRequestNumber=";
var originalReqIdentifier = $('#OriginalRequestNumber').val();
$.ajax({
url: apiUrl + originalReqIdentifier,
type: 'GET',
dataType: 'json',
success: function (data) {
alert(data);
},
error: function (data) {
window.location = apiUrl + originalReqIdentifier;
}
});
});
});
</script>
placing
window.location = apiUrl + originalReqIdentifier; in Ajax error, worked for me.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Breadcrumb
The State of Senior Hunger
The State of Senior Hunger in America report series documents the prevalence of food insecurity among the senior population age 60 and older in the United States. It examines the demographics and characteristics of seniors who lack access to enough nutritious food and identifies geographic variation in food insecurity among seniors, providing rates for all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Specifically, in The State of Senior Hunger in America 2016 (released May 2018), we found that:
4.9 million seniors (7.7% of the senior population) were food insecure in 2016, and an additional 3.7 million seniors experienced marginal food security.
Overall, the rate and number of food-insecure seniors declined between 2014 and 2016 (the change from 2015 to 2016 was statistically insignificant). However, the current rate of food insecurity among seniors remains substantially above the rate in 2007 (6.3%), and the current number of seniors who are food insecure is still more than double the number in 2001 (2.3 million).
As part of the 2017 release, a report about health implications for food-insecure seniors was produced, entitled The Health Consequences of Senior Hunger in the United States: Evidence from the 1999-2014 NHANES. That report found that:
Among seniors, food insecurity was found to be associated with negative health conditions such as depression, asthma, and high blood pressure.
The State of Senior Hunger in America was produced by Feeding America and jointly released with the National Foundation to End Senior Hunger (NFESH). The research was conducted by Dr. Craig Gundersen and Dr. James Ziliak using data from the Current Population Survey. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Devotion (1931 film)
Devotion (1931) is an American pre-Code romantic drama film starring Ann Harding and Leslie Howard based on the Pamela Wynne novel A Little Flat in the Temple. Its plot involves a woman who disguises herself and gains employment in the home of the man she loves.
Plot
Shirley Mortimer (Ann Harding) is the second daughter of a wealthy London family, who view her as plain and treat her as little more than a servant. When her father's friend David Trent (Leslie Howard) visits, she becomes smitten. Upon hearing that he and his son are in need of a new domestic, she disguises herself as an elderly matron, Mrs. Halifax, and begins to work for him. He is a defense attorney, currently defending a man, painter Norman Harrington (Robert Williams), on the charge of murdering his wife.
As Mrs. Halifax, Shirley wins the friendship of David's son and dotes on David, making sure he takes care of himself. David, for his part, begins to suspect that "Mrs. Halifax" is not who she claims. Harrington is acquitted, and upon meeting Mrs. Halifax asks to paint her portrait; while doing so, he realizes she is actually a young woman, but agrees to keep her secret.
After spending an evening with Shirley (out of disguise) and her father, David realizes who "Mrs. Halifax" is, and reveals to Shirley that he has fallen in love with her. Before they can begin their romance, however, David's estranged wife returns; assuming the worst, Shirley angrily leaves. She becomes a model for Harrington, who soon professes his own feelings, but rather than ask her to marry him, merely proposes that they travel the world together with Shirley as his mistress. Twice hurt, Shirley returns to her family home and her servant-like life there.
Both Harrington and David turn up at the Mortimer home; Harrington makes his plea, but upon hearing from David that he had not seen his wife for four years, and intends to swiftly divorce her, Shirley happily reunites with him.
Cast
Ann Harding as Shirley Mortimer
Leslie Howard as David Trent
Robert Williams as Norman Harrington
O.P. Heggie as Emmet Mortimer
Louise Closser Hale as Mrs. Mortimer
Dudley Digges as Sergeant Herbert Coggins
Alison Skipworth as Mrs. Matilda Coggins
Doris Lloyd as Pansy
Olive Tell as Mrs. Trent
Reception
According to RKO records the film lost $40,000 at the box office.
References
External links
Category:1931 films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:American romantic drama films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films based on British novels
Category:RKO Pictures films
Category:1930s romantic drama films
Category:Films made before the MPAA Production Code
Category:Films directed by Robert Milton
Category:Films set in London
Category:Films scored by Arthur Lange | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
/*
* $Id$
*
* SARL is an general-purpose agent programming language.
* More details on http://www.sarl.io
*
* Copyright (C) 2014-2020 the original authors or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package io.sarl.lang.ui.validation;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.List;
import com.google.common.base.Objects;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EPackage;
import org.eclipse.xtend.core.validation.IssueCodes;
import org.eclipse.xtend.core.xtend.XtendFile;
import org.eclipse.xtend.core.xtend.XtendPackage;
import org.eclipse.xtend.ide.validator.XtendUIValidator;
import org.eclipse.xtext.common.types.TypesPackage;
import org.eclipse.xtext.validation.Check;
import org.eclipse.xtext.validation.ValidationMessageAcceptor;
import org.eclipse.xtext.xbase.XbasePackage;
import org.eclipse.xtext.xbase.annotations.xAnnotations.XAnnotationsPackage;
import org.eclipse.xtext.xtype.XtypePackage;
/** Validator based on the Eclipse UI.
*
* @author $Author: sgalland$
* @version $FullVersion$
* @mavengroupid $GroupId$
* @mavenartifactid $ArtifactId$
*/
public class SARLUIValidator extends XtendUIValidator {
@Override
protected List<EPackage> getEPackages() {
final List<EPackage> packages = super.getEPackages();
packages.add(io.sarl.lang.sarl.SarlPackage.eINSTANCE);
packages.add(XtendPackage.eINSTANCE);
packages.add(XbasePackage.eINSTANCE);
packages.add(TypesPackage.eINSTANCE);
packages.add(XtypePackage.eINSTANCE);
packages.add(XAnnotationsPackage.eINSTANCE);
return packages;
}
@Check
@Override
public void checkFileNamingConventions(XtendFile sarlFile) {
//
// The wrong package is a warning in SARL (an error in Xtend).
//
final String expectedPackage = Strings.nullToEmpty(getExpectedPackageName(sarlFile));
final String declaredPackage = Strings.nullToEmpty(sarlFile.getPackage());
if (!Objects.equal(expectedPackage, declaredPackage)) {
if (expectedPackage.isEmpty()) {
warning(Messages.SARLUIValidator_0,
sarlFile,
XtendPackage.Literals.XTEND_FILE__PACKAGE,
ValidationMessageAcceptor.INSIGNIFICANT_INDEX,
IssueCodes.WRONG_PACKAGE,
expectedPackage);
} else {
warning(MessageFormat.format(Messages.SARLUIValidator_1, expectedPackage),
sarlFile,
XtendPackage.Literals.XTEND_FILE__PACKAGE,
ValidationMessageAcceptor.INSIGNIFICANT_INDEX,
IssueCodes.WRONG_PACKAGE,
expectedPackage);
}
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Mehraban-e Sofla Rural District
Mehraban-e Sofla Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Gol Tappeh District, Kabudarahang County, Hamadan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,158, in 2,015 families. The rural district has 21 villages.
References
Category:Rural Districts of Hamadan Province
Category:Kabudarahang County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Forecast: Tomorrow
Forecast: Tomorrow is a 3-CD/1-DVD career-spanning compilation of recordings of Weather Report. The 37 tracks are presented chronologically, beginning with three tracks pre–Weather Report, from ensemble duties with Miles Davis (both Zawinul and Shorter), Cannonball Adderley (Zawinul), and from a Shorter solo album. In addition to one unreleased track, the set closes with DJ Logic's remix of a Weather Report track.
The 4th disc in the package is a 2-hour DVD of a concert in Offenbach am Main, on September 29, 1978 for the German TV program Rockpalast. The boxed set includes a 100-page book with notes on the set by compiler Bob Belden, a long essay on the band by Hal Miller, and a reminiscence of the 1978 concert by drummer Peter Erskine.
CD Track listing
Personnel for the Offenbach Concert
Josef Zawinul - keyboards
Wayne Shorter - saxophones
Jaco Pastorius - bass
Peter Erskine - drums
DVD Track listing
"Black Market" (Zawinul)
"Scarlet Woman" (Johnson/Zawinul/Shorter)
"Young and Fine" (Zawinul)
"The Pursuit of the Woman With the Feathered Hat" (Zawinul)
"A Remark You Made" (Zawinul)
"River People" (Pastorius)
"Thanks for the Memories" (Rainger/Robin)
"Delores/Portrait of Tracy/Third Stone from the Sun" (Shorter)/(Pastorius)/(Hendrix)
"Mr. Gone" (Zawinul)
"In a Silent Way" (Zawinul)
"Waterfall" (Zawinul)
"Teen Town" (Pastorius)
"I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good/The Midnight Sun Will Never Set on You" (Ellington/Webster)/(Burke/Hampton/Mercer)
"Birdland" (Zawinul)
"Introductions"
"Fred & Jack" (Erskine)
"Elegant People" (Shorter)
"Badia" (Zawinul)
References
Category:Weather Report albums
Category:Albums produced by Bob Belden
Category:2006 compilation albums
Category:Jazz fusion compilation albums
Category:2006 live albums
Category:Live video albums
Category:2006 video albums
Category:Columbia Records compilation albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
---
author:
- 'S. Chakraborty,'
- 'R. S. Hansen,'
- 'I. Izaguirre,'
- 'and G. G. Raffelt'
title: 'Self-induced neutrino flavor conversion without flavor mixing'
---
=1
Introduction {#sec:introduction}
============
Most of the energy liberated in stellar core collapse or in neutron-star mergers appears in the form of neutrinos and antineutrinos of all flavors, but with fluxes and spectra that differ strongly between $\nu_e$, $\bar\nu_e$ and the other species, collectively referred to as $\nu_x$. The subsequent flavor evolution of these neutrinos influences energy deposition beyond the decoupling region, neutrino-driven nucleosynthesis, and detection opportunities of the neutrino signal from the next nearby supernova or the diffuse supernova neutrino flux from all past core-collapse events [@Janka:2012wk; @Scholberg:2012id; @Mirizzi:2015eza]. However, a true understanding of flavor evolution in dense environments has remained elusive because of many complications engendered by the nonlinear nature of collective flavor oscillations [@Mirizzi:2015eza; @Chakraborty:2016yeg]. We study a new item on this list which has eluded most workers in this field with the notable exception of Ray Sawyer [@Sawyer:2005jk; @Sawyer:2015dsa], i.e., the surprising insight that collective flavor conversion need not depend on neutrino mixing parameters.
Collective neutrino flavor oscillations manifest themselves in the form of two generic phenomena. One is the effect of synchronisation: different modes of the neutrino mean field oscillate in lockstep even though they have different vacuum oscillation frequencies $\omega=\Delta m^2/2E$ [@Kostelecky:1994dt; @Pantaleone:1998xi; @Pastor:2001iu; @Raffelt:2010za; @Akhmedov:2016gzx]. The other is the phenomenon of self-induced flavor conversion, corresponding to collective run-away modes [@Kostelecky:1993dm; @Samuel:1995ri; @Duan:2005cp; @Hannestad:2006nj; @Duan:2007mv; @Banerjee:2011fj; @Raffelt:2011yb]. Surprisingly, the growth rate in the linear regime and the overall evolution need not depend on $\Delta
m^2/2E$ and therefore the effect can occur even for unmixed neutrinos if given an appropriate seed to grow from [@Sawyer:2005jk; @Sawyer:2015dsa].
Collective “flavor conversion” actually does not represent any change of flavor in the overall ensemble, but a reshuffling among different modes. In the simplest case, a gas of $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ can convert to $\nu_\mu$ and $\bar\nu_\mu$ without change of lepton number or flavor-lepton number. Such pair processes certainly occur in the form of non-forward scattering with a rate proportional to ${G_{\rm F}}^2$, but can also occur on the refractive level with a rate proportional to ${G_{\rm F}}$. For most cases studied in the literature, the conversion rate was actually found to be of order $\Delta
m^2/2E$ instead, i.e., driven by the frequency $\omega$. Another possible driving frequency is the neutrino-neutrino interaction energy $\mu=\sqrt{2}
G_{\rm F}n_{\nu}$. The very definition of a “dense” neutrino gas is precisely that $\mu\gg\omega$. However, this dominant scale cancels when the neutrino and antineutrino angle distributions are too similar. On the other hand, with sufficiently different angle distributions the conversion rate can be driven by $\mu\gg\omega$, corresponding to much faster conversion. Moreover, these fast conversions can exist even without any vacuum frequency $\omega$ and thus in the absence of neutrino masses.
In general, therefore, self-induced flavor conversion—in the sense of flavor reshuffling among modes—can occur without flavor mixing, provided there exist fluctuations in flavor space to seed the unstable modes. One may speculate that even quantum fluctuations of the mean-field quantities could suffice as seeds. However, in practice ordinary neutrino oscillations driven by their masses and mixing parameters exist, so disturbances in flavor space to seed self-induced flavor conversion always exist even on the mean-field level.
The main purpose of our paper is to present a few simple examples which illustrate these general points and which are even more basic than those presented by Sawyer. We begin in section \[sec:beam\] with the simplest possible case, two colliding beams of neutrinos and antineutrinos, which shows fast flavor conversion if we allow for inhomogeneities. In section \[sec:homogeneous\] we also construct a homogeneous example, consisting of four modes in the form of two beams intersecting with a nonvanishing angle. We finally turn in section \[sec:two-bulb\] to the example of a spherical source which emits neutrinos and antineutrinos with different zenith-angle distributions in analogy to the schematic supernova model proposed by Sawyer [@Sawyer:2015dsa]. We conclude with a discussion and outlook in section \[sec:conclusion\].
Colliding beams {#sec:beam}
===============
The current-current structure of the low-energy neutrino-neutrino interaction implies that we need at least two different propagation directions to obtain any effects at all. Therefore, the simplest possible example is an initially homogeneous gas of neutrinos and antineutrinos, allowing only for two opposing directions of motion, i.e., a system that is one-dimensional in momentum space and that we can view as two colliding beams (figure \[fig:beam-setup\]). This type of simple model was recently used by several groups to study the impact of spontaneously breaking various symmetries [@Raffelt:2013isa; @Hansen:2014paa; @Chakraborty:2015tfa; @Duan:2014gfa; @Abbar:2015mca; @Mangano:2014zda; @Mirizzi:2015fva].
Linearized equations of motion
------------------------------
On the refractive level, the interacting neutrino system is best represented in terms of the mean-field $\varrho_i$ for every momentum mode $i$. The diagonal components of this matrix in flavor space are phase-space densities of the different flavor states, whereas the off-diagonal elements represent flavor correlations. Antineutrinos are represented by negative energies and we use the “flavor isospin convention,” where the $\varrho$ matrices for antineutrinos correspond to negative phase-space densities. The advantage is that we do not need to distinguish explicitly between neutrino and antineutrino modes. The $\varrho$ matrices of $N$ modes evolve according to [@Sigl:1992fn] $$\label{eq:EOM1}
{{\rm i}}{\left(}\partial_t+{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bm \nabla}{\right)}\,\varrho_i
={\left[}{\sf H}_i,\varrho_i{\right]}\,,
\quad\hbox{where}\quad
{\sf H}_i=\frac{{\sf M}^2}{2E_i}
+\mu\sum_{j=1}^N{\left(}1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j{\right)}\varrho_j\,,$$ where ${\sf M}^2$ is the matrix of neutrino mass-squares. We assume neutrinos to be ultra-relativistic so that the velocities ${\bf v}_i$ are unit vectors giving the directions of the individual modes. The neutrino-neutrino interaction energy is $\mu=\sqrt{2}{G_{\rm F}}n_\nu$ with the effective neutrino density $n_\nu={{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(n_{\nu_e}+ n_{\bar\nu_e}-n_{\nu_x}-n_{\bar\nu_x})$. We always consider two-flavor oscillations between $\nu_e$ and another flavor $\nu_x$ which is a suitable combination of $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$. These conventions follow reference [@Chakraborty:2014lsa] and are chosen such that a fixed $\mu$ corresponds to a fixed density of $\nu_e$ plus $\bar\nu_e$, even when we modify, for example, their relative abundance. In much of the previous literature, instead either the number of $\nu_e$ or of $\bar\nu_e$ was held fixed, but we here prefer a more symmetric definition.
![Initially homogeneous ensemble of four neutrino modes (“colliding beams” of neutrinos and antineutrinos). The system is taken to be infinite in all directions. The normalized $\nu$ flux is $1+a$, the $\bar\nu$ flux $1-a$ with the asymmetry parameter $a$ in the range $-1\leq a\leq+1$. The left-right asymmetry is parametrized by $b$ such that the upper beam in this figure has normalized strength $1+b$, the lower beam $1-b$ with $-1\leq b\leq+1$. The relation of parameters $r$, $\bar{r}$, $l$ and $\bar{l}$ to parameters $a$ and $b$ can be found in equation (\[Eq:param\]).[]{data-label="fig:beam-setup"}](fig1.pdf){width="40.00000%"}
In order to identify unstable modes, we consider a linearized version of equation (\[eq:EOM1\]). We first note that ${\rm Tr}\,\varrho_i$ is conserved by flavor conversion and, if the system was initially homogeneous, it is not modified by the transport term in equation (\[eq:EOM1\]). It is convenient to define traceless normalized $\varrho$ matrices in the form $$\varrho_i-\frac{1}{2}\,{\rm Tr}\,\varrho_i
=\frac{g_i}{2}\begin{pmatrix}s_i&S_i\\ S_i^*&-s_i\end{pmatrix}\,,$$ where $s_i$ is a real and $S_i$ a complex number with $s_i^2+|S_i|^2=1$. Moreover, if neutrinos are initially prepared in $\nu_e$ or $\bar\nu_e$ eigenstates (our usual example), then initially $s_i=+1$. The “spectrum” $g_i$ gives the actual density of neutrinos in mode $i$ and is positive for an initial $\nu_e$ and negative for an initial $\bar\nu_e$, corresponding to our flavor-isospin convention. Our definition of the effective neutrino density $n_\nu$ corresponds to the normalization $\sum_{i=1}^N|g_i|=2$. To linear order, $s_i=1$ remains constant, whereas the off-diagonal elements evolve according to $$\label{eq:EOM2}
{{\rm i}}{\left(}\partial_t+{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bm \nabla}{\right)}\,S_i=
\left[\omega_i+\mu\sum_{j=1}^N {\left(}1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j{\right)}g_j\right]S_i
-\mu\sum_{j=1}^N{\left(}1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j{\right)}g_j S_j\,.$$ We have assumed a very small vacuum mixing angle and use $\omega_i=\Delta
m^2/2E_i$ with $\Delta m^2$ positive and the convention that $\omega_i$ is positive for neutrinos and negative for antineutrinos.
As a next step, we transform this linear equation of the space-time coordinates $(t,{\bf r})$ into Fourier space $(\Omega,{\bf k})$ and we write $S_i(t,{\bf r})=Q_i(\Omega,{\bf k})\,e^{-{{\rm i}}(\Omega t-{\bf k}\cdot{\bf r})}$. The linearized equations of motion in Fourier space are $$\label{eq:EOM3}
\Omega\,Q_i=
\left[\omega_i+{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf k} +\mu\sum_{j=1}^N
{\left(}1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j{\right)}g_j\right]Q_i
-\mu\sum_{j=1}^N{\left(}1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j{\right)}g_j Q_j\,.$$ We are looking for exponentially growing solutions, i.e., eigenvalues $\Omega$ with a nonvanishing imaginary part.
We finally turn to a system which is one-dimensional in momentum space (a beam) so that ${\bf v}_i\to v_i$ and ${\bf k}\to k$. The current-current factors $(1-{\bf v}_i\cdot{\bf v}_j)$ are 0 for parallel-moving modes or 2 for opposite moving ones. We consider four modes as in figure \[fig:beam-setup\] and use the vacuum oscillation frequency $+\omega$ for neutrinos and $-\omega$ for antineutrinos. We denote the amplitudes $Q_i$ for the different modes with $R$ for right-moving neutrinos, $\bar R$ for right-moving antineutrinos, and $L$ and $\bar L$ for the left movers. Likewise, we denote the mode occupations $g_i$ with $r$, $\bar r$, $l$ and $\bar l$, respectively. Equation (\[eq:EOM3\]) becomes $$\label{eq:EOM4}
\Omega\,\begin{pmatrix}R\\ \bar L\\ L\\ \bar R\end{pmatrix}=\left[
\begin{pmatrix}\omega+k&0&0&0\\0&-\omega-k&0&0\\0&0&\omega-k&0\\0&0&0&-\omega+k\end{pmatrix}
+2\mu
\begin{pmatrix}
l+\bar l&-\bar l&-l&0\\
-r&r+\bar r&0&-\bar r\\
-r&0&r+\bar r&-\bar r\\
0&-\bar l&-l&l+\bar l\\
\end{pmatrix}
\right]\begin{pmatrix}R\\ \bar L\\ L\\ \bar R\end{pmatrix}\,.$$ This is the most general one-dimensional four-mode case and the starting point for the discussion in the rest of this section.
Two modes
---------
The possible existence of unstable modes for $\omega=0$ is most easily understood in a yet simpler case consisting only of right-moving neutrinos and left-moving antineutrinos, i.e., $r=1+a$, $\bar l=-(1-a)$, and ${\bar
r}=l=0$. The parameter $-1\leq a\leq1$ codifies the neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry of our system. Equation (\[eq:EOM4\]), reduced to the two occupied modes, becomes $$\label{eq:EOM5}
\Omega\,\begin{pmatrix}R\\ \bar L\end{pmatrix}
=\left[\begin{pmatrix}\omega+k&0\\0&-\omega-k\end{pmatrix}+2\mu
\begin{pmatrix}-1+a,&1-a\\-1-a,&1+a\end{pmatrix}
\right]\begin{pmatrix}R\\ \bar L\end{pmatrix}\,.$$ Without further calculation we can see that the role of the vacuum oscillation frequency $\omega$ is here played by $\omega+k$. If we consider vanishing neutrino masses ($\omega=\Delta m^2/2E=0$) and a spatial Fourier mode $k>0$, the role usually played by $\omega$ will be taken over by $k$. The reason for this behavior is that we have constructed our system such that neutrinos (vacuum frequency $+\omega$) move right so that the spatial Fourier term ${\bf
v}\cdot{\bf k}$ enters as $+k$, and the other way round for the beam of left-moving antineutrinos.
For completeness we provide the explicit eigenvalues for this two-mode case. Using the notation $\tilde\omega=\omega+k$ we find $$\Omega=2a\mu\pm\sqrt{(2a\mu)^2+\tilde\omega(\tilde\omega-4\mu)}\,.$$ For $\tilde\omega=0$ the eigenvalues are purely real. The eigenfrequencies have an imaginary part for $$1-\sqrt{1-a^2}<\frac{\tilde\omega}{2\mu}<1+\sqrt{1-a^2}\,.$$ Notice that in this system, the solutions for positive or negative $k$ are different. Because $\mu$ is defined to be positive, we have unstable solutions only for $\tilde\omega>0$, i.e., for $k>-\omega$. The imaginary part has its maximum for $\mu=\tilde\omega/(2a^2)$ and is $${\rm Im}\,\Omega\vert_{\rm max}
=\tilde\omega\,\sqrt{\frac{1}{a^2}-1}\,.$$ Therefore, in the homogeneous case ($k=0$), the growth rate is indeed proportional to the vacuum oscillation frequency times a numerical factor which depends on the neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry. Conversely, for vanishing $\omega$, the maximum growth rate is proportional to the spatial Fourier wave number $k$.
We can turn this discussion around and ask which Fourier modes $k$ are unstable for a fixed $\mu$ value. The maximum growth rate occurs for $\tilde\omega=2\mu$. The fastest-growing $k$ mode grows with the rate $${\rm Im}\,\Omega\vert_{\rm max}
=2\mu\,\sqrt{1-a^2}\,.$$ This rate is indeed “fast” in the sense that it is proportional to $\sqrt{2}{G_{\rm F}}n_\nu$. Of course, we assume that $-1<a<1$ is not fine-tuned to be very close to $\pm1$ which would correspond to having only neutrinos or only antineutrinos in the system.
Four modes
----------
The results of the previous section came about because the system was constructed with maximal left-right asymmetry: neutrinos were only right-moving, antineutrinos left-moving. On the other hand, previous one-beam examples [@Raffelt:2013isa; @Hansen:2014paa; @Chakraborty:2015tfa; @Duan:2014gfa; @Abbar:2015mca; @Mangano:2014zda; @Mirizzi:2015fva] had been constructed to be left-right symmetric, although spontaneous symmetry breaking of the solution was allowed. In all previous cases, the colliding beams were stable against self-induced flavor conversion in the $\omega=0$ limit even for nonvanishing $k$. Therefore, the system must be prepared with some amount of left-right asymmetry to be unstable for vanishing $\omega$.
To study this condition, we now turn to a four-mode system with left- and right-moving neutrinos and antineutrinos. As before, we use the parameter $a$ to denote the neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry, and in addition the parameter $-1\leq b \leq 1$ to denote the left-right asymmetry. Specifically, we use the beam occupations
\[Eq:param\] $$\begin{aligned}
r &=& +{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1+a)(1+b)\,,\\
\bar l&=& -{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1-a)(1+b)\,,\\
l &=& +{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1+a)(1-b)\,,\\
\bar r&=& -{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1-a)(1-b)\,.\end{aligned}$$
The two-mode example of the previous section corresponds to $b=1$. The neutrino-neutrino interaction matrix in equation (\[eq:EOM4\]) becomes $$\mu
\begin{pmatrix}
2\,(a-b)&(1-a)(1+b)&~-(1+a)(1-b)&0\\
-(1+a)(1+b)&2\,(a+b)&~0&(1-a)(1-b)\\
-(1+a)(1+b)&0&~2\,(a+b)&(1-a)(1-b)\\
0&(1-a)(1+b)&~-(1+a)(1-b)&2\,(a-b)\\
\end{pmatrix}\,.$$ The eigenvalue equation is now quartic and the explicit solutions provide little direct insight.
However, in several special cases there are simple solutions. In the previous literature, one always used a system which was set up in a left-right symmetric configuration, meaning $b=0$. Considering the homogeneous case ($k=0$), one finds the eigenvalues $$\Omega=a\mu\pm\sqrt{(a\mu)^2+\omega(\omega-2\mu)}
\quad\hbox{and}\quad
\Omega=3a\mu\pm\sqrt{(a\mu)^2+\omega(\omega+2\mu)}\,.$$ The first solution corresponds to the usual “flavor pendulum” for inverted neutrino mass ordering, the second to the left-right symmetry breaking solution for normal ordering as discussed previously [@Raffelt:2013isa]. Notice that changing the mass ordering corresponds to ${\bf B}\to-{\bf B}$ in equation (\[eq:EOM1\]) and thus to $\omega\to-\omega$ in these expressions.
The corresponding inhomogeneous case ($|k|>0$) was studied in references [@Duan:2014gfa; @Chakraborty:2015tfa]. The system is stable for $\omega=0$ and the growth rate is proportional to $\omega$. Explicit results can be derived in the $k\to\infty$ limit [@Chakraborty:2015tfa].
Turning now to the left-right asymmetric case, one can actually find explicit solutions for $\omega=0$, $$\Omega=2a\mu\pm(k-2b\mu)
\quad\hbox{and}\quad
\Omega=2a\mu\pm\sqrt{(2a\mu)^2+k(k-4b\mu)}\,.$$ All solutions are real in the homogeneous case ($k=0$) and for any $k$ in the left-right symmetric system ($b=0$). In the general case, the second eigenvalue has an imaginary part if the expression under the square root is negative, which occurs for $$b-\sqrt{b^2-a^2}
<\frac{k}{2\mu}<
b+\sqrt{b^2-a^2}\,.$$ An instability exists only for $a^2<b^2$, i.e., the left-right asymmetry must exceed the neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry. For fixed $\mu$, the Fourier mode with the largest growth rate is $k=2b\mu$, growing with a rate $${\rm Im}\,\Omega\vert_{\rm max}
=2\mu\,\sqrt{b^2-a^2}\,.$$ Again, this growth is of order a typical neutrino-neutrino interaction energy and thus “fast”.
Intersecting beams {#sec:homogeneous}
==================
The crucial ingredient to obtain fast flavor conversion appears to be a sufficient difference between the direction distribution of neutrinos and antineutrinos. However, if the momentum distribution is one dimensional we need spatial inhomogeneities. As a next step we construct the simplest homogeneous system (${\bf k}=0$) that shows fast flavor conversion. We consider four modes with directions which intersect at a relative angle $\theta$ as shown in figure \[fig:twobeam\]. We continue to denote the modes as “left- and right-moving” in an obvious sense. The mode occupations are taken to be symmetric between left and right, but we include a neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry $a$, i.e., the mode occupations are taken to be
$$\begin{aligned}
r=l &=& +{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1+a)\,,\\
\bar r=\bar l&=& -{{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(1-a)\,.\end{aligned}$$
As before, we use the normalization $|r|+|l|+|\bar r|+|\bar l|=2$. The current-current factors $(1-{\bf v}_i\cdot {\bf v}_j)$ are equal to 2 for opposite moving modes, and $1\pm\cos\theta$ for the other pairs in obvious ways.
![Homogeneous ensemble of four neutrino modes (two beams with relative angle $\theta$.) The system is taken to be infinite in all directions.[]{data-label="fig:twobeam"}](fig2.pdf){width="40.00000%"}
The symmetries of this setup suggest to combine the neutrino and antineutrino amplitudes in a symmetric and antisymmetric form, $A_{\pm}={{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(L\pm R)$ and $\bar{A}_\pm={{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}(\bar L\pm \bar R)$. Indeed, the linearized equations of motion decouple and we find with $c=\cos\theta$ $$\begin{aligned}
\kern-1em\Omega\,\begin{pmatrix}A_+\\ \bar A_+\end{pmatrix}&=&
\left[\begin{pmatrix}\omega&0\\ 0&-\omega\end{pmatrix}
+\frac{\mu\,(3-c)}{2}
\begin{pmatrix}
-1+a,&1-a,\\ -1-a&1+a
\end{pmatrix}
\right]\begin{pmatrix}A_+\\ \bar A_+\end{pmatrix},
\\[1.5ex]
\kern-1em\Omega\,\begin{pmatrix}A_-\\ \bar A_-\end{pmatrix}&=&
\left[\begin{pmatrix}\omega&0\\ 0&-\omega\end{pmatrix}
+\frac{a\mu\,(5+c)}{2}
+\frac{\mu}{2}
\begin{pmatrix}
-(1-3c)&-(1+c)(1-a)\\ (1+c)(1+a)&1-3c
\end{pmatrix}
\right]\begin{pmatrix}A_-\\ \bar A_-\end{pmatrix}.\end{aligned}$$ The first equation again corresponds to the usual flavor pendulum. Indeed, for $c=-1$ we return to the situation of a completely left-right asymmetric system of all neutrinos moving right and all antineutrinos moving left and we reproduce equation (\[eq:EOM5\]). As observed earlier, we then need a nontrivial spatial variation to obtain fast flavor conversion.
The second case with left-right symmetry breaking, on the other hand, provides nontrivial eigenvalues even for $\omega=0$ which are found to be $$\label{eq:twobeam-eigenvalue}
\Omega=\frac{a\mu(5+c)}{2}\pm\frac{\mu}{2}\sqrt{(1+c)^2a^2-8c(1-c)}\,.$$ In figure \[fig:twobeam-growthrate\] we show the imaginary part as a contour plot in the $\cos\theta$–$a$ plane. A fast growth rate occurs only for $\cos\theta>0$ and it is symmetric between positive and negative $a$. The absolute maximum obtains for $a=0$ and $\cos\theta={{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}}$ and is found to be ${\rm Im}\Omega|_{\rm max}=\mu/\sqrt{2}$.
![Growth rate in units of $\mu$ for neutrino-antineutrino beams intersecting at an angle $\theta$ and a neutrino-antineutrino asymmetry $-1<a<1$. The mode occupations are taken to be symmetric between left and right. The analytic expression is given in equation (\[eq:twobeam-eigenvalue\]). A fast growth rate occurs for $\cos\theta>0$ and it is symmetric between positive and negative $a$.[]{data-label="fig:twobeam-growthrate"}](fig3.pdf){width="70.00000%"}
We have performed a numerical solution of the full nonlinear equations for typical parameters $\cos\theta$ and $a$ in the unstable regime. We find the usual behavior of an inverted oscillator. Given a small perturbation, there is a long phase of exponential growth of the transverse component, followed by a deep dip of the flavor content of type $\nu_e\bar\nu_e\to\nu_x\bar\nu_x$ and back to $\nu_e\bar\nu_e$ and so on, similar to the usual flavor pendulum.
Two-bulb supernova model {#sec:two-bulb}
========================
Setting up the model
--------------------
As a final example we consider the model proposed by Sawyer [@Sawyer:2015dsa] which is motivated by typical supernova emission characteristics. Neutrinos are taken to emerge from a spherical surface, the “neutrino bulb,” with a blackbody-like angular characteristic, i.e., isotropically into the outer half space [@Duan:2006an]. In this case, a distant observer measures a zenith-angle distribution which is uniform in the variable $\sin^2\theta$ up to a maximum which is determined by the angular size of the neutrino bulb at the observation point. The species $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ decouple in different regions. Therefore, as a simple approximation one can assume that they are emitted from neutrino surfaces of different radii, which we call a two-bulb emission model. This setup leads to $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ zenith-angle distributions of the type illustrated in figure \[fig:twobulb-spectrum\]. In a supernova, one usually expects the $\nu_e$ flux to exceed that of $\bar\nu_e$. However, the recently discovered LESA phenomenon (lepton-emission self-sustained asymmetry) implies that the relative fluxes show a strong hemispheric asymmetry [@Tamborra:2014aua]. Moreover, in neutron-star mergers, very different distributions may occur which also depend strongly on direction [@Dasgupta:2008cu; @Malkus:2014iqa].
![Zenith-angle distribution for neutrinos (blue) and antineutrinos (orange) implied by the two-bulb supernova emission model.[]{data-label="fig:twobulb-spectrum"}](fig4.pdf){width="45.00000%"}
The main point of this supernova-motivated setup is the neutrino velocity distribution in the transverse direction. One can formulate this problem in terms of velocities in the transverse plane [@Chakraborty:2015tfa] and it is then very similar to the colliding-beam examples of the previous sections, with different velocity distributions for $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$. Therefore, this case is conceptually quite similar to our previous ones.
We consider a stationary two-flavor neutrino flux and assume stationarity of the solution, i.e., we study the flavor evolution as a function of radius. We ignore small-scale effects in the transverse direction, i.e., the solution is constrained to depend on radius alone. The neutrino radiation field at some observation point beyond the emitting surface is described by the azimuth angle $\varphi$ and the zenith-angle variable $u\propto\sin^2\theta$. The range of occupied zenith angles is normalized to some chosen reference radius, so the $u$-range does not depend on the test radius where we perform the stability analysis. The emission spectrum $g(\omega,u)$ has the same meaning as $g_i$ in our earlier sections, except that we use the continuous labels $\omega$ and $u$. We assume axial symmetry of emission so that $g(\omega,u)$ does not depend on $\varphi$.
Eigenvalue equation
-------------------
We use the eigenvalue equation in the form developed in reference [@Raffelt:2013rqa] for the case of axially symmetric neutrino emission. As input for the eigenvalue equation we need the integrals $$I_n=\mu\int d\omega\,du\,\frac{u^n\,g(\omega,u)}{\omega+u\,\bar\lambda-\Omega}$$ for $n=0$, 1 and 2. We have dropped a possible $\varphi$ dependence because we assume axially symmetric emission. The parameter $\bar\lambda=\lambda+\epsilon\mu$ describes the effective multi-angle matter effect where $\lambda=\sqrt{2}{G_{\rm F}}n_e$ and $$\epsilon=\int d\omega\,du\,g(\omega,u)\,.$$ In contrast to reference [@Raffelt:2013rqa] we here normalize the spectrum in the same way as in the previous sections, i.e., $\int
du\,d\omega\,{\rm sign}(\omega)\,g(\omega,u)=2$ which also influences the meaning of $\mu$. The only physically relevant quantity is the product $\mu\,g(u,\omega)$ and it is somewhat arbitrary how to normalize the two quantities separately. The main point is to define a quantity $\mu$ which has the meaning of a typical neutrino-neutrino interaction energy. The eigenvalues $\Omega$ are found as solutions of one of the equations $$\label{eq:egnval}
(I_1-1)^2-I_0I_2=0
\qquad\hbox{and}\qquad
I_1+1=0\,.$$ The first equation corresponds to those solutions which respect axial symmetry, whereas the second corresponds to spontaneous axial symmetry breaking.
We look for instabilities in the limit $\omega=0$. In this case the contributions to $g(\omega,u)$ from emitted $\nu_x$ and $\bar\nu_x$ drop out exactly if their emission characteristics are the same. Notice, however, that the $\nu_x$ distribution enters indirectly through the definition of the effective neutrino density $n_\nu$ and the definition of $\mu$ and $\epsilon$. However, for simplicity we assume that no $\nu_x$ or $\bar\nu_x$ are emitted. We denote the $\omega$-integrated zenith-angle distributions as for neutrinos (positive $\omega$) and for antineutrinos (negative $\omega$). In this notation we have $$\int du\,\Bigl[h_{\nu_e}(u)+h_{\bar\nu_e}(u)\Bigr]=2
\qquad\hbox{and}\qquad
\int du\,\Bigl[h_{\nu_e}(u)-h_{\bar\nu_e}(u)\Bigr]=\epsilon\,.$$ After performing the trivial $\omega$ integration, the above integrals are $$I_n=\int du\,\frac{u^n}{u\,(\epsilon+m)-w}\,
\Bigl[h_{\nu_e}(u)-h_{\bar\nu_e}(u)\Bigr]\,,$$ where $w=\Omega/\mu$ is the normalized eigenvalue and $m=\lambda/\mu$ represents the matter effect.
The two-bulb model of neutrino emission implies the top-hat $u$ distributions shown in figure \[fig:twobulb-spectrum\]. We express the occupied $u$-ranges in terms of a width parameter $-1<b<+1$ in the form $u_{\nu_e}=1+b$ and $u_{\bar\nu_e}=1-b$. In the supernova context, the $\nu_e$ interact more strongly, thus decouple at a larger distance, and hence correspond to $b>0$. Moreover, we describe the normalized neutrino densities as $n_{\nu_e}=1+a$ and $n_{\bar\nu_e}=1-a$ in terms of an “asymmetry parameter” $-1<a<+1$. In the supernova context, deleptonization implies an excess of $\nu_e$ over $\bar\nu_e$ so that $a>0$. In other words, the traditional supernova-motivated situation corresponds to the first quadrant $a,b>0$ in the parameter space of our model. In terms of these parameters, the zenith-angle distributions are $$h(u)=\frac{1\pm a}{1\pm b}\times\begin{cases}1&\hbox{for $0\leq u \leq 1\pm b$}\,,\\
0&\hbox{otherwise}\,,\end{cases}$$ where the upper sign refers to $\nu_e$, the lower sign to $\bar\nu_e$. So finally the integrals are $$I_n=\frac{1+a}{1+b}\int_0^{1+b} du\,\frac{u^n}{u\,(2a+m)-w}
-\frac{1-a}{1-b}\int_0^{1-b} du\,\frac{u^n}{u\,(2a+m)-w}\,,$$ where we have used $\epsilon=2a$. These integrals can be performed analytically without problem, but the eigenvalues can be found only numerically.
One special case is $b=0$ where the zenith-angle distributions for $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ are the same, yet their number density is different ($a\not=0$). In this case the integrals are $$I_n=2a\int_0^{1} du\,\frac{u^n}{u\,(2a+m)-w}\,.$$ Numerically it appears that in this case the eigenvalues are always real, i.e., fast flavor conversion indeed requires the top-hat distributions to have different widths. However, we have not tried to prove this point mathematically.
Solution without matter effect
------------------------------
![Growth rate in units of $\mu$ for the axial-symmetry breaking solution of the two-bulb supernova model without matter. The normalized $\nu_e$ density is $1+a$, for $\bar\nu_e$ it is $1-a$. The $\nu_e$ zenith-angle distribution is nonzero on the range $0<u<1+b$ and on $0<u<1-b$ for $\bar\nu_e$. The results show no instability in the SN motivated parameters ($a>0$ and $b>0$), i.e., the first quadrant. []{data-label="fig:twobulb-contour"}](fig5.pdf){width="70.00000%"}
As a first nontrivial case we ignore matter ($m=0$) and find that the first case in equation (\[eq:egnval\]), the axially symmetric solution, does not show any instabilities in a numerical scan over the space $-1<a<1$ and $-1<b<1$. The second equation (axial symmetry breaking) provides solutions and hence allows fast flavor conversion. We show the imaginary part of $w$, i.e., the growth rate in units of $\mu$ as a contour plot in figure \[fig:twobulb-contour\]. The first and third quadrants are stable, i.e., when $a$ and $b$ have the same sign. These results suggest that fast flavor conversion requires that the species $\nu_e$ or $\bar\nu_e$ with the broader zenith-angle distribution must have a smaller flux. This particular conclusion appears to be opposite of what Sawyer has found in his recent study [@Sawyer:2015dsa].
Of course, in accretion disks arising from neutron-star mergers or black hole-neutron star mergers, the flux is dominated by $\bar\nu_e$, not $\nu_e$, so that $a<0$. Also LESA can be another interesting scenario spanning parameters other than the traditional supernova-motivated case. Therefore, the main point is the possible existence of fast flavor conversion if nontrivial zenith-angle distributions are used.
Including matter
----------------
These above results change drastically in the presence of matter. A substantial matter effect is expected when $\lambda$ is at least of order $\mu$, so as a specific example we use $m=\lambda/\mu=1$ and show the growth rates in figure \[fig:twobulb-matter\]. We find fast growth rates for both the axially symmetric and the axial-symmetry breaking cases. While the latter (bottom panel) is simply a modified version of the matter-free case, we now find run-away solutions even in the axially symmetric case (upper panel). In particular, there are unstable solutions for supernova-motivated parameters, where the $\nu_e$ distribution is the broader one ($b>0$) and there are more $\nu_e$ than $\bar\nu_e$ ($a>0$), i.e., the first quadrant of our parameter space.
![Growth rate in units of $\mu$ in analogy to figure \[fig:twobulb-contour\], but now with matter $m=\lambda/\mu=1$. [*Top:*]{} Axially symmetric solution. [*Bottom:*]{} Axial symmetry spontaneously broken.[]{data-label="fig:twobulb-matter"}](fig6a.pdf "fig:"){width="70.00000%"} ![Growth rate in units of $\mu$ in analogy to figure \[fig:twobulb-contour\], but now with matter $m=\lambda/\mu=1$. [*Top:*]{} Axially symmetric solution. [*Bottom:*]{} Axial symmetry spontaneously broken.[]{data-label="fig:twobulb-matter"}](fig6b.pdf "fig:"){width="70.00000%"}
If we had used instead a background of antimatter ($m<0$), the unstable range would lie in the other half where $b<0$. For $b=0$, when the two zenith-angle distributions are the same, no fast instability seems to occur as remarked earlier.
If the matter effect is very large ($\lambda\gg\mu$, corresponding to $m\gg1$), the axially symmetric solution disappears, so it exists only for some range of matter density. For example, during the supernova accretion phase, this instability would be suppressed in analogy to the “slow” instabilities [@EstebanPretel:2008ni; @Sarikas:2011am; @Sarikas:2012vb; @Chakraborty:2011nf; @Chakraborty:2011gd]. Of course, we have here only considered the ${\bf k}=0$ case as well as stationarity of the solution. Therefore, what all of this means in practice remains to be understood.
Previous studies
----------------
Flavor-dependent angle distributions were previously investigated by Mirizzi and Serpico [@Mirizzi:2011tu; @Mirizzi:2012wp]. These authors have not reported fast flavor conversion in any of their cases. They have used forward-peaked distributions of the form $(1-u)^{\beta/2}$ where $\beta=0$ provides a top-hat distribution on the interval $0< u<1$ and for $\beta>0$ a distribution which is more concentrated for smaller $u$-values. However, these authors assumed equal $\beta$ for both $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ and a different one for $\nu_x$ which was the same for $\bar\nu_x$, i.e., they only studied angle differences between the $x$-flavor and the $e$-species. As we remarked earlier, if $\nu_x$ and $\bar\nu_x$ have the same distribution, they drop out of the equation in our limit of $\omega=0$. In other words, the distributions used in references [@Mirizzi:2011tu; @Mirizzi:2012wp] indeed do not spawn fast flavor conversion.
As a cross check we have also considered angle distributions of this form, but taking different $\beta$ for $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ as well as different abundances. We find fast instabilities which qualitatively agree with our earlier cases of top-hat distributions. Therefore, fast flavor conversion is not an artifact of the top-hat distribution.
A stability analysis was also performed by Saviano et al.[@Saviano:2012yh], using realistic energy and zenith-angle distributions taken from a few specific numerical supernova simulations. The growth rates reported in their figure 2 are always of order the vacuum oscillation frequency and thus not fast. The used numerical angle distributions are shown in the lower panels of their figure 1. The $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ (dotted and solid curves) look visually very similar except for the overall normalization which represent the different fluxes. The matter effect was taken into account, but not the possibility of axial symmetry breaking. However, the fast conversion will remain absent when the ordinary matter effect is significantly larger than the effect of background neutrinos. Indeed, in the examples of reference [@Saviano:2012yh] the matter effect $\lambda$ is almost an order of magnitude larger than $\mu$. Also, probably in these specific models, the angle distributions were not different enough to spawn fast flavor conversion. In a later study [@Chakraborty:2014nma], these authors analyzed the same models for the axial symmetry breaking case. However, again the matter effects were large and the angle distributions were similar. The lepton asymmetry was supernova inspired, i.e., the first quadrant in figure \[fig:twobulb-contour\] and bottom panel of figure \[fig:twobulb-matter\]. Unsurprisingly, fast flavor conversion did not show up in this case either.
In summary, while a number of previous studies have considered nontrivial zenith-angle distributions, the chosen examples could not have found fast flavor conversion.
Conclusions {#sec:conclusion}
===========
We have studied a few simple examples of interacting neutrino systems which show the phenomenon of “fast flavor conversion,” i.e., they have unstable modes in flavor space which grow with rates of order the neutrino-neutrino interaction energy $\mu=\sqrt{2} G_{\rm F}n_{\nu}$ instead of the much smaller vacuum oscillation frequency $\omega=\Delta^2m/2E$. In these cases, self-induced flavor conversion in the sense of flavor shuffling among modes does not depend on $\Delta m^2$ or the vacuum mixing angle except for providing disturbances as seeds for the run-away modes. In other words, the main conceptual point is that self-induced flavor conversion does not depend on flavor mixing. In the supernova context, neutrino flavor evolution on the refractive level would have had to be considered even if flavor mixing among neutrinos did not exist.
Notice that to lowest order, neutrino-neutrino interactions are of neutral-current type and thus flavor blind. We ignore radiative corrections which introduce a flavor dependence in neutrino-neutrino refraction [@Mirizzi:2009td]. In this approximation, the overall flavor content of the ensemble remains conserved by the action of neutrino-neutrino refraction, i.e., self-induced flavor conversion corresponds to flavor reshuffling among modes which however can lead to flavor decoherence if neighboring modes become effectively uncorrelated.
The principle of fast flavor conversion was discovered ten years ago by Ray Sawyer [@Sawyer:2005jk] in a three-flavor setup of a small number of modes. He speculated that supernova neutrinos might flavor-equilibrate over very short distances, meters or even centimeters, in their decoupling region. With hindsight it is difficult to understand why the conceptual and practical points raised in this paper were completely lost on the community.
Fast flavor conversion by definition does not depend on the vacuum oscillation frequencies and thus not on neutrino energy. The energy spectrum plays no role, fast flavor conversion is driven by nontrivial angle distributions. In several of our examples, the spontaneous breaking of initial symmetries was also important. However, the crucial condition is that the initial angle distribution must not be too symmetric or too simple, although we cannot provide a general mathematical condition.
In the context of astrophysical applications in supernovae or neutron-star mergers, the main question is if neutrinos emerging from the decoupling region maintain spectral fluxes which strongly depend on species or if self-induced flavor conversion and its interplay with matter effects and vacuum oscillations leads to quick flavor decoherence. The effects of spatial [@Duan:2014gfa; @Abbar:2015mca; @Mangano:2014zda; @Mirizzi:2015hwa] and temporal [@Abbar:2015fwa; @Dasgupta:2015iia; @Chakraborty:2016yeg] symmetry breaking as well as the possibility of fast flavor conversion [@Sawyer:2005jk; @Sawyer:2015dsa] have been taken as evidence for quick decoherence. Still, the breaking of spatial homogeneity may be suppressed by the multi-angle matter effect [@Chakraborty:2015tfa], and the breaking of stationarity depends on a narrow resonance condition.
Actually, our stability studies as well as numerical solutions of the full equations in the free-streaming limit may not be appropriate to capture the realistic evolution at or near the neutrino decoupling region of a compact object. In this region, the description of the neutrino mean field in terms of a freely outward streaming neutrino flux is not appropriate: neutrinos flow in all directions, but with different intensity. Even at larger distances, the re-scattered neutrino flux plays an important role [@Cherry:2012zw; @Cherry:2013mv].
Therefore, the toy examples studied here and in the recent literature leave crucial questions open and do not yet provide clear-cut conclusions concerning realistic flavor evolution in core-collapse or neutron-star merger events. Neutrino flavor evolution in dense media remains a challenging subject where different pieces of the jigsaw puzzle keep showing up, but do not yet form a complete picture.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
We acknowledge partial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Grant No. EXC 153 (Excellence Cluster “Universe”) and by the European Union through the Initial Training Network “Invisibles,” Grant No. PITN-GA-2011-289442.
[10]{}
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| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
Significance of Hepatoprotective Liver Specific Targeted Drug Delivery: A Review on Novel Herbal and Formulation Approaches in the Management of Hepatotoxicity.
The liver is the largest and vital organ present in all vertebrates. It performs various major functions such as detoxification, metabolism, protein synthesis, excretion and so on. Liver cells are divided into parenchymal cells and non-parenchymal cells. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, etc. are found in liver having different receptors present on their surface which can be used for liver targeting by binding to different ligands. In this review, we focused on various factors such as drugs, plants; metals and so on are reported in literature to be responsible for causing hepatotoxicity, natural hepatoprotective agents and liver targeting via novel formulation approaches. All over the world, millions of people are affected by serious liver disorders which are very difficult to treat despite of many efforts. Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons due to which drugs continue to be taken off from the market. This review highlights the potential of various phytochemicals as hepatoprotective agents and various strategies which have been proposed to achieve liver targeting, including passive accumulation of therapeutic drug delivery system and active targeting by surface modifications of particulate formulation with specific ligands. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
开启Hermes
根据AppStore的协议
3.3.2 — An Application may not itself install or launch other executable code by any means, including without limitation through the use of a plug-in architecture, calling other frameworks, other APIs or otherwise. No interpreted code may be downloaded or used in an Application except for code that is interpreted and run by Apple’s Documented APIs and built-in interpreter(s). | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The present invention generally relates to power-on reset circuits and in particular, to a low standby current power-on reset circuit.
Power-on reset (POR) circuits are useful for indicating to other circuits in a system that power to the system has been turned on, or the system has been reset. In particular, the POR circuit will produce a falling (or rising) edge on an output or power-on reset indication when power (VDD) ramps up to a sufficient level to allow for circuit operation. Upon receipt of such power-on reset indication, the other circuits may then perform various useful functions such as resetting latches and performing start-up operations.
A low standby current POR circuit is further useful in applications where power consumption is to be minimized. Although feedback solutions are commonly employed to reduce the DC current in conventional POR circuit designs, such solutions are difficult to optimize over operational voltage and temperature ranges. This is because, they generally require very critical device sizing on the feedback devices.
Also, a practical retriggering capability for the POR circuit is also useful so that undesirable delay is avoided when retriggering the system. A practical retriggering capability in this case is understood to mean the ability to reproduce the correct power-on reset indication after the power supply (or line) has fallen below a critical level that can cause circuit operation to fail and then has risen above this critical level again.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a low standby current power-on reset circuit.
Another object is to provide a low standby current power-on reset circuit that exhibits practical retriggering capability.
These and additional objects are accomplished by the various aspects of the present invention, wherein briefly stated, one aspect is a power-on reset circuit comprising: an output stage circuit providing a power-on reset indication on an output line while a gate-to-source voltage of an output transistor in the output stage circuit is near a threshold voltage so as to turn the output transistor on with minimal current passing through the output stage circuit; and a charging circuit coupled to a power line and the output stage circuit so as to generate and hold the gate-to-source voltage of the output transistor when power to the power line is turned on or reset.
Another aspect is a power-on reset circuit comprising: an output stage circuit providing a power-on reset indication on an output line while a gate-to-source voltage of an output transistor in the output stage circuit is near a threshold voltage so as to turn the output transistor on with minimal current passing through the output stage circuit; and means for generating and holding the gate-to-source voltage of the output transistor when power to a power line is turned on or reset.
Still another aspect is a power-on reset circuit comprising: an output circuit including a capacitor responding to power on a power line being turned on or reset to drive generation of a power-on reset indication; and a discharge circuit coupled to the power line and the capacitor for discharging the capacitor when a voltage on the power line drops below a predetermined level.
Additional objects, features and advantages of the various aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of its preferred embodiments, which description should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Ability for employees to apply for leave for the next calendar year
1. EE(in curent year) should be able to apply for leave in next year.
2. Eligible to carry forward only 10 leaves during his first year of service.The carry forward should increase by additional 10 days on his second year of service.
3.Maximum limit for carry over limit is 40 days | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Validation of tobacco and alcohol intake questionnaire in relation to food intakes for the Five City Study and a proposed classification for Indians.
Cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1806 subjects (904 men and 902 women) between 25-64 years of age. The survey instruments were questionnaires according to guidelines of WHO and other Indian studies and based on scores of various attributes of tobacco and alcohol consumption. All subjects with tobacco and alcohol consumption were classified separately into mild, moderate and heavy consumption and previous consumptions were also recorded. The overall prevalence of tobacco consumption was significantly higher in men compared to women (27.5 vs 11.6%), while mild tobacco intakes were comparable (2.0 vs 1.6%), moderate (22.2 vs 7.7%) and heavy (3.3 vs 2.2%) tobacco consumptions were significantly higher in men compared to women. The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption was 10.4% in men without any subject among women. The prevalence of moderate (6.6%) alcohol intakes was significantly higher compared to mild (1.2%) and heavy (2.5%) alcohol consumption. Whisky and country liquor were most commonly consumed alcoholic beverages. Smoking (20.7 vs 1.6%) and tobacco chewing (13.3 vs 10.7%) in men and women respectively were common modes of tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption was significantly associated with lower consumption of vitamin C and beta-carotene and lower body mass index. These findings suggest that tobacco and alcohol consumption assessed by scores constructed on the basis of various attributes appear to be accurate and the questionnaires may be used with precision for classification and assessment in other population groups. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Kaweah Delta to host April 16 seminar on Alzheimers and dementia
VISALIA – Kaweah Delta Health Care District will host a free
Wellness & You seminar on Alzheimers and dementia on Wednesday, April 16,
in Visalia.
The seminar will take place from 12-1 p.m. at Quail Park,
4520 W. Cypress Ave. The speakers will be Stephen M. Grossman, M.D., C.M.D.,
and Marie Espinola, Executive Director of the Alzheimer’s Foundation of Central
California.
Established in 1963, Kaweah Delta Health Care District is
one of the area’s most progressive healthcare providers. It is the only facility
with Magnet status in the San Joaquin Valley serving children and adults and
remains the only level III trauma center serving Tulare and Kings counties. The
district offers a comprehensive scope of services including everything from a well-respected pediatric hospitalist program to nationally
recognized orthopedic and cancer programs. For more information, visit www.kaweahdelta.org or follow Kaweah Delta on Twitter and Facebook. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
MYSQL - get parent images without resized children
I have the following image table in mySQL, which has been given to me to correct, where all the images related to a set of products are stored. These images have been (most of them have been) or will be resized so that adaptive images can be used on the front end of an app. However when the front end calls the api and checks the requested product objects, some "main" images seem to not have "alternatives"(resized/children). Now I do not know how the api is saving these images when they are run through the resizer. I have just been asked to check the table to make sure all the images have alternative sizes, and to, as far as possible, try and see what is wrong. For this I have tried to run a query against the image table to get all the parent images that don't have "children".
A sample table is as follows, where the parent_id key is a foreign key that references the id key of the main image.
This constraint was set on the table, where **** is replacing actual values for the question in hand:
CONSTRAINT `****` FOREIGN KEY (`parent_id`) REFERENCES `image` (`id`)
Sample table:
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| id | width | path | publicId | parent_id |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| 1 | 300 | somewhere | 12 | NULL |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| 2 | 400 | somewhere2 | 34 | 1 |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500 | somewhere3 | 56 | 1 |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| 4 | 200 | somewhere4 | 78 | NULL |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
| 5 | 200 | somewhere5 | 90 | NULL |
+----+-------+-------------+--------------+--------------+
In order to get all the parent images without children I used the following query:
SELECT publicId, version, mimeType FROM image i WHERE parent_id IS NULL AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT id FROM image r WHERE r.parent_id = i.id)
Is there a way I can check that this is in fact returning the right number of un-resized parent images given that there are total of 125397 rows in the table?
A:
Do positive and negative testing on the data returned to get comfort over the query.
Positive testing is to confirm that the results returned by your query comply with your business requirements. Negative testing is to confirm that records excluded by your query should be excluded according to your business requirements.
However, the query seems to be the right one.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The chrominance (chroma) component of conventional broadcast video signals include, in sequential format, a synchronizing color burst reference signal followed by color image information. The amplitude of the color burst and the ratio of the amplitude of the color burst to the amplitude of the image information are generally fixed by convention. Not infrequently, the magnitude of the color burst (and the image information) of the received signal deviates from the desired level due to faulty broadcast equipment or the transmission medium, etc. To compensate for these deviations and restore the chrominance signal to nominal levels, conventional receivers include automatic chrominance control (ACC) circuits. The ACC circuits compare the burst magnitude to a preset reference and amplify or attenuate the chrominance signal to maintain the burst signal amplitude constant at the desired level.
Due to faulty ACC operation or differential color burst-image information deviations, the ACC circuit may raise the chrominance signal magnitude undesirably high. The effect of this is to reproduce images with overly saturated colors. To compensate for this latter contingency, chroma overload circuitry is provided which monitors the chrominance signal after it has passed through the ACC circuitry, and attenuates the chrominance signal when its magnitude exceeds a predetermined amplitude.
The occurrence of chroma overloads, i.e. chroma signal exceeding a predetermined amplitude, normally correspond with portions of the chroma signal representing images with highly saturated color. In a field or a frame period, the percentage of chroma overload will be a function of the particular image displayed. If a chroma overload condition exists, only a small portion of a frame period may contain chroma signal exceeding the desirable amplitude (overload). However, the amplitude of the chroma signal over a greater portion of a field or frame period, while not exhibiting overload, may be proportionately larger than desired. In other words, whatever created the overload condition in the more highly saturated image portions of a frame period probably proportionately affects the entire chroma signal. Thus, for chroma overload correction, it is generally desirable to generate a correction signal which is applied to, e.g. a large portion or the entirety of the successive field or frame of chroma signal, and not to just the areas exhibiting overload conditions.
It has also been determined to be desirable to design chroma overload systems with faster attack times than decay times. The attack time is the time over which the chroma signal is attenuated in response to the detection of overload conditions. The decay time is the time over which chroma signal attenuation is reduced in the absence of overload conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
/*
* zfcp device driver
*
* Error Recovery Procedures (ERP).
*
* Copyright IBM Corporation 2002, 2010
*/
#define KMSG_COMPONENT "zfcp"
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KMSG_COMPONENT ": " fmt
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include "zfcp_ext.h"
#include "zfcp_reqlist.h"
#define ZFCP_MAX_ERPS 3
enum zfcp_erp_act_flags {
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT = 0x10000000,
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY = 0x01000000,
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSING = 0x00100000,
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSED = 0x00200000,
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM = 0x00400000,
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_NO_REF = 0x00800000,
};
enum zfcp_erp_steps {
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_UNINITIALIZED = 0x0000,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_FSF_XCONFIG = 0x0001,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PHYS_PORT_CLOSING = 0x0010,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_CLOSING = 0x0100,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_OPENING = 0x0800,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_CLOSING = 0x1000,
ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_OPENING = 0x2000,
};
enum zfcp_erp_act_type {
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN = 1,
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT = 2,
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED = 3,
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER = 4,
};
enum zfcp_erp_act_state {
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_RUNNING = 1,
ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_READY = 2,
};
enum zfcp_erp_act_result {
ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED = 0,
ZFCP_ERP_FAILED = 1,
ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES = 2,
ZFCP_ERP_EXIT = 3,
ZFCP_ERP_DISMISSED = 4,
ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM = 5,
};
static void zfcp_erp_adapter_block(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter, int mask)
{
zfcp_erp_clear_adapter_status(adapter,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED | mask);
}
static int zfcp_erp_action_exists(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_erp_action *curr_act;
list_for_each_entry(curr_act, &act->adapter->erp_running_head, list)
if (act == curr_act)
return ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_RUNNING;
return 0;
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_ready(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
list_move(&act->list, &act->adapter->erp_ready_head);
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erardy1", act);
wake_up(&adapter->erp_ready_wq);
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erardy2", act);
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_dismiss(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
act->status |= ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSED;
if (zfcp_erp_action_exists(act) == ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_RUNNING)
zfcp_erp_action_ready(act);
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_lun(struct scsi_device *sdev)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss(&zfcp_sdev->erp_action);
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_port(struct zfcp_port *port)
{
struct scsi_device *sdev;
if (atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss(&port->erp_action);
else {
spin_lock(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, port->adapter->scsi_host)
if (sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->port == port)
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_lun(sdev);
spin_unlock(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock);
}
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_adapter(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
struct zfcp_port *port;
if (atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss(&adapter->erp_action);
else {
read_lock(&adapter->port_list_lock);
list_for_each_entry(port, &adapter->port_list, list)
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_port(port);
read_unlock(&adapter->port_list_lock);
}
}
static int zfcp_erp_required_act(int want, struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
struct zfcp_port *port,
struct scsi_device *sdev)
{
int need = want;
int l_status, p_status, a_status;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev;
switch (want) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
l_status = atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status);
if (l_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
return 0;
p_status = atomic_read(&port->status);
if (!(p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING) ||
p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
return 0;
if (!(p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED))
need = ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT;
/* fall through */
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
p_status = atomic_read(&port->status);
if (!(p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN))
need = ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT;
/* fall through */
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
p_status = atomic_read(&port->status);
if (p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
return 0;
a_status = atomic_read(&adapter->status);
if (!(a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING) ||
a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
return 0;
if (p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_NOESC)
return need;
if (!(a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED))
need = ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER;
/* fall through */
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
a_status = atomic_read(&adapter->status);
if (a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE)
return 0;
if (!(a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING) &&
!(a_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN))
return 0; /* shutdown requested for closed adapter */
}
return need;
}
static struct zfcp_erp_action *zfcp_erp_setup_act(int need, u32 act_status,
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
struct zfcp_port *port,
struct scsi_device *sdev)
{
struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev;
switch (need) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
if (!(act_status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_NO_REF))
if (scsi_device_get(sdev))
return NULL;
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE,
&zfcp_sdev->status);
erp_action = &zfcp_sdev->erp_action;
memset(erp_action, 0, sizeof(struct zfcp_erp_action));
erp_action->port = port;
erp_action->sdev = sdev;
if (!(atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) &
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING))
act_status |= ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY;
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
if (!get_device(&port->dev))
return NULL;
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_port(port);
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE, &port->status);
erp_action = &port->erp_action;
memset(erp_action, 0, sizeof(struct zfcp_erp_action));
erp_action->port = port;
if (!(atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING))
act_status |= ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY;
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
kref_get(&adapter->ref);
zfcp_erp_action_dismiss_adapter(adapter);
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE, &adapter->status);
erp_action = &adapter->erp_action;
memset(erp_action, 0, sizeof(struct zfcp_erp_action));
if (!(atomic_read(&adapter->status) &
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING))
act_status |= ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY;
break;
default:
return NULL;
}
erp_action->adapter = adapter;
erp_action->action = need;
erp_action->status = act_status;
return erp_action;
}
static int zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(int want, struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
struct zfcp_port *port,
struct scsi_device *sdev,
char *id, u32 act_status)
{
int retval = 1, need;
struct zfcp_erp_action *act;
if (!adapter->erp_thread)
return -EIO;
need = zfcp_erp_required_act(want, adapter, port, sdev);
if (!need)
goto out;
act = zfcp_erp_setup_act(need, act_status, adapter, port, sdev);
if (!act)
goto out;
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_ERP_PENDING, &adapter->status);
++adapter->erp_total_count;
list_add_tail(&act->list, &adapter->erp_ready_head);
wake_up(&adapter->erp_ready_wq);
retval = 0;
out:
zfcp_dbf_rec_trig(id, adapter, port, sdev, want, need);
return retval;
}
static int _zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
int clear_mask, char *id)
{
zfcp_erp_adapter_block(adapter, clear_mask);
zfcp_scsi_schedule_rports_block(adapter);
/* ensure propagation of failed status to new devices */
if (atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED) {
zfcp_erp_set_adapter_status(adapter,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
return -EIO;
}
return zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER,
adapter, NULL, NULL, id, 0);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen - Reopen adapter.
* @adapter: Adapter to reopen.
* @clear: Status flags to clear.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*/
void zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter, int clear, char *id)
{
unsigned long flags;
zfcp_erp_adapter_block(adapter, clear);
zfcp_scsi_schedule_rports_block(adapter);
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
zfcp_erp_set_adapter_status(adapter,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
else
zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER, adapter,
NULL, NULL, id, 0);
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_adapter_shutdown - Shutdown adapter.
* @adapter: Adapter to shut down.
* @clear: Status flags to clear.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*/
void zfcp_erp_adapter_shutdown(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter, int clear,
char *id)
{
int flags = ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING | ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(adapter, clear | flags, id);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_port_shutdown - Shutdown port
* @port: Port to shut down.
* @clear: Status flags to clear.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*/
void zfcp_erp_port_shutdown(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear, char *id)
{
int flags = ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING | ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
zfcp_erp_port_reopen(port, clear | flags, id);
}
static void zfcp_erp_port_block(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear)
{
zfcp_erp_clear_port_status(port,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED | clear);
}
static void _zfcp_erp_port_forced_reopen(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear,
char *id)
{
zfcp_erp_port_block(port, clear);
zfcp_scsi_schedule_rport_block(port);
if (atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
return;
zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED,
port->adapter, port, NULL, id, 0);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_port_forced_reopen - Forced close of port and open again
* @port: Port to force close and to reopen.
* @clear: Status flags to clear.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*/
void zfcp_erp_port_forced_reopen(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear, char *id)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = port->adapter;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
_zfcp_erp_port_forced_reopen(port, clear, id);
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
}
static int _zfcp_erp_port_reopen(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear, char *id)
{
zfcp_erp_port_block(port, clear);
zfcp_scsi_schedule_rport_block(port);
if (atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED) {
/* ensure propagation of failed status to new devices */
zfcp_erp_set_port_status(port, ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
return -EIO;
}
return zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT,
port->adapter, port, NULL, id, 0);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_port_reopen - trigger remote port recovery
* @port: port to recover
* @clear_mask: flags in port status to be cleared
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*
* Returns 0 if recovery has been triggered, < 0 if not.
*/
int zfcp_erp_port_reopen(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear, char *id)
{
int retval;
unsigned long flags;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = port->adapter;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
retval = _zfcp_erp_port_reopen(port, clear, id);
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
return retval;
}
static void zfcp_erp_lun_block(struct scsi_device *sdev, int clear_mask)
{
zfcp_erp_clear_lun_status(sdev,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED | clear_mask);
}
static void _zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(struct scsi_device *sdev, int clear, char *id,
u32 act_status)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = zfcp_sdev->port->adapter;
zfcp_erp_lun_block(sdev, clear);
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
return;
zfcp_erp_action_enqueue(ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN, adapter,
zfcp_sdev->port, sdev, id, act_status);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_lun_reopen - initiate reopen of a LUN
* @sdev: SCSI device / LUN to be reopened
* @clear_mask: specifies flags in LUN status to be cleared
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*
* Return: 0 on success, < 0 on error
*/
void zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(struct scsi_device *sdev, int clear, char *id)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
struct zfcp_port *port = zfcp_sdev->port;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = port->adapter;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(sdev, clear, id, 0);
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_lun_shutdown - Shutdown LUN
* @sdev: SCSI device / LUN to shut down.
* @clear: Status flags to clear.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*/
void zfcp_erp_lun_shutdown(struct scsi_device *sdev, int clear, char *id)
{
int flags = ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING | ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(sdev, clear | flags, id);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_lun_shutdown_wait - Shutdown LUN and wait for erp completion
* @sdev: SCSI device / LUN to shut down.
* @id: Id for debug trace event.
*
* Do not acquire a reference for the LUN when creating the ERP
* action. It is safe, because this function waits for the ERP to
* complete first. This allows to shutdown the LUN, even when the SCSI
* device is in the state SDEV_DEL when scsi_device_get will fail.
*/
void zfcp_erp_lun_shutdown_wait(struct scsi_device *sdev, char *id)
{
unsigned long flags;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
struct zfcp_port *port = zfcp_sdev->port;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = port->adapter;
int clear = ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING | ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(sdev, clear, id, ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_NO_REF);
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
zfcp_erp_wait(adapter);
}
static int status_change_set(unsigned long mask, atomic_t *status)
{
return (atomic_read(status) ^ mask) & mask;
}
static void zfcp_erp_adapter_unblock(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
if (status_change_set(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &adapter->status))
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("eraubl1", &adapter->erp_action);
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &adapter->status);
}
static void zfcp_erp_port_unblock(struct zfcp_port *port)
{
if (status_change_set(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &port->status))
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erpubl1", &port->erp_action);
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &port->status);
}
static void zfcp_erp_lun_unblock(struct scsi_device *sdev)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
if (status_change_set(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &zfcp_sdev->status))
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erlubl1", &sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->erp_action);
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_UNBLOCKED, &zfcp_sdev->status);
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_to_running(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
list_move(&erp_action->list, &erp_action->adapter->erp_running_head);
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erator1", erp_action);
}
static void zfcp_erp_strategy_check_fsfreq(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
struct zfcp_fsf_req *req;
if (!act->fsf_req_id)
return;
spin_lock(&adapter->req_list->lock);
req = _zfcp_reqlist_find(adapter->req_list, act->fsf_req_id);
if (req && req->erp_action == act) {
if (act->status & (ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSED |
ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT)) {
req->status |= ZFCP_STATUS_FSFREQ_DISMISSED;
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erscf_1", act);
req->erp_action = NULL;
}
if (act->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT)
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erscf_2", act);
if (req->status & ZFCP_STATUS_FSFREQ_DISMISSED)
act->fsf_req_id = 0;
} else
act->fsf_req_id = 0;
spin_unlock(&adapter->req_list->lock);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_notify - Trigger ERP action.
* @erp_action: ERP action to continue.
* @set_mask: ERP action status flags to set.
*/
void zfcp_erp_notify(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action, unsigned long set_mask)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = erp_action->adapter;
unsigned long flags;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (zfcp_erp_action_exists(erp_action) == ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_RUNNING) {
erp_action->status |= set_mask;
zfcp_erp_action_ready(erp_action);
}
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_timeout_handler - Trigger ERP action from timed out ERP request
* @data: ERP action (from timer data)
*/
void zfcp_erp_timeout_handler(unsigned long data)
{
struct zfcp_erp_action *act = (struct zfcp_erp_action *) data;
zfcp_erp_notify(act, ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT);
}
static void zfcp_erp_memwait_handler(unsigned long data)
{
zfcp_erp_notify((struct zfcp_erp_action *)data, 0);
}
static void zfcp_erp_strategy_memwait(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
init_timer(&erp_action->timer);
erp_action->timer.function = zfcp_erp_memwait_handler;
erp_action->timer.data = (unsigned long) erp_action;
erp_action->timer.expires = jiffies + HZ;
add_timer(&erp_action->timer);
}
static void _zfcp_erp_port_reopen_all(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
int clear, char *id)
{
struct zfcp_port *port;
read_lock(&adapter->port_list_lock);
list_for_each_entry(port, &adapter->port_list, list)
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen(port, clear, id);
read_unlock(&adapter->port_list_lock);
}
static void _zfcp_erp_lun_reopen_all(struct zfcp_port *port, int clear,
char *id)
{
struct scsi_device *sdev;
spin_lock(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, port->adapter->scsi_host)
if (sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->port == port)
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(sdev, clear, id, 0);
spin_unlock(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock);
}
static void zfcp_erp_strategy_followup_failed(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
switch (act->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
_zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(act->adapter, 0, "ersff_1");
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
_zfcp_erp_port_forced_reopen(act->port, 0, "ersff_2");
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen(act->port, 0, "ersff_3");
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(act->sdev, 0, "ersff_4", 0);
break;
}
}
static void zfcp_erp_strategy_followup_success(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
switch (act->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen_all(act->adapter, 0, "ersfs_1");
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen(act->port, 0, "ersfs_2");
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen_all(act->port, 0, "ersfs_3");
break;
}
}
static void zfcp_erp_wakeup(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
unsigned long flags;
read_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (list_empty(&adapter->erp_ready_head) &&
list_empty(&adapter->erp_running_head)) {
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_ERP_PENDING,
&adapter->status);
wake_up(&adapter->erp_done_wqh);
}
read_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
}
static void zfcp_erp_enqueue_ptp_port(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
struct zfcp_port *port;
port = zfcp_port_enqueue(adapter, adapter->peer_wwpn, 0,
adapter->peer_d_id);
if (IS_ERR(port)) /* error or port already attached */
return;
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen(port, 0, "ereptp1");
}
static int zfcp_erp_adapter_strat_fsf_xconf(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retries;
int sleep = 1;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = erp_action->adapter;
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_XCONFIG_OK, &adapter->status);
for (retries = 7; retries; retries--) {
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_HOST_CON_INIT,
&adapter->status);
write_lock_irq(&adapter->erp_lock);
zfcp_erp_action_to_running(erp_action);
write_unlock_irq(&adapter->erp_lock);
if (zfcp_fsf_exchange_config_data(erp_action)) {
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_HOST_CON_INIT,
&adapter->status);
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
wait_event(adapter->erp_ready_wq,
!list_empty(&adapter->erp_ready_head));
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT)
break;
if (!(atomic_read(&adapter->status) &
ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_HOST_CON_INIT))
break;
ssleep(sleep);
sleep *= 2;
}
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_HOST_CON_INIT,
&adapter->status);
if (!(atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_XCONFIG_OK))
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
if (fc_host_port_type(adapter->scsi_host) == FC_PORTTYPE_PTP)
zfcp_erp_enqueue_ptp_port(adapter);
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open_fsf_xport(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
int ret;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
write_lock_irq(&adapter->erp_lock);
zfcp_erp_action_to_running(act);
write_unlock_irq(&adapter->erp_lock);
ret = zfcp_fsf_exchange_port_data(act);
if (ret == -EOPNOTSUPP)
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
if (ret)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erasox1", act);
wait_event(adapter->erp_ready_wq,
!list_empty(&adapter->erp_ready_head));
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("erasox2", act);
if (act->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open_fsf(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
if (zfcp_erp_adapter_strat_fsf_xconf(act) == ZFCP_ERP_FAILED)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
if (zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open_fsf_xport(act) == ZFCP_ERP_FAILED)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
if (mempool_resize(act->adapter->pool.sr_data,
act->adapter->stat_read_buf_num, GFP_KERNEL))
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
if (mempool_resize(act->adapter->pool.status_read_req,
act->adapter->stat_read_buf_num, GFP_KERNEL))
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
atomic_set(&act->adapter->stat_miss, act->adapter->stat_read_buf_num);
if (zfcp_status_read_refill(act->adapter))
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
static void zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_close(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
/* close queues to ensure that buffers are not accessed by adapter */
zfcp_qdio_close(adapter->qdio);
zfcp_fsf_req_dismiss_all(adapter);
adapter->fsf_req_seq_no = 0;
zfcp_fc_wka_ports_force_offline(adapter->gs);
/* all ports and LUNs are closed */
zfcp_erp_clear_adapter_status(adapter, ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN);
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_XCONFIG_OK |
ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_LINK_UNPLUGGED, &adapter->status);
}
static int zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
if (zfcp_qdio_open(adapter->qdio)) {
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_XCONFIG_OK |
ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_LINK_UNPLUGGED,
&adapter->status);
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
if (zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open_fsf(act)) {
zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_close(act);
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
atomic_set_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN, &adapter->status);
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
if (atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN) {
zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_close(act);
if (act->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY)
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
if (zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy_open(act)) {
ssleep(8);
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_forced_strategy_close(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
int retval;
retval = zfcp_fsf_close_physical_port(act);
if (retval == -ENOMEM)
return ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM;
act->step = ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PHYS_PORT_CLOSING;
if (retval)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
static void zfcp_erp_port_strategy_clearstati(struct zfcp_port *port)
{
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ACCESS_DENIED, &port->status);
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_forced_strategy(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
struct zfcp_port *port = erp_action->port;
int status = atomic_read(&port->status);
switch (erp_action->step) {
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_UNINITIALIZED:
zfcp_erp_port_strategy_clearstati(port);
if ((status & ZFCP_STATUS_PORT_PHYS_OPEN) &&
(status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN))
return zfcp_erp_port_forced_strategy_close(erp_action);
else
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PHYS_PORT_CLOSING:
if (!(status & ZFCP_STATUS_PORT_PHYS_OPEN))
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_strategy_close(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retval;
retval = zfcp_fsf_close_port(erp_action);
if (retval == -ENOMEM)
return ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM;
erp_action->step = ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_CLOSING;
if (retval)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_strategy_open_port(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retval;
retval = zfcp_fsf_open_port(erp_action);
if (retval == -ENOMEM)
return ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM;
erp_action->step = ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_OPENING;
if (retval)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
static int zfcp_erp_open_ptp_port(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
struct zfcp_port *port = act->port;
if (port->wwpn != adapter->peer_wwpn) {
zfcp_erp_set_port_status(port, ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
port->d_id = adapter->peer_d_id;
return zfcp_erp_port_strategy_open_port(act);
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_strategy_open_common(struct zfcp_erp_action *act)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
struct zfcp_port *port = act->port;
int p_status = atomic_read(&port->status);
switch (act->step) {
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_UNINITIALIZED:
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PHYS_PORT_CLOSING:
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_CLOSING:
if (fc_host_port_type(adapter->scsi_host) == FC_PORTTYPE_PTP)
return zfcp_erp_open_ptp_port(act);
if (!port->d_id) {
zfcp_fc_trigger_did_lookup(port);
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
return zfcp_erp_port_strategy_open_port(act);
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_OPENING:
/* D_ID might have changed during open */
if (p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN) {
if (!port->d_id) {
zfcp_fc_trigger_did_lookup(port);
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
if (port->d_id && !(p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_NOESC)) {
port->d_id = 0;
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
/* fall through otherwise */
}
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_port_strategy(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
struct zfcp_port *port = erp_action->port;
int p_status = atomic_read(&port->status);
if ((p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_NOESC) &&
!(p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN))
goto close_init_done;
switch (erp_action->step) {
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_UNINITIALIZED:
zfcp_erp_port_strategy_clearstati(port);
if (p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN)
return zfcp_erp_port_strategy_close(erp_action);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_PORT_CLOSING:
if (p_status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
break;
}
close_init_done:
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY)
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
return zfcp_erp_port_strategy_open_common(erp_action);
}
static void zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_clearstati(struct scsi_device *sdev)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ACCESS_DENIED |
ZFCP_STATUS_LUN_SHARED | ZFCP_STATUS_LUN_READONLY,
&zfcp_sdev->status);
}
static int zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_close(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retval = zfcp_fsf_close_lun(erp_action);
if (retval == -ENOMEM)
return ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM;
erp_action->step = ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_CLOSING;
if (retval)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
static int zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_open(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retval = zfcp_fsf_open_lun(erp_action);
if (retval == -ENOMEM)
return ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM;
erp_action->step = ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_OPENING;
if (retval)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
return ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
static int zfcp_erp_lun_strategy(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
struct scsi_device *sdev = erp_action->sdev;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
switch (erp_action->step) {
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_UNINITIALIZED:
zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_clearstati(sdev);
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN)
return zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_close(erp_action);
/* already closed, fall through */
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_CLOSING:
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN)
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY)
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
return zfcp_erp_lun_strategy_open(erp_action);
case ZFCP_ERP_STEP_LUN_OPENING:
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_OPEN)
return ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED;
}
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_check_lun(struct scsi_device *sdev, int result)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
switch (result) {
case ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED :
atomic_set(&zfcp_sdev->erp_counter, 0);
zfcp_erp_lun_unblock(sdev);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_FAILED :
atomic_inc(&zfcp_sdev->erp_counter);
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->erp_counter) > ZFCP_MAX_ERPS) {
dev_err(&zfcp_sdev->port->adapter->ccw_device->dev,
"ERP failed for LUN 0x%016Lx on "
"port 0x%016Lx\n",
(unsigned long long)zfcp_scsi_dev_lun(sdev),
(unsigned long long)zfcp_sdev->port->wwpn);
zfcp_erp_set_lun_status(sdev,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
}
break;
}
if (atomic_read(&zfcp_sdev->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED) {
zfcp_erp_lun_block(sdev, 0);
result = ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
return result;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_check_port(struct zfcp_port *port, int result)
{
switch (result) {
case ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED :
atomic_set(&port->erp_counter, 0);
zfcp_erp_port_unblock(port);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_FAILED :
if (atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_NOESC) {
zfcp_erp_port_block(port, 0);
result = ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
atomic_inc(&port->erp_counter);
if (atomic_read(&port->erp_counter) > ZFCP_MAX_ERPS) {
dev_err(&port->adapter->ccw_device->dev,
"ERP failed for remote port 0x%016Lx\n",
(unsigned long long)port->wwpn);
zfcp_erp_set_port_status(port,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
}
break;
}
if (atomic_read(&port->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED) {
zfcp_erp_port_block(port, 0);
result = ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
return result;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_check_adapter(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter,
int result)
{
switch (result) {
case ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED :
atomic_set(&adapter->erp_counter, 0);
zfcp_erp_adapter_unblock(adapter);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_FAILED :
atomic_inc(&adapter->erp_counter);
if (atomic_read(&adapter->erp_counter) > ZFCP_MAX_ERPS) {
dev_err(&adapter->ccw_device->dev,
"ERP cannot recover an error "
"on the FCP device\n");
zfcp_erp_set_adapter_status(adapter,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED);
}
break;
}
if (atomic_read(&adapter->status) & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED) {
zfcp_erp_adapter_block(adapter, 0);
result = ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
return result;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_check_target(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action,
int result)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = erp_action->adapter;
struct zfcp_port *port = erp_action->port;
struct scsi_device *sdev = erp_action->sdev;
switch (erp_action->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
result = zfcp_erp_strategy_check_lun(sdev, result);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
result = zfcp_erp_strategy_check_port(port, result);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
result = zfcp_erp_strategy_check_adapter(adapter, result);
break;
}
return result;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strat_change_det(atomic_t *target_status, u32 erp_status)
{
int status = atomic_read(target_status);
if ((status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING) &&
(erp_status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY))
return 1; /* take it online */
if (!(status & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_RUNNING) &&
!(erp_status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_CLOSE_ONLY))
return 1; /* take it offline */
return 0;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_statechange(struct zfcp_erp_action *act, int ret)
{
int action = act->action;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
struct zfcp_port *port = act->port;
struct scsi_device *sdev = act->sdev;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev;
u32 erp_status = act->status;
switch (action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
if (zfcp_erp_strat_change_det(&adapter->status, erp_status)) {
_zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(adapter,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED,
"ersscg1");
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
if (zfcp_erp_strat_change_det(&port->status, erp_status)) {
_zfcp_erp_port_reopen(port,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED,
"ersscg2");
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
if (zfcp_erp_strat_change_det(&zfcp_sdev->status, erp_status)) {
_zfcp_erp_lun_reopen(sdev,
ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED,
"ersscg3", 0);
return ZFCP_ERP_EXIT;
}
break;
}
return ret;
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_dequeue(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = erp_action->adapter;
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev;
adapter->erp_total_count--;
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM) {
adapter->erp_low_mem_count--;
erp_action->status &= ~ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM;
}
list_del(&erp_action->list);
zfcp_dbf_rec_run("eractd1", erp_action);
switch (erp_action->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(erp_action->sdev);
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE,
&zfcp_sdev->status);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE,
&erp_action->port->status);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
atomic_clear_mask(ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_INUSE,
&erp_action->adapter->status);
break;
}
}
static void zfcp_erp_action_cleanup(struct zfcp_erp_action *act, int result)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = act->adapter;
struct zfcp_port *port = act->port;
struct scsi_device *sdev = act->sdev;
switch (act->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
if (!(act->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_NO_REF))
scsi_device_put(sdev);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
if (result == ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED)
zfcp_scsi_schedule_rport_register(port);
/* fall through */
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
put_device(&port->dev);
break;
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
if (result == ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED) {
register_service_level(&adapter->service_level);
queue_work(adapter->work_queue, &adapter->scan_work);
queue_work(adapter->work_queue, &adapter->ns_up_work);
} else
unregister_service_level(&adapter->service_level);
kref_put(&adapter->ref, zfcp_adapter_release);
break;
}
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy_do_action(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
switch (erp_action->action) {
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_ADAPTER:
return zfcp_erp_adapter_strategy(erp_action);
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT_FORCED:
return zfcp_erp_port_forced_strategy(erp_action);
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_PORT:
return zfcp_erp_port_strategy(erp_action);
case ZFCP_ERP_ACTION_REOPEN_LUN:
return zfcp_erp_lun_strategy(erp_action);
}
return ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
}
static int zfcp_erp_strategy(struct zfcp_erp_action *erp_action)
{
int retval;
unsigned long flags;
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = erp_action->adapter;
kref_get(&adapter->ref);
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
zfcp_erp_strategy_check_fsfreq(erp_action);
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSED) {
zfcp_erp_action_dequeue(erp_action);
retval = ZFCP_ERP_DISMISSED;
goto unlock;
}
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_TIMEDOUT) {
retval = ZFCP_ERP_FAILED;
goto check_target;
}
zfcp_erp_action_to_running(erp_action);
/* no lock to allow for blocking operations */
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
retval = zfcp_erp_strategy_do_action(erp_action);
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_DISMISSED)
retval = ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
switch (retval) {
case ZFCP_ERP_NOMEM:
if (!(erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM)) {
++adapter->erp_low_mem_count;
erp_action->status |= ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM;
}
if (adapter->erp_total_count == adapter->erp_low_mem_count)
_zfcp_erp_adapter_reopen(adapter, 0, "erstgy1");
else {
zfcp_erp_strategy_memwait(erp_action);
retval = ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES;
}
goto unlock;
case ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES:
if (erp_action->status & ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM) {
--adapter->erp_low_mem_count;
erp_action->status &= ~ZFCP_STATUS_ERP_LOWMEM;
}
goto unlock;
}
check_target:
retval = zfcp_erp_strategy_check_target(erp_action, retval);
zfcp_erp_action_dequeue(erp_action);
retval = zfcp_erp_strategy_statechange(erp_action, retval);
if (retval == ZFCP_ERP_EXIT)
goto unlock;
if (retval == ZFCP_ERP_SUCCEEDED)
zfcp_erp_strategy_followup_success(erp_action);
if (retval == ZFCP_ERP_FAILED)
zfcp_erp_strategy_followup_failed(erp_action);
unlock:
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (retval != ZFCP_ERP_CONTINUES)
zfcp_erp_action_cleanup(erp_action, retval);
kref_put(&adapter->ref, zfcp_adapter_release);
return retval;
}
static int zfcp_erp_thread(void *data)
{
struct zfcp_adapter *adapter = (struct zfcp_adapter *) data;
struct list_head *next;
struct zfcp_erp_action *act;
unsigned long flags;
for (;;) {
wait_event_interruptible(adapter->erp_ready_wq,
!list_empty(&adapter->erp_ready_head) ||
kthread_should_stop());
if (kthread_should_stop())
break;
write_lock_irqsave(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
next = adapter->erp_ready_head.next;
write_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->erp_lock, flags);
if (next != &adapter->erp_ready_head) {
act = list_entry(next, struct zfcp_erp_action, list);
/* there is more to come after dismission, no notify */
if (zfcp_erp_strategy(act) != ZFCP_ERP_DISMISSED)
zfcp_erp_wakeup(adapter);
}
}
return 0;
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_thread_setup - Start ERP thread for adapter
* @adapter: Adapter to start the ERP thread for
*
* Returns 0 on success or error code from kernel_thread()
*/
int zfcp_erp_thread_setup(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
struct task_struct *thread;
thread = kthread_run(zfcp_erp_thread, adapter, "zfcperp%s",
dev_name(&adapter->ccw_device->dev));
if (IS_ERR(thread)) {
dev_err(&adapter->ccw_device->dev,
"Creating an ERP thread for the FCP device failed.\n");
return PTR_ERR(thread);
}
adapter->erp_thread = thread;
return 0;
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_thread_kill - Stop ERP thread.
* @adapter: Adapter where the ERP thread should be stopped.
*
* The caller of this routine ensures that the specified adapter has
* been shut down and that this operation has been completed. Thus,
* there are no pending erp_actions which would need to be handled
* here.
*/
void zfcp_erp_thread_kill(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
kthread_stop(adapter->erp_thread);
adapter->erp_thread = NULL;
WARN_ON(!list_empty(&adapter->erp_ready_head));
WARN_ON(!list_empty(&adapter->erp_running_head));
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_wait - wait for completion of error recovery on an adapter
* @adapter: adapter for which to wait for completion of its error recovery
*/
void zfcp_erp_wait(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter)
{
wait_event(adapter->erp_done_wqh,
!(atomic_read(&adapter->status) &
ZFCP_STATUS_ADAPTER_ERP_PENDING));
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_set_adapter_status - set adapter status bits
* @adapter: adapter to change the status
* @mask: status bits to change
*
* Changes in common status bits are propagated to attached ports and LUNs.
*/
void zfcp_erp_set_adapter_status(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter, u32 mask)
{
struct zfcp_port *port;
struct scsi_device *sdev;
unsigned long flags;
u32 common_mask = mask & ZFCP_COMMON_FLAGS;
atomic_set_mask(mask, &adapter->status);
if (!common_mask)
return;
read_lock_irqsave(&adapter->port_list_lock, flags);
list_for_each_entry(port, &adapter->port_list, list)
atomic_set_mask(common_mask, &port->status);
read_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->port_list_lock, flags);
spin_lock_irqsave(adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, adapter->scsi_host)
atomic_set_mask(common_mask, &sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->status);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_clear_adapter_status - clear adapter status bits
* @adapter: adapter to change the status
* @mask: status bits to change
*
* Changes in common status bits are propagated to attached ports and LUNs.
*/
void zfcp_erp_clear_adapter_status(struct zfcp_adapter *adapter, u32 mask)
{
struct zfcp_port *port;
struct scsi_device *sdev;
unsigned long flags;
u32 common_mask = mask & ZFCP_COMMON_FLAGS;
u32 clear_counter = mask & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
atomic_clear_mask(mask, &adapter->status);
if (!common_mask)
return;
if (clear_counter)
atomic_set(&adapter->erp_counter, 0);
read_lock_irqsave(&adapter->port_list_lock, flags);
list_for_each_entry(port, &adapter->port_list, list) {
atomic_clear_mask(common_mask, &port->status);
if (clear_counter)
atomic_set(&port->erp_counter, 0);
}
read_unlock_irqrestore(&adapter->port_list_lock, flags);
spin_lock_irqsave(adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, adapter->scsi_host) {
atomic_clear_mask(common_mask, &sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->status);
if (clear_counter)
atomic_set(&sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->erp_counter, 0);
}
spin_unlock_irqrestore(adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_set_port_status - set port status bits
* @port: port to change the status
* @mask: status bits to change
*
* Changes in common status bits are propagated to attached LUNs.
*/
void zfcp_erp_set_port_status(struct zfcp_port *port, u32 mask)
{
struct scsi_device *sdev;
u32 common_mask = mask & ZFCP_COMMON_FLAGS;
unsigned long flags;
atomic_set_mask(mask, &port->status);
if (!common_mask)
return;
spin_lock_irqsave(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, port->adapter->scsi_host)
if (sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->port == port)
atomic_set_mask(common_mask,
&sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->status);
spin_unlock_irqrestore(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_clear_port_status - clear port status bits
* @port: adapter to change the status
* @mask: status bits to change
*
* Changes in common status bits are propagated to attached LUNs.
*/
void zfcp_erp_clear_port_status(struct zfcp_port *port, u32 mask)
{
struct scsi_device *sdev;
u32 common_mask = mask & ZFCP_COMMON_FLAGS;
u32 clear_counter = mask & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED;
unsigned long flags;
atomic_clear_mask(mask, &port->status);
if (!common_mask)
return;
if (clear_counter)
atomic_set(&port->erp_counter, 0);
spin_lock_irqsave(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
__shost_for_each_device(sdev, port->adapter->scsi_host)
if (sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->port == port) {
atomic_clear_mask(common_mask,
&sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->status);
if (clear_counter)
atomic_set(&sdev_to_zfcp(sdev)->erp_counter, 0);
}
spin_unlock_irqrestore(port->adapter->scsi_host->host_lock, flags);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_set_lun_status - set lun status bits
* @sdev: SCSI device / lun to set the status bits
* @mask: status bits to change
*/
void zfcp_erp_set_lun_status(struct scsi_device *sdev, u32 mask)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
atomic_set_mask(mask, &zfcp_sdev->status);
}
/**
* zfcp_erp_clear_lun_status - clear lun status bits
* @sdev: SCSi device / lun to clear the status bits
* @mask: status bits to change
*/
void zfcp_erp_clear_lun_status(struct scsi_device *sdev, u32 mask)
{
struct zfcp_scsi_dev *zfcp_sdev = sdev_to_zfcp(sdev);
atomic_clear_mask(mask, &zfcp_sdev->status);
if (mask & ZFCP_STATUS_COMMON_ERP_FAILED)
atomic_set(&zfcp_sdev->erp_counter, 0);
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Jogti
REDIRECT Devadasi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
At the Jewish cemetery there are more and more German trips even though there is a big sign ”The Germans not allowed to visit the cemetery”. The reason is obvious: the infamous shed with the bodies [of those who died] of hunger is a terrible indictment against the Germans and their [politics of] starving of the Jewish people. Several times you could hear voices of the indignant Germans saying,” This is German culture”. Recently, one of them, pointing at the shed, said to the other, “With those we are at war”. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
572 S.E.2d 101 (2002)
356 N.C. 415
Margaret Wrenn ANDERSON
v.
Dr. Dean George ASSIMOS, M.D., Dr. R. Lawrence Kroovard, M.D., Dr. Mark R. Hess, M.D., Wake Forest University Physicians, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, The Medical Center of Bowman Gray School of Medicine and North Carolina Baptist Hospital and The North Carolina Baptist Hospitals, Incorporated.
No. 621A01.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
November 22, 2002.
*102 Mary K. Nicholson, Greensboro, for plaintiff-appellee.
Tuggle, Duggins & Meschan, P.A., by J. Reed Johnston, Jr., Amanda L. Fields, and Robert A. Ford, Greensboro, for defendant-appellants.
North Carolina Chapter of the American Society of Healthcare Risk Management of the American Hospital Association by Thomas L. Eure, Ken M. Nanney, and Ronald Burris, amicus curiae.
Faison & Gillespie by O. William Faison, John W. Jensen, Jonathan C. Sauls, and Kristen L. Beightol, on behalf of the North Carolina Academy of Trial Lawyers, amicus curiae.
Center for Constitutional Litigation, P.C. by Robert S. Peck, on behalf of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America; and the American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina Legal Foundation, Inc. by Seth H. Jaffe, amici curiae.
Smith, Anderson, Blount, Dorsett, Mitchell & Jernigan, L.L.P. by James D. Blount, Jr., Michael W. Mitchell, Christopher G. Smith, and J. Mitchell Armbruster, on behalf of North Carolina Medical Society, North Carolina Hospital Association, the Medical Specialty Societies, North Carolina Medical Group Managers, Old North State Medical Society, and North Carolina Association of Physicians of Indian Origin; and Manning, Fulton & Skinner, P.A. by John B. McMillan, on behalf of North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry and National Federation of Independent Business, amici curiae.
PER CURIAM.
The Court of Appeals concluded that Rule 9(j) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure violates Article I, Section 18 of the North Carolina Constitution and the Equal Protection Clauses of the North Carolina and United States Constitutions. Anderson v. Assimos, 146 N.C.App. 339, 553 S.E.2d 63 (2001).
A constitutional issue not raised at trial will generally not be considered for the first time on appeal. State v. Nobles, 350 N.C. 483, 495, 515 S.E.2d 885, 893 (1999); Porter v. Suburban Sanitation Serv., Inc., 283 N.C. 479, 490, 196 S.E.2d 760, 767 (1973). Furthermore, the courts of this State will avoid constitutional questions, even if properly presented, where a case may be resolved on other grounds. State v. Crabtree, 286 N.C. 541, 543, 212 S.E.2d 103, 105 (1975); see Rice v. Rigsby, 259 N.C. 506, 512, 131 S.E.2d 469, 473 (1963).
This Court may exercise its supervisory power to consider constitutional questions not properly raised in the trial court, but only in exceptional circumstances. See, e.g., State v. Elam, 302 N.C. 157, 161, 273 S.E.2d 661, 664 (1981); Rice, 259 N.C. at 511-12, 131 S.E.2d at 472-73; see also N.C. R.App. P. 2. Even so, constitutional analysis always requires thorough examination of all relevant facts. State v. Fayetteville St. Christian Sch., 299 N.C. 351, 359, 261 S.E.2d 908, 914, aff'd per curiam on reh'g, 299 N.C. 731, 265 S.E.2d 387, and appeal dismissed, 449 U.S. 807, 101 S.Ct. 55, 66 L.Ed.2d 11 (1980). Thus, a constitutional question is addressed "only when the issue is squarely presented upon an adequate factual record and only when resolution of the issue is necessary." Id. To be properly addressed, a constitutional issue must be "definitely drawn into focus by plaintiff's pleadings." Hudson v. Atlantic Coastline R. Co., 242 N.C. 650, 667, 89 S.E.2d 441, 453 (1955), cert. denied, 351 U.S. 949, 76 S.Ct. 844, 100 L.Ed. 1473 (1956). If the factual record necessary for a constitutional inquiry is lacking, "an appellate court should be especially mindful of the dangers inherent in the premature exercise of its jurisdiction." Fayetteville St., 299 N.C. at 358-59, 261 S.E.2d at 913.
Plaintiff's complaint asserts res ipsa loquitur as the sole basis for the negligence claim. Because the pertinent allegations have not been withdrawn or amended, the pleadings have a binding effect as to the underlying theory of plaintiff's negligence claim. See Davis v. Rigsby, 261 N.C. 684, 686, 136 S.E.2d 33, 34 (1964); Bratton v. Oliver, 141 N.C.App. 121, 125, 539 S.E.2d 40, *103 43, (2000), disc. rev. denied, 353 N.C. 369, 547 S.E.2d 808 (2001). Moreover, our review of the record shows that at the hearing in this matter plaintiff represented to the trial court that her negligence claim was based solely on res ipsa loquitur. This judicial admission is "binding in every respect." Estrada v. Burnham, 316 N.C. 318, 324, 341 S.E.2d 538, 543 (1986). Having made this representation, plaintiff cannot now assert a contradictory position, Davis, 261 N.C. at 686, 136 S.E.2d at 34, or "`swap horses between courts in order to get a better mount,'" State v. Sharpe, 344 N.C. 190, 194, 473 S.E.2d 3, 5 (1996) (quoting Weil v. Herring, 207 N.C. 6, 10, 175 S.E. 836, 838 (1934)). Therefore, for purposes of this action, plaintiff's negligence claim is based solely on res ipsa loquitur.
Res ipsa loquitur claims are normally based on facts that permit an inference of defendant's negligence. See, e.g., Kekelis v. Whitin Mach. Works, 273 N.C. 439, 443, 160 S.E.2d 320, 322-23 (1968). The certification requirements of Rule 9(j) apply only to medical malpractice cases where the plaintiff seeks to prove that the defendant's conduct breached the requisite standard of carenot to res ipsa loquitur claims. N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 9(j) (2001). As plaintiff in this case asserts only a res ipsa loquitur claim, the certification requirements of Rule 9(j) are not implicated. Thus, the Court of Appeals erred in addressing the constitutionality of Rule 9(j) under these circumstances.
Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is vacated to the extent it concluded that Rule 9(j) violates Article I, Section 18 of the North Carolina Constitution and the Equal Protection Clauses of the North Carolina and United States Constitutions, and defendants' appeal is dismissed.
VACATED IN PART AND APPEAL DISMISSED.
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
Q:
c++ symbols received from backtrace_symbols does not show function in g++
I'm trying to print a backtrace in code progrematically, compiling all my source with -g, as well as linking with it, and I also added fvisibility=internal.
but when I call the symbol list, all my code looks like:
module() [0x424b69]
why does the function name does not appear in the braces, what other possible flag should I add?
Thanks.
A:
You should use
-rdynamic
Something like:
g++ -g -rdynamic main.cpp
From http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Link-Options.html:
-rdynamic
Pass the flag -export-dynamic to the ELF linker, on targets that support it. This instructs the linker to add all symbols, not only
used ones, to the dynamic symbol table. This option is needed for some
uses of dlopen or to allow obtaining backtraces from within a program.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Becoming Engaged / Articles
Congratulations - you're engaged! Your engagement period will be such an exciting time for you both. You will be celebrating with family and friends and enjoying your new status as an engaged couple.
You will begin thinking about your forthcoming wedding and the theme and style you will want for your special day. There is so much to think about and many decisions to be made. We are here to help and invite you to begin your wedding journey here… | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Why We’re Biased About Being Biased - dnetesn
http://nautil.us/blog/-why-youre-biased-about-being-biased
======
golemotron
> The “moral credential effect” describes this compensation in the context of
> moral reasoning. When study subjects were given an opportunity to disagree
> with sexist statements, for example, they were then more likely to favor
> giving a stereotypically male job to a man instead of a woman (compared to
> people who weren’t exposed to the statements). Likewise, people who believed
> they were morally good were more likely to cheat on a math test.
That's interesting. It means that if we want social justice, the last thing we
should do is make people feel that they need to take public stands for it.
~~~
jkraker
Social media gives a lot of people the platform to do this and some use it
quite heavily. It would be interesting to see the correlation between
something like "ferocity" on Facebook and real life actions.
~~~
golemotron
I don't know if there are any studies about this but I don't see anything that
would make it different. Social media gives us 24/7 opportunity to feel good
being on the "right" side of an issue.
I wonder whether there's an inverse correlation between social media use and
direct action on civic and social causes: writing a Congress person,
volunteering at a homeless shelter, or giving to charities.
------
surement
Wikipedia has a pretty fascinating list of cognitive biases, it's fun to go
through it and mark each that applies until you start looking for the bias
about thinking you have all of them:
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases)
~~~
marcosdumay
Of course you have all of them. Those are common patterns in human thinking,
and I guess you are human (correct me if I'm wrong).
You just don't have all of them at the same time, and have more bias in some
situations than in others.
------
runeks
All life forms are biased towards their own survival. That's why they're alive
in the first place.
------
daveguy
This is why AI practitioners will never make artificial human intelligence. It
will be found to be way too bug ridden before the hard work (expense wrt
power, computation, bandwidth) of getting it trained to a human level is
completed.
~~~
daveguy
To clarify, the emphasis there is on _human_. I don't doubt 50+ years from now
we will have general purpose artificial intelligences as sharp as humans. They
just won't be very human like. Typical heuristic errors like confirmation bias
will be quantified and that's about as inhuman as it gets.
~~~
solipsism
You've failed to account for the inevitability that general AI itself will be
extremely interested in modeling human cognition.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
Q:
Jquery Datatable issue with bootstrap 4 modal
Currently i have a datatable like this,
https://prnt.sc/nbfmge
I am opening bootstrap 4 modal when a user click on no of items, it open will
https://prnt.sc/nbfmrj
But i am not getting search and pagination functionality when datatable is in modal. Here's my code
Here's HTML code:
<!-- Modal body -->
<div class="modal-body">
<div class="card">
<div class="card-header">
<h5 class="card-title float-left">List of items</h5>
</div>
<div class="card-body row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-bordered display" id="datatables">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">#</th>
<th scope="col">Item Name</th>
<th scope="col">Item Model</th>
<th scope="col">Item Year</th>
<th scope="col">Item Condition</th>
<th scope="col">Item Price</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody id="showEmployeesReportItems">
<!-- List of Items -->
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
And this is my jquery code:
$('#datatables').DataTable().destroy();
$('#showEmployeesReportItems').html(html);
$('#datatables').DataTable();
How can i get pagination and search feature in modal datatable ?
A:
Got a solution, change id="datatables" bootstrap modal body id to 2, 3 or any number and also change this here $('#datatables2').DataTable(); Now the Jquery datatable will also work fine with bootstrap modal.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Huge posters of the Goresky family tree, painstakingly created by Gerald Goresky with MacFamilyTree software, following input from many people in the family, are available here (updated in August 2017): | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Mr. Peter Sangiovanni Jr. has been practicing law in Rhode Island since 1992. He is an experienced litigator with hundreds of hours of trial experience. In addition to representing clients in need, Mr. Sangiovanni has lectured at various law schools and other professional institutions, as well as authoring chapters relating to various Rhode Island domestic relations manuals. Mr. Sangiovanni has also served as the past president of the R.I. Edward Gallogly Inn of Court association which has in excess of 80 practicing family court attorneys. Honest, Fair, Experienced, and Knowledgable. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
*Strongyloides stercoralis* was first identified in post-mortem examination of the gastrointestinal tract of five French soldiers from Cochin, China, in 1876. Since then it has been recognized that infection with this organism can persist for decades. This is due to an autoinfective process whereby rhabditiform larvae that are excreted by the adult worm are converted to infectious filariform larvae in the large intestine where they can then reinfect the host. Under normal conditions this conversion in humans is quite limited, with most conversions occurring in the soil. Occasionally large numbers of rhabditiform larvae transform into infective filariform larvae in the human gastrointestinal tract, which results in a more severe form of the autoinfective cycle. This is referred to as hyperinfection syndrome and can result in dissemination of the larvae to other organs in the host with potentially fatal consequences.
The hyperinfection syndrome has been linked to immunosuppression. In particular, conditions that impact on cell-mediated immunity have been more closely identified as risk factors for the development of this syndrome. The two conditions that have been most frequently recognized as predisposing factors for the development of the hyperinfection syndrome are corticosteroid use [@pntd.0001581-Fardet1], [@pntd.0001581-Basile1] and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection [@pntd.0001581-Gotuzzo1]. Studies of disseminated disease in organ transplant patients, asthmatics, patients with chronic lung disease, and patients with autoimmune disease have shown that corticosteroid therapy has been a common denominator in the development of severe infection.
When acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described, it was predicted that there would be an outbreak of disseminated strongyloidiasis, especially in patients from the developing world, where *S. stercoralis* is endemic. Prior to the recognition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the diagnosis of AIDS was based on the presence of a selected group of opportunistic infections in patients who had no other identifiable predisposing condition. Disseminated strongyloidiasis was among this list of opportunistic infections. These initial concerns do not appear to have been warranted. In necropsy studies in HIV-infected patients in both Brazil and Africa, areas where the incidence of strongyloidiasis is high, there was not a single case of disseminated disease [@pntd.0001581-Petithory1], [@pntd.0001581-Neto1]. Although it is possible that cases might have gone unrecognized, since clinical monitoring in those parts of the world where strongyloidiasis is endemic might have been less comprehensive than in more developed areas, the relative paucity of cases led the CDC and the WHO to remove disseminated strongyloidiasis from its list of signature infections in 1987. Since then there have been only 40 cases of hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis in HIV-infected individuals reported in the medical literature. Most of these individuals had AIDS and many were also receiving corticosteroids.
Of note, HIV infection does not protect individuals from acquiring intestinal strongyloidiasis. Several studies have documented increased rates of *S. stercoralis* infection among HIV-infected individuals. Assefa et al. found a 21-fold increased prevalence of *S. stercoralis* infection among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative patients in southern Ethiopia [@pntd.0001581-Assefa1]. Studies in Brazil have shown similar results [@pntd.0001581-Feitosa1]. However, this increased predilection for intestinal *S. stercoralis* infection among HIV-infected individuals does not seem to be predictive of an increased incidence of hyperinfection and dissemination.
The predominant immunosuppressive effect of HIV infection is a cellular immune deficiency as evidenced by a progressive decline in CD4+ lymphocytes. However, within the CD4+ cell population, there is a relatively greater decline in the activity of the type 1 T helper (Th1) cells than the type 2 T helper (Th2) cells [@pntd.0001581-Klein1], [@pntd.0001581-Clerici1]. Th1 cells produce a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines that modulate the cellular immune response including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [@pntd.0001581-Mosmann1]. Th2 cells, on the other hand, are more active in mediating humoral immunity and produce cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13. The concept of a Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift in the course of HIV infection has been advanced by some investigators as a marker for HIV progression [@pntd.0001581-Mosmann1]. Others have not confirmed these findings and they remain somewhat controversial [@pntd.0001581-Graziosi1]. Nevertheless, whereas there is profound loss of Th1 immune activity in patients with advanced AIDS, there may be little change in Th2-mediated cytokine activity. Indeed, levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 have been found to be higher in HIV-infected patients, both with and without opportunistic infections, than in uninfected controls [@pntd.0001581-Sindhu1]. The potential consequence of this is that for many co-infected patients, the Th2-mediated response to helminthic infections may be conserved.
In general, the Th2 immune response is dominant in patients with helminthic infections. IL-4 and IL-5 stimulate IgE production, which in turn causes mast cells to degranulate and goblet cells to secrete mucous [@pntd.0001581-Finkelman1]. The mucous facilitates trapping and expulsion of the helminths, while mast cells prevent attachment and invasion of the worms to the intestinal wall and promote peristalsis to aid in the expulsion of the parasites [@pntd.0001581-Onah1]. IL-5 also stimulates the production, migration, and activation of eosinophils [@pntd.0001581-Onah1].
Another Th2-mediated cytokine, IL-5, acts as an eosinophil colony stimulating factor. Eosinophils play a major role in host defense against helminthic infections. Killing of parasites is due to the release of eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules on the surface of the eosinophils. Eosinophils are directly involved not only in the innate immune response to the helminthic larvae, but also in eliciting an adaptive immune response. Padigel et al. demonstrated that eosinophils act as antigen-presenting cells when exposed to *S. stercoralis* antigens, thereby stimulating antigen-specific Th2 cytokine production [@pntd.0001581-Padigel1].
Elevated IgE levels are commonly found in patients with helminthic infections, and type-specific anti-*Strongyloides* IgE antibody has been demonstrated in patients with *S. stercoralis* infection [@pntd.0001581-Rodrigues1]. HIV infection is also associated with high IgE levels, with higher levels found in patients with more advanced infection; that is, those with lower CD4+ cell counts [@pntd.0001581-Ferrazzi1]. There is evidence to suggest that HIV infection promotes the production of IL-4 and IL-13, B-cell growth factors. HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) is a potent stimulus for release of these cytokines through an interaction with the V~H~3 region of IgE that is bound to the FcεRI region on basophils and mast cells [@pntd.0001581-Patella1]. In fact, it has been suggested that HIV gp120 acts as an allergen promoting increased production of IgE [@pntd.0001581-PatBecker1]. Whether the elevated IgE levels found in co-infected patients are type-specific and whether this is a key factor in preventing dissemination have not been demonstrated, but this is an area for further investigation.
Helminthic infections themselves promote immune activation leading to immune dysregulation and result in a decrease in CD4+ lymphocytes and an increase in CD8+ cells [@pntd.0001581-Borkow1], [@pntd.0001581-Urban1]. However, the observed loss in CD4+ cells in patients with helminthic infections does not reach the level seen in HIV infection. The role of helminthic induced immune activation and its relationship to the development of vaccines against *S. stercoralis* and other helminths is a potential fertile area for further research.
In contrast to the relatively preserved Th2 activity associated with HIV infection, individuals infected with HTLV-1, a retrovirus that has been associated with an increased risk of disseminated strongyloidiasis, have an immunologic shift to a Th1 cell type response. HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes produce increased levels of IFN-γ and reduced levels of IL-4 and IL-5 [@pntd.0001581-Hirata1]. Mitogen-stimulated PBMCs from HTLV-1-infected patients infected with *S. stercoralis* produce higher levels of IFN-γ and lower levels of IL-4 than control patients [@pntd.0001581-Neva1]. In these patients total serum IgE levels were inversely correlated with mitogen-stimulated IFN-γ production in these patients. *S. stercoralis*-specific IgE levels were also reduced, but the correlation did not reach statistical significance.
Treatment of HIV infection is often associated with improvement in the host non-specific inflammatory response. There have been only five cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) reported in patients with *S. stercoralis* infection [@pntd.0001581-Haddow1]. Three of these patients had a syndrome that was consistent with disseminated infection, but two of these patients had received courses of corticosteroids prior to their diagnosis, making it unclear whether their infection was precipitated by the IRIS.
There are a number of unanswered questions regarding this topic. The first is that the underlying presumption that HIV does not lead to disseminated infection is based on the absence of data as well as the WHO and CDC list of signature infections that have been associated with HIV. Proof that something does not exist is difficult, but until such data are available, the current epidemiology does suggest that HIV is not a risk factor for disseminated strongyloidiasis. The impact of HIV on the susceptibility to infection with *S. stercoralis* is not well-defined. Does chronic immune activation make one more susceptible to *S. stercoralis*? What is the relative role of IgE antibodies, eosinophils, and/or other Th2-mediated activity in preventing dissemination? Further study on the immune interaction between HIV, *S. stercoralis*, and other helminths may provide useful insight into the development of helminthic vaccines.
In summary, despite the fact that HIV and glucocorticosteroids are viewed as similar cell-mediated immune suppressants, their immunosuppressive activities are quite different. HIV infection results, primarily, in a loss of Th1 activity. In comparison, Th2 activity in the HIV-infected individual may be impaired to a much lesser degree, or may even be augmented. This does not necessarily indicate that infection with HIV actually leads to enhanced activity specifically against *S. stercoralis* or even that the HIV-infected host has the equivalent anti-*Strongyloides* activity as an immunologically normal individual. However, it may be the Th2 activity in the HIV host helps to prevent dissemination of *S. stercoralis* in the HIV-infected population.
[^1]: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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MARVEL'S AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. - "Uprising" - As Coulson, Mack and Fitz attempt to track down and neutralize a rogue group looking to end Inhuman Registration worldwide, Simmons and Dr. Radcliffe only have hours to save May before she succumbs forever to her mysterious illness, on "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.," TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11 (10:00-11:00 p.m. EDT), on the ABC Television Network. (Jennifer Clasen/ABC via Getty Images)
GABRIEL LUNA
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Mercury Meltdown Revolution Review
The new controls will give you the sensation you are finally playing Ignition Banbury's creation as it was always meant to be played.
Meltdown on the Wii proves a perfect fit for the Wii-mote
When the first of the Mercury games was conceived, it was designed with a PSP tilt sensor in mind. When the add-on was scrapped, developer Awesome Studios pressed on with making the game, undeterred and obviously aware that they were producing something worth standing by.
Since then the series has stayed on consistently good form, appearing across the Sony formats, despite missing out on the huge commercial success it deserves. That isn't to say that Mercury has fared badly, but it deserves to have done incredibly well.
The game's developers must have had their eye on the Wii since the moment the console's control system was announced. With its motion sensitivity and wireless control, Nintendo's little white box is the perfect home for Awesome's liquid metal maze game.
For those who are unaware of the central premise of the Mercury titles, it is a fairly simple one that is reworked again and again, to create a mixed and substantial puzzle game. At a most basic level, the challenge is to guide a blob of the viscous metal of the game's title through a maze from beginning to end, within a time limit and while keeping a set percentage of your blob from falling into the abyss below each stage.
This is done not by directly controlling the mercury, but through gently tipping the maze and letting gravity take effect on the elemental globule. Dozens of obstacles and ingenious contraptions are in place to make this simple task a little harder, including those that reverse gravity, or require you to split your blob into three to reach several goals simultaneously.
'... the new controls will give you the sensation you are finally playing Ignition Entertainment's creation as it was always meant to be played...'
The most obvious way to apply Mercury to the Wii would have been to follow in the footsteps of the other 'ball in a tray' Wii titles, Super Monkey Ball Banana Blitz and Kororinpa, which require the player to hold the Wii-mote in one hand like a TV remote. Instead, Revolution takes the ingenious step of turning the Wii controller on its side, meaning it has to be held with two hands. Excite Truck has already proved the degree of precision and accuracy this 'stance' provides, but Mercury Meltdown Revolution makes it its own, giving you an unrivalled sensation of control.
In the main game, after a brief tutorial made rather unnecessary by Mercury's instinctive nature, you are introduced to the first of the eight laboratories. Each of these labs contains 16 levels, meaning that you get plenty of puzzling for your money. Initially you will probably cruise through the first few levels, but progressing into the later laboratories you will likely have to miss some out, returning with your skills honed and your knowledge of the various trip falls and mechanisms expanded.
Beyond the basic moving blocks, conveyer belts and crumbling surfaces that are to be expected, there are around 40 other obstacle types, from rather uninspired enemies that harass and consume you, to the inventive colour-mixing puzzles that are a mainstay throughout Revolution. Passing through various 'paint shops' that dye your blob one of the three primary colours, allows you to pass through colour-coded gates and force fields. From a relatively early stage, you are expected to split the mercury in two, before dyeing each section a different hue and combining them again to form a new shade. To pass through a purple gate for example, requires a blue blob to envelop a red ball of mercury.
The other main tool within the game comes in the form of the changes of state that your glutinous globule can go through. On occasion, it will be turned into a solid ball, meaning it can be rolled rapidly over rails. The mercury can also be heated or cooled, resulting in a slow and sticky, or worryingly slippery condition respectively.
What really makes Mercury Meltdown Revolution is the myriad of ways in which the game's developers have combined the various obstacles. From intricate chequer boards liberally coated with conveyer belts in all directions, to action orientated challenges that see you carefully guiding your blob through huge leaps into the air, variety is at Revolution's heart.
Newcomers to the series will find an awful lot to enjoy
Each level also contains a number of bonuses, tucked away in hard to reach areas that usually require nerves of steel and the steadiest of hands to reach. Collecting bonuses unlocks a selection of understated and rather enjoyable party games, including racing, curling, and a traditional block placing puzzle game, that contradict the negative stereotypes Wii mini-games have deservedly attracted. Each is playable alone, or with a friend, giving Revolution a humble, but thoroughly enjoyable multiplayer mode.
A ghost mode, inspired by driving games, has also been added, meaning that while tackling a level you can also see your previous best performance. This ghost mode is unobtrusive and goes some way towards spurring you on to outperform yourself and finish previously unbeaten mazes.
If there are any complaints, they only really apply to people who have already enjoyed the previous Mercury Meltdown games. If you fall into that category, you may well find Revolution startlingly familiar. Still, the new controls will give you the sensation you are finally playing Ignition Banbury's creation as it was always meant to be played, but there's a nagging feeling you're simply enjoying Mercury Meltdown version 1.1.
The gaudy graphics and overbearing colour palette will also be off-putting to some, but on the whole Revolution is a fantastic puzzle game that not only marks the high point of a brilliant series of games, but proves that the Wii-mote can offer fantastically precise control over and above providing novelty. | {
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We visit Vestax Japan and check out a new VCI
Wow! I have been literally flying around the world, going from SF-Berlin-Tokyo-SF with very little time for writing. While in Tokyo, I did a controllerism performance at the Vestax Extravaganza and talked with the Japan team about a lot of exciting things including a sneak preview at the new VCM-100 and a brand new black VCI-100 with improved firmware and controls. Check out this video for the full scoop:
Hi there, I just bought a Vestax VCI-100 off eBay and have Traktor 3.3 on my Macbook. How do I find out what firmware I'm using? Can I update it? I've been looking all over the internet and keep finding forums, etc but no actual downloads. Also, I want to download a MIDI Map so that I can use it with Traktor but again I'm struggling to find it. Sorry if these questions are really obvious but I'm new to all this computer mixing business :) Many thanks in advance, Richard
http://www.eangolden.com Ean Golden
[quote comment="14331"]Ean,
I'm living in Tokyo since one month and I try to find a place where to buy the black one, can you help me?
Thanx a lot[/quote]
Do search for Black VCi-100 on the blog and you will find some people that sell it. Hibiashi had some but they might be completely sold out.
Anonymous
Ean,
I'm living in Tokyo since one month and I try to find a place where to buy the black one, can you help me?
Thanx a lot
http://djtechtools.com Editor
<blockquote cite="#comment-237">
I'm living in France and i was wondering if you had an idea of when the black vci will be available here or just in the US and in Japan, and like 6 months later in Europe ?)
Thanks a lot !
we will be taking worldwide pre-orders for 100 limited edition pieces in a few weeks. Stay tuned!
<blockquote cite="#comment-707">So when do we get the review of the VCM-100 that you promised…?
the vcm-100 they gave me got stolen! so I am waiting on a new one :-( <blockquote cite="#comment-387">hey ean,
is it possible to have pitch increments smaller than 0.1% while still using a pitch range of +-8%?
I Think thats not possible regardless of the resolution because the fader is just too short— but I need to do some more research into this area for sure and get a solid grasp on the concepts at hand.
Belford Roxo
So when do we get the review of the VCM-100 that you promised…?
http://www.stereomist.com Adam Nefarious
hey ean,
since you have had the pleasure of using the new VCI-100 firmware, i wanted to ask you a question about it.
has the pitch resolution improved? have you been able to use a MIDI monitor program (like MIDI-Ox) to see what kind of MIDI messages the device is sending?
is it possible to have pitch increments smaller than 0.1% while still using a pitch range of +-8%?
i just really want to know if the pitch resolution will actually be improved, or if they have even addressed this issue in the firmware update
thanks,
adam nefarious
Baptiste
Hey Ean !
Thanks for all the videos and tests you've been doing with the vestax vci !
I was about to buy the silver vci, but then i saw your video and your little word about waiting for NAMM.
I'm living in France and i was wondering if you had an idea of when the black vci will be available here (will it be available worldwide after NAMM, or just in the US and in Japan, and like 6 months later in Europe ?)
Thanks a lot !
http://www.eangolden.com Editor
<blockquote cite="#comment-218">Hey Ean, I appreciate you pointing us to the ebay black VCI-100. Do you have a new midi map for the new black vci or is it the same as the white one? Also what do you think about the fast track pro as a beginner usb audio interface. And what do you think about the Sony MDR-V700DJ headphones.I think I've done some pretty good homework but just wanting your expert opinion. Thanks
-Sam
A: Brand new midi map for the black one. This one is built for internal mixing inside the software.
b: Sony MDR-V700DJ are the WORST IMO. They break way too much! The MDR-7506 are much more solid and a better quality can.
C: Fast track should be a good way to start.
http://www.eangolden.com Editor
Hey guys, I am waiting on the official word form Vestax.I should have that info very soon and I will post the release date along with pictures of my upcoming black VCI-100!
http://www.myspace.com/eternal31337 Samuel
<blockquote cite="#comment-227">Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please.
Are speaking inreguards to my statements?
http://www.specialty-roofing.cn/ Mark Waltermire
Get your facts first, then you can distort them as you please.
dj g-r-bs
<blockquote cite="#comment-223">When and Where is NAMM? I went to their website and it was advertised as a university… I was a little confused..
When and Where is NAMM? I went to their website and it was advertised as a university… I was a little confused..
http://www.myspace.com/eternal31337 Samuel
<blockquote cite="#comment-220">So I was just wondering when the Black version of the VCI 100 would be put on the market in USA.. I saw the one on ebay, I was just wondering when there was going to be a version that you could buy from Vestax..
Thanks
-Corey
I asked Ean earlier and it's looking like shortly after NAMM. Unfortunately I can't wait and I got one of the ones from japan. Which I should have one by the end of December.Klassik Killer on ebay keeps posting the vci 100 black edition. Which will be the same here so. Worth a try. Almost the same price as one of the old ones.
-Sam
Corey
So I was just wondering when the Black version of the VCI 100 would be put on the market in USA.. I saw the one on ebay, I was just wondering when there was going to be a version that you could buy from Vestax..
Thanks
-Corey
http://www.myspace.com/eternal31337 Samuel
Hey Ean, I appreciate you pointing us to the ebay black VCI-100. I can't wait till I get it. Do you have a new midi map for the new black vci or is it the same as the white one? Also what do you think about the fast track pro as a beginner usb audio interface. And what do you think about the Sony MDR-V700DJ headphones.I think I've done some pretty good homework but just wanting your expert opinion. Thanks
about black vci-100 on the ebay link; is this the exact limited edition that's going to be released next year after NAMM?
Diazepam
Hi Ean,
thanks for everything, you are a true inspiration when it comes to digital DJing. I myself want to get into the thing and was about to buy a VCI-100, but now i watched your video and am quite impressed about the VCI "2.0" in black. So much better!
how do i go about putting additional effects in effect parameter efx2, efx3 and efx4?
This area is drastically improved in my version. now its layed out as deck A/B on the let and right side with 3 banks of direct effects control. No scrolling through to select an effect and then dial it in.
Yes, what layout are you talking about? the one only for MAC? and not WINDOWS?
this is the new layout that will available after NAMM with a firmware update. I will try and also do it in Midipipe but no one seems to be able to make that work except me. (which works perfectly everytime)
Anonymous
<blockquote cite="#comment-190"><blockquote cite="#comment-187">ean,
how do i go about putting additional effects in effect parameter efx2, efx3 and efx4?
Do you mean the upper right hand corner of the VCI? This area is drastically improved in my version. now its layed out as deck A/B on the let and right side with 3 banks of direct effects control. No scrolling through to select an effect and then dial it in.
<blockquote cite="#comment-190"><blockquote cite="#comment-187">ean,
how do i go about putting additional effects in effect parameter efx2, efx3 and efx4?
Do you mean the upper right hand corner of the VCI? This area is drastically improved in my version. now its layed out as deck A/B on the let and right side with 3 banks of direct effects control. No scrolling through to select an effect and then dial it in.
Yes, what layout are you talking about? the one only for MAC? and not WINDOWS?
http://www.eangolden.com Editor
<blockquote cite="#comment-187">ean,
how do i go about putting additional effects in effect parameter efx2, efx3 and efx4?
Do you mean the upper right hand corner of the VCI? This area is drastically improved in my version. now its layed out as deck A/B on the let and right side with 3 banks of direct effects control. No scrolling through to select an effect and then dial it in.
g-r-bs
ean,
how do i go about putting additional effects in effect parameter efx2, efx3 and efx4?
http://myspace.com/radiantbeats Norrin Rad
SCORE!!! A midi port now?! SWEET!!!
I can't wait to pick up the Ean Golden edition! This is going to be great!!!
Thanks a million for the great news!
http://www.eangolden.com Editor
<blockquote cite="#comment-164">Hey…I know this is off topic but why not start a forum. Lets get this thing going.
thats great, big beats- we have been thinking just the same thing….<blockquote cite="#comment-165">
As it stands right now there is the Silver VCI 100 and this new black one on the way.
Will this new model have all the up-to-date firmware and new custom faceplates?! This is awesome news… But who will be selling it? You or Vestax?
Norrin
There will be three options for the Vestax VCI-100. The current silver model, the new black edition AND the Ean Golden version of the black one. My version will only be a firmware/faceplate change but sadly no arcade buttons/ foot switches at this time. Thats really not too big of a deal though because my version will have the improved buttons and will support external midi foot switches that can perform the same functions.
Vestax will be selling limited numbers of the black vci-100 with the controllerism layout OR you can buy some very in-expensive face plates here on dj tech tools in a month or so.
As it stands right now there is the Silver VCI 100 and this new black one on the way.
But there is also going to be the new black one with your arcade buttons and foot switch?!
Will this new model have all the up-to-date firmware and new custom faceplates?! This is awesome news… But who will be selling it? You or Vestax? So far there seems to be no literature on these new units on their site… just your video. :(
Thanks a lot!
Norrin
bigbeatzz
Hey…I know this is off topic but why not start a forum. Lets get this thing going.
http://djtechtools.com Ean Golden
<blockquote cite="#comment-149">Nice video. Your defenitely on top of the VCI topic ! Did you ever receive the VCI-100 MixVibes edition gear i shipped ?
cheers
P
I did! For those users that are using mixvibes- we are going to look at how that software interacts with the VCi-100 in a few weeks.
<blockquote cite="#comment-150">
Do you know whether or not Vestax will release assignment files or templates for Ableton?
Norrin
Not sure, they have a lot on their plate. I think that may be up to the fine people here at dj tech tools who are working on a new Ableton 7 template as we speak!! Stay tuned for that….
tonykenobi
hey, black vci looking amazing,was about to buy the current model, when is this black model out?
http://myspace.com/radiantbeats Norrin Rad
Hey Ean! You really weren't joking about a new VCI100! I'm thrilled at this piece of kit!
Do you know whether or not Vestax will release assignment files or templates for Ableton?
They have been saying that they're working on an assignment file for Ableton since the launch of the VCI100 – It would be great to see them release it alongside the updated hardware!
Norrin
http://www.myspace.com/polocorpoartion polocorp
Nice video. Your defenitely on top of the VCI topic ! Did you ever receive the VCI-100 MixVibes edition gear i shipped ?
Featured Reviews
Featured Article
2014 was a notable year for the DJ world with a lot of big stories that broke here on DJ TechTools. We have assembled the most important ones based on the number of Facebook shares, comments, and general industry impact. Enjoy and share with your friends! […] | {
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Q:
comtrade importing data error No data matches your query or your query is too complex. Request JSON or XML format for more information
I work to aliment a Data warehouse of world trading, using the API of comTrade.Un.org to extract data with R langage like this :
> str <- paste("http://comtrade.un.org/api/get?freq=M&fmt=csv&ps=",j,"&r=",i,"&p=",k,"&cc=AG6&rg=1",sep ="")
> download.file(str, paste("import",j,"de",i,"avec",k,".csv"), method = "auto", quiet = FALSE) # pour csv
j : is the year for example 2016.
i : the ISO code of countries that i want to have information.
k : the ISO code of countries that export to the country i.
but some csv files are not correctly downloaded and i don't know why or how to fix that .
the csv file contains this :
No data matches your query or your query is too complex. Request JSON or XML format for more information.
Please any explication aboute this error and how to get the csv files .
A:
The problem was that you must check if the data is available for all countries in Comtrade website by listing the trading of all countries ,then run my script for each country in the list obtained.
Also if the data is too large , you have to get an account form comtrade (129$,690$ or 6000$ in the average ) to have the access to data.
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Radiotherapy of Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis : Results and Implications of a National Patterns-of-Care Study.
This patterns-of-care study was performed to define the current clinical experience with radiotherapy of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in adults in Germany and to define open questions resulting from this study. A standardized questionnaire was sent to 198 German radiotherapy institutions. Data about patient characteristics, stage of disease, practice and fractionation of radiotherapy, outcome of therapy, etc. were systematically evaluated. 123 of 198 institutions answered the complete questionnaire (62.1%). Only 23 of the 123 institutions (18.7%) reported experience with radiotherapy of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis of adults. 18 institutions with 98 patients were evaluable. The majority of patients (72 of 98) was treated on a linear accelerator. The median single dose of radiotherapy was 2 Gy, while the median total dose was 24 Gy. 81 of 89 evaluable patients (91%) reached a local control of the treated lesion(s), 69 of those had a complete remission. Eight of 89 patients (9%) developed an in-field recurrence. 87.8% of patients experienced no acute and 97% of patients no late side effects of radiotherapy. Clinical experience with radiotherapy of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in adults in Germany is still very limited. Nevertheless, the clinical results-with high remission and local control rates-confirm the effectiveness of radiotherapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of this disease. Due to the small number of patients in this study despite higher incidence rates, the knowledge of this disease has to be multiplied in Germany. Future patients should be systematically included into a prospective radiotherapy registry. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!--
~ Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
~
~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
~
~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the
~ License.
~
-->
<com.android.benchmark.BenchmarkGroup
xmlns:benchmark="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
benchmark:description="Benchmarks of the Android system"
benchmark:name="Android Benchmarks">
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/list_view_scroll_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_list_view_scroll"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/list_view_scroll_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/image_list_view_scroll_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_image_list_view_scroll"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/image_list_view_scroll_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/shadow_grid_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_shadow_grid"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/shadow_grid_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/text_low_hitrate_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_text_low_hitrate"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/text_low_hitrate_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/text_high_hitrate_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_text_high_hitrate"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/text_high_hitrate_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/edit_text_input_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_edit_text_input"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/edit_text_input_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/overdraw_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_overdraw"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/overdraw_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/bitmap_upload_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_bitmap_upload"
benchmark:category="ui"
benchmark:description="@string/bitmap_upload_description" />
<!--
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/memory_bandwidth_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_memory_bandwidth"
benchmark:category="compute"
benchmark:description="@string/memory_bandwidth_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/memory_latency_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_memory_latency"
benchmark:category="compute"
benchmark:description="@string/memory_latency_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/power_management_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_power_management"
benchmark:category="compute"
benchmark:description="@string/power_management_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/cpu_heat_soak_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_cpu_heat_soak"
benchmark:category="compute"
benchmark:description="@string/cpu_heat_soak_description" />
<com.android.benchmark.Benchmark
benchmark:name="@string/cpu_gflops_name"
benchmark:id="@id/benchmark_cpu_gflops"
benchmark:category="compute"
benchmark:description="@string/cpu_gflops_description" />
-->
</com.android.benchmark.BenchmarkGroup> | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia.
Because of new data, anatomical and functional models of the basal ganglia in normal and pathological conditions (e.g. Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases) have recently come under greater scrutiny. An update of these models is clearly timely, taking into consideration not only changes in neuronal discharge rates, but also changes in the patterning and synchronization of neuronal discharge, the role of extrastriatal dopamine, and expanded intrinsic and input/output connections of these nuclei. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
There is now one more set of 7 judgments God will release before the battle of Armageddon is set up and Jesus returns back to us for the second time. This last set of judgments are called the 7 Bowl judgments. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
In synchronous serial-port communication, a transmitter device sends a clock signal and a data signal simultaneously, and a receiver device samples data according to the clock signal.
In actual engineering applications, due to factors such as the length of the cable from the transmitter device to the receiver device and intra-board wiring, delay of the data signal may be inconsistent with delay of the clock signal. However, in data sampling, requirements of setup time and hold time must be satisfied simultaneously, and if any requirement is not satisfied, the data obtained by sampling may be incorrect. Setup time refers to a minimum period during which the data signal must keep stable before the sampling edge, and hold time refers to a minimum period during which the data signal must keep stable after the sampling edge. Therefore, the following case may exist at the receiver device: The rising edge of the clock signal must be used as the sampling edge for sampling data, or the falling edge of the clock signal must be used as the sampling edge for sampling data.
Generally, a receiver of the receiver device uses a fixed clock edge to sample the data signal. Therefore, a selecting signal needs to be provided for a selector according to the selected sampling edge, so that the selector selects the original clock signal or the clock signal inverted by an inverter (also called a NOT gate) as a sampling clock signal and provides the sampling clock signal for the receiver. Specifically, if the clock edge for sampling data by the receiver of the receiver device is the same as the selected sampling edge, the original clock signal is selected as the sampling clock signal; and if the clock edge for sampling data by the receiver of the receiver device is different from the selected sampling edge, the clock signal inverted by the inverter is selected as the sampling clock signal.
In synchronous serial-port communication in the prior art, a selecting signal is input to the selector by manually configuring the sampling edge, so that the selector selects a sampling clock signal. Generally, a configuration personnel does not know which clock edge should be configured for sampling, and can determine the sampling edge only by attempts. For example, first the clock edge for sampling data by the receiver is configured manually as the rising edge, and a corresponding selecting signal is input to the selector, for example, 1, so that the selector selects a sampling clock signal for the receiver according to the selecting signal; then packet loss and bit error rate of the device are observed manually for a period; and if no packet loss and bit error occurs, the configured sampling edge does not need to be adjusted; while if packet loss or bit error is found, the clock edge for sampling data by the receiver is configured manually as the falling edge, and a corresponding selecting signal is input to the selector, so that the selector selects a sampling clock signal for the receiver according to the selecting signal. As a result, the system maintainability is poor and the cost of operation and maintenance is high. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Decorative films are used as wrappings on the surfaces of molded parts such as interior and exterior parts of automobiles or motorcycles, such as side cowls or center cowls, to form decorative three-dimensional molded parts. In recent years it has become common to form irregular patterns on such three-dimensional molded part surfaces in order to provide a decorative design with a three-dimensional effect. Formation of such irregular patterns on the surfaces of three-dimensional molded parts usually requires formation of irregularities on the surface of the actual base of the molded part, and therefore a molding die has been necessary for each irregular pattern.
Methods for forming three-dimensional designs on molded parts, on the other hand, include methods using films or sheets with irregularities on their surfaces, and the following publications relate to such methods.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication HEI No. 9-295499, published Nov. 18, 1997, describes a decorative body comprising a base and a design pattern of a desired form composed of a synthetic resin sheet formed in a fixed manner on the top of the base, and a surface material composed of a fine irregular design-bearing transparent synthetic resin sheet, formed on the design pattern in such a manner that spaces are present between the sheet and the design pattern by the shapes of the upward bulges, and with the edges fixed onto the edges of the design pattern.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-127225, published May 8, 2003, describes a process for production of a three-dimensional decorative body comprising: a melt extruded thermoplastic resin being filled into a mold material with a plurality of recesses, and the raised design sections composed of the resin filled into the recesses of the mold material being transferred to the surface of a base sheet of the heated thermoplastic resin, and fused therewith.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-42409, published Feb. 12, 2004, describes a process for production of an insert sheet, wherein a laminated body obtained by forming at least a surface protective layer composed of an uncured ionizing radiation-curable resin on one side of a transparent or semi-transparent base sheet, and a molding die having fine irregularities on the surface, are used to mold the surface protective layer side of the laminated body by heated pressing, after which the side is irradiated with ionizing radiation to harden the surface protective layer, thus providing at least a decorating layer with a design pattern on the base sheet side of the laminated body. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Synaptic connections between corticogeniculate axons and interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat.
Anatomical evidence is provided for direct synaptic connections by axons from visual cortex with interneurons in lamina A of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Corticogeniculate axon terminals were labeled selectively with 3H-proline and identified by means of electron microscopic autoradiography. Interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus were stained with antibodies that had been raised against gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). We found that corticogeniculate terminals synapsed with dendrites stained positively for GABA about three times as often as with unstained dendrites. Of the corticogeniculate terminals that contacted GABA-positive dendrites, 97% made synaptic connections with dendritic shafts. Only 3% synapsed with F profiles, the vesicle-filled dendritic appendages characteristic of lateral geniculate interneurons. These results suggest that the corticogeniculate pathway in the cat is directed primarily at interneurons and is organized synaptically to influence the integrated output of these cells, rather than the local interactions in which their dendritic specializations participate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Research reveals potential treatments for deadly tropical disease
/
September 12, 2019
Melioidosis is a tropical disease that claims an estimated 90,000 lives worldwide each year. There is no vaccine, and current treatments are hampered by the ability of the bacterium that causes the disease to resist even the strongest antibiotics.
Hardy and lethal, that bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a potential bioweapon.
UCLA-led research has identified two compounds that, based on tests on human cells and on mice, show potential for treating melioidosis. One is a widely used drug already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an antifungal treatment; the other is a new synthetic antibiotic. The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, represent progress against a disease about which little is known.
“Even among neglected tropical diseases, melioidosis is one of the most neglected, especially when you consider its global burden and lethality,” said senior author Jeff F. Miller, UCLA’s Fred Kavli Professor of NanoSystems Sciences, a professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics, and director of the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA. “It deserves more attention because of its fascinating biology as well.”
Seen most often in southeast Asia and northern Australia, melioidosis can take many forms, ranging from a lethal bloodstream infection to a chronic infection that mimics other diseases like tuberculosis. B. pseudomallei can be contracted when contaminated soil or water is inhaled, swallowed or taken in through a wound or cut.
When it enters mammalian cells, the bacterium multiplies and can spread by causing infected cells to fuse with their neighbors. That capacity to fuse cells together is critical to the bacterium’s lifecycle and its ability to cause disease. Eventually, complexes of fused cells burst, which can destroy the tissue in which the cells are located.
Working at the California NanoSystems Institute’s robotic screening facility, and using a screening technique they developed, Miller and his colleagues tested a library of more than 220,000 compounds—thousands at a time—for their ability to interrupt the bacterial life cycle.
“The screen we developed would be easy to adapt to other intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium, which causes tuberculosis,” said Christopher Todd French, the paper’s co-corresponding author and a UCLA assistant research professor. “It captures any compound that inhibits a step along the way from the bacterium getting into the cell, to it growing in the cell, to it spreading to nearby cells.”
Because of the extensive safety precautions required to study B. pseudomallei, the researchers first screened the compounds on a less-dangerous relative, B. thailandensis, to narrow down the list of drugs that warranted further testing.
For each screening, human cells were robotically placed on lab plates, treated with the compounds to be tested, and then infected with the bacterium. After 20 hours, the scientists used an imaging method called laser scanning cytometry to take high-resolution images of the plates to identify the effects of each compound.
Compounds that disrupted B. thailandensis were then tested against B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, another closely related bacterium that causes glanders, a disease that’s most commonly seen in horses and other animals but can also affect humans. Ultimately, the researchers identified 32 compounds that worked against B. pseudomallei, B. mallei or both.
The team focused on two compounds that were particularly effective against B. pseudomallei and showed minimal toxicity toward host cells. Both were able to enter the host cell and the bacterium—a significant development because getting compounds to cross both barriers is one of the key challenges in developing new antibiotics.
One of the two was flucytosine, or 5-FC, the antifungal medication already approved by the FDA. Researchers found that, rather than stopping the growth of B. pseudomallei, 5-FC worked by stopping the bacterium from fusing cells together and spreading.
That characteristic places 5-FC among an emerging class of antibiotics called antivirulence drugs, which could potentially be paired with traditional antibiotics—drugs that work by stopping bacteria from growing in the first place. That one-two punch could attack harmful bacteria more effectively while making antibiotic resistance less likely. Additionally, 5-FC is on the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines, meaning that it is available in resource-poor settings where melioidosis is endemic.
“A key priority will be to translate these laboratory findings into clinical impact,” said Dr. Philip Bulterys, the study’s first author and a recent graduate of the UCLA–Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program. “5-FC already has a well-established safety profile, which should make for a more rapid route to evaluating it as a new potential treatment for melioidosis.”
The other potential new therapy, which the researchers dubbed burkfloxacin, or BFX, is a synthetic molecule related to antibiotics in the fluoroquinolone class, which includes the well-known drug ciprofloxacin. In the study, it was extremely effective at blocking B. pseudomallei‘s growth. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Is there a better way of returning a value in c than having multiple return statements?
In getFieldSignExtended(int,int,int), I have if-else statements inside if-else statements. I have int result as a global variable of this function. Depending on where program control flows, I want this function to return result2.
At first I had one return statement at the bottom of this function, that didn't work and I found out that scope in C is not like in Java. Thus I return 1; at the bottom of the function, and I have 8 return result2 statements in the if-else blocks.
Is there a better way to organize this function? I don't want to nest if-else blocks and I want as few return statements as possible.
This is homework, but it was already graded and I'm just correcting a few errors that came up.
getFieldSignExtended(int,int,int) gets a bitfield from value from hi to lo inclusive (hi and lo can be == to eachother, etc.) and sign extends it (based on testing the sign bit). All of this code deals with 2's complement.
If you find any other big C convention mistakes, I'll be glad to correct them.
Thanks in advance.
int getFieldSignExtended (int value, int hi, int lo) {
unsigned int result = 0;
int result2 = 0;
unsigned int mask1 = 0xffffffff;
int numberOfOnes = 0;
if((hi == 31) && (lo == 0)) {
result2 = value;
return result2;
}
if((lo == 31) && (hi == 0)) {
result2 = value;
return result2;
}
else if(hi < lo) {
// Compute size of mask (number of ones).
numberOfOnes = lo-hi+1;
mask1 = mask1 << (32-numberOfOnes);
mask1 = mask1 >> (32-numberOfOnes);
mask1 = mask1 << hi;
result = value & mask1;
result = result >> hi;
if(result & (0x1 << (numberOfOnes-1))){
// if negative
int maskMinus = (0x1 << numberOfOnes);
maskMinus = maskMinus -1;
maskMinus = ~maskMinus;
result2 = maskMinus | result;
}
} else if(lo < hi) {
// The number of ones are at the 'far right' side of a 32 bit number.
numberOfOnes = hi-lo+1;
mask1 = mask1 >> (32-numberOfOnes);
mask1 = mask1 << lo;
result = value & mask1;
result = result >> lo;
if(result & (0x1 << (numberOfOnes-1))){
//if negative
int maskMinus = (0x1 << numberOfOnes);
maskMinus = maskMinus -1;
maskMinus = ~maskMinus;
result2 = maskMinus | result;
return result2;
}
}else{
// hi == lo
unsigned int mask2 = 0x1;
// Move mask2 left.
mask2 = mask2 << hi;
result = mask2 & value;
result = result >> hi;
if(result == 0x1){
result2 = 0xffffffff;
return result2;
}
else{
result2 = 0x0;
return result2;
}
}
return 1;
}
A:
sorry too much reading, and i didn't do anything in c for ages, but you can create small function which swap lo and hi, and set hi as bigger value and lo as lower,
then you will not need so many block which are basically doing same thing
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
What does :/= mean in %date:/=%?
While searching for a way to create a date-named directory in Windows, I came accross this question with that accepted answer.
There's a comment below the accepted answer:
To make it more easy: mkdir %date:/=%
So, %date% prints the current date, but what does :/= do?
A:
It means substitute for the string between the : and the = with the string after the = and before the closing %
So it strips out any / from the variable %date% which is set by default to the current date.
A:
The form of the command is
%variable:text=replace%
and it removes text and inserts replace in the same spot.
In your case the replace is empty so it just removes any / characters from the date string.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
This top award is given to select Members of Congress who have gone above and beyond in championing access to primary care and strengthening America’s Health Centers. Kim Sibilsky, MPCA’s Chief Executive Officer, presented the award to Senator Stabenow during a tour of the Center for Family Health in Jackson, one of Michigan’s 40 Health Center organizations represented by MPCA.
“We are tremendously grateful for Senator Stabenow’s long-time commitment to increasing access to primary care in Michigan and across the country. Her leadership exemplifies the value she places on Health Centers as critical sources of local care for so many who might otherwise go without care, and that is keeping people healthy and out of the emergency room, supporting local jobs, and saving the state and nation money,” said Sibilsky.
The doors of Health Centers are open to everyone, regardless of insurance status or income level. Teams of health care professionals provide medical, dental, behavioral health, and pharmacy services. Health Centers also provide services that help individuals and families overcome common barriers to accessing care, such as transportation, translation, and insurance enrollment assistance.
Today, Health Centers are health care homes for 23 million people nationwide, including more than 600,000 Michigan residents.
“As we look to 2015, Health Centers face a potential reduction in the federal support they receive that is critical to ensuring their current patients have access to care, and that they are able to expand care for the millions more who still lack access to a primary care provider. We are thankful that Senator Stabenow is leading the bi-partisan effort to ensure Congress continues its investment of the Health Center program, which has a 50-year history of improving health, saving lives, and reducing health care costs,” said Sibilsky.
Michigan Primary Care Association is the voice for Health Centers and other community-based providers in Michigan. Its mission is to promote, support, and develop comprehensive, accessible, and affordable community-based health care services to everyone in Michigan.
Founded in 1970, the National Association of Community Health Centers (NACHC) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to enhance and expand access to quality, community-responsive health care for America’s medically underserved and uninsured. NACHC represents the nation’s network of over 1,300 Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) which serve over 23 million people through over 9,000 sites located in all of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Only Execute on Certain Frames in SFML
I am still fairly new to SFML, and right now I am trying to make a basic scrolling plane game. I've got most of the basic stuff down, but I'm beginning to notice that the screen looks laggy. I'm using the window.setFrameRateLimit function so that the result of movement is the same on all computers, but it makes random lag spikes happen while the program is executing. I think it's doing this because of the limit on the frame rate, and because of how it does that. Is there another better way to only have the program execute at certain times? Ideally, it would also move at the same speed on slower computers.
A:
It seems the setFrameRateLimit lag spikes was fixed in SFML 2.0. If you cannot upgrade to SFML 2.0, then you can add your own frame rate limiter. This involves adding a sleep() to your game loop. For example:
while(App.IsOpened()) {
float time = Clock.GetElapsedTime();
// update game
// draw game
float timeToWait = (1.0 / FRAMES_PER_SECOND) - (Clock.GetElapsedTime() - time);
if(timeToWait > 0) {
sleep(timeToWait * 1000);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
from typing import List
import pytest
from aioresponses import aioresponses
import rasa.core
from rasa.core.actions import action
from rasa.core.actions.action import (
ActionBack,
ActionDefaultAskAffirmation,
ActionDefaultAskRephrase,
ActionDefaultFallback,
ActionExecutionRejection,
ActionListen,
ActionRestart,
ActionUtterTemplate,
ActionRetrieveResponse,
RemoteAction,
ActionSessionStart,
)
from rasa.core.actions.forms import FormAction
from rasa.core.channels import CollectingOutputChannel
from rasa.shared.core.domain import SessionConfig, Domain
from rasa.shared.core.events import (
Restarted,
SlotSet,
UserUtteranceReverted,
BotUttered,
ActiveLoop,
SessionStarted,
ActionExecuted,
Event,
UserUttered,
)
from rasa.core.nlg.template import TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator
from rasa.shared.core.constants import (
USER_INTENT_SESSION_START,
ACTION_LISTEN_NAME,
ACTION_RESTART_NAME,
ACTION_SESSION_START_NAME,
ACTION_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_NAME,
ACTION_DEACTIVATE_LOOP_NAME,
ACTION_REVERT_FALLBACK_EVENTS_NAME,
ACTION_DEFAULT_ASK_AFFIRMATION_NAME,
ACTION_DEFAULT_ASK_REPHRASE_NAME,
ACTION_BACK_NAME,
ACTION_TWO_STAGE_FALLBACK_NAME,
RULE_SNIPPET_ACTION_NAME,
ACTIVE_LOOP,
)
from rasa.shared.core.trackers import DialogueStateTracker
from rasa.utils.endpoints import ClientResponseError, EndpointConfig
from tests.utilities import json_of_latest_request, latest_request
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def template_nlg():
templates = {
"utter_ask_rephrase": [{"text": "can you rephrase that?"}],
"utter_restart": [{"text": "congrats, you've restarted me!"}],
"utter_back": [{"text": "backing up..."}],
"utter_invalid": [{"text": "a template referencing an invalid {variable}."}],
"utter_buttons": [
{
"text": "button message",
"buttons": [
{"payload": "button1", "title": "button1"},
{"payload": "button2", "title": "button2"},
],
}
],
}
return TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator(templates)
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def template_sender_tracker(default_domain):
return DialogueStateTracker("template-sender", default_domain.slots)
def test_text_format():
assert "{}".format(ActionListen()) == "Action('action_listen')"
assert (
"{}".format(ActionUtterTemplate("my_action_name"))
== "ActionUtterTemplate('my_action_name')"
)
assert (
"{}".format(ActionRetrieveResponse("utter_test"))
== "ActionRetrieveResponse('utter_test')"
)
def test_domain_action_instantiation():
domain = Domain(
intents=[{"chitchat": {"is_retrieval_intent": True}}],
entities=[],
slots=[],
templates={},
action_names=["my_module.ActionTest", "utter_test", "utter_chitchat"],
forms=[],
)
instantiated_actions = [
action.action_for_name(action_name, domain, None)
for action_name in domain.action_names
]
assert len(instantiated_actions) == 14
assert instantiated_actions[0].name() == ACTION_LISTEN_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[1].name() == ACTION_RESTART_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[2].name() == ACTION_SESSION_START_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[3].name() == ACTION_DEFAULT_FALLBACK_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[4].name() == ACTION_DEACTIVATE_LOOP_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[5].name() == ACTION_REVERT_FALLBACK_EVENTS_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[6].name() == ACTION_DEFAULT_ASK_AFFIRMATION_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[7].name() == ACTION_DEFAULT_ASK_REPHRASE_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[8].name() == ACTION_TWO_STAGE_FALLBACK_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[9].name() == ACTION_BACK_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[10].name() == RULE_SNIPPET_ACTION_NAME
assert instantiated_actions[11].name() == "my_module.ActionTest"
assert instantiated_actions[12].name() == "utter_test"
assert instantiated_actions[13].name() == "utter_chitchat"
async def test_remote_action_runs(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
with aioresponses() as mocked:
mocked.post(
"https://example.com/webhooks/actions",
payload={"events": [], "responses": []},
)
await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
r = latest_request(mocked, "post", "https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
assert r
assert json_of_latest_request(r) == {
"domain": default_domain.as_dict(),
"next_action": "my_action",
"sender_id": "my-sender",
"version": rasa.__version__,
"tracker": {
"latest_message": {
"entities": [],
"intent": {},
"text": None,
"message_id": None,
"metadata": {},
},
ACTIVE_LOOP: {},
"latest_action": {},
"latest_action_name": None,
"sender_id": "my-sender",
"paused": False,
"latest_event_time": None,
"followup_action": "action_listen",
"slots": {"name": None},
"events": [],
"latest_input_channel": None,
},
}
async def test_remote_action_logs_events(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
response = {
"events": [{"event": "slot", "value": "rasa", "name": "name"}],
"responses": [
{
"text": "test text",
"template": None,
"buttons": [{"title": "cheap", "payload": "cheap"}],
},
{"template": "utter_greet"},
],
}
with aioresponses() as mocked:
mocked.post("https://example.com/webhooks/actions", payload=response)
events = await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
r = latest_request(mocked, "post", "https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
assert r
assert json_of_latest_request(r) == {
"domain": default_domain.as_dict(),
"next_action": "my_action",
"sender_id": "my-sender",
"version": rasa.__version__,
"tracker": {
"latest_message": {
"entities": [],
"intent": {},
"text": None,
"message_id": None,
"metadata": {},
},
ACTIVE_LOOP: {},
"latest_action": {},
"latest_action_name": None,
"sender_id": "my-sender",
"paused": False,
"followup_action": "action_listen",
"latest_event_time": None,
"slots": {"name": None},
"events": [],
"latest_input_channel": None,
},
}
assert len(events) == 3 # first two events are bot utterances
assert events[0] == BotUttered(
"test text", {"buttons": [{"title": "cheap", "payload": "cheap"}]}
)
assert events[1] == BotUttered(
"hey there None!", metadata={"template_name": "utter_greet"}
)
assert events[2] == SlotSet("name", "rasa")
async def test_remote_action_utterances_with_none_values(
default_channel, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
response = {
"events": [
{"event": "form", "name": "restaurant_form", "timestamp": None},
{
"event": "slot",
"timestamp": None,
"name": "requested_slot",
"value": "cuisine",
},
],
"responses": [
{
"text": None,
"buttons": None,
"elements": [],
"custom": None,
"template": "utter_ask_cuisine",
"image": None,
"attachment": None,
}
],
}
nlg = TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator(
{"utter_ask_cuisine": [{"text": "what dou want to eat?"}]}
)
with aioresponses() as mocked:
mocked.post("https://example.com/webhooks/actions", payload=response)
events = await remote_action.run(
default_channel, nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"what dou want to eat?", metadata={"template_name": "utter_ask_cuisine"}
),
ActiveLoop("restaurant_form"),
SlotSet("requested_slot", "cuisine"),
]
async def test_remote_action_without_endpoint(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", None)
with pytest.raises(Exception) as execinfo:
await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert "Failed to execute custom action." in str(execinfo.value)
async def test_remote_action_endpoint_not_running(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
with pytest.raises(Exception) as execinfo:
await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert "Failed to execute custom action." in str(execinfo.value)
async def test_remote_action_endpoint_responds_500(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
with aioresponses() as mocked:
mocked.post("https://example.com/webhooks/actions", status=500)
with pytest.raises(Exception) as execinfo:
await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert "Failed to execute custom action." in str(execinfo.value)
async def test_remote_action_endpoint_responds_400(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
endpoint = EndpointConfig("https://example.com/webhooks/actions")
remote_action = action.RemoteAction("my_action", endpoint)
with aioresponses() as mocked:
# noinspection PyTypeChecker
mocked.post(
"https://example.com/webhooks/actions",
exception=ClientResponseError(400, None, '{"action_name": "my_action"}'),
)
with pytest.raises(Exception) as execinfo:
await remote_action.run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert execinfo.type == ActionExecutionRejection
assert "Custom action 'my_action' rejected to run" in str(execinfo.value)
async def test_action_utter_retrieved_response(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
from rasa.core.channels.channel import UserMessage
action_name = "utter_chitchat"
default_tracker.latest_message = UserMessage(
"Who are you?",
parse_data={
"response_selector": {
"chitchat": {
"response": {
"intent_response_key": "chitchat/ask_name",
"response_templates": [{"text": "I am a bot."}],
"template_name": "utter_chitchat/ask_name",
}
}
}
},
)
default_domain.templates.update(
{"utter_chitchat/ask_name": [{"text": "I am a bot."}]}
)
events = await ActionRetrieveResponse(action_name).run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events[0].as_dict().get("text") == BotUttered("I am a bot.").as_dict().get(
"text"
)
assert (
events[0].as_dict().get("metadata").get("template_name")
== "utter_chitchat/ask_name"
)
async def test_action_utter_default_retrieved_response(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
from rasa.core.channels.channel import UserMessage
action_name = "utter_chitchat"
default_tracker.latest_message = UserMessage(
"Who are you?",
parse_data={
"response_selector": {
"default": {
"response": {
"intent_response_key": "chitchat/ask_name",
"response_templates": [{"text": "I am a bot."}],
"template_name": "utter_chitchat/ask_name",
}
}
}
},
)
default_domain.templates.update(
{"utter_chitchat/ask_name": [{"text": "I am a bot."}]}
)
events = await ActionRetrieveResponse(action_name).run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events[0].as_dict().get("text") == BotUttered("I am a bot.").as_dict().get(
"text"
)
assert (
events[0].as_dict().get("metadata").get("template_name")
== "utter_chitchat/ask_name"
)
async def test_action_utter_retrieved_empty_response(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
from rasa.core.channels.channel import UserMessage
action_name = "utter_chitchat"
default_tracker.latest_message = UserMessage(
"Who are you?",
parse_data={
"response_selector": {
"dummy": {
"response": {
"intent_response_key": "chitchat/ask_name",
"response_templates": [{"text": "I am a bot."}],
"template_name": "utter_chitchat/ask_name",
}
}
}
},
)
default_domain.templates.update(
{"utter_chitchat/ask_name": [{"text": "I am a bot."}]}
)
events = await ActionRetrieveResponse(action_name).run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == []
async def test_action_utter_template(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionUtterTemplate("utter_channel").run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"this is a default channel", metadata={"template_name": "utter_channel"}
)
]
async def test_action_utter_template_unknown_template(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionUtterTemplate("utter_unknown").run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == []
async def test_action_utter_template_with_buttons(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionUtterTemplate("utter_buttons").run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"button message",
{
"buttons": [
{"payload": "button1", "title": "button1"},
{"payload": "button2", "title": "button2"},
]
},
metadata={"template_name": "utter_buttons"},
)
]
async def test_action_utter_template_invalid_template(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionUtterTemplate("utter_invalid").run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert len(events) == 1
assert isinstance(events[0], BotUttered)
assert events[0].text.startswith("a template referencing an invalid {variable}.")
async def test_action_utter_template_channel_specific(
default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
from rasa.core.channels.slack import SlackBot
output_channel = SlackBot("DummyToken", "General")
events = await ActionUtterTemplate("utter_channel").run(
output_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"you're talking to me on slack!",
metadata={"channel": "slack", "template_name": "utter_channel"},
)
]
async def test_action_back(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionBack().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered("backing up...", metadata={"template_name": "utter_back"}),
UserUtteranceReverted(),
UserUtteranceReverted(),
]
async def test_action_restart(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionRestart().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"congrats, you've restarted me!",
metadata={"template_name": "utter_restart"},
),
Restarted(),
]
async def test_action_session_start_without_slots(
default_channel: CollectingOutputChannel,
template_nlg: TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator,
template_sender_tracker: DialogueStateTracker,
default_domain: Domain,
):
events = await ActionSessionStart().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [SessionStarted(), ActionExecuted(ACTION_LISTEN_NAME)]
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"session_config, expected_events",
[
(
SessionConfig(123, True),
[
SessionStarted(),
SlotSet("my_slot", "value"),
SlotSet("another-slot", "value2"),
ActionExecuted(action_name=ACTION_LISTEN_NAME),
],
),
(
SessionConfig(123, False),
[SessionStarted(), ActionExecuted(action_name=ACTION_LISTEN_NAME)],
),
],
)
async def test_action_session_start_with_slots(
default_channel: CollectingOutputChannel,
template_nlg: TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator,
template_sender_tracker: DialogueStateTracker,
default_domain: Domain,
session_config: SessionConfig,
expected_events: List[Event],
):
# set a few slots on tracker
slot_set_event_1 = SlotSet("my_slot", "value")
slot_set_event_2 = SlotSet("another-slot", "value2")
for event in [slot_set_event_1, slot_set_event_2]:
template_sender_tracker.update(event)
default_domain.session_config = session_config
events = await ActionSessionStart().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == expected_events
# make sure that the list of events has ascending timestamps
assert sorted(events, key=lambda x: x.timestamp) == events
async def test_applied_events_after_action_session_start(
default_channel: CollectingOutputChannel,
template_nlg: TemplatedNaturalLanguageGenerator,
):
slot_set = SlotSet("my_slot", "value")
events = [
slot_set,
ActionExecuted(ACTION_LISTEN_NAME),
# User triggers a restart manually by triggering the intent
UserUttered(
text=f"/{USER_INTENT_SESSION_START}",
intent={"name": USER_INTENT_SESSION_START},
),
]
tracker = DialogueStateTracker.from_events("🕵️♀️", events)
# Mapping Policy kicks in and runs the session restart action
events = await ActionSessionStart().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, tracker, Domain.empty()
)
for event in events:
tracker.update(event)
assert tracker.applied_events() == [slot_set, ActionExecuted(ACTION_LISTEN_NAME)]
async def test_action_default_fallback(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionDefaultFallback().run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"sorry, I didn't get that, can you rephrase it?",
metadata={"template_name": "utter_default"},
),
UserUtteranceReverted(),
]
async def test_action_default_ask_affirmation(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionDefaultAskAffirmation().run(
default_channel, default_nlg, default_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"Did you mean 'None'?",
{
"buttons": [
{"title": "Yes", "payload": "/None"},
{"title": "No", "payload": "/out_of_scope"},
]
},
{"template_name": "action_default_ask_affirmation"},
)
]
async def test_action_default_ask_rephrase(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
):
events = await ActionDefaultAskRephrase().run(
default_channel, template_nlg, template_sender_tracker, default_domain
)
assert events == [
BotUttered(
"can you rephrase that?", metadata={"template_name": "utter_ask_rephrase"}
)
]
def test_get_form_action():
form_action_name = "my_business_logic"
domain = Domain.from_yaml(
f"""
actions:
- my_action
forms:
{form_action_name}:
my_slot:
- type: from_text
"""
)
actual = action.action_for_name(form_action_name, domain, None)
assert isinstance(actual, FormAction)
def test_get_form_action_without_slot_mapping():
form_action_name = "my_business_logic"
domain = Domain.from_yaml(
f"""
actions:
- my_action
forms:
- {form_action_name}
"""
)
actual = action.action_for_name(form_action_name, domain, None)
assert isinstance(actual, RemoteAction)
def test_get_form_action_if_not_in_forms():
form_action_name = "my_business_logic"
domain = Domain.from_yaml(
"""
actions:
- my_action
"""
)
with pytest.raises(NameError):
assert not action.action_for_name(form_action_name, domain, None)
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Introduction
============
Randomised controlled trials provide the most reliable evidence for quantifying treatment effect sizes.[@ref1] [@ref2] In the specialty of surgery, however, results of such trials are often criticised for being poorly applicable. The results of non-randomised studies are believed to have better applicability.[@ref3] [@ref4] [@ref5] [@ref6] [@ref7] [@ref8]
Applicability (also called external validity or generalisability)[@ref9] concerns a multidimensional concept depending on the extent to which participants, the context of care, and the interventions (and comparators) evaluated in studies are representative of, or can be reproduced in, usual care. The applicability of a trial's results could be limited if patients represent only a small proportion of those being treated in normal practice.[@ref10] The participation of centres with different resources and surgeons with different skills may mean that treatment effects observed in research may not be applicable, or at worst are irrelevant, to non-research settings.[@ref11] [@ref12] [@ref13] [@ref14] [@ref15] Surgical procedures are complex interventions that can be difficult to describe, standardise, and reproduce consistently in clinical practice.[@ref16]
Appraising the applicability of the results of a study is intertwined with the quality of reporting---that is, the extent to which an article provides information about the patients, the intervention, and the context of care (centres and surgeons' expertise). Articles often omit important details. Poor reporting of applicability data by researchers may be a barrier to applying research findings in clinical practice.
We tested empirically the hypothesis that non-randomised studies yield results that are more applicable than those of randomised controlled trials. For this purpose we identified items considered by surgeons to be essential for appraising applicability in research articles, compared the reporting of these data in published articles of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies, and compared the context of care (number of centres and surgeons involved) in published reports of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies.
We focused on minimally invasive and computer assisted navigation techniques for total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. These surgical procedures were chosen because they have been developed recently, are complex, and their success depends on patient selection, surgeon experience, and volume of procedures undertaken by a centre.[@ref12]
Methods
=======
We identified and selected eligible published articles of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies that assessed four surgical procedures: minimally invasive and computer assisted navigation techniques for total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. Next, we surveyed orthopaedic surgeons to identify items considered essential in assessing the applicability of evidence for these procedures to clinical practice. We extracted data on the reporting of essential applicability items using standardised methods and compared the quality of reporting for non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials. Finally, we extracted data on the context of care (number of centres and surgeons involved) and compared the applicability of the context of care for non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials.
Search for and selection of eligible studies
--------------------------------------------
We searched for all English language articles of trials that evaluated minimally invasive or computer assisted total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty in Medline and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials (see web extra appendix 1 for details of the search strategy). One author (LP) screened the titles and abstracts of retrieved citations to select the relevant articles. The a priori inclusion criteria were all randomised and non-randomised studies that compared total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty done by a minimally invasive approach or a computer assisted navigation system with one or more conventional procedures. We also included trials that evaluated minimally invasive procedures involving computer assisted navigation techniques.
A priori exclusion criteria were uncontrolled studies, non-therapeutic studies (in vitro, biomechanical, and epidemiological studies), pathophysiological studies, letters, ancillary studies such as a subgroup analysis, studies that compared two minimally invasive procedures or two computer assisted navigation procedures, cost effectiveness evaluations, and systematic reviews or meta-analyses. We also excluded studies that assessed the organisation of the healthcare system or interventions provided to care providers. When more than one article was retrieved for the same study, we considered only the earliest publication as eligible.
We used a standardised form to extract data for each eligible study (see web extra appendix 2): year of publication, type of surgical procedure (total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty, minimally invasive or navigation procedure), study design (randomised controlled trial, non-randomised historically controlled study, case-control study, or other non-randomised comparative study), sample size, whether a statistician or methodologist was included among the authors, the risk of bias, and items essential to interpreting the applicability of the findings.
Identification of items essential for interpreting applicability
----------------------------------------------------------------
To identify items relevant to applicability, we carried out a literature search, relying especially on criteria proposed by the CONSORT statement and its extension for non-pharmacological treatments[@ref17] [@ref18] and by Rothwell et al.[@ref8] Selected items (see web extra appendix 3) were classified into three main domains: the description of the patients, the description of the experimental intervention (for practical reasons we did not focus on the description of the comparator), and the context of care (centres and care providers).
In a second step we invited by email experts to participate in a web based survey: all corresponding authors of published articles of studies (with no restriction on the design) that assessed knee arthroplasty or hip arthroplasty identified by an electronic search strategy (see web extra appendix 4) and all members of the French Hip and Knee Society (SFHG, created in 1997 and consisting of 100 orthopaedic surgeons specialising in hip and knee surgery). For each item, surgeons had to indicate whether they agreed, on a scale of 1 (totally disagree) to 9 (totally agree), that the item should be reported in a published article of a trial. Surgeons could also indicate any other items that were not listed but were deemed important. The criterion used to classify an item as being "essential" for adequate appraisal of the applicability of the published results of a study was a score of 7 or more by 50% or more of respondents.
We did not invite other important stakeholders such as patients or policymakers because surgeons are usually the first line in appraising to whom and in which context trial results should be applied.
Extracting data on essential applicability items
------------------------------------------------
One author (LP) appraised the reporting of essential applicability items using a standardised data extraction form (see web extra appendix 2). The author also assessed whether applicability was considered in the discussion section. A random sample of 15% of the selected articles was reviewed independently by another author (IB) for quality assurance (see web extra appendix 5 for the proportion of agreement between the two reviewers). Items with a low level of agreement were discussed and, if necessary, all selected articles were reappraised after discussion.
We calculated the proportion of essential items reported for three components of applicability: description of the patients, description of the experimental intervention, and context of care.
Context of care
---------------
As well as evaluating the reporting of applicability data, we aimed to appraise the actual applicability of the results of the selected trials. Because appraising the applicability of published results of a study is difficult, we focused on only some components related to the context of care---the number of centres and number of surgeons involved in the randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies, assuming that studies with a low number of participating centres and surgeons had low applicability. When the number of centres and participating surgeons was not reported in selected articles, we contacted the corresponding author by email for this information. When authors did not respond we assumed that the number of centres corresponded to the number of orthopaedic centres reported in the affiliations of the article, and the number of surgeons was treated as missing.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Categorical variables are described with frequencies and percentages, and quantitative variables with medians (interquartile ranges).
To compare the reporting of applicability of the results of the two study types, we calculated the percentage of applicability items reported, from 0 (no item reported) to 100 (all items reported), for each trial for the three domains of patients, experimental intervention, and context of care. We compared the percentage of applicability items reported for randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies by a non-paired Wilcoxon test. The level of significance was set at P\<0.05.
Applicability assessments are described with frequencies and percentages. All data analyses were done using the R 2.8.0 software package (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Results
=======
The search strategy generated 207 articles: 84 were eligible and appraised (fig 1[](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Thirty eight studies were randomised controlled trials and 46 were non-randomised studies. Thirty four studies assessed total hip arthroplasty and 50 total knee arthroplasty. The experimental procedure was a minimally invasive one in 32 studies, a computer assisted navigation technique in 42, and a computer assisted navigation technique associated with a minimally invasive procedure in 10.
{#fig1}
Characteristics of selected studies
-----------------------------------
Table 1[](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} details the general characteristics of the selected articles. Articles were published between 2001 and 2008, with the highest number of publications in 2005 and 2006.
######
Characteristics of reports of non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials
Characteristics Reports of non-randomised studies (n=46) Reports of randomised controlled trials (n=38)
------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
Median sample size (interquartile range):
No of patients 92 (60-131) 90 (60-120)
No of hips or knees undergoing surgery 90 (78-132) 95 (60-148)
Designs of non-randomised studies:
Controlled cohort 30 (65) ---
Historically controlled 14 (30) ---
Case-control 2 (4) ---
Justification for absence of randomisation 2 (4) ---
Main outcome reported 18 (39) 23 (61)
Radiographic findings (for example, implant positioning)\* 17 (94) 20 (87)
Length of follow-up (months):
Not reported 10 (22) 7 (18)
≤3 15 (33) 20 (53)
3-6 6 (13) 5 (13)
6-12 9 (20) 1 (3)
12-24 4 (9) 3 (8)
\>24 2 (4) 2 (5)
**Patients' selection bias**
Non-randomised studies:
Patients recruited from same population 20 (44) ---
Consecutive series of patients grouped 16 (35) ---
Attempts to balance groups by design (matching) 15 (33) ---
Randomised controlled trials:
Generation of allocation sequence reported and adequate --- 18 (47)
Treatment allocation concealment reported and adequate --- 0
Groups comparable at baseline 32 (70) 33 (87)
Analysis adjusted for important confounders 1 (2) 3 (7.9)
**Evaluation bias**
Blinded outcome assessor 15 (33) 19 (50)
Independent outcome assessor (when not blinded) 11 (24) 5 (13)
Monitoring procedure reported 0 4 (11)
**Attrition bias**
All patients analysed 6 (13) 8 (21)
Rate of missing data reported 1 (2) 2 (5)
Methods to handle missing data reported 0 0
\*Occurrence of radiographic main outcomes over all types of main outcomes.
The median (interquartile range) number of patients for non-randomised studies was 92 (60-131) and for randomised controlled trials was 90 (60-120). Thirty (65%) non-randomised studies were controlled cohort studies, 14 (30%) historically controlled studies, and 2 (4%) case-control studies. Eleven (37%) controlled cohort studies were clearly reported as being prospective. The comparator was systematically another surgical procedure.
A primary outcome was clearly reported for 39% of non-randomised studies (n=18) and 61% of randomised controlled trials (n=23) and, when reported, was radiographic in 93% of reports (n=37). The duration of follow-up, when reported, was no longer than one year in 84% (56/67) of the articles. Adverse events were reported for 70% of non-randomised studies (n=32) and 61% of randomised controlled trials (n=23). A definition of severe adverse events was given in the reports of only three non-randomised studies (7%) and two randomised controlled trials (5%).
Survey of surgeons
------------------
Of the 512 experts contacted by email, 87 completed the web based survey. Respondents who were not orthopaedic surgeons (n=10) were excluded (see web extra appendix 6 for the flow of experts and web extra appendix 7 for a description of these participants). The results of the survey are summarised in web extra appendix 8. Eight items were classified as essential for patient characteristics and four for context of care (centres and surgeons). These items did not differ according to the procedure evaluated. Essential items describing the intervention varied by procedure: seven generic items were selected for all of the interventions (minimally invasive and computer navigated total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty) and nine items were selected specifically for minimally invasive procedures and seven for navigated procedures.
Reporting of essential applicability items
------------------------------------------
Tables 2[](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} and 3[](#tbl3){ref-type="table"} and figure 2[](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} describe the reporting of essential applicability items.
{#fig2}
######
Reporting of essential applicability items\*. Values are numbers (percentages)
Variables reported All reports (n=84) Reports of non-randomised studies (n=46) Reports of randomised controlled trials (n=38)
------------------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients: 77 (92) 40 (87) 37 (98)
Age 74 (88) 38 (83) 36 (95)
Sex 68 (81) 34 (74) 34 (90)
Body mass index 50 (60) 23 (50) 27 (71)
Underlying disease for THA or TKA indication 43 (51) 27 (59) 16 (42)
Functional status 25 (30) 14 (30) 11 (29)
Preoperative pain 3 (4) 1 (2) 2 (5)
Patient's preoperative deformity 14 (17) 10 (22) 4 (11)
Comorbidities 14 (17) 6 (13) 8 (21)
Setting and centre:
No of centres 35 (42) 16 (35) 19 (50)
Centres' surgical volume 2 (2) 2 (4) 0
No of surgeons 68 (81) 37 (80) 31 (82)
Data on surgeons' experience 35 (42) 16 (59) 19 (50)
Generic items selected for all interventions:
Surgical approach 56 (67) 30 (65) 26 (68)
Duration of intervention 58 (69) 30 (65) 28 (74)
Prosthesis implanted 67 (80) 33 (72) 34 (90)
Brand name of prosthesis 66 (79) 33 (72) 33 (87)
Type of fixation 58 (69) 30 (65) 28 (74)
Rehabilitation programme 29 (35) 17 (37) 12 (32)
Length of hospital stay 24 (29) 15 (33) 9 (24)
THA=total hip arthroplasty; TKA=total knee arthroplasty.
\*More than 50% of respondents rated these items as 7 or more on 0-9 scale in survey of sample of surgeons.
######
Reporting of essential items describing intervention specific to procedure evaluated\*. Values are numbers (percentages)
Variables reported All reports Reports of non-randomised studies Reports of randomised controlled trials
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
Items selected for minimally invasive procedures: n=32 n=21 n=11
Information provided to patients 3 (9) 1 (5) 2 (18)
Preoperative care 1 (3) 0 1 (9)
Anaesthesia protocol 11 (34) 7 (64) 4 (36)
Thromboprophylaxis protocol 6 (19) 5 (24) 1 (9)
Length of incision 26 (81) 17 (81) 9 (82)
Description of instrumentation† used in minimally invasive procedures 22 (69) 15(71) 7 (64)
Postoperative pain management protocol 8 (25) 4 (19) 4 (36)
Blood loss‡ 22/24 (92) 15/16 (94) 7/8 (88)
Antibioprophylaxis protocol‡ 3/24 (13) 2/16 (13) 1/8 (13)
Items selected for computer assisted navigation procedures: n=42 n=17 n=25
Description of navigation system 41 (98) 17 (100) 24 (96)
Brand name of navigation system 41 (98) 17 (100) 24 (96)
Type of navigation system (image based or imageless) 35 (83) 15 (88) 20/26 (7)
Characteristics of navigation system (open or closed) 2 (5) 1 (6) 1/26 (4)
Blood loss§ 2/5 0/1 2/4
Postoperative pain management protocol§ 0/5 0/1 0/4
Reports of trials assessing minimally invasive navigated procedures were excluded: non-randomised studies (n=4) and randomised controlled trials for total hip arthroplasty (n=1) and total knee arthroplasty (n=1).
\*More than 50% of respondents rated these items 7 or more on 0-9 scale in survey of sample of surgeons).
†Standard or specific.
‡Only for minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty (n=24).
§Only for computer assisted total hip arthroplasty (n=5).
The median proportion (interquartile range) of essential items for non-randomised studies and for randomised controlled trials for the description of participants was 38% (25-63%) and 44% (38-45%; P=0.60), for the description of the experimental intervention was 71% (43-86%) and 71% (57-86%; P=0.68), for the generic items was 50% (33-75%), and for specific items was 67% (49-75%; P=0.27).
The median proportion (interquartile range) of essential items describing the context of care for non-randomised studies and for randomised controlled trials was 38% (25-50%) and 50% (25-50%; P=0.17). The number of centres reported for non-randomised studies was 35% (n=16) and for randomised controlled trials was 50% (n=19). Details such as volume of care in the centre were reported for only two non-randomised studies (4%). Details on surgeons' expertise were reported for 59% of non-randomised studies (n=16) and 50% of randomised controlled trials (n=19). When reported, these details described years of practice for only one non-randomised comparative study (6%) and one randomised controlled trial (5%) and the number of experimental interventions carried out before the start of the study for 50% of non-randomised studies (n=8) and 55% of randomised controlled trials (n=11). For 38% of non-randomised studies (n=6) and 30% of randomised controlled trials (n=6) the surgeons were reported as "experts," without any further detail.
Finally, issues with applicability were discussed in the discussion section of 22% of the articles of non-randomised studies (n=10) and 21% of those of randomised controlled trials (n=8).
Context of care
---------------
The context of care was evaluated by comparing the number of surgeons and centres involved in the randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies. After we contacted the corresponding authors, the number of participating surgeons was known for 81% of the studies (n=68). Data on the number of centres were available for 58 studies (69%). For the remaining 26 studies, the number of orthopaedic centres reported in the affiliations was considered.
Figure 3[](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} describes the reported and actual number of participating centres and surgeons in the trials. The actual number of centres did not differ according to study design because most trials were carried out in only one centre: 82% of non-randomised studies (n=37) and 87% of randomised controlled trials (n=33). The actual number of participating surgeons was comparable between the two study types. One or two surgeons participated in 80% of the non-randomised studies (n=37) and in 82% of the randomised controlled trials (n=31).
{#fig3}
Discussion
==========
Our appraisal of 84 articles of non-randomised studies (n=46) and randomised controlled trials (n=38) that assessed four orthopaedic interventions (total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty carried out by a minimally invasive approach or computer assisted navigation system) does not support the hypothesis that, in general, results of non-randomised studies have better applicability than those of randomised controlled trials. The reporting of items judged "essential" for determining applicability did not differ between the two study designs. Important components of the intervention itself, such as protocols for preoperative care or management of pain, were rarely described. The proxy used to evaluate the applicability related to the context of care---the number of surgeons and centres---was similar between the trial types as well. Other factors potentially affecting actual applicability, such as the relevance of a radiographic primary outcome and duration of follow-up of less than one year, also did not differ by study design and limited the applicability of the results of the selected studies. Our results suggest that some reports of both non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials may be of uncertain value to surgeons, researchers, systematic reviewers, and decision makers.
These results inevitably prompt the question of why. Controlled studies in other healthcare specialties vary on a spectrum of "pragmatism" or "efficacy/effectiveness," addressing research questions focused on clinical or policy decisions or mechanisms of action.[@ref19] Are our findings evidence of general disinterest among surgeons about pragmatic questions or were the interventions reviewed here too new? Some examples of nationally representative studies on surgical outcomes, such as those involving national arthroplasty registers, may provide useful data, but such studies make up a tiny fraction of the surgical literature. In fact, no published articles evaluating the selected procedures used data from a national register or similar database with wide coverage. Furthermore, studies carried out in other specialties highlight the challenges of interpreting the findings of non-randomised studies involving a nationally representative sample.[@ref20] [@ref21]
How could we improve the situation? Applicability must be considered as it is usually done for internal validity at different steps of the trial: in the protocol, when deciding the eligibility criteria for the centres, surgeons, and patients but also when reporting the trial results by following the CONSORT statement,[@ref22] particularly the extension for non-pharmacological treatments.[@ref17] To tackle the question of the impact of the surgical learning curve, for instance, one author recommended that "surgical trials should report explicitly and informatively on the prior expertise of the participating surgeons."[@ref23]
Our results on applicability reporting are consistent with those for other trials, highlighting that authors pay insufficient attention to applicability in their published articles of randomised controlled trials.[@ref8] [@ref24] However, to our knowledge this is the first study to compare the reporting of applicability data in reports of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies. Furthermore, we took into account that applicability criteria vary depending on the procedure evaluated. In our study, orthopaedic surgeons contributed to the selection of relevant applicability items for each of the four interventions.
Limitations of the study
------------------------
The study has several limitations. Firstly, we focused on studies assessing the specific procedures of total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty, and these results should be confirmed in other surgical areas. However, we chose recent interventions that are increasingly being used in clinical practice. This choice also allowed for a detailed and precise assessment of applicability. Secondly, we focused on the reporting of essential applicability information for randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies and evaluated the actual applicability of the results of the studies mainly from data related to the context of care. We were unable to compare the representativeness of patients in reports of both study designs because essential information was often missing. Thirdly, for practical reasons we evaluated the context of care by focusing only on the centres and surgeons. Finally, we assumed that involvement of more centres and surgeons implies better applicability of results, but this assumption is not true when all participating centres and surgeons have high expertise. However, our results highlighted that most trials involved only one centre and one or two surgeons, and the applicability of results from such trials is probably debatable.
Conclusions
-----------
In conclusion, the study highlights the poor reporting of data related to the applicability and generalisability of results in published articles of both non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials. Furthermore, the appraisal of the applicability of results from the two trial types did not differ in terms of number and expertise of centres and surgeons involved and the reproducibility of the intervention. From these articles we were unable to conclude whether the patients who participated were representative. The results of this study need confirmation in other disciplines.
### What is already known on this topic
1. In the specialty of surgery, results from randomised controlled trials are criticised for having poor applicability to clinical practice
2. This argument is often used to justify the use of observational studies rather than randomised controlled trials
### What this study adds
1. Our results do not support the hypothesis that results from non-randomised studies of surgery have better applicability than those from randomised controlled trials
2. The reporting of applicability data was poor with both designs
3. Both study types were mainly single centre studies, with one or two participating surgeons
We thank the experts who completed the online survey: J N Argenson, J N Auyeung, T Baad-Hansen, D L Back, A R Barrett, M Bercovy, D Biau, R Bourne, P Boyer, K J Bozic, I J Brenkel, J L Briard, J Bruns, M Buttaro, P Calas, P Cartier, I B De Groot, F H De Man, C Delaunay, L Descamps, R Eisele, R H Emerson Jr, S A Ender, J A Epinette, M C Forster, F Frihagen, R Gandhi, L E Gayet, F Genet, A Gonzalez Della Valle, W L Griffin, R A Hall, M Hamadouche, D Hannouche, D Hernandez-Vaquero, B E Heyworth, C Hulet, C A Jacobs, P K Jaiswal, J Y Jenny, T Judet, R L Kane, V Karatosun, L Kerboull, Y S Kim, S Kohler, P Kort, J M Laffosse, G Lecerf, E A Lingard, S J MacDonald, O M Mahoney, A Martin, D Matlock, T Matsumoto, C W McBryde, H Mizu-Uchi, F D Naal, J M Naylor, R G Nelissen, M A Newman, R Nizard, V Oztuna, R Padua, J Parvizi, M K Petersen, A Phadnis, R Philippot, F Picard, P Piriou, R W Poolman, S Procyk, T A Radcliff, O Robertsson, A R Rochwerger, A Roth, O Sadr Azodi, D Saragaglia, A P Schulz, R J Sierra, J P Simon, M Soubeyrand, L M Specht, M Stevens, F Thorey, I Van den Akker-Scheek, C Vielpeau, R Wagenmakers, P Weinrauch, H Wu, P J Yates, and F Zadegan; Laura Heraty (BioMedEditing East York, ON Canada) who edited the manuscript for submission; and Samira Laribi who designed the website for the survey.
Contributors: LP, IB, BR, and PR conceived and designed the study. LP and IB acquired the data. All authors analysed and interpreted the data. LP drafted the manuscript. IB, BR, RN, and PR critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. PR provided administrative, technical, and material support. All authors saw and approved the final manuscript. LP, IB, and PR are guarantors, had full access to the data in the study, and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Funding: IB is supported by a grant from the Societé Francaise de Rhumatologie and the Lavoisier Program (Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes). The Funders were not involved in the conduct of the study or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not required.
Data sharing: The technical appendix, statistical code, and dataset are available from the corresponding author.
Cite this as: *BMJ* 2009;339:b4538
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Mobile devices include applications, such as web browsers, that can request content from providers, such as website servers. Content providers can enable advertisers to supplement the requested content with advertisements. In general, pay higher prices for advertisements that reach specific intended audiences because targeted advertisements may increase the chances of favorable responses to the advertisement.
For example, an advertisement provider designs a music download advertisement for mobile device users. Mobile device users who previously purchased and downloaded music are likely to have sufficient interest and sufficient disposable income to respond favorably to the advertisement. However, the advertiser provider may not want to pay to send this advertisement to numerous mobile device users who have not purchased and downloaded music, because these mobile device users are not as likely to have sufficient interest to respond favorably to the advertisement. Therefore, advertisers would want to send such advertisements to targeted mobile device users. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
{#sp1 .140}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The pandemic has basically severed the flow of non-essential goods and services, stalling parts of the economy.
As restrictions are slowly lifted in stages, businesses need to ensure consistent cash flow while they get back to business as usual. Let us help you manage your cash flow while you get your business running smoothly once again.
Creditors chase business owners for €90m debts
By Laura NoonanIrish Independent
Thursday November 12, 2009
STRUGGLING company directors, sole traders and business people have been personally hit with registered judgments of more than €90m in the first 10 months of the year, damaging their personal credit ratings and leaving them vulnerable to having assets repossessed.
The massive personal exposure of ordinary business owners to the financial collapse is revealed for the first time in new data compiled by debt monitor ‘Stubbs Gazette’ and the Irish Independent.
The €90m for the first 10 months of this year compares with €25.5m for the same period in 2008. The figures don’t include the €21.9m in judgments registered against builders and contractors in the first 10 months, or the €1.5m registered against those who gave "property developer" as their occupation.
The €90m also only covers registered judgments — an advanced stage of debt recovery where a judgment is actually registered in courts — and experts said those involved in business are likely to have been pursued for many more millions in unregistered judgments — a less advanced stage of debt recovery.
‘Stubbs Gazette’ boss James Treacy said the "vast majority" of the €90m was debt incurred for corporate activities, which was then pursued against company bosses who’d given personal guarantees or sole traders who did not have the benefit of limited liability."While the bankers are getting away scot-free and being rescued, this shows the harsh realities of entrepreneurship and business," said Mark Fielding, head of business lobby group ISME.
"The prevalence of personal guarantees means limited liability has gone right out the window." The €90m in debt was spread across 762 individuals, including 511 who gave their occupation as businessman, business- woman or business person, 151 listed as sole traders and 100 listed as company directors.
Debts under €10,000 accounted for 404 of the registered judgments, while another 209 were for debts of between €10,000 and €50,000, and 49 were for debts of between €50,000 and €100,000.
In the higher echelons, 71 people were pursued for debts of between €100,000 to €500,000 and 11 for between €500,000 and €1m.Just 18 were pursued for over €1m, including one company director who was hit with a registered judgment of more than €8m. The bumper judgments against well-known businessmen, like hotelier Hugh O’Regan, are not included as they have not been registered."These debts do not go away," said Mr Fielding. "These are business people who’ve striven to do their best and employ people and now they could lose their house."
Stubbs’s Mr Treacy confirmed the registered judgments were "very serious" and could lead to creditors seeking judgment mortgages against personally held properties or going for an enforcement order and handing the case over to the sheriff.
Even without either of those actions, a registered judgment "affects a person’s credit rating and can make it very difficult to get anything from a credit union loan", he added. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/**
* Copyright (c) 2010-2020 Contributors to the openHAB project
*
* See the NOTICE file(s) distributed with this work for additional
* information.
*
* This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
* terms of the Eclipse Public License 2.0 which is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0
*/
package org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.serialmessage;
import org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.SerialMessage;
import org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.SerialMessage.SerialMessageClass;
import org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.SerialMessage.SerialMessagePriority;
import org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.SerialMessage.SerialMessageType;
import org.openhab.binding.zwave.internal.protocol.ZWaveController;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* This class processes a serial message to enable or disable the controller
* SUC/SIS functionality
*
* @author Chris Jackson
* @since 1.5.0
*/
public class EnableSucMessageClass extends ZWaveCommandProcessor {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(EnableSucMessageClass.class);
public SerialMessage doRequest(SUCType type) {
logger.debug("Assigning Controller SUC functionality to {}", type.toString());
// Queue the request
SerialMessage newMessage = new SerialMessage(SerialMessageClass.EnableSuc, SerialMessageType.Request,
SerialMessageClass.EnableSuc, SerialMessagePriority.High);
byte[] newPayload = new byte[2];
switch (type) {
case NONE:
newPayload[0] = 0;
newPayload[1] = 0;
break;
case BASIC:
newPayload[0] = 1;
newPayload[1] = 0;
break;
case SERVER:
newPayload[0] = 1;
newPayload[1] = 1;
break;
}
newMessage.setMessagePayload(newPayload);
return newMessage;
}
@Override
public boolean handleResponse(ZWaveController zController, SerialMessage lastSentMessage,
SerialMessage incomingMessage) {
logger.debug("Got EnableSUC response.");
if (incomingMessage.getMessagePayloadByte(0) != 0x00) {
logger.debug("EnableSUC was successful");
} else {
logger.error("Unable to disable a running SUC!");
}
checkTransactionComplete(lastSentMessage, incomingMessage);
return true;
}
public enum SUCType {
NONE,
BASIC,
SERVER
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Below is an outline of the materials that each of you are responsible for
developing for Ken's briefing book. Please have the latest draft of
materials to me by Friday at 3:00 pm. I will be giving Steve Kean a draft
briefing book at that time so that he can review it over the weekend. We'll
have feedback to people by Monday morning and can finalize the book by Monday
evening.
Sections by Tab
Most recent update/backgrounder Jeff Dasovich
Legislative Matrix Miyung Buster
Edison Deal Overview Jeff Dasovich
Total Solution Proposal Jim/Robert/Jennifer
Most Recent Polling Data Mark Palmer
Press Responses/Talking Points Mark/Karen/Peggy | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} |
Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor in women with suspected preeclampsia: a prospective multicenter study.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major contributor to death and disability for pregnant women and their infants. The diagnosis of preeclampsia by using blood pressure and proteinuria is of limited use because they are tertiary, downstream features of the disease. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is an angiogenic factor, a secondary marker of associated placental dysfunction in preeclampsia, with known low plasma concentrations in the disease. In a prospective multicenter study, we studied the diagnostic accuracy of low plasma PlGF concentration (<5th centile for gestation, Alere Triage assay) in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia between 20 and 35 weeks' gestation (and up to 41 weeks' gestation as a secondary analysis). The outcome was delivery for confirmed preeclampsia within 14 days. Of 625 women, 346 (55%) developed confirmed preeclampsia. In 287 women enrolled before 35 weeks' gestation, PlGF <5th centile had high sensitivity (0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.99) and negative predictive value (0.98; 0.93-0.995) for preeclampsia within 14 days; specificity was lower (0.55; 0.48-0.61). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for low PlGF (0.87, standard error 0.03) for predicting preeclampsia within 14 days was greater than all other commonly used tests, singly or in combination (range, 0.58-0.76), in women presenting with suspected preeclampsia (P<0.001 for all comparisons). In women presenting before 35 weeks' gestation with suspected preeclampsia, low PlGF has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for preeclampsia within 14 days, is better than other currently used tests, and presents an innovative adjunct to management of such women. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sex Advice From Bike Jousters.
Interviewed by Kate Sullivan for Nerve Magazine, October, 2005.
Silken.
Bike jousters are very do-it-yourself, any tips for how I can creatively do it for myself?
Doing it for yourself isn't just about making a chair instead of buying one - it's about being the kind of person that would think to do that in the first place. And that can be applied to your sex life; you need to be comfortable with yourself and with the idea that you're going to do things perhaps differently than most people or just to make you happy.
What are the things I should include when creating an online personal ad? What are the things I should leave out?
I have a friend who treats his personal ad as a joke, but seems to want it to work anyway. He lives in a basement apartment in a house, and his last personal ad read: "Basement Troll Fears Dying Alone."
Did he get a lot of responses when he posted that ad?
I think he got one and he never responded back because the photo
freaked him out a little too much. I understand the appeal of online
personals because you can't
meet everyone you could possibly meet. You're not going to run into
everyone great in bars or in a bookstore. But when I see ads in the
back of papers, it's like I'm looking at stock
reports. Nobody looks really different. And presumably if you meet in
a public place, at an event, it means you share a mutual interest.
Food and sex: What's fair game and what's too gross?
I wouldn't find it gross, but I wouldn't believe in eating in the bed.
So the sex would have to take place in the kitchen?
I suppose. It's all just body fluid in the end.
What foods are too gross?
Well, I like a clean kitchen. I'm very aware of not using the same utensils for the eggs and the vegetables. So you'd think you'd want to apply those same rules to your body.
What's the best way to get a bike jouster to go home with you?
They'll probably be drinking a lot anyway, so I suggest just staying in their orbit after the joust and chances are you'll get your moment alone with them. And they'll be putty in your hands because they've already been made into putty earlier in the day.
Do bike jousters attract people who dig beat up guys? We interviewed roller derby girls last year and they said a lot men who liked girls with bruises liked the derby. Do you have those fans?
I don't know if its girls who like beat up guys, but there's definitely a general blood-lust in the crowd as a whole that is a little scary to confront. It's like, "Whoa, people. Get out more often. Stop watching so much TV."
99.
Photo by Silken.
What skills does a bike jouster have to offer in the bedroom? How can I acquire them?
A really sexy thing about good bike jousters is that they have well developed biceps. You can acquire them by carrying a PVC pipe that's like twelve feet long under your arm and riding your bike. And I think you can extrapolate how biceps would be useful in the bedroom.
Bike jousters are very do-it-yourself, any tips for how I can creatively do it for myself while my girlfriend is out of town?
Necessity is the mother of invention. Do-it-yourself often comes from lack of being able to do it any other way. You have to create the maximum demand in yourself, using minimal resources.
Are there any resources I might have laying around the house that I'm not using, but should be?
I'm sorry, I can't answer that for you, the thing about do-it-yourself is that you have to do it yourself.
I'm very attracted to a "wait until marriage" Christian-type who I work with; how can I get him to unbuckle his bible belt?
Ply him with alcohol. Just classic seduction.
Do you think that this is worth it? Is she setting herself up to deal with his massive guilt afterwards?
Oh, it's absolutely not worth it. It's a terrible idea. But - she could try a situation where they don't go all the way. Because I think a lot of those Christians are really into dry-humping and stuff like that.
What are the things I should include when creating an online personal ad? What are the things I should leave out?
I think you should include the number one complaint that your exes have had about you as a partner and I think you should leave out every other negative thing you can possibly think about yourself. And also, include a flattering photo of yourself.
What advice question did I not ask that you think is worth asking?
"What's the g-spot?" - would you like me to answer that?
Go for it.
I've found that due to some media blackout, a lot of people in my age group are like "Oh, I thought those don't exist."
Yes, I encourage people to find their own. And men should keep in mind that some women love to be touched there and some women hate it.
What's the best way to get a bike jouster to go home with you?
You have to wait until the end of the night, when the bars have closed and the fire has burned to the ground, all the Pabsts are empty... and say, "You want to go home with me?" And then you have a 99.9 percent chance of success.
A lot of y'all have said that so far.
Well, a lot of us are single.
Megulon-5.
Photo by Silken.
What skills does a bike jouster have to offer in the bedroom?
A bike jouster does something which is very stupid and unnecessary, even ridiculous. It's something that doesn't pertain to any other meaningful activity in real life. That, I feel, is an important ability to have in the bedroom, because the act of having sex is such a ridiculous act - the beast with two backs - it's an act where you can't be inhibited to be good at doing it. Right before you joust if you stop and realize what an idiot you are being, that will be detrimental to your performance.
Bike jousters are very do-it-yourself, any tips for how I can creatively do it for myself and my girlfriend?
The sex act is such a creative act; you're already "doing-it-yourself." I suppose there are all sorts of manuals and devices and pre-prepared things to do, but once you get down to it, there's no script.
How can I convince my boyfriend to have sex in a public place?
By withholding sex in private places.
What's the best way to get a bike jouster to go home with you?
Pick him up bleeding from the curb and tend to his wounds, prevent him from becoming too sober and put him in your basket.
Spiderman.
What skills does a bike jouster have to offer in the bedroom?
Well to begin with a bike jouster is the kind of person who will do anything. Personally as a bike jouster, I'm down for pretty much anything, be it typical missionary to doggy style, to sixty-nine to the jackhammer. Anything goes, that's the kind of attitude you have when you're bike jousting.
Bike jousters are very do-it-yourself, any tips for how I can creatively do it for myself?
I think you need to pick the right kind of equipment, first of all; a nice firm plastic shaft, with a soft, inviting tip.
Is there any biking equipment that I can involve in my sex life?
Oh yeah, plenty. To begin with all the lubes, all the gels, the oils...
Are those really safe for body use?
Yeah... mostly no. But there's a lot of padding, that'd be great, knee-padding. Helmets, if you
get really into it. Wear gloves for hard spanking if your hands are sensitive.
How can I become sexually adventurous without looking like a total slut?
Well, as a bike jouster, I would suggest that you just go for it. You don't even have to worry about your physical appearance, it's about the attitude. As in jousting, you want to approach it slowly. You want to warm up with a few laps, so when the games really begin you're ready to go, so practice.
To the mirror?
To the mirror; you want to get an opponent, maybe someone you can bounce your stuff off of and be bounced off of.
I had a one night stand with someone who has a decent personality. I don't want to date or even have sex with them again, is it possible that we could be friends?
I don't see why not.
How would you approach a friendship with a one night stand?
It's been so long. As a jouster, you take on lasting relationships. Bike jousters don't even have to worry about a one night stand being the last time they see someone. I guess you could say that jousters are hard, yet soft, as well -
I see how you're working this, pal.
I am a tall bike jouster.
How can you pick someone up when they are on a date with someone else?
A lot of eye contact, a lot of nodding and lip movement, a lot of little waving with the tips of your fingers.
How can I get my boyfriend to have sex in public places?
Just promise him that the jackhammer would be involved and then there'd be no question.
What is this "jackhammer" of which you speak?
If you don't know about the jackhammer, you have to become a tall bike jouster to find out.
My friend just started dating a woman I had a one night stand with a year ago. Should either of us tell him about it?
Absolutely not. That's Code 75 of the Tall Bike Jousters Manual, which says that you can sleep with whoever you want whenever you want and wet your dipstick -
Wait a minute, I thought tall bike jousters were all about lasting relationships.
Is that what I said?
If you're going to do this "tall bike jouster rules" thing on every one of the questions, you have to stay consistent.
Okay. But I would say absolutely not on that.
What's a sexual practice everyone should try at least once?
Guess what my answer is.
I'm going to guess it's "the jackhammer."
There you go. Now you're thinking like a tall bike jouster.
What's a practice almost everyone could go their whole lives without?
They don't necessarily need to do a sixty-nine.
More trouble than it's worth?
Yeah. I mean you've got to be in a specific mindset to really appreciate that one.
Mindset and height.
Yeah, that's exactly right.
So, say a short lady is dating a tall man - what's the best position for them, so they are getting some face time during the act?
Well, the bucking bronco comes to mind, first of all. And the jackhammer would actually allow that - I'm serious! This is my serious face. You know where you can find an image of the jackhammer? Have you seen Team America? The jackhammer is involved in the puppet sex scene.
Who would make the ideal third for a threesome: a trusted friend or and attractive stranger?
Attractive stranger, hands down.
How should I go about finding an attractive stranger to be in my threesome?
Go to a tall bike jousting event.
The tall bike jousters are for that then?
Often. We do have squires after all, who hold our lances before we start jousting.
So would it be better to ask a squire since they're already kind of subservient?
Yeah. You want a squire. You want someone you can trust with your lance.
A straight friend of mine just broke up with her boyfriend and has been hinting drunkenly and sadly that she wants to mess around with me. I have the hots for this girl - but I know she's not a lesbian. I also know this is a "limited time offer" - should I get what I want while it's on the rack or should I pass it up to save us both some trouble later?
I'm interested in trying S&M with someone I am casually dating. What's the best way to break the ice?
I would approach them by saying something like, "I don't know if you're aware, but I have a hobby, and it's tall bike jousting. And I wear this equipment to protect myself during the jousting and I've always wondered you know how I might look with the equipment on and nothing else on. Can you take a look?"
What are the things I should include when creating an online personal ad? What are the things I should leave out? And say I'm NOT a tall bike jouster.
BUT I AM!
But you're advising those who are not.
Okay. Well, I would suggest using a lot of humor. Include a couple of factual things, but for the questions or categories that are ridiculous seeming, answer them in a humorous way and when someone picks up on your humor, you can start talking to them.
Is there a way I can recover from calling a woman someone else's name in bed?
Oh, yeah. If you don't finish the name as you're calling it out and you turn that word into something about something else, like the weather: "Oh Sannn--'s gonna be a hot one tomorrow."
What if the name was you called out was complete and a man's? What then?
I'm not sure how you'd get out of that. I'd have to be in the situation. But I could get out of it. Most tall bike jousters could. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
[The role of tumor markers in diagnosing metastases of gastric cancer: preoperative diagnostics (part I)].
Preoperative indices of cancer embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigens 19-9(CA)19-9, 72-4(CA)72-4, and alfa-fetaprotein (AFP) in 60 patients with gastric cancer were compared with the results of postoperative staging of the malignant process. It was found that increased concentration of one of the tumor markers were not a significant diagnostic sign of the metastases of gastric cancer. CEA is considered as an exception since its more than one and a half elevation (more than 3.75 ng/ml) suggests the presence of metastases with 80% probability. An increased concentration of any two oncomarkers (CEA, CA19-9, CA 72-4) points to the metastases of gastric cancer with 83.3% probability and usually coincides with the presence of distant metastases. A simultaneous elevation of indices of three tumor markers does not occur in gastric cancer. AFP is not informative in cases of gastric cancer and its dissemination. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Parallel preparation of plan-view transmission electron microscopy specimens by vapor-phase etching with integrated etch stops.
Specimen preparation remains a practical challenge in transmission electron microscopy and frequently limits the quality of structural and chemical characterization data obtained. Prevailing methods for thinning of specimens to electron transparency are serial in nature, time consuming, and prone to producing artifacts and specimen failure. This work presents an alternative method for the preparation of plan-view specimens using isotropic vapor-phase etching with integrated etch stops. An ultrathin amorphous etch-stop layer simultaneously serves as an electron transparent support membrane whose thickness is defined by a controlled growth process such as atomic layer deposition with sub-nanometer precision. This approach eliminates the need for mechanical polishing or ion milling to achieve electron transparency, and reduces the occurrence of preparation induced artifacts. Furthermore, multiple specimens from a plurality of samples can be thinned in parallel due to high selectivity of the vapor-phase etching process. These features enable dramatic reductions in preparation time and cost without sacrificing specimen quality and provide advantages over wet etching techniques. Finally, we demonstrate a platform for high-throughput transmission electron microscopy of plan-view specimens by combining the parallel preparation capabilities of vapor-phase etching with wafer-scale micro- and nanofabrication. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Noise resistant microcontroller used in high power inverters for PWM generating
In order to generate PWM pulses for driving switches of a high power(80 kW) three-phase inverter,which microcontroller family(and which member) is suitable? ,taking into account the noise effects on microcontroller operation due to switching.
A:
It's not about the microcontroller, it's about the circuit around it to keep nasty spikes off the micro. This will require very careful attention to layout, proper grounding, and probably also shielding of critical parts. This applies both to the emitters of the noise and the things susceptible to the noise.
The best way to deal with noise is prevent emitting it in the first place, or keeping it contained when you do. After that it's designing everything else to be noise tolerant. Part selection can help, but again, the real issue is good circuit design.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Charlevoix Airport
Charlevoix Airport is located south southwest of La Malbaie, in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality of Quebec, Canada.
References
External links
Official site
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
Category:Registered aerodromes in Capitale-Nationale | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
March 15, 2009
General Electric - Nothing but a Hedge Fund
GE for years has been nothing but a hedge fund masquerading as a company with a lot of high-risk bets and accounting tricks. They were always able to make their predictable earnings like clockwork because they pulled out the earnings from GE Capital when they needed them to even it all out.
No one's ever been able to fully understand all their liabilities. If they make the company completely transparent next week, investors are not going to like what they see.
VISIT THE NEW WEBSITE for exclusive content:
BIO
Peter David Schiff (born March 23, 1963) is an American economist, author, commentator and popular video blogger. Schiff, a licensed stock broker, is the president of Euro Pacific Capital, headquartered in Westport, Connecticut | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to adsorbents used for cleaning (deodorizing, decoloring and extracting impurities) of gases and liquids or for various other applications, methods for producing the same and applications thereof.
More specifically, the present invention relates to indoor ambient air cleaning members, methods for cleaning air, air cleaning devices, dehumidifying materials for inner gas of dual-glass window, drying agents for organic solvents, adsorbents for hard disk drives and freshness keeping member, all of which utilize the adsorbents.
The present invention also relates to ambiance humidity regulating members that provide controlled humidity of the ambiance when it is placed therein.
2. Related Prior Art
Adsorbents that are supported on a porous base member such as net sheets, fibers, foams and so on by utilizing binders and the like are known in the art. The adsorbents are utilized to carry out cleaning processing of gases and liquids. Since conventional adsorbent materials are porous materials themselves and have brittle surfaces, dust particles are generated upon exerting mechanical loads thereon, thereby contaminating the target gases and liquids with the dust particles.
The Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H11-57,377 discloses that the contamination with the dust particles can be prevented by introducing an absorbing material within a vessel that sealingly contains a perforated sheet having permeability to air. However, breakage or pinhole tends to be occurred in the perforated sheet to easily release the generated dust particles.
Increasing capacity of and miniaturization of hard disk (hereinafter called as “HD”), one of storage devices, are rapidly advanced in recent years, and the levels of the requirements for the hard disk drive (hereinafter called as “HDD”), finished products of the HD, are increasing from year to year. The required performances for the HDD include better dehumidifying and maintaining cleanliness within the HDD. These performances are required because a contamination within the HDD generally leads to disk errors, damages of HD and damages of magnetic heads thereof. Therefore, it would be ideal to eliminate the contamination source such as organic gases from the interior of the HDD. However in reality, since the HDD includes a number of parts therein that contain adhesives for assembling thereof, contamination particles and gases are generated from the parts assembled therein or adhesives, thereby generally contaminating the interior of the HDD.
In order to prevent such contamination, technologies of adsorbing and removing the generated gases are disclosed. For example, the Japanese Application Unexamined Publications No. H10-321 and No. H11-57,377 disclose adsorbents in which an adsorbing material is closely packed within a container formed of porous PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) films. The adsorbents described in these Publications comprise an adsorbing material closely packed by PTFE films, for the purpose of removing the gases generated from the interior of the HDD by the adsorbing material and preventing the interior contamination from the generated particles with the adsorbing material.
More specifically, adsorbing materials having better adsorbability generally include microscopic pores on the surfaces, and therefore the surface portions of the adsorbing material may be easily broken when a certain amount of mechanical load is exerted onto the surface by collision or sliding occurred between the adsorbing materials, thereby generating the contaminating dust. Therefore, the adsorbing material should be closely packed within a package.
However, the resin materials used for the package thereof such as PTFE film and so on are highly electrically insulative and thus, in general, electrostatically charged. Therefore, when the container is formed by the insulative material such as PTFE film and the container pocket is filled with the adsorbing material such as activated carbon or silica gel, the adsorbing material may be scattered from the container or adhered on the inside surface of the container due to the electrostatics. In this reason, it is difficult to fully fill the container with the adsorbing material without leaving dead space therein. Accordingly, the bulk volume of the adsorbing material contained in the container becomes lower and thus the problem of lower volumetric efficiency occurs in the HDD in which miniaturization thereof is required.
In addition, there may be a risk of providing insufficient sealing since the contaminating particles may be adhered onto the sealing interface of the PTFE film when the adsorbing material is packed with the PTFE film, and thus there may be a risk of contaminating the interior of the HDD.
Further, the base material of porous PTFE film for container is required to have a certain level of mechanical strength for forming the porous PTFE film to a container, and thus a corresponding thickness should be required. On the other hand, increasing the thickness of the porous film may be a factor for adversely affecting the permeability to air. In this case, there is no choice other than that the mechanical strength should be given priority over the air permeability. Thus, the adsorbability of the adsorbent contained in the container having less air permeability is, in turn, decreased.
Similar problems related to the adsorbing material and the container occur in other applications. Plants such as fruits, vegetables, flowers and so on (hereinafter called as “vegetables”) emit a trace amount of ethylene gas. The presence of ethylene gas in the storage atmosphere accelerates aging of vegetables, thereby deteriorating the freshness of the vegetables.
Japanese Application Unexamined Publication No. H02-138,935 discloses the materials for keeping freshness of the vegetables that adsorb and/or dissociate ethylene gas by activated carbon, zeolite, palladium supported carbon black or so on to keep freshness of the vegetables.
Since carbon black is a very fine powder, the carbon black may be easily scattered to easily blacken the vegetables.
Activated carbon and zeolite also easily create fine contaminating particles when they are in friction, and smudge the vegetables.
Further, since the vegetables also emit water vapor as well as ethylene gas, water condensation dew is easily generated on an interior surface of a bag container for storing vegetables. The condensed water, in turn, wets the adsorbing material such as activated carbon and zeolite, thereby significantly deteriorating the adsorbability for ethylene gas having hydrophobic nature. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
For mobile radio communications devices such as UE handsets operating within a mobile radio communications network, it can prove important to control various operational characteristics in an attempt to optimise performance of the handset within the network. For example, synchronisation of the UE with a network Base Station (BS) and/or the control of transmission power within the UE comprise important characteristics determining the overall efficiency of operation of the UE.
Techniques are currently known for attempting to maintain the required synchronisation and/or appropriate transmission power levels for the UE and commonly involve a signalling exchange between the UE and the BS. However, this has a disadvantageous effect on power requirements and on the signalling load within the network. In particular, the power requirements of the UE increased and limitations on the possible deployment of power-saving features such as “sleep mode” can lead to further operational inefficiencies. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>aert1.0/1.1.6</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="clap.snd">The sound of one hand clapping (snd)</a>
</body>
</html>
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
{
"message_queue":"redis://127.0.0.1:6379/0",
"webui":{
"port":5001,
"need-auth":true,
"username":"root",
"password":"150000"
}
} | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Spatial patterns of atrophied muscle fibers during exercised recovery.
The effect of run training during the recovery period on the spatial distributions of fiber type was examined in atrophic soleus muscle of adult rats following 28 days of hindlimb suspension. During recovery, clusters of damaged and type IIC fibers were observed, which were more pronounced in the exercised animals than in both exercised and nonexercised control groups. The results indicate that exercise during recovery following suspension-induced hindlimb muscle atrophy produces changes in the soleus fiber-type cross-sectional area, both absolute and relative. These changes were not seen in the sedentary recovery group or in control rats exposed to the same exercise regimen. The author concludes that this treatment, unlike neurogenic pathologies, does not cause any remodeling during recovery, in the sense of changed adjacency relations among fiber types. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fast microwave-assisted catalytic gasification of biomass for syngas production and tar removal.
In the present study, a microwave-assisted biomass gasification system was developed for syngas production. Three catalysts including Fe, Co and Ni with Al2O3 support were examined and compared for their effects on syngas production and tar removal. Experimental results showed that microwave is an effective heating method for biomass gasification. Ni/Al2O3 was found to be the most effective catalyst for syngas production and tar removal. The gas yield reached above 80% and the composition of tar was the simplest when Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was used. The optimal ratio of catalyst to biomass was determined to be 1:5-1:3. The addition of steam was found to be able to improve the gas production and syngas quality. Results of XRD analyses demonstrated that Ni/Al2O3 catalyst has good stability during gasification process. Finally, a new concept of microwave-assisted dual fluidized bed gasifier was put forward for the first time in this study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Waiting for a MeeGo: Intel and Nokia to Open Repository
Following the announcement in February, the subsequent weeks were pretty quiet around the MeeGo mobile platform. The reason why: no code.
If it were up to Intel and Nokia, we'd be seeing the first devices with the new platform around the end of year. MeeGo is a merge of Maemo and Moblin. However, there's been a general silence about it since the announcement mid-February, with no nice screenshots or source code publicly available.
One reason for the silence is the particularities of the merger. While Intel meant its Moblin platform primarily for netbooks and smartphones based on its Atom processor, Nokia's Maemo and its related devices are based specifically on the ARM platform. Many Maemo fans thus fear that Maemo will get short shrift in relation to Moblin. That this is not the case was raised rather vehemently by Valtteri Halla, coleader of the MeeGo technical steering group, in a blog the beginning of March. According to Halla, Nokia's N900 will serve as a reference design next to Intel's Atom motherboards for MeeGo development. Work is supposedly being done at a high pitch to get the first MeeGo release out by the end of March.
Big tickets
While ARM and x86 are being developed in parallel, the merger required three commonalities, which Hallas describes as the "big ticket items":
Qt should be implemented as the widget set (which is no surprise after Nokia's takeover of Trolltech). Maemo was originally based on the Gtk widget set, but a transition to Qt was already planned for MeeGo from the start.
The package manager should transition from apt-get to RPM (or yum), which Intel had been advocating, a decision with a direct bearing on the third big ticket item:
The build environment. For this, the three partners, Intel, Nokia and the hosting Linux Foundation, settled on the OpenSUSE Build Service. Intel had already integrated Moblin into the build service with some success.
What's ahead?
Before code can be released, a common code basis and repository are needed. Recently the MeeGo team requested from the steering group to form a repository working group that would be responsible for managing the public repository.
Then there are a number of smaller ticket items to discuss. As Hallas writes, some agreement prevails as to using X.org as the X server, Connman as the network manager, Gstreamer, D-Bus and the commonly developed Ofono telephony solution. Another item under discussion is the browser. While some developers are already working on Firefox Fennec for MeeGo, Arjan van de Ven, on the MeeGo developer list, is advocating Webkit or Chrome for better performance reasons:
"I would be seriously concerned about using either Firefox or Fennec on a mobile device. Looking at the current ecosystem, it's very clear that webkit is winning on the small side of the hardware world, and on the big side, it's making big strides as well with Chrome. While I don't want to discourage discussion, I think taking one step back and wondering if Fennec is the right choice in the first place would be very appropriate...."
A compromise solution being considered is using Webkit to access the Web, then Fennec or some other as the standard browser. Once these details are cleared up and the source packages are ready, we can count on a first test version. If this can occur by end of March is questionable based on the ongoing discussion, so we'll likely hear more about it in April. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Customer rating on this product:
Pod MX K300 Knee Brace Right
Our price: $251.99
"Customer service is priority #1 at Rocky Mountain ATV/MC. We value our customers and strive to be the best shopping experience- when you buy from us, you are buying lifetime service."
-Dan Thomas, CEO and Founder
Returns
We take pride in offering no hassle returns. In the event of a return, please call, email or chat with us to receive a solution to the problem. For apparel that doesn't fit quite right, Click here to see our Fit Guaranteed Program.
Warranties
We will stand behind all products we sell with regards to manufacturing defects in workmanship and material. Most products are limited to the manufacturer's warranty. However, we will do everything in our power to take care of the problem.
The Pod K300 MX Knee Brace sets new standards in ergonomics and function. Nothing is stronger, lighter and slimmer. Developed with feedback from professional MX, FMX and off-road riders the Pod K300 MX Knee Brace supports your knee so you can ride with confidence.
0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Best knee brace
Ethan in California
Comments On Dec 01, 2013:The pod knee brace is the most comfortable knee brace I've ever rode with, and the most derable. You barily notice it being there. It also really helps on thoughts hard landings.
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0 of 0 people found this review helpful.
Try them befor you buy them
FRANK in TX
Comments On May 28, 2013:Ordered these for my daughter. The sizing chart was accurate for the fit, so all is well there. Put them on when they arrived and she said they were comfortable. Rode the track one time and on each leg at the bottom of each brace she had a bruise on each side of her leg. We will have to return as it becomes too painful for her to use them. We tried on a different brand and will give them a go. I know Rocky Mountain will accept them and we will be able to exchange them! Thank You for yall's awesome customer service every time! | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Adverse and hormetic effects in rats exposed for 12 months to low dose mixture of 13 chemicals: RLRS part III.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of thirteen common chemicals on rats, after a one-year exposure to doses around the acceptable daily intake (ADIs), using blood and urinary tests. The influence of low doses of the mixture on weight gain, water consumption, feed consumption and feed efficiency, biochemistry parameters, haematological parameters, blood lymphocytes subsets, serum inflammation profile and urine parameters was evaluated. Our mixture caused a moderate monotonic increase of the males' appetite and a non-monotonic increase of anabolism and a monotonic increase of appetite for the females. Regarding biochemical parameters, the exposure to the test mixture caused non-monotonic increases of AST and ALT, a decrease of PChE in males and plausibly a monotonic biliary obstruction in both sexes. Monocytes significantly increased in low dose groups of both sexes. A significant decrease of all the lymphocytes subclasses and an increased expression of TNF-α protein associated with an increased expression of IFN-γ protein observed in various groups. It became apparent that after twelve months of exposure very low doses of the tested mixture had both non-monotonic and monotonic harmful effects on different levels on rats. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The weighty issue of Australian television food advertising and childhood obesity.
The aim of this paper is to provide an accessible overview of research literature on the link between childhood obesity and food advertising on Australian television. A systematic review of current medical, public health, psychological and marketing research literature surrounding the topics of childhood obesity and television food advertising, with emphasis on Australian data. Childhood obesity rates have tripled since 1985, mirrored by increases in consumption of energy-dense foods. Energy-dense food advertising is ubiquitous in children's television programming, but children's ability to perceive the commercial intent of advertisements only emerges gradually as a function of age. Until such time, children are trusting, and hence vulnerable, to food advertising, influencing their desires and purchase requests to parents. There is robust evidence to suggest that television viewing and childhood obesity are related. However, the direction of causation and specific contribution of food advertising remains equivocal. Moreover, the link between television and childhood obesity is surprisingly weak, with only a small independent effect size (approximately 1%). Television food advertising seems to have only a very small, indirect link to childhood obesity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context="${relativePackage}.${activityClass}">
<include layout="@layout/__picker_toolbar" />
<FrameLayout
android:id="@+id/container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<fragment
android:id="@+id/photoPagerFragment"
android:name="com.ody.photopicker.fragment.ImagePagerFragment"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
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| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
Is the RAM page size always the same of swap disk page size?
Could they be different in some case? How is RAM page size determined/changed?
A:
No. The processor page size equalling the page/swap file/volume unit size is common, for starters because it's the case for Windows NT on IA32 processors, but far from a universal given.
BSD 4.1 on VAXen, for example, pages to disc in units of clusters. The hardware page size is 512 bytes. A cluster is usually 1024 bytes, twice the page size. (In fact, it tries to be clever about pre-fetching extra pages for a page-in. So one or more clusters are paged in in groups called klusters.)
It's not the page size that changes. You have completely the wrong end of the stick there. The page size is fixed by the processor architecture. Processor architectures can support more than one possible size for a page. But those sizes are fixed.
It's the cluster size that can change. That's decided in software. One could in theory decide to rewrite BSD 4.x to operate in terms of 4KiB clusters on a VAX, for example. Again, though, because processor page sizes of 4KiB and larger are common nowadays, this idea is very rare.
Further reading
Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J. Karels, and John S. Quarterman (1988). "§ 5.2 Evoluation of 4.3BSD Memory Management". The design and implementation of the 4.3BSD operating system. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201061961.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 519 km
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 519 km () is a rural locality (a station) in Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 38 as of 2013.
References
Category:Rural localities in Altai Krai | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
Is there a way to count the number of columns satisfying a certain condition?
I have the following code:
import random
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
def countCol(row):
count = 0
for c in range(1, 7):
if (row['D' + str(c)] < 0):
count = count + 1
return(count)
data = {'ID': random.sample(range(1, 50), 5),
'D1': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5),
'D2': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5),
'D3': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5),
'D4': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5),
'D5': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5),
'D6': random.sample(range(-5, 5), 5)
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns = ['ID', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3', 'D4', 'D5', 'D6'])
df['Count'] = df.apply(countCol, axis=1)
display(df)
From the code it is obvious, I would like to count the number of columns that have a value smaller than zero. However, the code uses a for loop and the apply function, which makes me think this is a very inefficient approach to solve this problem.
Is there be a more vectorised or faster approach?
A:
Using DataFrame.filter and DataFrame.lt to get the correct columns and get booleans back where our conditions fit, then sum to count the amount of columns:
df.filter(regex='D\d').lt(0).sum(axis=1)
0 4
1 5
2 1
3 2
4 4
dtype: int64
If your ID column is always the first one, we can use DataFrame.iloc instead:
df.iloc[:, 1:].lt(0).sum(axis=1)
0 4
1 5
2 1
3 2
4 4
dtype: int64
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Kourtney & Kim's ratings have reportedly been in something of a slump since the show's debut last week. Has America's appetite for Kim and co. waned? After years of overdosing on the Kardashians, is this the nations' first step in getting back on the wagon?
Probably not, because this week's episode has lesbians. Hooray lesbians!
You can rag on this show all you want, but you cannot deny this one truth: The music to the Kourtney & Kim opening montage is perfect. It condenses the entire show into musical form. Just listen to the lyrics:
"Hummina hummina hummina hummina hummina
Hummina hummina hummina hummina hummina
Hummina hummina hummina hummina hummina
Showstopper. Showstopper."
There truly is nothing else to say.
The episode opens with Kourtney and Kim trying to imagine what Kim would look like pregnant. They do this in the same scientific manner that small children use: stuffing an oversized pillow inside the front of one's shirt. Kourtney says that a baby belly would balance out Kim's ass. I guess we'll know if that's true soon enough.
Scott, meanwhile, goes to a party at the house of his new bestie, Chapman. Inside, he finds not just an overdesigned interior and swimming pool, but also: lesbians. The look on Scott's face when they tell him they are lesbians is: OMG LESBIANS. He babbles something in the confessional about not wanting to have awkward conversations where he can't relate to the lesbians, because they are lesbians and he is not a lesbian, and also lesbianslesbianslesbians. Scott seems excited about the lesbians, is what I'm saying here.
Somehow, Scott manages to shake off his paralyzing lesbianxiety and befriend the other party guests, particularly one named Dani, who happens to look very similar to Scott himself. She also looks eerily like Chapman, who himself looks eerily like a Ken doll. There's a factory somewhere churning these people out. There must be. It's how Ryan Seacrest can be in so many different places all the time.
While Scott's partying with Chapman and his lesbian bros, Kourtney's at home with the kids. She tries to do yoga with Mason, who is three years old, and shockingly it does not work so well. It's kind of tragic, the way she's always shown alone at home with nobody to talk to but her own children. No wonder she video-chats with her therapist, Erica Hershey Jaffe, to complain that Scott's out without her. Jaffe tells Kourtney that she and Scott have two different ways of socializing, by which I guess she means that Scott does it and Kourtney does not. Kourtney's prescription: Write out your angry feelings towards Scott without showing them to him. We can all be assured that Scott will eventually discover and read these messages, because secret diaries are the Chekhov's gun of reality television.
What's Kim been up to all this time? Oh, nothing out of the ordinary: Hanging out with Jonathan, having psoriasis, stealing breast milk. You know, the yoosh. But seriously, Kim and Jonathan are stealing Kourtney's breast milk to treat the persistent psoriasis on Kim's legs. They won't just ask Kourtney to donate some to the cause, because sneaking around is, like, way better television. So while Jonathan diverts Kourtney's and Scott's attention, Kim sneaks away with a secret stash.
And it works! Or at least she tells Jonathan that it works; on my TV, Kim's legs looked just as psoriasis-y as before. Let The Great Boob Milk Caper begin!
Later -- and here is one of my many problems with these types of reality TV shows: you never know how much time has passed between one thing and another -- Scott goes to see his new lesbian buddies at Monty's. Dani brings a ton of her other lesbian buddies, which makes Scott nervous because "Kourtney would not be comfortable with me hanging out with this many guys, let alone this many girls." Witness the Lord Disick, testing the cage of his own creation.
But now it's Serious Time: The women school Scott on the challenges they face not being able to marry each other. Scott confesses that he never thought about the legal implications of marriage inequality, and all of America's like, "Yeah, it's not like it's been a highly publicized, controversial issue for years or anything."
When Scott comes home, though, Kourtney goes on the offensive, accusing him of drinking and of being more interested in his new friends than he is in their family. Scott tries to defend himself, but Kourtney's not having it and leaves. Kim helpfully explains, "She's feeling boring. Everyone calls her boring." And by everyone, I assume she means herself.
Kourtney goes to do some deep, introspective journaling email ranting about the situation. Kim enters and takes Kourtney's phone to read what she's written. Kourtney puts up the worst fight for her phone, basically handing it to Kim while saying "No. That's personal. Give it back," in a monotone. And you guys, you will never guess what happens next: Kim "accidentally" sends the email to Scott! Oopsies!
Scott shows up, has a fit, yadda yadda, then blows off some steam by going shopping with Dani, who from here on out I'm just going to refer to as Lady Disick, because now they're even wearing the same clothes. Lady Di tells Scott to talk it out with Kourtney, even though that's, like, such girly advice and she's not feminine, what with the lesbianness and all.
Meanwhile, like an evil queen in a fairy tale, Kim is still scheming ways to collect her sister's breast milk. Jonathan calls them "Bonnie and Clyde, with breast milk." They decide to ask Kourtney to donate it ... to Mercy, the kitten Kanye gave Kim in episode one. Because giving your breast milk to a cat makes so much more sense than giving it to your sister to treat her psoriasis. Hey, I bet that's the first time that sentence was ever written.
Kourtney says she'll pump if Jonathan will, which leads us to this terrifying spectre: a grown man having his nipples sucked away from his chest by a pumping harness. It's so uncomfortable to watch that Kim runs away, chased by her male best friend in her sister's breast pumping harness, and if you were wondering, yeah, that is definitely going to appear in my nightmares tonight.
Luckily, because these are Kardashian lives, not regular person lives, everyone lives happily ever after at the end of each episode. Scott and Kourtney talk it out, and Kourtney meets Dani and at least gives us a voice-over that she likes her, even though she basically refused to smile at her on camera. And Kim eventually just asks Kourtney for her breast milk for her psoriasis. And she gets it, straight from the source. Kourtney just whips out a boob and squeezes some milk directly onto Kim's leg. No, really, this actually happened and appeared on national television. Scratch what I said before about the nightmares; I may never sleep again. | {
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Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia in chronic renal failure.
Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a frequent and sometimes life-threatening complication of end-stage renal failure. Angiodysplasia (AD), vascular malformation, is the most common cause of recurrent lower-intestinal hemorrhage in patients with renal failure. We report four chronic hemodialysis patients with AD. All patients presented with severe anemia requiring transfusion. GI hemorrhage ceased spontaneously in three cases and after treatment with argon plasma coagulation in another. Diagnosis of AD is usually challenging, since its cause is still unknown, and its clinical presentation is variable. Lesions are multiple in 40-75% of cases, often located in the stomach and duodenum but can affect the colon and the jejunum. Diagnosis is improved by endoscopy which has a much higher sensitivity compared to angiography. Capsular endoscopy may reveal the hemorrhage site in the small intestine when regular endoscopy fails, and therapeutic intervention usually include argon plasma coagulation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Faculty or industry applications without phd advisor's letter
How is an application for an academic position seen if there is no reference letter from the graduate advisor? Are any of the potential issues for academic positions the same for industry positions? Do industry positions request letters of reference from phd advisors? I'm concerned I will not get a glowing letter from my phd advisor. Is a mediocre letter better than no letter?
A:
As someone who has served on academic search committees, I would say that you certainly raise a red flag about your application if you don't have your Ph.D. advisor as one of your references. Not having your advisor as a reference is not a deal-breaker, but it does raise questions.
A couple thoughts for you:
1) Your advisor may have a much different (i.e., higher) opinion of you than you might expect. They did choose to work with you, after all, and most advisors want their advisees to be successful. Unless you've done something to cause your advisor to actively dislike you, I'd suggest reconsidering asking your advisor. Even if the review isn't glowing, it could still be quite positive. [For example -- I wasn't sure how positive a reference from my advisor would be, but it turned out that he was able to say positive things about my grad-school experience and training that I had neglected to highlight in my application. His mentioning of those additional skills helped me get my first academic position.]
2) If your relationship with your Ph.D. advisor is especially strained, you may want to address your reasons for not including him/her in your reference list in your cover letter, CV, or some other document that you'd send in with your application. As an application reviewer, I value honesty -- if you state why you didn't choose your advisor as a recommender from the get-go, it sets a tone that you're not trying to hide anything. (We've all had tough colleagues and heard horror stories about advisors from friends, so we can understand.) Be careful not to disparage your advisor too much if you go this route, though -- you never know who on the other end might know your advisor.
Good luck with your applications!
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
At Yay Bikes!, our days are spent working to influence the conditions that help people safely and comfortably ride bicycles for transportation. That work takes many forms, some of which you likely recognize—parking bicycles with Yay Valet! at festivals to help people feel confident riding their bikes there; leading monthly Year of Yay! rides that help people acclimate to traffic; supporting people on How We Roll and Ride Buddy rides that teach them how to ride roads; offering annual Bike the Cbus and Ride of Silence events that bring our bicycle community together; riding with professionals throughout Ohio on Professional Development Rides that demonstrate how they can improve conditions for people who ride for transportation in their communities. Other work happens at the many meetings and other events we attend each month. Still more work occurs to develop communications, plan events, run an office and etc., etc., etc. And because our organizational values and theory of change demand a deep commitment to excellence and a meaningful investment in people, our work takes work.
We have a tiny staff. We could hardly be more “lean”. Staff doesn’t have the capacity to do all we’ve taken on.
BUT LUCKILY!
There is a vast, often unseen, machinery at work to help us accomplish all of the above. And that machinery is the literally hundreds of YOUs out there who support our programming every year. You park bikes, set up bicycle valets, make Year of Yay! buttons, lead rides, sweep rides, tie Ride of Silence arm bands, place signs, design routes, table at events, take and post photos, pour beverages, support registration, prepare mailings, raise funds, promote events, invite friends. You sacrifice your free time to attend ride leader trainings, your rides to support those who are new or struggling, your beer guzzling festival time to park bikes. You are an army of the givingest folks I have ever experienced, and our bicycle community is achieving the gains it is today directly as a result. We, together, are enacting change on a major scale throughout Central Ohio and beyond; we, together, are powerful.
Time and again what people say about Yay Bikes! and riding bikes in general, is that it’s the community that has made bicycling such a magical force in their lives. It’s true. And I invite all of you who share our values to come experience our community for yourself. Whether you ride or not, there is a place for you here, and we couldn’t be more grateful for your unique contribution to this hard, fun, life changing, excellent work. | {
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This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
In normal operations electronic/electric devices in installations usually generate undesirable electromagnetic energy, and such electromagnetic energy interferes with the operation of adjacent electronic/electric devices due to electromagnetic interference (EMI) transmissions generated via radiation. Such radiation results in electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI), which can interfere with the operation of other electronic devices within a certain proximity. Without adequate shielding, EMI/RFI may cause degradation or complete loss of important signals, thereby rendering the electronic equipment inefficient or inoperable. A common solution to ameliorate the effects of EMI/RFI is through the use of shields capable of absorbing and/or reflecting EMI energy. These shields are typically employed to localize EMI/RFI within its source, and to insulate other devices proximal to the EMI/RFI source.
A conventionally common shielding technique includes an apparatus or structure consisting of two component parts, namely a framework and a lid where the lid is mounted onto the framework. This shielding apparatus is functional to shield electric or electronic devices or components covered by the framework and the lid when the framework is mounted onto a PCB (printed circuit board) via a surface mount technology (SMT) welding method and then electrically connecting and mounting the lid onto the framework.
With such a two-part EMI shielding apparatus, the two component parts may have spacing between adjacent portions of the lid and the framework. This spacing allows EMI to pass therethrough, thereby reducing the shielding effectiveness of the two-part EMI shielding apparatus. With the tendency towards higher frequencies generated by more and more electronic devices, it is desirable, in order to acquire the desired shielding effect and to avoid RF (radio frequency) leak from the spacing, to reduce the spacing between the lid and the framework to be as small as practically possible.
To mount the lid onto the framework with currently available two-component shielding apparatus, bayonet catches or projections may be provided on the lateral sides of the lid and the framework. Since the bayonet catches or projections are located at the lateral side of the lid and the corresponding lateral side of the framework, it is necessary after assembly of the lid with the framework for the lateral side of the lid to partially overlap with the lateral side of the framework so that the bayonet catches or projections engage. But it is difficult to guarantee good engagement at each engaging location, and inferior engagement appears at locations of certain bayonet catches or projections, thus possibly increasing the fitting clearance. Resultantly, it is very difficult to achieve zero fitting clearance at the conjunction between the assembled lid and framework, and presence of such fitting clearance undermines the grounding and shielding performance and might lead to RF leak.
The term “EMI” as used herein should be considered to generally include and refer to EMI emissions and RFI emissions, and the term “electromagnetic” should be considered to generally include and refer to electromagnetic and radio frequency from external sources and internal sources. Accordingly, the term shielding (as used herein) generally includes and refers to EMI shielding and RFI shielding, for example, to prevent (or at least reduce) ingress and egress of EMI and RFI relative to wiring, cabling, or an enclosure in which electronic equipment is disposed. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Free software gettings from the featured in download websites! Browse the called for package lists, find out the hottest renews of the amazing programs solutions, and recieve right away! Do not miss opportunity to setup the greatest solutions: apply SoftEmpire to recieve package for free of charge. See the collection of free utilities and software trial versions. Select among computer services programs, setup managers, games, and all other forms of apps for your notebook or cell stuff! | {
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Aardsma, Ziegler, et al., had their hearts in the right place — almost nobody wants to see baseball slide back toward heavy, secretive, unpunished PED usage — but they were wrong. Marte’s suspension shows that financial incentives aren’t the only factor — or, perhaps, even a primary factor — driving players’ decisions.
Mariners designated hitter Nelson Cruz homered for the fourth straight game with a solo shot in personalized mlb jerseys from china Rougned Odor cheap jersey the eighth off reliever Nick Goody, giving him 37 homers and an AL-leading and career-high 115 RBIs.
3:35 PM ETScott LauberESPN Staff Writer CloseScott Lauber covers the Boston Red Sox for ESPN.com.Follow on MessengerEmailprintcommentBOSTON — It was the Tuesday before Thanksgiving in 2014, and the Panda cheap jersey mlb was about to turn into a turkey.
Kurucs is an athletic Texas Rangers authentic jerseys Latvian slasher playing for Barcelona’s reserve team and looks basketball jersey nba cheap gear like a guy teams can draft and keep overseas as he develops. He’s got good size and strength and can create his own shot, also passing the ball well and checking the right boxes for a wing. He had a meniscus injury early this season that caused him to miss wholesale jersey some time. We’ll see how much his ability translates and cheap Detroit Tigers jerseys lets him keep up at the next level, but Kurucs looks like an NBA-type talent. He stands out amid a thinner crop of European players than in recent years. One big board later, I’m still working on pronunciation.
I was depressed, Freese said. I was always depressed. I never tried to do anything to myself, but I didnt care about my life. I didnt care what would happen to me. It was almost to a point that if this is my time, so be it? And there was definitely a lack of care about my well-being at certain times, for sure.
Loria purchased the Marlins in 2002 for $158 million. A December report said he was looking for $1.7 billion for the club.?The sale couldnt be approved until the next MLB owners meetings, which are May 16-18 in New York.
Profar started for cheap Miguel Cabrera jersey the sixth time in seven games Tuesday night, and eighth overall. Rua has started three times and DeShields just twice. DeShields also had one start at designated hitter.
If James is the best player on the court, that will be the Cavs’ only chance at actually winning this series. As always, LeBron will have to do a bit of everything for Cleveland. He’ll have to guard and slow down Durant, and at times, maybe even Curry. He’ll have to be a playmaker and keep finding easy threes for guys like Kevin Love cheap jerseys direct nba rumors 2018 and Kyle Korver. And he’ll have to be a scorer, racking
cheap Detroit Tigers jerseys
up points efficiently even when matched up against the likes of Draymond Green.
He went fastball ball one, another fastball was 2-0, and the guy we watched hit a double off him third pitch, Judge said. Gardy was like, ‘Hey, I’ve got to stick to my plan. If it gets to 2-0, I’m sticking to my plan of trying to drive something over the plate.’ He did it. I was pretty excited he had a plan, he went out there and he executed it, not only once but twice.
His pitches were doing what they do. He looked like he belonged, it felt like he belonged, Gibbons said. And if he’s getting ground balls, that’s a pretty good sign.
Thomas Harding has covered the Rockies since 2000, and for MLB.com since 2002. Follow him on @harding_at_mlb and like his page. | {
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Obama’s Obamacare Lecture, Extent Of Gruber’s Role, And Lerner Not Out Of The Woods Yet *Open Thread*
There is so much going on this week, from the manufactured race-baiting outrage about the police stopping an illegal party with trespassing teens engaging in all kinds of behavior from drinking, sex, fights, and drugs (hopefully we will hear less now that the officer has resigned); to bomb threats in Washington; to the New York Times showing it has become more like Star Magazine than the “newspaper of record” with its crazy reporting about Marco Rubio (now his finances); and more, it is hard to narrow it down.
Until Obama lectured the Supreme Court a second time on Obamacare, that is. Yes, once again Obama is crossing the line telling the Supreme Court how it really should be voting. Now, unfortunately, this did work for him before on this issue, but let’s hope the SCOTUS has a bit more backbone this time around.
Here is what Judge Napolitano had to say about Obama’s recent comments directed at the Court from BizPacReview:
[…] Obama also said he was confident the court would not rule against his administration. Obama, Napolitano said, was trying to strong-arm co-equal branch of government.
He noted that with the Supreme Court’s docket drawing to a close, the decision in the case has likely already been made, but hasn’t been announced. The president, Napolitano said, is preparing the public for the fallout from a decision that goes against him.
“He thinks he’s going to lose, and he’s trying to downplay the significance of that loss and disrespect the court,” Napolitano said.
“Guess what, Mr. President, the Supreme Court and not the president has the final word on the meaning of the law and its consistency with the Constitution. That’s been the law of the land for 230 years.” […] (Click here to read the rest.)
Well, Obama has already demonstrated he cares little for the Law of the Land with the numerous actions he has taken all by his own self, but I appreciate the Judge saying so.
And speaking of Obamacare, you will never guess what has come out now about good ol’ (ahem) Jonathan Gruber and Obamacare. Thanks to EMAILS now revealed, we know even more about the extent of Gruber’s involvement in designing this behemoth of a plan, and how much Obama lied through his teeth about Gruber’s involvement. From Daily Caller:
A top Obama administration health official considered putting MIT economist Jonathan Gruber to work on Obamacare to be an initiative of such “key political importance” that it was expedited because of “political push” from the Obama administration, emails released by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) reveal.
The agency released 750 pages of heavily-redacted records on Monday to The Daily Caller and other news outlets in response to a Freedom of Information Act request.
In one telling exchange after Gruber’s Obamacare work was first reported in 2010, one HHS analyst told another that having Democrats in charge “across the board” would “stop some scrutiny” into the arrangement. Gruber’s work attracted scrutiny because the Obama administration failed to disclose the academic’s support for the health-care law without disclosing that he was paid $392,000 to help craft it.
The biggest takeaway from the emails is that they undermine one claim made by the Obama administration that Gruber was merely a bit player in the development of Obamacare. Described by many as the “architect” of the health-care law, Gruber was thrown under the bus after numerous videos surfaced last year of him bragging that Obamacare was passed because of “a lack of transparency” into the law and because the American people “were too stupid” to realize they were being manipulated into supporting it.
I know – you are SHOCKED at that revelation, aren’t you? Yeah, I didn’t think so. It does kinda make you wonder just what else is in the “heavily redacted” emails from HHS. I am sure there are all kinds of interesting things in there. But one thing is clear – Gruber isn’t sounding all that peripheral now, is he? There is more:
The desperation to bring Gruber on board — and his close contact with other key Obamacare players — is in stark contrast to President Obama’s statement in the wake of Gruber’s video scandal — dubbed “Grubergate” — that the economist was merely “some adviser who never worked on our staff.”
Though others in the Obama administration have claimed that Gruber only served a technical role and did not help craft Obamacare policy, Gruber advertised his services as “integrated.” In a technical description attached to his resume, Gruber said that he would provide the Obama administration with his economic model as well as feedback on policy. He stated that he could provide policy feedback on the individual mandate as well as on what lessons could be learned from the rollout of Massachusetts’ universal health care law, which Gruber helped design.
Calling the email release “absurdly redacted,” Phil Kerpen, president of the free-market group American Commitment and a staunch critic of Obamacare, said that the records “clearly confirm that Gruber was a key architect of Obamacare, not just a guy who ran the numbers.”
“His lucrative sole-source contract … was expedited by White House political pressure,” Kerpen added, also noting that the Obama administration “thought they could get away with it because Democrat controlled Congress at the time.” […] (Click here to read the rest.)
I think it is pretty clear that those trying to downplay Gruber and his involvement are a bunch of lying liars who will lie at the drop of a hat to protect Obama and downplay the influence of this far-left economist who has clear and utter disdain for the people of this country by his own comments.
Finally, and briefly, it looks like Lois Lerner of IRS Shame, isn’t quite out of the woods yet. From Western Journalism:
Clarification as to whether all emails that have been recovered by TIGTA have now been turned over to the IRS for review and processing in response to [Judicial Watch’s] request, the volume of those emails, and the time frame in which the IRS anticipates completing its review and production of responsive emails, and
Clarification as to whether the processing is complete for all 1,268 backup tapes to determine what emails are recoverable, and if not, when the processing is expected to be complete.
Federal Judge Emmet Sullivan issued the order last Thursday for the IRS to provide its answers by Friday, June 12.
“The Obama IRS obstructed and lied to a federal judge and Judicial Watch in an effort to hide the truth about Lois Lerner’s emails,” Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton said. “The IRS is out of control and Judicial Watch is happy that Judge Sullivan has taken this key step to remind the agency that it is accountable to the rule of law and the American people.” […] (Click here to read the rest.)
This should be interesting, shouldn’t it? I look forward to the follow-up here, and hopefully finding out exactly what Lerner did, who else was involved, and what the comeuppance will be (hey, I can hope!).
How about you? Feel free to talk about any of the above or whatever else is on your minds. This is an Open Thread.
do you ever wonder if backtrack allows visitors to the world in his head? He spouts so much garbage, it must be busy in that world.
He has shown that he can not handle the real world, and is happy in his own little world. Most people would be committed to a mental hospital with that thinking, but due to his handlers he was installed in the white house
Eric Bolling just said he had come from not one but TWO suicide calls right before this pool debacle. But now, Casebolt may be facing charges when the kids who engaged in this deplorable behavior get off SCOT-FREE.
You ain’t only kidding. When I saw a photo of the kind of boat Rubio had, I just had to laugh at the very clear idiocy of this writer trying to cast aspersions against Rubio. What a moron. As someone said the other day, that’s abt the size of the lifeboats for luxury yachts.
They can’t have it both ways. They can’t hammer Romney for having too much money (though, ironically, no Dems ever have too much even when they are gazillionaires), and then attack soemone for being a normal every-day American. | {
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Preparation of some (1 goes to 6)-linked disaccharides, and their derivatives suitable for protein modification.
Synthetic methods for the preparation of per-O-acetylated, (1 goes to 6)-linked disaccharides containing either a D-galactose or a D-glucose residue at the reducing end are described. In these methods, 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-trityl-beta-D-glucopyranose was first converted into 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose (1) by rapid treatment with 90% trifluoroacetic acid, followed by rapid isolation designed to minimize O-acyl migration. Disaccharides acid, followed by rapid isolation designed to minimize )-acyl migration. Disaccharides were formed by glycosylation of 1 or 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose with per-O-acetylglycosyl halides. Isopropylidene groups in the resulting disaccharide, if present were removed, and the disaccharide was per-O-acetylated. Per-O-acetylated beta-Gal-(1 goes to 6)-Glc and beta-GlcNAc-(1 goes to 6)-Gal, and a mixture of per-O-acetylated alpha-Gal-(1 goes to 6)-Gal and beta-Gal-(1 goes to 6)-Gal (in the ratio of 3:7) were thus obtained. The per-O-acetylated Gal-(1 goes to 6)-Gal disaccharides were converted, by a reaction sequence previously reported, into (2,2-dimethoxyethyl)aminocarbonylmethyl 1-thio-beta-D-glycosides, which could then be coupled to proteins via reductive alkylation. For the anomeric mixture of per-O-acetylated Gal-(1 goes to 6(-Gal, conversion into the corresponding 1-thioglycoside permitted resolution of the isomers by chromatography on silica gel. When disaccharides, as borate complexes, were chromatographed on a column of a strong, anion-exchange resin, all of the (1 goes to 6)-linked disaccharides of neutral sugars tested (including melibiose) were eluted later than analogous disaccharides having other linkages, and also later than any neutral monosaccharides. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Has Ken Clarke converted to Hinduism?
The short answer to that is no. The BBC reports that he fell over getting out of his car in the grounds of Parliament (Guido says in Speaker's Court) and "hit his forehead on a step". Ouch. Sounds like a balance issue to me, but perhaps those famous loafers don't provide enough grip. David Cameron assured reporters today that there was "absolutely no truth in the rumour we've been having a fight". | {
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The desire for small volumes of substances, individually frozen or solidified has become greater as the technology has improved and the awareness and availability of such a product has increased. This demand includes food type products, bioactive products, chemical products, and in general any liquid, semi-liquid, semisolid or solid that may be desired to be frozen or solidified in small individual units. Small individual units do not demand the thawing of a large amount of product for utilization. Measurability, novelty, convenience, reduced waste, higher quality, ease of use, flowability, handling, minimizing cellular damage, and maximizing product efficacy are also advantages that industry is discovering with small frozen or solidified units. This demand has created a need for a product that has reasonable consistency of size, shape and other physical characteristics.
In the field of bio-active products, small frozen or solidified units have significant advantages. The freezing process is very fast and results in minimal cellular and structural damage, which provides maintenance of the desired bioactive characteristics.
The rapid freezing minimizes cellular damage caused by the formation of ice crystals, normally associated with freezing. Bioactive products are often freeze dried for storage. The characteristics of the units make them excellent for freeze drying. The more consistent the size and form of the units, the more favorable they are for a freeze drying process.
One of the advantages of a small volume of frozen or solidified product is that it can be made to flow like ball bearings (flowability). Thus, the handling of specific amounts of units that may vary with demand is possible. Agglomeration and deformed individual units inhibit the ability to flow as desired.
Measurement and utilization is also an important feature. If an average weight of the product is known, a specific amount can be utilized without thawing a larger block of product. The thawing of the desired amount of product is faster as a direct result of the relatively large surface area per unit of weight as compared to a frozen block of product. Many characteristics are improved significantly as a result of the rapid freezing or solidification of the small volume of liquids.
There is prior art in the field of production of frozen units by utilizing a cryogenic liquid. Much of the known art utilizes a particular cryogenic liquid, such as Liquid Nitrogen (LN2).
The main problem with the prior art is that the small volumes of substance are introduced into the cryogen with relatively little consideration of the manipulation and management of the cryogen itself. This results in the formation of random or poorly formed units. Creation of deformed units is commonly referred to as the “popcorn” effect. The units look like “popcorn” rather than smooth spheres.
Consistency of size, structure, texture and surface quality as well as control of agglomeration has not been able to be a manageable and controllable feature previously. All of these variances result from the inability to control and manage the rapid heat transfer that occurs in the process. This rapid heat transfer results in remarkably violent gasification, which results from introduction of a relatively warm substance into the extremely cold cryogen. Gasification occurs at the interface between the cryogen and the forming units. Violent gasification results in cavitations at the surface of the cryogen resulting from the creation of gas bubbles, which can break the surface of the cryogen. Gas bubbles bursting at the surface of the cryogen can lead to incomplete and non-uniform immersion of the introduced substance into the cryogen. It also causes the units to violently interact. This violent interaction results in significant structural alterations of the units.
Agglomeration is also often a problem as the rapidly forming units often combine with other units resulting in multiple units combining and solidifying together. This agglomeration affects the flowability of the product as well as affecting other desired qualities
The relevant prior art is referenced as follows:
Canadian Patent #937450:
This patent describes the deformation that would naturally occur when a small volume of liquid is entered into a body of cryogenic material.
Canadian Patent #964921:
This art describes a small volume of liquid being introduced into an unmanaged and static body of cryogenic liquid.
Canadian Patent #1217351 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,047:
This patent describes the improved formation frozen pellets. This patent describes the introduced liquid relative to speed into the body of cryogenic liquid.
Canadian Patent #2013094 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,982,577:
This patent identifies the previous patents' lack of ability to control the exposure of the cryogenic liquid to external heat sources and thereby the subsequent waste of the cryogenic liquid. Although it establishes a good method of handling the liquid for the purposes of cost, it does not identify, mention or claim the benefits of a process of manipulation of the fluid dynamics of the cryogenic liquid to produce the ability to manage the characteristics of the introduced liquid as it solidifies.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,687,672:
This patent describes a freezing of large volume of product and its subsequent fracturing and grinding to produce a granular product.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,156:
This art describes a liquid being introduced into a cryogenic liquid without any reference to manipulation or management of the cryogenic liquid only referring to the removal of the pellets from the liquid after freezing and a screening process to extract only the pellets from the liquid via an auger in a similar fashion to Canadian patent 964921.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,000,229:
The art is basically a tub of cryogen with an introduction point of cryogen. In addition an auger for the removal of solidified pellets. There is not any attempt to manage the heat transfer, gasification or other destructive aspects.
Generally, the prior art in the field focuses on the actual small volume of liquid being introduced and the handling and removal of subsequently-frozen product from the liquid cryogen. The prior art typically does not identify or discuss what actually occurs within the body of the cryogen or any methods or apparatus for managing the heat transfer and gasification that directly affects the structure and formation of the pellet being produced. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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Exposure to individual and multiple carcinogenic metals during paediatric age: an experience from an Italian urban scenario.
Exposure to single and multiple carcinogenic metals and/or semimetals represents a major environmental risk factor for public health. In particular, children are more susceptible to environmental pollutants than adults, but specific studies are still limited. The aims of the present study were: 1) to trace the exposure and co-exposure profiles to eight known or suspected carcinogenic metals and semimetals (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Sb); and: 2) to evaluate the influence of some possible interfering/confounding factors on the exposure to these elements during childhood. Cross-sectional study. We recruited 159 healthy Italian children attending a primary school of the urban area of Rome, Italy. Selected metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on urinary samples collected at the end of a "typical" day (one sample for each child), while information about possible confounding/interfering factors were collected via questionnaires. The great part of the studied children resulted co-exposed to the monitored metals: 83.2%, 69.2%, 51.0% and 29.3% of the participants were concurrently exposed to at least two, three, four and five trace elements, respectively. Gender was the only one among the investigated variable that significantly influenced the co-exposure, with females resulting at lower risk (OR = 0.392; 95 IC = 0.156 - 0.989; p < 0.047). Given the importance of protecting child's health and the risks related to the exposure to carcinogenic metals, especially when they occur simultaneously, other researches in this field are strongly recommended. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |